Editing Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall

{{Short description|Senior Royal Air Force officer (1886–1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix= [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]]<br/>[[The Right Honourable]]
|name            = The Lord Newall
|honorific-suffix= {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|OM|GCMG|CBE|AM}}
|image           = Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall (close-up).jpg
|caption         = Marshal of the RAF Sir Cyril Newall {{circa|1940}}
|birth_name      = Cyril Louis Norton Newall
|birth_date      = 15 February 1886
|death_date      = {{Death date and age|1963|11|30|1886|2|15|df=yes}}
|birth_place     = [[Mussoorie]], [[British Raj|Indian Empire]]
|death_place     = [[London]], England
|order           = 6th
|office          = Governor-General of New Zealand
|term_start      = 22 February 1941
|term_end        = 19 April 1946
|monarch         = [[George VI]]
|primeminister   = [[Peter Fraser]]
|successor       = [[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|Bernard Freyberg]]
|predecessor     = [[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway|Viscount Galway]]
|allegiance      = United Kingdom
|branch          = [[British Army]] (1905–18)<br/>[[Royal Air Force]] (1918–40)
|serviceyears    = 1905–40
|rank            = [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]]
|commands        = {{nowrap|[[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (1937–40)}}<br/>[[Air Member for Supply and Organisation]] (1935–37)<br/>[[RAF Middle East Command|Middle East Command]] (1931–34)<br/>Wessex Bombing Area (1931)<br/>[[VIII Brigade RAF]] (1917–18)<br/>[[No. 41 Wing RAF|41st Wing RFC]] (1917)<br/>[[9th Wing RFC]] (1916–17)<br/>[[6th Wing RFC]] (1916)<br/>[[No. 12 Squadron RAF|No. 12 Squadron RFC]] (1915–16)
|battles         = [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]]<br/>[[First World War]]<br/>[[Second World War]]
|mawards         = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br/>[[Member of the Order of Merit]]<br/>[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br/>[[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]<br/>[[Albert Medal for Lifesaving|Albert Medal]]<br/>[[Mentioned in Despatches]] (3)<br/>[[Legion of Honour|Officer of the Legion of Honour]] (France)<br/>[[Order of the Crown of Italy|Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy]]<br/>[[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Officer of the Order of Leopold]] (Belgium)<br/>[[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de guerre]] (Belgium)
}}
[[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]] '''Cyril Louis Norton Newall, 1st Baron Newall''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|OM|GCMG|CBE|AM}} (15 February 1886&nbsp;– 30 November 1963) was a senior officer of the [[British Army]] and [[Royal Air Force]]. He commanded units of the [[Royal Flying Corps]] and Royal Air Force in the [[First World War]], and served as [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] during the first years of the [[Second World War]]. From 1941 to 1946 he was the [[Governor-General of New Zealand]].

Born to a military family, Newall studied at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], before taking a commission as a junior officer in the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]] in 1905. After transferring to the [[2nd Gurkha Rifles]] in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], he saw active service on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]], but after learning to fly in 1911 turned towards a career in military aviation. During the First World War he rose from flying instructor to command of [[No. 41 Wing RAF|41st Wing RFC]], the main strategic bombing force, and was awarded the [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]] for putting out a fire in an explosives store.

He served in staff positions through the 1920s and was Air Officer Commanding the [[RAF Middle East Command|Middle East Command]] in the early 1930s before becoming [[Air Member for Supply and Organisation]] in 1935. Newall was appointed Chief of the Air Staff in 1937 and, in that role, supported sharp increases in aircraft production, increasing expenditure on the new, heavily armed, [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] and [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command. However, he was sacked after the [[Battle of Britain]] after political intrigue caused him to lose Churchill's confidence. In 1941 he was appointed Governor-General of New Zealand, holding office until 1946.

