imported>Frietjes at 16:15, 27 August 2021

2021-08-27T16:15:56Z

New page

{{Indic glyph |letname = Ū |previousletter = U |nextletter = Ṛ


|devacp = 090A |deva2cp = 0942 |devaimg = Devanagari uu.svg |deva2img = Devanagari uu sign.png
|bengcp = 098A |beng2cp = 09C2 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Uu.svg

|gurucp = 0A0A |gujrcp = 0A8A |oryacp = 0B0A |tamlcp = 0B8A |tamlimg = Tamil-alphabet-ஊஊ.svg
|guru2cp = 0A42 |gujr2cp = 0AC2 |orya2cp = 0B42 |taml2cp = 0BC2

|telucp = 0C0A |kndacp = 0C8A |mlymcp = 0D0A
|telu2cp = 0C42 |knda2cp = 0CC2 |mlym2cp = 0D42

|sinhcp = 0D8C |thaicp = 0E39 |mymrcp = 1026
|sinh2cp = 0DD6 |laoocp = 0EB9 |tibtcp = 0F71;&#x0F74 |mymr2cp = 1030 |khmrcp = 17BC

|lanacp = 1A50
|talucp = 19B4 |lana2cp = 1A6A

|balicp = 1B0A |saurcp = A887
|bali2cp = 1B39 |lepccp = 1C2B |saur2cp = A8B9

|javacp = A9B9 |mteicp = AAEC

|shrdcp = 11188 |sindcp = 112B5|kthicp = 11088 |grancp = 1130A
|shrd2cp = 111B7 |sind2cp = 112E4 |kthi2cp = 110B4 |cakmcp = 1112B |gran2cp = 11342

|tirhcp = 11486 |siddcp = 11585 |modicp = 11605 |takrcp = 11685
|tirh2cp = 114B4 |sidd2cp = 115B3 |modi2cp = 11634 |takr2cp = 116B1

|brahcp = 1100A | ashokaimg = Brahmi uu.svg |brahletname = Brahmi 'Uu'
|brah2cp = 1103D |ashoka2img = Brahmi uu sign.svg |kushana2img = Kushana Brahmi uu sign.png |gupta2img = Gupta Brahmi uu sign.png |brah2letname = Brahmi 'Uu' sign

|tochimg = |toch2img =

|siddimg = Siddham uu.svg |siddletname = Siddhaṃ 'Uu'
|sidd2img = Siddham uu halfmark 1.svg |sidd2letname = Siddhaṃ 'Uu'

|ipa = uː |iast = ū |iscii = A9 |iscii2 = DE


|newacp = 11405 |dogrcp = 11805 |diakcp = 11905 |nandcp = 119A5 |bhkscp = 11C05 |gonmcp = 11D05 |gongcp = 11D65

|newa2cp = 11439 |ahomcp = 11725 |dogr2cp = 11830 |diak2cp = 11934 |nand2cp = 119D5 |bhks2cp = 11C33 |gonm2cp = 11D35 |gong2cp = 11D8E


}}

'''Ū''' is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ū is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|uu]]. As an Indic vowel, Ū comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==

{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}

[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The ू modifier sign was used to modify a consonant's value {{e|4}}, but the vowel letter ऊ did not have an inherent value by itself.<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=447–450}}</ref>

==Historic Ū==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ū as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|Ū]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gujarat [[Image:Gupta gujarat uu.svg|13px|Ū]]. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ū [[Image:Tocharian letter uu.gif|18px|Uu]] has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ū are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

===Brahmi Ū===

The Brahmi letter Ū [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|Ū]], is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Waw (letter)|Waw]] [[File:Waw.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[F]], [[V]], [[U]], [[W]], [[Y]] and Greek [[Upsilon]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ū can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with some vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ū historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd-1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi uu.svg|37px]] || No sample || No sample || [[Image:Gupta gujarat uu.svg|37px]] || No sample
|}

===Tocharian Ū===

The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter uu.gif|25px|Uu]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|Uu]]. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form.

