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List of loanwords in the Tagalog language

2026-05-22T23:58:29Z

Zuko: adding a stub

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{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{use Philippine English||date=August 2019}}
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The [[Tagalog language]], encompassing its diverse [[dialect]]s, and serving as the basis of [[Filipino language|Filipino]] — has developed rich and distinctive vocabulary deeply rooted in its [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] heritage.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315473212 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208075809/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315473212_Types_of_Borrowings_in_TagalogFilipino | access-date=2025-08-18 | archive-date=2023-02-08}}</ref> Over time, it has incorporated a wide array of loanwords from several foreign languages, including [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Hokkien]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Nahuatl]], [[English language|English]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]], among others. This reflects both of its historical evolution and its adaptability in multicultural, multi-ethnic, and multilingual settings. Moreover, the Tagalog language system, particularly through [[Linguistic prescription|prescriptive language planning]], has drawn from various other languages spoken in the Philippines, including major regional languages, further enriching its lexicon.

== Spanish ==
{{See also|Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish influence on Filipino culture|Chavacano}}

The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their analysis of José Villa Panganiban's ''Talahuluganang Pilipino-Ingles'' (Pilipino-English dictionary), Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) pointed out that 33% of word root entries are of Spanish origin. As the aforementioned analysis didn't reveal the frequency of the usage of these words by native speakers, a study was conducted by Antonio Quilis in order to understand the percentage of Spanish-derived words used by Filipinos in their daily conversations. Through his studies, the results of which were published in 1973 in the case of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and in 1976 in the case of [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], it was found out that 20.4% of the lexicon used by Tagalog speakers were of Spanish origin, while it was 20.5% in the case of Cebuano.<ref name="Quilis2008">{{cite book |last1=Quilis |first1=Antonio |last2=Casado Fresnillo |first2=Celia |title=La lengua española en Filipinas historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos |date=2008 |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |isbn=978-84-00-08635-0 |oclc=433949018 |language=Spanish}}</ref>{{rp|391–393}} According to Patrick O. Steinkrüger, depending on the [[Text types|text type]], around 20% of the vocabulary in a Tagalog text are of Spanish origin.<ref name="steinkrüger2008">{{cite book |last1=Stolz |first1=Thomas |last2=Bakker |first2=Dik |last3=Salas Palomo |first3=Rosa |title=Hispanisation: the impact of Spanish on the lexicon and grammar of the indigenous languages of Austronesia and the Americas |date=2008 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-020723-1 |pages=203–236 |chapter=Hispanisation processes in the Philippines (Patrick O. Steinkrüger)|oclc=651862960 }}</ref>{{rp|213}} In an analysis of a Tagalog-language corpus consisting of random news, fiction and non-fiction articles published between 2005 and 2015, Ekaterina Baklanova found out that Spanish-derived words constitute 20% of the lexicon used.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333929407 |title=The impact of Spanish and English hybrids on contemporary Tagalog |last1=Baklanova |first1=Ekaterina |date=June 2019 |conference=11th International Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference}}</ref> An example is the sentence below in which Spanish–derived words are in italics (original in parentheses):

:'''Tagalog''': "''Puwede'' (''Puede'') ba akóng umupô sa ''silya'' (''silla'') sa tabí ng ''bintanà'' (''ventana'') hábang nása ''biyahe'' (''viaje'') táyo sa ''eroplano'' (''aeroplano'')?"
:'''Translation in English''': ("''May'' I sit on the ''chair'' near the ''window'' during our ''voyage'' in the ''aeroplane''?")

The adoption of the Abakada alphabet in 1940<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |title=Ebolusyon ng Alpabetong Filipino |access-date=2010-06-22}}</ref> changed the spelling of the Spanish loanwords present in the Filipino language. The spellings of Spanish loanwords were reformed according to the new orthographic rules. Examples include:

:''agila'' (from Sp. ''águila''), ''alkalde'' (from Sp. ''alcalde''), ''bakuna'' (from Sp. ''vacuna''), ''banyo'' (from Sp. ''baño''), ''baso'' (from Sp. ''vaso''), ''biktima'' (from Sp. ''víctima''), ''bintanà'' (from Sp. ''ventana''), ''bisita'' (from Sp. ''visita''), ''biyahe'' (from Sp. ''viaje''), ''braso'' (from Sp. ''brazo''), ''demokrasya'' (from Sp. ''democracia''), ''diyaryo'' (from Sp. ''diario''), ''estudyante'' (from Sp. ''estudiante''), ''henerál'' (from Sp. ''general''), ''hustisya'' (from Sp. ''justicia''), ''kama'' (from Sp. ''cama''), ''kambiyo'' (from Sp. ''cambio de marcha''), ''keso'' (from Sp. ''queso''), ''kutsara'' (from Sp. ''cuchara''), ''kuwarto'' (from Sp. ''cuarto''), ''kuwento'' (from Sp. ''cuento''), ''lababo'' (from Sp. ''lavabo''), ''mensahe'' (from Sp. ''mensaje''), ''meryenda'' (from Sp. ''merienda''), ''mikrobyo'' (from Sp. ''microbio''), ''niyebe'' (from Sp. ''nieve''), ''panyô'' (from Sp. ''paño''), ''pila'' (from Sp. ''fila''), ''plema'' (from Sp. ''flema''), ''presyo'' (from Sp. ''precio''), ''prinsesa'' (from Sp. ''princesa''), ''reseta'' (from Sp. ''receta médica''), ''reyna'' (from Sp. ''reina''), ''serbisyo'' (from Sp. ''servicio''), ''sinturón'' (from Sp. ''cinturón''), ''teklado'' (from Sp. ''teclado''), ''telebisyón'' (from Sp. ''televisión''), ''tinidór'' (from Sp. ''tenedor''), ''trabaho'' (from Sp. ''trabajo''), ''tuwalya'' (from Sp. ''toalla'') and ''yelo'' (from Sp. ''hielo'').<ref name="Quilis2008" /><ref name="Forastieri">{{cite book |last1=Forastieri Braschi |first1=Eduardo |last2=Cardona |first2=Julia |last3=López Morales |first3=Humberto |title=Estudios de lingüística hispánica : homenaje a María Vaquero}}</ref><ref name="Teresita1999">{{cite book |last=Alcantara y Antonio |first=Teresita |title=Mga hispanismo sa Filipino: batay sa komunikasyong pangmadla ng Filipinas : pag-aaral lingguwistiko |publisher=Diliman, Quezon City : Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, Unibersidad ng Pilipinas |isbn=978-9718781777 |year=1999 }}</ref><ref name="hispanismostagalo">{{cite book |last1=Muñiz |first1=Adolfo Cuadrado |last2=Iberoamericana |first2=Oficina de Educación |title=Hispanismos en el tagalo |year=1972 |publisher=Oficina de Educación Iberoamericana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u45kAAAAMAAJ |language=es}}</ref>

Other loanwords underwent phonological changes. Vowel changes can be observed to some of the Spanish words upon adoption into the Filipino language, such as an /i/ to /a/ vowel shift observed in the Filipino word ''pamintá'', which came from the Spanish word ''pimienta,''<ref name="Forastieri" /> and a pre-nasal /e/ to /u/ vowel shift observed in several words such as ''unanò'' (from Sp. ''enano'') and ''umpisá'' (from Sp. ''empezar''). [[Prothesis (linguistics)|Prothetic]] /a/ is added in the loanwords ''alisto'' (from Sp. ''listo'') and ''aplaya'' (from Sp. ''playa'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quilis |first1=Antonio |title=La lengua española en cuatro mundos |date=1992 |publisher=Editiorial MAPFRE |isbn=978-84-7100-522-9 |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NEuAAAAYAAJ |language=es}}</ref> Other words underwent vowel deletion, e.g., ''pustá'' (from Sp. ''apostar''), ''tarantado'' (from Sp. ''atarantado''), ''kursonada'' (from Sp. ''corazonada''), ''Paskó'' (from Sp. ''Pascua'') and ''labì'' (from Sp. ''labio'').<ref name="Forastieri" />

Consonant shifts can also be observed to some of the Spanish words upon their adoption into the Filipino language. The [r] to [l] consonant shift can be observed in the following words:

:''[[albularyo]]'' (folk healer, from Sp. ''herbolario''), ''alma'' (from Sp. ''armar''), ''almusál'' (from Sp. ''almorzar''), ''asukal'' (from Sp. ''azúcar''), ''balbás'' (from Sp. ''barba''), ''bandilà'' (from. Sp. ''bandera''), ''dasál'' (from Sp. ''rezar''), ''hiblá'' (thread or strand, from Sp. ''hebra''), ''hilo'' (dizzy, from Sp. ''giro''), ''hulmá'' (to mould, from Sp. ''ahormar''), ''kasál'' (from Sp. ''casar''), ''kumpisál'' (from Sp. ''confesar''), ''lagadera'' (from Sp. ''regadera''), ''litratista'' (photographer, from Sp. ''retratista''), ''litrato'' (photograph, portrait or picture; from Sp. ''retrato''), ''[[Souls in Filipino cultures|multo]]'' (from Sp. ''muerto''), ''nunál'' (from Sp. ''lunar''), ''pastól'' (from Sp. ''pastor'') and ''pasyál'' (from Sp. ''pasear'').

The loss of the /l/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino word ''kutsón'' derived from the Spanish ''colchón''. The loss of the /t/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino words ''talino''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Cecilio |title=The Spanish overlay in Tagalog |journal=Lingua |date=1 January 1965 |volume=14 |page=481 |doi=10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6 |language=en |issn=0024-3841}}</ref> (intelligence or wisdom, from Sp. ''talento'') and tina<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – d |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_d.htm?zoom_highlight=tina |website=www.trussel2.com |language=en |quote=Apparently a phonologically modified borrowing of Spanish tintâ ‘dye’.}}</ref> (dye, from Sp. ''tinta''). Some Spanish-derived words have also undergone consonant or syllable deletion upon introduction to Tagalog like in the case of ''limós'' (from Sp. ''limosna''), ''masyado'' (from Sp. ''demasiado''), ''posas'' (from Sp. ''esposas''), ''restawran''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres Panganiban |first1=Consuelo |title=Spanish Elements in the Tagalog Language |journal=Unitas |date=1952 |volume=25 |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqkiAQAAIAAJ |publisher=University of Santo Tomás |language=en}}</ref> (from Sp. ''restaurante''), ''riles'' (rail, railway or railroad; from Sp. ''carriles''), ''sigurado'' (from ''asegurado''), ''sindí'' (from Sp. ''encender'') and ''sintunado'' (from Sp. ''desentonado'').<ref name="Quilis2008" />

The Spanish digraph [ll] is pronounced by the Spaniards as /j/ during the Renaissance era and this reflected on the pronunciation and the spelling of Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog introduced before the 19th century, where the digraph [ll] becomes [y] in Tagalog. Such is the case of the words ''baryá'' (from Sp. ''barrilla''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vidal |first1=José Montero y |title=Historia general de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas islas hasta nuestras días |year=1894 |publisher=M. Tello |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyFbAAAAIAAJ |language=es |quote=Con motivo de la escasez que había en Manila de monedas de cobre, el regidor decano del Ayuntamiento, D. Domingo Gómez de la Sierra, pidió autorización en 1766 para fabricar dichas monedas, con el nombre de ''barrillas'', porque su figura era la de un paralelogramo.}}</ref>), ''kabayò'' (from Sp. ''caballo''), ''kutamaya'' (from. Sp. ''cota de malla''), ''lauya'' (a stew of meat and vegetables, from Sp. ''la olla''), ''sibuyas'' (from Sp. ''cebollas'') and ''tabliya'' or ''tablea'' (from Sp. ''tablilla de chocolate''). Spanish loanwords in which the digraph [ll] is pronounced as /lj/ in Tagalog might have been introduced (or reintroduced) during the 19th century.<ref name="potettagalogborrowings">{{cite book |last1=Potet |first1=Jean-Paul |title=Tagalog borrowings and cognates |date=2016 |publisher=Jean-Paul G. Potet |isbn=978-1-326-61579-6 |oclc=962269309 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|308}} Examples include ''apelyido'' (from Sp. ''apellido''), ''balyena'' (from Sp. ''ballena''), ''kalye'' (from Sp. ''calle''), ''kutsilyo'' (from Sp. ''cuchillo''), ''makinilya'' (from Sp. ''maquinilla de escribir''), ''sepilyo'' (from Sp. ''cepillo de dientes''), ''silya'' (from Sp. ''silla'') and ''sigarilyo'' (from Sp. ''cigarrillo''). There are also rare cases of Tagalog doublets coming from the same Spanish etymological root which exhibit both the influences of the Renaissance /j/ and the latter /λ/ sounds, like in the case of the Tagalog word pair ''laryo'' and ''ladrilyo'', both from Sp. ''ladrillo''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Cecilio |title=The Spanish overlay in Tagalog |journal=Lingua |date=1 January 1965 |volume=14 |page=480 |doi=10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6 |issn=0024-3841 |quote=T. ladrilyo : laryo ‘brick. tile’}}</ref> There are also instances of the Spanish digraph [ll] being transformed into [l] upon adoption by Tagalog. Such is the case in ''kulani'' (lymph node, from Sp. ''collarín''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|318–319}}).<ref name="Teresita1999" />{{rp|86}}

Vestigial influences of Middle Spanish [[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]] /ʃ/ are evident in some of the Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog, where the /ʃ/ sound is transformed into the Tagalog /s/. Examples include ''relos'' (clock or wristwatch, from Sp. ''reloj'', pronounced as /reˈloʃ/ in Middle Spanish), ''sabón'' (soap, from Sp. ''jabón'', pronounced as /ʃaˈbon/ in Middle Spanish), ''saro'' (pitcher or jug, from Sp. ''jarro'', pronounced as /ˈʃaro/ in Middle Spanish), ''sugál'' (to gamble, from Sp. ''jugar'', pronounced as /ʃuˈgar/ in Middle Spanish) and ''tasá'' (to sharpen, from Sp. ''tajar'', pronounced as /taˈʃar/ in Middle Spanish).<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|307}}<ref name="primerosprestamos2013">{{cite journal |last1=Villanueva |first1=Joaquín A. García-Medall |title=En torno a los primeros préstamos hispánicos en Tagalo |journal=Cuaderno Internacional de Estudios Humanísticos y Literatura |date=2013 |issue=19 |pages=51–66 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6251097 |issn=1521-8007}}</ref> Loanwords which have the pronunciation that reflects the transition from Middle Spanish /ʃ/ to Modern Spanish /x/ are also present in Tagalog. The Modern Spanish /x/ sound is rendered in Tagalog as [h], which is the standard pronunciation in other Spanish dialects. Example cases include ''ahedres'' (from Sp. ''ajedrez''), ''anghél'' (from Sp. ''ángel''), ''halayá'' (from Sp. ''jalea''), ''hardín'' (from Sp. ''jardín''), ''hepe'' (police chief, from Sp. ''jefe''), ''kahera'' and ''kahero'' (cashier, from Sp. ''cajera'' and ''cajero'' respectively) and ''kahón'' (from Sp. ''cajón''). There are also rare cases of doublets that exhibit influences of both the Middle Spanish /ʃ/ and Modern Spanish /x/ like for example in the cases of Tagalog ''muson'' and ''mohon'' (both from Sp. ''mojón'') and ''relos'' and ''relo'' (both from Sp. ''reloj'').

The compound word ''batya't palo–palo'', a phrase in the laundry business where many Spanish words proliferate. The words were taken from the Spanish ''batea'' for "washing tub" and ''palo'' for "stick", something a typical Filipino might think had no Spanish provenance at all because of the Tagalog verb ''palò'' which means "strike".

Some loanwords have been associated to new meanings, such as ''kursonada'' (''corazonada'', originally meaning '"hunch"), which means "object of desire"; ''sospetsoso'' (''sospechoso'') is the "suspicious person" and not the "suspect" as in the original; ''insekto'' ("insecto"), which still means "insect" but also refers to a "pesty clownish person"; or even sige (''sigue''), a Spanish word for "continue" or "follow", which is popularly understood to mean "all right" or "go ahead".

Some Spanish affixes are combined with Tagalog words to make new words. For example, ''pakialamero'' (from Tag. ''pakialam'', "to meddle" and the Sp. suffix ''–ero'', masculine subject); ''majongero'' ("[[mahjong]]", ultimately from Chinese, and the Sp. suffix ''–ero''); ''basketbolista'', ''boksingero''. ''Daisysiete'' is a word play and [[portmanteau]] of the [[English language|English]] "daisy" and the Spanish ''diecisiete'' ("seventeen"), now meaning a sweet and sexually desirable underaged (17 year-old) female. ''Bastusing katawán'' (Sp.: ''basto'' -> ''bastós'' & Tag.: ''katawán'') is an example of a two-word term for a bombshell body.

Tagalog still uses Spanish language influence in coining new words, e.g., ''alaskadór'' ("Alaska" + Sp. suffix '–ador'); ''bérde'' ("verde"="green", nuanced to "[[toilet humour]]" or "[[blue joke]]", a literal Tagalog translation of [[English language in the Philippines|Philippine English]] term "green(-minded)".); which are not readily understood in Spain or any Latin American country.

=== Spanish influences on Tagalog morphosyntax ===
{{See also|Tagalog grammar}}

Although the overall influence of Spanish on the morphosyntax of the Tagalog language was minimal,<ref name="steinkrüger2008" />{{rp|211}} there are fully functional Spanish-derived words that have produced syntactic innovations on Tagalog.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sayahi |first1=Lotfi |last2=Westmoreland |first2=Maurice |title=Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics |date=2005 |publisher=Cascadilla Proceedings Project |isbn=978-1-57473-405-8 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYr3GAAACAAJ |language=en |chapter=Code-switching or Borrowing? ''No sé'' so ''no puedo decir'', you know (John M. Lipski) |quote=A number of indigenous languages that have coexisted with Spanish for long periods of time have fully incorporated Spanish functional words, at times producing syntactic innovations that depart significantly from the base structures of the borrowing language. Thus Tagalog has ''pirmi'' < ''firme'' `always,' ''para (sa)'' `for the benefit of' (''e.g. Ito ay álaala ko para sa aking iná'' `this is my gift for my mother'), ''puwede'' `can, may, [to be] possible' ''gustó'' `like, desire,' ''siguro'' `maybe,' ''por eso'', ''pero'', ''puwés'' < ''pues'' `therefore,' etc. (Oficina de Educación Iberoamericana 1972).}}</ref> Clear influences of Spanish can be seen in the morphosyntax of comparison and the existence of Spanish-derived modals and conjunctions,<ref name="steinkrüger2008" />{{rp|211}} as will be discussed in more detail below.

==== ''Kumustá'' as an interrogative word in Tagalog ====

All of the [[interrogative word]]s used in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] are not related to Spanish, with the exception of ''kumustá''. The word ''kumustá'' is derived from the Spanish ''¿cómo está?'' and it functions as a Tagalog interrogative word used as a substitute for an adjective of quality or condition equivalent to the English ''how''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schachter |first1=Paul |last2=Otanes |first2=Fe T |title=Tagalog reference grammar |date=1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04943-7 |page=514 |language=en |quote=''Kumustá'', which is derived from Spanish ''cómo está'' 'how is', is used as the interrogative substitute for an adjective of quality.|oclc=9371508 }}</ref> ''Kumustá'' can also be used as a greeting (similar to English "Hello!") or as a verb with the meaning of "to greet" or "to say hello". The native term can be used as Ohoy and Taupo, however these were lost in translations.

==== Spanish-derived comparative markers ====

Tagalog has several [[comparative]] markers that are etymologically derived from Spanish. The particle ''mas'' (meaning "more", from Sp. ''más''), in conjunction with the various Tagalog counterparts of the English "than" (''kaysa'' + ''sa''-marker, ''sa'', ''kay''), is used as a comparative marker of non-equality.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramos |first1=Teresita V. |last2=Cena |first2=Resty M. |title=Modern Tagalog |date=1990 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1332-1 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaCkgQZHvbkC |language=en |quote=Non-Equality ''mas, sa/ kaysa (sa)/ (kaysa) kay''}}</ref> Another comparative marker of non-equality is ''kumpará''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gallego |first1=Maria Kristina S. |title=Ang mga Nominal Marker ng Filipino at Ivatan |journal=Daluyan: Journal Ng Wikang Filipino |date=2015 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=86 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/djwf/article/view/4918 |access-date=5 September 2019 |language=tl |issn=2244-6001 |quote=Ang ''comparison'' o paghahambing ay ipinapahayag gamit ang kumpara, kaysa, o katulad kasama ng nominal marker. Ang paghahambing sa (63a) ay nagpapakita ng pagkakaiba, samantalang ang sa (63b) ay nagpapakita ng pagkakatulad.}}</ref> (from Sp. ''comparado''), usually followed with the appropriate ''sa''-marker and used as the Tagalog equivalent of the English "compared to". Lastly, the word ''pareho'' (from Sp. ''parejo''), commonly employed with the Tagalog linker ''-ng'', is used as a comparative marker of equality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Joseph |title=Adjectival passives and the structure of VP in Tagalog |journal=Lingua |date=1 June 2011 |volume=121 |issue=8 |page=1439 |doi=10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.006 |issn=0024-3841 |quote=Significantly, there is a way to express a meaning that is quite similar to the sentences in (42), using the adverbial ''pareho'' (‘same’). Consider the examples in (43).}}</ref>

==== Spanish-derived Tagalog modals ====

There are several Spanish-derived words that have acquired function as [[Linguistic modality|modals]] upon adoption in Tagalog. Tagalog modals, including those that are etymologically derived from Spanish, can be classified into two main groups: words realizing ''[[deontic modality]]'' (''i.e.'' modals concerned with expressing inclination, obligation and ability) and words realizing ''[[epistemic modality]]'' (''i.e.'' modals concerned with degrees of reality).

[[Deontic modality]] in Tagalog is realized through words which are grammaticized by Paul Schachter and Fe T. Otanes as "pseudo-verbs".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=J.R. |title=Interpersonal Grammatization: Mood and Modality in Tagalog |journal=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |date=June 1990 |volume=21 |page=23 |url=http://www.isfla.org/Systemics/Print/MartinPapers/JA-1990-Interpersonal%20grammatization%20mood%20and%20modality%20in%20ta.PDF |quote=Modulation (or deontic modality) is concerned with inclination, obligation and ability. In Tagalog, modulation is grammaticized through what Schachter and Otanes (1972:261-73) refer to as 'pseudo-verbs', which for them are a subclass of adjectivals.}}</ref> An example of a Spanish-derived Tagalog deontic modal is ''gusto'' (from Sp. ''gusto''), which is used to denote preference or desire. ''Gusto'' is considered to be more commonly used than its other counterparts newly adapted to this usage such as ''nais'' or ''ibig'', since these two words are usually perceived as more formal than ''gustó'' and are more commonly used in literature than in colloquial speech; in native Tagalog synonyms, ''nais'' is more commonly used in colloquial speech than ''ibig'' as an alternate of ''gustó'' and also commonly used as a noun for "desire", "want", or "wish". Another example is ''puwede'' (from Sp. ''puede''), which can be translated in English as "can" and is thus used to express permission or ability. The word ''puwede'' co-exists with its equivalent ''maaárì'' and the two pseudo-verbs are deemed to have little semantic difference, with ''puwede'' only being considered usually as more colloquial and less formal than ''maaarì''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asarina |first1=Alya |last2=Holt |first2=Anna |title=Syntax and Semantics of Tagalog Modals |journal=UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics |date=September 2005 |page=13 |url=http://web.mit.edu/alya/www/TagalogModals.pdf |quote=''Puwede'' and ''maaarì'' may both be translated as ‘can’. There seems to be little semantic difference between the two.}}</ref>

[[Epistemic modality]] in Tagalog is realized through words functioning as adverbials. These words, when used as modals, are typically linked to the clause that they modalize through the Tagalog linker ''-ng'' or ''na''. An example of a Spanish-derived epistemic modal used for expressing high degree of probability is ''sigurado + -ng'' (from Sp. ''seguro'' + ''-ado''), with the meaning of "surely" or "certainly", and is considered as a synonym of Tagalog ''tiyak'', ''sigurado'' is derived from "asegurado", "assured". The word ''siguro'' (from Sp. ''seguro'') is an epistemic modal marking moderate degree of probability, with the meaning of "maybe", "probably" or "perhaps". The word ''siguro'' is also identified by the linguist Ekaterina Baklanova as a Spanish-derived [[discourse marker]] in Tagalog, thus contrasting the claims of other scholars such as Patrick Steinkrüger that none of the numerous [[Tagalog grammar#Enclitic particles|discourse markers]] in Tagalog are of Spanish origin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baklanova |first1=Ekaterina |title=Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino |journal=Kritika Kultura |date=20 March 2017 |issue=28 |pages=38–39 |doi=10.13185/KK2017.02803 |doi-broken-date=July 12, 2025 |url=https://journals.ateneo.edu/ojs/index.php/kk/article/view/KK2017.02803 |language=en |issn=1656-152X |quote=I have to disagree with Patrick Steinkrüger’s assumption that "none of the numerous discourse particles in Tagalog are of Spanish origin".|doi-access=free }}</ref> Similarly to Tagalog, the word ''siguro'' is also considered as an adverbial clitic in [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tanangkingsing |first1=Michael |title=A Study of Second-Position Enclitics in Cebuano |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=2013 |volume=52 |issue=1 |page=224 |doi=10.1353/ol.2013.0015 |issn=0029-8115 |quote== siguro (epistemic)|jstor=43286767 |s2cid=145347214 }}</ref> and in [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Celeste Chia Yen |title=Clitic pronouns in Masbatenyo |journal=SIL International |date=24 January 2013 |page=5 |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/25573 |language=en |quote=siguro 'probably'}}</ref> ''Posible + -ng'' (from Sp. ''posible''), which can be translated to English as "possibly", is a Tagalog epistemic modal marking low degree of probability. Examples of Spanish-derived Tagalog epistemic modals marking excessive degree of intensity include ''masyado + -ng'' (from Sp. ''demasiado'') and ''sobra + -ng'' (from Sp. ''sobra'') while ''medyo'' (from Sp. ''medio'') marks moderate degree of intensity.

==== Spanish-derived Tagalog conjunctions ====

Several conjunctions in Tagalog have Spanish-derived etymological roots. The Tagalog disjunctive conjunction ''o'' (from Sp. ''o'', meaning "or") has completely substituted the old Tagalog equivalent "kun",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blake |first1=Frank R. (Frank Ringgold) |title=A grammar of the Tagálog language, the chief native idiom of the Philippine Islands |date=1925 |publisher=New Haven, Conn., American oriental society |page=77 |url=https://archive.org/details/agy9509.0001.001.umich.edu/page/76 |access-date=8 September 2019 |quote=''kun'' 'or'.}}</ref> rendering the latter obsolete. Two Spanish-derived counter-expectational adversative conjunctions used in Tagalog are ''pero'' (from Sp. ''pero'') and ''kaso'' (from Sp. ''caso''),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elli |first1=Vea |title=ON THE STUDY OF TAGALOG, KAPAMPANGAN, IBANAG AND ITAWIS COORDINATING CONSTRUCTIONS |date=June 8, 2016 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25989804 |access-date=8 September 2019 |language=en |quote=Adversative conjunctions often are optional orzero-morpheme coordinators in these languages. In Tagalog, there are coordinators like ‘pero’, ‘kaso’, ‘kaya lang’, ‘subalit’, ‘datapwat’, ‘bagkus’, and ‘ngunit’.}}</ref> both of which are considered as synonyms of the Tagalog counterparts ''ngunit'', ''subalit'', etc. The Tagalog ''ni'' (from Sp. ''ni'') can be used as a negative repetitive conjunction, similar to the English "neither...nor" construction. When not repeated, ''ni'' assumes a scalar focus value stripped of all its conjunction function, translatable to English as "not even".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cardoso |first1=Hugo C. |last2=Baxter |first2=Alan N. |last3=Nunes |first3=Mário Pinharanda |title=Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives |date=2012 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=9789027252692 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2dkdVTSDjwC |language=en |chapter=Nenang, nino, nem não, ni no: Similarities and differences (Mauro Fernandez) |quote=There are two formats in Tagalog for expressing the scalar value 'not even'. The first and possibly the older configuration consists of the addition of the particle ''man'' to the negator, followed by the particle ''lang'' ('only, just'): for example, "hindi man lang tumawag si John 'John didn't even call'" (De Vos 20I0:322). The second schema, described in the reference grammar compiled by Schachter & Otanes (1972), involves the loan particle ''ni'' from Spanish, stripped of all coordinate value and supplemented by a second negator.}}</ref> ''Basta'' (from Sp. ''basta''), when used as a conditional conjunction, assumes a meaning similar to English "as long as" or "provided that". ''Maski'' (from Sp. ''mas que'') is a synonym of Tagalog ''kahit'' and both are used as Tagalog concessive conjunctions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cardoso |first1=Hugo C. |last2=Baxter |first2=Alan N. |last3=Nunes |first3=Mário Pinharanda |title=Ibero-Asian Creoles: Comparative Perspectives |date=2012 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=9789027252692 |page=187 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2dkdVTSDjwC |language=en |chapter="'Maskin', 'maski', 'masque' ... in the Spanish and Portuguese creoles of Asia: Same particle, same provenance?" (Mauro Fernandez) |quote=It is worth noting that in no instance was ''maski'' ever used to replace a corresponding concessive conjunction in the indigenous language. Still in use, therefore, are Kapampangan ''bista'', Tagalog ''kahit'', Bikol ''minsan'', Visaya ''bisan'' and others, to cite just one equivalent conjunction among many still found in each of these languages.}}</ref> ''Porke'' (from Sp. ''porque'') assumes the function of causal conjunction in Tagalog and it is used to express an ironic or critical attitude, translatable to English as "just because" or "only because"; ''porke'' is a synonym of Tagalog ''dahil'' (exact translation of "because") and ''dahil lang (lámang)'' (exact translation of "just because" and "only because"), and all are used as Tagalog causal conjunctions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schachter |first1=Paul |last2=Otanes |first2=Fe T |title=Tagalog reference grammar |date=1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04943-7 |page=477 |language=en |quote=''Porke'' is used only in informal contexts, and expresses an ironic or critical attitude (often expressible in English by 'just because').|oclc=9371508 }}</ref> The Tagalog ''puwera (kung)'' (from Sp. ''fuera'') is used as a negative exceptive conditional conjunction, translatable in English as "unless" or "except if", used alongside "maliban sa" or "liban sa". The Tagalog ''oras na'' (from Sp. ''hora'') is a temporal conjunction which can be translated in English as "the moment that". The Tagalog ''imbés na'' (from Sp. ''en vez'') is used as an implicit adversative conjunction and it can be translated in English as "instead of". The Tagalog ''para'' (from Sp. ''para''), when used to introduce verb-less or basic-form predicates, assumes the role of a purposive conjunction. However, if followed by the appropriate dative ''sa''-marker, ''para'' assumes the role of a benefactive marker in Tagalog.

=== Loanwords that underwent semantic shift ===

Upon adoption into Tagalog, a number of Spanish-derived terms underwent a process of [[semantic shift]] or change in meaning. A loanword is said to have undergone a semantic shift if its meaning in Tagalog deviates from the original meaning of the word in the source language (in this case, Spanish). A type of semantic shift is the so-called ''semantic narrowing'', which is a linguistic phenomenon in which the meaning of a Spanish-derived word acquires a less general or inclusive meaning upon adoption into Tagalog. Semantic narrowing occurs when a word undergoes specialization of usage. For example, the word ''kuryente'' (meaning "electricity" or "electric current") comes from the Spanish word ''corriente'', which is a general term to refer to any current, whether electric or not. Upon adoption of the word ''corriente'' into Tagalog as ''kuryente'', it underwent a semantic narrowing and its usage became restricted to refer only to an electric current, unlike its Spanish counterpart. Another example of a semantic narrowing is the Tagalog word ''ruweda'' (meaning "[[Ferris wheel]]"), a term derived from the Spanish word ''rueda'' which refers to any kind of wheel. Upon adoption into Tagalog, ''ruweda'' underwent usage specialization and its meaning became restricted to the Ferris wheel.

Semantic shift may also occur through semantic interference by another language, usually the English language. This phenomenon can result into reinterpretation of a Spanish-derived term by attributing to it an English meaning upon assimilation into Tagalog. An example is the Tagalog word ''libre'', which is derived from the Spanish translation of the English word ''free'', although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "without cost or payment" or "free of charge", a usage which would be deemed incorrect in Spanish as the term ''gratis'' would be more fitting; Tagalog word ''libre'' can also mean free in aspect of time, like "Libre ang oras" or "Libre ang panahon" ("The time/hour is free", in the sense that the time is available). Another example is the Tagalog word ''iskiyerda'', derived from the Spanish term ''izquierda'' meaning "left" as opposed to "right", although used in Tagalog with the meaning of "to leave".

