imported>Frietjes at 16:14, 27 August 2021

2021-08-27T16:14:52Z

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{{for|the Indic consonant R|Ra (Indic)}}
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ṛ |previousletter = Ū |nextletter = Ṝ

|devacp = 090B |deva2cp = 0943 |devaimg = Devanagari ri.svg |deva2img = Devanagari r sign.png
|bengcp = 098B |beng2cp = 09C3 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Vocalic R.svg

|gujrcp = 0A8B |oryacp = 0B0B
|gujr2cp = 0AC3 |orya2cp = 0B43

|telucp = 0C0B |kndacp = 0C8B |mlymcp = 0D0B
|telu2cp = 0C43 |knda2cp = 0CC3 |mlym2cp = 0D43

|sinhcp = 0D8D |mymrcp = 1052 |khmrcp = 17AB
|sinh2cp = 0DD8 |tibtcp = 0F76 |mymr2cp = 1056

|balicp = 1B0B |sundcp = 1BBB |saurcp = A888 |javacp = A989
|bali2cp = 1B3A |saur2cp = A8BA

|kharcp = 10A03 |shrdcp = 11189 |grancp = 1130B
|shrd2cp = 111B8 |gran2cp = 11343

|tirhcp = 11487 |siddcp = 11586 |modicp = 11606
|tirh2cp = 114B5 |sidd2cp = 115B4 |modi2cp = 11635

|brahcp = 1100B |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ri.svg |guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ri.svg |ashokaimg = Brahmi ri.svg |brahletname = Brahmi vocalic R
|brah2cp = 1103E |ashoka2img = Brahmi r sign.svg |kushana2img = Kushana Brahmi r sign.png |gupta2img = Gupta Brahmi r sign.png |brah2letname = Brahmi 'R' sign

|tochimg = |toch2img =

|siddimg = Siddham ri.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'R'
|sidd2img = Siddham ri halfmark.svg |sidd2letname = Siddhaṃ 'R'

|ipa = ɻ̩ |iast = ṛ |iscii = DF


|newacp = 11406 |nandcp = 119A6 |bhkscp = 11C06
|newa2cp = 1143A |dogrcp = 11831 |nand2cp = 119D6 |zanbcp = |soyo2cp = 11A59 |bhks2cp = 11C34 |gonmcp = 11D36


}}

'''Ṛ''' is a vowel symbol, or vocalic consonant, of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ṛ is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ri.svg|13px|Ṛ]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ri.svg|13px]]. As an Indic vowel, Ṛ comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The sign ृ was used to modify a consonant's value {{e|6}}, but the vowel letter ऋ did not have an inherent value by itself.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>

==Historic Ṛ==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ṛ was not found in early Brahmi, and only appears in some of the less geometric styles of later Brahmi writing, such as the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad ri.svg|13px|Ri]]. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ṛ [[Image:Tocharian letter ri.gif|18px|Ri]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ṛ are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi Ṛ===

The Brahmi letter Ṛ is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the Aramaic [[Resh]] [[File:Resh.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[R]] and Greek [[Rho]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ṛ can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, but Ṛ is not found in those texts, so it is usually cited with a back-formed geometric style character similar to "X".

{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ṛ historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| No examples || [[Image:Gupta girnar ri.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka ri.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat ri.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad ri.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Ṛ===

The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter ri.gif|25px|Ṛ]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Gupta girnar ri.svg|13px|Ṛ]]. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with Ṛ vowel marks
|-
! Kr !! Khr !! Gr !! Ghr !! Cr !! Chr !! Jr !! Jhr !! Nyr !! Ṭr !! Ṭhr !! Ḍr !! Ḍhr !! Ṇr
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter kr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter gr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ghr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter chr.gif|37px]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || 
|-
! Tr !! Thr !! Dr !! Dhr !! Nr !! Pr !! Phr !! Br !! Bhr !! Mr !! Yr !! Rr !! Lr !! Vr
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter tr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter pr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter br.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter bhr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter mr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter rr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter vr.gif|37px]]
|-
! Śr !! Ṣr !! Sr !! Hr
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter shr.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter sr.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter hr.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ṛ===

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ṛ is indicated with the vowel mark [[File:Буква складове R (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi vowel sign vocalic R.svg|15px|Ṛ]]. As an independent vowel, Ṛ is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari Ṛ==
{{main|Devanagari Ṛ}}

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari ri.svg
| alt1 = Ṛ vowel
| image2 = Devanagari r sign.png
| alt2 = Ṛ vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent Ṛ and Ṛ vowel sign.
}}
'''Ṛ''' ('''ऋ''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ri.svg|13px|Ṛ]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ri.svg|13px|Ṛ]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ઋ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘆.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indic languages]]. In most of these languages, ऋ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|ṛ|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. 

==Bengali Ṛ==
{{main|r (Bengali)}}
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter R.svg
| alt1 = Ṛ vowel
| image2 = Bengali R vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Ṛ vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent Ṛ and Ṛ vowel sign.
}}

'''Ṛ''' ('''ঋ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ri.svg|13px|Ṛ]], and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ऋ.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, ঋ is pronounced as {{IPA-bn|ṛ|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel. 

==Gujarati Ṛ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel R.svg
| alt1 = Ṛ vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign R.svg
| alt2 = Ṛ vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent Ṛ and Ṛ vowel sign.
}}
'''Ṛ''' ('''ઋ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ṛ [[Image:Devanagari ri.svg|13px|r]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ri.svg|13px|r]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઋ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|ṛ|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

==Javanese Ṛ==
{{main|Ṛ (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ṛ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel R.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel Ṛ
| image2 = Telugu R vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign Ṛ
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ṛ.
}}
'''Ṛ''' ('''ఋ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ri.svg|13px|Ṛ]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಋ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Ṛ is a non-attaching vowel sign, and does not alter the underlying consonant or contextually shape itself in any way.

[[File:Telugu R matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu Ṛ vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kṛ, Khṛ, Gṛ, Ghṛ and Ngṛ.]]

==Malayalam Ṛ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel R.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel Ṛ
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign R.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ṛ
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ṛ.
}}
'''Ṛ''' ('''ഋ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ri.svg|13px|Ṛ]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel R.svg|x15px|Ṛ]] ''r''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Some vowel signs, such as Ṛ, can also form a ligature with some consonants, although this is much more common in old-style ''paḻaya lipi'' texts than in the modern [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|reformed]] ''paḻaya lipi'' orthography.

[[File:Malayalam R matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ṛ vowel sign on ക, ഖ, ഗ, ഘ, & ങ: Kṛ, Khṛ, Gṛ, Ghṛ and Ngṛ in ''paḻaya lipi''.]]

==Odia Ṛ==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia vowel r.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent vowel Ṛ
| image2 = Odia vowel sign r.svg
| alt2 = Odia vowel sign Ṛ
| footer = Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Ṛ.
}}
'''Ṛ''' ('''ଋ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ri.svg|13px|Ṛ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ri.svg|x15px|Ṛ]] ''r''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.


{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:R (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Ṛ (Indic) - Revision history

imported>Frietjes at 16:14, 27 August 2021