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{{Indic glyph |letname = Ṅa |previousletter = Gha |nextletter = Ca |devacp = 0919 |devaimg = Devanagari ng.svg |bengcp = 0999 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Nga.svg |oryacp = 0B19 |gurucp = 0A19 |gujrcp = 0A99 |tamlcp = 0B99 |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ஙங.svg |telucp = 0D9E |kndacp = 0C19 |mlymcp = 0D19 |sinhcp = 0C99 |thaicp = 0E07 |laoocp = 0E87
|tibtimg = Tibetan Nga.svg |tibtcp = 0F44 |mymrcp = 1004 |khmrcp = 1784 |tglgcp = 1705 |hanocp = 1725 |buhdcp = 1745 |tagbcp = 1765 |bugicp = 1A02
|balicp = 1B17 |sundcp = 1B8D |batkcp = 1BDD |limbcp = 1905 |talecp = 1952 |talucp = 1987 |lepccp = 1C05 |saurcp = A896|rjngcp = A932
|javacp = A994 |chamcp = AA0B |lanacp = 1A26 |tavtcp = AA88 |tavt2cp = AA89 |kalicp = A90D |phagcp = A843
|mahjcp = 2d |khojcp = 1120D |sindcp = 112BF |sylocp = 2d |mteicp = ABE1
|modicp = 11612 |tirhcp = 11493 |kthicp = 11091 |soracp = 110D7 |grancp = 11319
|cakmcp = 1110B |shrdcp = 11195 |takrcp = 1168E |kharcp = 2d
|brahcp = 11017 |ashokaimg = Brahmi ng.svg |kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka ng.svg |guptaimg = Gupta allahabad ng.svg
|tochimg = Tocharian letter nga.gif
|siddcp = 11592 |siddimg = Siddham ng.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'Nga'
|ipa = ŋ |iast = nga |iscii = B7


|newacp = 11412 |ahomcp = 11702 |dogrcp = 1180E |diakcp = 11910 |nandcp = 119B2 |zanbcp = 11A0F |soyocp = 11A60 |pauccp = 11AC7 |bhkscp = 11C12 |marccp = 11C75 |marcalt = 11C95 |gonmcp = 11D10 |gongcp = 11D84 |makacp = 11EE2
}}
'''Ṅa''' is the fifth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, It is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|13px]].

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]].
The values of the different forms of ङ are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>
*ङ {{IPA-hi|ŋə|}} = 5 (५)
*ङि {{IPA-hi|ŋɪ|}} = 500 (५००)
*ङु {{IPA-hi|ŋʊ|}} = 50,000 (५० ०००)
*ङृ {{IPA-hi|ŋri|}} = 5,000,000 (५० ०० ०००)
*ङॢ {{IPA-hi|ŋlə|}} = 5{{e|8}} (५०८)
*ङे {{IPA-hi|ŋe|}} = 5{{e|10}} (५०१०)
*ङै {{IPA-hi|ŋɛː|}} = 5{{e|12}} (५०१२)
*ङो {{IPA-hi|ŋoː|}} = 5{{e|14}} (५०१४)
*ङौ {{IPA-hi|ŋɔː|}} = 5{{e|16}} (५०१६)

==Historic Nga==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Nga as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Nga]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|13px|Nga]]. The Tocharian Nga [[Image:Tocharian letter nga.gif|18px|Nga]] did not have an alterante [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form. Unlike the other early Brahmic scripts, Kharoṣṭhī did not have a letter Nga.

===Brahmi Nga===

The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Nga]], Nga, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Nun (letter)|Nun]] [[File:Nun.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[N]] and Greek [[Nu (letter)]]. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Nga can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Nga historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi ng.svg|37px]] || No sample || [[Image:Gupta ashoka ng.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat ng.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Nga===

The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter nga.gif|25px|Nga]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Nga]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Nga with vowel marks
|-
! Nga !! Ngā !! Ngi !! Ngī !! Ngu !! Ngū !! Ngr !! Ngr̄ !! Nge !! Ngai !! Ngo !! Ngau !! Ngä
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter nga.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nguu.gif|37px]] ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter nge.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngo.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ngä.gif|37px]]
|}

==Devanagari script==
{{main|Devanagari nga}}
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Ṅa''' ('''ङ''') is the fifth consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|ka]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad ng.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter ઙ and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘒.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, ङ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|ŋə|}} or {{IPAblink|ŋ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari ङ with vowel marks
|-
! Ṅa !! Ṅā !! Ṅi !! Ṅī !! Ṅu !! Ṅū !! Ṅr !! Ṅr̄ !! Ṅl !! Ṅl̄ !! Ṅe !! Ṅai !! Ṅo !! Ṅau !! Ṅ
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ङ
|ङा
|ङि
|ङी
|ङु
|ङू
|ङृ
|ङॄ
|ङॢ
|ङॣ
|ङे
|ङै
|ङो
|ङौ
|ङ्
|}



===Conjuncts with ङ===
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ṅa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with [[Virama]]. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular avoiding their use where texts in other languages would use them.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |accessdate=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of ङ====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.

* Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RNga.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RNga.svg|125px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgRa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋya:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgYa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of ङ====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

* भ্ (bʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BhNga.svg|100px]]
* ब্ (b) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BNga.svg|100px]]
* छ্ (cʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChNga.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CNga.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍʱŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhNga.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdNga.svg|100px]]
* ध্ (dʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dʱŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DhNga.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DNga.svg|100px]]
* घ্ (ɡʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ɡʱŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct GhNga.svg|100px]]
* झ্ (jʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JhNga.svg|100px]]
* ज্ (j) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JNga.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhNga.svg|100px]]
* क্ (k) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KNga.svg|100px]]
* ळ্ (ḷ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḷŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct LlNga.svg|100px]]
* म্ (m) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature mŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct MNga.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ŋba:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgBa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ŋbʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgBha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ŋca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgCa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ŋcʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgCha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature ŋda:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ŋḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDda.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ŋḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDdha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ŋdʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgGa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgGha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ŋha:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgHa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ŋja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgJa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ŋjʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgJha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgJNya.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKRa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKSsYa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋkta:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgKTa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ŋla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgLa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ŋḷa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgLla.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgMa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + न (na) gives the ligature ŋna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ŋŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNga.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ŋṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNna.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgNya.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgPa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ŋpʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgPha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ŋsa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgSsa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋta:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgTa.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ŋtʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgTha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ŋṭa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgTta.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ŋṭʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgTtha.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + व (va) gives the ligature ŋva:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgVa.svg|100px]]
* फ্ (pʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PhNga.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PNga.svg|100px]]
* Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RNgGa.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṣŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsNga.svg|100px]]
* थ্ (tʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature tʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ThNga.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭʰŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthNga.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtNga.svg|100px]]
* व্ (v) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature vŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct VNga.svg|100px]]
* य্ (y) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature yŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct YNga.svg|100px]]

==Bengali script==

The Bengali script ঙ is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham ng.svg|13px]], and has no horizontal head line, and a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ङ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ঙ will sometimes be transliterated as "ngo" instead of "nga". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ŋo/.

Like all Indic consonants, ঙ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali ঙ with vowel marks
|-
! nga !! ngā !! ngi !! ngī !! ngu !! ngū !! ngr !! ngr̄ !! nge !! ngai !! ngo !! ngau !! ng
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ঙ
|ঙা
|ঙি
|ঙী
|ঙু
|ঙূ
|ঙৃ
|ঙৄ
|ঙে
|ঙৈ
|ঙো
|ঙৌ
|ঙ্
|}

===ঙ in Bengali-using languages===

ঙ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with ঙ===

Bengali ঙ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with both stacked and unstacked ligatures being common.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-28}}</ref>

* ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGga.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGgha.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGghra.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋɡʱya, with the [[ya phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGghya.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋgya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGgya.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGka.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + খ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGkha.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGkra.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋkʃa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGksha.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋkya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGkya.svg |100px]]
* ঙ্ (ŋ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NGma.svg |100px]]

==Gujarati Ṅa==
[[File:Gujarati letter Nga.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Ṅa.]]
'''Ṅa''' ('''ઙ''') is the fifth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Ṅa [[Image:Devanagari ng.svg|13px|Nga]] with the top bar (shirorekha) removed, and ultimately from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Nga]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઙ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|ŋə|}} or {{IPAblink|ŋ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Ṅa !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Ṅi !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṅu !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṅr !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅl !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṅĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ṅe !! style="width:5%;"| Ṅai !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅo !! style="width:6%;"| Ṅau !! style="width:7%;"| Ṅ
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Nga Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Ṅa syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with ઙ===
Gujarati ઙ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ṅa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ṅa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.