Here is the list of Spanish-derived words which underwent semantic shift upon assimilation into Tagalog:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog!!Spanish-derived word!!Meaning in Tagalog!!Spanish equivalent
|-
|''alahero''||''alhajero'' (“jewel case”)||jeweller; jewel-maker||''joyero''
|-
|''algodón''||''algodón'' (“cotton”)||false trevally ''([[Lactarius lactarius]])''<ref>{{cite web |title=Common Names Summary – Lactarius lactarius |url=https://www.fishbase.de/ComNames/CommonNameSummary.php?autoctr=37007 |website=www.fishbase.de |language=en |quote=Remarks: Also spelled 'Algudon'. 'algodon' borrowed from Spanish 'algodón', i.e., cotton.}}</ref>||''pagapa''; ''pez blanco''
|-
|''alpahór''<ref>{{cite web |title=alpahór |url=https://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/alpahor/ |website=CulturEd: Philippine Cultural Education Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407094355/https://philippineculturaleducation.com.ph/alpahor/ |archive-date=7 Apr 2021 |language=en}}</ref>||''[[alfajor]]'' (Spanish traditional confection)||''[[bilo-bilo]]'' (sticky rice balls in coconut milk)||''gacha dulce de arroz con leche de coco''
|-
|''almohadilya''<ref>{{cite web |title=GabbyDictionary.com |url=http://www.gabbydictionary.com/ |website=www.gabbydictionary.com |language=en |quote=mouse pad -- almohadilya (Sp.: ''almohadilla'')}}</ref>||''almohadilla'' (“cushion” or “small pillow”)||mousepad||''alfombrilla para el ratón o mouse''
|-
|''almusál''<ref name="hispanismostagalo" />{{rp|26}}||''almorzar'' (“to have lunch”)||breakfast||''desayuno''
|-
|''asár''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zorc |first1=R. David |title=Tagalog slang |journal=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |volume=21 |issue=1990 |page=77 |url=http://www.zorc.net/publications/065=TagalogSlang(PJL%2321).pdf |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines |quote=asar upset, angry [Sp. asar 'roast'] |access-date=September 3, 2019 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203180338/https://zorc.net/publications/065=TagalogSlang(PJL%2321).pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>||''asar'' (“to roast”)||to annoy||''molestar''
|-
|''bahura''||''bajura'' (“coastal; shallow-water”)||[[coral reef]]||''arrecife coralina''
|-
|''barako''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|14}}||''verraco'' (“male boar”)||manly; fearless; strong and bitter (as coffee)||''varonil''
|-
|''barkada''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|15}}||''barcada'' (“boatload; boat trip”)||group of friends; clique||''pandilla de amigos o camaradas''
|-
|''bastá''||''basta'' (“enough”)||just so that; as long as||''siempre y cuando''; ''siempre que''
|-
|''bida''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|18}}||''vida'' (“life”)||protagonist||''protagonista''
|-
|''biskotso''||''bizcocho'' (“sponge cake”)||toast bread||''pan tostado''
|-
|''boso''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|23}}||''buzo'' (“diver”)||[[voyeurism]]||''voyerismo''
|-
|''bulsá''||''bolsa'' (“bag”)||pocket in garments||''bolsillo''
|-
|''dehado''||''dejado'' (“left behind; careless”)||underdog; at a disadvantage (sometimes translated to "left behind")||''desfavorecido''; ''desaventajado''
|-
|''delikado ''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|38}}||''delicado'' (“delicate”)||dangerous||''peligroso''
|-
|''desgrasya''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|39}}||''desgracia'' (“misfortune”)||accident||''accidente''
|-
|''desgrasyada''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|39}}||''desgraciada'' (“unfortunate; miserable”)||unwed mother||''madre soltera''
|-
|''deskarte''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|39}}||''descarte'' (“discard”)||resourcefulness||''ingeniosidad''; ''capacidad de improvisación''
|-
|''dilihénsiyá''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|39}}||''diligencia'' (“diligence; errand”)|| act of asking for a loan or debt; act of borrowing money||''pedir un préstamo''
|-
|''engkanto''||''encanto'' (“spell; enchantment”)||fairy, elf, or spirit||''hada''; ''duende''
|-
|''gisado''||''guisado'' (“stew”)||sauteéed||''salteado''
|-
|''[[Harana (serenade)|harana]]''||''jarana'' (“commotion; partying; revelry”)||[[serenade]]||''serenata''
|-
|''hepe''||''jefe'' (“chief; boss”)||police chief (also used as translation of "chief" in general)||''comisario''; ''jefe de policía''
|-
|''impakto''||''impacto'' (“impact; shock”)||evil spirit||''espíritu maligno''; demonio
|-
|''inutil''||''inútil'' (“useless”)||[[Erectile dysfunction|impotent]]||''sexualmente impotente''
|-
|''iskiyerda''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|62}}||''izquierda'' (“left”)||to leave||''irse de''; ''abandonar''
|-
|''kabayo''||''caballo'' (“horse”)||ironing board||''tabla de planchar''
|-
|''kabesera''||''cabecera'' (“head; heading; headboard”)||capital city or town||''capital''; ''ciudad cabecera''
|-
|''kakawate''||''cacahuate'' (“peanut”)||''[[Gliricidia sepium]]''||''madre de cacao''
|-
|''kasi''||''casi'' (“much”)||because||''porque''
|-
|''kasilyas''||''casillas'' (“cubicles”)||toilet; restroom||''baño''
|-
|''kasta''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|73}}||''casta'' (“caste; lineage”)||[[Sexual reproduction|breeding]]; [[mating]]; sex act or making love||''crianza''; ''apareamiento''; ''acto sexual''
|-
|''kódigó''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary">{{cite book |last1=Zorc |first1=R. David Paul |last2=San Miguel |first2=Rachel L. |last3=Sarra |first3=Annabella M. |title=Tagalog Slang Dictionary |year=1991 |publisher=Dunwoody Press |isbn=978-0-931745-56-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKJkAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|76}}||''código'' (“code”)||[[cheat sheet]]||''apunte escondido''; ''acordeón''; ''chuleta''
|-
|''konyo''||''[[Spanish profanity#Coño|coño]]'' (“vagina”)||socialite; belonging to the upper-class||''de clase alta''
|-
|''koryente''||''corriente'' (“current”)||electricity; electric current||''electricidad''; ''corriente eléctrica''
|-
|''kubeta''<ref name="hispanismostagalo" />{{rp|174}}||''cubeta'' (“bucket”)||toilet; restroom||''baño''
|-
|''kulebra''||''culebra'' (“snake”)||[[shingles]] ||''culebrilla''; ''herpes zóster''
|-
|''kursunada''||''corazonada'' (“hunch”)||object of interest or desire||''deseo del corazón''
|-
|''labakara''||''lavacara'' (“washbasin”)||face towel||''toalla de tocador''
|-
|''lakwatsa''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|81}}||''la cuacha'' (“the excrement”)||truancy; act of loafing around or roaming||''vaguear''; ''holgazanear''; ''hacer novillos''
|-
|''lamyerda''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|81}}||''la mierda'' (“the excrement”)||truancy; out loafing; out roaming||''vaguear''; ''holgazanear''; ''hacer novillos''
|-
|''libre''||''libre'' (“free”)||free of charge||''gratis''
|-
|''liyamado''||''llamado'' (“called'; named, destined”)||favorite (as in betting, races, etc.); at an advantage||''favorecido''
|-
|''mantikà''||''manteca'' (“lard; butter”)||cooking oil||''aceite''
|-
|''[[palengke]]''||''palenque'' (“stockade; palisade”)||market||''mercado''
|-
|''paletada''||''paletada'' (“shovelful; trowelful”)||plaster||''yeso''
|-
|''papagayo''||''papagayo'' (“parrot”)||kite||''cometa''
|-
|''[[parol]]''||''farol'' (“lantern; lamp; streetlight”)||Christmas lantern||''estrella navideña''; ''farol navideño''
|-
|''parolero''||''farolero'' (“lamplighter”)||Christmas lantern maker||''artesano de estrellas navideñas''; ''artesano de faroles navideños''
|-
|''pasamano''||''pasamano'' (“handrail”)||window sill||''alféizar'', ''repisa de la ventana''
|-
|''pitso''||''pecho'' (“chest; bosom”)||chicken breast||''pechuga de pollo''
|-
|''poso negro''||''pozo negro'' (“[[cesspit]]; cesspool; soak pit”)||[[septic tank]]; holding tank||''fosa séptica''
|-
|''putahe''<ref name="hispanismostagalo" />{{rp|470}}||''potaje'' (“vegetable stew or soup”)||dish; course||''plato''
|-
|''rebentadór''||''reventador'' (“agitator”)||[[firecracker]]||''petardo''
|-
|''rekado''||''recado'' (“message; errand”)||spices; condiments||''especia''; ''condimiento''
|-
|''ruweda''||''rueda'' (“wheel”)||Ferris wheel<ref>{{cite web |last1=Orosa |first1=Rosalinda L. |title=Victory Liner takes you to 'Perya Nostalgia' {{!}} Philstar.com |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2014/03/09/1298593/victory-liner-takes-you-perya-nostalgia |website=philstar.com |language=en |quote=In this day and age of throwbacks and flashbacks on social media, ''perya'' enthusiasts would be pleased to still find classic carnival rides like the ''tsubibo'' (carousel), ''ruweda'' (Ferris wheel), the tame rollercoaster dubbed the Caterpillar, the topsy-turvy Octopus, and the Flying Swing.}}</ref>||''noria''; ''rueda de la fortuna''
|-
|''semilya''||''semilla'' (“seed”)||[[semen]]||''semen''
|-
|''sentido''||''sentido'' (“sense; meaning”)||[[temple (anatomy)]]||''templo''; ''sien''
|-
|''siguro''||''seguro'' (“surely”)||maybe; perhaps; probably||''quizás''; ''probablemente''
|-
|''silindro''<ref name="hispanismostagalo" />{{rp|132}}||''cilindro'' (“cylinder”)||harmonica||''armónica''
|-
|''sintás''<ref name="hispanismostagalo" />{{rp|133}}||''cinta'' (“ribbon; tape; belt”)||shoelace||''cordón de zapato''; ''cintas para zapatos''
|-
|''siyempre''||''siempre'' (“always”)||of course||''por supuesto''
|-
|''sosyál''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|132}}||''social'' (“social; societal”)||[[High society (social class)|high society]]; belonging to the upper class, fancy||''de clase (social) alta''
|-
|''suplado''||''soplado'' (“blown; inflated”)||snobbish; haughty||''presuntuoso'', ''arrogante''
|-
|''suporta''<ref name="Teresita1999" />{{rp|166}}||''soportar'' (“to withstand; to bear”)||support||''apoyo''
|-
|''sustánsiyá''||''sustancia'' (“substance”)||nutrient||''sustancia nutritiva''; ''nutriente''
|-
|''todas''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|143}}||''toda'' (“all”)||completely killed or exterminated||''matar''
|-
|''todo''||''todo'' (“all; entire; each; every; etc.”)||all-out; entire; fully; maximum||''al máximo''
|-
|''[[Tocino|tosino]]''||''tocino'' (“bacon”)||sweet cured meat||''carne curada endulzada''
|-
|''[[Champorado|tsampurado]]''||''[[champurrado]]'' (“chocolate-based atole”)||sweet chocolate rice porridge||''arroz al chocolate''
|-
|''tsika''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|147}}||''chica'' (“girl”)||[[gossip]]||''chisme''
|-
|''[[Turon (food)|turon]]''||''turrón'' (“nougat”)||fried banana roll||''rollo de platano frito''
|-
|''tuwalya''||''toalla'' (“towel”)||[[tripe]]||''mondongo''; ''tripa''; ''callos''
|}

=== Tagalog words derived from pluralized Spanish nouns ===

Some of the Spanish loanwords in Tagalog appear in their pluralized form, marked with -s or -es. However, in Tagalog, such words are not considered as plural and when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i.e., by placing the pluralization marker ''mga'' before the word.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Bundang |first=Rebekah |date=1997 |title=Spanish Loanwords in Tagalog |type=B.A. |page=10 |url=https://scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/bitstream/handle/10066/10641/Bundang_thesis_1997.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Swarthmore College. Dept. of Linguistics | quote="Some Spanish loanwords appear in Tagalog in what would be their plural form in Spanish, marked with -s or -es; therefore, when they are pluralized in Tagalog, they need to be pluralized in the way that Tagalog pluralizes native words, i. e., by placing the morpheme ''mga''"}}</ref> For example, the word ''butones'' (meaning button used in clothing, from Sp. ''botones'') is considered singular in Tagalog and its plural form is ''mga butones''.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog!!Spanish!!Meaning in Spanish!!Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''alahas''||''alhaja'' (plural: ''alhajas'')||jewel; jewelry||jewel; jewelry
|-
|''alkatsopas''||''alcachofa'' (plural: ''alcachofas'')||[[artichoke]]||artichoke
|-
|''arátiles''||''dátil'' (plural: ''dátiles'')||date (''[[Date palm|Phoenix dactilyfera]]'')||calabur or Panama cherry (''[[Muntingia calabura]]'')
|-
|''armás''||''arma'' (plural: ''armas'')||weapon; arm||weapon; arm
|-
|''balbás''||''barba'' (plural: ''barbas'')||[[beard]] (facial hair)||beard (facial hair)
|-
|''banyos''||''baño'' (plural: ''baños'')||bath; bathroom||sponge bath
|-
|''bayabas''||''guayaba'' (plural: ''guayabas'')||[[guava]]||guava
|-
|''beses''||''vez'' (plural: ''veces'')||time (repetition)||time (repetition)
|-
|''boses''||''voz'' (plural: ''voces'')||voice||voice
|-
|''butones'' (var. ''bitones'') ||''botón'' (plural: ''botones'')||[[Button (clothing)|button]] (clothing)||button (clothing)
|-
|''datos''||''dato'' (plural: ''datos'')||fact; detail; piece of Information; data||data
|-
|''garbansos''||''garbanzo'' (plural: ''garbanzos'')||[[chickpea]]||chickpea
|-
|''gastos''||''gasto'' (plural: ''gastos'')||cost; expense; spending||cost; expense; spending
|-
|''gisantes''||''guisante'' (plural: ''guisantes'')||[[pea]]||pea
|-
|''guwantes''||''guante'' (plural: ''guantes'')||glove||glove
|-
|''kalatás''<ref name="kalatas and palanas">{{cite book |last1=Potet |first1=Jean-Paul G. |title=Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog |date=2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-291-45726-1 |page=204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>||''carta'' (plural: ''cartas'')||letter; chart; charter||paper; white paper; letter; written message
|-
|''kamatis''||''tomate'' (plural: ''tomates'')||[[tomato]]||tomato
|-
|''kasilyas''||''casilla'' (plural: ''casillas'')||cubicle; booth||toilet
|-
|''kastanyas''||''castaña'' (plural: ''castañas'')||[[chestnut]]||chestnut
|-
|''kostilyas''||''costilla'' (plural: ''costillas'')||[[rib]]||rib
|-
|''kubyertos''||''cubierto'' (plural: ''cubiertos'')||[[cutlery]]; silverware||cutlery; silverware
|-
|''kuwerdas''||''cuerda'' (plural: ''cuerdas'')||rope; string; chord||string (of a musical instrument)
|-
|''kuwitis''||''cohete'' (plural: ''cohetes'')||rocket||skyrocket (firework)
|-
|''labanós''||''rabano'' (plural: ''rabanos'')||[[radish]]||radish
|-
|''lansones''||''lanzón''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blanco |first1=Manuel |title=Flora de Filipinas: según el sistema sexual de Linneo |date=1837 |publisher=en la imprenta de Sto. Thomas, por Candido Lopez |page=326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7fzUr7DXSIC&q=lanzon+filipinas&pg=PA326 |language=es |quote=El fruto del lanzón cultivado, no deja ser sabroso: su corteza despide una leche pegajosa, y las semillas son verdes y amargas. Es conocido de todos en las Islas; pero ignoro si la palabra lanzones ó lansones es extranjera ó del país: ella tiene semejanza con lasona, que es cebolla}}</ref> (plural: ''lanzones'')||langsat (''[[Lansium domesticum]]'')||langsat (''[[Lansium domesticum]]'')
|-
|''letsugas''||''lechuga'' (plural: ''lechugas'')||[[lettuce]]||lettuce
|-
|''manggás''||''manga'' (plural: ''mangas'')||[[Sleeve (clothing)|sleeve]]||sleeve
|-
|''mansanas''||''manzana'' (plural: ''manzanas'')||[[apple]]||apple
|-
|''materyales''||''material'' (plural: ''materiales'')||material||material
|-
|''medyas''||''media'' (plural: ''medias'')||sock||sock
|-
|''notisyas''||''noticia'' (plural: ''noticias'')||message, news||notice
|-
|''opisyales''||''oficial'' (plural: ''oficiales'')||officer||Officer
|-
|''oras''||''hora'' (plural: ''horas'')||hour (unit)||hour (unit of time); time
|-
|''panderetas''||''pandereta'' (plural: ''panderetas'')||tambourine||tambourine
|-
|''palanas''<ref name="kalatas and palanas" />||''plana'' (plural: ''planas'')||[[Plain (geography)|plain]]||flat area along a river
|-
|''papeles''||''papel'' (plural: ''papeles'')||paper||document
|-
|''patatas''||''patata'' (plural: ''patatas'')||[[potato]]||potato
|-
|''pares''||''par'' (plural: ''pares'')||pair||(noun) pair; (adjective) similar
|-
|''pasas''||''pasa'' (plural: ''pasas'')||[[raisin]]||raisin
|-
|''[[Pastillas|pastilyas]]''||''pastilla'' (plural: ''pastillas'')||pill; tablet; candy||Sweet milk candy
|-
|''peras''||''pera'' (plural: ''peras'')||[[pear]]||pear
|-
|''perlas''||''perla'' (plural: ''perlas'')||[[pearl]]||pearl
|-
|''pilduras''||''pildora'' (plural: ''pildoras'')||pill; tablet||medicinal pill
|-
|''pohas''||''foja'' (plural: ''fojas'')||sheet||sheet
|-
|''posas''||''esposa'' (plural: ''esposas'')||[[handcuffs]]||handcuffs
|-
|''presas''||''presa'' (plural: ''presas'')||[[strawberry]]||strawberry
|-
|''prutas''||''fruta'' (plural: ''frutas'')||fruit||fruit
|-
|''pulbós''||''polvo'' (plural: ''polvos'')||dust; powder||powder
|-
|''pulseras''||''pulsera'' (plural: ''pulseras'')||bracelet||bracelet
|-
|''puntos''||''punto'' (plural: ''puntos'')||dot; period; point (sports)||score; points
|-
|''rehas''||''reja'' (plural: ''rejas'')||bar; railing||bar; railing
|-
|''riles''||''carril'' (plural: ''carriles'')||lane; track||rail; railroad; railway
|-
|''rosas''||''rosa'' (plural: ''rosas'')||[[Rosa (plant)|rose]]||rose
|-
|''salas''||''sala'' (plural: ''salas'')||hall; living room||living room
|-
|''sapatos''||''zapato'' (plural: ''zapatos'')||shoe||shoe
|-
|''sardinas''||''sardina'' (plural: ''sardinas'')||[[sardine]]||sardine
|-
|''senyales''||''señal'' (plural: ''señales'')||sign; signal||sign
|-
|''senyas''||''seña'' (plural: ''señas'')||sign; signal||sign; signal
|-
|''sibuyas''||''cebolla'' (plural: ''cebollas'')||[[onion]]||onion
|-
|''sigarilyas''||''seguidilla''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colmeiro y Penido |first1=Miguel |title=Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo, con la correspondencia científica y la indicacion abreviada de los unos é igualmente de la familia á que pertenece cada planta |date=1871 |publisher=G. Alhambra |page=173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxIlAQAAMAAJ&q=seguidillas+filipinas+psophocarpus |language=es}}</ref> (plural: ''seguidillas'')||(Philippine Spanish) [[Psophocarpus tetragonolobus|winged bean]]||winged bean
|-
|''silahis''||''celaje'' (plural: ''celajes'')||cloudscape; [[skylight]]||sunray; [[bisexual]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garcia |first1=J. Neil C |title=Philippine gay culture: binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM |date=2008 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=9789715425773 |page=134 |language=en |quote=It roughly translates to "bisexual", although as with bakla, the cultural marker of this particular variety of sexual being is mostly not sexuality per se, but predictably enough, gender: the silahis is a male who looks every bit like a "real man" – he may even be married and with a family – but who, in all this time, would rather swish and wear skirts and scream "like a woman".|oclc=300977671 }}</ref> (''slang'')
|-
|''singkamas''||''jícama'' (plural: ''jícamas'')||Mexican turnip (''[[Pachyrhizus erosus]]'')||Mexican turnip (''[[Pachyrhizus erosus]]'')
|-
|''sintas''||''cinta'' (plural: ''cintas'')||ribbon; tape; lace||shoelace
|-
|''sintomas''||''síntoma'' (plural: ''síntomas'')||symptom||symptom
|-
|''sopas''||''sopa'' (plural: ''sopas'')||soup||soup dish
|-
|''sorbetes''||''sorbete'' (plural: ''sorbetes'')||sorbet||[[ice cream]]
|-
|''tsinelas''||''chinela'' (plural: ''chinelas'')||slippers; [[flip-flops]]||slippers; flip-flops
|-
|''tsismis''||''chisme'' (plural: ''chismes'')||gossip||gossip
|-
|''ubas''||''uva'' (plural: ''uvas'')||[[grape]]||grape
|-
|''uhales''||''ojal'' (plural: ''ojales'')||buttonhole||buttonhole
|-
|''uhas''||''hoja'' (plural: ''hojas'')||leaf||[[sheet metal]]
|}

=== Tagalog words derived from Spanish verbs ===

Several Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Most of them are in their infinitive form characterized by the deletion of their final /r/, like for example in the case of the Tagalog ''intindi'' (to understand) derived from the Spanish verb ''entender''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Cecilio |title=The Spanish overlay in Tagalog |journal=Lingua |date=1 January 1965 |volume=14 |page=477 |doi=10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6 |language=en |issn=0024-3841}}</ref> This feature is also found in [[Chavacano]] verbs which have a Spanish origin and it can be argued that an already restructured form of Spanish ([[Chavacano]] or a pidgin) was the origin of these Tagalog words.<ref name="steinkrüger2008" />{{rp|209}} A list of these loanwords can be viewed below.

Alternatively, upon adoption into Tagalog, the final /r/ of the Spanish verbs in their infinitive form becomes /l/. Such is the case of the following loanwords: ''almusal'' (to have breakfast, from Sp. ''almorzar''), ''dasal'' (from Sp. ''rezar''), ''dupikal'' (from Sp. ''repicar''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Santos |first1=Lope K. |title=Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa |date=2019 |publisher=Komisyon Sa Wikang Filipino |isbn=9786218064577 |page=21 |edition=4 |url=http://kwf.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Balarila-ng-Wikang-Pambansa-1.pdf |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=tl |quote=dupikál (''repicar'')}}</ref>), ''kasál'' (from Sp. ''casar''), ''kumpisál'' (from Sp. ''confesar''), ''minindál'' (from Sp. ''merendar''), ''pasyál'' (from Sp. ''pasear'') and ''sugál'' (from Sp. ''jugar''). In some cases, the final /r/ remains unaltered in the Tagalog form like in the case of ''andár'' (to set in action or motion; from Sp. ''andar''), ''asár'' (to annoy or to verbally irritate; from Sp. ''asar'') and ''pundár'' (to establish or to save money for something; from Sp. ''fundar'').

Conjugated Spanish verbs are also adopted into Tagalog. Examples include: ''pára'' (from Sp. ''parar''), ''pása'' (from Sp. ''pasar''), ''puwede'' (from Sp. ''poder''), ''tíra'' (from Sp. ''tirar'') and ''sige'' (from Sp. ''seguir''). ''Imbiyerna'' (meaning to annoy or to irritate someone) is derived from the Spanish verb ''infernar'' (meaning to irritate or to provoke) and was allegedly coined by Ricardo "Rikki" Dalu, originally to describe the hellish feeling and the frustration he experienced when attending Spanish classes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cariño |first1=Linda Grace |title=How Swardspeak was born, truly-ly! {{!}} Philstar.com |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2008/05/04/60073/how-swardspeak-was-born-truly-ly |website=philstar.com}}</ref> In some cases, the conjugated verbs are combined with another word to form Tagalog morphemes like in the case of the following words: ''asikaso'' (from the combination of Sp. ''hacer'' and Sp. ''caso''), ''balewala'' or ''baliwala'' (from the combination of Sp. ''valer'' and Tag. ''wala''), ''etsapwera'' (from the combination of Sp. ''echar'' and Sp. ''fuera'') and ''kumusta'' (from the combination of Sp. ''cómo'' and Sp. ''estar'').

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog!!Spanish!!Meaning in Spanish!!Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''akusá''||''acusar''||to accuse||to accuse
|-
|''alsá''||''alzar''||to lift; to raise; to erect||to rise in rebellion
|-
|''analisá''||''analizar''||to analyze||to analyze
|-
|''apelá''||''apelar''||to appeal||to appeal
|-
|''aprobá''||''aprobar''||to approve||to approve
|-
|''apurá''||''apurar''||to finish; to rush (Lat. Am.)||to hurry
|-
|''arkilá'' (var. ''alkilá'')||''alquilar''||to rent; to rent out||to rent; to rent out
|-
|''asintá''||''asentar''||to set up; to secure; to lay down||to aim at
|-
|''aturgá''||''otorgar''||to grant; to bestow; to confer||to take on responsibility
|-
|''awtorisá''||''autorizar''||to authorize||to authorize
|-
|''bará''||''barrar''||to cover in mud||to block; to clog
|-
|''batí''||''batir''||to beat; to whisk; to whip||to beat; to whisk; to whip; to masturbate (''vulgar'')
|-
|''beripiká''||''verificar''||to verify||to verify
|-
|''bulkanisá''||''vulcanizar''||to vulcanize||to vulcanize
|-
|''burá''||''borrar''||to erase||to erase
|-
|''burdá''||''bordar''||to embroider||to embroider
|-
|''deklará''||''declarar''||to declare||to declare
|-
|''des-aprobá''||''desaprobar''||to disapprove||to disapprove
|-
|''des-armá''||''desarmar''||to disarm||to disarm
|-
|''des-impektá''||''desinfectar''||to disinfect||to disinfect
|-
|''deskargá''||''descargar''||to unload; to discharge; to download||to unload
|-
|''deskubrí''||''descubrir''||to discover||to discover
|-
|''desmayá''||''desmayar''||to become disheartened; to become demoralized||to become disheartened; to become demoralized
|-
|''destrungká''||''destroncar''||to hack away||to forcefully open a door, a lock, etc.
|-
|''determiná''||''determinar''||to determine||to determine
|-
|''diktá''||''dictar''||to dictate||to dictate
|-
|''dimití''||''dimitir''||to resign||to resign
|-
|''dirihí''||''dirigir''||to manage; to be in charge of||to manage; to be in charge of
|-
|''disimulá''||''disimular''||to conceal; to cover up||to conceal; to cover up
|-
|''diskitá''||''desquitar''||to make up for||to take it out on
|-
|''galbanisá''||''galvanizar''||to galvanize||to galvanize
|-
|''gisá''||''guisar''||to stew||to saute, to stir fry in oil (usually with garlic and onions)
|-
|''hulmá''||''ahormar''||to shape; to mould||to shape; to mould
|-
|''husgá''||''juzgar''||to judge||to judge
|-
|''imbestigá''||''investigar''||to investigate||to investigate
|-
|''imbitá''||''invitar''||to invite||to invite
|-
|''intindí''||''entender''||to understand||to understand
|-
|''itsá''||''echar''||to throw||to throw
|-
|''kalkulá''||''calcular''||to calculate||to calculate
|-
|''kanselá''||''cancelar''||to cancel||to cancel
|-
|''kantá''||''cantar''||to sing||to sing
|-
|''kargá''||''cargar''||to load; to charge; to fill||to load; to charge; to fill
|-
|''kobrá''||''cobrar''||to demand or to receive payment||to demand or to receive payment
|-
|''kodipiká''||''codificar''||to codify; to encode||to codify; to encode
|-
|''kompará''||''comparar''||to compare||to compare
|-
|''komponé'' (var. ''kumpuní'')||''componer''||to make up; to compose; to repair||to repair
|-
|''kondená''||''condenar''||to condemn||to condemn
|-
|''konserbá''||''conservar''||to conserve||to conserve
|-
|''konsiderá''||''considerar''||to consider||to consider
|-
|''kublí''||''cubrir''||to cover; to cover up||to hide from sight
|-
|''kulá''||''colar''||to strain; to bleach||to bleach
|-
|''kultí''||''curtir''||to tan||to treat leather or other materials with tanning agents (e.g. tannin)
|-
|''kumbidá''||''convidar''||to invite||to invite
|-
|''kumbinsí''||''convencir''||to convince||to convince
|-
|''kumpirmá''||''confirmar''||to confirm||to confirm
|-
|''kumpiská''||''confiscar''||to confiscate; to seize||to confiscate; to seize
|-
|''kusí''||''cocer''||to cook||to cook
|-
|''labá''||''lavar''||to wash||to wash
|-
|''legalisá''||''legalizar''||to legalize||to legalize
|-
|''liberalisá''||''liberalizar''||to liberalize||to liberalize
|-
|''manipulá''||''manipular''||to manipulate||to manipulate
|-
|''marká''||''marcar''||to mark||to mark
|-
|''nominá''||''nominar''||to nominate||to nominate
|-
|''obligá''||''obligar''||to force; to oblige||to force; to oblige
|-
|''obserbá''||''observar''||to observe||to observe
|-
|''operá''||''operar''||to operate||to surgically operate
|-
|''palsipiká''||''falsificar''||to falsify||to falsify
|-
|''palyá''||''fallar''||to fail; to break down and stop working||to fail; to break down and stop working
|-
|''paralisá ''||''paralizar''||to paralyze||to paralyze
|-
|''pasá''||''pasar''||to pass; to happen; to go through||to pass an academic course, an examination, an interview, etc.
|-
|''pasmá''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bello |first1=Walden F. |last2=Guzman |first2=Alfonso de |title=Modernization: Its Impact in the Philippines |date=1971 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ0bAQAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=The state of the body A, together with the state of nature B, leads to disorder X; ''e.g.'', hunger together with getting wet causes ''pasmá'' (< Spanish ''pasmar'' 'to astonish, to cause spasms').}}</ref>||''pasmar''||to amaze; to astonish; to chill to the bone||''[[pasma]]'' (folk illness) and, by extension, to have ''pasma''
|-
|''pintá''||''pintar''||to paint||to paint
|-
|''pirmá''||''firmar''||to sign||to sign
|-
|''pormalisá''||''formalizar''||to formalize||to formalize
|-
|''prepará''||''preparar''||to prepare||to prepare
|-
|''preserbá''||''preservar''||to preserve||to preserve
|-
|''proklamá''||''proclamar''||to proclaim||to proclaim
|-
|''pundí''||''fundir''||to melt; to merge||to burn out
|-
|''puntá''||''apuntar''||to aim; to point out; to write down||to go to
|-
|''purgá''||''purgar''||to purge||to cleanse; to take a purgative or laxative
|-
|''pursigí''||''perseguir''||to pursue; to follow; to chase; to persecute||to persevere
|-
|''pustá''||''apostar''||to bet; to wager||to bet; to wager
|-
|''ratipiká''||''ratificar''||to ratify||to ratify
|-
|''reboká''||''revocar''||to revoke||to revoke
|-
|''rekomendá''||''recomendar''||to recommend||to recommend
|-
|''repiná''||''refinar''||to refine||to refine
|-
|''reporma''
|''reformar''
|to reform
|to reform
|-
|''sangkutsá''||''sancochar'' or ''salcochar''||to boil with water and salt||to pre-cook food with spices and aromatics
|-
|''salbá''||''salvar''||to save||to save
|-
|''sará''||''cerrar''||to close||to close
|-
|''silbí''||''servir''||to serve||to serve
|-
|''sindí''||''encender''||to ignite; to turn on; to switch on||to ignite; to turn on; to switch on
|-
|''suldá''||''soldar''||to solder; to weld||to solder; to weld
|-
|''sulsí''||''zurcir''||to sew; to mend||to sew; to mend
|-
|''sumité''||''someter''||to subdue; to subjugate; to submit||to submit; to put forward
|-
|''suspendé''||''suspendir''||to suspend||to suspend
|-
|''tantiyá''||''tantear''||to feel; to weigh up; to estimate||to estimate
|-
|''tarantá''||''atarantar''||to stun; to daze; to stupify||to confuse; to baffle; to bewilder
|-
|''tasá''||''tajar''||to chop; to cut; to slice||to sharpen
|-
|''timplá''||''templar''||to cool down; to moderate||to blend; to mix; to prepare drinks, medicine, chemical solutions, etc.
|-
|''tostá''||''tostar''||to toast||to toast
|-
|''tumbá''||''tumbar''||to knock down||to knock down
|-
|''umpisá''||''empezar''||to begin; to start||to begin; to start
|}

=== Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms ===

Some Tagalog compound terms are actually formed through a combination of a native Tagalog term and an etymologically Spanish term, like in the case of the idiomatic expression ''balát-sibuyas'' (a term referring to a person's easiness to be offended), which is a combination of the Tagalog ''balát'' and Spanish ''cebolla''. The linguist Ekaterina Baklanova distinguishes at least two types of Spanish-Tagalog compound terms: ''hybrid loanwords''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baklanova |first1=Ekaterina |title=Morphological assimilation of borrowings in Tagalog |journal=SIL International |date=24 January 2013 |page=10 |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/25695 |language=en |quote=While adopting a borrowing the recipient language may replace some part of the borrowing (mostly the root or its part) with the native lexical material, thus making a HYBRID LOANWORD. In the case of Tagalog borrowed morphemes may be substituted with those of PREVIOUSLY ASSIMILATED loanwords, thus some of the Tagalog hybrid loans consist only of borrowed material}}</ref> or ''mixed-borrowings''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baklanova |first1=Ekaterina |title=Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino |journal=Kritika Kultura |date=20 March 2017 |issue=28 |pages=42–43 |doi=10.13185/KK2017.02803 |doi-broken-date=July 12, 2025 |url=https://journals.ateneo.edu/index.php/kk/article/view/KK2017.02803 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> are partially translated Spanish terms which are adopted into Tagalog, ''e.g.'' ''karnerong-dagat'' (derived from the Spanish term ''carnero marino'', meaning "seal") and ''anemonang-dagat'' (derived from the Spanish term ''anémona de mar'', meaning "sea anemone"), while ''hybrid neologisms''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baklanova |first1=Ekaterina |title=Morphological assimilation of borrowings in Tagalog |journal=SIL International |date=24 January 2013 |page=10 |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/25695 |language=en |quote=There are much more HYBRID NEOLOGISMS (CREATIONS) in the modern Tagalog, i.e. new words invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated borrowed material.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baklanova |first1=Ekaterina |title=Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino |journal=Kritika Kultura |date=20 March 2017 |issue=28 |page=45 |doi=10.13185/KK2017.02803 |doi-broken-date=July 12, 2025 |url=https://journals.ateneo.edu/index.php/kk/article/view/KK2017.02803 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref> are new terms invented by Filipinos with use of some native and already assimilated Spanish-derived material, ''e.g.'' ''pader-ilog'', meaning "embankment", derived from the combination of the Tagalog word ''ilog'' (meaning "river") and Spanish word ''pared'' (meaning "wall" and adopted in Tagalog as the word ''pader'').

Below is the list of some Spanish-Tagalog hybrid compound terms. Because of the lack of standardization, some of the compound terms listed below are written differently (''i.e.'' without the hyphen) in other Tagalog-based literature. For example, while the term ''sirang-plaka'' is usually encountered in many Tagalog-based works without the hyphen, there are also some instances of the term being written with the hyphen like in the case of one of the books written by the Chairman of the [[Commission on the Filipino Language]] [[Virgilio Almario]], entitled ''Filipino ng mga Filipino: mga problema sa ispeling, retorika, at pagpapayaman ng wikang pambansa''. Another example is the term ''takdang-oras'', which can also be encountered in the literature without the hyphen. As a rule, a hybrid compound term below will be hyphenated if it has at least one instance of it being written with the hyphen in Tagalog-based literary works.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Compound term!!Root words!!Meaning
|-
|''agaw-eksena''||''agaw'' (“to snatch”, from Tagalog) + ''eksena'' (from Sp. ''escena'')||scene-stealer
|-
|''alsá-balutan''||''alsa'' (from Sp. ''alzar'') + ''balutan'' (“package”, from Tagalog)||to pack up; to change residence
|-
|''amóy-tsiko''||''amoy'' (“smell”, from Tagalog) + ''tsiko'' (from Sp. ''chicozapote'')||drunk; intoxicated
|-
|''anémonáng-dagat''||''anemona'' (from Sp. ''anémona'') + ''dagat'' (“sea”, from Tagalog)||sea anemone
|-
|''bagong-saltá''||''bago'' (“new”, from Tagalog) + ''salta'' (from Sp. ''saltar'')||newcomer
|-
|''balát-sibuyas''||''balat'' (“skin”, from Tagalog) + ''sibuyas'' (from Sp. ''cebollas'')||a person who is easily offended
|-
|''balík-eskuwela''||''balik'' (“return”, from Tagalog) + ''eskuwela'' (from Sp. ''escuela'')||[[back-to-school]]
|-
|''bantáy-sarado''||''bantay'' (“to guard”, from Tagalog) + ''sarado'' (from Sp. ''cerrado'')||well-guarded; closely guarded
|-
|''batàng-kálye''
|''bata'' (<nowiki/>"child", from Tagalog) + ''kalye'' (from Sp. ''calle'')
|street child
|-
|''batás-trápikó''
|''batas'' ("law", from Tagalog) + ''trapiko'' (from Sp. ''tráfico'')
|traffic law
|-
|''bawas-presyo''
|''bawas'' ("decrease", from Tagalog) + presyo (from Sp. ''precio'')
|price decrease
|-
|''bigáy-todo''||''bigay'' (“to give”, from Tagalog) + ''todo'' (from Sp. ''todo'')||giving one's all
|-
|''boses-ipis''||''boses'' (from Sp. ''voces'') + ''ipis'' (“cockroach”, from Tagalog)||inaudible voice
|-
|''boses-palakâ''||''boses'' (from Sp. ''voces'') + ''palaka'' (“frog”, from Tagalog)||croaky voice
|-
|''bugbóg-sarado''||''bugbog'' (“beat up”, from Tagalog) + ''sarado'' (from Sp. ''cerrado'')||heavily beaten
|-
|''bulak-niyebe''||''bulak'' (“cotton”, from Tagalog) + ''niyebe'' (from Sp. ''nieve'')||snowflake
|-
|''dilang-anghél''||''dila'' (“tongue”, from Tagalog) + ''anghel'' (from Sp. ''angel'')||having the gift of prophecy
|-
|''dilang-baka''||''dila'' (“tongue”, from Tagalog) + ''baka'' (from Sp. ''vaca'')||''[[Opuntia cochenillifera]]''
|-
|''doble-ingat''||''doble'' (from Sp. ''doble'') + ''ingat'' (“to be cautious”, from Tagalog)||to take extra precautions
|-
|''doble-talim''||''doble'' (from Sp. ''doble'') + ''talim'' (“sharpness”, from Tagalog)||double-edged
|-
|''épikóng-bayan''||''epiko'' (from Sp. ''poema épico'') + ''bayan'' (“country”, from Tagalog)||folk epic
|-
|''esponghang-dagat''||''espongha'' (from. Sp. ''esponja'') + ''dagat'' (“sea”, from Tagalog)||sea sponge
|-
|''giyera-patanì''||''giyera'' (from Sp. ''guerra'') + ''patani'' (from Tagalog term for ''[[Phaseolus lunatus]]'')||heated verbal exchange
|-
|''hating-globo''||''hati'' (“half”, from Tagalog) + ''globo'' (from Sp. ''globo'')||hemisphere
|-
|''hirám-kantores''||''hiram'' (“to borrow”, from Tagalog) + ''kantores'' (from Sp. ''cantores'')||non-returnable
|-
|''kabayong-dagat''||''kabayo'' (from Sp. ''cavallo'') + ''dagat'' (“sea”, from Tagalog)||seahorse ''([[Seahorse|Hippocampus]] spp.)''
|-
|''karnerong-dagat''||''karnero'' (from Sp. ''carnero'') + ''dagat'' (“sea”, from Tagalog)||seal
|-
|''kayod-marino''||''kayod'' (“to grate; grind”, from Tagalog) + ''marino'' (from Sp. ''marino'')||hard worker
|-
|''kilos-protesta''||''kilos'' (“movement”, from Tagalog) + ''protesta'' (from Sp. ''protesta'')||demonstration; street protest
|-
|''kuwentong-bayan''||''kuwento'' (from Sp. ''cuento'') + ''bayan'' (“folk; people; country”, from Tagalog)||folk stories
|-
|''lakad-pato''||''lakad'' (“walk”, from Tagalog) + ''pato'' (from Sp. ''pato'')||waddle
|-
|''leóng-dagat''||''leon'' (from Sp. ''león'') + ''dagat'' (“sea”, from Tagalog)||sea lion
|-
|''mukháng-pera''||''mukhâ'' (“face”, from Tagalog) + ''pera'' (from Sp. ''perra gorda'' or ''perra chica'')||profit-oriented; easily corruptible through bribes
|-
|''padér-ilog''||''pader'' (from Sp. ''pared'') + ''ilog'' (“river”, from Tagalog)||embankment
|-
|''pampalipas-oras''||''lipas'' (“to pass”, from Tagalog) + ''oras'' (from Sp. ''horas'')||pastime; hobby
|-
|''pandáy-yero''||''panday'' (“smith”, from Tagalog) + ''yero'' (from Sp. ''hierro'')||ironsmith
|-
|''patáy-malisya''||''patay'' (“dead”, from Tagalog) + ''malisya'' (from Sp. ''malicia'')||feigning innocence; pretending not to know that something is amiss
|-
|''pusong-mamón''||''pusò'' (“heart”, from Tagalog) + ''mamón'' (from Sp. ''mamón'')||soft-hearted; kind and compassionate
|-
|''sanib-puwersa''||''sanib'' (“to join together”, from Tagalog) + ''puwersa'' (from Sp. ''fuerza'')||to join forces
|-
|''siling-habâ''||''sili'' (from Sp. ''chile'') + ''haba'' (“lengthened”, from Tagalong)||''[[Capsicum annuum]]'' var. longum
|-
|''siling-labuyò''||''sili'' (from Sp. ''chile'') + ''labuyo'' (“wild chicken”, from Tagalog)||''[[Capsicum frutescens]]''
|-
|''singsíng-pari''||''singsing'' (“ring”, from Tagalog) + ''pari'' (“priest”, from Sp. ''padre'')||millipede
|-
|''siráng-plaka''||''sira'' (“broken”, from Tagalog) + plaka (from Sp. ''placa'')||broken record
|-
|''sulat-makinilya''||''sulat'' (“script; writing”, from Tagalog) + ''makinilya'' (from Sp. ''maquinilla'')||typewritten
|-
|''taás-presyo''||''taas'' (“high”, from Tagalog) + ''presyo'' (from Sp. ''precio'')||price increase
|-
|''tabíng-kalsada''||''tabi'' (“side”, from Tagalog) + ''kalsada'' (from Sp. ''calzada'')||roadside
|-
|''tabíng-kalye''||''tabi'' (“side”, from Tagalog) + ''kalye'' (from Sp. ''calle'')||roadside
|-
|''takaw-aksidente''||''takaw'' (“greed”, from Tagalog) + ''aksidente'' (from Sp. ''accidente'')||accident-prone
|-
|''takaw-desgrasya''||''takaw'' (“greed”, from Tagalog) + ''desgrasya'' (from Sp. ''desgracia'')||accident-prone
|-
|''takdáng-oras''||''takda'' (“to set; to assign”, from Tagalog) + ''oras'' (from Sp. ''horas'')||fixed or appointed time
|-
|''takdáng-petsa''||''takda'' (“to set; to assign”, from Tagalog) + ''petsa'' (from Sp. ''fecha'')||due date; deadline
|-
|''[[Ninoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal|taním-bala]]''||''tanim'' (“to plant”, from Tagalog) + ''bala'' (from Sp. ''bala'')||planting evidence of illegal bullet possession
|-
|''taním-droga''||''tanim'' (“to plant”, from Tagalog) + ''droga'' (from Sp. ''droga'')||planting evidence of illegal drug possession
|-
|''taong-grasa''||''tao'' (“person”, from Tagalog) + ''grasa'' (from Sp. ''grasa'')||homeless man or woman
|-
|''tubig-gripo''||''tubig'' (“water”, from Tagalog) + ''gripo'' (from Sp. ''grifo'')||tap water
|-
|''tulak-droga''||''tulak'' (“to push”, from Tagalog) + ''droga'' (from Sp. ''droga'')||drug pusher
|-
|''tulog-mantikà''||''tulog'' (“sleep”, from Tagalog) + ''mantikà'' (from Sp. ''manteca'')||someone or something that doesn't wake up easily
|-
|''tunóg-lata''||''tunog'' (“sound; tune”, from Tagalog) + ''lata'' (from Sp. ''lata'')||tinny; sounding like tin
|}