{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian consonants with Ū vowel marks
|-
! Kū !! Khū !! Gū !! Ghū !! Cū !! Chū !! Jū !! Jhū !! Nyū !! Ṭū !! Ṭhū !! Ḍū !! Ḍhū !! Ṇū
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter kuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter khuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter guu.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter cuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter chuu.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter jhuu.gif|37px]] ||  ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter dduu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddhuu.gif|37px]] || 
|-
! Tū !! Thū !! Dū !! Dhū !! Nū !! Pū !! Phū !! Bū !! Bhū !! Mū !! Yū !! Rū !! Lū !! Vū
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter tuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter thuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter duu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dhuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter nuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter puu.gif|37px]] ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter buu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter bhuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter muu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter yuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ruu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter luu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter vuu.gif|37px]]
|-
! Śū !! Ṣū !! Sū !! Hū
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter shuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ssuu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter suu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter huu.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ū===

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ū is indicated with the [[U (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī U|U]] vowel mark [[File:Буква U (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi vowel sign U.svg|15px|Uu]] plus the vowel length mark [[File:Довгий голосний (залежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharosthi vowel length mark.svg|15px]]. As an independent vowel, Ū is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter [[A (Indic)#Kharoṣṭhī A|A]] [[File:Буква А (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter A.svg|15px|A]].

==Devanagari Ū==
{{main|Devanagari uu}}

{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Devanagari uu.svg
| alt1 = Ū vowel
| image2 = Devanagari uu sign.png
| alt2 = Ū vowel sign
| footer = Devanagari independent Ū and Ū vowel sign.
}}
'''Ū''' ('''ऊ''') is a vowel of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|Ū]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ઊ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘅.

===Devanagari Using Languages===
The Devanagari script is used to write the [[Hindi language]], [[Sanskrit]] and the majority of [[Indic languages]]. In most of these languages, ऊ is pronounced as {{IPA-hi|ū|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. 

==Bengali Ū==
{{main|uu (Bengali)}}
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Bengali Letter Uu.svg
| alt1 = Ū vowel
| image2 = Bengali Uu vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Ū vowel sign
| footer = Bengali independent Ū and Ū vowel sign.
}}

'''Ū''' ('''ঊ''') is a vowel of the [[Bengali script|Bengali]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham uu.svg|13px|Ū]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ऊ.

===Bengali Script Using Languages===
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the [[Bengali language]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]. In most languages, ঊ is pronounced as {{IPA-bn|ū|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel. 

==Gujarati Ū==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Gujarati vowel Uu.svg
| alt1 = Ū vowel
| image2 = Gujarati vowel sign Uu.svg
| alt2 = Ū vowel sign
| footer = Gujarati independent Ū and Ū vowel sign.
}}
'''Ū''' ('''ઊ''') is a vowel of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ū [[Image:Devanagari uu.svg|13px|uu]], and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|uu]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ઊ is pronounced as {{IPA-gu|ū|}}. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel. In addition to the standard vowel sign, Ū forms a unique ligature when combined with the consonant R:

* ર (r) + ઊ (ū) gives the ligature rū:
[[File:Gujarati letter Ruu.svg|100px]]

==Javanese Ū==
{{main|Uu (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ū==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu vowel Uu.svg
| alt1 = Telugu independent vowel Ū
| image2 = Telugu Uu vowel sign.svg
| alt2 = Telugu vowel sign Ū
| footer = Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ū.
}}
'''Ū''' ('''ఊ''') is a vowel of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|Ū]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಊ'''. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

[[File:Telugu Uu matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Telugu Ū vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kū, Khū, Gū, Ghū and Ngū. As a right-side attaching vowel mark, it does not alter the shape of the underlying consonant, although there are variants of the vowel mark that attach in different ways.]]

==Malayalam Ū==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Malayalam vowel Uu.svg
| alt1 = Malayalam independent vowel Ū
| image2 = Malayalam vowel sign Uu.svg
| alt2 = Malayalam vowel sign Ū
| footer = Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ū.
}}
'''Ū''' ('''ഊ''') is a vowel of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|Ū]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha vowel Uu.svg|x15px|Ū]] ''uu''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. Some vowel signs, such as Ū, can also form a ligature with some consonants, although this is much more common in old-style ''paḻaya lipi'' texts than in the modern [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|reformed]] ''paḻaya lipi'' orthography.

[[File:Malayalam Uu matra.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ū vowel sign on ക, ഖ, ഗ, ഘ, & ങ: Kū, Khū, Gū, Ghū and Ngū in ''paḻaya lipi''.]]

==Odia Ū==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia vowel uu.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent vowel Ū
| image2 = Odia vowel sign uu.svg
| alt2 = Odia vowel sign Ū
| footer = Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Ū.
}}
'''Ū''' ('''ଊ''') is a vowel of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi uu.svg|13px|Ū]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham uu.svg|x15px|Ū]] ''uu''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.


{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uu (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Ū (Indic) - Revision history

imported>Frietjes at 16:15, 27 August 2021