Editing Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn

{{short description|British field marshal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          =The Lord Strathnairn
| image         =Hugh Henry Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn.png
| caption       =Lord Strathnairn by [[Carlo Pellegrini (caricaturist)|Carlo Pellegrini]], 1870
| birth_date          = 6 April 1801
| death_date          = 16 October 1885 (aged 84)
| placeofburial_label = 
| placeofburial =[[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]], Hampshire
| birth_place  =Berlin, Germany
| death_place  =Paris, France
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| nickname      =
| allegiance    ={{flag|United Kingdom}}
| branch        ={{army|United Kingdom}}
| serviceyears  =1820–1870
| rank          =[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit          =
| commands      =[[Royal Horse Guards]]<br>[[Bombay Army]]<br>[[Commander-in-Chief, India|India]]<br>[[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland|Ireland]]
| battles       =[[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|Egyptian–Ottoman War]]<br/>[[Crimean War]]<br/>[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]]
| awards        =[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br>[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of India]]
| relations     =
| laterwork     =
}}
[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Hugh Henry Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|GCSI|PC}}  (6 April 1801 – 16 October 1885) was a senior [[British Army]] officer. He served as a military adviser to the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Army]] who were seeking to secure the expulsion of the forces of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Mehemet Ali]] from Syria during the [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|Egyptian–Ottoman War]]. He then fought with the [[French Army]] at the [[Battle of Alma]], the [[Battle of Inkerman]] and at the Battle of Mamelon during the [[Crimean War]]. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] Rose was given command of the Central Indian Field Force and was successful at the battle of [[Jhansi]] in April 1858, at [[Lahore]] in May 1858 and at [[Gwalior]] in June 1858. He went on to be Commander of the [[Bombay Army]], [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] and then [[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]].

==Early life==
Born the third son of [[George Henry Rose|Sir George Rose]] of Sandhills in [[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]] (minister plenipotentiary at the [[Prussian court]]) and Frances Rose (née Duncombe),<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24093?docPos=2 |title=Rose, Hugh Henry, Baron Strathnairn |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/24093 |access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> Rose was educated by officers of the [[Prussian Army]] in Berlin.<ref name=heath253>Heathcote, p. 253</ref> He went up to [[St John's College, Cambridge]] in 1819<ref name=venn>{{acad|id=RS819HH|name=Rose, Hugh Henry}}</ref> and was commissioned into the [[93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|93rd Sutherland Highlanders]] as an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]] on 8 June 1820.<ref name=heath253/> He was sent to [[Ireland]] to help preserve order following the "[[Ribbonism|Ribbon]]" outrages and joined the [[Green Howards|19th Regiment of Foot]] there on 20 July 1820.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=17615|date=15 July 1820|page=1379}}</ref> He was promoted to lieutenant on 24 October 1821,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=17765|date=17 November 1821|page=2256}}</ref> to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 22 July 1824 and to major in an unattached company on 30 December 1826.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=18326|date=19 January 1827|page=132}}</ref> He joined the [[92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot|92nd Highlanders]] as a company commander on 19 February 1829<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=18560|date=20 March 1829|page=526}}</ref> and became [[equerry]] to the [[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge|Duke of Cambridge]] in July 1830.<ref name=heath253/> He returned to the 92nd Highlanders again in July 1832 and served with them in [[County Tipperary|Tipperary]], [[Gibraltar]] and [[Malta]].<ref name=heath253/> In Malta, he visited every one of his troops infected by [[cholera]] and enthused them with his cheerful manner.<ref name=galliat333>Gilliat, p. 333</ref> He was promoted to [[lieutenant-colonel]] on 17 September 1839.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=19771|date=20 September 1839|page=1793}}</ref>