== English ==
[[English language|English]] has been used in everyday Tagalog conversation. [[Code-switching]] between Tagalog and English is called [[Taglish]]. English words borrowed by Tagalog are mostly modern and technical terms, but some English words are also used for short usage (many Tagalog words translated from English are very long) or to avoid literal translation and repetition of the same particular Tagalog word. English makes the second largest foreign vocabulary of Tagalog after Spanish. In written language, English words in a Tagalog sentence are usually written as they are, but they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog
!English
!Traditional word(s)
|-
|''ábakús''
|abacus
|
|-
|''abnormál''
|abnormal
|di-karaniwan, di-normál (''normal'' = Sp.), pambihirà
|-
|''abórsiyón''<ref name=EngTagTagEng>[https://www.amosbooks.net/pdf_dictionary/English_Tagalog_Tagalog_English_Dictionary.pdf Tagalog English dictionary] amosbooks.net</ref>
|abortion
|pagpapalaglág
|-
|''absent''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|absent
|liban
|-
|''aders''
|(from "others") not belonging
to a group
|ibá, hindî kabílang, hindî kasáma, ibáng tao
|-
|''adik''
|addict
|sugapâ
|-
|''ádmirál''
|admiral
|laksamana
|-
|''adres''
|address (computing)
|
|-
|''adyenda''
|agenda
|palatuntunan
|-
|''akáwnt''
|account (computing)
|
|-
|''akawntant''
|accountant
|tagatuos, tagapagtuos
|-
|''ákroním''
|acronym
|daglát, dinaglát
|-
|''akrostik''
|acrostic
|
|-
|''akses''
|access
|kakayaháng makuha, kakayaháng maabót, kakayaháng makapasok, kamít
|-
|''aksis''
|axis
|painugan, gargaran
|-
|''aktres''
|actress
|artista (Sp.)
|-
|''akwaryum''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|[[aquarium]]
|pabiyáy, akwaryo (Sp. ''acuario'')
|-
|''álibáy''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|alibi
|dahilán, reklamo (Sp. ''reclamo''), palusót
|-
|''alumnay''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|alumni
|alumno (m) & alumna (f) (Sp.), nagtapós
|-
|''ambus''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|ambush
|tambangán, tambáng
|-
|''amonya''
|ammonia
|amonyako (Sp. ''amoníaco'')
|-
|''ampibyan''
|amphibian, amphibious
|ampibyo (Sp. ''anfibio'')
|-
|''anawnser''
|announcer
|tagapagpahayág, tagapagbalità (radio announcer)
|-
|''apír''
|(from “up here”) high five
|
|-
|''apláy''
|apply
|maglagáy (the act of putting to use or putting one thing to another), isabuhay (to put into practice), gumawa ng aplikasyón (to make an application for) (''aplikasyon = Sp. aplicación),'' mamasukan
|-
|''áplikánt''
|applicant
|aplikante (Sp. ''aplicante''), namamasukan
|-
|''áprikót''
|apricot
|
|-
|''arkipélagó''
|archipelago
|kapuluán
|-
|''ármaláyt''
|(from “Armalite”) assault rifle
|ripleng pansalakay (''riple ='' Sp. ''rifle'')
|-
|''armi''
|army
|hukbô, militar (Sp.)
|-
|''asaynment''
|assignment
|takdáng-aralín
|-
|''atak''
|attack
|salakay, pagsalakay, atake(Sp. ''ataque'')
|-
|''atorni''
|attorney
|abogado (Sp.)
|-
|''aysing''
|icing/frosting
|
|-
|''ayskrim''
|[[Sorbetes|ice cream]]
|sorbetes (Sp. ''sorbete'')
|-
|''babay''
|bye-bye
|paalam
|-
|''bádigárd''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|bodyguard
|bantáy, tagabantay, tagapagbantay
|-
|''bádmintón''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|badminton
|
|-
|''badtrip''
|(from “bad trip”) annoyed
|inís, buwisit, asár (Sp.), adwâ
|-
|''badyet''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|budget
|gastos (Sp. ''gasto''), gugulín, laáng-gugulin
|-
|''bag''
|bag
|bayóng, supot (paper or plastic bag), buslô
|-
|''baks-opis''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|[[box office]]
|takilya (Sp. ''taquilla''), pinilákang-tabing
|-
|''bakwít''
|evacuee
|(mga) lumikas, lumisan, umibayo
|-
|''baléy''
|ballet
|
|-
|''báliból/bóliból''
|volleyball
|
|-
|''ban''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|ban
|bawal, Hindi puwede (''puwede'' = Sp. ''puede''), pagbabawal, prohibisyón (Sp. ''prohibicion''), pinagbabawal
|-
|''ban/van''
|van
|purgoneta (Sp. ''furgoneta''), sasakyan, FX
|-
|''bandyo''
|banjo
|banyo (Sp.)
|-
|''bar''
|bar (business selling alcoholic drinks)
|bahay-inuman, taberna (Sp.)
|-
|''baráyti''
|variety
|pagkakaiba-iba, kasarián, sári-sarì
|-
|''barbekyú/barbikyú''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|[[barbecue]]
|ihaw (literally “grilling”), inihaw, inasál
|-
|''barbel''
|barbell/dumbbell
|
|-
|''barker''
|barker
|tagatawag ng pasahero (''pasahero ='' Sp. ''pasajero'')
|-
|''barók''
|Baroque
|
|-
|''bártendér''
|bartender
|tagapaglingkod (ng alak),
|-
|''báryabol''
|variable
|
|-
|''báryant''
|variant
|kaanyo, anyô
|-
|''basket''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|basket
|sisidlán, buslô
|-
|''básketból''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|basketball
|
|-
|''basted''
|busted (turned down in a
romantic relationship)
|wasák ang pusò, tinanggihan
|-
|''basuka''
|bazooka
|
|-
|''batón''
|baton (staff or truncheon)
|batutà (Sp.), bótong
|-
|''bekon''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|bacon
|tosino (Sp. ''tocino'')
|-
|''bertdey''
|birthday
|kaarawán, kapanganakan
|-
|''bes/beshie/bespren''
|best friend
|kaibigan, matalik na kaibigan
|-
|''besbol/beysbol''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|baseball
|
|-
|''bétsin''
|(from "Tien Chun Ve-Tsin") monosodium glutamate
|pampalasa
|-
|''beybi''
|baby (affectionate term for a loved one)
|mahál (Sans. महार्घ ''mahārgha),'' írog, íbig, sintá (Sans. चिन्ता ''cintā)'', palangga
|-
|''bidyo''
|video
|panoorin, bideo (Sp. ''vídeo''), palabás
|-
|''bidyoke''
|(from "videoke")
karaoke
|
|-
|''bikini''
|bikini; swimsuit
|
|-
|''bílbord''
|billboard
|
|-
|''bílding''
|building
|gusalì, estruktura (Sp. ''estructura'')
|-
|''bilíb''
|believe (impressed)
|hangà, tiwalà, bighanì
|-
|''bilyard''
|billiard
|bilyár (Sp. ''billar'')
|-
|''bisi''
|busy
|abala, may ginagawa, maraming ginagawâ
|-
|''biskuwít''
|biscuit
|tinapay
|-
|''bip-stik''
|beef steak
|bisték (Sp. ''bistec'')
|-
|''blakbord''
|blackboard, chalkboard
|pisara (Sp. ''pizarra'')
|-
|''bláter''
|police blotter
|pagpaparehistro ng sumbong sa pulisya (''rehistro'' = Sp. ''registro'', ''pulisya'' = Sp. ''policía'')
|-
|''bodabíl''
|vaudeville
|
|-
|''bodka''
|vodka
|
|-
|''boksing''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|boxing
|
|-
|''bold''
|(from "bold") naked
|hubad, tiwangwang, hubôt hubad, hubô
|-
|''boling''
|bowling
|
|-
|''bolpen''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|ballpoint pen
|panulat (any writing instrument that uses ink), pluma (Sp.), pangkatat
|-
|''boo''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|boo; to dislike
|ayawan
|-
|''bos''
|boss
|punò, pinuno, hepe (Sp. ''jefe''), namumunò
|-
|''boykot''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|boycott
|
|-
|''brandi''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|[[brandy]]
|
|-
|''bra/brasiyér''
|brassiere
|
|-
|''brawnawt''
|from ("brownout") power outage
|pagkawala ng koryente (koryente = Sp. ''corriente''), madilím áng paligid
|-
|''brip''
|briefs
|panloob na panlalaki, panloob ng lalaki, salawál
|-
|''brodkast''
|broadcast
|pagsasahimpapawid
|-
|''brodkaster''
|broadcaster
|tagapagbalita, tagapagsahimpapawid
|-
|''brokoli''
|broccoli
|brekol (Sp. ''brécol'')
|-
|''buldoser''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|bulldozer
|pamungkal-sudsod
|-
|''bumerang''
|boomerang
|
|-
|''bus''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />
|bus
|
|-
|''daspan''
|dustpan
|pandakót
|-
|''daster''
|duster (loose dress)
|
|-
|''dayagram''
|diagram
|balangkas, banghay, danháy
|-
|''dáyapér''
|diaper
|lampín
|-
|''dedbol''
|(from "dead ball") dead
|nasawi, patáy, pumanaw, sumalangit, yumao, sumakabilang-buhay
|-
|''detéktib''
|detective
|tiktík
|-
|''dígri''
|degree (temperature)
|grádo (Sp. ''grado''), init
|-
|''dísko/diskotek''
|discotheque
|sayáwan, walwálan
|-
|''dispátser''
|dispatcher
|despatsadór (Sp. ''despachador'')
|-
|''dóbol-ded''
|double-dead meat
|botsà, puksang-puksang karne
|-
|''donat''
|doughnut
|bitso-bitsong bilog
|-
|''dram''
|drum (a large cylindrical container)
|
|-
|''drayber''
|driver
|tsupér (Sp. ''chofer''), nagmamaneho
|-
|''dribol''
|dribble (basketball)
|pagpapatalbóg, patalbúgin, pinatalbóg
|-
|''drowing''
|drawing
|guhit
|-
|''dyaket''
|jacket
|
|-
|''dyakpat''
|jackpot
|pinakamalaking premyo ''(premyo'' = Sp. ''premio'')
|-
|''dyambol''
|jump ball (basketball)
|pagsimula ng laro
|-
|''dyanitor''
|janitor
|tagalinis, tagapaglinis
|-
|''dyas''
|jazz
|tugtóg
|-
|''dyéneréytor''
|generator
|
|-
|''dyinggel''
|(from “jingle”) peeing
|ihi, pag-iihi
|-
|''dyip/dyipni''
|jeep/[[jeepney]]
|
|-
|''dyudo''
|judo
|
|-
|''eksit''
|exit
|labas, labasan
|-
|''elebeytor''
|elevator; lift
|
|-
|''ensayklopidya''
|encyclopedia
|talaalaman, talarunungan
|-
|''entri''
|entry (record listed in a log, diary, website, etc.)
|lahók
|-
|''epek''
|effect
|bisà, bunga, epékto (Sp. ''efecto''), damay
|-
|''erkon/erkondisyoner''
|air conditioner
|pampalamíg ng silíd
|-
|''ertkweyk''
|earthquake
|lindol, paggalaw ng lupa, pagyayanig
|-
|''eskaleytor''
|escalator
|
|-
|''five-six/payb-siks''
|(from "five-six") (moneylending scheme commonly associated to Indians)
|pagpapautang ng pera, pagpapahirám
|-
|''gadyet''
|gadget
|kagamitán, aparato (Sp.)
|-
|''gang''
|criminal gang
|barkadahang kriminal (''barkada'' = Sp. ''barcada'' & ''kriminal'' = Sp. ''criminal'')
|-
|''gambol''
|gamble
|pagsusugal (''sugal'' = Sp. ''jugar'')
|-
|''geym''
|(from "game") ready
|handâ
|-
|''gimik''
|gimmick
|pakulô, pakanâ, pakuwela (''kuwela ='' Sp. ''chulear'')
|-
|''golp''
|golf
|
|-
|''gradweyt''
|graduate
|tapós (sa pag-aaral), nagtapós (ng pag-aaral)
|-
|''grawnded''
|grounded (confined to one's room for misbehaving)
|báwal, pinagbáwalan
|-
|''groser''
|grocer
|
|-
|''gróserí''
|grocery
|
|-
|''hani''
|honey
|pulót
|-
|''haló''
|hello
|kumustá (Sp, ''cómo está''), Úy!
|-
|''hamster''
|hamster
|
|-
|''hanger''
|hanger
|pansampáy, panampáy
|-
|''hap islip''
|half slip; underskirt
|pang-ilalim ná saya
|-
|''hardel''
|hurdle
|luksuhang-hadlang, hadlang, harang, balakid
|-
|''hasel''
|hassle; bothersome
|nakaiinis
|-
|''hatdog''
|hot dog
|longganisa (Sp. ''longaniza'')
|-
|''hay''
|high (drugged)
|sabóg, baság, bogsa
|-
|''hayblad''
|(from "high blood") hypertension
|altapresyon (Sp. ''alta presión'')
|-
|''háyskúl''
|high school
|paaraláng sekundarya (''sekundarya'' = Sp. ''secundaria''); mataás na paaralán
|-
|''haywey''
|highway
|kalsada (Sp. ''calzada''), pangunahing lansangan
|-
|''helikopter/helikapter''
|helicopter
|
|-
|''hóldap/holdáper''
|(from "hold-up" or "hold-upper) kidnapper, mugger, robber
|maglilíngo, mágnanákaw, mandurukot
|-
|''holen''
|(from "hole in") marble
|
|-
|''holwey''
|hallway; corridor
|pasilyo (Sp. ''pasillo'')
|-
|''ínterbiyú''
|interview
|panayám
|-
|''iskedyul''
|schedule
|talaorasán (''oras'' = Sp. ''horas''), talatakdaan
|-
|''iskert''
|skirt
|palda (Sp. falda), saya
|-
|''iskolar''
|scholar
|
|-
|''iskór''
|score
|marka (Sp. ''marca''), puntos (Sp. ''punto'')
|-
|''iskúl''
|school
|paaralán, eskuwela (Sp. ''escuela'')
|-
|''iskríp''
|script
|sulat (handwritten texts or characters)
|-
|''iskrín''
|screen
|tabing
|-
|''iskuter''
|scooter
|
|-
|''iskuwater''
|squatter
|(mga) taong naninirahan sa lupà ng iba, (mga) taong nagtitira sa lupa ng iba, (mga) taong naninirahan sa lupang Hindi sila may-ari, (mga) taong nagtitira sa lupang Hindi sila may-ari,
|-
|''iskrambol''
|ice scramble
|
|-
|''iskuwirel''
|squirrel
|buot
|-
|''islogan''
|slogan
|bansag
|-
|''isnáb''
|snob
|di-namamansín
|-
|''isnak''
|snack
|meryenda (Sp. merienda)
|-
|''ispayral''
|spiral
|anyong-suso, ikid, likaw, pilipit, paikid, paikót, palibot-libot
|-
|''ispeling''
|spelling
|pagkabaybay
|-
|''ispiker''
|speaker (person)
|tagapagsalitâ, tagatalumpatì, mananalita, mananalumpatì
|-
|''isponsor''
|sponsor
|tagatangkilik, tagataguyod
|-
|''ispórt''
|sport
|palarô, palakasan, paligsahan (also translates as “contest” or “tournament”), deporte (Sp.)
|-
|''ispréy''
|spray
|wisík
|-
|''istak''
|stock (supply)
|panustos, ipon, tágô
|-
|''istandard''
|standard
|pamantayan, panukatan, norma (Sp.), huwaran
|-
|''istroberi''
|strawberry
|presas (Sp. ''fresa'')
|-
|''isyu''
|issue (controversial topic)
|kontrobérsiyá (Sp. ''controversia''), probléma (Sp. ''problema'', problems or concerns), súliránin, usapín
|-
|''kabinet''
|cabinet
|aparadór (Sp.), damitan
|-
|''kambas''
|canvass
|pagbibiláng ng boto (''boto'' = Sp. ''voto'')
|-
|''kantin''
|canteen
|kainan, kantina (Sp. ''cantina'')
|-
|''kápiráyt/kopirayt''
|copyright
|karapatáng-sipì, karapatang may-ari, karapatang-akda
|-
|''karat''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|carat
|kilates (Sp. ''quilate'')
|-
|''karot/kerot''
|carrot
|
|-
|''karpet''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|carpet
|
|-
|''kas''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|cash
|pera, salapi, suki, datong
|-
|''kaswalti''
|casualty (person suffering from injuries or who has been killed due to an accident or through an act of violence)
|biktima (Sp. ''victima''), pinatáy
|-
|''kendi''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|candy
|minatamís
|-
|''ketsap''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|ketchup
|
|-
|''keyk''
|cake
|pastél (Sp.)
|-
|''kibord''
|keyboard
|tipaan
|-
|''klip''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|clip
|ipit, pang-ipit, sipit
|-
|''koboy''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|cowboy
|
|-
|''kodak''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|Kodak
|
|-
|''kolektor''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|collector
|maniningíl
|-
|''komonwelt''
|commonwealth
|malasariling pamahalaan, sampamahalaan
|-
|''kompyuter''<ref name="kompyuter">{{Cite web|url=https://glosbe.com/en/tl/computer|title = Computer in Tagalog – English-Tagalog Dictionary | Glosbe}}</ref>
|computer
|ordenadór (Sp.)
|-
|''kondom''
|condom
|
|-
|''kolek''
|collect
|pag-iipon, pagtitipon, pagkokolekta (''kolekta'' = Sp. ''colectar'')
|-
|''korék''
|correct
|ayos, tamâ, tumpák, wasto
|-
|''kras''<ref name="EngTagTagEng" />
|crash
|bumagsák, banggaan, lagpakan, salpúkan
|-
|''kudeta''
|coup d'état
|pagtatalsik sa pamahalaan
|-
|''kukis''
|cookies
|
|-
|''kyut''
|cute
|guwápo (m) & guwápa (f) (Sp. ''guapo'' & ''guapa''), marikít
|-
|''lawd-ispiker''
|loud speaker
|palakas-tinig, daktining
|-
|''lebel''
|level
|antás
|-
|''leybel''
|label
|pangalan, banság, tawag
|-
|''leysi''
|lazy
|tamad
|-
|''lobat''<ref name="sawikaan2007">{{cite book|title=Sawikaan 2007: Mga Salita ng Taon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5HlBDjb8b0C&q=lobat+and+miskol|isbn=9789715425834|year=2008| publisher=UP Press }}</ref>
|low battery
|mababang bateryá (''baterya'' = Sp. ''batería'')
|-
|''madyik''
|magic
|salamangka (Sp. ''salamanca''), mahika
|-
|''mágasín''
|magazine
|diyaryo (Sp. ''diario'')
|-
|''manikin''
|mannequin
|tau-tauhan, maoy
|-
|''maws''
|computer mouse
|
|-
|''miskol''<ref name="sawikaan2007" />
|missed call
|hindî nasagutáng tawag
|-
|''miting''
|meeting
|pulong, pagpupulong
|-
|''mol/mall''
|shopping mall
|pámilíhan, puntahan, lakwatsahan
|-
|''nars''
|nurse
|tagapagsilbí, tagapangalaga
|-
|''notbuk''
|note book
|
|-
|''okey''
|OK, okay
|sige (Sp. ''sigue'')
|-
|''opis''
|office
|opisina (Sp. ''oficina''), tanggapan
|-
|''pakshet/paksyet''
|fuckshit (obnoxious person)
|gago (Sp.), loko (Sp. ''loco'')
|-
|''pakyu''
|fuck you
|putang iná mo ''(puta'' = Sp.)
|-
|''panti''
|panties
|panloob na pambabae, panloob ng babae
|-
|''pasword''
|password
|senyas (Sp. ''señas'')
|-
|''peke''
|fake
|huwad, Hindi totoo
|-
|''perstaym''
|first time
|unang beses (''una'' = Sp. & ''beses'' = Sp. ''vez'')
|-
|''pesbuk/peysbuk''
|[[Facebook]]
|
|-
|''piktsur''
|picture
|larawan, imahen (Sp. ''imagen''), litrato (Sp.)
|-
|''plais''
|pliers
|bokay-pato, sagam, alikate (Sp. ''alicate'')
|-
|''plaslayt''
|flashlight
|lente (Sp.)
|-
|''plastik''
|plastic
|supot
|-
|''playwud''
|plywood
|tablasusón (''tabla'' = Sp.)
|-
|''pontempen''
|fountain pen
|
|-
|''potobam''
|photobomb
|pagsingit sa mga larawan
|-
|''pulís''
|police
|pulisya (Sp. ''policía''), magbantáy, bantayán, tagabantay, tagapagbantay
|-
|''putbol/futbol''
|football
|
|-
|''rali''
|rally
|martsa (Sp. ''marcha''), pagtulungán, pakikibaka, paglusob
|-
|''repridyeretor/ref''
|refrigerator
|palamigan
|-
|''rebyu/ribyu''
|review
|balik-aral, pagbabalik-aral
|-
|''reispeling''
|respelling
|pagbaybay ulit
|-
|''rises''
|recess (education)
|duyo
|-
|''robot''
|robot
|
|-
|''salayba''
|saliva
|laway
|-
|''sámpol''
|sample
|halimbawà, muwestra (Sp. ''muestra'')
|-
|''sandwits''
|sandwich
|pinalamanáng tinapay
|-
|''sarbey''
|survey
|pagsusuri
|-
|''simple''
|simple
|payak
|-
|''selpon''<ref name="tagaloglangselpon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagaloglang.com/selpon/|title = SELPON: Tagalog to English: Dictionary Online ▷|date = February 2, 2021}}</ref>
|cellphone
|teléponó (Sp. ''teléfono'')
|-
|''sori''
|sorry
|patáwad, paumanhín, pasénsiyá na (''pasénsiyá ='' Sp''. paciencia)''
|-
|''supermarket''
|supermarket
|palengke, (Sp. ''palenque''), merkado (Sp. ''mercado'')
|-
|''suplay''
|supply
|panustos
|-
|''suplayer''
|supplier
|tagapagtustos
|-
|''syota/shota''<ref name="tagaloglangsyota">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagaloglang.com/syota/|title=SYOTA... Saan nagmula ang salitang ito?|date=August 2020}}</ref>
|short time/shawty
|kasintahan, nobyo (m) (Sp. ''novio'') & nobya (f) (Sp. ''novia'')
|-
|''tambay''
|stand by
|pag-aansikot, paglalakwatsa (''lakwatsa'' = Sp. ''la cuacha'')
|-
|''trapik''
|traffic
|trápikó (Sp. ''tráfico'')
|-
|''teksbuk''
|textbook
|aklat pampaaralan, aralang aklat, aklat-aralin
|-
|''tenis''
|tennis
|
|-
|''tin-edyer''
|teenager
|lalabintaunin, lalabinggulang
|-
|''titser''
|teacher
|tagapagturo, gurò (Sans. via Malay ''guru''), maestro (m) and maestra (f) (Sp.)
|-
|''tisyert''
|T-shirt
|baro, damit
|-
|''tisyu''
|tissue
|lamuymoy, himaymay
|-
|''tráysikél''
|tricycle
|
|-
|''trak''
|truck
|
|-
|''trey''
|tray
|
|-
|''tsek''
|check, checkmark, tick (symbol)
|gurlit, pampigil
|-
|''tsekmeyt''
|checkmate (chess)
|pagkakatalo sa larô
|-
|''tses''
|chess
|
|-
|''wais''
|wise
|mautak, tuso, marunong
|-
|''websayt''
|website
|pook-sapot
|-
|''weder''
|weather
|panahon
|-
|''yunit''
|unit
|batayang sukat, pangkat, sambilang, sukat
|}

== Malay ==
Many Malay loanwords entered the Tagalog vocabulary during pre-colonial times as [[History of the Malay language|Old Malay]] became the lingua franca of trade, commerce and diplomatic relations during the pre-colonial era of Philippine history as evidenced by the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] of 900 AD and accounts of [[Antonio Pigafetta]] at the time of the Spanish arrival in the country five centuries later. Some Malay loanwords, such as ''bansa'' and ''guro'' (which in turn came from Sanskrit; see below), were later additions to the Tagalog language during the first half of the 20th century. Said words were proposals by the late linguist Eusebio T. Daluz to be adopted for further development of the Tagalog language and eventually found widespread usage among the lettered segment of the Tagalog-speaking population.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Santos |first1=Lope K. |last2=Bernardo |first2=Gabriel A. |title=Sources and means for further enrichment of Tagalog as our national language |date=1938 |publisher=University of the Philippines |page=26 |url=https://opac.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=56840 |quote=The late linguist, Eusebio Daluz, was the first among our modern Tagalog writers to add Malay loan-words to our dictionary. Some of the loan-words that he proposed to adopt found general acceptance, although many others were not accepted. Of those words may be mentioned ''bansâ'' (nation), ''gurò'' (teacher), ''arang'' (individual), ''nama'' (name or noun), ''dalam'' (royal household), ''burong'' (bird), etc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Lope K.|last=Santos|title=Sources and Means for Further Enrichment of Tagalog as Our National Language|year=1938|publisher=University of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdTQAAAAMAAJ&q=gur%C3%B2}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog!!Etymology!!Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''balaklaot''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baklanova |first1=Ekaterina |title=Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino |journal=Kritika Kultura |date=20 March 2017 |issue=28 |page=42 |doi=10.13185/KK2017.02803 |doi-broken-date=July 12, 2025 |language=en |issn=1656-152X|doi-access=free }}</ref>||''barat laut'' (Malay, “northwest”)||northwestern winds
|-
|''balisâ''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – r |url=https://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_r.htm?zoom_highlight=restless |website=www.trussel2.com}}</ref>||''belisah'' (Malay, meaning “restless; fidgety”)||restless; fidgety
|-
|''batubalanì''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potet |first1=Jean-Paul G. |title=Ancient Beliefs and Customs of the Tagalogs |date=2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-244-34873-1 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca5XDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>||''batu'' (Malay and Tagalog, “stone”) + ''berani'' (Malay, “brave”)||magnetite; magnet stone
|-
|''[[bibingka]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_c.htm?zoom_highlight=tagalog+bi-bi%C5%8Bka |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Borrowing, most likely from Malay. Under this hypothesis the consistent partial reduplication in Philippine forms is unexplained, but no borrowing hypothesis in the other direction appears plausible.}}</ref>||''kuih bingka'' (Malay, “tapioca or cassava cake”)||rice cake with coconut milk
|-
|''binibini''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=D. G. E |last2=Cowan |first2=C. D |last3=Wolters |first3=O. W |title=Southeast Asian history and historiography: essays presented to D.G.E. Hall |date=1976 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-0841-0 |page=353 |language=en|oclc=2185469 }}</ref>||''bini-bini'' (Brunei Malay, “woman''”'')||young lady; miss
|-
|''bunsô''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_C.htm?zoom_highlight=bunso%CA%94 |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Borrowing from Malay.}}</ref>||''bongsu'' (Malay, “youngest-born”)||youngest child
|-
|''buro''||''budu'' (pickled fish)||pickling (with salt and brine)
|-
|''dalamhatì''||''dalam'' (Malay, “within”) + ''hati'' (Malay, “liver; heart”)||grief
|-
|''dalirì''||''jeriji''(finger, toe)||finger, toe
|-
|''dalubhasà''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potet |first1=Jean-Paul G. |title=Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog |date=2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-291-45726-1 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>||''juru'' (Malay, “expert”) + ''bahasa'' (Malay, “language”)||expert (in general)
|-
|''duryán''<ref>[https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/duryan]</ref>||''duri'' ("thorn") + ''an''|| [[durian]] fruit
|-
|''garà''||''gahara'' (from royal origin)||elegance in clothing
|-
|''hatol''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – o |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_o.htm?zoom_highlight=hatol |website=www.trussel2.com}}</ref>||''hatur'' (Malay, “order; arrangement”)||sentence pronounced by a judge in court
|-
|''kanan''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baklanova |first1=Ekaterina |title=Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino |journal=Kritika Kultura |date=20 March 2017 |issue=28 |page=37 |doi=10.13185/KK2017.02803 |doi-broken-date=July 12, 2025 |language=en |issn=1656-152X |quote=Mal. /kanan/ (< ''*ka-wanan'') [Wolff 1976]|doi-access=free }}</ref>||''kanan'' (Malay, “right”)||right-hand side
|-
|''karáng''<ref>[https://diksiyonaryo.ph/list/karang]</ref>||''karang'' (coral, limestone)||coral (reef)
|-
|''kawal''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – w |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_w.htm?zoom_highlight=kawal |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Borrowing from Malay, ultimately from Tamil.}}</ref>||''kawal'' (Malay, “watchman; patrol; guard”)||soldier; warrior
|-
|''kulambô''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – m |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_M.htm?zoom_highlight=kulambo%CA%94 |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed ''*kulambu'' ‘curtain’.}}</ref>||''kelambu'' (Malay, “mosquito net”)||mosquito net
|-
|''lagarì''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – t |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_t.htm?zoom_highlight=lagari%CA%94 |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Borrowing of Malay ''gergaji'' ‘a saw; to saw’.}}</ref>||''gergaji'' (Malay, “carpenter's saw”)||carpenter's saw
|-
|''lunggatî''||''lung'' (Tagalog root word meaning “grief”<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|88}}) + ''hati'' (Malay, “liver; heart”)||eagerness; ambition
|-
|''luwalhatì''||''luar'' (Malay, “outside”) + ''hati'' (Malay, “liver; heart”)||inner peace; glory (as in the ''[[Gloria Patri|Glory Be]]'')
|-
|''mura''||''murah''||cheap
|-
|''pighatî''||''pedih'' (Malay, “pain”) + ''hati'' (Malay, “liver; heart”)||affliction; anguish; sorrow; woe
|-
|''pilak''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – s |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_s.htm?zoom_highlight=pilak |website=www.trussel2.com |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203085832/http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_s.htm?zoom_highlight=pilak |archive-date=3 February 2020 |quote=This extremely widespread loanword appears to be of Mon-Khmer origin (Thurgood 1999:360). It evidently was acquired by Malay as a result of contacts on the mainland of Southeast Asia, and then spread throughout much of western Indonesia-Malaysia, the Philippines and Taiwan through trade contacts, perhaps mediated by the Dutch presence in southwest Taiwan from 1624–1661, and the Spanish presence in northeast Taiwan from 1626–1642 (the latter out of Manila).}}</ref>||''perak'' (Malay ultimately of Khmer origin, “silver”)||[[silver]] (Ag)
|-
|''piralî''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – m |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_m.htm?zoom_highlight=calcium+carbonate |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Also Balinese ''pijar'' ‘borax, solder’. Borrowing from Malay.}}</ref>||''pijar'' (Malay, “borax”)||[[calcium carbonate]]
|-
|''rambután''<ref>[https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/rambutan]</ref>||''rambut'' ("hair") + ''an''||[[rambutan]]
|-
|''salaghatì''||''salag'' or ''salak'' (Tagalog, “full and levelled”) + ''hati'' (Malay, “liver; heart”)||displeasure; resentment
|-
|''Singapura''
|''Singapura'' (Malay, "Singapore")
|Singapore
|-
|''takal''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – u |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_u.htm?zoom_highlight=takal |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Also Balinese ''takeh'' ‘measure (large amount)’, ''takeh-an'' ‘a measure of volume’. Borrowing from Malay.}}</ref>||''takar'' (Malay, “measure of capacity for oil, etc.”)||measurement by volume of liquids and of grains
|-
|''tanghalì''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Odé |first1=Cecilia |title=Proceedings of the seventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Leiden 22-27 August 1994 |date=1997 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=9789042002531 |page=607 |language=en |quote=Tag ''tangháliʔ'' 'noon' represents ''*tengáq'' + ''*qaRi'' but is clearly a loan from Malay ''tengah hari''.|oclc=38290304 }}</ref>||''tengah'' (Malay, “half”) + ''hari'' (Malay, “day”)||noon; midday
|-
|''[[tiyanak]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – g |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_g.htm?zoom_highlight=patianak |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=The forms cited here are conspicuous for their multiple phonological irregularities and apparent morphological reanalyses. This strongly suggests that the form has been borrowed, probably from Malay. According to Alton L. Becker (p.c.) a similar folk belief is found in Burma. If true it is tempting to hypothesize that the ''puntianak'' belief was ultimately borrowed by speakers of an early form of Malay from a mainland Southeast Asian source and subsequently disseminated through much of island Southeast Asia.}}</ref>||''puntianak'' (Malay, referring to a vampire, ghost or reanimated body supposed to suck blood)||vampiric creature that imitates the form of a child
|-
|''uluhatì''||''ulo'' (Tagalog, “head”) + ''hati'' (Malay, “liver”)||remembrance; reminiscence
|-
|''usap''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_C.htm?zoom_highlight=usap |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Borrowing from Malay. Dempwolff's (1934–38) inclusion of Fijian ''vosa'' 'speak, talk' under a reconstruction ''*ucap'' 'speak, converse with' appears unjustified.}}</ref>||''ucap'' (Malay, “utterance”)||conversation
|}

The term ''bahagharì'' is commonly believed to be a compound word of ''bahág'', "loincloth", and ''harì'', "king", however some linguists have alternative suggestions where the latter component may be from ''hari'', Malay word for "day", according to Wolff (1976), or from Sanskrit हरि ''hari'', meaning "sun", according to Potet (2016).

