Editing Abduction and killing of Nachshon Wachsman

{{Short description|1994 incident in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox military operation
| name        = Abduction of Nachson Wachsman
| type        = Abduction and rescue attempt
| location    = [[Bnei Atarot]] junction, [[Israel]] (abduction)
| location2   = [[Bir Nabala]], [[West Bank]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] (rescue attempt)
| date        = {{start date|1994|10|9}} (abduction), October 14 (rescue attempt)
| planned_by  = Hamas
| commanded_by = [[Mohammed Deif]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} (abduction)
| objective   = Release of [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel]]
| fatalities  = Nachshon Wachsman, [[Nir Poraz]] and 3 Palestinian militants
| injuries    = 9 Israeli commandos
}}
The '''abduction and killing of Nachshon Wachsman''' was an incident in which Palestinian [[Hamas]] abducted [[Israel]]i soldier Nachshon Wachsman from the [[Bnei Atarot]] junction in central Israel, and held him hostage for six days. The incident ended in a failed Israeli rescue attempt, during which Wachsman, three of his captors and an Israeli officer were killed.

==Background==
In 1994, Hamas tried to disrupt the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|peace process]] between Israel and the Palestinians which it opposed by carrying out a series of suicide bombings.<ref name="Byman2011">{{cite book|author=Daniel Byman|title=A High Price: The Triumphs and Failures of Israeli Counterterrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYppAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|date=15 June 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-983045-9|pages=84–}}</ref>

== Abduction ==
At home on a leave, Wachsman was instructed by the military to attend a one-day training course in [[northern Israel]]. He left Saturday night after [[Shabbat]], telling his parents he would return Sunday night, October 9, 1994. He was last seen by a friend who reported that, after completing the training, Wachsman had been dropped off at the Bnei Atarot junction, a densely populated area in central Israel, where he could either catch a bus or [[hitchhike]], a common practice of Israeli soldiers,<ref>''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', [http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=268916 IDF launches campaign against hitchhiking], June 5, 2012.</ref> to Jerusalem.<ref name="ynetnews1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3684709,00.html |title=Nachshon Wachsman |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=October 9, 1994 |access-date=June 23, 2014}}</ref>

Israeli intelligence learned that Wachsman entered a car in which there were Hamas militants wearing [[kippot]], who had a [[Tanakh]] and [[siddur]] on the dashboard, and [[Chassidic]] music playing.<ref name=OU/>

===Hostage tape===
On October 11, 1994, a videotape was broadcast showing Wachsman, with his hands and feet bound, before a [[keffiyeh]]-covered militant who was displaying Wachsman's identity card. After the militant recited the hostage's home address and identity number, Wachsman spoke, with the armed militant behind him, saying:

<blockquote>The group from Hamas kidnapped me. They are demanding the release of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin and another 200 from Israeli prison. If their demands are not met, they will execute me on Friday at 8 P.M."<ref name="ynetnews1"/></blockquote>

Sheikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] was Hamas leader at the time and had been imprisoned by Israel since 1989. In response to the tape, Nachshon's parents pleaded with world leaders, including Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]], US President [[Bill Clinton]], and Muslim religious leaders.<ref name="ynetnews1"/>

== Search and rescue attempt ==
Rabin sealed Gaza, mistakenly believing that Wachsman had been taken there. The move cut off tens of thousands of Palestinian laborers from their jobs in Israel. He also called Arafat on the telephone and placed full responsibility for Wachsman's well-being on his shoulders. Arafat responded by denouncing the abduction of Wachson as an attempt to "embarrass" the Palestinian Authority (PA). A senior PA official commented that "the PA is committed to undertaking every possible effort to find Wachson, because his abduction is a personal affront to Yassir Arafat."<ref name="Levitt2008">{{cite book|author=Matthew Levitt|title=Negotiating Under Fire: Preserving Peace Talks in the Face of Terror Attacks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5EmiYXQUcsC&pg=PA117|date=28 August 2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6566-1|pages=114–}}</ref> Over the next few days Arafat's PA security forces began cracking down and arresting dozens of Hamas officials and stopping Hamas demonstrations.<ref name="Levitt2008"/> Over 200 Hamas members were arrested.<ref name="Rubin2009">{{cite book|author=Barry Rubin|title=The Transformation of Palestinian Politics: From Revolution to State-Building|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7ebokjEDXgC&pg=PA133|date=June 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-04295-7|pages=133–}}</ref>

Eventually the Israeli secret policy, [[Shin Bet]], captured Jihad Yarmur, the driver of the car that had picked up Wachsman.<ref name="Byman2011"/><ref name=OU/> Interrogating Yarmur, they learned that Wachsman was being held in the village of [[Bir Nabala]], a location under Israeli control located only ten minutes away from Wachsman's home in the [[Ramot]] neighborhood of Jerusalem. Rabin authorized a military rescue attempt.<ref name="ynetnews1"/>

