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{{Indic glyph |letname = Ṣa |previousletter = Śa |nextletter = Sa |devacp = 0937 |devaimg = Devanagari ss.svg |bengcp = 09B7 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Ssa.svg |gujrcp = 0AB7 |oryacp = 0B37 |tamlcp = 0BB7 |telucp = 0C37 |kndacp = 0CB7 |mlymcp = 0D37 |sinhcp = 0DC2 |thaicp = 0E29 |tibtcp = 0F65 |mymrcp = 1051 |khmrcp = 179E |limbcp = 191A |lanacp = 1A47 |balicp = 1B31 |saurcp = A8B0 |javacp = A9B0 |chamcp = AA26 |mteicp = AAEA

|kharcp = 10A2E |kthicp = 110AD |shrdcp = 111B0 |grancp = 11337 |tirhcp = 114AD |modicp = 1162C

|brahcp = 11031 |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ss.svg |guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ss.svg| ashokaimg = Brahmi ss.svg
|tochimg = Tocharian letter ssa.gif
|toch2img = Tocharian letter ssà.gif |brahletname = Brahmi 'Ss'
|siddcp = 115AC |siddimg = Siddham ss.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'Ssa'
|ipa = ʂ |iast = ṣ |iscii = D6


|newacp = 11432 |dogrcp = 11828 |diakcp = 1192B |nandcp = 119CC |zanbcp = 11A2F |soyocp = 11A80 |bhkscp = 11C2C |gonmcp = 11D2A



}}

'''Ṣa''' or '''Ssa''' is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ssa is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ss.svg|13px]].

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of ष are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref>
*ष {{IPA-hi|ʂə|}} = 80 (८०)
*षि {{IPA-hi|ʂɪ|}} = 8,000 (८ ०००)
*षु {{IPA-hi|ʂʊ|}} = 800,000 (८ ०० ०००)
*षृ {{IPA-hi|ʂri|}} = 80,000,000 (८ ०० ०० ०००)
*षॢ {{IPA-hi|ʂlə|}} = 8{{e|9}} (८×१०९)
*षे {{IPA-hi|ʂe|}} = 8{{e|11}} (८×१०११)
*षै {{IPA-hi|ʂɛː|}} = 8{{e|13}} (८×१०१३)
*षो {{IPA-hi|ʂoː|}} = 8{{e|15}} (८×१०१५)
*षौ {{IPA-hi|ʂɔː|}} = 8{{e|17}} (८×१०१७)

==Historic Ṣa==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ssa as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|Ssa]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad ss.svg|13px|Ssa]]. The Tocharian Ssa [[Image:Tocharian letter ssa.gif|18px|Ssa]] had an alterante [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form, [[Image:Tocharian letter ssà.gif|18px|Ssa]]. The third form of ssa, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква SSА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter SSA.svg|15px|Ssa]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

===Brahmi Ṣa===

The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|Ssa]], Ssa, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Samekh]] [[File:Samekh.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Greek [[Xi (letter)|Xi]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ssa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ssa historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi ss.svg|37px]] || No sample || [[Image:Gupta ashoka ss.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat ss.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad ss.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Ṣa===

The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter ssa.gif|25px|Ssa]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|Ssa]], and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form [[Image:Tocharian letter ssà.gif|25px|Ssä]] used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Ssä.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Ssa with vowel marks
|-
! Ssa !! Ssā !! Ssi !! Ssī !! Ssu !! Ssū !! Ssr !! Ssr̄ !! Sse !! Ssai !! Sso !! Ssau !! Ssä !! Fremdzeichen
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter ssa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssuu.gif|37px]] ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter sse.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter sso.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssä.gif|37px]] || [[Image:Tocharian letter ssà.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ṣa===

The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква SSА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter SSA.svg|15px|Ssa]] is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic [[Heth]] [[File:Heth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[H]] and [[Eta]].<ref name="Buhler"/>

==Devanagari Ṣa==

{{main|Devanagari ssa}}
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Ṣa''' ('''ष''') is a consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ss.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ષ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘬.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, ष is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|ʂə|}} or {{IPAblink|ʂ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari ष with vowel marks
|-
! Ṣa !! Ṣā !! Ṣi !! Ṣī !! Ṣu !! Ṣū !! Ṣr !! Ṣr̄ !! Ṣl !! Ṣl̄ !! Ṣe !! Ṣai !! Ṣo !! Ṣau !! Ṣ
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ष
|षा
|षि
|षी
|षु
|षू
|षृ
|षॄ
|षॢ
|षॣ
|षे
|षै
|षो
|षौ
|ष्
|}



===Conjuncts with ष===
[[File:Devanagari Ssa half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Ssa.]]
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of ष====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.

* Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RSsa.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RSsa.svg|125px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsRa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsKRa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ṣḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsDdha.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṣna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsNa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ṣta:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsTa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsTta.svg|100px]]
* Repha र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RSsTtRa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsTtha.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ठ্ (ṭʰ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsTthYa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + व (va) gives the ligature ṣṭva:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsTtVa.svg|100px]]

====Devanagari Kṣa====
[[File:Devanagari KSsa conjunct half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Kṣa half form]]
One of the most common true ligatures in Devanagari is the conjunct kṣa क्ष. This ligature is a required form for most Devanagari languages, and the conjunct even has its own half form that freely joins other letters in horizontal conjuncts.

* क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KSsa.svg|100px]]
* Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RKSsa.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RKSsa.svg|125px]]
* छ্ (cʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdKSsa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKSsYa.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthKSsa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of ष====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

* छ্ (cʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChSsa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍʱṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhSsa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdSsa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature dṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DSsa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSsa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ṣca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsCa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṣḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsDda.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṣja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsJa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsJNya.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ṣla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsLa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṣŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsNga.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsNya.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭʰṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthSsa.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ṭṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtSsa.svg|100px]]

==Bengali Ṣa==

The Bengali script ষ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham ss.svg|13px]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ष. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ষ will sometimes be transliterated as "ṣo" instead of "ṣa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ʂo/.

Like all Indic consonants, ষ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali ষ with vowel marks
|-
! ṣa !! ṣā !! ṣi !! ṣī !! ṣu !! ṣū !! ṣr !! ṣr̄ !! ṣe !! ṣai !! ṣo !! ṣau !! ṣ
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ষ
|ষা
|ষি
|ষী
|ষু
|ষূ
|ষৃ
|ষৄ
|ষে
|ষৈ
|ষো
|ষৌ
|ষ্
|}

===ষ in Bengali-using languages===

ষ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with ষ===

Bengali ষ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with both stacked and linear (horizontal) ligatures being common.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>

* র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rssa.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with repha and the [[ya phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rssya.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ṣka:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSka.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSkra.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSma.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ঞ (ña) gives the ligature ṣña:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSnya.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + প (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSpa.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ফ (pʰa) gives the ligature ṣpʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSpha.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSpra.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SStta.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSttha.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ঠ্ (ṭʰ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭʰya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SStthya.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSttra.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣṭya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSttya.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ṣva, with the [[va phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSva.svg |100px]]
* ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṣya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct SSya.svg |100px]]

==Gujarati Ṣa==

[[File:Gujarati letter Ssa.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Ṣa.]]
'''Ṣa''' ('''ષ''') is the thirty-first consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṣa [[Image:Devanagari ss.svg|13px|Ssa]] with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|Ssa]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ષ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|ʂə|}} or {{IPAblink|ʂ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Ṣa !! style="width:7%;"| Ṣā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Ṣi !! style="width:7%;"| Ṣī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṣu !! style="width:5%;"| Ṣū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṣr !! style="width:5%;"| Ṣl !! style="width:5%;"| Ṣr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Ṣl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṣĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṣe !! style="width:5%;"| Ṣai !! style="width:7%;"| Ṣŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Ṣo !! style="width:6%;"| Ṣau !! style="width:7%;"| Ṣ
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Ssa Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Ṣa syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with ષ===
[[File:Gujarati letter Ssa half form.svg|thumb|right|100px|Half form of Ṣa.]]
Gujarati ષ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.