==Early life==
Newall was born to Lieutenant Colonel William Potter Newall and Edith Gwendoline Caroline Newall (née Norton). After education at [[Bedford School]], he attended the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|id=35208|title=Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall|year=2004|last=Orange|first=Vincent}}</ref> After leaving Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]] on 16 August 1905.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27827|page=5620|date=15 August 1905}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 18 November 1908,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28209|page=9945|date=29 December 1908}}</ref> and transferred to the [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles]] on 16 September 1909.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28338|page=1047|date=11 February 1910}}</ref> He served on the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North-West Frontier]], where he first encountered his future colleague [[Hugh Dowding, 1st Baron Dowding|Hugh Dowding]]; at an exercise in 1909, Dowding's artillery section ambushed Newall's Gurkhas whilst they were still breakfasting.<ref>Wright, p. 25</ref>

Newall began to turn towards a career in aviation in 1911, when he learned to fly in a [[Bristol Biplane Type 'T'|Bristol Biplane]] at [[Larkhill]] whilst on leave in England.<ref name=odnb/> He held [[List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Royal Aero Club in 1911|certificate No. 144]] issued by the [[Royal Aero Club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1911/1911%20-%200865.html|title=Aviators' Certificates|year=1911|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> He later passed a formal course at the [[Central Flying School]], [[RAF Upavon|Upavon]] in 1913, and began working as a pilot trainer there from 17 November 1913;<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28839|page=4620|date=12 June 1914}}</ref> it was intended that he would form part of a flight training school to be established in India, but he had not yet left England when the First World War broke out.<ref name=air>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Newall.htm|title= Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Newall|publisher=Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

==First World War==

On the outbreak of war, Newall was in England. On 12 September 1914, he was given the temporary rank of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28910|page=7479|date=22 September 1914}}</ref> and attached to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] as a flight commander, to serve with [[No. 1 Squadron RFC|No. 1 Squadron]] on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref name=odnb/> He was promoted to the permanent rank of captain on 22 September, effective from 16 August.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28910|page=7501|date=22 September 1914}}</ref> On 24 March 1915 he was promoted to [[major]] and appointed to command [[No. 12 Squadron RFC|No. 12 Squadron]], flying [[Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2|BE2c]] aircraft in France from September onwards.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29120 |supp=y|page=3413|date=6 April 1915}}</ref> The squadron took part in the [[Battle of Loos]], bombing railways and carrying out reconnaissance missions in October 1915.<ref name=prob15>Probert, p. 15</ref>

On taking command of the squadron, he chose to stop flying personally in order to concentrate on administration, a decision which was regarded dismissively by his men; relations were strained until January 1916, when he demonstrated his courage by walking into a burning bomb store to try to control a fire. He was awarded the [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]] for this act on the personal recommendation of General [[Hugh Trenchard]], and in February 1916 was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] and given command of Training No. 6 Wing in England. In December 1916 he took command of No. 9 Wing in France, a long-range bomber and reconnaissance formation, and in October 1917 took command of the newly formed [[No. 41 Wing RAF|No. 41 Wing]].<ref name=air/> This was upgraded as the [[VIII Brigade RAF|8th Brigade]] in December, with Newall promoted accordingly to the temporary rank of [[brigadier-general]] on 28 December 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30526 |supp=y|page=2049|date=12 February 1918}}</ref> During 1918, it joined the [[Independent Bombing Force]], which was the main [[strategic bombing]] arm of the newly formed [[Royal Air Force]].<ref name=odnb/> In June 1918 Newall was appointed the Deputy Commander of the Independent Bombing Force, serving under Trenchard.<ref name=air/>

Newall was awarded the Croix d'Officier of the French [[Legion of Honour]] on 10 October 1918,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30945 |supp=y|page=11943|date=8 October 1918}}</ref> and appointed a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 1 January 1919,<ref name=air/> a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] on 3 June 1919<ref name=air/> and an Officer of the Belgian [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] on 18 April 1921.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32292|page=2997|date=15 April 1921}}</ref>
{{quote|quote=On the 3rd January, 1916, at about 3&nbsp;pm, a fire broke out inside a large bomb store belonging to the Royal Flying Corps, which contained nearly 2,000 high explosive bombs, some of which had very large charges, and a number of incendiary bombs which were burning freely. Major Newall at once took all necessary precautions, and then, assisted by Air Mechanic Simms, poured water into the shed through a hole made by the flames. He sent for the key of the store, and with Corporal Hearne, Harwood and Simms entered the building and succeeded in putting out the flames.  The wooden cases containing the bombs were burnt, and some of them were charred to a cinder.|source=– Citation for the [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]], published in the ''London Gazette''.<ref name=am>{{London Gazette|issue=29588|page=4970|date=19 May 1916}}</ref>}}