* ર્ (r) + ઙ (ŋa) gives the ligature RṄa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RNga.svg|100px]]

* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṄRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct NgRa.svg|100px]]

* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) gives the ligature ṄKa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct NgKa.svg|100px]]

* ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature ṄKṢa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct NgKSsa.svg|100px]]

== Gurmukhi script ==
'''Ṅaṅā ''' {{IPA-pa|ŋɑŋːɑ̃|}} ('''ਙ''') is the tenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [ŋɑŋːɑ̃] and is pronounced as /ŋ/ when used in words. It is derived from the [[Laṇḍā]] letter ''ṅa'', and ultimately from the Brahmi ''ṅa''. Gurmukhi ṅaṅā does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /ŋ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant. Ṅaṅā is rarely used. It cannot begin a syllable or be placed between two consonants, and occurs most often as an allophone of /n/ before specific consonant phonemes.

==Burmese script==
'''Nga'''('''င''') is the fifth letter of the [[Burmese script]].

== Thai script ==
'''Ngo ngu''' ('''ง''') is the seventh letter of the [[Thai script]]. It falls under the low class of Thai consonants. In [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], ''ngo ngu'' is pronounced as [ŋ] at the beginning of a syllable and at the end of a syllable. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the [[Thai alphabet#Pinthu|pinthu]]''—''an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ''ngu'' (งู) means ‘snake’. ''Ngo ngu'' corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘ङ’.

==Javanese script==
{{main|Nga (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ṅa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Nga.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Ṅa
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Nga.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Ṅa
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Ṅa.
}}
'''Ṅa''' ('''ఙ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Ṅ]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಙ'''. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఙ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Ṅa==
[[File:Malayalam letter Nga.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Ṅa]]

'''Ṅa''' ('''ങ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Ṅ]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Nga.svg|x15px|Ṅa]] ''Nga''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

[[File:Malayalam Nga matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Nga matras: Nga, Ngā, Ngi, Ngī, Ngu, Ngū, Ngr̥, Ngr̥̄, Ngl̥, Ngl̥̄, Nge, Ngē, Ngai, Ngo, Ngō, Ngau, and Ng.]]

===Conjuncts of ങ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].

* ങ് (ŋ) + ക (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NgKa.svg]]
* ങ് (ŋ) + ങ (ŋa) gives the ligature ŋŋa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NgNga.svg]]

==Odia Ṅa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Nga.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Ṅa
| image2 = Odia subjoined Nga.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Ṅa
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṅa.
}}

'''Ṅa''' ('''ଙ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi ng.svg|13px|Ṅ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham ng.svg|x15px|Ṅa]] ''Nga''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Nga with vowel matras
|-
! Nga !! Ngā !! Ngi !! Ngī !! Ngu !! Ngū !! Ngr̥ !! Ngr̥̄ !! Ngl̥ !! Ngl̥̄ !! Nge !! Ngai !! Ngo !! Ngau !! Ng
|-
| {{big|ଙ}} || {{big|ଙା}} || {{big|ଙି}} || {{big|ଙୀ}} || {{big|ଙୁ}} || {{big|ଙୂ}} || {{big|ଙୃ}} || {{big|ଙୄ}} || {{big|ଙୢ}} || {{big|ଙୣ}} || {{big|ଙେ}} || {{big|ଙୈ}} || {{big|ଙୋ}} || {{big|ଙୌ}} || {{big|ଙ୍}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of ଙ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + କ (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgKa.svg]]
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଖ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgKha.svg]]
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgGa.svg]]
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgGha.svg]]
* ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:
[[File:Odia conjunct RNga.svg]]
* ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:
[[File:Odia conjunct NgRa.svg]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Kurt Elfering: ''Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar''. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, {{ISBN|3-7705-1326-6}}
* Georges Ifrah: ''The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer''. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, {{ISBN|0-471-39340-1}}.
* B. L. van der Waerden: ''Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik''. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, {{ISBN|3-7643-0399-9}}
* {{Cite journal
| issn = 0035-869X
| pages = 109–126
| last = Fleet
| first = J. F.
| title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers
| journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
| date = January 1911
| jstor = 25189823
}}
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0035869X00040995| jstor = 25189823 | pages = 109–126 | volume = 43 | journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | title = Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | year = 1911| author1 = Fleet | first1 = J. F.}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

[[Category:Indic letters]]

Ṅa (Indic) - Revision history

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