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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Sangam literature}}<br />
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'''Acharakkovai''' ({{langx|ta|ஆசாரக்கோவை}}) is a poetic work of [[didactic]] nature belonging to the [[Eighteen Lesser Texts]] (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of [[Tamil literature]]. This belongs to the 'post [[Sangam period|Sangam]] period' corresponding to between 600 and 900 CE.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} ''Acharakkovai'' contains 100 poems written by the poet Peruvaayin Mulliyaar. The poems of ''Acharakkovai'' are written in the [[Venpa]] meter.<br />
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==Literature==<br />
''Acharakkovai'' literally translates to "the garland of right conduct" of a [[Saiva]] author, Kayatturp Peruvayil Mulliyar. ''Acharakkovai'' shows influences of [[Sanskrit]] literature and hence believed to be of a later period than the other poems in the ''Pathinenkilkanakku'' anthology. The instructions in ''Acharakkovai'' are concerned with personal ritual and the correct method to follow.<ref name="T.K."/> The work has 100 stanzas in ''venpa'' meter and is a collection of moral exhortations, ritual observances and customs that are considered proper and correct.<ref name="Zvelebi124">Zvelebil 1974, p. 124</ref> 8 poems (1, 10, 27, 36, 46, 55, 56, 100) follow ''patrodai venpa'' (''venpa'' having lines of five), 52 poems (3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 98, 99) follow ''innisai chithial venpa'' (''venpa'' with 3 lines), 33 poems (2, 4, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 26, 32, 34, 35, 38, 43, 44, 47, 50, 53, 57, 58, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 74, 76, 82, 83, 84, 94, 95, 96) follow ''innisai venpa'' (''venpa'' with 4 lines), 1 poem (33) follows ''kural venpa'' (''venpa'' with lines of 2), 1 poem (16) follows ''cavalai venpa'' (''venpa'' with lines of four) and remaining 5 poems (37, 79, 80, 85, 92) follow ''nerisai venpa'' (''venpa'' with lines of four).<ref name="Mulliyar">Mulliyar, p. 2-15</ref><br />
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==Morals==<br />
The book is rich in etiquette and taboos, which are classificatory of any literature teaching morals.<br />
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===Etiquette===<br />
The general importance of character elements of an individual namely blessings of parents (4), respect of five elements namely ''brahmins'', cows, the Sun, the moon, the king and teachers (15,16, 74) and importance of speech (1) is stressed.<ref name="Derrett381"/> Eating rules of eating like eating after feeding elderly, cows, birds and children (21, 26, 86) and direction of eating (24). Invite and prostrate before elders (62, 72, 40), carry umbrella for elders (60), not calling elders by name (80), not treating them arrogantly by words or body language (91), speaking by covering mouth (97), be attentive (94, 41), using the same nice tone with elders and inferiors (80), never despise food offered and self-boast about rituals performed(88) and not use prolonged abuse of wife (80).<ref name="Derrett381"/> One should feed everyone during marriages, festivals and parental rituals (48); greet everyone heartily (31), never walk between Brahmins or deities, or between lamps and persons (31, 36).<ref name="Derrett381"/> The way of dressing, speaking and reprimanding reveals the nature of a person (49) and the necessity of being modest is highlighted in 71.<ref name="Derrett381">Derrett 1978, pp. 381-383</ref><br />
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===Taboos===<br />
Twenty nine stanzas detail various taboos that throw superstition of the time. Verses 5-8 deal with ''{{Transliteration|ta|eccil}}'' (pollution) that arises from urination, excretion, sexual contact, saliva, looking at an untouchable, but broadly misses the birth and death time pollutions. While bathing one must now swim, spit into water (14, 35, 36) and one should not see his reflection in water, scratch ground (13), not wear others' soiled slippers or clothes (12, 36), wear two garments while coming out of bath with one garment (11), not sleep opposite to door step (22, 45), nor facing north or midway point (30), use of both hands while providing drinks to elders (28), extinguish fire with water during the day (33), bow towards one sneezes (31), spitting or passing motion in various places (32), not to excrete facing south during the day or north during night (33), not pass motions imagining one is facing all ten directions (34).<ref name="Derrett381"/><br />
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==Caste Treatise==<br />
The notion of untouchability seems to have emerged in the Sangam period itself with references from the work indicating water touched by ''pulaiyar'' being considered unfit for consumption of higher caste.<ref>Singh 2008, p. 508</ref> ''Pulaiyars'' are referred as meat eaters (since "pulai" means "meat").<ref name="T.K.">T.K. 1986, p. 53</ref><br />
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==Criticism==<br />
The presence of this work in the [[Sangam literature]] is debated as the period of compilation is found to be in the late 8th century. There is heavy dosage of ''[[Brahmin]]ical'' influence in verses 2, 5, 15, 31, 34, 41, 47, 48, 61, 64 and 92. There is heavy influence of Sanskrit literature in the style of the work.<ref name="Derrett">Derrett 1978, p. 380</ref><br />
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==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law: Current problems and the legacy of past| last=Derrett| first=John Duncan Martin| year=1978| publisher=E.J. Brill Leiden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IEeAAAAIAAJ&q=acarakkovai&pg=PA380|isbn = 90-04-05753-6}}<br />
* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)<br />
* {{Citation |first= Upinder |last=Singh|title=South A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th century |year=2008 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=acharakkovai&pg=PA508}}.<br />
* {{Citation |first= Venkatasubramanian |last=T.K.|title=Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8dp_b7GBrEC&q=acharakkovai&pg=PA53}}.<br />
* {{cite book | title=A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)| last=Zvelebil| first=Kamil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=acarakkovai&pg=PA124|isbn = 3-447-01582-9}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0024.pdf|title=Patinenkizkanakku Nulkal :Acarakkovai (Of Peruvayin Mulliyar)|access-date=2012-01-07|last=Mulliyar|first=Peruvayin |work=projectmadurai.org }}<br />
{{Wikisourcelang|ta|ஆசாரக்கோவை|Original text in the Tamil language}}<br />
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{{Tamil language}}<br />
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[[Category:Tamil language]]<br />
[[Category:Sangam literature]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient Indian poems]]</div>OnitaCrespo4