==Between the wars==
[[File:The Independent Air Force Dinner at the Savoy Hotel.jpg|thumb|right|Newall (far left) at a dinner in honour of the Independent Air Force, 1919. He is standing next to Prince Albert, the future [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]]. Further right are Hugh Trenchard and [[Christopher Courtney]].]]
Newall was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force as a lieutenant colonel on 1 August 1919<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31486|page=9864|date=1 August 1919}}</ref> and promoted to [[group captain]] on 8 August 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31495|page=10090|date=8 August 1919}}</ref> He became Deputy Director of Personnel at the [[Air Ministry]] in August 1919 and then Deputy Commandant of the [[No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF|apprentices' technical training school]] in August 1922.<ref name=air/> He married Mary Weddell in 1922; she died in September 1924, and he remarried the following year to Olive Foster, an American woman. He had three children with Foster, a son and two daughters.<ref name=odnb/>

Newall was promoted to [[air commodore]] on 1 January 1925,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33007 |supp=y|page=8|date=30 December 1924}}</ref> and took command of the newly formed [[Auxiliary Air Force]] in May 1925.<ref name=air/> He was appointed to a [[League of Nations]] disarmament committee in December 1925<ref name=air/> and then became [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]] and Director of Operations and Intelligence on 12 April 1926.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33152|page=2705|date=20 April 1926}}</ref> He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] in the [[1929 Birthday Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33501 |supp=y|page=3668|date=31 May 1929}}</ref> and, having been promoted to [[air vice marshal]] on 1 January 1930,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33566 |supp=y|page=14|date=31 December 1929}}</ref> he stood down as Deputy Chief on 6 February 1931.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33688|page=932|date=10 February 1931}}</ref> He became Air Officer Commanding Wessex Bombing Area in February 1931 and then Air Officer Commanding [[RAF Middle East Command|Middle East Command]] in September 1931.<ref name=air/> He then returned to the Air Ministry, where he became [[Air Member for Supply and Organisation]] on 14 January 1935,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34124|page=384|date=15 January 1935}}</ref> during the beginnings of the pre-war expansion and rearmament.<ref name=odnb/> He was advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] in the 1935 Birthday Honours<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34166 |supp=y|page=3595|date=31 May 1935}}</ref> and promoted to [[air marshal]] on 1 July 1935.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34176|page=4262|date=2 July 1935}}</ref> He attended the funeral of [[George V|King George V]] in January 1936.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34279 |supp=y|page=2768|date=29 April 1936}}</ref>

Philosophically, Newall remained a close follower of Trenchard during the interwar period; his time in the Independent Bombing Force had left him convinced that strategic bombing was an exceptionally powerful weapon, and one that could not effectively be defended against. In this, he was a supporter of the standard doctrine of the day, which suggested that the destructive power of a bomber force was sufficiently great that it could cripple an industrial economy in short order, and that so merely its ''presence'' could potentially serve as an effective deterrent.<ref name=odnb/><ref>Allen, pp. 24–26</ref> He was promoted to [[air chief marshal]] on 1 April 1937.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34385|page=2126|date=2 April 1937}}</ref>

