Editing Arab and Muslim rescue efforts during the Holocaust

{{Short description|Jews sheltered by Arab and Muslim population}}
A number of [[Arab people|Arabs]] participated in efforts to help save [[Jews|Jewish]] residents of Arab lands from [[the Holocaust]] while [[fascist]] regimes controlled the territory. From June 1940 through May 1943, [[Axis powers]], namely [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], controlled large portions of North Africa. Approximately 1 percent of the Jewish residents, about 4,000 to 5,000 Jews, of that territory were murdered by these regimes during this period. The relatively small percentage of Jewish casualties, as compared to the 60 percent of European Jews who were murdered during the Holocaust, is largely due to the successful [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[North African Campaign]] and the repelling of the Axis powers from North Africa.<ref name="WP"/>

No occupied country in Africa or Europe was free of collaboration with the genocide campaign against the Jews, but this was often more common in European countries than Arab ones. The offer made to Algerians by colonial French officials to take over confiscated Jewish property found many French settlers ready to profit from the scheme, but no Arab participated and, in the capital, [[Algiers]] itself, Muslim clerics openly declared their opposition to the idea.<ref name="Harris">Paul Harris, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/11/arab-schindler-honour-israel 'Israel called on to honour the 'Arab Schindler'], at [[The Guardian]], 11 April 2010.</ref> While some Arabs collaborated with the Axis powers by working as guards in labour camps{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}, others risked their own lives to attempt to save Jews from persecution and genocide.

Arab rescue efforts were not limited to the Middle East&nbsp;– [[Si Kaddour Benghabrit]], the rector of the [[Great Mosque of Paris]], according to different sources, helped from 100<ref name="WP"/><ref name="The Holocaust's Arab Heroes (Satloff)"/> to 500 Jews disguise themselves as Muslims. There are examples of non-Arab Muslim populations assisting Jews to escape from the Holocaust in Europe, in Albania for example. In September 2013, [[Yad Vashem]] declared an Egyptian doctor, [[Mohammed Helmy]], one of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]] for saving the life of Anna Gutman (''née'' Boros), putting himself at personal risk for three years, and for helping her mother Julie, her grandmother Cecilie Rudnik, and her stepfather Georg Wehr, to survive the holocaust. Helmy is the first Arab to have been so honoured.<ref>Ofer Aderet,[http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/.premium-1.549718 'Yad Vashem names Egyptian first Arab Righteous Among the Nations,'] at Haaretz, September 30, 2013.</ref>

==In North Africa==

===Si Ali Sakkat===
During his career Si Ali Sakkat held positions of a [[Minister (government)|government minister]] and mayor of [[Tunis]]. By 1940 Si Ali Sakkat was enjoying retirement on his farm at the base of Jebel Zaghouan. There was a [[forced labor camp]] for the Jews not far away from Sakkat's farm. Jews from the camp were put to work repairing an airfield, which was regularly bombed by Allies. Arabs saw how [[Germans|German]]s who ran the camp beat Jews on a regular basis. One night, during an especially heavy battle, sixty Jewish laborers were able to escape. The first structure they encountered was the wall of Sakkat's farm. They knocked on the gate, and were allowed shelter and food. They were also allowed to stay until the liberation of [[Tunisia]] by Allied forces.<ref name="PBS"/>

===Khaled Abdul-Wahab===
{{main|Khaled Abdul-Wahab}}
Abdul-Wahab was a son of a well-known Tunisian historian. He was 32 years old when the Germans occupied Tunisia. He was an [[Interlocutor (politics)|interlocutor]] between the Nazis and the population of the coastal town of [[Mahdia]]. When he overheard German officers planning to rape a local Jewish woman, Odette Boukhris, he hid the woman and her family, along with about two dozen more Jewish families, at his farm outside of town. The families stayed there for four months, until the occupation ended. Abdul-Wahab is sometimes called the Arab [[Oskar Schindler]].<ref name="Arab Schindler"/>  In 2009 two trees were dedicated to honor his bravery. One tree was planted in Adas Israel Garden of the Righteous in Washington, D.C., the other was planted in the Garden of the Righteous Worldwide. His daughter Faiza attended the ceremony in Milan.<ref name="gariwo"/>

===Shaykh Taieb el-Okbi===
Taieb el-Okbi was a member of [[Algeria]]n Islah (Reform) Party, and a friend of the prominent Algerian reformist [[Abdelhamid Ben Badis]], who was tolerant of different religions and cultures. Ben Badis founded and directed the Algerian League of Muslims and Jews. He died before [[Vichy]] forces occupied Algeria, but Taieb el-Okbi took his place. Taieb el-Okbi discovered that the leaders of the pro-fascist group the Légion Français des Combattants were planning a [[pogrom]] against Jews with the help of [[Muslim]] troops. He tried to prevent it and even issued a [[fatwa]] ordering Muslims not to attack Jews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://972mag.com/jews-stand-up-for-muslims-as-muslims-once-stood-up-for-them/125014/|title=Jews stand up for Muslims, as Muslims once stood up for them {{!}} +972 Magazine|website=972mag.com|date=4 February 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-31}}</ref> His actions were compared to French Archbishops [[Jules-Géraud Saliège]] and [[Pierre-Marie Gerlier]], whose efforts saved scores of Jews in Europe.<ref name="Satloff"/>