On Friday October 14, with 24 hours until the ultimatum, [[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Shimon Peres]], and [[Yasser Arafat]] announced that they had won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. When Peres was asked his opinion on the "peace" that he had achieved in Oslo in light of Hamas' impending deadline, he responded that the peace process involves "calculated risks."<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2006/07/18/opinions/edit05.txt 
 |title=No strength for silence 
 |publisher=jewishledger.com 
 |access-date=June 23, 2014 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308164652/http://jewishledger.com/articles/2006/07/18/opinions/edit05.txt 
 |archive-date=March 8, 2016 
}}</ref> Prayer vigils were held in many places. Over 100,000 people representing all religious, political, and social segments of the Israeli population gathered at the [[Western Wall]]. Responding to a request by Esther Wachsman, Nachshon's mother, many women lit an extra Sabbath candle for her son.<ref name=OU/>

At 20:00 that night, at the hour of the ultimatum, elite IDF commandos from the [[Sayeret Matkal]] special forces unit carried out an operation to free Wachsman. It was thought that Wachsman was being held behind an iron door, but in fact it was a solid steel door, and the first explosion only dented the door. The commandos immediately lost the element of surprise, giving Wachsman's captors inside time to shoot him dead and position themselves for the impending firefight. A second explosive charge was prepared and the door was finally blasted open after more than a minute, and after a heavy exchange of fire with gunmen waiting on the stairwell, the commandos reached a second iron door, and had to wait another four minutes for the charges to be set. During this time, the commandos shouted to the gunmen inside to surrender, while the gunmen replied that Wachsman was already dead and that they preferred to die. After the team broke through the door, another exchange of fire took place before the room was secured. In total, three gunmen were killed and two taken prisoner, while the leader of the commando team, Captain [[Nir Poraz]] was killed and nine commandos were wounded. Wachsman was found dead in the room. His body was slumped in a chair, wearing a kafiyeh and civilian clothes. He had been shot in the throat and chest at close range.<ref name="ynetnews1"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxnDe_kPDjMC&q=Nachshon+Wachsman+killed&pg=PA107 |title=Negotiating Under Fire: Preserving Peace Talks in the Face of Terror Attacks |author=Matthew Levitt |date=August 28, 2008 |isbn=9780742565661 |access-date=June 23, 2014}}</ref> The Wachsman family was informed of his death personally by General [[Yoram Yair]].<ref>[http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/terror_94/year.html 1995 April: Patterns of global terrorism, 1994] US Department of State</ref>

==Aftermath==
In a news conference a few hours after the failed rescue attempt, Rabin, who had authorized it, took full responsibility for it and sent his condolences to the Wachsman and Poraz families. He justified his decision by stating that Israel should do no less than what it expected the PA to do:<ref name="Levitt2008"/>

<blockquote>"I could not conceive that we would not do what I believe the State of Israel in its war against terror must do; what we actually demanded of the PA and of Arafat, in his capacity as its chairman, during the last week, when the reports were that Wachsman was in the Gaza Strip. Therefore, this is a policy of fighting terror to the bitter end."</blockquote>

Israeli leaders commended Arafat and the PA for their cooperation in trying to locate Wachsman and praised its work. Peres stated in a televised speech on the night of Wachsman's funeral that<ref name="Levitt2008"/>

<blockquote>"it's clear Hamas is against the two of us [Israel and the PA] because the two of us are for peace... Over the last two or three days I believe that Mr. Arafat and the Palestinian Authority did show a readiness to counteract the danger of Hamas."</blockquote>

Environment Minister Yossi Sarid, referring to the PAs crackdown on Hamas, commented that "in the last few days the Palestinian Authority in Gaza has made considerable efforts." Even Israeli hawks such as [[Gideon Ezra]] admitted to being impressed by Palestinian Security Chief [[Jibril Rajoub]] even as he remained wary of him.<ref name="Levitt2008"/>

On October 20, a senior Hamas leader [[Imad Falouji]] declared that Hamas would continue fighting until Israel withdrew from the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Days later, however, Hamas offered Israel a ceasefire.<ref name="wi2002jan3">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-hamas-ceasefire-historical-background-future-foretold|title=The Hamas Ceasefire: Historical Background, Future Foretold?}}</ref>

The abduction caused the PA to clamp down on Hamas military activity with Israeli cooperation. In early 1995, more than a hundred Islamic militants were arrested.<ref name="Miller1997">{{cite book|author=Judith Miller|title=God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=re0PAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA396|date=16 May 1997|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-83228-9|pages=396–}}</ref>