==Chief of the Air Staff==
[[File:Air Council in session WWII IWM CH 966.jpg|thumb|The [[Air Council]] meeting in mid-1940; Newall is at the far end of the table, next to Sir [[Archibald Sinclair]].]]
On 1 September 1937, Newall was appointed as [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]], the military head of the RAF, in succession to Sir [[Edward Ellington]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34432|page=5561|date=3 September 1937}}</ref> The promotion was unexpected; of the prospective candidates mooted for the job, Newall has been widely seen by historians as the least gifted.<ref name=odnb/> The most prominent candidate was [[Hugh Dowding]], the head of [[RAF Fighter Command]] and senior in rank to Newall by three months, who had been informally told by Ellington in 1936 that he was expected to be appointed as the new Chief of the Air Staff. The decision was taken by the [[Secretary of State for Air|Air Minister]], [[Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton|Viscount Swinton]], without consulting Ellington for advice.<ref>Wright, pp. 60–63</ref>

[[File:Cyril Louis Norton Newall.jpg|thumb|left|A 1940 portrait of Newall by [[Reginald Grenville Eves]].]]
During 1936 and 1937, the Air Staff had been fighting with the Cabinet over the rearmament plans; the Air Staff wanted a substantial bomber force and only minor increases in fighters, whilst the Minister for Defence Co-ordination, [[Thomas Inskip, 1st Viscount Caldecote|Thomas Inskip]], successfully pushed for a greater role for the fighter force.<ref>Allen, pp. 65–66</ref> Newall was promoted during the middle of this debate, and proved perhaps more flexible than might have been expected. In 1938 he supported sharp increases in aircraft production, including double-shift working and duplication of factories, and pushed for the creation of a dedicated organisation to repair and refit damaged aircraft. He supported expenditure on the new, heavily armed, [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] and [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] fighters, essential to re-equip Fighter Command.<ref name=odnb/> He even began to distance himself, albeit slightly, from orthodox bomber philosophy, noting to the Minister for Air that "no one can say with absolute certainty that a nation can be knocked out from the air, because no-one has yet attempted it".<ref>Allen, p. 66</ref> Discussing plans for reacting to a war with Italy, in early 1939, he opposed a French proposal to force Italy's surrender by the use of heavy bombing raids against the north, arguing that it would be unlikely to force the country out of the war without the need for ground combat.<ref>Salerno, p. 91</ref>

Newall was advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] in the 1938 Birthday Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34518 |supp=y|page=3688|date=7 June 1938}}</ref> He was still Chief of the Air Staff at the outbreak of the Second World War on 1 September 1939; his main contribution to the war effort was his successful resistance to the transfer of fighter squadrons to aid the [[Battle of France|collapsing French]] thus preserving a large portion of Fighter Command which would become crucial during the [[Battle of Britain]].<ref name=odnb/> While he remained committed to the idea of a "[[knock-out blow]]" offensive by [[Bomber Command]], he also recognised that it was too weak to do so successfully, but still strongly opposed the use of the RAF for [[close air support]].<ref name=odnb/>

Following the end of the Battle of Britain, Newall was quickly forced into retirement and replaced as Chief of the Air Staff by  [[Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford|Charles Portal]]. Contemporaries attributed this to the effects of overwork, which had certainly taken its toll,<ref name=odnb/> but there were also other aspects; Newall had lost political support, particularly following a dispute with [[Lord Beaverbrook]] over the control of aircraft production and repair.<ref>Ritchie, pp. 83–4</ref> Matters came to a head with the circulation of an anonymous memo attacking Newall, among other senior officers, as "a real weakness to the RAF and to the nation's defences".<ref>Ritchie, p. 85</ref> The author was Air Commodore [[Edgar McCloughry]], a disaffected staff officer who saw himself as passed over for promotion and who had been brought into Beaverbrook's inner circle.<ref>Ritchie, pp. 85–90</ref> Beaverbrook pressed [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] to dismiss Newall, gaining the support of influential ex-RAF figures such as Trenchard and [[John Salmond|Salmond]]. Trenchard had come out against Newall for his failure to launch a decisive strategic bombing offensive, while Salmond saw Newall's removal as the simplest way to replace Dowding as head of Fighter Command – despite Newall having also sought to sack Dowding.<ref>Ritchie, pp. 98–100</ref>

