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{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Ādesha''' or '''Ādeśa''' ([[Sanskrit]]: आदेश) means 'an order', 'command' or 'advice', 'instruction', 'precept', 'rule'<ref>{{cite book|title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|author=Vaman Shivram Apte|publisher=The Digital Libraries of South Asia|url= http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=apte&query=Adesa&matchtype=exact&display=utf8}}</ref>

== Meaning ==

The word, Ādesha appears to be a semantically polyvalent compound representing two homonymous compounds of different origin and formation; it was surmised that ''ādeśa-'' in the sense of "substitute" owes its origin to a combination of ''ā-'' and ''deśa-'', whereas ''ādeśa-'' in the sense of "advice" belongs to the verb ''ā- diś-'' "to point out, to teach";<ref>{{cite book|title=Old Indian|author=Jan Gonda|publisher=BRILL|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LBhe0nMwKbUC&pg=PA72&dq=adesa+vedas#v=onepage&q=adesa%20vedas&f=false|isbn=9004026428|year=1971}}</ref> it is the combination of ''ā-'' meaning 'toward', and ''diś'' meaning 'to show or direct'.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Language of the Gods|author=Judith M. Tyberg|publisher=East West Culture|page=117|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OxARAAAAMAAJ&q=adesa+upanishads&dq=adesa+upanishads|year=1970}}</ref>

== Grammatical usage ==

''Nirvachanashastra'' is a heremeneutic device that is used for word-analysis and derivation. The proper understanding of the relation in ''nirvachana'' analysis between a noun and some activity, expressed by a finite verb or by mention of a verbal root came to the fore through the study of [[Yāska]]'s [[Nirukta]] done in the light of a model of substitution according to which model ''adesha'' ('substitution') takes the ''sthana'' ('place') of the original ''sthanin'' ('place-holder') under the given circumstances. ''Sthana'' refers to ''artha'' ('meaning'), thus ''nirvachanas'' are merely place-holders in semantic space; one gets a different thought if one gets a different sentence to represent the same truth.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy|author=Oliver Leaman|publisher=Taylor and francis|page=388|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TltLxZX4VB4C&pg=PA388&dq=Adesha#v=onepage&q=Adesha&f=false|isbn=978-0-415-17281-3|year=2001}}</ref>

By using ''Ādeśa'' rather than ''vikāra'', and holding on to ''varna-samāmnāya'' sound system, [[Pāṇini]] was able to achieve economy and brevity in the statements of algebraic system.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pre-Panian Linguistic Studies|author=D.D.Mahulkar|publisher=Northern Book Centre|page=154|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vsNF-yuHEgYC&pg=PA152&dq=adesa+vedas#v=onepage&q=adesa%20vedas&f=false|isbn=9788185119885|year=1990}}</ref> With regard to the rule, requiring the substitution of soft unaspirate consonants in the place of hard consonants, the ''ādeśa'' that takes place in place of a vowel is not ''sthānvit''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Astadhyayi of Panini|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TbzVy6vqyCkC&pg=PA51&dq=adesa+vedas#v=onepage&q=adesa%20vedas&f=false|isbn=9788120804098|year=1980}}</ref> Panini uses ''ādeśa'' in the sense of 'substitution' and 'substitute'.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Semantic Analysis|author=Eivind Kahrs|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=179|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z0_JQXYkG7IC&pg=PA179&dq=principle+of+adesa#v=onepage&q=principle%20of%20adesa&f=false|isbn=978-0-521-63188-4|year=1998}}</ref> ''Vadha'' is not an independent root in the Paninian system it is an adesa for the root ''han-''<ref>{{cite book|title=Vedic Aorist and Panini|author=Prasad P. Joshi|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UlYLAQAAMAAJ&q=adesa+vedas&dq=adesa+vedas|isbn=9788178541501|year=2008}}</ref>

== Upanishadic usage ==

The [[Upanishads]] have given four [[Mahāvākyas]] or grand proclamations corresponding to four prescribed practices viz. ''Upadesha'', ''Adesha'', ''Abhyasa'' and ''Anubhava''; accordingly the ''vakya'' – [[Tat Tvam Asi]], appearing in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]], is an ''Adesha Vakya'', a command statement; the ''[[Guru-shishya tradition|shishya]]'' or 'disciple' listens to the ''Upadesha vakya'' and the ''Adhesha vakya'' with full faith and devotion which act is called Sravana ('concentration').<ref>{{cite book|title=Guru Chritra|author=V.R.Prabhu|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8ha7SJ4zByMC&pg=RA2-PT4&lpg=RA2-PT4&dq=adesha+upanishads#v=onepage&q=adesha%20upanishads&f=false|isbn=9788179924198|date=2004-01-01}}</ref>