==Syria==
In November 1840 Rose was sent, as one of a group of British military advisers, to [[Syria]] with the local rank of [[colonel]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=19915|date=17 November 1840|page=2612}}</ref> to assist General [[Omar Pasha]], commander of the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Army]], who was seeking to secure the expulsion of the forces of [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Mehemet Ali]] from Syria during the [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41)|Egyptian–Ottoman War]].<ref name=heath253/> Rose served as deputy adjutant-general on Pasha's staff at the Battle of El Mesden in January 1841 and then became senior British officer on Pasha's staff later that year.<ref name=heath253/> He became British consul-general for Syria and Lebanon in August 1841 and found himself preventing feuds between the [[Maronites]] and [[Druze]]s.<ref name=heath253/> On one occasion in 1841, he rode between them at imminent risk to his life and by the sheer force of a stronger will stopped the conflict.<ref name=galliat333/> On another occasion he rescued 700 American missionaries from [[Mount Lebanon]] and took them to [[Beirut]] walking himself all the way so that his horse could be available to old women.<ref name=galliat333/> He transferred to the diplomatic service in January 1848 and [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] appointed him secretary of the embassy at [[Constantinople]] in January 1851.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=21170|date=10 January 1851|page=51}}</ref> He became [[chargé d'affaires]] in the absence of [[Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe|Sir Stratford Canning]] during a diplomatic crisis over [[Russia]]n demands that they be allowed to give protection over all Christians in [[Turkey]]. He so strengthened the hands of the [[Ottoman Porte]] that the Russian attempt to force a secret treaty upon Turkey was foiled.<ref name=galliat333/> He was promoted to brevet colonel on 11 November 1851.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=21262|date=11 November 1851|page=2967}}</ref>

==Crimean War==
Promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 11 June 1852, Rose became the British commissioner at the headquarters of the [[French Army]] at the outset of the [[Crimean War]] in October 1853.<ref name=heath254>Heathcote, p. 254</ref> Promoted to the local rank of [[brigadier-general]] on 8 April 1854,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=21542|date=14 April 1854|page=1169}}</ref> he succeeded in putting out a fire which threatened the French small-arm ammunition stores for which he was awarded the French [[Legion of Honour]].<ref name=heath254/> He fought with the [[Zouave|1st Zouaves]] at the [[Battle of Alma]] in September 1854, where he was wounded, at the [[Battle of Inkerman]] in November 1854 and at the Battle of Mamelon in June 1855.<ref name=heath254/> He was promoted to [[major-general]] on 12 December 1854.<ref name=heath254/>

==India==
Following the outbreak of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] Rose was given command of the Poona division.<ref name=heath254/> He arrived in September 1857, and shortly after took command of the newly created Central Indian Field Force made up mostly of  sepoys and elements of the army maintained by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref>Jerosch, ch. 10</ref> He marched from [[Mhow]] in January 1858, captured [[Rahatgarh]] after a short siege, defeated the Raja of Banapur near [[Vadodara|Baroda]], relieved the City of [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Saugor]], captured the fortress at [[Garhakota]] and then defeated the rebels in the Madanpur Pass.<ref name=odnb/>

Rose arrived at [[Jhansi]] on 21 March 1858 and during the siege defeated a relieving force under [[Tatya Tope]] at the [[Betwa River|Betwa]] on 1 April 1858. Most of Rose's force was locked up in the siege and so he could only field 1,540 men against Tatya Tope's army of 20,000 troops and 28 guns.<ref>David, p. 357</ref> With the advantage of Punjabi-Afghan sepoys he was able to rout the enemy, inflicting a total loss of 1,500 men and all of their stores.<ref name=galliat341>Gilliat, p. 341</ref> Jhansi was stormed and the city taken on 4 April 1858.<ref name=galliat344>Gilliat, p. 344</ref> However the Queen, [[Rani Lakshmibai]], who had defended the fort, made an escape to [[Kalpi]].<ref name=galliat344/> Rose went on to capture [[Lahore]], [[Konch]] and [[Kalpi]] in May 1858.<ref name=heath254/>
[[File:John Lawrence's Executive Council 1864.jpg|thumb|Hugh Rose, sitting third from left, with [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence]], Viceroy of India  and other council members. c. 1864]]