== Sanskrit ==
{{See also|Indian influences in early Philippine polities | Indosphere | Greater India}}
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2019}}

Jean Paul-Potet estimates that there are around 280 words in Tagalog that originated from [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|269}} As in most Austronesian languages, the Sanskrit vocabulary incorporated into Tagalog were mostly borrowed indirectly via Malay or Javanese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haspelmath |first=Martin |title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |page=724 |isbn=978-3-11-021843-5 |year=2009 }}</ref> While it was generally believed that Malay played a key role in the dissemination of the Indian lexical influences in Southeast Asia, there are also cases of words that are not attested in [[Old Malay]] but are present in [[Old Javanese]], thus highlighting the possibility that the latter played a more important role in the dissemination of these words in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] than was previously given credit for. Examples of such words that also reached the Philippines include ''anluwagi'' ("carpenter"; from Javanese ''uṇḍahagi'' meaning "woodworker" or "carpenter") and ''gusali'' ("building"; from Javanese ''gusali'' meaning "blacksmith"). As these words are more closely related to their [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan]] counterparts, they are not listed below.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoogervorst |first1=Tom |last2=Blench |first2=Roger |last3=Landmann |first3=Alexandra |title=9. The Role of "Prakrit" in Maritime Southeast Asia through 101 Etymologies |date=2017-03-10 |publisher=ISEAS Publishing |doi=10.1355/9789814762779-011 |isbn=978-981-4762-77-9 |url=https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814762779-011 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog
!Sanskrit
!Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''aghám''
|आगम (''āgama'', “acquisition of knowledge, science”)
|science (modern coinage)
|-
|''antalà''
|अन्तर (''āntara'', “duration, gap”)
|delay
|-
|''asal''
|आचार (''ācāra'', “manner of action, conduct, behavior”)
|behaviour; character
|-
|''bahalà''
|भार (''bhāra'', “burden, load, weight, heavy work”)
|to manage; to take care of; to take charge
|-
|''balità''
|वार्त्ता (''vārttā'', “account, report”)
|news
|-
|''bansâ''
|वंश (''vaṃśá'', “bamboo cane, genealogy, dynasty, race”) via Malay ''bangsa''
|country (modern coinage)
|-
|''banyagà''
|वाणिज्यक (''vāṇijyaka'', “merchant, trader”)
|foreigner (modern meaning)
|-
|''basa''
|वाचा (''vācā'', “voice, speech”)
|to read
|-
|[[Bathala|''bathalà'']]
|भट्टार (''bhaṭṭāra'', “noble lord, venerable”)
|Supreme Being; God
|-
|''bihasa''
|अभ्यास (''abhyāsa'', “habit”)
|expert; accustomed
|-
|''budhî''
|बुद्धि (''buddhi'', “understanding”)
|conscience
|-
|''dawà<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|73,191}}''
|यव (''yava'', “''[[Hordeum vulgare]]''”)
|''[[Panicum miliaceum]]''
|-
|''dayà''
|द्वय (''dvaya'', “twofold nature, falsehood”)
|cheating; deception
|-
|''diwà''
|जीव (''jīva'', “the principle of life, vital breath”)
|spirit; soul
|-
|[[Anito|''diwatà'']]
|देवता ([[Devata|''devatā'']], “divinity”)
|fairy, goddess, nymph
|-
|''dukhâ''
|दुःख ([[Dukkha|''duḥkha'']], “sorrow, misery, hardship”)
|poverty
|-
|''dusa''
|दोष (''doṣa'', “harm, damage, bad consequence”)
|suffering
|-
|''dustá''
|दूषित (''dūṣita'', “defiled, violated, injured”)
|ignominiously insulted
|-
|''gadyâ''
|गज (''gaja'', “elephant”)
|elephant
|-
|''gandá''
|गन्ध (''gandha'', “aroma, fragrance”)
|beauty; beautiful
|-
|''gurò''
|गुरु (''[[Guru|guru]]'', “master, teacher”) via Malay ''guru''
|mentor; teacher
|-
|''halagá''
|अर्घ (''argha'', “value”)
|price; value; worth
|-
|''halatâ''
|अर्थय (''arthaya'', “perceive”)
|noticeable; perceptible; obvious
|-
|''harayà''
|हृदय (''hṛdaya'', “heart”)
|imagination
|-
|''hinà''
|हीन (''hīna'', “weaker/lower than, abandoned, deficient”)
|weakness; fragility
|-
|''hiwagà''
|विहग (''vihaga'', “bird”)
|mystery; miracle
|-
|''kasubhâ''
|कुसुम्भ (''kusumbha'', “''[[Carthamus tinctorius]]''”)
|''[[Carthamus tinctorius]]''
|-
|''kastulì''
|कस्तूरी (''kastūrī'', “''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]''”)
|''[[Abelmoschus moschatus]]''
|-
|''kathâ''
|कथा (''kathā'', “a feigned story, fable”)
|literary composition; fiction; invention
|-
|''katâ-katâ''
|Reduplication of कथा (''kathā'', “story, fable”)
|legend; fable; folk tale
|-
|''kalapati; palapati''
|पारापत (''pārāpata'', “pigeon”)
|pigeon
|-
|''kéndi''
|खण्ड (''khanda'', “sugar”)
|candy
|-
|''kubà''
|कुब्ज (''kubja'', “hunchback”)
|hunchback
|-
|''kutà''
|कोट (''koṭa'', “fort, stronghold”) via Malay ''kota''
|fort
|-
|''ladyâ''
|राज (''rāja'', “king, chief, sovereign”)
|[[Raja]]
|-
|''lagundî''
|निर्गुण्डी (''nirguṇḍī'', “''[[Vitex negundo]]”)''
|''[[Vitex negundo]]''
|-
|''lahò''
|राहु (''rāhu'', “[[Rahu|Rāhu]]”)
|eclipse; to vanish
|-
|''lasa''
|रस (''rasa'', “taste, savour”)
|taste
|-
|''likhâ''
|लेखा (''lekhā'', “drawing, figure”)
|to create
|-
|''madlâ''
|मण्डल (''maṇḍala'', “circle, multitude”)
|the general public
|-
|[[Maharlika|''maharlikâ'']]
|महर्द्धिक (''maharddhika'', “prosperous”)
|nobility; prehispanic Tagalog social class composed of freedmen
|-
|''[[maharani]]''
|महाराज्ञी (''mahārājñī''), from महा (''mahā,'' “great”) + रानी (''rājñī,'' “queen”) via Malay ''maharani''
|great queen
|-
|''makatà''
|Tagalog prefix ''ma-'' + Sanskrit कथा (''kathā'', “story, fable”)
|poet
|-
|''mukhâ''
|मुख (''mukha'', “face”)
|face
|-
|''mulâ''
|मूल (''mūla'', “basis, foundation, origin, beginning”)
|from; since; origin
|-
|''mutyâ''
|मुत्य (''mutya'', “pearl”)
|amulet; charm; jewel; pearl
|-
|''naga''
|नाग (''nāga'', “serpent”)
|dragon
|-
|''paksâ''
|पक्ष (''pakṣa'', “a point or matter under discussion”)
|theme; topic; subject
|-
|''palibhasà''
|परिभाषा (''paribhāṣā'', “speech, censure, reproof”)
|irony; sarcasm; criticism; because (as an adverb)
|-
|''parusa''
|Tagalog prefix ''pa-'' + ''dusa'', from Sanskrit दोष (''doṣa'')
|punishment
|-
|''patola''
|पटोल (''paṭola'', “''[[Trichosanthes dioica]]''”)
|''[[Luffa acutangula]]''
|-
|''raha''
|राज (''rāja,'' “king or royal”, via Spanish)
|king / royal (historical)
|-
|''saksí''
|साक्षी (''sākṣī'', “eye-witness”)
|witness
|-
|''sakunâ''
|शकुन (''śakuna'', “a bird of omen”)
|disaster
|-
|''salamuhà''
|समूह (''samūha'', “gathering, crowd”)
|to mingle with people
|-
|''salantâ''
|श्रान्त (''śrānta'', “maimed, crippled”)
|infirm
|-
|''salitâ''
|चरित (''carita'', “behaviour, acts, deeds, adventures”)
|to speak; to talk; word
|-
|''samantalà''
|समान्तर (''samāntara'', “parallel”)
|meanwhile
|-
|''sampalataya''
|सम्प्रत्यय (''sampratyaya'', “trust, confidence”)
|to have faith, to believe in God
|-
|''sandata''
|संयत्त (''saṃyatta'', “prepared, being on one's guard”)
|weapon
|-
|''siglá''
|शीघ्र (''śīghra'', “swift, quick, speedy”)
|enthusiasm; vitality
|-
|''sintá''
|चिन्ता (''cintā'', “thought”) via Malay ''cinta''
|love
|-
|''sukà''
|चुक्र (''cukra'', “vinegar”)
|vinegar
|-
|''sutlâ''
|सूत्र (''sūtra'', “thread, string, wire”)
|silk
|-
|''talà''
|तारा (''tārā'', “star”)
|star, [[Tala (goddess)]]
|-
|''tanikalâ''
|शृङ्खल (''śṛṅkhala'', “chain”)
|chain
|-
|''tinggâ''
|तीव्र (''tīvra'', “tin, iron, steel”)
|tin
|-
|''tsampaka''
|चम्पक (''campaka'', “''[[Magnolia champaca]]''”)
|''[[Magnolia champaca]]''
|-
|''upang''
|उप (''upa'', “towards, near to”)
|so as to, in order to
|}

== Tamil ==
Close contact through commercial networks between India and Maritime Southeast Asia for more than two millennia, bolstered by the establishment of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as a literary language in India starting from the 9th century, allowed the spread of Dravidian loanwords in several local languages of Southeast Asia, including [[Old Malay]] and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]. A list of Tagalog words with Tamil origins are shown below.<ref name="tamilhoogervorst">{{cite journal |last1=Hoogervorst |first1=Tom |title=Detecting pre-modern lexical influence from South India in Maritime Southeast Asia |journal=Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien |date=15 April 2015 |volume=89 |issue=89 |pages=63–93 |doi=10.4000/archipel.490 |ref=tamiloanwords |language=en |issn=0044-8613|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog
!Tamil
!Meaning in Tamil
!Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''bagay''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||வகை (''vakai'')||kind, class, sort; goods; property; means of livelihood ||thing; object; article
|-
|''baríl''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||வெடில் (''veṭil'') via Malay ''bedil''||explosion ||gun; to shoot (with a gun)
|-
|''bilanggô''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||விலங்கு (''vilaṅku'')||fetters; shackles; manacles ||captive; prisoner
|-
|''gulay''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||குழை (''kuḻai'')||to become soft, pulpy, as well-cooked ||[[vegetable]]
|-
|''kalikam''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|302}}||காரிக்கம் (''kārikkam'') ||unbleached plain cotton cloth ||embroidered breeches from Brunei
|-
|''[[kare-kare|karé-karé]]''||''kari-kaari'', derived from a reduplication of [[wikt:கறி#Tamil|கறி]] (''kari''), possibly via Malay ''kari(-kari)''||[[curry]]|| local version of curry containing beef and peanut sauce
|-
|''kawal''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||காவல் (''kāval'')||watchman; guard ||soldier; warrior
|-
|''kawalì''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||குவளை (''kuvaḷai'')||wide-mouthed vessel; cup ||frying pan, skillet
|-
|''kiyapò''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||கயப்பூ (''kayappū'')||aquatic flower ||''[[Pistia stratiotes]]''
|-
|''manggá''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||மாங்காய் (''māṅkāy'')||unripe [[Mangifera indica|mango]] fruit ||[[Mangifera indica|mango]] (in general)
|-
|''malunggáy''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||முருங்கை (''muruṅkai'')||''[[Moringa oleifera]]'' ||''[[Moringa oleifera]]''
|-
|''misáy''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||மீசை (''mīcai'')||moustache ||moustache
|-
|''palisay''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||பரிசை (''paricai'')||shield; buckler ||shield used in warrior dances
|-
|''[[Puto (food)|puto]]''<ref name="tamilhoogervorst" />||புட்டு ([[Puttu|''puṭṭu'']])||a kind of confectionery ||rice cake
|-
|''tupa''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|303}}||ஆட்டுப்பட்டி (''āṭṭuppaṭṭi'')||a flock of sheep ||sheep
|}

== Arabic and Persian ==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2019}}

There are very few words in Tagalog that are identified as Arabic or Persian in origin, but some of them are very frequently use terms such as “salamat,” meaning “thank you.” According to Jean-Paul Potet, there are 60 Tagalog words that are identified with reasonable confidence as derived from Arabic or Persian, half of which are probably (roughly 23%) or unquestionably (roughly 26%) borrowed indirectly through Malay.<ref name=arabic_persian>{{cite book |last1=Potet |first1=Jean-Paul G. |title=Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog |date=2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-291-45726-1 |pages=285–286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> The other half of the identified loanwords are directly derived from Arabic or Persian. The table below shows different Arabic loanwords, including archaic and poetic ones, incorporated into the Tagalog lexicon. If an Arabic loanword is considered to be borrowed through the mediation of Malay, the intermediate Malay term is also specified. Some recent Malay loanwords that were later additions to Tagalog proposed by Eusebio T. Daluz even derived from Arabic and Persian.

Several Spanish loanwords incorporated into Tagalog have origins in the Arabic language.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donoso |first1=Isaac J. |title=The Hispanic Moros y Cristianos and the Philippine Komedya |journal=Philippine Humanities Review |date=2010 |volume=11 |pages=87–120 |url=http://philippineperformance-repository.upd.edu.ph/247/ |issn=0031-7802 |quote=Thus, Arabic words became integrated into Philippine languages through Spanish (e.g., alahas (''alhaja'', al- haja), alkalde (''alcalde'', al-qadi), alkampor (''alcanfor'', al-kafiir), alkansiya (''alcancia'', al-kanziyya), aldaba (''aldaba'', al-dabba), almires (''almirez'', al-mihras), baryo (''barrio'', al-barri), kapre (''cafre'', kafir), kisame (''zaquizami'', saqf fassami), etc.);}}</ref> Examples include ''alahas'' (meaning ''jewel'', from Sp. ''alhaja'' and ultimately from Arabic الْحَاجَة, ''al-ḥāja'', “the necessary or valuable thing”), ''albayalde'' (meaning [[white lead]], from Sp. ''albayalde'' and ultimately from Arabic الْبَيَاض, ''al-bayāḍ'', meaning "white" or "whiteness"), ''alkansiya'' (meaning ''piggy bank'', from Sp. ''alcancía'' and ultimately from Arabic كَنْز, ''kanz'', meaning "treasure"), ''alkatsopas'' (meaning [[artichoke]], from Sp. ''alcachofa'' and ultimately from Arabic الخُرْشُوف‎, ''al-ḵuršūf''), ''almires'' (meaning ''small mortar'', from Sp. ''almirez'' and ultimately from Arabic المِهْرَاس, ''al-mihrās''), ''asapran'' (meaning [[saffron]], from Sp. ''azafrán'' from Arabic اَلزَّعْفَرَان‎, ''az-zaʽfarān''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Persische Lehnwörter im Arabischen|first=Asya|last=Asbaghi|date=1988|publisher=O. Harrasowitz|isbn=978-3-447-02757-1|location=Wiesbaden|oclc=19588893}}</ref>), ''baryo'' (meaning ''village'', from Sp. ''barrio'' and ultimately from Arabic بَرِّيّ‎ , ''barriyy''), ''[[kapre]]'' (a Filipino mythological creature, from Sp. ''cafre'' and ultimately from Arabic كَافِر‎, ''kāfir''), ''kisame'' (meaning ''ceiling'', from Sp. ''zaquizamí'' and ultimately from Arabic سَقْف فِي اَلْسَمَاء, ''saqf fī l-samāʼ,'' meaning "ceiling in the sky"), etc. The table below does not include these numerous Hispano-Arabic terms as it will only focus on those loanwords which are directly borrowed from Arabic or Persian, or indirectly borrowed through Malay.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog
!Arabic/Persian
!Malay intermediate
!Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''agimat''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|331}}||Arabic عَزِيمَة (''ʽazīma'', “amulet, talisman, magic spell”)||''azimat'' (“talisman”)||amulet; talisman
|-
|''alak''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|331}}||Arabic عَرَق (''ʽaraq'', “liquor”)||''arak'' (“liquor”)||liquor
|-
|''anakura''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Donoso Jiménez |first1=Isaac |title=Relaciones culturales filipino-persas (II): La lingua franca islámica en el Índico y algunos persianismos en tagalo |journal=Revista Filipina |date=2017 |url=http://revista.carayanpress.com/styled-6/page83/index.html |issn=1496-4538 |quote=El préstamo más reseñable es anakura, cuya etimología procede incuestionablemente del persa nājūdā / ناخوذا.}}</ref>||Persian ناخدا (''nāxuḏā'', “ship's captain”)||''nakhoda'' (“ship's captain”)||ship's captain
|-
|''daulat''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|331}}||Arabic دَوْلَة‎ (''dawla'', “rotation, turn of fortune”)||''daulat'' (“prosperity, happiness”)||good fortune
|-
|''hukóm''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|331}}||Arabic حُكْم‎ (''ḥukm'', “judgment”)||''hukum'' (“judgment, law”)||judge
|-
|''katan''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|331}}||Arabic خَتْن (''ḵatn'', “circumcision”)|| ''khatan'' (“circumcision”)||circumcised
|-
|''kupyâ''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|332}}||Arabic كُوفِيَّة (''kūfiyya'', “headgear, keffiyeh”)||''kopiah'' (“cap”)||iron helmet or similar headgear
|-
|''malim''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|332}}||Arabic مُعَلِّم (''muʽallim'', “teacher; navigator”)||''malim'' (“maritime pilot; expert”)||maritime pilot
|-
|''mansigit''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|332}}||Arabic مَسْجِد (''masjid'', “mosque”)|| ||temple, worship place
|-
|''paham''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|332}}||Arabic فَهْم (''fahm'', “understanding”)||''faham'' (“science, understanding”)||a learned person; scholar
|-
|''pangadyî''||Tag. ''pang-'' + Arabic حَجِّي (''ḥajjī'', “pilgrim to Mecca”)||''pengajian'' (“recitation, reading”)||Muslim prayer; prayer to a Tagalog deity
|-
|''pinggán''<ref name="Persianismos">{{cite journal |last1=Donoso Jiménez |first1=Isaac |title=Relaciones culturales filipino-persas (II): La lingua franca islámica en el Índico y algunos persianismos en tagalo |journal=Revista Filipina |date=2017 |url=http://revista.carayanpress.com/styled-6/page83/index.html |issn=1496-4538 |quote=Igualmente persas son las palabras tagalas pingan, "plato" (desde pinggaan / ﭙﻨﮔان) y salawal, "pantalones" (desde sirvaal / سروال).}}</ref>||Persian پنگان (''pingān'', “cup, bowl”)||''pinggan'' (“dish, plate, saucer”)||dish plate
|-
|''salabát''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|332}}||Arabic شَرْبَة (''šarba'', “any non-alcoholic drink”)|| ||ginger tea
|-
|''salamat''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Potet |first1=Jean-Paul G. |title=Arabic and Persian Loanwords in Tagalog |date=2013 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-291-45726-1 |page=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-bBQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>||Persian سَلَامَت (''salāmat'', “good health”), from Arabic سَلَامَة, (''salāma,'' “peace; blessings”, greeting or thanking word)|| ||thank you
|-
|''salapî''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|333}}||Arabic صَرْف (''ṣarf'', “to pay, to earn”)|| ||coin; money
|-
|''salawál''<ref name="Persianismos" />||Persian شلوار (''šalvār'', “bloomers, pantaloons, trousers”)||''seluar'' (“breeches, trousers”)||underpants; pre-colonial, usually knee-length, pair of trousers
|-
|''siyák''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|333}}||Arabic شَيْخ‎ (''šayḵ'', “elder, master, teacher, sheik”)||''syeikh'' (“a mosque caretaker”)||Muslim cleric
|-
|''sultán''
|Arabic سُلْطَان‎ (''sulṭān'', “strength sorveignty or authority”)
|''sultan'' (“king or royal”)
|king or royal (historical)
|-
|''sumbali''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|333}}||Arabic بِاسْمِ اللّٰه‎ (''bismi llāh'', “in the name of God”) || ''sembelih'' (“butcher an animal”)||cutting the throat of an animal
|-
|''sunát''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|333}}||Arabic سُنَّة (''sunna'', “tradition, specifically [[Sunnah|Islamic traditions]]”)||''sunat'' (“circumcision”)||excision of the clitoris
|}

The absence of traces of Arabic names of calendar, precisely Muslim names of months, days of the week, and of daily prayer times proves that Manila Tagalog Muslims are only nominal, i.e. not deeply Islamized, as the calendar names are important to practicing Muslims. 3 Islamic calendar terms did occur in the Kingdom of Bonbon (present-day [[Batangas]]), but cannot be retained as influence, as they did not enter in reference dictionaries, so they must have been borrowed recently from Muslim informants from Mindanao; the legend was narrated by certain Sergio S. Coronel who heard it from old people living around the volcanic lake Taal and was recorded by folklorist Alfonso P. Santos.<ref name=arabic_persian/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog
!Arabic
!Malay intermediate
!Meaning
|-
|''Itsín''
|{{lang|ar|الاِثْنَيْن}} (''al-Ithnayn'')
|''Isnéin''
|Monday
|-
|''Ramadlán''
|''{{transliteration|ar|Ramaḍlān}}'' ([[Old Arabic]] or [[Classical Arabic]] form)
|''Ramedlán''
|[[Ramadan (calendar month)|{{transliteration|ar|Ramaḍān}}]] ({{lang|ar|رَمَضَان}})
|-
|''Sapár''
|{{lang|ar|صَفَر}} ([[Safar|{{transliteration|ar|''Ṣafar''}}]])
|''Sapár''
|Ṣafar
|}

== Hokkien ==

{{See also|Philippine Hokkien}}

Most Chinese loanwords in Tagalog were derived from [[Hokkien]], the Southern Chinese language most widely spoken in the Philippines. Most of the 163 Hokkien-derived terms collected and analyzed by Gloria Chan-Yap are fairly recent and do not appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog.<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|334}} Many loanwords such as ''pancit''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albala |first1=Ken |title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37626-9 |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC |language=en |quote=''Pancit'' (also spelled ''pansit''), or noodles, is a main-stay ingredient that has undergone significant adaptations in the preparation process. Filipinos use different types of noodles, such as those made from rice, egg, wheat, and mung beans, to make various pancit dishes. Introduced by the Chinese during the Spanish period, the dish has been Filipinized, and various regions have come up with their own versions as well.}}</ref> entered the Tagalog vocabulary during the Spanish colonial era when the Philippines experienced an increased influx of Chinese immigrants (mostly from the provinces of [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]] in Southern China<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pacho |first1=Arturo |title=The Chinese Community in the Philippines: Status and Conditions |journal=Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia |date=1986 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=76–91 |jstor=41056696 }}</ref>) as [[Manila]] became an international entrepôt with the flourishing of the [[Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wickberg |first1=Edgar |title=Early Chinese Economic Influence in the Philippines, 1850–1898 |journal=Pacific Affairs |date=1962 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=275–285 |quote=It is known that the arrival of the Spanish in the late sixteenth century provided attractive economic opportunities which stimulated Chinese immigration to the Philippines in much greater volume than ever before. By the beginning of the seventeenth century there were over 20,000 Chinese in the Manila area – a number many times that of the Spanish settler.|jstor=2753187 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sánchez de Mora |first1=Antonio |title=Sabores que cruzaron los océanos = Flavors that sail across the seas |date=2016 |publisher=AECID Biblioteca Digital AECID |page=64 |language=en|oclc=973021471 }}</ref> Attractive economic opportunities boosted Chinese immigration to Spanish Manila and the new Chinese settlers brought with them their skills, culinary traditions and language, with the latter then influencing the native languages of the Philippines in the form of loanwords, most of which are related to cookery.<ref name="ChanYap">{{cite book |last1=Chan-Yap |first1=Gloria |title=Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog |date=1980 |publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University |isbn=978-0-85883-225-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lU4HAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|5}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Joaquin |first1=Nick |title=Culture and history |date=2004 |publisher=Pasig |isbn=978-9712714269 |page=42 |language=en|oclc=976189040 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog!![[Hokkien]]!!Meaning in [[Hokkien]]!!Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''angkák''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|137}}||紅麴 (''âng-khak'')||[[red yeast rice]]||[[red yeast rice]]
|-
|''apyán''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|131}}||鴉片 (''a-phiàn'')||opium||opium
|-
|''ate''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|141}}||阿姊 (''á-ché'')||appellation for elder sister||appellation for elder sister
|-
|''baktáw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|143}}||墨斗 (''ba̍k-táu'')||carpenter's ink marker||carpenter's ink marker
|-
|''bakyâ''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|130}}||木屐 (''ba̍k-kiah'')||wooden clogs||wooden clogs
|-
|''bataw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|135}}||肉豆 (''bah-tāu)''||hyacinth bean (''[[Lablab purpureus]]'')||hyacinth bean (''[[Lablab purpureus]]'')
|-
|''[[batsoy]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|137}}||肉碎 (''bah-chhùi'')||dish with loin of pork as main ingredient||[[batchoy]]
|-
|''bihon''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|137}}||米粉 (''bí-hún'')||[[rice vermicelli]]||[[rice vermicelli]]
|-
|''[[Biko (food)|biko]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|137}}||米糕 (''bí-ko'')||sweetened rice cake||sweetened rice cake
|-
| ''bilawo''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|140}}|| 米漏 (''bí-lāu'') ||rice winnower ||flat round-shaped rice winnower and food container
|-
|''bimpo''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|130}}||面布 (''bīn-pò͘'' )||face towel||face towel
|-
| ''bithay''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|338}}<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|140}}||米篩 (''bí-thai'')||rice sifter||sieve (for sifting grain and sand)
|-
|''bitso''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|137}}||米棗 (''bí chó'')||fried cake made of rice flour||''[[Youtiao#Philippines|youtiao]]''
|-
|''betsin''||味精 (''bī-cheng'')||[[Monosodium glutamate]]||[[Monosodium glutamate]]
|-
|''buwisit''||無衣食 (''bô-ui-si̍t'')||out of luck, unlucky||nuisance
|-
|''diko''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|141}}||二哥 (''jī-ko'')<ref>{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|pages=283/261|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|last=Chu|first=Richard T.|year=2012|title=Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ&q=Santiago+Guan+yu|page=187|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789047426851 }}</ref>||appellation for second eldest brother||appellation for second eldest brother
|-
|''disó''||二嫂 (''jī-só'')<ref name="Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum">{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|pages=170/151|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref>||second eldest brother's wife||sister-in-law
|-
|''ditsé''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|141}}||二姊 (''jī-ché'')<ref name="auto"/>||appellation for second eldest sister||appellation for second eldest sister
|-
|''gintô''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=William Henry |title=Barangay sixteenth-century Philippine culture and society |date=1994 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |isbn=978-9715501354 |page=201 |language=en|oclc=433091144 }}</ref>||金條 (''kim-tiâu'')||gold bar||[[gold]] (Au)
|-
|''goto''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|135}}||牛肚 (''gû-tǒ͘'')||ox tripe||[[Goto (food)|goto]] – rice porridge with ox/beef tripe
|-
|''gunggóng''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|132}}||戇戇 (''gōng-gōng'')||stupid||stupid
|-
|''hikaw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|130}}||耳鉤 (''hǐ-kau'')||earrings||earrings
|-
|''[[Bakpia|hopya]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|137}}||好餅 (''hó piáⁿ'')||sweet mung bean cake||sweet mung bean cake
|-
|''hukbô''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|142}}||服務 (''ho̍k-bū'')||service||army
|-
|''husi''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|130}}||富紗 (''hù se'')||rich yarn||cloth made from pineapple fibre
|-
|''huwepe''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|131}}||火把 (''hóe-pé'')<ref>{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|page=511/486|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref>||torch||torch
|-
|''huweteng''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|145}}||花當 (''hoe-tǹg'')||[[Jueteng]]||[[Jueteng]]
|-
|''impó''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|pages=23/10|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref>||姆婆 (''ḿ-pô'')<ref>{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|pages=23/10 & 170/151 & 322/300|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref> or
引婆 (''ín-pô'')<ref>{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|pages=23/10 & 488/463 & 322/300|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref>
|grandmother||grandmother
|-
|''ingkóng''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|142}}<ref name="ReferenceA"/>||引公 (''ín-kong'')<ref>{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|pages=23/10 & 488/463 & 378/356|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref>||grandfather||grandfather
|-
|''insó''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|142}}||引嫂 (''ín-só'')<ref name="Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum"/>||sister-in-law||wife of an elder brother or male cousin
|-
|''Intsík''|| |引叔 (''ín-chek'')<ref>{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|pages=170/151 & 522/497|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chu|first=Richard T.|year=2012|title=Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s-1930s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ&q=Santiago+Guan+yu|page=1|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789047426851 }}</ref>||uncle||(''informal'') [[China|Chinese]] people, language, or culture
|-
|''katay''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|145}}|| 共伊刣 (''kā i thâi'') || have it slaughtered || to slaughter
|-
|''kikyam''<ref name="AngSarap">{{Cite web|url=https://www.angsarap.net/2013/04/05/kikiam/|title=Kikiam|date=April 5, 2013}}</ref>||雞繭 (''ke-kián'')||sausage-like roll seasoned with [[five-spice powder]]||sausage-like roll seasoned with [[five-spice powder]]
|-
|''kintsáy''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|136}}||芹菜 (''khîn-chhài'')||celery ''([[Apium graveolens]])''||celery ''([[Apium graveolens]])''
|-
|''kitî''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|134}}||雞稚 (''ke-tī'')||young chick||young chick
|-
|''kutsáy''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|136}}||韭菜 (''kú-chhài'')||Chinese chives ''([[Allium ramosum]])''||Chinese chives ''([[Allium ramosum]])''
|-
|''kusot''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|143}}||鋸屑 (''kù-sut'')||sawdust||sawdust
|-
|''kuya''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|141}}||哥仔 (''ko-iá'')<ref>{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|page=344/366|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref>||appellation for elder brother||appellation for elder brother
|-
|''lawin''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|134}}||老鷹 (''lāu-eng'')||any bird belonging to ''[[Accipitridae]]'' or ''[[Falconidae]]''||any bird belonging to ''[[Accipitridae]]'' or ''[[Falconidae]]''
|-
| ''lawláw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|109}}|| 落落 (''làu-làu'') ||loose||dangling; sagging; hanging loose
|-
|''litháw''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chee-Beng |first1=Tan |title=Chinese Food and Foodways in Southeast Asia and Beyond |date=2012 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=9789971695484 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4XGBgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|142}}||犁頭 (''lê-thâu'')||plough||ploughshare
|-
|''[[lomi]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|138}}||滷麵 (''ló͘-mī'')||[[lor mee]] – Chinese noodle dish||[[lomi]] (a Filipino-Chinese noodle dish)
|-
|''[[Lumpia|lumpiyâ]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|138}}||潤餅 (''lūn-piáⁿ'')||fried or fresh spring rolls||fried or fresh spring rolls
|-
|''[[Mami soup|mami]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|138}}||肉麵 (''mah-mī'')||meat and noodles in soup||meat and noodles in soup
|-
|''maselan''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|132}}||Tagalog ''ma-'' +
西人 (''se-lâng'')
|[[Western world|Westerner]]; Of the [[Western world]]||delicate; sensitive; hard to please
|-
|''[[Misua|miswa]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|138}}||麵線 (''mī-soàⁿ'')||[[misua]] – Chinese salted noodles||very thin variety of salted noodle Misua soup
|-
|''[[Pancit|pansít]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|139}}||扁食 (''pán-si̍t'')||kneaded food||[[pancit]] – any noodle dish
|-
|''pakyáw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|145}}||縛繳 (''pa̍k-kiáu'')||to submit by bundles||wholesale buying
|-
|''pasláng''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|133}}||拍死人 (''phah-sí lāng'')||to beat people to death||to kill
|-
|''petsay''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|136}}||白菜 (''pe̍h-chhài'')||Napa cabbage ([[Napa cabbage|''Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''pekinensis'']])||Napa cabbage ([[Napa cabbage|''Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''pekinensis'']])
|-
|''pesà''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|139}}||白煠魚 (''pe̍h-sa̍h hî'')||plain boiled fish||plain boiled fish
|-
|''pinsé''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|131}}||硼砂 (''phêng-se'')||[[borax]]||[[borax]]
|-
|''puntáw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|131}}||糞斗 (''pùn-táu'')||dustpan||dustpan
|-
|''putháw''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – a |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_A.htm?zoom_highlight=puthaw |website=www.trussel2.com |quote=Borrowing of Hokkien ''pú-thâu'' ‘axe’. This comparison was pointed out by Daniel Kaufman.}}</ref>||斧頭 (''pú-thâu'')||axe||hatchet; small axe
|-
|''sampán''||舢板 (''sam-pán'')||[[Sampan|Chinese boat]]; Chinese junk||[[Sampan|Chinese boat]]; Chinese junk
|-
|''samyô''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|135}}|| 散藥 (''sám io̍h'') || to sprinkle medicinal powder || aroma; fragrance; sweet odor
|-
|''sangko''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|142}}||三哥 (''saⁿ-ko'')||appellation for third eldest brother||appellation for third eldest brother
|-
|''sangkî''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|139}}||三紀 (''saⁿ-kì'')||Chinese star anise (''[[Illicium verum]]'')||Chinese star anise (''[[Illicium verum]]'')
|-
|''sansé''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|142}}||三姊 (''saⁿ-ché'')||appellation for third eldest sister||appellation for third eldest sister
|-
|''singkî''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|133}}||新客 (''sin-kheh)''||new guest or customer||newcomer; beginner
|-
|''sitaw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|136}}||青豆 (''chhiⁿ-tāu'')||Chinese long bean ([[Chinese long bean|''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''sesquipedalis'']])||Chinese long bean ([[Chinese long bean|''Vigna unguiculata'' subsp. ''sesquipedalis'']])
|-
|''siyaho''||姐夫 (''chiá-hu'')<ref>{{cite book|year=1604|title=Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum|volume=1|page=170/151|location=Manila|publisher=University of Santo Tomás Archives}}</ref>||brother-in-law (elder sister's husband)||husband of an elder sister or female cousin
|-
|''siyakoy''||油炸粿 (''iû-cha̍h-kóe'')||[[youtiao]]||[[shakoy]]
|-
|''siyansí''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|141}}||煎匙 (''chian-sî'')||kitchen turner||kitchen turner
|-
|''sotanghon''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|139}}||山東粉 (''soaⁿ-tang-hún'')||[[cellophane noodles]]||[[cellophane noodles]]
|-
|''sukì''<ref>{{cite web |title=ACD – Austronesian Comparative Dictionary – Loans – c |url=http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_C.htm?zoom_highlight=suki |website=www.trussel2.com |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203125349/http://www.trussel2.com/acd/acd-lo_C.htm?zoom_highlight=suki |archive-date=3 February 2020 |quote=Borrowed from Hokkien.}}</ref>||主客 (''chú-kheh'')||special guest||regular customer; patron
|-
|''sungkî''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|130}}||伸齒 (''chhun-khí)''||protruding tooth||buck tooth
|-
|''susì''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|131}}||鎖匙 (''só-sî'')||key||key
|-
|''suwahe''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|134}}||沙蝦 (''soa-hê'')||greasyback shrimp ''([[Metapenaeus ensis]])''||greasyback shrimp ''([[Metapenaeus ensis]])''
|-
|''suyà''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|133}}||衰啊 (''soe-a'')||expression for "How unlucky!"||disgust
|-
|''siyokoy''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|146}}||水鬼 (''chúi-kúi'')||water spirit; water devil||merman
|-
|''siyomay''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|139}}||燒賣 (''sio-mai'')||steamed dumpling||[[shumai]] / siomai – steamed dumpling
|-
|''[[Siopao|siyopaw]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|139}}||燒包 (''sio-pau'')||meat-filled [[Baozi|steamed bun]]||[[siopao]] – meat-filled [[Baozi|steamed bun]]
|-
|''[[Taho|tahô]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|139}}||豆腐 (''tāu-hū'')||[[tofu]]||[[taho]]
|-
|''táhuré'' (var. ''táhurí'')<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|139}}||豆乳 (''tāu-jí'')||soy milk; fermended bean curd||fermented [[tofu]] in soy sauce
|-
|''tanga''<ref>{{cite book |title=Philippine Journal of Linguistics |date=1974 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VMqAQAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=Hok. /thàng/ 'worm', /à/ 'diminutive particle' in Tag. /tanga/, 'clothes moth'}}</ref><ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|134}}||蟲仔 (''thâng-á'')||little insect/bug/worm||[[clothes moth]]
|-
|''tangláw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|132}}||燈樓 (''teng-lâu'')||lamp; lantern; lit. 'light tower'||light
|-
|''tansô''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|144}}||銅索 (''tâng-soh'')||copper wire||[[copper]] (Cu), bronze
|-
|''tawsî''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|140}}||豆豉 (''tāu-sīⁿ'')||beans preserved in soy sauce||beans preserved in soy sauce
|-
|''timsím'' (var. ''tingsím'')<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|132}}||燈芯 (''teng-sim'')||lampwick||lampwick
|-
|''tinghóy''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|132}}||燈火 (''teng-hóe'')||wick lamp||wick lamp in glass filled with oil
|-
|''[[Nian gao|tikoy]]''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|140}}||甜粿 (''tiⁿ-kóe'')||[[nian gao]] ''–'' sweetened rice cake||Sweetened rice cake
|-
|''titò''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|136}}||豬肚 (''ti-tǒ͘'')||pig tripe||pork tito – pig tripe
|-
|''tiyák''{{rp|134}}||的 (''tiak'')||true; real||sure; certain
|-
|''toge''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|136}}||豆芽 (''tāu-gê'')||[[bean sprout]]||[[bean sprout]]
|-
|''tokwa''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|140}}||豆乾 (''tāu-koaⁿ'')||[[tofu]]||[[tofu]]
|-
|''totso''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|140}}||豆油醋魚 (''tāu-iû- chhò͘-hî'')||fish cooked in soy sauce and vinegar||sautéed fish with ''tahure''
|-
|''toyò''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|140}}||豆油 (''tāu-iû'')||[[soy sauce]]||[[soy sauce]]
|-
|''tutsang''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|131}}||頭鬃 (''thâu-chang'')||hair||short hair on a woman's head
|-
|''upo''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|136}}||葫匏 (''ô͘-pû'')||bottle gourd ''([[Lagenaria siceraria]])''||bottle gourd ''([[Lagenaria siceraria]])''
|-
|''utaw''<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|136}}||烏豆 (''o͘-tāu'')||black soybean ''([[Glycine max]])''||soybean ''([[Glycine max]])''
|-
|''wansóy'' (var. ''unsóy'', ''yansóy'')<ref name="ChanYap" />{{rp|137}}||芫荽 (''oân-sui'')||coriander/cilantro ''([[Coriandrum sativum]])''||coriander/cilantro ''([[Coriandrum sativum]])''
|}

Many [[mestizo de Sangley|Chinese mestizo]] surnames are even derived from Hokkien, these are shared with Kapampangan:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Surname!![[Hokkien]]!!Meaning in [[Hokkien]]
|-
|''Dízon''||{{Lang|zh|二孫}}||2nd eldest grandson'
|-
|''Gózun, Gózon''||{{Lang|zh|五孫}}||5th eldest grandson'
|-
|''Lácson''|| {{Lang|zh|六孫}}||'6th eldest grandson'
|-
|''Pekson''||{{Lang|zh|八孫}}|| '8th eldest grandson'
|-
|''Quezon''|| {{lang|zh|郭孫}}||'strongest grandson'<ref>[https://surnames.behindthename.com/name/quezon/submitted Behind the Name: Quezon]</ref><ref>[https://www.instagram.com/mightyhistoryph/p/CZ1hcwSPDet/ QUEZON is the Spanish transliteration of Hokkien for “the strongest grandson”] in Instagram</ref>
|-
|''Sámson''||{{Lang|zh|三孫}}|| '3rd eldest grandson'
|-
|''Síson''||{{Lang|zh|四孫}}||'4th eldest grandson'
|-
|''Tuázon''|| {{Lang|zh|太孫}}||'eldest grandson'
|}

Many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 (''sun'').<ref>[https://pepealas.wordpress.com/2022/02/27/ El Pilipinismo: Chino Cristiano Surnames]</ref>

== Japanese ==
There are very few Tagalog words that are derived from Japanese.<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|343}} Many of them were introduced as recently as the twentieth century like ''tansan''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/58441/making-useless-information-useful|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119193326/https://opinion.inquirer.net/58441/making-useless-information-useful|archive-date=19 November 2018|title=Making useless information useful |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |author-link=Ambeth Ocampo |date=August 9, 2013 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |quote=The trade and cultural exchange between the Philippines and Japan runs deep. In prewar Manila, Tansan was a popular brand of fizzy water ("tansan" in Japanese refers to carbonated mineral water). It was sold with the distinct metal bottle caps that have since been called tansan by Filipinos.}}</ref> (bottle cap, from the Japanese 炭酸 which originally means refers to soda and carbonated drinks) and ''[[karaoke]]'' (from the Japanese カラオケ, literally means "empty orchestra") although there are very few Japanese words that appear in the earliest Spanish dictionaries of Tagalog such as ''katana'' (Japanese sword, from the Japanese かたな with the same meaning).