He was promoted to [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]] on 4 October 1940<ref name=air/> and retired from the RAF later that month.<ref name=air/> He was awarded the [[Order of Merit]] on 29 October,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34984|page=6347|date=1 November 1940}}</ref> and made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] on 21 November.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35065|page=691|date=4 February 1941}}</ref>

==New Zealand and later life==
[[File:Cyril Newall Kimberley 1940s.jpg|thumb|left|Newall (shown centre) as Governor-General of New Zealand.]]
In February 1941 Newall was appointed [[Governor-General of New Zealand]], a post he would hold for the remainder of the war. His time there was mostly quiet – described by one biographer as "a nice long rest"<ref name=odnb/> – and he toured the country extensively, referring to the war "in every public address".<ref name="McLean 2006, p. 239">McLean (2006), p. 239</ref> Newall and his wife, who also carried out an extensive program of engagements, were broadly popular, but there were occasional tensions; shortly after his arrival, it was widely (but mistakenly) rumoured that he had slighted the "men" of the Army in favour of the "gentlemen" of the RNZAF in a speech.<ref name="McLean 2006, p. 239"/> A Freemason, Newall became [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of New Zealand's [[Grand Lodge]] while Governor-General.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html|title=Vice Regal Grand Masters: Who and Why?|publisher=Kent Henderson|access-date=30 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409023926/http://kenthenderson.com.au/m_papers03.html|archive-date=9 April 2013}}</ref>

Politically, he had a lukewarm relationship with the Prime Minister, [[Peter Fraser]] – "I can't persuade myself that he is all he quite appears to be",<ref name="McLean 2006, p. 245">McLean (2006), p. 245</ref> Newall noted in a private report – but the two worked together effectively. Small problems occasionally flared up, such as that in October 1942, when Fraser was reprimanded for not personally informing Newall of the resignation of four ministers.<ref name="McLean 2006, p. 245"/> However, only one developed into a direct confrontation, when Newall became the last Governor-General to refuse to follow the advice of his cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/splendid-ornamentals|year=2010|title=Splendid ornamentals – the Governor-General|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=30 July 2012}}</ref> Newall was presented with a government recommendation to [[:wikt:remit|remit]] four prisoners sentenced to be flogged, but refused to do so. He argued that if the government was opposed to flogging, it should repeal the legislation rather than maintain a policy of always remitting the sentences. This would be constitutionally improper, as it meant that the executive was overriding the legislature, which had provided for the sentence, and the judiciary, which had given it. Fraser, and his deputy [[Walter Nash]], refused to accept this response, and the impasse stretched out for several days; in the end, a compromise was reached where Newall remitted the sentences but the government undertook to repeal the legislation. The repeal bill was then extended to cover [[capital punishment in New Zealand|capital punishment]] as well; the government had the same policy to always remit, and it was felt that both had to be handled in the same way.<ref>McLean (2006), pp. 245–6; Quentin-Baxter (1979), pp. 312–3; {{cite web|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-FerTria-t1-back-d1-d9.html|title=The Trials of Eric Mareo|publisher=University of Wellington|access-date=30 July 2012}}; {{cite journal |last1=Quentin-Baxter |first1=R. Q. |title=The Governor-General's Constitutional Discretions: An Essay towards a Re-Definition |journal=Victoria University of Wellington Law Review |date=1980 |volume=10 |pages=289 |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vuwlr10&div=29&id=&page=}}</ref>

A second conflict emerged just before the end of his term, when in 1945, the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]] government sought to abolish the [[country quota]], a system that gave additional electoral seats in rural areas. Farming groups – predominantly [[New Zealand National Party|National]]-supporting – strongly opposed the move, and argued that such a major change could only be made after gaining approval in a general election. Newall sympathised, and advised Fraser to wait until after the election, but did not feel it was appropriate to intervene; he assented to the bill.<ref>McLean (2006), p. 246</ref>