Rose then obtained sick leave and [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Sir Robert Napier]] was appointed to succeed him. However, before Napier could arrive the forces of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Gwalior]] joined the rebellion. Rose at once resumed command and moved on Gwalior capturing the city in June 1858.<ref name=heath254/> Rose was promoted to [[lieutenant-general]] for his "eminent services" on 28 February 1860 and the next month was appointed commander-in-chief of the [[Bombay Army]].<ref name=heath254/> He was promoted to the local rank of general on 18 May 1860<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22387|date=18 May 1860|page=1920}}</ref> and on the departure of [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|Lord Clyde]] from India in November 1860 Rose succeeded him as [[Commander-in-Chief, India]].<ref name=heath254/>

==Later life and legacy==
[[File:Sandhills Christchurch Dorset.JPG|thumb|Sandhills, Christchurch, Dorset, Rose's summer residence]]
Rose was made an honorary [[Doctor of Civil Law|DCL]] of the University of Oxford in 1865.<ref name=venn/> He became [[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland|Commander-in-Chief of British forces in Ireland]] with the local rank of general in July 1865,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22988 |date=7 July 1865 |page=3434}}</ref> in which role he assisted the Irish government to deal with the [[Fenian]] conspiracy, and was raised to the peerage as '''Baron Strathnairn''', of Strathnairn in the County of Nairn and of Jhansi in the India on 28 July 1866.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23146 |date=31 July 1866 |page=4298}}</ref> He was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 4 February 1867<ref name=heath255>Heathcote, p. 255</ref> and was made an honorary [[Doctor of law|LL.D.]] of [[Trinity College, Dublin]] when he retired from the Irish Command in 1870.<ref name=venn/> Back in England he lived in retirement at [[Newsells Park]] in [[Hertfordshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/data/places/places-b/barkway/barkway-newsells.htm|title=Newsells, Barkway|access-date=30 November 2013}}</ref> Rose was keen on horses and had an [[obelisk]] erected there in memory of his favourite [[Horses in warfare|charger]] which he had ridden during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]].<ref name=stud>{{cite web | title=Newsells Park Stud | url=http://www.newsells-park.com/stud/history| access-date=1 December 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Statue of Field Marshal Hugh Rose, Lord Strathnairn, Foley Estate, Liphook 09.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Statue of Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn at Griggs Green (origionally positioned in [[Knightsbridge]])]]

Rose also served as colonel of the [[45th Regiment of Foot]] (1858–66),<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22168|date=30 July 1858|page=3553}}</ref> of the 26th Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=23004|date=22 August 1865|page=4103}}</ref> of the [[92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]] (1866–69)<ref name=heath255/> and then of the [[Royal Horse Guards]] (1869–85).<ref name=heath255/> 

He was promoted to [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]] on 2 June 1877<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24467|date=2 June 1877|page=3497}}</ref> and died in Paris on 16 October 1885.<ref name=heath255/> He was buried in the graveyard of the [[Christchurch Priory|Priory Church, Christchurch]] in [[Hampshire]].<ref name=heath255/> An [[List of statues formerly in London|equestrian bronze statue]], by [[Edward Onslow Ford|E. Onslow Ford]], RA, was erected to his memory at [[Knightsbridge]], London; it was removed and put in storage in 1931. In 1964 it was privately purchased and is now located at [[Griggs Green]] in Hampshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hants.gov.uk/rh/shipwrights/liphook.pdf|title=Section 5: Liphook to Liss|publisher=Hampshire County Council|access-date=30 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035647/http://www.hants.gov.uk/rh/shipwrights/liphook.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> There is also a memorial to him in [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. <ref>"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral" [[William Sinclair (Archdeacon of London)|Sinclair, W.]] p. 460: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909</ref>

==Family==
Rose was brother to [[Sir William Rose]] and the [[George Douglas, 17th Earl of Morton|Countess of Morton]]. However, he never married and never had any children.<ref name=heath255/>

