imported>Vanisaac: clean up per MOS:WE, replaced: gives us → gives (2)

2021-02-17T05:33:55Z

clean up per MOS:WE, replaced: gives us → gives (2)

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{{Indic glyph |letname = Ṝ |previousletter = Ṛ |nextletter = Ḷ

|devacp = 0960 |deva2cp = 0944 |devaimg = Devanagari rii.svg |deva2img = Devanagari rr sign.png
|bengcp = 09E0 |beng2cp = 09C4 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Vocalic Rr.svg

|gurucp = 0A60 |gujrcp = 0AE0 |oryacp = 0B60
|guru2cp = 0A44 |gujr2cp = 0AC4 |orya2cp = 0B44

|telucp = 0C60 |kndacp = 0CE0 |mlymcp = 0D60
|telu2cp = 0C44 |knda2cp = 0CC4 |mlym2cp = 0D44

|sinhcp = 0D8E |mymrcp = 1053 |saurcp = A889
|sinh2cp = 0DF2 |tibtcp = 0F77 |mymr2cp = 1057 |saur2cp = A8BB

|shrdcp = 1118A |grancp = 11360
|shrd2cp = 111B9 |gran2cp = 11344

|tirhcp = 11488 |siddcp = 11587 |modicp = 11607
|tirh2cp = 114B6 |sidd2cp = 115B5 |modi2cp = 11636

|brahcp = 1100C  |ashokaimg = Brahmi rii.svg |brahletname = Brahmi Vocalic Rr
|brah2cp = 1103F |ashoka2img = Brahmi rr sign.svg  |brah2letname = Brahmi Vocalic Rr sign

|tochimg = |toch2img =

|siddimg = Siddham rr.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'Rr'
|sidd2img = Siddham rii halfmark.svg |sidd2letname = Siddhaṃ 'Rr'

|ipa = ɻ̩ː |iast = Ṝ |iscii =


|newacp = 11407 |nandcp = 119A7 |bhkscp = 11C07

|newa2cp = 1143B |dogrcp = 11832 |nand2cp = 119D7 |bhks2cp = 11C35


}}

'''Ṝ''' is a vowel-like letter of Indic abugidas, often referred to as a "vocalic R̄". In modern Indic scripts, Ṝ is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|ng]]. As an ostensible Indic vowel, Ṝ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The ॄ sign was used to modify a consonant's value {{e|6}}, but the vowel letter ॠ did not have an inherent value by itself.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>

==Historic Ṝ==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ṝ was not found as an independent vowel in Brahmi, only as a vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ṝ [[Image:Tocharian letter rii.gif|18px|Ṝ]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ṝ are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi Ṝ===

The Brahmi letter Ṝ was a simple modification of the [[Ṛ (Indic)#Brahmi Ṛ|Brahmi Ṛ]], and as such is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably ultimately derived]] from the Aramaic [[Resh]] [[File:Resh.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[R]] and Greek [[Rho]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Ṝ vowel sign can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but given the lack of Ṝ vowel signs in early Brahmi, the reference image is normally back-formed to a geometric form of later styles, and the independent letter for Ṝ [[File:Brahmi rii.svg|13px]] is derived from the short Ṛ [[File:Brahmi ri.svg|13px]].

===Tocharian Rii===

The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter rii.gif|25px|Ṝ]] is derived from the short [[Ṛ (Indic)#Brahmi Ṛ|Brahmi Ṛ]] [[Image:Gupta allahabad ri.svg|13px|]]. The Tocharian Ṝ was very infrequently used, and only appears in the corpus in combination with a few base consonants.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with Ṝ vowel marks
|-
! Kr̄ !! Khr̄ !! Gr̄ !! Ghr̄ !! Cr̄ !! Chr̄ !! Jr̄ !! Jhr̄ !! Nyr̄ !! Ṭr̄ !! Ṭhr̄ !! Ḍr̄ !! Ḍhr̄ !! Ṇr̄
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter krr.gif|37px]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
! Tr̄ !! Thr̄ !! Dr̄ !! Dhr̄ !! Nr̄ !! Pr̄ !! Phr̄ !! Br̄ !! Bhr̄ !! Mr̄ !! Yr̄ !! r̄r !! Lr̄ !! Vr̄
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter trr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thrr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter dhrr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nrr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter prr.gif|37px]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
! Śr̄ !! Ṣr̄ !! Sr̄ !! Hr̄
|-
|<br /><br /> ||  ||  || 
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ṝ===

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṝ is indicated with the [[Ṛ (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī Ṛ|Ṛ]] vowel mark [[File:Буква складове R (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi vowel sign vocalic R.svg|15px|Ṛ]] plus the vowel length mark [[File:Довгий голосний (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharosthi vowel length mark.svg|15px]]. As an independent vowel, Ṝ is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari Ṝ==
{{main|Devanagari Ṝ}}

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari rii.svg
| alt1 = Ṝ vowel
| image2 = Devanagari rr sign.png
| alt2 = Ṝ vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent Ṝ and Ṝ vowel sign.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ॠ''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ૠ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘇.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indic languages]]. In most of these languages, ॠ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|ṝ|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. 

==Bengali Ṝ==
{{main|rr (Bengali)}}
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter Vocalic Rr.svg
| alt1 = Ṝ vowel
| image2 = Bengali Rr vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Ṝ vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent Ṝ and Ṝ vowel sign.
}}

'''Ṝ''' ('''ৠ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]], and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ॠ.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, ৠ is pronounced as {{IPA-bn|ṝ|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel. 

==Gujarati Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel Rr.svg
| alt1 = Ṝ vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign Rr.svg
| alt2 = Ṝ vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent Ṝ and Ṝ vowel sign.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ૠ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṝ [[Image:Devanagari rii.svg|13px|rr]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|rr]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ૠ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|ṝ|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Javanese Ṝ==
{{main|Ṝ (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel Rr.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel Ṝ
| image2 = Telugu Rr vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign Ṝ
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ṝ.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ౠ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]] Ṝ. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ೠ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Ṝ is a non-attaching vowel sign, and does not alter the underlying consonant or contextually shape itself in any way.

[[File:Telugu Rr matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu Ṝ vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kṝ, Khṝ, Gṝ, Ghṝ and Ngṝ.]]

==Malayalam Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel Rr.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel Ṝ
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign Rr.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ṝ
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ṝ.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ൠ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel Rr.svg|x15px|Ṝ]] ''rr''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Some vowel signs, such as Ṝ, can also form a ligature with some consonants, although this is much more common in old-style ''paḻaya lipi'' texts than in the modern [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|reformed]] ''paḻaya lipi'' orthography.

[[File:Malayalam Rr matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ṝ vowel sign on ക, ഖ, ഗ, ഘ, & ങ: Kṝ, Khṝ, Gṝ, Ghṝ and Ngṝ in ''paḻaya lipi''.]]

==Odia Ṝ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia vowel rr.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent vowel Ṝ
| image2 = Odia vowel sign rr.svg
| alt2 = Odia vowel sign Ṝ
| footer = Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Ṝ.
}}
'''Ṝ''' ('''ୠ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi rii.svg|13px|Ṝ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham rii.svg|x15px|Ṝ]] ''rr''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.


{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rr (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Ṝ (Indic) - Revision history

imported>Vanisaac: clean up per MOS:WE, replaced: gives us → gives (2)