==Nachson Wachsman==
{{Infobox military person
|name=Nachshon Wachsman
|native_name=נחשון וקסמן
|native_name_lang=heb
|birth_name=Nachshon Mordechai Wachsman
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1975|3|3}}
|death_date= {{death date and age|1994|10|14|1975|10|3}}
|birth_place= [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]]
|death_place= [[Bir Nabala]], north of [[Jerusalem]]
|image=Nachson Wachsman.jpg
|image_size=150
|allegiance= {{ISR}}
|branch= [[GOC Army Headquarters|Israeli Army]]
|serviceyears=August 1993 – October 14, 1994
|rank=[[File:IDF Ranks Samal.svg|20px]] [[Sergeant]] (promoted posthumously)
|unit=[[Golani Brigade]]
|battles=Combat in the [[Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon|Israeli Security Zone]] during the [[South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)|South Lebanon conflict]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
Sergeant '''Nachshon Mordechai Wachsman''' ({{lang-he|נחשון מרדכי וקסמן}}, born April 3, 1975, died October 14, 1994) was an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] soldier who was abducted and held hostage by [[Hamas]] for a period of 6 days.

A [[dual citizen]] of [[Israel]] and the United States, Wachsman was raised in [[Jerusalem]]. He was the third of seven sons born to Yehuda and Esther Wachsman. His father was Israeli-born, while his mother was born in a German [[displaced persons camp]] and immigrated to Israel from [[Brooklyn]].<ref name=OU>[http://www.ou.org/yerushalayim/yomhazikaron/wachsman.htm His Name was Nachshon Wachsman] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719013725/http://www.ou.org/yerushalayim/yomhazikaron/wachsman.htm |date=July 19, 2006 }} OU.org</ref> Wachsman volunteered for an elite commando unit of the [[Golani Brigade]], serving in the [[Orev Golani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/148743 |title=Reflections: The Wachsman Kidnapping – Inside Israel  |publisher=Arutz Sheva |date=October 13, 2011 |access-date=June 23, 2014}}</ref>

===Funeral===
Wachsman was buried on Saturday night October 15, 1994 in the [[Mount Herzl]] military cemetery.<ref name=OU/>

Wachsman's [[Rosh Yeshiva]], Rabbi [[Mordechai Elon]], gave his eulogy. At the request of Wachsman's bereaved father, the rabbi told the crowd of mourners that God did listen to their prayers, and that just as a father would always like to say "yes" to all of his children's requests, sometimes he must say "no" though the child might not understand why. "So too our Father in Heaven heard our prayers, and though we don't understand why, His answer was 'no.'"<ref name=OU/>

===Beit Nachshon===
Today "Beit Nachshon" at the [[SHALVA]] Center in Jerusalem, an association for mentally and physically challenged children, is dedicated to Wachsman's memory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shalva.org/page.asp?id=1826|title=SHALVA Jerusalem - Shalva : The Association for Mentally & Physically Challenged Children in Israel|website=www.shalva.org|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref>

== Jihad Yarmur ==
Jihad Yarmur was convicted of the killing of Nachshon Wachsman. He was released in October 2011 as one of 1,027 prisoners exchanged for captive Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=241639 |title=Planners of Park Hotel bombing attack 'set to go free' |first=Yaakov |last=Lappin |date=October 13, 2011 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2006 Gaza cross-border raid]]
* [[2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers]]
* [[Abduction and killing of Yaron Chen]]
* [[Abduction and killing of Nissim Toledano]]
* [[Killing of Avi Sasportas and Ilan Saadon]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/12/world/kidnapping-of-soldier-leads-israel-to-halt-plo-talks.html Kidnapping of Soldier Leads Israel to Halt P.L.O. Talks] – published on ''[[The New York Times]]'' on October 12, 1994
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140415190408/http://www.shalomtv.com/box%204.html Mrs. Esther Wachhsman, mother of kidnapped soldier, recalls events of her son's kidnapping] – published on ShalomTV
* [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ab8aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5CwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2213,5495400 Israel Holding Arafat Accountable For The Fate Of Kidnapped Soldier] – published on the ''[[Milwaukee Journal]]'' on October 11, 1994
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/14/world/us-is-pressing-arafat-over-kidnapped-israeli-soldier.html US Is Pressing Arafat Over Kidnapped Israeli Soldier] – published on ''[[The New York Times]]'' on October 14, 1994
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/bostonherald/access/68296336.html?dids=68296336:68296336&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT Israeli hostage slain during rescue attempt 3 Hamas captors, 1 soldier killed in firefight] – published on the ''[[Boston Herald]]'' on October 15, 1994

{{Terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 1990s}}
{{Palestinian militancy attacks in the 1990s}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wachsman, Nachson}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Al-Qassam Brigades Operations]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Israeli military casualties]]
[[Category:Israeli soldiers]]
[[Category:Israeli terrorism victims]]
[[Category:Murders of IDF soldiers]]
[[Category:Israeli people taken hostage]]
[[Category:Israeli prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Terrorist attacks attributed to Palestinian militant groups]]
[[Category:Israeli torture victims]]
[[Category:People from Jerusalem]]
[[Category:October 1994 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Operations involving Israeli special forces]]
[[Category:People of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]