Some Filipino jokes are based on comical reinterpretation of Japanese terms as Tagalog words like for example in the case of ''otousan'' (from the Japanese お父さん meaning "father") which is reinterpreted as ''utusan'' (meaning "servant" or "maid") in Tagalog.<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|346}} As for the Tagalog word ''[[:ja:ジャパゆきさん|Japayuki]]'', it refers to the Filipino migrants who flocked to Japan starting in the 1980s to work as entertainers and it is a [[portmanteau]] of the English word ''Japan'' and the Japanese word ''yuki'' (or 行き, meaning "going" or "bound to").

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog!!Japanese!!Meaning in Japanese!!Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''bonsay''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|22}}
|盆栽 (''bonsai'')
|[[bonsai]]; miniature potted plant
|[[bonsai]]; miniature potted plant; (''slang'') Short in height;
|-
|''dorobo''<ref name="zorcslangdictionary" />{{rp|41}}||泥棒 (''dorobō'')||thief; burglar; robber||thief; burglar; robber
|-
|''dyak en poy''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/75991/japan-under-our-skin |title=Japan under our skin |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |author-link=Ambeth Ocampo |date=June 27, 2014 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |quote=The childhood game "jak en poy," with a nonsense rhyme in Filipino that accompanies the hand gestures of rock, scissors, and paper, traces its origin to the Japanese "janken pon."}}</ref> or ''jak en poy''||じゃん拳ぽん (''jankenpon'')||[[rock–paper–scissors]] game||rock–paper–scissors game
|-
|''karaoke''||カラオケ (''karaoke'')||[[karaoke]] (singing to taped accompaniment)||karaoke (singing to taped accompaniment)
|-
|''karate''<ref name=EngTagTagEng />||空手 (''karate'')||[[karate]]||karate
|-
|''katanà''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|343}}||刀 (''katana'')||[[katana]]; a Japanese sword||[[katana]]; a Japanese sword
|-
|''katól''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|344}}||蚊取り線香 (''katorisenkō'')||[[mosquito coil]]; anti-mosquito incense||mosquito coil; anti-mosquito incense
|-
|''kimono''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|344}}||着物 (''kimono'')||[[kimono]] (or other trad. Japanese clothing)||traditional Philippine blouse made of ''[[piña]]'' or ''jusi''
|-
|''kiréy''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|344}}||奇麗 (''kirei'')||pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair||(''slang'') pretty; lovely; beautiful; fair
|-
|''kokang''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|344}}||交換 (''kōkan'')||exchange; interchange||(''slang'') exchange; interchange
|-
|''pampam''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|344}}||ぱんぱん (''panpan'')||(''slang'') prostitute (esp. just after [[World War II|WWII]])||(''slang'') prostitute
|-
|''shabú''||シャブ (''shabu'')||(''slang'') [[methamphetamine hydrochloride]]||methamphetamine hydrochloride
|-
|''taksan-taksan''<ref name="potettagalogborrowings" />{{rp|344}}||沢山 (''takusan'')||much; many||(''slang'') much; many
|-
|''tansan''||炭酸 (''tansan'')||[[carbonated water]]||bottle cap
|-
|''tsunami''||津波 (''tsunami'')||[[tsunami]]; tidal wave||tsunami; tidal wave
|-
|''toto''||おとうと (''otōto'')||younger brother or child||young boy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kami.com.ph/55860-you-guess-filipino-words-japanese-terms.html|title=You will never guess these Filipino words came from Japanese terms |date=October 10, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tagalog.pinoydictionary.com/word/toto/|title=Meaning of Toto - Tagalog Dictionary|accessdate=May 8, 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Nahuatl ==

Tagalog gained [[Nahuatl]] words via Spanish from the [[Galleon trade]] with the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]] during the Hispanic era.<ref name="nahuatlismos">{{Cite journal |last=Albalá |first=Paloma |date=2003 |title=Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=125–146 |jstor=42633639}}</ref>

Here are some examples:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog Word
!Nahuatl Root Word
!Spanish Word
!Meaning and Further Comments
|-
|''Abokado''
|''Ahuacatl''
|Aguacate
|[[Avocado]]
|-
|''Akapulko'' (var. ''kapurko'')
|''Acapolco''
|Acapulco
|''[[Senna alata]]''; tropical American medicinal plant
|-
|''Alpasotis'' (var. ''pasotis'')
|''Epazotl''
|Epazote
|[[Chenopodium ambrosioides|''Dysphania'' ''ambrosioides'']]; South American plant used in herbal tea
|-
|''Atole''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panganiban |first1=José Villa |title=Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo |journal=Historia Mexicana |date=1964 |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=264 |quote=ATOLE (MLP), en México, bebida preparada con sustancias harinosas y no-alcohólica. En Filipinas ''atole'' significa actualmente una pasta de harina, empleada como adhesivo, no comestible.|jstor=25135261 }}</ref>
|''Atolli''
|Atole
|Paste made from flour
|-
|''Atsuwete''
|''Achiotl''
|Achiote
|[[Bixa orellana|Achiote]]
|-
|''Guwatsinanggo''
|''Cuauchilnacatl''
|Guachinango
|Shrewd; cunning; astute
|-
|''Kakaw''
|''Cacáhuatl''
|Cacao
|[[Theobroma cacao|Cacao]]
|-
|''Kakawati'' (var. ''kakawate'')
|''Cacáhuatl''
|Cacahuate
|''[[Gliricidia sepium]]''; a tropical legume plant
|-
|''Kalatsutsi'' (var. ''kalanotse'')
|''Cacaloxochitl''
|Cacalosúchil
|''[[Plumeria rubra]]''; a tropical dedicious tree
|-
|''Kamatis''
|''Xitomatl''
|Jitomates
|[[Tomato]]
|-
|''Kamatsile''
|''Cuamóchitl''
|Guamúchil
|''[[Pithecellobium dulce]]''; a Central American tree in the pea family
|-
|''Kamote''
|''Camotli''
|Camote
|[[Sweet potato]]
|-
|''Koyote'' (var. ''kayote'')
|''Coyotl''
|Coyote
|[[Coyote]]
|-
|''Kulitis''
|''Quilitl''
|Quelite
|[[Amaranth]]
|-
|''Mekate''
|''Mecatl''
|Mecate
|Rope or cord made out of abaca
|-
|''Mehiko''
|''Mēxihco''
|Mexico
|[[Mexico]]
|-
|''Nanay''<ref name="LeonPortilla">{{Cite journal |last=León-Portilla |first=Miguel |date=1960 |title=Algunos nahuatlismos en el castellano de Filipinas |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3711930 |journal=Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl |language=es |issue=2 |pages=135–138 |issn=0071-1675}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panganiban |first1=José Villa |title=Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo |journal=Historia Mexicana |date=1964 |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=268 |issn=0185-0172 |quote=NANA (MLP), azteca "nantli" (madre), en tagalo ''nanay'' significa "madre" o "abuela".|jstor=25135261 }}</ref>
|''Nantli''
|Nana
|Mother
|-
|''Paruparo''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Casado-Fresnillo |first1=Antonio Quilis, Celia |last2=Casado Fresnillo |first2=Celia |title=La lengua española en Filipinas : historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos |date=2008 |publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas |location=Madrid |isbn=978-8400086350 |page=410 |edition= 1st}}</ref><ref name="nahuatlismos" />(var. ''paparo'')
|''Papalotl''
|Papalote
|Butterfly
|-
|''Petate''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albalá |first1=Paloma |title=Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines |journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints |date=1 March 2003 |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=133 |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/257 |language=en |issn=2244-1638 |quote='''petate''' "woven palm-matting" > Ceb. ''petate'', Tag. ''petate'';}}</ref>
|''Petlatl''
|Petate
|Woven palm-matting
|-
|''Peyote''
|''Peyotl''
|Peyote
|[[Peyote]]
|-
|''Pitaka''
|''Petlacalli''
|Petaca
|Coin purse
|-
|''Sakate''
|''Zacatl''
|Zacate
|Hay or grass for fodder
|-
|''Sangkaka''
|''Chiancaca''
|Chancaca
|Cakes of hardened molasses
|-
|''Sapote''
|''Tzapotl''
|Zapote
|''[[Pouteria sapota]]''; a Latin American fruit tree
|-
|''Sayote''
|''Chayotli''
|Chayote
|[[Chayote]]; a type of Central American gourd
|-
|''Sili''
|''Chīlli''
|Chile
|Chili pepper
|-
|''Singkamas''
|''Xicamatl''
|Jícama
|[[Pachyrhizus erosus|Mexican turnip]]
|-
|''Sisiwa''
|''Chichiua''
|Chichigua
|Wet nurse
|-
|''Tamalis'' (var. ''tamales'')
|''Tamalli''
|Tamal
|Rice-based [[tamales]] wrapped in banana leaves or corn husks
|-
|''Tapangko''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Albalá |first1=Paloma |title=Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines |journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints |date=1 March 2003 |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=133 |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/257 |issn=2244-1638 |quote='''tapanco''' "raised platform for storing lumber" > Kap. ''tapanko'', Tag. ''tapangko'';}}</ref>
|''Tlapanco''
|Tapanco
|Awning
|-
|''Tatay''<ref name="LeonPortilla" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Panganiban |first1=José Villa |title=Influencia hispanomexicana en el idioma tagalo |journal=Historia Mexicana |date=1964 |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=270 |issn=0185-0172 |quote=TATA (MLP), azteca "tahtli" (padre). ''Tata'', ''tatay'' y ''tatang'' son denominaciones comunes de "padre" en diversos idiomas de Filipinas|jstor=25135261 }}</ref>
|''Tahtli''
|Tata
|Father
|-
|''Tisa''
|''Tizatl''
|Tiza
|Chalk
|-
|''Tiyangge'' (var. ''tsangge'')
|''Tianquiztli''
|Tianguis
|Open-air market
|-
|''Tokayo'' (var. ''tukayo'', ''katukayo'')
|''Tocayotia''
|Tocayo
|Namesake
|-
|''Tsiklet'' (var. ''tsikle'')
|''Chictli''
|Chicle
|Chewing gum
|-
|''Tsiko''
|''Tzicozapotl''
|Chicozapote
|''[[Manilkara zapota]]''; a tropical American evergreen fruit tree
|-
|''Tsokolate''
|''Xocolatl''
|Chocolate
|Chocolate
|}

== Quechua ==

Tagalog also absorbed [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] vocabulary,<ref>[http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/257/259 Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines] Page 136-137</ref> from [[South America]] at the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], especially after Don [[Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera]] former Governor of Panama, imported Peruvian soldiers and settlers to serve in the Philippines.<ref name= "Peru">[http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_1634_moro_attacks.htm "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE"] (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog Word
!Quechua Root Word
!Spanish Word
!Meaning and Further Comments
|-
|''Alpaka''
|''Alpaca''
|Alpaca
|[[Alpaca]], a certain kind of ruminant and its wool
|-
|''Koka''
|''Coca''
|Coca
|''certain bush''
|-
|''Kondor''
|''Condor''
|Condor
|''[[Vultur gryphus]]''
|-
|''Gautso''
|''Gaucho''
|Gaucho
|"Gaucho, cowboy, herder"
|-
|''Guwano''
|''Guano''
|Guano
|''excrement of sea birds used as manure''
|-
|''Hipihapa''
|''Jipijapa''
|Jipijapa
|Fibre extracted from the leaves of the palm tree to make
hats; the hat made of this material.
|-
|''Pampa''
|''Pampa''
|Pampa
|''Prairie''
|-
|''Papas''
|''Papa''
|Papa
|''Potato''
|-
|''Kinina''
|''Quinina''
|Quinina
|''[[Quinine]]'', febrifugal substance extracted from the bark of certain trees
|}

== Cebuano ==
Tagalog has loanwords from [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], mostly due to Cebuano and [[Visayans|Bisayan]] migration to Tagalog-speaking regions. Some of these terms refer to concepts that did not previously exist in Tagalog or relate to Cebuano or Bisaya culture; some others have pre-existing equivalents and are introduced to Tagalog by native Cebuano speakers. Some Tagalog slang are of Cebuano provenance (e.g. Tagalog ''jombag'', from Cebuano ''sumbag'').
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tagalog
!Cebuano
!Meaning in Tagalog
!Meaning in Cebuano
|-
|''bayot''
|''bayot''
|gay; homosexual man
|gay; homosexual man; [[non-binary gender|non-binary]]; trans woman; coward
|-
|''buáng, buwáng''
|''buang''
|crazy; insane; mad
|crazy; fool; idiot; hippie
|-
|''daks''
|''dakô''
|(''slang'') having a large penis; well-endowed
|big
|-
|''dugong''
|''dugong''
|dugong; sea cow
|dugong; sea cow
|-
|''habal-habal''
|''habal-habal''
|motorcycle taxi
|motorcycle taxi (from ''habal'' "to copulate")
|-
|''indáy''
|''inday''
|''a term to address a female housemaid''
|a young girl
|-
|''juts''
|''diyutay''
|(''slang'') not hung; having a small penis; not well-endowed
|small; minute
|-
|''katarungan''
|''katarongan''
|justice (coined in the early 20th century by Eusebio T. Daluz)
|reason, justification (from ''tarong'' "straight; right; proper; just; fair; sane")
|-
|''kawatán''
|''kawatán''
|robber; burglar; thief; criminal
|robber; burglar; thief (from ''kawat'' "to steal; to rob")
|-
|''kawáy''
|''gawáy''
|waving of hands; calling someone by waving
|tentacles
|-
|''kuskos-balungos''
|''kuskos balungos''
|fuss; excessive activity, worry, bother, or talk about something
|to scratch, scrape, or rub one's pubic hair
|-
|''Lumad''
|''lumád''
|any of the indigenous non-Christian or non-Muslim people of Mindanao
|native
|-
|''lungsód''
|''lungsod''
|city (introduced during the early 20th century by Eusebio T. Daluz)
|town/municipality
|-
|''tulisán''
|''tulisán''
|highway robber; brigand; bandit; outlaw
|bandit; mugger
|-
|''ukay-ukay''
|''ukay-ukay''
|thrift store selling second-hand clothing, shoes and apparel
|from ''ukáy''; "to dig/scour"
|}

== Central Bikol ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Tagalog/Tagálog and Filipino/Filipíno
!Central Bikol/Bíkol
!Meaning in Central Bikol/Bíkol
!Meaning in Tagalog/Tagálog and Filipino/Filipíno
|-
|''magayon/magayón'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=magayon - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/magayon | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>
|''magayon''
|beautiful
|beautiful; with beauty; unique in beauty; abundant
|}

== Ilocano ==
Tagalog and Filipino has loanwords from [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], mostly due to [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]] migration to Tagalog-speaking areas, among other areas of the Philippines with both Filipino-language speakers and Ilocano-language speakers interacting and/or communicating between and/or among each other, including among Ilocano-language speakers who are also Filipino-language speakers, and vice versa for the latter. Some of these terms refer to concepts that did not previously exist in Tagalog and Filipino or relate to Ilocano culture; some others have and are introduced to Tagalog and Filipino by Ilocano-language speakers. Ilocano loaned words to Tagalog dialects of Nueva Ecija and Aurora, where large Ilocano minorities exist, and to the Filipino language for the whole or entire Philippines, especially to the Filipino dialects where Ilocano is also widely spoken whether as a native or first language or not.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog !!Ilocano !! Meaning in Ilocano !! Meaning in Tagalog
|-
|''áding'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=ading | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=ading - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/ading | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>|| ''ading'' || term addressed to a younger sibling or anyone younger than the speaker||an affectionate term for a younger sibling; also used for anyone younger
|-
|''[[bagnet]]'' || ''bagnet'' || deep fried boiled pork belly || deep fried boiled pork belly
|-
|''bangkíng'' || ''bangkíng'' || lopsided, unbalanced || slanted, not straight
|-
|''[[dinengdeng|dinengdéng]] (variant in Filipino: diningdíng)'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=dinengdeng | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=dinengdeng - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/dinengdeng | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>|| ''dinengdeng'' || Ilocano dish made from vegetables cooked in salt and fish sauce by boiling|| a vegetable dish stewed and served with fish and "bagoong/bagoóng" or salted and preserved small fish or very small shrimps; a dish of various vegetables (especially sweet potatoes, eggplants, asparagus or yardlong beans, pumpkins, winged beans, etc.) boiled, mixed with fried or grilled fish, and seasoned with " bagoong/bagoóng" (salted and preserved small fish or very small shrimps)
|-
|''dugyót'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=dugyot | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=dugyot - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/dugyot | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||''dugyot''|| dirty to the highest level|| pertaining to excessive impurity (especially in humans); small and dirty
|-
|''[[pinakbet|pinakbét]]/pakbét''<ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=pinakbet | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=pinakbet - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/pinakbet | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>|| ''pinakbet''|| vegetable stew|| a popular Ilocano dish made with vegetables (eggplants, okras or "lady's fingers", bitter melons or bitter gourds, asparagus or yardlong beans, pumpkins, etc.), pork or fish, tomatoes, ginger, and onions, seasoned with "bagoong/bagoóng" or salted and preserved small fish or very small shrimps, with all ingredients cooked at the same time; a dish of various vegetables stewed in tomatoes, a little water, and "bagoong/bagoóng" or salted and preserved small fish or very small shrimps
|-
|''rabáw'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=rabaw | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||''rabaw''|| surface|| the outer part of an object, wherever it is (especially in scientific use); the highest part of anything (especially if there is a flat surface); the highest part of anything; the top or peak place; outer face or part of an object; topmost or uppermost layer or part; any face of a body or object; area or size of the outer part; external appearance as distinct from internal characteristics; in geometry, any two-dimensional figure; a part or all of the boundary of a solid; travel on land and sea, rather than in the air, under water, or underground
|-
|''tangrib''|| ''tangrib''|| dead coral|| dead coral
|-
|''[[wagwagan]]''|| ''wagwagan'' (root word: ''wagwag'') || a thrift store || a thrift store
|}

== Kapampangan ==

Tagalog borrowed words from [[kapampangan language|Kapampangan]], as the two languages were spoken in the pre-Hispanic polity of Tondo. Due to heavy borrowing from Kapampangan, Tagalog and Kapampangan were previously thought as closely related languages, although the former is more closely related to [[Bikol languages|Bikol]] and [[Bisayan languages]], while the latter is more closely related to [[Sambalic languages]]. In addition, because of this, Kapampangan may sometimes be perceived as and sound like a distant Central Luzon dialect of Tagalog due to similarities in basic vocabulary. Later on through the official, national, nationwide, and more inclusive Filipino language and beyond only the local to regional Tagalog language mainly and mostly of [[Central Luzon|Central]] to [[Southern Tagalog|Southern Luzon]], Filipino (and through Filipino's influence, also Tagalog) have and gained more loanwords from Kapampangan, especially from and among the areas of the Philippines with both Filipino-language speakers and Kapampangan-language speakers interacting and/or communicating between and/or among each other, including among Kapampangan-language speakers who are also Filipino-language speakers, and vice versa for the latter. Kapampangan loaned words to Bulacan Tagalog (spoken in Bulacan & Nueva Ecija) & Bataan Tagalog (spoken in Bataan & Zambales), as well as to the Filipino language for the whole or entire Philippines, especially to the Filipino dialects where Kapampangan is also widely spoken whether as a native or first language or not.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Tagalog/Tagálog and Filipino/Filipíno!!Kapampangan/Kapampángan!!Meaning in Kapampangan/Kapampangán!!Meaning in Tagalog/Tagálog and Filipino/Filipíno
|-
|''bayani'' || ''bayani'' || hero (also borrowed into Pangasinan and Ilocano)|| hero
|-
|''dayami'' || ''dayami'' || rice straw; hay|| rice straw; hay
|-
|''ibon'' || ''ébun''|| egg|| bird
|-
|''ingay''|| ''inge''|| noise || noise
|-
|''karayom''|| ''karayum''|| needle|| needle
|-
| ''mabantot''|| ''mabantut''|| stagnant || stagnant
|-
|''tayom''|| ''tayum'' || indigo plant (also borrowed into Ilocano) || indigo plant
|}

== Teduray ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Filipino !! Teduray !!Meaning in Teduray !!Meaning in Filipino
|-
|''fándi-fándi'' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=fandi-fandi | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=fandi-fandi - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/fandi-fandi | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>|| ''fandi-fandi'' || || banners when there is a party or wedding
|-
| ''fabánga'' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=fabanga | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=fabanga - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/fabanga | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>|| ''fabanga'' || || a type of amulet tied around the waist to strengthen the mind
|-
|'' fádi'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=fadi | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=fadi - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/fadi | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||''fadi''|| a wooden sword used in dancing|| a wooden sword used in dancing by the Tëduray people
|-
|''fága'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=faga | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=faga - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/faga | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||faga||a meteorite; an arrowhead||in astronomy, small pieces of meteor that fall on (the) earth/land/ground from space; a meteorite; falling meteorite, of sufficient size to reach the surface of the earth/world without completely burning in the atmosphere; (an) arrowhead of the Tëduray people; (an) arrowhead
|-
|''Fágad'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=Fagad | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=fagad - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/fagad | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||Fagad|| a tribe or one of the tribes of giant spirits||in mythology, (a) tribe of giant spirits in the belief of the Tëduray people; one of the tribes of giant spirits
|-
|}

== Ibanag ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Filipino!!Ibanag/Ibanág!!Meaning in Ibanag/Ibanág!!Meaning in Filipino
|-
|''fútag'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=futag | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref> || ''futag'' || || in anatomy, a flexible tube that connects a pregnant mother to her fetus; the umbilical cord
|-
|''vukíg''<ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=vukig | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||''vukig''|| || a place at the distance where the earth and sky meet in sight; the horizon
|}

== Ifugao ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Filipino!!Ifugao/Ifugáw!!Meaning in Ifugao/Ifugáw!!Meaning in Filipino
|-
|''chaklag/cháklag'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=chaklag | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref> || ''chaklag'' || a warrior's chest tattoo || tattooing on the chest
|-
|''chinakon/chínakón'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=chinakon | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||chinakon|| || people from Bontoc 's first harvest of sweet potatoes in a year
|-
|''chakaw/chákaw'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=chakaw | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||chakaw|| ||(a) pig with red fur
|-
|}

== Kalinga ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Filipino!!Kalinga/Kalíngga!!Meaning in Kalinga/Kalíngga!!Meaning in Filipino
|-
|''challatéy'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=challatey | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref> || ''challatey'' || || a large container of liquid made from wood or barrel
|}

== Ivatan ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Filipino/Filipíno!! Ivatan/Ivatán!!Meaning in Ivatan/Ivatán!!Meaning in Filipino/Filipíno
|-
|''voyávoy'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=voyavoy | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=voyavoy - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/voyavoy | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>|| ''voyavoy/vuyavuy'' || || an upright and small palm (Phoenix loureiroi or Phoenix hanceana, var. philippinensis) that grows up to 2 meters tall, with slightly broad leaves and pointed tips at the end of the trunk, with small, edible fruits that are yellow or green when unripe and blue-black when ripe, and native to Batanes; the Philippine date palm
|-
|''vúgi'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=Vugi | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=vugi - Diksiyonaryo | url=https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/vugi | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=diksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||''vugi''|| ||in zoology, (the) egg(s) of (a) fish; the fish egg(s) or roe
|-
|''chidway/chídway'' <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=chidway | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>||chidway|| ||in anatomy, a very small depression in a person's cheek that may be permanent on the face or only appear when smiling; the dimple
|-
|}

== Isnag ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Filipino/Filipíno!! Isnag/Isnë́g!!Meaning in Isnag/Isnë́g!!Meaning in Filipino/Filipíno
|-
|''xaddan/xáddan'' (zá•dan) <ref>{{Cite web | title=KWF Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino | url=https://kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph/?query=xaddan | access-date=2025-03-09 | website=kwfdiksiyonaryo.ph}}</ref>|| ''xaddan'' || || in medicine, a disease caused by malaria or body shivering due to high fever that causes swelling of the pancreas when already severe and yellows the skin; a sudden and involuntary contraction and stiffness of the leg muscles that causes severe pain in the body; a pain in the entire leg as if it had been beaten
|}

== See also ==
{{div col}}
* [[Indian influences in early Philippine polities]]
* [[Philippine Hokkien]]
* [[Spanish language in the Philippines]]
* [[Philippine Spanish]]
* [[Philippine English]]
* [[Taglish]]
* [[Bisalog]]
* [[Hokaglish]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tagalog, List of loanwords in}}
[[Category:Lists of loanwords]]
[[Category:Tagalog words and phrases]]
[[Category:Philippines culture-related lists]]

Birsa Munda Central Jail

2026-05-06T12:51:46Z

Zuko: New some details more to come.

{{Short description|Prison in Jharkhand, India}}
'''Birsa Munda Central Jail''' is a prison located in [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Report on the visit of Dr Vinod Aggarwal, Special Rapporteur ,Central Zone-1,NHRC to Birsa Munda Central Jail, Hotwar, Ranchi, Jharkhand. |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/assets/uploads/minute_of_meeting/1751365951_bf7e496b8dd052fa6ea0.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-10 |title=Two officials of Birsa Munda Central Jail suspended for negligence in work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/two-officials-of-birsa-munda-central-jail-suspended-for-negligence-in-work/articleshow/124461988.cms |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
It was established in 1899. The British colonial authorities used the prison to detain tribal revolutionaries.<ref name=":0">{{cite web | title=Prison that housed Birsa Munda is now Ranchi's cultural centre | work=The Times of India | date=15 August 2024 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/112536662.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst }}</ref> Tribal leader [[Birsa Munda]] was jailed here in his last days. In 2005, the jail was shifted to the outskirts, to a new premises in Hotwar in 2005.

In 2015, Rs.10 crore was spent on the old brick and mortar structure and it was converted into a museum which was inaugurated by prime minister [[Narendra Modi|Narender Modi]] on 15 November 2021, Munda's birth anniversary. The museum, which has 22 life size statues of tribal leaders, is maintained by Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Company (JUIDCO).<ref name=":0" /> The restoration work was assigned to, and completed by, the Indian Trust for Rural Heritage and Development (ITRHD).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Trust for Rural Heritage and Development (ITRHD) |url=https://www.itrhd.com/projects1.asp?catid=1&subcatid=11 |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.itrhd.com}}</ref>

In 2021, over 1000 inmates contracted Corona virus and the jail undertook mass vaccination of inmates and staff.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2021 |title=Birsa Munda Central Jail conducts mass vaccination of prisoners and staff |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/birsa-munda-central-jail-conducts-mass-vaccination-of-prisoners-and-staff/cid/1814985 |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of prisons in India]]
* [[Prisons in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23.3771|85.3288|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Prisons in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in India]]

Shivkumar Dahariya

2026-05-05T06:59:09Z

Zuko: started new biography and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shivkumar Dahariya
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|12|18|df=y}}
| party = {{flagicon image|Indian National Congress Flag.svg}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = [[Baghel ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]
| term_start = 17 December 2018
| term_end = 12 December 2023
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Labour Welfare
* Urban Administration and Development
| office1 = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]]
| term_start1 = 11 December 2018
| term_end1 = 3 December 2023
| predecessor1 = Naveen Markandey
| successor1 = [[Guru Khushwant Saheb]]
| constituency2 = [[Bilaigarh Assembly constituency|Bilaigarh]]
| term_start2 = 8 December 2008
| term_end2 = 8 December 2013
| predecessor2 = ''constituency established''
| successor2 = Sanam Jangde
| constituency3 = Palari
| term_start3 = 2003
| term_end3 = 2008
| predecessor3 = Ramlal Bhardwaj
| successor3 = ''constituency abolished''
| children = Ashish Kumar Dahariya (son)
| image = File:Shivkumar Dahariya.jpg
| caption = Dahariya in 2024
| spouse = {{marriage |Sakun Dahariya |1998}}
}}

'''Shivkumar Dahariya''' (born 18 December 1964) is an [[India]]n [[politician]] from [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. He served as a [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]] three times: in [[2nd Chhattisgarh Assembly|2003]] from the Palari, in [[3rd Chhattisgarh Assembly|2008]] from Bilaigarh, and in [[5th Chhattisgarh Assembly|2018]] from Arang. He also served as a cabinet minister, holding the portfolios of Urban Administration and Development, and Labor Welfare.