In the Sanskrit phrase - अथात आदेशः नेति नेति ''athāta ādeśah: neti neti'', meaning – 'now hence the teaching: not this, not this' of [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]II.ii.6, ''Adesha'' means 'specific instruction' and not 'substitute'.<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Semantic Analysis|author=Eivind Kahrs|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=181–182|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z0_JQXYkG7IC&pg=PA181&dq=adesa+vedas#v=onepage&q=adesa%20vedas&f=false|isbn=978-0-521-63188-4|year=1998}}</ref>

In the [[Taittiriya Upanishad]](II.iii.1), in the very brief part reading - आदेश आत्मा, the word, ''Adesha'', refers to the ''[[brahmana]]'' portion as the self ('trunk')when the sage says that the self constituted by mind is also of a human shape the shape the human shape the mental body takes after the human shape of the vital body. [[Adi Sankara|Sankara]] explains that the word, ''Ādeśah'' here means the ''brahmana'' portion of the [[Vedas]], since (in consonance with the etymological meaning of ''ādeśa'', command) the ''brahmana'' portion inculcates all that has to be enjoyed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Eight Upanishads Vol.1 1986 Ed|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|pages=311–313|isbn= 978-8175050174}}</ref>

== Mercantile usage ==

[[Chanakya]] in his [[Arthashastra]], refers to the then prevalent [[Negotiable instrument|bill of exchange]] called ''Ādesha'' which was an order to a third person to pay up a sum of money on behalf of the sender of that order; in those days [[Guild|merchant guilds]] performed the functions of [[bank]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Economic History of Ancient India|author=Santosh kumar Das|publisher=Genesis Publishing|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/?id=J4njwI7BMVEC&pg=PA174&dq=Adesha#v=onepage&q=Adesha&f=false|isbn=9788130704234|year=2006}}</ref> There was considerable use of these instruments, including promissory notes, and merchants in large towns gave [[Letter of credit|letters of credit]] to one another.<ref>{{cite book|title=Law Relating to Cheques|author=Ram Naresh Chaudhary|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dOkzh2CazmQC&pg=PA2&dq=Adesha#v=onepage&q=Adesha&f=false|isbn=9788184502084|year=2009}}</ref>

== Other usages ==

[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo]] explains that the intellectual ''[[Asura]]'' determines his actions by his reason or ideal, the emotional ''Asura'' by his feelings; but the Shuddha determines them by the higher inspiration proceeding from the divine experience in the [[Vijñāna|Vijanana]], that is what people often call the ''Adesha''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Records of Yoga Vol.2|author=Sri Aurobindo|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram|page=1387|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iMHWAAAAMAAJ&q=Adesha&dq=Adesha|isbn=9788170586524|year=2001}}</ref>

[[Keshab Chandra Sen]] of [[Brahmo Samaj]] (and founder of ''Brahmo Samaj of India'') influenced by [[Christian theology]] propounded the doctrine of ''Adesha'', according to which God inspires knowledge in some individuals whose word must therefore be considered infallible and true which doctrine not accepted by some members witnessed division in ranks and the formation of ''Sadharan Brahmo Samaj''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social Background of Indian Nationalism|author=A.R.Desai|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=271|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZykLXjdG9S8C&pg=PA271&dq=Adesha+upanishads#v=onepage&q=Adesha%20upanishads&f=false|isbn=9788171546671|year=2005}}</ref>

In the [[Bhagavad Gita]] Sloka XVII.22, it is seen that the word अदेशकाले (ādeśkāle) with the dropping of a mātra i.e. ā to a (and thus providing negative connotation), refers to wrong time.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bhagavad Gita Demystified Vol.3|author=Nithyananda|publisher=eNPublishers|page=630|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UeFlGR5LtjkC&pg=PA630&dq=adesa+vedas#v=onepage&q=adesa%20vedas&f=false|isbn=978-1-60607-073-4|year=2009}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Vyakarana]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Upanishads]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]

Ādeśa - Revision history

>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 16 templates: del empty params (1×);