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{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Ālambana''' ([[Sanskrit]]:आलम्बन), is a Sanskrit term which variously means – support, foundation, supporting, base, sustaining, cause, reason, basis, or the five attributes of things, or the silent repetition of a prayer, or the natural and necessary connection of a sensation with the cause which excites it, or the mental exercise practiced by the yogis in endeavouring to realize the gross form of the Eternal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sanskrit Dictionary|publisher=Spokensanskrit. de|url=http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=alambana&trans=Translate&direction=AU}}</ref>

==Vedic implication==

In [[Indian philosophy]] ''ālambana'' refers to the objective basis of a perception or sensation; according to which philosophy ''Kārana'' (cause) and all attendant emotional conditions are known as ''Vibhavas'' which are of two kinds – a) ''Ālambana'', the personal and human object and substratum, and b) ''Uddipana'', the excitant. ''Ālambana'' may further be divided into ''asraya'' and ''visaya'', [[Radha]] is ''asraya'' and [[Krishna]] is ''visaya''; Radha, as the devotee, experienced greater pleasure than Krishna who remained the object of her veneration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaniquotes|url= http://vaniquotes.org/wiki/Vibhava_is_divided_into_the_two_categories_alambana_and_uddipana._Alambana_may_be_further_divided_into_asraya_and_visaya }}</ref> ''Visaya'' is the potential object of a perceptual consciousness, ''ālambana'' is the objective basis which can even be the cause of perceptual or cognition support for a perceptual error.<ref>{{cite book|title=Logic, Language and Reality:Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues|author=Bimal Kroshna Matilal|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=99|isbn=9788120807174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8SLH7ogB9oC&q=alambana&pg=PA219}}</ref> The [[Nyaya]] school does not consider the object in front to be the ''ālambana'' of the illusory cognition but rather the interfering external element with its own characteristics.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhamati and Vivarna Schools of Advaita: A Critical Approach|author=Poolasth Soobah Roodurmum|year=2002|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=54|isbn=9788120818903|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2pU2ZQB2wUYC&q=alambana&pg=PA54 }}</ref> The best ''ālambana'' for the ''[[upasana]]'' of [[Brahman]] is [[Om]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Gaudapadakarika|author=Gaudapada|year=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=296|isbn=9788120806528|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lz08gSuuLQkC&q=alambana&pg=PA296}}</ref>

In [[Vedic]] parlance, ''ālambana'' is also known as ''skambha'' i.e. the pillar of strength; God is the pillar of strength;<ref>{{cite book|title=Vedic Philosophy for Himalayan Eco-System Development|author=M.L.Dewan|year=1993|publisher=Concept Publishing Co.|isbn=9788170224778|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hebaAAAAMAAJ&q=alambana+vedic}}</ref> it is the objective contemplation which lends support to the mind in its travel Godwards.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Wisdom of the Hindus|year=1922|author=Brian Brown|publisher=Brentanos|page=[https://archive.org/details/wisdomhinduswis00browgoog/page/n330 278]|url=https://archive.org/details/wisdomhinduswis00browgoog|quote=alambana upanishads.}}</ref>

==Rasa implication==

In the Indian theory of [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]], ''Uddipana'' is the excitant or determinant which inflames sentiments or emotions, and ''ālambana'' is that on which the sentiment hangs i.e. ''ālambana'' is with reference to the sentiment which arises as the link between a sentiment and the cause which excites it. In ''Rasa'' process, the nature or object is said to be visibly present before the ''asraya'' as an excitant but the object that arouses emotions is usually imagined by the poet or dramatist; the mere presence of ''vibhava'' impels the configuration of ''Pratibha'' (the intuitive outcome of wisdom or knowledge) to change it in no time.<ref>{{cite book|title=I.A.Richards and Indian Theory of Rasa|author=Gupteshwar Prasad|year=1994|publisher=Sarup & Sons |pages=92,230|isbn=9788185431376|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmy5cnSbsWYC&q=alambana&pg=PA92}}</ref> As per the Rasa of Heroic devotion in compassion the enhancing excitants include transitory emotions such as impatience, understanding and happiness, and Krishna in some disguised form is offered by the hero, motivated by kindness, his own body. [[Yuddhisthira]] had made sacrificial offerings to Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhaktirasamrtasindhu of Rupa Gosvamin|author=Rupa Gosvami|year=2003|publisher=Motolal Banarsidass|pages=579–581|isbn=9788120818613|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DsRb6gjUa1oC&q=alambana+vedic&pg=PA581}}</ref>