== Personal life ==
Dahariya was born on 18 December 1964 in the village of Chhachhanpairi, [[Abhanpur]], [[Raipur]], then in [[Madhya Pradesh]] (now in [[Chhattisgarh]]). He is the son of Asharam Dahariya. He obtained a [[Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery|Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery]] (B.A.M.S.) degree from Government Ayurved College, Raipur (affiliated with [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]]) in 1988–1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shivkumar Dahariya(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- JANJGIR-CHAMPA (SC)(CHHATTISGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=3678 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

He is married to Shakun Dahariya, with whom he has one son and two daughters. His son, [[Ashish Kumar Dahariya]], represents the [[Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh]] (CSCS) and the [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh team]] in domestic cricket tournaments, and also plays for the [[Rajnandgaon Panthers]] in the [[Chhattisgarh Cricket Premier League]] (CCPL). He was also listed in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] [[List of 2025 Indian Premier League personnel changes#Auction|2025 auction]] but went unsold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पूर्व मंत्री डॉ. शिव डहरिया के बेटे आशीष की ऊंची छलांग |url=https://www.dailychhattisgarh.com/latest-news/268019/daily-chhattisgarh |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=पूर्व मंत्री डॉ. शिव डहरिया के बेटे आशीष की ऊंची छलांग |language=en-in}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Dahariya's political career began in the student union sphere. He has held various positions at the state level. In 1990, he was jailed for participating in an agitation against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) government in [[Bhopal]], an action directed by Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. He was nominated for the Rajya Sabha by the Congress party in 2000 but withdrew his nomination at the instruction of the party high command. He has been a minister in the Chhattisgarh government, overseeing Urban Administration and Development, and Labor.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-12-25 |title=Nine more inducted in Bhupesh Baghel team |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh-cm-expands-cabinet-inducts-nine-ministers/article25825517.ece |access-date=2025-08-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Timeline of political positions ===

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Timeline of Shivkumar Dahariya's Political Positions
|-
! Year(s)
! Political Position/Role

|-
| 1977-1988
| Various positions within school and college student unions
|-
| 1989
| Member, Madhya Pradesh 20-Point Committee
|-
| 1990
| Joint Secretary, Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee (Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Cell)
|-
| 1990
| Undertook "jail journey" in Bhopal protesting against the BJP government, following instructions from late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
|-
| 1990-2000
| Various capacities at district and state levels within the Congress party, including General Secretary of the Madhya Pradesh Youth Congress
|-
| 1997
| General Secretary, State Youth Congress
|-
| March 2000
| Withdrew Rajya Sabha nomination as per party high command's instructions
|-
| 2000
| Member, State Transport Authority (with State Minister status), Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 2001
| In-charge General Secretary, Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee
|-
| 2003
| Elected as Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the first time (Palari SC constituency)
|-
| 2004
| Member, Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, and Backward Classes Welfare Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2004
| Member, Committee for Examining Papers Laid on the Table, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2004
| Member, Member Facilities and Honor Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2004
| Member, Questions and References Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2004
| Member, Library Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2004
| Member, Committee on Bills and Resolutions of Non-Government Members, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2004
| Member, Committee on Government Undertakings, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2004-2005
| Member, Committee for Examining Papers Laid on the Table, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2004-2006
| Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2006-2007
| Member, Committee on Bills and Resolutions of Non-Government Members, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2007-2010
| Member, Member Facilities and Honor Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2008
| Re-elected as MLA for a second term (Bilaigarh SC constituency)
|-
| 2009
| Member, Member Facilities and Honor Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2010
| Member, Questions and References Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2010-2011
| Member, Privileges Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2010-2011
| Member, Questions and References Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2011
| Member, Committee on Government Undertakings, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2011
| Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Backward Classes, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2011-2012
| Member, Committee on Government Undertakings, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2011-2012
| Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2012-2013
| Member, Public Accounts Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2012-2013
| Member, Committee on Government Assurances, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2013-2014
| Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2013-2014
| Member, Committee on Government Assurances, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| 2018
| Elected as MLA for a third term (Arang SC constituency)
|-
| 2019
| Appointed Minister in the Government of Chhattisgarh (Urban Administration and Development, and Labor portfolios)
|-
| 2019-2021
| Member, Business Advisory Committee, Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
|-
| November 2020
| Announced policy decisions to empower Mayor-in-Council (MiC) regarding construction work location changes and utilization of saved funds
|-
| March 2021
| Inspected infrastructural works in Arang Vidhan Sabha constituency, including sanitation, road construction, community buildings, lighting, and gyms
|-
| November 2022
| Addressed Chhattisgarh Business Summit 2022 as Minister of Urban Administration & Development and Labor Department, promoting investment in the state<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Business Summit 2022 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/tag/chhattisgarh-business-summit-2022 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| Runner-up in the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election (Arang SC constituency)
|-
| 2024
| 1st Runner Up in the Lok Sabha Election (Janjgir-Champa SC constituency)
|}

=== Electoral performance ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Election Type
!Constituency
! colspan="2" | Party
!Votes Secured
!Percentage (%)
!Outcome
!Winner/1st Runner-up
! colspan="2" | Party
!Votes
!Percentage (%)
!{{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="5" |[[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]]
|[[Palari Assembly constituency|Palari]] (SC)
| {{Abbrev party name with color |Indian National Congress |rowspan=6}}
|40,814
|38.55
| rowspan="2" |Won
|Durga Prasad Maheshwar
| {{Abbrev party name with color |Bharatiya Janata Party |rowspan=6}}
|38,112
|36.00
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Pallari 2003 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2003/chhattisgarh/pallari/54/25736/170 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bilaigarh Assembly constituency|Bilaigarh]] (SC)
|55,863
|37.97
| rowspan="2" |Dr. Sanam Jangde
|42,241
|28.71
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Bilaigarh 2008 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2008/chhattisgarh/bilaigarh/54/29541/198 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|58,669
|32.28
|Lost (Runner-Up)
|71,364
|39.26
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Bilaigarh 2013 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2013/chhattisgarh/bilaigarh/54/34140/233 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]] (SC)
|69,900
|45.10
|Won
|Sanjay Dhidhi
|44,823
|28.92
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Aarang 2018 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2018/chhattisgarh/arang/54/38451/260 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ विधानसभा चुनाव: यहां देखिए विजेता उम्मीदवारों की पूरी लिस्ट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-2018-list-of-winner-candidates-bjp-congress-sapaks |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|77,501
|43.34
| rowspan="2" |Lost (Runner-Up)
|[[Guru Khushwant Saheb]]
|94,039
|52.59
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Aarang 2023 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2023/chhattisgarh/arang/54/46620/293 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Arang, Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Arang में BJP ने INC कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/arang-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830641-2023-12-03 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CG Election Result: आरंग में मंत्री डॉ. शिव डहरिया हारे चुनाव! गुरु खुशवंत साहेब जीते |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/assembly-election/arang-election-result-2023-raipur-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winners-and-losers-list-latest-breaking-news/1985769 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir-Champa]] (SC)
|618,199
|44.40
|[[Kamlesh Jangde]]
|678,199
|48.71
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Janjgir-Champa 2024 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha-details/2024/chhattisgarh/janjgir-champa/10712/54/18 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2024-06-04 |title=जांजगीर चांपा लोकसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2024: बीजेपी की कमलेश जांगड़े 60 हजार वोटों से जीतीं, कांग्रेस के शिवकुमार डहारिया को हराया |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/chhattisgarh-chunav/janjgir-champa-chhattisgarh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-bjp-congress-kamlesh-jangde-shiv-kumar-dahariya-2648240.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janjgir Champa Lok Sabha Chunav Result 2024: जांजगीर चांपा लोकसभा सीट पर बीजेपी की जीत, 50 हजार से अधिक वोटों से हारे कांग्रेस प्रत्याशी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/janjgir-champa-lok-sabha-chunav-result-2024-kamlesh-jangde-shivkumar-dahariya-who-wins-bjp-congress/articleshow/110564728.cms |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Baghel ministry]]
* [[5th Chhattisgarh Assembly]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Twitter}}
{{Subject bar|auto=yes|portal1=Biography|portal2=Politics|portal3=India|d=Q135580035}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahariya, Shivkumar}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Politicians from Raipur]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University alumni]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Dindigul C. Sreenivasan

2026-05-05T04:30:45Z

Zuko:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1948)}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dindigul C. Sreenivasan
| image = C. Sreenivasan.jpg
| honorific_prefix =
| caption =
| office = [[Environment and Forests Department (Tamil Nadu)|Minister of Forests]]
| term_start = 23 May 2016
| term_end = 6 May 2021
| constituency = [[Dindigul (State Assembly Constituency)|Dindigul]]
| predecessor = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| successor = [[K. Ramachandran]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2016
| term_end1 = 6 May 2026
| constituency1 = [[Dindigul (State Assembly Constituency)|Dindigul]]
| predecessor1 = [[K. Balabharathi]]
| successor1 = [[I. P. Senthil Kumar]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 10 March 1998
| term_end2 = 16 May 2004
| predecessor2 = [[N. S. V. Chitthan]]
| successor2 = [[N. S. V. Chitthan]]
| constituency2 = [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
| term_start3 = 29 November 1989
| term_end3 = 9 May 1996
| predecessor3 = K. R. Natarajan
| successor3 = [[N. S. V. Chitthan]]
| constituency3 = [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
| office4 = Treasurer of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start4 = 11 July 2022<ref name="dstreasurer"/>
| term_end4 =
| 1blankname4 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]
| 1namedata4 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| predecessor4 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| term_start5 = 14 February 2017
| term_end5 = 21 August 2017
| predecessor5 = [[O. Panneerselvam]]
| successor5 = O. Panneerselvam
| term_start6 = 31 March 2000
| term_end6 = 20 July 2006
| 1blankname6 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]
| 1namedata6 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor6 = [[Sedapatti Muthiah]]
| successor6 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| office7 = Organizing Secretary of AIADMK
| term_start7 = 2020
| term_end7 = 2022
| party = [[AIADMK]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|4|1}}<ref>[http://myneta.info/tamilnadu2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1138 Criminal & Asset Declaration in Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election 2016]</ref>
| birth_place = [[Usilampatti]], [[Madras Province]], India
| education = M.A ([[Political science]]), MBA{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}}{{clarify|date=April 2024|reason=From what colleges or universities were these degrees earned?}}
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| father = 
| mother = 
| spouse = {{ubl
| {{Marriage|S. Kannathal|1974}}{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}}
| {{marriage|S. Nageswari|1979}}{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}}
}}
| children = 
| relatives = 
}}
'''Dindigul C. Sreenivasan''' (born 1 April 1948) is an Indian politician and former four term [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament of India]] elected from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Dindigul (state assembly constituency)|Dindigul]] from 2016 to 2026. He is the [[treasurer]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) since 11 July 2022.<ref name="dstreasurer" /> He is one of senior most members of the party [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]. He served as [[Environment and Forests Department (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Forests]] for Tamil Nadu from 2016 to 2021.<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/department/8 Minister of Tamil Nadu Forests]</ref><ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/government/mlas/90525/ Tamil Nadu Assembly 2016 Council of Ministers]</ref><ref>[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/ministers.html Tamil Nadu Legislative 15th Assembly Cabinet Ministers]</ref>

He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul constituency]] as an AIADMK candidate in the Indian general elections of [[Indian general election, 1989 (Tamil Nadu)|1989]], [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1991|1991]], [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1998|1998]] and [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1999|1999]] in Tamil Nadu.

Elected in Legislative Assembly Election 2016 and 2021 in Dindigul Assembly constituency for consecutive 2 terms, he belongs to [[Piramalai Kallar]] community.{{refn|<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf Volume I, 1989 Indian general election, 9th Lok Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf Volume I, 1991 Indian general election, 10th Lok Sabha] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf Volume I, 1998 Indian general election, 12th Lok Sabha] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223306/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |date=20 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf Volume I, 1999 Indian general election, 13th Lok Sabha] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/01-List%20of%20sucessful%20Candidatestamil.pdf 15th Legislative Assembly Election 2016 in Tamil Nadu]</ref>}}

[[Jayalalithaa]] appointed Sreenivasan as Minister for Forests in May 2016. This was his first cabinet post in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Jayalalithaa and her 28-member Cabinet to be sworn in on May 23 |date=21 May 2016 |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/list-of-ministers-in-jayalalithaa-cabinet/article8630370.ece |accessdate=2017-05-04}}</ref>

On 11 July 2022, C. Sreenivasan was made treasurer of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name="dstreasurer">{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aiadmk-gears-up-for-eps-vs-ops-battle-as-madras-hc-set-to-deliver-verdict-on-plea-against-general-council-meet-5528575.html |title=Sec 144 Around AIADMK HQ in Chennai as Party Expels OPS After EPS Gains Control|website=news18| date=11 July 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreenivasan, C.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Madurai district]]
[[Category:People from Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

List of Indian aircraft

2026-04-28T15:18:58Z

Zuko: added a details

{{Short description|All aircraft produced by India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
The article constitutes most of notable aircraft produced by India. Since its independence, India has designed and produced a number of civilian and military aircraft. State-owned [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) remains the largest manufacturer of aircraft in country.

==Trainers==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Name and designation
! Image
! Manufacturer
! First flight
! Status
! Number built
! Notes
! Ref (s)
|-
| [[HAL HT-2]]
| [[File:HAL HT-2 (1).jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| {{dts|5 August 1951}}
| Retired
| 172
|
| {{sfn|Bridgeman|1953|pp=118}}
|-
| [[HAL Pushpak]] (HUL-26)
| [[File:HUL-26 Pushpak at HAL Museum 7858.JPG|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| {{dts|28 September 1958}}
| In limited use as private aircraft
| 160+
|
| {{sfn|Orbis|1985|pp=2172}}
|-
| [[HAL HJT-16 Kiran|HAL Kiran]] (HJT-16)
| [[File:HJT-16 Kiran - Aero India 2011 - 16.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| {{dts|4 September 1964}}
| In service
| 190
|
| {{sfn|Smith|1994|pp=157}}{{sfn|Taylor|1982|pp=92}}
|-
| [[HAL HPT-32 Deepak|HAL Deepak]] (HPT-32 and HTT-34)
| [[File:HAL Deepak.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| {{dts|6 January 1977}}
| In service
| 125
| HTT-34, the Turboprop variant of aircraft was introduced in 1984
| {{sfn|Taylor|1996|pp=401}}{{sfn|Lambert|1990|pp=198}}
|-
| HAL HTT-35
|
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| -
| Cancelled
| 0
| Envisaged as replacement of HPT-32, never built.
|
|-
| [[HAL HJT-36 Sitara|HAL Sitara]] (HJT-36)
| [[File:Hindustan HJT-36 Sitara Krivchikov 2007.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| {{dts|7 March 2003}}
| Limited series production
| 16
| Induction due for 2023
| <ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Jackson|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Peacock|editor2-first=Lindsay|editor3-last=Bushell|editor3-first=Susan|editor4-last=Willis|editor4-first=David|editor5-last=Winchester|editor5-first=Jim|title=IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production|date=2016–2017|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631770|page=304|chapter=India}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL HTT-40]]
| [[File:HAL HTT40 aeroIndia.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| {{dts|31 May 2016}}
| In development
| 2 prototypes
| Developed as replacement for HPT-32. Total 106 airframes are planned for [[Indian Air Force]].
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiadefenceonline.com/1146/hal-offers-new-basic-trainer-to-air-force|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217003650/http://indiadefenceonline.com/1146/hal-offers-new-basic-trainer-to-air-force|url-status=usurped|title=HAL Offers New Basic Trainer to Air Force|archivedate=December 17, 2010}}</ref><ref name="HALoutline">{{cite web|url = http://www.hal-india.com/futureproducts/products.asp|title = Hal htt-40|access-date = 2022-09-26 |last = Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd|author-link = Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd|date = n.d.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161222115526/http://www.hal-india.com/futureproducts/products.asp|archive-date = 22 December 2016|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL HJT 39|HAL Combat Air Trainer]] (HJT-39)
|
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| Never flown
| Cancelled
| 0
| Dropped in favour of [[BAE Hawk|Hawk 132]].
| <ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aero-india-local-rival-to-bae-hawk-proposed-193903/ Aero India - Local rival to BAE Hawk proposed - Flight Global, 15 FEBRUARY, 2005]</ref>
|-
| HAL SPORT (Supersonic Omni Role Trainer Aircraft)
|
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| TBD
| Designing phase
|
| Advanced trainer based on [[HAL Tejas]] fighter aircraft.
| rowspan=2 | <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chetan Kumar|date=2019-03-25|title=HAL designs two-in-one plane to train in peace, fight during war|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hal-designs-two-in-one-plane-to-train-in-peace-fight-at-war/articleshow/68265468.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=Bengaluru|access-date=2022-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 January 2021|title=India offers LCA Tejas trainer variant to US Navy: Report|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/12/09/india-offers-lca-tejas-trainer-variant-to-us-navy-report.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922230916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tejas-mark-ii-to-roll-out-next-year-high-speed-trials-in-2023-hal-chief-madhavan/article33708634.ece|archive-date=22 September 2021|access-date=2022-09-26|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| HAL LIFT (Lead-In Fighter Trainer)
|
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| TBD
| Proposed
|
| Advanced trainer based on [[HAL Tejas]] fighter aircraft.
|}

== Civilian ==
=== Rotorcraft ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Image
! Manufacturer
! Role
! First flight
! Status
! Number built
! Notes
! Ref (s)
|-
| [[HAL Dhruv]] (ALH)
| [[File:VT-XLH HAL Dhruv (8414607154).jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Utility helicopter]]
| {{dts|20 August 1992}}
| In service
| 335
| Number includes both military and civil aircraft
| <ref name="Dhruv">{{cite book|first1= Paul |last1= Jackson |first2=Kenneth|last2=Munson|first3= Lindsay|last3=Peacock|title= Jane's All the World's Aircraft |year= 2004 |publisher= Jane's |location= Coulsdon |isbn= 0-71062614-2 |edition= 95th | issue = 2004–2005}}</ref>
|}

=== Fixed wing ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Image
! Manufacturer
! Role
! First flight
! Status
! Number built
! Notes
! Ref (s)
|-
| [[HAL Basant]]
| [[File:Basant by HAL 7871.JPG|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Agricultural aircraft]]
| {{dts|30 March 1972}}
| Out of production
| 39
|
| {{sfn|Orbis|1985|pp=2160}}
|-
| [[NAL Hansa]]
| [[File:NAL Hansa at HAL Museum 7818.JPG|thumb|right]]
| [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL)
| Light trainer
| {{dts|23 November 1993}}
| In production
| 17
|
| {{sfn|Jackson|2004|pp=192}}
|-
| [[NAL Saras]]
| [[File:HAL Saras.jpg|thumb|right]]
| [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL)
| [[Airliner]]
| {{dts|29 May 2004}}
| Mk1 in production, Mk2 in development
| 2 prototypes
| Mk2 proposed for flight in 2025
| <ref name = 'UNI'>{{Cite news|title = Ministry of Defence gives nod for proposal to produce Saras civil aircraft developed by NAL|url = http://www.uniindia.com/ministry-of-defence-gives-nod-for-proposal-to-produce-saras-civil-aircraft-developed-by-nal/business-economy/news/1507051.html|date = 21 February 2019|accessdate = 26 September 2022|newspaper = UNI}}</ref>
|-
| [[NAL NM5]]
| [[File:The first flight of C-NM5 on sep 1,2011.jpg|thumb|right]]
| [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL) and [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| [[General aviation]]
| {{dts|1 September 2011}}
| Cancelled
| 1 prototype
|
|
|-
| [[HAL/NAL Regional Transport Aircraft]] (Indian Regional Jet)
|
| HAL and NAL
| [[Airliner]]
| TBD
| In development
|
|
|
|}

== Military ==
=== Rotorcraft ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Image
! Manufacturer
! Role
! First flight
! Status
! Number built
! Notes
! Ref (s)
|-
| [[HAL Dhruv]] (ALH) and variants
| [[File:DhruvMKIII.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Utility helicopter]]
| {{dts|20 August 1992}}
| In service
| 335
| Number includes both military and civil aircraft
| <ref name="Dhruv"/>
|-
| [[HAL Rudra]] (Dhruv-WSI)
| [[File:Advanced Light Helicopter ALH Rudra (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Attack helicopter]]
| {{dts|16 August 2007}}
| In service
| 91 (+75 on order)
| Weaponized version of Dhruv
| <ref>{{cite news |title = Year-End Review – 2010 DRDO |url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68740 |access-date = 26 September 2022|newspaper = Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL Prachand]] (Light Combat Helicopter)
| [[File:HAL LCH Camo.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Attack helicopter]]
| {{dts|29 March 2010}}
| In production
| 9 (+15 LSP and 162 choppers planned)
|
| <ref name="cutting teeth">{{Cite news |last=Shukla|first=Ajai |date=2020-08-13 |title=Hindustan Aeronautics' light combat chopper cutting its teeth in Ladakh |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/defence/hindustan-aeronautics-light-combat-chopper-cutting-its-teeth-in-ladakh-120081300071_1.html |access-date=2022-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL Light Utility Helicopter]]
| [[File:LUH at Leh.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| Light Utility Helicopter
| {{dts|6 September 2016}}
| In production
| 3 (187 planned)
|
| <ref name="theweekFeb2019">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/02/12/hal-light-utility-helicopter-to-prove-its-mettle-at-plane-carnival.html |title=HAL's Light Utility Helicopter to prove its mettle at plane carnival |last=Krishnan M. |first=Anantha |date=12 February 2019 |website=The Week |language=en }}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Multi Role Helicopter]]
| [[File:Hal imrh.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| Medium multirole helicopter
| 2024-25
| Under development
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=30 March 2022 |title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine has cast a shadow on maintainability of Mi-17 helicopters |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/russias-invasion-of-ukraine-has-cast-a-shadow-on-maintainability-of-mi-17-helicopters/articleshow/90526532.cms |access-date=2022-09-26}}</ref>
|-
| HAL Medium Combat Helicopter Program
|
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| Large attack helicopter
| 2027
| Under development
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-03-02|title=Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd plans to produce Apache-like military helicopter in India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/hal-plans-to-produce-apache-like-military-helicopter-in-india/articleshow/74426550.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|location=New Delhi|access-date=2022-09-26}}</ref>
|}

=== Fixed Wing ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Image
! Manufacturer
! Role
! First flight
! Status
! Number built
! Notes
! Ref (s)
|-
| [[HAL Krishak]] (HAOP-27)
| [[File:HAL Krishak.JPG|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Surveillance aircraft]]
| November 1959
| Retired
| 70
|
| {{sfn|Taylor|1966|pp=80}}
|-
| [[HAL HF-24 Marut|HAL Marut]] (HF-24)
| [[File:HAL HF-24 Marut D-1205.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Fighter-bomber]]
| {{dts|17 June 1961}}
| Retired
| 147
|
| {{sfn|Donald|1997|pp=523}}
|-
| [[HAL HF-73]]
| [[File:HF-73 schematic diagram.png|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Attack aircraft|Strike fighter]]
| Never flown
| Cancelled
| 0
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-01|title=#SundaySpecial: HF-73: India's Ignored Path To Global Prowess?|url=http://frontiervedette.com/sundayspecial-hf-73-indias-ignored-path-to-global-prowess/|access-date=2022-09-26|website=The Frontier Vedette|language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL Ajeet]]
| [[File:HAL Ajeet F.1 (E1076) (or possibly IE1076) (26982567376).jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Fighter aircraft]]
| {{dts|30 September 1976}}
| Retired
| 89
|
| {{sfn|Gupta|1997|pp=50}}
|-
| [[HAL Tejas]] (Light Combat Aircraft)
| [[File:Two HAL Tejas flying in formation.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Multirole combat aircraft]]
| {{dts|4 January 2001}}
| In production
| 40 (+83 on order)
|
| <ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-01|title=Indigenous Tejas joins IAF's fighter squadron|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|access-date=2022-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108101311/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Indigenous-Tejas-joins-IAF%E2%80%99s-fighter-squadron/article14465804.ece|archive-date=8 November 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL Tejas Mk2]] (Medium Weight Fighter)
| [[File:LCA_Mk-2.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Multirole combat aircraft]]
| 2026 (Expected)
| Building prototypes
|
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=With expected 83 Tejas MK1A orders, ARDC shapes India's upgraded fighter|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/08/05/with-expected-83-tejas-mk1a-orders-ardc-shapes-india-upgraded-fi.html|access-date=2022-09-26|website=OnManorama|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL TEDBF]] (Twin Engine Deck Based Fighter)
| [[File:Indian Navy's HAL TEDBF.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Carrier-based aircraft|Carrier-based]] fighter
| 2026 (Expected)
| Under development
|
|a derivative of TEDBF named HAL ORCA proposed for [[Indian Air Force]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Aero India 2021: Indian TEDBF naval fighter showcased by HAL|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/aero-india-2021-indian-tedbf-naval-fighter-showcased-by-hal|access-date=2022-09-26|website=Janes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[HAL AMCA]] (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft)
| [[File:AMCA model displayed during Aero India 2021.jpg|thumb|right]]
| Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
| [[Stealth aircraft|Stealth]] [[multirole fighter]]
| 2028 (Expected)
| Building prototypes
|
|
| <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last1=P|first1=Rajat|date=November 22, 2021|title=AMCA Fighter Jet: Made-in-India stealth fighter project set to take off in 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/made-in-india-stealth-fighter-project-set-to-take-off-in-2022/articleshow/87838884.cms|access-date=2022-09-26|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Unmanned aerial vehicles ==
{{Dynamic list}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
!Image
! Type
! Role
! Produced by
! Status
! Ref (s)
|-
| [[DRDO Kapothaka]]
|
| Fixed-wing UAV
| Technology demonstrator
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| Retired
|
|-
| [[DRDO Nishant]]
|[[File:Nishant UAV.JPG|thumb]]
| Fixed-wing UAV
| [[Reconnaissance]]
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| Out of service
|
|-
| DRDO Fluffy
|
| colspan="2" | [[Target drone]]
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| Out of production
|
|-
| [[DRDO Ulka]]
|
| colspan="2" | Air-launched [[target drone]]
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| In service
|
|-
| [[DRDO Lakshya]]
|[[File:Lakshya target drone.jpg|thumb]]
| colspan="2" | [[Target drone]]
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| In service
|
|-
| [[DRDO Abhyas]]
|[[File:DRDO Abhyas successfully flight test from Interim Test Range, Chandipur on 22 October 2021.jpg|thumb]]
| colspan="2" | High-speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT) or [[Target drone]]
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| In production
|
|-
| [[DRDO Imperial Eagle]]
|
| Fixed-wing
| Mini-UAV
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| Flight tested only
|
|-
| [[DRDO Netra]]
|[[File:Netra - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - DRDO - Pride of India - Exhibition - 100th Indian Science Congress - Kolkata 2013-01-03 2574.JPG|thumb]]
| [[Quadcopter]]
| Mini-UAV
| [[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)|R&DE]], ideaForge
|In service
|
|-
| NAL LCRA (Light Canard Research Aircraft)
|
| Fixed-wing UAV
| Technology demonstrator
| [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]
| Retired
|
|-
| [[DRDO Rustom]]
|[[File:Rustom - 1 UAV.jpg|thumb]]
| Fixed-wing UAV
| Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE)
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| Flight trials
|
|-
| DRDO Archer (Weaponized Rustom-I)
|
| Fixed-wing UCAV
| Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE)
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| Under development
|
|-
| [[TAPAS-BH-201]] (Rustom-II)
|[[File:Rustom flight 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb]]
| Fixed-wing
| Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE)
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| In production
|
|-
| [[DRDO Ghatak]]
|[[File:Autonomous Flying wing Tech.jpg|thumb|Prototype Swift ]]
| [[Stealth technology|Stealth]] [[Flying wing]] UAV
| [[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle]]
| [[Aeronautical Development Establishment|ADE]]
| Prototype testing
|
|-
| [[IAI-HAL NRUAV]]
|
| Rotorcraft
| Unmanned naval helicopter
| [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| Under development
|
|}

== Ultralight ==
* [[Raj Hamsa X-Air|X-Air]]
* [[Raj Hamsa X-Air "H" Hanuman|X-Air Hanuman]]
* [[Raj Hamsa Voyager]]
* [[Raj Hamsa Clipper]]

== See also ==
* [[Indian Air Force]]
* [[Aviation in India]]
* [[Civil aviation in India]]
* [[Defence industry of India]]

== Notes and references ==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===References===
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Bridgeman|first=Leonard|year=1953|title=Jane's all the worlds aircraft 1953/4. Compiled and edited by Leonard Bridgman. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. Ltd., London 1953. 400 pp. 84s. net.|url=|location=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=58|issue=519}}
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=John W. R.|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66|year=1965|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd.|location=London}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Orbis|first =|year=1985|title=Part Work (1982-85)|url=|magazine=[[Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft]]|location =United Kingdom|page=2172|publisher=[[Orbis Publishing]]}}
*{{cite book|last=Partington|first=David|title=Civil Aircraft Registers of United Kingdom, Ireland & IOM 2013|year=2013|publisher=Air-Britain (Historians) Limited|location=Tonbridge, Kent|isbn=978-0-85130-453-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Donald |first=David |author2=Jon Lake |title=Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft|edition=Single volume |year=1996 |publisher= Aerospace Publishing|location= London|isbn=1-874023-95-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith|first=Chris|title=India's Ad Hoc Arsenal: Direction Or Drift in Defence Policy?|year=1994 |publisher= Oxford University Press|location=|isbn=0-1982-9168-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=John W. R. |author-link= John W. R. Taylor |title= Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83 |year=1982 |publisher= Jane's Yearbooks |location=London |isbn=0-7106-0748-2 }}
* {{cite book|last=Taylor |first=John W. R.|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89 |year=1988 |publisher= Jane's Defence Data |location=Coulsdon, UK |isbn=0-7106-0867-5 }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Lambert |editor-first=Mark |title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1990–91 |year=1990 |location=Coulsdon, UK |publisher=Jane's Defence Data |isbn=0-7106-0908-6 }}
*{{cite book|last= Taylor|first= Michael J. H.|title= Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory|year= 1996|publisher= Brassey's|location= London, England|isbn= 1-85753-198-1|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/brasseysworldair0000unse}}
*Taylor, M.J.H. (ed,). ''Brassey's World Aircraft Systems Directory 1999/2000 Edition''. London: Brassey's, 1999. {{ISBN|1-85753-245-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Taylor|first=M. J. H.|title=Brassey's World Aircraft Systems Directory 1999/2000 Edition|year=1999 |publisher=Brassey's|location=London|isbn=1-85753-245-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Jackson|first=Paul|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004|year=2004 |publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-7106-2537-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=John W. R.|title=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1966–67|year=1966|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Company|location=London|author-link=John W. R. Taylor}}
* {{cite book|last=Donald|first=David|title=The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft|year=1997|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston & Company|location=London|author-link=Donald David|isbn=1-85605-375-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Amit|title=Building an Arsenal: The Evolution of Regional Power Force Structures|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-2759-5787-X}}

{{refend}}

{{HAL aircraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian aircraft}}
[[Category:Lists of aircraft|India]]
[[Category:India aviation-related lists|Aircraft]]
[[Category:Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]

Ngurdinglien Sanate

2026-04-20T06:01:04Z

Zuko: adding article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ngurdinglien Sanate
| image =
| birth_date = 1938
| birth_place = Zawllien, [[Parbung]], [[Pherzawl District]], [[Manipur]]
| death_date = 11 February 1991
| constituency = [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency]]
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly]], [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly]], [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly]], [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1985 Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 1968–1984
| party = [[Indian National Congress]], [[Janata Party]], Independent
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Dhanamanjuri University|DM College]]
}}

'''Ngurdinglien Sanate''', or in short, Dinglien, was a former [[Minister (government)|Minister]] of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]], who was elected to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]], [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]], [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]], and [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=(Ngurdinglien), general election, 1984 - the legislative assembly |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3706-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1984/?do=download&r=8711&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=7d58464a9d7d3205b2b765007c836c1b |publisher=Election Commission of India.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(Mgurdinglien), general election, 1980 - the legislative assembly |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3705-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1980/?do=download&r=8709&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=d55276a9d8a7bc10a783e961dbb03767 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(Ngurdinglien) Manipur 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3704-manipur-1974/ |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He also served as a [[Deputy Speaker]] of the Manipur Legislative Assembly during 1975–77. He is the father of incumbent [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]] [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] member [[Ngursanglur Sanate]].<ref name="ceomanipur">{{cite web|url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/55/Ngursanglur%20Sanate.pdf|date=7 February 2022|title=Affidavit|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> He was also briefly elected as an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] in [[Churachandpur Assembly constituency|Churachandpur AC]] in the by-election term of 1968. He belonged to the [[Hmar people|Hmar]] tribe.

==Early life==
Ngurdinglien was born and raised in [[Parbung]], where he studied until his 6th standard there at NEIG.M.E. School. He completed his high school at [[Shillong]] and his college at [[Dhanamanjuri University|DM College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGURDINGLIEN SANATE |url=https://www.virthli.in/2014/05/ngurdinglien-sanate.html |access-date=2024-05-01}}</ref>

==Political career==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Manipur Legislative Assembly (1968–1984)
|-
! Sl. No !! Term !! Status !! Party !! Constituency !! Opponent(s)
|-
| 1 || 1968 (By-Election) || Won || - || [[Churachandpur Assembly constituency|Ccpur AC]] || -
|-
| 2 || [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Won || - || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh AC]] || Selkai Hrangchal
|-
| 3 || [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Won || - || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh AC]] || Selkai Hrangchal
|-
| 4 || [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Won || - || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh AC]] || Selkai Hrangchal
|-
| 5 || [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Won || - || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh AC]] || Selkai Hrangchal
|-
| 6 || [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Lost || - || [[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh AC]] || Selkai Hrangchal
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanate, Ngurdinglien}}
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1972–1974]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1974–1979]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

Regu Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:23:11Z

Zuko: adding new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Regu
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 8,345
| mla = Karna Bahadur Chamling
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Regu Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tulsiram Sharma Kashyap|Tulshi Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Rajendra Prasad Uprety
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=3 | Karna Bahadur Chamling || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Regu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Bahadur Chamling |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,662 |percentage=84.28% |change={{increase}}33.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Kumar Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,056 |percentage=15.72% |change={{increase}}15.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,606 |percentage=68.56% |change= {{increase}}66.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,718 |percentage=80.50% |change= {{decrease}}0.99 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,345 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}33.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Regu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Bahadur Chamling |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,413 |percentage=50.91% |change={{increase}}1.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Bahadur Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,253 |percentage=48.52% |change={{increase}}2.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damber Singh Gurung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38 |percentage=0.57% |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=160 |percentage=2.39% |change= {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,704 |percentage=82.88% |change= {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,226 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}1.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Regu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Bahadur Chamling |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,619 |percentage=49.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Bahadur Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,435 |percentage=45.70% |change={{decrease}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulshi Ram Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=137 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purna Kumar Gurung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=87 |percentage=1.63% |change={{decrease}}33.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=184 |percentage=3.45% |change= {{decrease}}17.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,328 |percentage=84.43% |change= {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,442 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}6.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Regu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Prasad Uprety |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,479 |percentage=55.85% |change={{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Bahadur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,558 |percentage=35.10% |change={{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surmadan Chetri |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=196 |percentage=4.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulshiram Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=40 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. B. Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=24 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=921 |percentage=20.75% |change= {{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,439 |percentage=77.68% |change= {{increase}}16.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,532 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Regu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tulsiram Sharma Kashyap|Tulshi Sharma]]|party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,462 |percentage=45.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Bahadur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=913 |percentage=28.58% |change={{increase}}13.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khusnarayan Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=379 |percentage=11.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Gurung |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=336 |percentage=10.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bauikunda Raj Shretha |party=Independent politician |votes=40 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lok Bagadur Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=38 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Thargey |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=549 |percentage=17.18% |change= {{increase}}14.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,195 |percentage=64.72% |change= {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,026 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}19.93 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Regu<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulshi Sharma |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=622 |percentage=25.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Bahadur |party=Independent politician |votes=560 |percentage=23.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Udai Chandra Vasistha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=375 |percentage=15.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chatra Rai |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=338 |percentage=14.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Rai |party=Janata Party |votes=214 |percentage=8.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Bahadur Rai |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=120 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilli Ram Dorjee |party=Independent politician |votes=87 |percentage=3.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Prasad Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=50 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Bahadur Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=42 |percentage=1.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=62 |percentage=2.57% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,408 |percentage=59.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,179 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord missing|Sikkim}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Gourishankar Roy

2026-04-19T10:17:24Z

Zuko: New new article w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gourishankar Roy
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1951
| term_end = 1967
| predecessor = ''New constituency''
| successor = [[Tajamul Ali Laskar]]
| constituency = [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]]
| term_start1 = 1978
| term_end1 = 1983
| predecessor1 = [[Santosh Kumar Roy (Assam politician)|Santosh Kumar Roy]]
| successor1 = [[Tajamul Ali Laskar]]
| constituency1 = [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Gourishankar Roy''' is an Indian politician from Assam. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra constituency]] in the 1952, 1957, 1962 and [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="AssamECI1951">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_ASSAM.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-13}}</ref><ref name="AssamECI1957">{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Assam_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=11 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1957-62.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1957–62 | publisher=assamassembly.gov.in | accessdate=2018-10-17}}</ref><ref name=election2962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Assam Election Results, 1962 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3992-assam-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="eci1978">{{cite web | url=https://eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ | title=STATISTICAL REPORTS OF GENERAL ELECTION TO STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHANSABHA) 1978 | publisher=Election Commission of india | accessdate=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="assam">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1985-91.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Members 1978-83 | publisher=Govt. of Assam | accessdate=29 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1978 |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1978 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ASSAM |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3996-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-1978/?do=download |access-date=16 November 2024 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Gourishankar}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Hailakandi district]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Makrana Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:42Z

Zuko: added info.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Makrana]]
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-113-Makrana.svg
| mla = [[Zakir Hussain Gesawat]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
| established = 1993
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:271866}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 113
}}
'''Makrana Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| [[Roopa Ram]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-rajasthan-1993/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1993 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Abdul Aziz<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Bhanwar Lal Rajpurohit<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Zakir Hussain Gesawat]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Shreeram Bhincher]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Roopa Ram]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Zakir Hussain Gesawat]]<ref name=election2023/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Makrana<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jakir Hussain Gesawat
|votes = {{formatnum:96544}}
|percentage = 46.91
|change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sumita Bhinchar
|votes = {{formatnum:67230}}
|percentage = 32.66
|change = -14.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Amar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:19932}}
|percentage = 9.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jaipal Meghawal
|votes = {{formatnum:8998}}
|percentage = 4.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Himmatsingh
|votes = {{formatnum:7274}}
|percentage = 3.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1673}}
|percentage = 0.81
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29314}}
|percentage = 14.25
|change = +13.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205818}}
|percentage = 75.71
|change = -1.93
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Makrana<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Roopa Ram]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:87201}}
|percentage = 46.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Zakir Hussain Gesawat]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:85713}}
|percentage = 46.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gangaram
|votes = {{formatnum:2588}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Narayan Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2126}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1550}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1488}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185927}}
|percentage = 77.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Nagaur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.03|74.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sikkal Rajesh

2026-04-17T15:11:52Z

Zuko: started the details w/ infobox

{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Notability|date=April 2026}}
'''Sikkal Rajesh''' (born P. Rajesh on 12 December 1984) is an Indian actor and director who works predominantly in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkal Rajesh: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/sikkal-rajesh/ampdefault |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Born in Sikkal, Tamil Nadu, he adopted his hometown's name as a prefix when he entered the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Zulfihar |date=2022-07-04 |title='பிரிவியூ பார்க்கவே யாரும் வரலை' - 'சிக்கல்' ராஜேஷ் சோகம் |url=https://timepassonline.vikatan.com/cinema/sikkal-rajesh-interview |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=Timepass Online |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rajesh made his acting debut as an antagonist in the 2020 Tamil film ''Keelakadu'', where he was credited as Sikkal Rajesh. He has since appeared in several Tamil films as a villain, including ''Patravan'',<ref>{{Cite news |title=Patravan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/patravan/movieshow/91886617.cms |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Maayavan Vettai'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maayavan Vettai |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/maayavan-vettai-158775 |website=Maalaimalar |date=9 May 2024 }}</ref> and ''Iravin Vizhigal''. In addition to acting, Rajesh ventured into direction with ''Patravan'' (2022). His second directorial venture, ''Iravin Vizhigal'', is scheduled for release in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patravan (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in katni |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/katni/movies/patravan/ET00329766 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As actor ===

* ''Keelakadu''
* ''Patravan''
* ''Maayavan Vettai''<ref>{{Cite web |last=cinemalee |date=2024-05-08 |title=தினமும் 16' மணி நேரம் மேக்கப் போட்டு, ஜின்னாக நடித்த கதாநாயகன் சிக்கல் ராஜேஷ்! Cinema Lee |url=https://cinemalee.com/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-16-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Cinema Lee |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maayavan Vettai Tamil Movie Review (2024) - Rating, Release Date, OTT Release Date and Synopsis |url=https://nettv4u.com/movie-review/tamil/maayavan-vettai |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Iravin Vizhigal|''Iravin Vizhiga''l]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=சைக்கோ திரில்லர் ஜானரில் உருவாகியுள்ள 'இரவின் விழிகள்' |url=https://tamilsaga.com/cinemadetail/6443.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=tamilsaga.com}}</ref>

=== As Director ===

* ''Patravan'' (2022)
* ''Iravin Vizhigal'' (2025)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|id=13769662|name=Sikkal Rajesh}}

Sikkal Rajesh Interview on Times Of India<ref>{{Cite news |title=Patravan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/patravan/movieshow/91886617.cms |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Jahaz Mahal

2026-04-17T07:11:33Z

Zuko: made info.