* ર્ (r) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RṢa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RSsa.svg|100px]]

* ષ્ (ʂ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṢRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct SsRa.svg|100px]]

* ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature KṢa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct KSsa.svg|100px]]

* ર્ (r) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RKṢa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RKSsa.svg|100px]]

* ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) ર (ra) gives the ligature KṢRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct KSsRa.svg|100px]]

* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature ṄKṢa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct NgKSsa.svg|100px]]

* ષ્ (ʂ) + ત (ta) gives the ligature ṢTa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct SsTa.svg|100px]]

* ષ્ (ʂ) + ઠ (ʈʰa) gives the ligature ṢṬha:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct SsTtha.svg|100px]]

==Javanese Ṣa==
{{main|Ssa (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ṣa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Ssa.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Ṣa
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Ssa.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Ṣa
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Ṣa.
}}
'''Ṣa''' ('''ష''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|Ṣ]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಷ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter KSsa.svg
| alt1 = Telugu KṢa
| image2 = Telugu subjoined KSsa.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined KṢa
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined KṢa.
}}
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Ṣa==
[[File:Malayalam letter Ssa.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Ṣa]]

'''Ṣa''' ('''ഷ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|Ṣ]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Ssa.svg|x15px|Ṣa]] ''Ssa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

[[File:Malayalam Ssa matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ssa matras: Ssa, Ssā, Ssi, Ssī, Ssu, Ssū, Ssr̥, Ssr̥̄, Ssl̥, Ssl̥̄, Sse, Ssē, Ssai, Sso, Ssō, Ssau, and Ss.]]

===Conjuncts of ഷ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].

* ഷ് (ṣ) + ട (ṭa) gives the ligature ṣṭa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct SsTta.svg]]
* ഷ് (ṣ) + ഠ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ṣṭʰa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct SsTtha.svg]]
* ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature ṣṇa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct SsNna.svg]]
* ഷ് (ṣ) + പ (pa) gives the ligature ṣpa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct SsPa.svg]]
* ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature ṣma:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct SsMa.svg]]
* ക് (k) + ഷ (ṣa) gives the ligature kṣa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct KSsa.svg]]
* ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ണ (ṇa) gives the ligature kṣṇa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct KSsNna.svg]]
* ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + മ (ma) gives the ligature kṣma:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct KSsMa.svg]]
* ക് (k) + ഷ് (ṣ) + ല (la) gives the ligature kṣla:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct KSsLa.svg]]

==Odia Ṣa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Ssa.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Ṣa
| image2 = Odia subjoined Ssa.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Ṣa
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṣa.
}}

'''Ṣa''' ('''ଷ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ss.svg|13px|Ṣ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ss.svg|x15px|Ṣa]] ''Ssa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Ssa with vowel matras
|-
! Ssa !! Ssā !! Ssi !! Ssī !! Ssu !! Ssū !! Ssr̥ !! Ssr̥̄ !! Ssl̥ !! Ssl̥̄ !! Sse !! Ssai !! Sso !! Ssau !! Ss
|-
| {{big|ଷ}} || {{big|ଷା}} || {{big|ଷି}} || {{big|ଷୀ}} || {{big|ଷୁ}} || {{big|ଷୂ}} || {{big|ଷୃ}} || {{big|ଷୄ}} || {{big|ଷୢ}} || {{big|ଷୣ}} || {{big|ଷେ}} || {{big|ଷୈ}} || {{big|ଷୋ}} || {{big|ଷୌ}} || {{big|ଷ୍}}
|}

===Conjuncts of ଷ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. Except for କ୍ଷ (Kssa), ଷ generates conjuncts only by subjoining and does not form ligatures.

====Odia Kssa କ୍ଷ====
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia conjunct KSsa.svg
| alt1 = Odia conjunct KSsa
| image2 = Odia subjoined KSsa.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined KSsa
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined KSsa.
}}

Although ostensiby a conjunct of Ka and Ssa, Odia '''କ୍ଷ''' (KSsa) is largely treated as an independent letter pronounced /kʰɔ/ or /kʰjɔ/. Unlike other Odia conjuncts, କ୍ଷ can be found as an independent letter subjoined to another letter or conjunct.

* ତ୍ (t) + କ୍ (ka) + ଷ (ṣa) gives the ligature tkṣa:
[[File:Odia conjunct TKSsa.svg]]



==References==
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ssa (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Ṣa (Indic) - Revision history

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