==Yogic implication==

With the aid of self-supported yoga or ātmālambana yoga, [[Ishvara]] can be seen in two ways i.e. dual and non-dual, or can be seen as fourfolded. ''Ālambana'' refers to inner support and [[yoga]] refers to self-discipline; ''ātmālambana yoga'' is the discipline of objectifying the non-self with the aid of the self when the negated-self becomes the object of the self.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paratattvagaonitadarsanam|author=G.S.Murty|year=2002|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=174,175|isbn=9788120818217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig1-enQgyE8C&q=alambana&pg=PA174 }}</ref>

[[Patanjali]] while defining Sleep which is a [[vritti]] of [[Buddhi]], just as the waking state and the dream states are, tells us:

:अभावप्रत्ययालम्बना तमोवर्त्तिर्निद्रा (Yoga Sutra Samādhipada 10)

:"Deep sleep is the absence of all impressions resulting from opacity in that which is mutable in human-beings (citta)."

Here, he has used the word, ''ālambana'', to mean support or based on i.e. absence of impressions is supported / based on inertia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Samadhi pada 10 |publisher=Ashtangayoga.info |url=http://www.ashtangayoga.info/source-texts/yoga-sutra-patanjali/chapter-1/item/abhava-pratyaya-alambana-tamo-vrittir-nidra/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827022537/http://www.ashtangayoga.info/source-texts/yoga-sutra-patanjali/chapter-1/item/abhava-pratyaya-alambana-tamo-vrittir-nidra/ |archive-date=2014-08-27 }}</ref>

==Buddhist implication==

According to the [[Yogacara]] phenomenology the ''ālambana'' condition, whether immediate direct or remote, means if there exists a dharma it will have a distinct appearance, the mind will sometimes correspond with it (''[[lakshana]]'') for that ''[[dharma]]'' to be cognized and perceptually grasped. This condition leads to the awakening which results in the ending of the eight consciousnesses and replacing them with four enlightened cognitive abilities.<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddhist Phenomenology|author=Dan Lusthaus|date=4 February 2014|publisher=Routledge|pages=500–503|isbn=9781317973423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j0TKAgAAQBAJ&q=alambana&pg=PA500 }}</ref> The Buddhist consider ''ālambana'' as a cause same as ''hetu'', ''samanantara'' and ''adhipati'', they consider it to be the object-condition which is taken as the cause in the production of knowledge and mentals, such as ''citta'' and ''caitta''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Central Philosophy of Buddhism|author=T.R.V.Murti|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|page=170|isbn=978-1135029463|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mmvzSw2igPUC&q=alambana&pg=PA170 }}</ref>
According to [[Nagarjuna]] there are three motivational contexts of love and compassion viz, ''sattva-ālambana'', motivated by the similarity of one’s self with other selves, ''dharma-ālambana'', motivated by the sameness of psycho-physical elements, and ''ānalambana'' which is not motivated by these two i.e. which is independent of motivational context.<ref>{{cite book|title=Buddhist Critical Superiority|author=Shohei Ichimura|year=2001|page=81|isbn=9788120817982|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xTW6XNxOxbkC&q=alambana&pg=PA23 }}</ref> [[Xuanzang]] in the context of [[Dignāga]]’s statement with reference to the eighth consciousness explains that the seeds or virtualities of the eighth consciousness produce the actual consciousness and also the objective base (ālambana) of actual consciousness.<ref>{{cite book|title=Phenomenology and Indian Philosophy|date=January 1992|publisher=SUNY PRESS|page=265|isbn=9780791406625|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCfipfaNM44C&q=alambana&pg=PA265 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Yoga concepts]]

Ālambana - Revision history

>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 15 templates: del empty params (1×); hyphenate params (2×);