{{Short description|16th century building in India}}
{{distinguish||text=[[Mandav#Places of interest|Jahaz Mahal at Mandu, Madhya Pradesh]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Jahaz Mahal
| native_name =
| native_language =
| image = Jahaz Mahal on the bank of Hauz-i-Shamsi.jpg
| caption = [[Façade]] of Jahaz Mahal, on the bank of Hauz-i-Shamsi
| type =
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|30|51.49|N|77|10|42.67|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin =
| location = [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]], India
| area =
| height =
| built = {{Start date and age|1526|df=yes}}
| built_for =
| restored =
| restored_by =
| architect =
| architecture = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]], [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]]}}
| governing_body =
| owner =
| embedded = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_offname = {{ubl|Jahaz Mahal}}
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number = N-DL-88 }}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jahaz Mahal''' ({{Literal translation|Ship Palace}}) is located next to [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] in [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]]. It was so named, since its reflection (illusion) in the surrounding reservoir looked like a ship floating on a lake. It is inferred to have been built during the [[Lodi dynasty]] (1452–1526) as a pleasure [[resort]], [[caravanserai|Sarai]] or an [[inn]].<ref name=explore>{{Cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/aagc/Mehrauli_archeological_park.pdf|title=Exploring the Mehrauli Archaeological Park: Hauz -e –Shamshi|access-date=2009-06-21}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name =foot>{{Cite book|author= Patrick Horton |author2=Richard Plunkett |author3=Hugh Finlay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&q=JAHAJ+MAHAL+DELHI&pg=PA128|title= Delhi|
work=Jahaj Mahal and Hauz-i-Shamsi|page =128|publisher= Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet|year=2002|isbn=1-86450-297-5 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Front view of Jahaz Mahal, Mehrauli.jpg |thumb|left|200px|Facade of Jahaz Mahal]]
One reason for building the Jahaj Mahal retreat was to provide transit accommodation as a [[caravanserai|Sarai]] or ([[inn]]) to the large number of pilgrims from [[Afghanistan]], [[Arabia]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Morocco]] and [[Turkey]] who came to Delhi to visit the many [[Muslim]] [[shrine]]s. Another version is that it was built as a retreat for the emperors, [[Akbar Shah II]] and [[Bahadur Shah II]] and their families, during the summer months, away from the heat and dust of Delhi.<ref name =hindu>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/18/stories/2004101800390200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122064145/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/18/stories/2004101800390200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-22|title=Communal harmony, the Delhi way|access-date=2009-06-21|date= 2004-10-18|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Its construction is dated between 1451 AD and 1526 AD, before [[Babur|Babar]]'s invasion and the beginning of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in Delhi.<ref name =hindu/><ref name = Hauz>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0005475u00077vrb.html|title= The Iron Pillar within the mosque at the Qutb Minar (left), The waterfall, the overflow from the Hauz-i-Shamsi, near the Qutb Minar (right)|access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref>

==Structure==
The palace is approached from the eastern side. A courtyard, originally in a rectangular shape now seen in ‘U’ shape, is in the center of the palace. The palace has carved impressive square [[chhatris]] (six of them with different numbers of pillars – six, eight and twelve) or [[tower]]s in the corners and the centre, ornamented with beautiful [[squinches]] in different chambers and walls (pictures in the gallery). The domed pavilion over the central gate is decorated with blue tiles. A small [[mosque]] is also located within the palace, as discerned from a [[mihrab]] in a niche on the west wall.<ref name =hindu/><ref name=Lucy>{{Cite book|author=Lucy Peck|title=Delhi - A thousand years of Building|access-date=2009-06-21|work=Hauz Shamsi|page=233|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|quote=''This is an interesting building, U-shaped now, probably once part of a rectangular courtyard. It is possible that it was once part of a serai or even a pleasure palace beside the tank, hence its nautical name Jahaj (means ship). There is mihrab niche on the west wall, probably a private mosque. The roof is adorned with six chhatris with, variously six eight and twelve pillars. Inside there are a matching variety of squinches in the various chambers.''|archive-date=6 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006201656/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cultural event==
{{Further|Phool Walon Ki Sair}}
Jahaj Mahal is the venue of the annual colorful festival of the [[Phool Walon Ki Sair]] (means a procession of the florists) or 'Sair-i-Gulfaroshan' held in October. A procession of flower bedecked pankhas (fans) made and carried by the flower vendors starts from [[Mehrauli]] at the overflow outlet of the Hauz-i-Shamsi tank, called "Jharna", stops at the [[Yogmaya Temple]] for the first offering of the flower fan as mark of reverence, moves to the Jahaj Mahal and finally ends at the famous dargah of [[Hazrat]] [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] for the presentation of the fans and [[Chador|chaddar]] at Kaki's [[dargha]]. It marks the syncretic Hindu-Muslim composite culture. The festival was started by [[Emperor]] [[Akbar Shah II]] in 1820. It was popularised by Emperor [[Bahadur Shah II]]. It was discontinued from 1942 for a time during the [[United Kingdom|British]] period but was restarted in 1961 at the initiative of [[Pandit]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India]]. The three-day festival is held at the Jahaj Mahal where elaborate cultural programmes are organised. Cultural troupes from several [[States of India]] perform dances, drama programmes and hold musical soirees (particularly [[Qawwali]]s), in their colourful regional costumes and aspire for honours recognising their talent. Fire dancers lead the procession with pankahs.<ref name="hindu"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Attack-took-place-close-to-emblem-of-Indian-secularism/articleshow/3535097.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024054338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-28/delhi/27924012_1_hindus-and-muslims-hindu-muslim-shrine|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-24|title= Attack took place close to emblem of Indian secularism|access-date=2009-06-21|first1=Sameer|last1=Arshad|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.delhi-agra-hotels.in/event/165520878|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070611082342/http://www.delhi-agra-hotels.in/event/165520878|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-06-11|title=Phool-walon-ki-Sair|access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref>
[[File:Jahaz Mahal,Mehrauli,New Delhi,India.jpg|thumb|Jahaj Mahal, Mehrauli, New Delhi, India]]

==Sound and Light Show at Jahaz Mahal==
'Light and Sound Shows' at this historical monument are incorporated with state-of-the-art technology offering a once in a lifetime experience.
Among the numerous architectures, Jahaz Mahal, Mandu provides the most extravagant experience showcasing the history and its associated monuments. This light and sound show takes you to the medieval era.

==Conservation measures==
The Conservation Society, Delhi,(CSD), established in 1984 as a voluntary organisation for preservation of Delhi's environment and architectural heritage with the main objective of creating awareness among the public of Delhi's heritage, conducts seminars, workshops and heritage walks to promote awareness and pursue conservation activities. Jahaj Mahal is one of the monuments identified by CSD to pursue concerted conservation activities with the agencies responsible for such works, in [[Mehrauli]], Delhi's urban village which is one of 111 such villages identified all over Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/heritage/conservationsociety-delhi.htm|title= The Conservation Society – Delhi|access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref><ref name=protect>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/lib/2006/MAY/11/11IED-THIS.doc|title= This monument seeks a protector|access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref>

==Visitor information==
The heritage monument is open on all days of the week from sunrise to sunset. The nearest railway station is Hazrat [[Nizamuddin Railway Station]]. The metro station is at Chattarpur on the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]]. The nearest international airport is the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]. It is easily approachable from any part of the Delhi city by road transport. It is better to see with Mehruli Archeological Park to enjoy Delhi sultanate monuments. Inside the park there is an ample parking space.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Jahaz Mahal on the bank of Hauz-i-Shamsi tank.jpg|View of Jahaz Mahal from [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]]
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Jal Mahal]]
*[[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Jahaz Mahal, Mandu]]

==References==
{{commons category|Jahaz Mahal, Delhi}}
{{reflist}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Palaces in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Lodi dynasty]]

Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:24Z

Zuko: added new data.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Naoria Pakhanglakpa
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| established = 1974
| electors = {{formatnum:35053}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| mla = [[Soraisam Kebi Devi|Sagolshem Kebi Devi]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 21
| map_image = File:Naoriya Pakhanglakpa AC Map.png
}}

'''Naoria Pakhanglakpa Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Imphal West district]].

== Extent ==
Naoria Pakhanglakpa is the 21st of 60 constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 47 parts namely: 1 - Naoria Pakhanglakpa Irom Leikai, 2 - Heinoukhongnembi Laishram Leikai Makha, 3 - Heinoukhongnembi Laishram Leikai Awang, 4 - Heinoukhongnembi, 5 - Naoria Pakhanglakpa Lourembam Leikai, 6 - Naoria Pakhanglakpa Lourembam Leikai West, 7 - Yangam Leirak Awang, 8 - Keisham Mayai, 9 - Yangam Leirak Makha, 10 - Konjeng Langpoklakpam Leikai (A), 11 - Konjeng Langpoklakpam Leikai (B), 12 - Konjeng Ningthoujam Leikai, 13 - Chingtham Leikai (A), 14 - Chingtham Leikai (B), 15 - Konjeng Lamdong Awang Leikai, 16 - Konjeng Lamdong Leikai (A), 17 - Konjeng Lamdong Leikai (B), 18 - Mongshangei Awang, 19 - Mongshangei (A), 20 - Mongshangei (B), 21 - Mongshangei Makha, 22 - Malom Tulihal (A), 23 - Malom Tulihal (B), 24 - Langthabal Lep Awang, 25 - Langthabal Lep Mayai (A), 26 - Langthabal Lep Makha, 27 - Langthabal Lep Mayai (B), 28 - Meitram, 29 - Meitram Awang Leikai, 30 - Ningombam Awang, 31 - Ningombam Makha, 32 - Malom Tuliyaima Makha, 33 - Malom Tuliyaima (A), 34 - Malom Tuliyaima (B), 35 - Kodompokpi, 36 - Kodompokpi (A), 37 - Kodompokpi Mamang, 38 - Kodompokpi (B), 39 - Lairenjam Makha, 40 - Lairenjam Awang Leikai, 41 - Lairenjam Sabal, 42 - Hiyangthang, 43 - Hiyangthang Mamang, 44 - Langthabal Phuramakhong, 45 - Hiyangthang Tarahei Konjil, 46 - Hiyangthang Maning, and 47 - Hiyangthang Maning Makha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral Officer |first=Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{cite web |title=Naoriya pakhanglakpa Election Result 2022 LIVE: Naoriya pakhanglakpa MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/naoriya-pakhanglakpa-assembly-elections-mn-21/ |website=www.oneindia.com |access-date=9 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|Wahengbam Angou
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| A. K. Lanngam
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan=2|Wahengbam Leima Devi
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan=2|[[R. K. Anand (Manipur politician)|R. K. Anand]]
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Soibam Subhaschandra Singh]]<ref name=results2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2017 - Manipur - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Soraisam Kebi Devi]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|33.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|28.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.87}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|39.41}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|24.52}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|25.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|32.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|38.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|32.33}}
}}
=== Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Soraisam Kebi Devi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,058 |percentage=33.55% |change=5.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Soibam Subhaschandra Singh]]|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=10,527|percentage=31.93%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Soraisham Manaoton Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=9,444|percentage=28.65%|change=5.59%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Konthoujam Manoranjan Singh|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=1,721|percentage=5.22%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=214|percentage=0.65%|change=0.14%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=531 |percentage=1.61% |change=-3.71% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=32,964|percentage=94.04%|change=1.00%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,053 |change =7.51% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 5.16% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Soibam Subhaschandra Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,609 |percentage=28.38% |change=27.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Anand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,994 |percentage=23.06% |change=-9.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soraisham Manaoton Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=6,121 |percentage=20.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konthoujam Manoranjan Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=4,777 |percentage=15.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Malesh Singh |party=North East India Development Party |votes=3,610 |percentage=11.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=153 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,615 |percentage=5.32% |change=-2.25% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,334 |percentage=93.04% |change= 7.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,603 |change =4.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.49% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Anand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,750 |percentage=32.87% |change=8.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Rojenkumar Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=6,735 |percentage=25.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Soibam Subhaschandra Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,324 |percentage=23.76% |change=19.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oinam Malesh Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,571 |percentage=17.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanasam Mangi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=237 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,015 |percentage=7.57% |change=-2.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,620 |percentage=85.43% |change= -5.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,157 |change =5.85% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -6.54% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Anand |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=10,598 |percentage=39.41% |change=19.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Rojenkumar Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=7,861 |percentage=29.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Leima Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,561 |percentage=24.40% |change=-0.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinam Kumar Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,065 |percentage=3.96% |change=2.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingtham Priyokumar Singh |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=808 |percentage=3.00% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,737 |percentage=10.18% |change=7.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,893 |percentage=91.37% |change= -1.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,434 |change =17.19% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Leima Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,712 |percentage=24.52% |change=16.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Anand |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=4,990 |percentage=21.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Rojenkumar Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,555 |percentage=19.56% |change=3.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. K. Ibobi Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=4,340 |percentage=18.63% |change=5.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingtham Priyokumar Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,033 |percentage=13.02% |change=10.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Sobhachandra Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=298 |percentage=1.28% |change=-16.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sinam Radhapriyari Devi |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=265 |percentage=1.14% |change=0.02% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=722 |percentage=3.10% |change=-4.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,291 |percentage=93.30% |change= -1.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,117 |change =6.84% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -8.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Leima Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,418 |percentage=25.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Ibobi |party=Samata Party |votes=3,716 |percentage=17.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keisham Rojenkumar Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,490 |percentage=16.24% |change=-9.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chingtham Priyokumar Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=2,868 |percentage=13.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Lanngam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,824 |percentage=8.49% |change=-20.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkhaibam Biren Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,554 |percentage=7.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mutum Chaoba Meetei |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,012 |percentage=4.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Anand |party=Independent politician |votes=889 |percentage=4.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nodiya Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=474 |percentage=2.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Sobhachandra Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=240 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,702 |percentage=7.92% |change=4.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,485 |percentage=92.33% |change= -2.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,510 |change =6.86% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= -7.40% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. K. Lanngam |party=Independent politician |votes=6,711 |percentage=32.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Angou Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,916 |percentage=28.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. K. Ibobi Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,237 |percentage=25.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ch. Priyokumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,014 |percentage=9.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Joy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=366 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Kala Singh |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=267 |percentage=1.30% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=795 |percentage=3.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,573 |percentage=94.46% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,001 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Angou Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,033 |percentage=31.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Ibobi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,130 |percentage=25.83% |change=-4.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Lanngam |party=Lokdal |votes=3,478 |percentage=21.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokpam Somorendra |party=Janata Party |votes=2,888 |percentage=18.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaidem Dhananjoy |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=461 |percentage=2.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=903 |percentage=5.65% |change=-2.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,990 |percentage=90.67% |change= 4.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,958 |change =9.55% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= -7.11% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Angou Singh |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=5,320 |percentage=38.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Ibobi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,180 |percentage=30.32% |change=-2.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Lanngam |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=1,567 |percentage=11.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Brajabidhu |party=Janata Party |votes=1,486 |percentage=10.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Mangi Singh |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=767 |percentage=5.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kh. Dhanajoy |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=1.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Shyam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=206 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,140 |percentage=8.27% |change=3.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,787 |percentage=86.18% |change= 1.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,392 |change =22.80% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 6.26% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoriya Pakhanglakpa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tokpam Sanajao Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,626 |percentage=32.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Angou Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,082 |percentage=27.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thounaojam Brajabidhu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,432 |percentage=21.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumkhaibam Yaima |party=Independent politician |votes=1,404 |percentage=12.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Koijam Kerani |party=Independent politician |votes=565 |percentage=5.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Ibocha Singh |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=107 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=544 |percentage=4.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,216 |percentage=84.91% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,348 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal West district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.75|93.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Manipur]]

Ananda Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:30:58Z

Zuko: started initial details with sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ananda Nagar
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1971
| abolished = 1976
| electors = 14,463
| mla = Tarit Mohan Dasgupta
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Ananda Nagar Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Tarit Mohan Dasgupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ananda Nagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarit Mohan Dasgupta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,341 |percentage=45.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khagen Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,159 |percentage=43.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Kumar Sarkar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,132 |percentage=11.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=182 |percentage=1.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,632 |percentage=68.21% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,463 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1971]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 disestablishments in India]]

Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi

2026-04-16T02:36:14Z

Zuko: made new pg.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Parsuram Panigrahi
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
}}
[[File:Jyotiprakash_Panigrahi_(cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=a man wearing glasses at a desk|Panigrahi in 2019]]
'''Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a two time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Simulia Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simulia Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Simulia Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/simulia-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Simulia Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/simulia-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917104.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Jyoti was twice elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly from the [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia Assembly Constituency]], first in 2014 and again in 2019. In May 2024, he resigned from the [[Biju Janata Dal]] after the party did not nominate him as a candidate for the Simulia Assembly Constituency, instead selecting Subhasini Sahoo, who subsequently lost the election to the Bharatiya Janata Party's candidate, [[Padma Lochan Panda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-05-23 |title=Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi resigns from BJD |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/May/23/jyoti-prakash-panigrahi-resigns-from-bjd |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> However, immediately after his resignation, the Biju Janata Dal did not accept it and appointed him as the District President of [[Balasore district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/odisha-ex-minister-jyoti-prakash-panigrahi-appointed-as-bjd-s-balasore-district-president/1525253 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattnaik |first=Ananya |date=2024-05-23 |title=Simulia MLA Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi To Remain In BJD Hours After Quitting |url=https://pragativadi.com/simulia-mla-jyoti-prakash-panigrahi-to-remain-in-bjd-hours-after-quitting/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panigrahi, Jyoti Prakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Lunkaransar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:03Z

Zuko: added data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lunkaransar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-16-Lunkaransar.svg
| mla = [[Sumit Godara]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bikaner district]]
| established = 1957
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 16
}}

''' Lunkaransar Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency]].

Lunkaransar constituency covers all voters from [[Lunkaransar|Lunkaransar tehsil]] and parts of [[Bikaner|Bikaner tehsil]], which include [[Jamsar|ILRC Jamsar]], [[Napasar|ILRC Napasar]] and [[Ridmalsar Purohitan]] of [[Bikaner|ILRC Bikaner]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> ||rowspan=4 |Bhim Sain Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Manik Chand Surana || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Malu Ram Legha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Manik Chand Surana || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Mani Ram Siyag
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan=2 |Bhim Sain Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| 2000^ || Manik Chand Surana || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> ||rowspan=2| Virendra Beniwal|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Manik Chand Surana || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] ||rowspan=2 |[[Sumit Godara]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Lunkaransar<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sumit Godara
|votes = {{formatnum:60452}}
|percentage = 29.99
|change = -12.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajendra Moond
|votes = {{formatnum:51583}}
|percentage = 25.59
|change = -10.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prabhudayal Sarswat
|votes = {{formatnum:45379}}
|percentage = 22.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Virendra Beniwal
|votes = {{formatnum:29895}}
|percentage = 14.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Shivdan Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3170}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change = +0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Asankhya Samaj Party
|candidate = Phusaram
|votes = {{formatnum:2494}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyam Sunder
|votes = {{formatnum:2383}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1613}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change = -0.4
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8869}}
|percentage = 4.4
|change = -1.88
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201592}}
|percentage = 77.27
|change = +0.48
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Lunkaransar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sumit Godara]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:72822}}
|percentage = 42.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Virendra Beniwal
|votes = {{formatnum:61969}}
|percentage = 35.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prabhudayal
|votes = {{formatnum:23892}}
|percentage = 13.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pawan Kumar Ojha
|votes = {{formatnum:2720}}
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Lalchand Bhadu
|votes = {{formatnum:2600}}
|percentage = 1.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Vijaypal Beniwal
|votes = {{formatnum:2321}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2075}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10853}}
|percentage = 6.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:172895}}
|percentage = 76.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|28.49|73.75|display=title}}

[[Category:Bikaner district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Bandē Utkaḷa Jananī

2026-04-15T08:07:06Z

Zuko: started some details from scratch - done

{{Short description|State anthem of Odisha state in India}}
{{About|the poem|the 2008 film|Bande Utkala Janani (film)}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{lang|or|italic=no|ବନ୍ଦେ ଉତ୍କଳ ଜନନୀ}}
| transcription = {{transliteration|or|italic=no|Bandē Utkaḷa Jananī}}
| english_title = I Adore Thee, O Mother Utkala
| type = anthem
| image = Seal of Odisha.png
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Emblem of Odisha
| prefix = State
| country = [[Odisha]]
| author = [[Laxmikanta Mohapatra]]
| lyrics_date = 1912
| composer = Gokul Mohanty
| music_date = 1932 {{small|(arranged by [[Balakrushna Dash]])}}
| adopted = 1994 {{small|(''de facto'')}} 7 June 2020 {{small|(''de jure'')}}
| sound = Bande Utkala Janani Odia.ogg
| sound_title = Bandē Utkaḷa Jananī (2023)
}}
'''Bandē Utkaḷa Jananī'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/ORA-2005.htm |title=Orissa Annual Reference 2005 |access-date=2012-06-09 |archive-date=2012-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627130051/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/ORA-2005.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2016/April/engpdf/odisha%20review-2016_april.pdf |title=Odisha Review 2016 |access-date=2018-04-01 |archive-date=2018-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101410/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2016/April/engpdf/odisha%20review-2016_april.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> is an [[Odia people|Odia]] patriotic poem written by [[Laxmikanta Mohapatra]] in 1912.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story of Vande Utkal Janani The National Song of Orissa |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/story_vandeutkaljanani.pdf |website=Odisha Review |date=2005 |author=Gurukalyan Mahapatra |access-date=2023-02-09 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330184404/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr2005/englishpdf/story_vandeutkaljanani.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Odisha]] became the first state in British India to be formed on linguistic basis on 1 April 1936. The music was first recorded by Gokul Mohanty in 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Many Versions Of 'Bande Utkala Janani' Including 1932 Gramophone Record By Gokul Mohanty|url=https://odishabytes.com/watch-the-many-versions-of-bande-utkala-janani-including-1932-gramophone-record-by-gokul-mohanty/|website=Odisha Bytes|date=30 May 2020|access-date=9 February 2023|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209095644/https://odishabytes.com/watch-the-many-versions-of-bande-utkala-janani-including-1932-gramophone-record-by-gokul-mohanty/|url-status=live}}</ref> The modern notation was arranged by the Odissi musician [[Balakrushna Dash]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha Sets Bande Utkala Janani Anthem Duration At 2 Minutes 11 Seconds|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/odisha-sets-bande-utkala-janani-anthem-duration-at-2-minutes-11-seconds-456046|website=Odisha TV|date=8 June 2020|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202214131/https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/odisha-sets-bande-utkala-janani-anthem-duration-at-2-minutes-11-seconds-456046|url-status=live}}</ref> which was adopted as the state anthem. The Odisha Cabinet on 7 June 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha CM Office's Announcement|url=https://twitter.com/CMO_Odisha/status/1269623948423106562?s=20|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2021-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910115857/https://twitter.com/CMO_Odisha/status/1269623948423106562?s=20|url-status=live}}</ref> accorded the poem the status as the Anthem of Odisha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Odisha accords state anthem status to Bande Utkala Janani|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-accords-state-anthem-status-to-bande-utkala-janani/story-Cu4l5MH56EsbEJEm7TwUwK.html}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bande Utkala Janani is State song of Odisha|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bande-utkala-janani-is-state-song-of-odisha/article31774388.ece|access-date=2020-06-09|archive-date=2020-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609061847/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bande-utkala-janani-is-state-song-of-odisha/article31774388.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==

This song was first sung at the Utkal Sammilani's Conference at Balasore in 1912. It was used as a weapon by the Utkal Sammilani to emancipate Odisha.{{fact|date=December 2019}} In a meeting at Bhadrak, where the poet Mohapatra was felicitated, the then young leader of Odisha Harekrushna Mahtab admitted that the poet Laxmikanta's patriotic songs have inspired him a lot.{{fact|date=December 2019}} In the past, outsiders like Mughals, Marathas and Britishers ruled Odisha and its geographical boundaries changed from time to time accordingly.{{fact|date=December 2019}}

The poem envisages a [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]] who maintains her self-respect and dignity from a position of confidence and strength rather than insecurity and fear. This movement for a separate province also gathered momentum in Odisha. ''The Utkal Sammilani'' (a federation of Odias) was leading this movement. This influenced the poet Laxmikanta Mohapatra, who was then young and energetic. He started writing Bande Utkala Janani (Glory To The Mother Utkala!) and some other fiery songs with a patriotic motive. Well, known national poet of Odisha Banchhanidhi Mohanty was also a good singer. He used to sing Laxmikanta's patriotic songs throughout Odisha and inspired everyone. Once Rabindra Nath Tagore wrote in one of his essays i.e. "A Vision of India's History" that 'the history of India has been the history of a struggle between the mechanical spirit of conformity in social organization and the creative spirit of man which seeks freedom and love in self-expression' justifies Laxmikanta as a true patriotic poet.{{or-inline|date=December 2019}}

==Adoption==
In the early 1990s, the then Chief Minister of Odisha [[Biju Patnaik]] requested the then Speaker of Odisha Legislative Assembly [[Yudhistir Das]] that the adoption of the song be played at the end of the Assembly Session. In 1994, at an all-party meeting presided by Das, the song was adopted to be played and sung at the valedictory session of the Odisha Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bande Utkala Janani: The Song That Unites Odias |url=https://odishabytes.com/bande-utkala-janani-the-song-that-unites-odias/ |website=Odisha Bytes |date=30 May 2020 }}</ref>

It was a long standing demand of people of the state to accord ''state song'' status to this poem which has been passed by the State cabinet meeting chaired by Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] after the Odias across the globe had come together on the clarion of [[List of chief ministers of Odisha|Chief Minister of Odisha]] [[Naveen Patnaik]] to sing ''Bande Utkala Janani'' on 5:30 pm of May 30 to boost the morale of frontline workers or [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] warriors tackling the coronavirus outbreak.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Odisha unites to recite 'Bande Utkala Janani' to honour Covid warriors|work=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/may/30/odisha-unites-to-recite-bande-utkala-janani-to-honour-covid-warriors-2150106.html|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607100631/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/may/30/odisha-unites-to-recite-bande-utkala-janani-to-honour-covid-warriors-2150106.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bande Utkala Janani: Odisha unites over CM Patnaik's call to show solidarity with frontline workers|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bande-utkala-janani-odisha-unites-over-cm-patnaik-s-call-to-show-solidarity-with-frontline-workers-1683789-2020-05-30|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2020-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607102017/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bande-utkala-janani-odisha-unites-over-cm-patnaik-s-call-to-show-solidarity-with-frontline-workers-1683789-2020-05-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
<div style="overflow-x:auto;">
{|class="wikitable"
![[Odia language|Odia]] original<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/ORA-2005.htm |title=Orissa Annual Reference 2005 |access-date=2012-06-09 |archive-date=2012-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627130051/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/ORA-2005.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2016/April/engpdf/odisha%20review-2016_april.pdf |title=Odisha Review 2016 |access-date=2018-04-01 |archive-date=2018-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101410/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2016/April/engpdf/odisha%20review-2016_april.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>!![[ISO 15919|ISO-15919]] Romanization!![[English language|English]] translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|
ବନ୍ଦେ ଉତ୍କଳ ଜନନୀ 
ଚାରୁ ହାସମୟୀ ଚାରୁ ଭାଷମୟୀ, 
ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ । 

ପୂତ-ପୟୋଧି-ବିଧୌତ-ଶରୀରା 
ତାଳତମାଳ-ସୁଶୋଭିତ-ତୀରା 
ଶୁଭ୍ରତଟିନୀକୂଳ-ଶୀକର-ସମୀରା 
ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ ।। 

ଘନ ଘନ ବନଭୂମି ରାଜିତ ଅଙ୍ଗେ, 
ନୀଳ ଭୂଧରମାଳା ସାଜେ ତରଙ୍ଗେ, 
କଳ କଳ ମୁଖରିତ ଚାରୁ ବିହଙ୍ଗେ 
ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ ।। 

ସୁନ୍ଦରଶାଳି-ସୁଶୋଭିତ-କ୍ଷେତ୍ରା, 
ଜ୍ଞାନବିଜ୍ଞାନ-ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ-ନେତ୍ରା, 
ଯୋଗୀଋଷିଗଣ-ଉଟଜ-ପବିତ୍ରା 
ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ ।। 

ସୁନ୍ଦର ମନ୍ଦିର ମଣ୍ଡିତ-ଦେଶା 
ଚାରୁକଳାବଳି-ଶୋଭିତ-ବେଶା 
ପୁଣ୍ୟ ତୀର୍ଥଚୟ-ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ-ପ୍ରଦେଶା 
ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ ।। 

ଉତ୍କଳ ସୁରବର-ଦର୍ପିତ-ଗେହା, 
ଅରିକୁଳ-ଶୋଣିତ-ଚର୍ଚ୍ଚିତ-ଦେହା, 
ବିଶ୍ୱଭୂମଣ୍ଡଳ-କୃତବର-ସ୍ନେହା 
ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ ।। 

କବିକୁଳମୌଳି ସୁନନ୍ଦନ-ବନ୍ଦ୍ୟା, 
ଭୁବନବିଘୋଷିତ-କୀର୍ତ୍ତିଅନିନ୍ଦ୍ୟା, 
ଧନ୍ୟେ, ପୁଣ୍ୟେ, ଚିରଶରଣ୍ୟେ 
ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ, ଜନନୀ ।। 
||
Bandē utkaḷa jananī 
Cāru hāsamayī cāru bhāṣamayī, 
Jananī, jananī, jananī ! 

Pūta-payōdhi-bidhauta-śarīrā, 
Tāḷatamāḷa-suśōbhita-tīrā, 
Śubhrataṭinīkūḷa-śīkara-samīrā 
Jananī, jananī, jananī ! 

Ghana ghana banabhūmi rājita aṅgē, 
Nīḷa bhūdharamāḷā sāje taraṅgē, 
Kaḷa kaḷa mukharita cāru bihaṅgē 
Jananī, jananī, jananī ! 

Sundaraśāḷi-suśōbhita-kṣetrā, 
Jñānabijñāna-pradarśita-netrā, 
Ẏōgīr̥ṣigaṇa-uṭaja-pabitrā 
Jananī, jananī, jananī ! 

Sundara mandira maṇḍita-deśā, 
Cārukaḷābaḷi-śobhita-beśā, 
Puṇya tīrthacaya-pūrṇṇa-pradeśā 
Jananī, jananī, jananī ! 

Utkaḷa surabara-darpita-gēhā, 
Arikuḷa-śoṇita-carccita-dēhā, 
Biśwabhūmaṇḍaḷa-kr̥tabara-snēhā 
Jananī, jananī, jananī ! 

Kabikuḷamauḷi sunandana-bandyā, 
Bhubanabighōṣita-kīrttianindyā, 
Dhanyē, puṇyē ciraśaraṇyē 
Jananī, jananī, jananī ! 
||
I adore Thee, O Mother Utkala! 
How loving are thy smile and voice! 
O Mother! Mother! Mother! 

Bath’d art Thou by the sacred Sea, 
Thy shores adorned with trees tall and green, 
Balmy breeze blowing by beauteous streams, 
O Mother! Mother! Mother! 

Thy body bedeck’d with dense woodlands, 
Arrayed with verdant hills plaited like waves, 
Thy sky ringing with choirs of singing birds, 
O Mother! Mother! Mother! 

How charming are Thy rich fields of paddy! 
Thou art Eye to Erudition enow, 
Sacred Abode to saints and seers, 
O Mother! Mother! Mother! 

Thy land bejewelled with splendid temples, 
Richly dress'd art Thou in varied arts, 
Thy limbs studded with sacred sites, 
O Mother! Mother! Mother! 

Thou Home to the valiant heroes of Utkala, 
Thy frame crimsoned with enemies' blood, 
Prime Darling of the whole universe, 
O Mother! Mother! Mother! 

Greeted by Thy great sons, the crowning bards, 
Thy untarnished glory proclaimed all around, 
Blessed art Thou, the Holy, the Unfalling Abode! 
O Mother! Mother! Mother! 
|}</div>

==See also==

* [[List of Indian state songs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNrRKER33DY Bande Utkala Janani]

{{Odisha}}
{{Indian state songs}}
{{National anthems of Asia}}

[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Poems in Odia]]
[[Category:Indian state anthems]]
[[Category:Symbols of Odisha]]

Violet Line (Ahmedabad Metro)

2026-04-14T21:31:45Z

Zuko: started the stub and citations

{{Short description|Railway line in Ahmedabad, India}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Violet Line
| color = 7030a0 
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit|Rapid Transit]]
| system = [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Gandhinagar]]
| start = [[GNLU metro station|GNLU]]
| end = [[GIFT City metro station|GIFT City]]
| stations = 3
| daily_ridership =
| open = 16 September 2024
| close =
| operator = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| character = Elevated
| stock = [[Hyundai Rotem]]
| linelength_km = 5.42
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg}} ([[Standard gauge]])
| electrification = [[750V DC]] [[Third Rail]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = [[File:Violet Line (Ahmedabad Line).png|300px]]{{Violet Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = show
| map_name = Route map
}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2018}}

The '''Violet Line''' of the [[Ahmedabad metro|Ahmedabad Metro]] is a metro route of the mass rapid transit system in [[Ahmedabad]], India. The construction was started in January 2021 and was completed in September 2024.

== History ==
The Government of Gujarat approved the Phase-2 of Ahmedabad Metro in October 2017 and revised it in October 2018. In February 2019, the Union cabinet approved the Phase-2 worth cost of {{INRconvert|5384.17|c}}. It will extend the north–south corridor from Motera Stadium in Ahmedabad to [[Mahatma Mandir]] in Gandhinagar ({{convert|23.838|km|mi|abbr=on}}) with a branch line from [[Gujarat National Law University]] (GNLU) linking [[Pandit Deendayal Energy University]] (PDEU) and [[Gujarat International Finance Tec-City|GIFT City]] (5.416 km).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarat nod for Rs 6,758crore Metro Phase II |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-nod-for-rs-6758crore-metro-phase-ii/articleshow/61212792.cms |access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=2018-10-20 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Rail: After Centre objects, Metro rail link to GIFT City shortened by 6 km |language=en-US |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ahmedabad-metro-rail-after-centre-objects-metro-rail-link-to-gift-city-shortened-by-6-km-5410036/ |access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2 gets Modi Cabinet clearance ahead of Phase 1 inauguration on 4 March |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-gets-modi-cabinet-clearance-ahead-of-phase-1-inauguration-on-march-4/1493979/ |access-date=2019-03-04 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

The tendering for the Phase 2 began in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-20 |title=GMRC Invites Bids for Ahmedabad Metro's Phase 2 Construction |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/01/20/gmrc-invites-bids-for-ahmedabad-metros-phase-2-construction/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-information-map/ |access-date=2020-04-20 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> On 18 January 2021, the foundation stone of the Phase-2 was laid by Prime Minister Modi.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title='Very important gifts for Ahmedabad, Surat': PM Modi launches metro rail projects in Gujarat |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pm-modi-bhoomi-poojan-ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-surat-metro/708480 |access-date=2021-01-18 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023, [[Titagarh Rail Systems]] won a contract worth {{INRconvert|350|c}} for providing rolling stock for the Phase-2.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 15, 2023 |title=Titagarh Rail Systems wins ₹3.5 bn contract for Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/ |publisher=Construction World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2: Titagarh Rail Systems awarded Rs 350-cr contract for 10 trains |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-phase-2-titagarh-rail-systems-awarded-rs-350-cr-contract-for-10-trains-8916984/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The trial run of Phase-2 started in February 2024 between GNLU and Dholakuva Circle stations.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 20, 2023 |title=Ahmedabad Metro Phase II trial run likely in June |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A'bad-G'nagar Metro phase-2 trial run starts |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/abad-gnagar-metro-phase-2-trial-run-starts/81862745.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The Violet Line with all three stations was inaugurated on 16 September 2024 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was open to the public on 17 September 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=PM Modi Inaugurated Ahmedabad Metro Phase 2 And Vande Metro - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/ahmendabad-metro-phase-2-and-vande-metro/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com2">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=Ahmedabad Metro connectivity to GIFT City by early 2024, says GMRC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-connectivity-to-gift-city-by-early-2024-says-gmrc-7518317/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM Modi Flags Off Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar Metro Phase-II, Takes Rail Ride |url=https://www.news18.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-ahmedabad-gandhinagar-metro-phase-ii-takes-rail-ride-9052835.html |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=PM Modi inaugurates 2nd phase of Ahmedabad Metro Rail Project |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-phase-ii-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project-inaugurate-gujarat-visit-2600623-2024-09-16 |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2026, under Phase 2B, the Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited (GMRC) invited the bids for extension of the Violet Line from GIFT City to Shahpur Circle with 3.33 km-long elevated corridor and 3 stations; at the cost of {{INRconvert|290.33|c}}.<ref>https://deshgujarat.com/2026/04/09/gift-city-shahpur-metro-290-crore-tender-invited-for-construction-of-viaduct-3-stations/</ref>

The GMRC also submitted a proposal to the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] to extend the Violet Line to construct a {{Convert|6 to 10|km|abbr=on}} elevated circular loop within [[GIFT City]]. The estimated cost for the construction is {{INRconvert|2000|c}}. The project is expected to add four to six metro stations to connect the different campuses within the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Avinash |date=2024-11-30 |title=Metro-loop proposed inside GIFT City campus; to cost ₹2000 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/metro-loop-proposed-inside-gift-city-campus-to-cost-2000-crore/article68931098.ece#:~:text=%E2%80%9CThis%20metro%20loop%20within%20GIFT,Detailed%20Project%20Report%20(DPR)%20is |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=How Will New Metro Route from Koteshwar Road to Ahmedabad Airport Benefit Commuters? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/city/ahmedabad/how-will-new-metro-route-from-koteshwar-road-to-ahmedabad-airport-benefit-commuters-article-113360420 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Another proposal includes extension of Violet Line to [[IIT Gandhinagar]]. This {{Convert|7|km|abbr=on}} route will have six stations and will cost around {{INRconvert|1750|c}}.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-07 |title=GMRC eyes metro link to Olympics venue |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/gmrc-eyes-metro-link-to-olympics-venue/81888838.html |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== List of stations ==
Following is a list of stations on this route:<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Route Information and Time Table |url=https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/ahmedabad/route-map/ |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=AHMEDABAD METRO RAIL PROJECT |language=en-US |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520034348/https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/ahmedabad/route-map/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
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Pasamalar

2026-04-13T17:38:18Z

Zuko: adding info

{{short description|1961 film by A. Bhimsingh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pasamalar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| screenplay = A. Bhimsingh
| story = K. P. Kottarakkara
| producer = [[M. R. Santhanam]] [[K. Mohan]]
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| cinematography = G. Vittal Rao
| editing = A. Bhimsingh A. Paul Duraisingh R. Thirumalai
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Rajamani Pictures
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1961|05|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 180 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=370}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pasamalar''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɑː|s|əm|ə|l|ər}} {{Translation|The Flower of Love}}) is a 1961 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesan]], with [[K. A. Thangavelu]] [[M. N. Nambiar]] and [[M. N. Rajam]] in supporting roles. It revolves around Rajasekhar and his bonding with his younger sister Radha. Radha falls in love with her brother's friend, and Rajasekhar eventually arranges for their marriage. Problems they face form the story.