==Honours==
Rose's honours included:
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB) – 6 July 1858<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22159|date=6 July 1858|page=3177}}</ref> (KCB – 16 October 1855;<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=21799|date=16 October 1855|page=3797}}</ref> CB – 23 February 1842<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=20075|date=25 February 1842|page=532}}</ref>)
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) (KSI – 25 June 1861<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22523|date=25 June 1861|page=2622}}</ref>)
*[[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)|Prussian Order of Saint John of Jerusalem]] (Prussia) – 6 March 1849<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=20953|date=6 March 1849|page=754}}</ref>
*[[Legion of Honour]], 3rd Class (France) – 2 August 1856<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=21909|date=4 August 1856|page=2701}}</ref>
*[[Order of the Medjidie]], 3rd Class (Ottoman Empire) – 2 March 1858<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=22107|date=2 March 1858|page=1252}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Field Marshal Hugh Henry Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn'''
|2= 2. [[George Henry Rose|Sir George Henry Rose]]
|3= 3. Frances Duncombe
|4= 4. [[George Rose (politician)|George Rose]]
|5= 5. Theodora Duer
|6= 6. [[Thomas Duncombe (died 1779)|Thomas Duncombe]]
|7= 7. Anne Jennings
|8= 8. [[Reverend|Rev.]] David Rose of Lethnot
|9= 9. Margaret Rose of Wester Clune
|10= 10. John Duer of Fulham, Middlesex and Antigua
|11= 11. Frances Frye
|12= 12. [[Thomas Duncombe (died 1746)|Thomas Duncombe]]
|13= 13. Mary Slingsby
|14= 14. [[Sir Philip Jennings-Clerke, 1st Baronet]]
|15= 15. Anne Thompson
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|first=Saul|last=David |title=The Indian Mutiny: 1857|publisher= Penguin|year= 2003|isbn=978-0141005546}}
*{{cite book|first=Edward|last=Gilliat |title=Heroes of the Indian Mutiny|publisher=Seeley, Service & Co.|year= 1914|url=http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=gilliat&book=mutiny&story=rose}}
*{{cite book|last=Heathcote|first=Tony|title=The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher= Leo Cooper|location=Barnsley|year= 1999|isbn= 0-85052-696-5}}
*{{cite book|first=Rainer|last= Jerosch |title=Rani of Jhansi: Rebel against will|publisher= Aakar Books|year= 2007|isbn=978-8189833152}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Henry Somerset (British Army officer)|Sir Henry Somerset]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bombay Army|C-in-C, Bombay Army]]|years=1860}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|Sir William Mansfield]]}}
|-
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, India]] | before=[[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|The Lord Clyde]] | after=[[William Rose Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|The Lord Sandhurst]] | years=1861–1865}}
|-
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief, Ireland]] | before=[[George Brown (British Army officer)|Sir George Brown]] | after=[[William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|The Lord Sandhurst]] | years=1865–1870}}
|-
{{succession box |before=[[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough|The Viscount Gough]] | title=Colonel of the [[Royal Horse Guards]] | years=1869–1885 | after=[[Patrick Grant (Indian Army officer)|Sir Patrick Grant]]}}
|-
{{succession box |before=Sir John MacDonald | title=Colonel of the [[92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1866–1869 | after=John Campbell}}
|-
{{succession box |before=Sir Thomas Brabazon Aylmer | title=Colonel of the [[45th Regiment of Foot|45th (the Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1858–1866 | after=Thomas Armstrong Drought}}
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{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | creation}}
{{s-ttl
 | title  = [[Baron Strathnairn]]
 | years  = 1866–1885
}}
{{s-non | reason = Extinct }}
{{s-end}}

{{Commander-in-Chief, India}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Strathnairn, Hugh Rose, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1801 births]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:British field marshals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Crimean War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Royal Horse Guards officers]]
[[Category:British Commanders-in-Chief of India]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-Chief, Ireland]]
[[Category:93rd Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland]]
[[Category:Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:Clan Rose]]