Following his return from New Zealand in 1946, Newall was raised to the peerage as [[Baron Newall]], of Clifton upon Dunsmoor, in the county of Warwick.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37658|page=3736|date=19 July 1946}}</ref> He spoke in the [[House of Lords]] rarely, making five speeches between 1946 and 1948 and one in 1959, mostly addressing defence issues.<ref>{{Hansard-contribs | mr-cyril-newall | Lord Newall}}</ref> Newall died at his home at Welbeck Street in London on 30 November 1963, at which time his son [[Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall|Francis]] inherited his title.<ref name=odnb/>

==Arms==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Cyril Newall Arms.svg
|bannerimage       =
|badgeimage        =
|notes = The arms of Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall consist of:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Noel |title=THE ARMS OF LORD NEWALL |url=http://www.geocities.ws/noelcox/Newall.htm |website=www.geocities.ws |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Susan |title=Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019 |date=20 April 2020 |publisher=eBook Partnership |isbn=978-1-9997670-5-1 |page=3794, NEWALL, BARON (Newall) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99tHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2676 |access-date=20 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> ([https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/6463/media?page=6 Carved depiction])
|adopted =
|crest             = Issuant from an [[Astral crown|Astral Crown]] Or an [[Eagle (heraldry)|eagle]] wings elevated Sable breathing flames proper.
|torse             =
|helm              =
|escutcheon        =  Per Pale Azure and Gules two lions Passant Guardant in Pale Or on a chief Ermine a rose of the second barbed and seeded between a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]] and a sprig of [[Silver fern|New Zealand fern]] all Proper.
|supporters =  On either side a [[Pegasus#In heraldry|pegasus]] Argent gorged with an astral crown Or.
|compartment       =
|motto             = {{lang|la|Deo Juvante}} (With God's help)
|orders            =
|other_elements    =
|banner            =
|badge             =
|symbolism         =
|previous_versions =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Commons category|Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall}}
*{{cite book|title=Who won the Battle of Britain?|last=Allen|first=H. R.|publisher=Panther|year=1976|isbn=0-586-04281-4}}
*{{cite book|last=McLean|first=Gavin|title=The governors : New Zealand's governors and governors-general|year=2006|publisher=Otago University Press|location=Dunedin|isbn=1-877372-25-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Probert|first= Henry|title=High Commanders of the Royal Air Force|publisher=HMSO|year=1991|isbn=0-11-772635-4}}
*{{cite journal|volume=10|journal=Victoria University of Wellington Law Review|page=289|year=1979|title=The Governor-General's Constitutional Discretions: An Essay towards a Re-Definition|last=Quentin-Baxter|first=R. Q.}}
*{{cite journal|title=The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937-9|journal=The English Historical Review|first=Reynolds M.|last=Salerno|volume=112|issue=445|date=February 1997|pages=66–104|jstor=578508|doi=10.1093/ehr/cxii.445.66}}
*{{cite journal|title=A Political Intrigue Against the Chief of the Air Staff: The Downfall of Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall|last=Ritchie|first=Sebastian|journal=War & Society|volume=16|number=1|year=1998|pages=83–104|doi=10.1179/072924798791201174}}
*{{cite book|title=Dowding and the Battle of Britain|last=Wright|first=Robert|year=1970|publisher=Corgi|isbn=0-552-08511-1}}

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{{s-aft|after=[[King Gustav V]]}}
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{{succession box | before=[[George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway|The Viscount Galway]]| title=[[Governor-General of New Zealand]] | years=1941–1946 | after=[[Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg|The Lord Freyberg]]}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Baron Newall]]|years=1946–1963}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Francis Newall, 2nd Baron Newall|Francis Newall]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{WW2AirDefenceUK}}
{{Chief of the Air Staff}}
{{Governors-General of New Zealand}}
{{B-AotF-FM-MRAF-WW2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Newall, Cyril, 1st Baron}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:People educated at Bedford School]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Royal Warwickshire Fusiliers officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force generals of World War I]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Marshals of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Governors-General of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Albert Medal (lifesaving)]]
[[Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:New Zealand Freemasons]]
[[Category:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England]]
[[Category:Barons created by George VI]]