==Muslim rescue efforts in Europe==
Albania, a predominantly Muslim country, saved almost all of its resident Jewish population.<ref name="Sarner">{{cite book|last1=Sarner|first1=Harvey|title=Rescue in Albania: one hundred percent of Jews in Albania rescued from Holocaust|date=1997|publisher=Brunswick|location=Cathedral City, Calif.|isbn=9781888521115}}</ref><ref>Paldiel in Norman H. Gershman, [''Besa: Muslims Who Saved Jews in World War II,'']Syracuse University Press, 2008 p.xiv.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Albanian Muslims Rescued Jewish Lives From Nazis|url=http://unitedwithisrael.org/albanian-muslims-rescued-jewish-lives-from-nazis/|website=United with Israel|accessdate=19 April 2016|date=8 April 2022}}</ref> The survival rate in the then-Yugoslavian province of [[Kosovo]] was 60%, making it one of the areas with the highest Jewish survival rate in Europe.<ref> Sarner, Harvey (1997) p. 40</ref>

===Refik Veseli===
Most of the 2,000 Jews of [[Albania]] were sheltered by the mostly Muslim population.<ref name="Besa">{{cite web|title=Besa: A code of honor - Muslim Albanians who rescued Jews during the Holocaust|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/besa/index.asp|website=yadvashem.org|accessdate=19 April 2022}}</ref> Refik Veseli, a 17-year-old Muslim boy, took in the family of Mosa and Gabriela Mandil, including their five-year-old son Gavra and his sister Irena, then refugees from [[Belgrade]] but originally from [[Novi Sad]], for whom he had been working as an apprentice in their [[Tirana]] photographic shop. When the Germans took over from the Italians, he took them, and another Jewish family on a long night journey to his family village at Kruja, where they were protected by his parents until the war's end, some 9 months later, even against [[Enver Hoxha]]'s partisans. His example inspired his whole village to risk their lives in order to protect Jews.<ref>Eva Illouz, ['Big brother: When secrecy becomes a norm in Israel, it comes with a price,'] at [[Haaretz]], 2 February 2, 2013</ref> On receiving Gavra Mandil's request for them to be recognized as righteous, the authorities of Yad Vashem inscribed both Refka and Drita Veseli in 1988 among the Righteous. The story became better known after Albania's surviving Jewish community was allowed to perform aliyah in the 1990s.<ref> Sarner, Harvey (1997) p. 2</ref>

Many survivors told how their Albanian hosts vied for the privilege of offering sanctuary, on the grounds that it was an Islamic ethical obligation.<ref>Paldail in his forward to Norman H. Gershman, [''Besa: Muslims Who Saved Jews in World War II,''] 2008 p.xiv., attributes the extremely high survival rate to the code of ''besa'' or one's word of honour. Gershman quotes the Veselis as saying:'We never received any money from our Jewish guests. Besa exists in every Albanian soul. Our parents were devout Muslims and believed, as we do, that every knock on the door is a welcome from God.'(p.90)</ref> Since that date, a further 50 Albanians have been registered among the ranks of the Righteous.<ref>Mordecai Paldiel,[https://books.google.com/books?id=gRdUvDLC3pg ''Saving the Jews: Amazing Stories of Men and Women Who Defied the "Final Solution",''], Schreiber, 2000 pp.111-113.</ref><ref> Sarner, Harvey (1997) p. 48</ref><ref>Debórah Dwork, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZbtAAAAMAAJ ''Voices & views: a history of the Holocaust,''] Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, 2002 p.484.</ref><ref>Norman H. Gershman, [''Besa: Muslims Who Saved Jews in World War II,'']Syracuse University Press, 2008 pp.90ff.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="WP">{{cite news|title=The Holocaust's Arab Heroes |date=October 8, 2006 |author =  Robert Satloff|newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]|url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100601417_pf.html|accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref>
<ref name="PBS">{{cite web|title=Among The Righteous|author =  Robert Satloff|publisher = [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|url =https://www.pbs.org/newshour/among-the-righteous/2010/03/si-ali-sakkat.html|accessdate=2010-04-28| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100427131546/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/among-the-righteous/2010/03/si-ali-sakkat.html| archivedate= 27 April 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
<ref name="gariwo">{{cite web|title=Khaled Abdul Wahab A Tunisian Arab who saved Jewish lives during the Holocaust|publisher = gariwo|url =http://www.gariwo.net/eng_new/giusti/giusto.php?cod=239&categoria=170&sopra=159&sotto=170|accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Satloff">{{Cite book|title=Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands|date = October 30, 2006|author =  Robert Satloff|page = [https://archive.org/details/amongrighteouslo00robe/page/107 107]|publisher = PublicAffairs|isbn = 9781586483999|url =https://archive.org/details/amongrighteouslo00robe|url-access=registration|quote=Shaykh Taieb el-Okbi.|accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref>
<ref name="The Holocaust's Arab Heroes (Satloff)">{{cite web|title=The Holocaust's Arab Heroes (Satloff) |date=October 14, 2006 |url =http://www.zionism-israel.com/log/archives/00000264.html|accessdate=2010-04-28}}</ref>
<ref name="Arab Schindler">{{cite web|title=Arab Schindler provides valuable lesson to Arabs today|author=Armin Rosen|date=7 March 2007  |url =http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Arab-Schindler-provides-valuable-lesson-to-Arabs-today|accessdate=2016-04-19}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article1087864.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 Saviours in a strange world]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713123040/http://new.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=180647 New booklet reveals Muslim acts of heroism during Holocaust]

[[Category:Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust]]
[[Category:The Holocaust in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Albania in World War II]]
[[Category:The Holocaust]]
[[Category:Arab history]]
[[Category:Islam and Judaism]]