The story of ''Pasamalar'' was written by K. P. Kottarakkara, which Bhimsingh expanded into a screenplay, with [[Aaroor Dass]] writing the dialogues. The film was predominantly shot in Neptune Studios. The film was produced by [[M. R. Santhanam]] and [[K. Mohan]] under Rajamani Pictures. The film's original soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]], while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].

''Pasamalar'' was released on 27 May 1961 and received critical acclaim with Ganesan and Savitri's performances being widely lauded. The film was also a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 26 weeks, thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]]. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Certificate of Merit for Second Best Feature Film]] at the [[9th National Film Awards]]. It became a trendsetter resulting in similar themes about brother-sister relationships and was remade in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages. A digitally restored version of ''Pasamalar'' was released on 15 August 2013 and was also well received.

== Plot ==
Rajasekharan alias Raju becomes the guardian to his younger sister Radha after their parents' death. When the factory where Raju works is closed due to a labour problem and he is depressed, Radha gives him {{INR}}1000 which she had earned and saved by making toys. She advises him to use this money as [[seed money|seed capital]] and commence his own toy business. Raju assents, and in a short time, becomes rich. Anand, a former colleague of Raju, is jobless and approaches Raju for work. Raju appoints him in his concern and over a period of time, Anand and Radha fall in love. Raju, who is very possessive of his sister, gets angry with Anand as he feels betrayed. However, knowing how intensely Radha loves Anand, he arranges their wedding.

After the marriage, Anand, along with his aunt and cousin, move into Raju's house. Raju marries Malathy, a doctor, on Radha's suggestion. All of them continue to live under the same roof and several misunderstandings arise. Anand's aunt uses every opportunity to widen the rift between Malathy and Radha and Radha and Anand. Unable to witness Radha's troubles, Raju moves out of the house with his wife. Through Radha, Anand's aunt serves a legal notice to Raju, demanding a share in the property for Radha. Malathy files a counter petition and the property is attached by the court, pending resolution. Unable to see Radha's sufferings, Raju withdraws the case. Still the families do not unite.

Radha delivers a girl and Malathy delivers a boy. After her child's birth, Malathy goes abroad for further studies, leaving the child with Raju. Unable to cope with the separation from his sister and to have peace of mind, Raju goes on a pilgrimage for several months. He returns on [[Diwali]] day and goes to meet Radha, but is denied entry by Anand's aunt. While going back, he saves a little girl from getting burnt by firecrackers and in the process, loses his eyesight. He is hospitalised and Radha rushes to the hospital to see her brother. Raju learns that the girl he saved is none other than his niece. Unable to cope with his inability to see them, he dies; Radha too dies holding his hand. Anand comes after and feels bad for Raju and Radha, and on their behalf, Anand takes care of Radha's daughter and Raju's son.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Rajasekharan "Raju"<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=28 August 2016 |title=Lost in remaking? A Bhimsingh's films found new fans in Hindi but are better viewed in Tamil |url=http://thereel.scroll.in/814534/lost-in-remaking-a-bhimsinghs-films-found-new-fans-in-hindi-but-is-better-viewed-in-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123043904/http://thereel.scroll.in/814534/lost-in-remaking-a-bhimsinghs-films-found-new-fans-in-hindi-but-is-better-viewed-in-tamil |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=30 August 2016 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as Anand<ref name="scroll" />
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri Ganesan]] as Radha<ref name="scroll" />

;Supporting actors
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]]
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Bhaskar
*[[M. R. Santhanam]]
*[[K. D. Santhanam]]
*S. A. Kannan

;Supporting actresses
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Malathy
*[[M. Saroja]]
*P. S. Gnanam as Anand's aunt
*[[Sukumari]] as (Song Dancing Role)
*R. Bharathi
*'Baby' Kanchana
*Baby Malathi

== Production ==
K. P. Kottakara, a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] producer and story writer, wrote a story about the everlasting relationship between a brother and sister,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 November 2006 |title=Film producer K.P. Kottarakara dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/film-producer-kp-kottarakara-dead/article3050793.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/film-producer-kp-kottarakara-dead/article3050793.ece |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> with the intention of making it a film. He approached [[A. Bhimsingh]], a director who gained a reputation for making successful family drama films, and narrated the story to him. After listening to the story, Bhimsingh agreed to make it as the film that would become ''Pasamalar''. Actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]] also liked the story, got to play the lead character of the brother Raju, and got his friends [[M. R. Santhanam]] and [[K. Mohan]] to produce the film on behalf of Rajamani Pictures. At the suggestion of [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], who was cast as the sister Radha, [[Aaroor Dass]] was hired to the dialogues.<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite news |date=22 May 2016 |title=சாவித்திரி (8) |trans-title=Savitri (8) |url=http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=31015&cat=2&Print=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181129153047/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=31015&cat=2&Print=1 |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=29 November 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Principal photography began at Neptune Studios on Christmas Day.<ref name="dinamalar" /> Few scenes were shot at Ganesan's home in T. Nagar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2011 |title=T.Nagar and tinsel town |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/tnagar-and-tinsel-town/article2725087.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/tnagar-and-tinsel-town/article2725087.ece |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=26 August 2020 |title=#MadrasThroughTheMovies: Tracing the parallel journey of MGR and Sivaji in Madras |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madrasthroughthemovies-tracing-the-parallel-journey-of-mgr-and-sivaji-in-madras/articleshow/77749961.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612094346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madrasthroughthemovies-tracing-the-parallel-journey-of-mgr-and-sivaji-in-madras/articleshow/77749961.cms |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A dialogue in the film that Raju tells Anand ([[Gemini Ganesan]], not related to Sivaji) which translates to "You may switch off the electric lights here. But a small oil lamp will still be burning, and in that light, one man will toil. That man is this Raju" was inspired by a line Dass earlier told [[Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar]] as a refusal to write for one of his films: "Even if it is only a small lamp, let it be exclusively mine. I will use it to light my life".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=23 February 2012 |title='Star' Wordsmith |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-wordsmith/article2923705.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027230837/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-wordsmith/article2923705.ece |archive-date=27 October 2013 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On the day the climax with the highly emotional dialogue, "Kai Veesamma Kai Veesu" was being filmed, during the break, Sivaji refused to have lunch as he want to starve the whole day to get the perfect emotion and diction for the scene.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=15 August 2013 |title=Digital Pasamalar in 70 TN screens |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130815/entertainment-kollywood/article/digital-pasamalar-70-tn-screens |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143952/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130815/entertainment-kollywood/article/digital-pasamalar-70-tn-screens |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==
According to Soorian Kasi Pandian, author of the 1996 book ''India, That Is, Sidd'', ''Pasamalar'' means "Flower of Love". The term "Pasa" refers to brotherly love which involves sacrifices for his loved sister.{{Sfn|Pandian|1996|page=96}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paasamalar |url=https://gaana.com/album/paasamalar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924155105/https://gaana.com/album/paasamalar |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pasamalar Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Viswanathan Ramamoorthy |url=https://mossymart.com/product/pasamalar-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-viswanathan-ramamoorthy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330050857/https://mossymart.com/product/pasamalar-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-viswanathan-ramamoorthy/ |archive-date=30 March 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> "Vaarayen Thozhi Vaarayo" attained popularity, and has been played at many Tamil weddings. It is set in [[Abheri]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=5 August 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey — Aspects of Abheri |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-aspects-of-abheri/article2325286.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607085031/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-aspects-of-abheri/article2325286.ece |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song provided a major breakthrough for its playback singer [[L. R. Eswari]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=18 September 2011 |title=Role play |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/role-play/article2463283.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/role-play/article2463283.ece |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ajith Kumar |first=P. K . |date=20 February 2014 |title=Rocking at 74 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rocking-at-74/article5709664.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419063836/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rocking-at-74/article5709664.ece |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Anbu Malar
| extra1 = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length1 = 2:25
| title2 = Engalukkum Kaalam Varum
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 3:30
| title3 = Malargalai Pol Thangai
| note3 = sad
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length3 = 1:58
| title4 = Malargalai Pol Thangai
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length4 = 5:24
| title5 = Malarnthum Malaradha
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
| length5 = 5:10
| title6 = Mayangugiraal
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 4:00
| title7 = Paatondru
| extra7 = [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
| length7 = 4:32
| title8 = Vaarai En Thozhi Vaarayo
| extra8 = [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length8 = 5:30
| title9 = Yaar Yaar Aval
| extra9 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], P. Susheela
| length9 = 4:02
| total_length = 36:31 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pasamalar'' was released on 27 May 1961. The film was a commercial success, running for over 26 weeks,<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Film News Anandan |title=1961 – பாசமலர் – ராஜமணி பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1961 – Pasamalar – Rajamani Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961-cinedetails20.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180504104742/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1961-cinedetails20.asp |archive-date=4 May 2018 |access-date=4 May 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> thereby becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].<ref name="MGR, man of the masses">{{Cite news |date=17 January 2018 |title=MGR, man of the masses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mgr-man-of-the-masses/article22454866.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120121123/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mgr-man-of-the-masses/article22454866.ece |archive-date=20 January 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' called it a milestone film and mentioned that though films may come and go, this one would stay forever in the hearts of those who had a chance to see it.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 June 1991 |title=பாசமலர் |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |lang=ta}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated Aaroor Dass' dialogues and the songs, saying that despite certain flaws, ''Pasamalar'' (flower of love) was a ''vasamalar'' (flower of fragrance).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=11 June 1991 |title=பாசமலர் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1961-06-11/page/n38/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230203144051/https://archive.org/details/kalki1961-06-11/page/n38/mode/2up |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=37 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] – Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film in 1962.<ref name="9thaward">{{Cite web |date=21 April 1962 |title=State Awards for Films |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 December 2016 |access-date=8 September 2011 |website=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref>It was included alongside various Sivaji-starrers in a compilation DVD ''Yettavathu Ulaga Athisayam Sivaji'' (Sivaji Ganesan: Eighth Wonder of the World), which was released in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aruna V. |date=12 May 2012 |title=For the love of Sivaji |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704094406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013 |access-date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2012 |title=DVD on Sivaji Ganesan to be released on May 6 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dvd-on-sivaji-ganesan-to-be-released-on-may-6/article3386682.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041426/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dvd-on-sivaji-ganesan-to-be-released-on-may-6/article3386682.ece |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
''Pasamalar'' has been remade in number of languages. The first [[Hindi]] remake, ''[[Rakhi (1962 film)|Rakhi]]'' (1962) was directed by Bhimsingh, the director of the original.<ref name="paen">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 August 2013 |title=A paean to sibling love |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-paean-to-sibling-love/article4985415.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116091008/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-paean-to-sibling-love/article4985415.ece |archive-date=16 November 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was again remade in Hindi in 1986 as ''[[Aisa Pyaar Kahan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2013 |title=Did You Know? |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2013/08/17&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03602 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323051503/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_TOINEW&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2013%2F08%2F17&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03602 |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was remade in Telugu as ''[[Rakta Sambandham]]'' (1962) with Savitri reprising her role, in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Vathsalya]]'' (1965),<ref name="RakthaSambandham">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=20 October 2016 |title=Blast from the past: Raktha Sambandham (1962) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-past-RAKTHA-SAMBANDHAM-1962/article16076658.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180323051816/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-past-RAKTHA-SAMBANDHAM-1962/article16076658.ece |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and in Malayalam as ''[[Santha Oru Devatha]]'' (1977).<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2015 |title=தமிழ் டூ மலையாளம் உண்டல்லோ? |work=[[Puthiya Thalaimurai]] |pages=12 |language=ta}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The film became a trendsetter and inspired similar films of brother-sister relationships like ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' (1978).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Savitri: Five films of the late actress that are a must watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/savitri-five-films-of-the-late-actress-that-are-a-must-watch/paava-mannippu/photostory/64093136.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181129160621/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/savitri-five-films-of-the-late-actress-that-are-a-must-watch/paava-mannippu/photostory/64093136.cms |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=29 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; four of them – [[K. Balachander]], [[Balu Mahendra]], [[Mani Ratnam]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]] – named ''Pasamalar'' as one of the favourite films in Tamil. Ravikumar said "As a kid I saw 'Pasamalar' and cried. As an adult, each time I have seen it I was moved to tears. That is the power of the script and the performance of lead players".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Playback singer [[Asha Bhosle]] noted that ''Pasamalar'' was the first Tamil film she had watched.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Priyadarshini Paitandy |date=31 October 2013 |title=Aah, Aah, Aaja... Asha! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/aah-aah-aaja-asha/article5298020.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830191848/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/aah-aah-aaja-asha/article5298020.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Samy (director)|Samy]] remarked that his directorial ''[[Kangaroo (2015 film)|Kangaroo]]'' (2015) was a "modern day ''Pasamalar''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |title=Kangaroo: A modern-day pasa malar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kangaroo-A-modern-day-pasa-malar/articleshow/22762720.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911190052/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kangaroo-A-modern-day-pasa-malar/articleshow/22762720.cms |archive-date=11 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Actor [[Sivakumar]] stated, "You can't reproduce movies like ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'', ''Pasamalar'', ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadas]]'', ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' or ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]'' [...] By remaking such films, you are lowering yourself, while it enhances the original artists' image".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=N. |date=3 January 2008 |title=Sivakumar not for old wine in new bottle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326134402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece |archive-date=26 March 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Footage of ''Pasamalar'' is featured in the 2011 Tamil film ''[[Velayudham]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 2011 |title=Vijay does a Rajni |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/news-interviews/29468691_1_vijay-film-velayudham |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805131609/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/news-interviews/29468691_1_vijay-film-velayudham |archive-date=5 August 2013 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Footage of the song "Malarnthu Malaratha" is featured in the opening scene of ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=1 August 2014 |title=Jigarthanda Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Jigarthanda/movie-review/39436452.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912202029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Jigarthanda/movie-review/39436452.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is also used in the 2019 film ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' and 2022 film ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]''.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1094936589824753664 |user=sunpictures |title=#Question4 Comment your answer below and stand a chance to WIN an Autographed Poster from the #Petta crew! 10 winners will be selected for each question! #PettaContest |author=Sun Pictures |author-link=Sun Pictures |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704053036/https://twitter.com/sunpictures/status/1094936589824753664 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=6 May 2022 |title=Saani Kaayidham Review : A hard-hitting but indulgent tale of vengeance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/saani-kaayidham/ottmoviereview/91120200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705135938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/saani-kaayidham/ottmoviereview/91120200.cms |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dialogues in ''Pasamalar'' were also used in the song "Yenga Annan" in ''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravind |date=25 September 2019 |title=YENGA ANNAN {{!}} OFFICIAL VIDEO SONG {{!}} NAMMA VEETTU PILLAI {{!}} SIVAKARTHIKEYAN {{!}} SUN PICTURES |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/yenga-annan-official-video-song-from-sivakarthikeyan-namma-veettu-pillai-ft-sun-pictures.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725010543/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/yenga-annan-official-video-song-from-sivakarthikeyan-namma-veettu-pillai-ft-sun-pictures.html |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In the same year (1961), Sivaji and Savithri acted as the lead pair in ''[[Ellam Unakkaga]]''. The film failed as audiences could not digest Sivaji and Savitri as lovers after seeing them as siblings in ''Pasamalar''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=12 July 2014 |title=Ellaam Unakkaaga (1961) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ellaam-unakkaaga-1961/article6203949.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014140949/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ellaam-unakkaaga-1961/article6203949.ece |archive-date=14 October 2016 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Re-release ==
A digitally restored version of ''Pasamalar'' was released on 15 August 2013, during [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharat Kumar |first=M |date=22 July 2013 |title=Sivaji's epic Pasamalar to re-release in digital format |url=http://newstodaynet.com/newsindex.php?id=31330%20&%20section=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725050905/http://newstodaynet.com/newsindex.php?id=31330%20&%20section=11 |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=23 March 2018 |work=[[News Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2013 |title=Old hall makes it a no show for Pasamalar fans |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/old-hall-makes-it-a-no-show-for-pasamalar-fans/article5074105.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010144614/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/old-hall-makes-it-a-no-show-for-pasamalar-fans/article5074105.ece |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=23 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The digital conversion was done by [[Prasad Studios|Prasad EFX]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Karthik |date=7 December 2013 |title=Aayirathil Oruvan gets digitally enhanced |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aayirathil-oruvan-gets-digitally-enhanced/article5430808.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830061946/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aayirathil-oruvan-gets-digitally-enhanced/article5430808.ece |archive-date=30 August 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 5 out of 5, saying "The restoration, cinemascope and audio conversion are pretty good while the trimming (by veteran editor [[B. Lenin|Lenin]], Bhimsingh's son) manages to retain the continuity to a large extent."<ref name="Times">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Pasa Malar Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Pasa-Malar/movie-review/21875410.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909161009/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Pasa-Malar/movie-review/21875410.cms |archive-date=9 September 2017 |access-date=12 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Pandian |first=Soorian Kasi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B90uj14NHjMC&q=flower+of+love&pg=PA117 |title=India, That is, Sidd |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=9788170235613}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0156874}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1961 Indian films]]
[[Category:1961 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1961 drama films]]
[[Category:1961 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Urban Development Authority (India)

2026-03-30T08:24:15Z

Zuko: Adding bio.

'''Urban Development Authorities''' are [[Statute|statutory]] civic bodies created for the development of planned [[infrastructure]] and [[housing]] projects in [[List of cities in India by population|cities of India]]. The foundation for current Indian Urban Development Authorities is based on the structure designed during the [[Colonial India|British colonial era]] as a result of the [[Bombay plague epidemic|Bombay plague]] in 1896. An Urban Development Authority for each town is created per the 74th amendment to the [[Constitution of India]]. The authority consists of planners and bureaucrats who are specialised in [[Urban planning|civic planning]]. The officials of the authority work with [[State governments of India|state governments]] in town planning activities.

== History and objective ==

Each Urban Development Authority consists of a group of individuals and agencies who are responsible for planning infrastructure development in Indian cities.<ref name="ud1">{{cite news |title=Who plans Indian cities? Development Authorities who still follow colonial masterplans |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/who-plans-indian-cities-development-authorities-who-still-follow-colonial-masterplans/770913/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=theprint.in |date=24 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="ud3">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Ramanath |title=Constituting Special Planning Authority within the area of a planning authority |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/constituting-special-planning-authority-within-the-area/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |date=29 April 2022}}</ref> The individuals are specialised in various aspects of town planning activities.<ref name="ud8">{{cite news |last1=Ramnani |first1=Vandana |title=Centre sets up expert panel to train 5000 urban planners in the next five years |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/centre-sets-up-expert-panel-to-train-5000-urban-planners-in-the-next-five-years-8456801.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

== Activities ==

Urban Development Authority planners are responsible for the following.<ref name="ud2">{{cite news |title=Centre sets up expert panel to train urban planners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-sets-up-expert-panel-to-train-urban-planners-101651515024029.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=2 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="ud3" /><ref name="ud4">{{cite news |last1=Aijaz |first1=Rumi |title=How Fares the PMAY (U)? Taking Stock of India’s National Housing Programme |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/how-fares-the-pmay/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=orfonline.org}}</ref><ref name="ud5">{{cite news |title=Govt to finalise 5 urban planning reform schemes for states |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/govt-to-finalise-5-urban-planning-reform-schemes-for-states-101650135122990.html |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=hindustan times |date=17 April 2022}}</ref>

* Ensuring that town planning schemes are implemented.
* Creating and implementing development plans for notified areas.
* Creation and implementation of urban area development initiatives like affordable housing and slum-dwellers development.
* Implementation of Local Area Plans for the improvement of existing areas.
* Modernising building laws.
* Promoting transit-oriented development.
* Inclusion of conversion of heritage buildings in local area plans.
* Social and economic development planning.

== Challenges ==

The Urban Development Authority planners are faced with following challenges:<ref name="ud6">{{cite news |title=Colony redevelopment – An intrinsic component of urban rejuvenation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/colony-redevelopment-an-intrinsic-component-of-urban-rejuvenation/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=27 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="ud7">{{cite news |title=Guiding peri-urban transformation |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/guiding-peri-urban-transformation/ |access-date=28 May 2022 |publisher=orfonline.org |date=7 February 2022}}</ref>

* Meeting housing needs of urban settlers.
* Investment on development initiatives.
* Resolving drinking water issues.
* Resolving sanitation issues.

== List of authorities ==

Urban Development Authority exist for the following cities in India.

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority

|-
|1
|[[Anantapur]]
|[[Anantapur district|Anantapur]]
|[[Anantapuramu–Hindupur Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Eluru]]
|[[Eluru district|Eluru]]
|[[Eluru Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Rajahmundry]], [[Kakinada]]
|[[East Godavari]], [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
|[[Godavari Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|4
|[[Kurnool]]
|[[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|[[Kurnool Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|5
|[[Nellore]]
|[[Nellore district|SPSR Nellore]]
|[[Nellore Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|6
|[[Tirupati]]
|[[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
|[[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|7
|[[Vijayawada]], [[Guntur]]
|[[NTR district|NTR]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]]
|-
|8
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|[[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]], [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
|[[Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
|-
|9
|[[Bobbili]]
|[[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
|[[Bobbili Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|10
|[[Chittoor]]
|[[Chittoor]]
|[[Chittoor Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|11
|[[Ongole]]
|[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
|[[Ongole Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|12
|[[Puttaparthy]]
|[[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
|[[Puttaparthy Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|13
|[[Srikakulam]]
|[[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
|[[Srikakulam Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|14
|[[Machilipatnam]]
|[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|[[Machilipatnam Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|15
|[[Madanapalle]]
|[[Annamayya district|Annamayya]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|[[Palamaner Kuppam Madanapalle Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|16
|[[Kadapa]]
|[[Kadapa district|YSR]]
|[[Annamayya Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Assam ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Tinsukia]]
|[[Tinsukia]]
|[[Tinsukia Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Dibrugarh]]
|[[Dibrugarh]]
|[[Dibrugarh Development Authority]]
|-
|4
|[[Sivasagar]]
|[[Sivasagar]]
|[[Sivasagar Development Authority]]
|-
|5
|[[Jorhat]]
|[[Jorhat]]
|[[Jorhat Development Authority]]
|-
|6
|[[Nazira]]
|[[Nazira]]
|[[Nazira Development Authority]]
|-
|7
|[[Tezpur]]
|[[Tezpur]]
|[[Tezpur Development Authority]]
|-
|8
|[[Nagaon]]
|[[Nagaon]]
|[[Nagaon Development Authority]]
|-
|9
|[[Jagiroad]]
|[[Jagiroad]]
|[[Jagiroad Development Authority]]
|-
|10
|[[Nalbari]]
|[[Nalbari]]
|[[Nalbari Development Authority]]
|-
|11
|[[Bongaigaon]]
|[[Bongaigaon]]
|[[Bongaigaon Development Authority]]
|-
|12
|[[Silchar]]
|[[Silchar]]
|[[Silchar Development Authority]]
|-
|13
|[[Golaghat]]
|[[Golaghat]]
|[[Golaghat Development Authority]]
|-
|14
|[[North Lakhimpur|Lakhimpur]]
|[[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
|[[North Lakhimpur Development Authority]]
|-
|15
|[[Sonari]]
|[[Sonari]]
|[[Sonari Development Authority]]
|-
|16
|[[Diphu]]
|[[Diphu]]
|[[Diphu Development Authority]]
|-
|17
|[[Dergaon]]
|[[Dergaon]]
|[[Dergaon Development Authority]]
|-
|18
|[[Biswanath Chariali|Chariali]]
|[[Bishwanath Chariali|Chariali]]
|[[B. Chariali Development Authority]]
|-
|19
|[[Karimganj]]
|[[Karimganj]]
|[[Karimganj Development Authority]]
|-
|20
|[[Dhubri]]
|[[Dhubri]]
|[[Dhubri-Gouripur Development Authority]]
|-
|21
|[[Mangaldoi]]
|[[Mangaldoi]]
|[[Mangaldoi Development Authority]]
|-
|22
|[[Goalpara]]
|[[Goalpara]]
|[[Goalpara Development Authority]]
|-
|23
|[[Kokrajhar]]
|[[Kokrajhar]]
|[[Kokrajhar Development Authority]]
|-
|24
|[[Dhemaji]]
|[[Dhemaji]]
|[[Dhemaji Development Authority]]
|-
|25
|[[Barpeta]]
|[[Barpeta]]
|[[Barpeta Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Bihar ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Patna]]
|[[Patna]]
|[[Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation]]
|-
|2
|[[Patna]]
|[[Patna]]
|[[Patna Regional Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Chhattisgarh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Raipur]]
|[[Raipur]]
|[[Nava Raipur Atal Nagar Vikas Pradhikaran]]
|-
|}

=== Goa ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Margao]]
|[[Margao]]
|[[South Goa Planning & Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Panaji]]
|[[Panaji]]
|[[North Goa Planning & Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Vasco Da Gama]]
|[[Vasco Da Gama]]
|[[MormuGoa Planning & Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Gujarat ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|[[Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Rajkot]]
|[[Rajkot]]
|[[Rajkot Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Surat]]
|[[Surat]]
|[[Surat Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|4
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Vadodara Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|5
|[[Jamnagar]]
|[[Jamnagar]]
|[[Jamnagar Area Development Authority]]
|-
|6
|[[Bhuj]]
|[[Bhuj]]
|[[Bhuj Area Development Authority]]
|-
|7
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|[[Bhavnagar Area Development Authority]]
|-
|8
|[[Junagadh]]
|[[Junagadh]]
|[[Junagadh Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|9
|[[Gandhinagar|Gandhi Nagar]]
|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhi Nagar]]
|[[Gandhi Nagar Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Haryana ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Haryana Shahari Vikas Pradhikaran]]
|-
|2
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation]]
|-
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Mangalore]]
|[[Mangalore]]
|[[Mangalore Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Mysore]]
|[[Mysore]]
|[[Mysore Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Bangalore]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|[[Bangalore Development Authority]]
|-
|4
|[[Bangalore]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|[[Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
|-
|5
|[[Bijapur]]
|[[Bijapur]]
|[[Bijapur Urban Development Authority]]
|}

=== Kerala ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Goshree Islands Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Greater Cochin Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Kollam]]
|[[Kollam]]
|[[Kollam Development Authority]]
|-
|4
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority]]
|-
|5
|[[Thrissur]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|[[Thrissur Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Indore]]
|[[Indore]]
|[[Indore Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Jabalpur]]
|[[Jabalpur]]
|[[Jabalpur Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Ujjain]]
|[[Ujjain]]
|[[Ujjain Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Maharashtra ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|[[City and Industrial Development Corporation]]
|-
|2
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
|-
|4
|[[Nagpur]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|[[Nagpur Improvement Trust]]
|-
|5
|[[Nagpur]]
|[[Nagpur]]
|[[Nagpur Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
|-
|6
|[[Nashik]]
|[[Nashik]]
|[[Nashik Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
|-
|7
|[[Pune]]
|[[Pune]]
|[[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Odisha ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Khordha district|Khordha]]
|[[Bhubaneswar Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Cuttack]]
|[[Cuttack]]
|[[Cuttack Development Authority]]
|}

=== Punjab ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Rajasthan ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Ajmer]]
|[[Ajmer]]
|[https://ada.rajasthan.gov.in/home/dptHome Ajmer Development Authority]
|-
|2
|[[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]]
|[[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
|[https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/uitbharatpur/ Bharatpur Development Authority]
|-
|3
|[[Bikaner]]
|[[Bikaner]]
|[https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/uitbikaner/ Bikaner Development Authority]
|-
|4
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|[https://jda.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/jda---jaipur/en/home.html Jaipur Development Authority]
|-
|5
|[[Jodhpur]]
|[[Jodhpur]]
|[https://joda.rajasthan.gov.in/ Jodhpur Development Authority]
|-
|6
|[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|[[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|[https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/uitkota/#/home/dptHome.html.html# Kota Development Authority]
|-
|7
|[[Udaipur]]
|[[Udaipur]]
|[https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/uitkota/#/home/dptHome Udaipur Development Authority]
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Coimbatore]]
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|[[Coimbatore Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
|[[Salem district|Salem]]
|Salem Urban Development Authority
|-
|4
|[[Madurai]]
|[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|Madurai Urban Development Authority
|-
|5
|[[Hosur]]
|[[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
|Hosur Urban Development Authority
|-
|6
|[[Tiruppur]]
|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|Tiruppur Urban Development Authority
|-
|7
|[[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
|Tiruchirappalli Urban Development Authority
|-
|}

=== Telangana ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Nizamabad, Telangana]]
|[[Nizamabad, Telangana]]
|[[Nizamabad Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Karimnagar]]
|[[Karimnagar]]
|[[Satavahana Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|4
|[[Khammam]]
|[[Khammam]]
|[[Stambadri Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|5
|[[Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Mahabubnagar district]]
|[[Mahabubnagar Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|6
|[[Warangal]]
|[[Warangal]]
|[[Kakatiya Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|7
|[[Siddipet]]
|[[Siddipet district]]
|[[Siddipet Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|8
|[[Nalgonda]]
|[[Nalgonda District]]
|[[Neelagiri Urban Development Authority]]
|-
|9
|[[Mancherial]]
|[[Mancherial district]]
|Mancherial Urban Development Authority
|-
|10
|[[Kodangal]]
|[[Vikarabad District]]
|[[Kodangal Area Development Authority]]
|}

=== Uttar Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Kanpur]]
|[[Kanpur]]
|[[Kanpur Development Authority]]
|-
|}

=== Uttarakhand ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Mussoorie]], [[Dehradun]]
|[[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
|[[Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority]]
|-
|2
|[[Haridwar]], [[Roorkee]]
|[[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]
|[[Haridwar Roorkee Development Authority]]
|}

===West Bengal===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Kolkata Improvement Trust]]
|-
|2
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]]
|-
|3
|[[Siliguri]]
|[[Siliguri]]
|[[Siliguri Jalpaiguri Development Authority]]
|-
|4
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation]]
|-
|}

=== Delhi ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Rank || City || District || Urban Development Authority
|-
|1
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Delhi Development Authority]]
|-
|}

*

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.example.com www.example.com]


[[Category:Urban development authorities]]
[[Category:Urban planning in India]]

Indian locomotive class WAP-4

2026-03-29T03:04:22Z

Zuko: added info

{{Short description|Indian Railway passenger class electric locomotive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WAP-4
| image = AJJ WAP4.jpg
| caption = Arakkonam based WAP-4 at Bilaspur Jn.
| powertype = Electric
| builder = [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| poweroutput cont = {{convert|5050|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| maxspeed = {{convert|140|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|5350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| t/e starting = {{convert|30800|kgf|kN lbf|abbr=on}}
| serialnumber =
| builddate = 1993-2015
| uicclass = Co'-Co'
| bogies = Co-Co Flexicoil Mark 90 cast bogies; primary and secondary wheel springs with bolsters
| wheeldiameter = New: {{convert|1092|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}} Half worn: {{convert|1055|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=2}} Full worn: {{convert|1016|mm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| length = {{convert|18.794|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=32}}
| height = {{convert|4.272|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=32}}
| width = {{convert|3.179|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=32}}
| axleload = {{convert|18800|kg|abbr=on}}
| locoweight = {{convert|116000|kg|abbr=on}}
| tractionmotors = [[Hitachi]] HS15250
| locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]
| trainbrakes = Air
| safety = Slip control, Over voltage relay, Main overload relay, Earth Fault Relay, Low Pressure Governor, Brake Cylinder Cutoff Valve, Train parting alarms and No OHE volt relay
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| fleetnumbers = '''22061''' and from '''22201'''-'''22399''', '''22500'''-'''22999''' & '''25000-25051'''
| totalproduction = 778
| aarwheels = C-C
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|Overhead]]
| collectionmethod = [[pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]
| locale = All over [[India]]
| disposition = Active
}}

The Indian locomotive class '''WAP-4''' is a class of 25 [[Volt|kV]] [[Alternating current|AC]] [[electric locomotive]]s that was developed in 1993 by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] for [[Indian Railways]]. The model name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge (W)]], AC Current (A), Passenger traffic (P) locomotive, 4th generation (4). They entered service in late 1994. A total of 778 WAP-4 were built at CLW between 1993 and 2015, which made them the most numerous class of mainline electric passenger locomotive until the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]].

The WAP-4 is one of the most successful locomotives of Indian Railways{{Peacock inline|date=August 2024}} serving passenger trains for over 29 years. This class provided the basic design for other locomotives like the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-6|WAP-6]]. Despite the introduction of more modern types of locomotives like WAP-7, a significant number are still in use, both in mainline duties. Production of this class was halted in December 2015 with locomotive number 25051 being the last unit to be rolled out.

As of November 2025, all locomotives except those lost in accidents still retain "operational status" on the mainline as WAP-4, with further examples having been converted from WAP-6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Listing All Locos - IRFCA Locomotive Database |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos?filter_term%5Bloco_class_id%5D=7 |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Development ===
The WAP-4 class was developed after its predecessor, the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]], was found inadequate to haul the longer, heavier express trains (24-26 coaches) that were becoming the mainstay of the Indian Railways network. IR/RDSO had realized that the reason for the WAP-1’s performance problems were the low-powered 770 hp Alstom TAO 659 traction motors. These were previously used with for the [[Indian locomotive class WAM-4|WAM-4]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] classes but were too underpowered for modern requirements. At that time, new 840 hp Hitachi 15250 traction motors which had been adopted for use on newer WAG-5s was showing promise. So, these traction motors were adopted on to WAP-1s Flex-icoil Mark I fabricated bogies, and with a new indigenously designed 5400 kVA transformer and silicon rectifiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/29_01_10.pdf |title=RDSO document |last= |first= |date=29 January 2010 |website=www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=12 September 2024 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729170706/www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/29_01_10.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

It also was among the first locomotives to get a microprocessor-based control and fault diagnostics system. To accommodate the heavier Hitachi motors without increasing its 112t overall weight, the WAP-4 was made substantially lighter by the widespread use of aluminum materials in construction. The underframe of WAP-4 is narrower and lighter and also completely different from that of the WAP-1 to enable it to handle higher loads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Maintenance%20handbook%20on%20Flexicoil%20Bogies%20Mark-I(1).pdf|title=FLEXICOIL BOGIES MARK - I |last=Maharajpur |first=Gwalior |date=May 2002 |website=rdso.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2024}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/TC%2074.pdf |title=Procedure for Welding of Centre Pivot Pin to The Underframe of WAP-4 & WAG-7 Locomotives. |author= |date=October 2001 |website=rdso.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Design ===
[[File:BRC's new hot babe waiting till the dark to elope with Awadh Express - The eternal philanderer... - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta.jpg|thumb|200px|(''front'') newer loco with (''back'') older series unit]]
The loco has a streamlined twin cab carbody design, with top-mounted headlamps. The first 150 or so
units had the headlamp mounted at waist level, with the lights being mounted in a protruding nacelle. Later on
the headlamps were placed in a recessed nacelle, and from road # 22573 onward, the headlamps were moved to
the top. Newer locos also feature larger windshields, more spacious driver cabin with bucket type seats and
ergonomic controls. The control panel also features a mix of digital and analog displays in newer units (all
analog display in older versions).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ijmer.com/papers/Vol4_Issue4/Version-1/A044010114.pdf |title=Study on Bogie and Suspension System of an Electric Locomotive |author= |date=April 2014 |website=www.ijmer.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |page= |issn=2249-6645}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Production ===
The first WAP-4 unit, #22201 rolled out from CLW on April 25, 1994. They looked exactly like the WAP-1, even sporting the same livery. From 2000, newer versions with many [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] design cues like square type windscreens, twin-beam headlights, speed recorders and some changes to the control electronics had been rolled out recently.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

However, in the face of the advent of three-phase AC traction motors, IGBT-controlled AC drives, and full computer controls, the DC traction motors were getting increasingly outdated. As a result, after over 20 years, production of the WAP-4 locomotives ceased on November 1, 2015, with the 776th unit, #25051, being rolled out.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/37th%20MSG%20Minutes.pdf |title=MINUTES OF XXXVII MAINTENANCE STUDY GROUP (ELECTRIC LOCO) MEETING |author= |date=24-25 July 2015 |website=rdso.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |page= }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2024}}

== Service ==
The WAP-4s were developed at the same time IR gave procurement orders for WAP-5 locomotives, as they were meant for more general duties of hauling 24-coach expresses while WAP-5 were specially meant for high-speed operations.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Recently{{When|date=August 2024}} as per directive received from Railway Board,{{Which|date=August 2024}} all the loco sheds holding WAP-4 type locomotives have started [[Multiple-unit train control|multiple unit]] (MU) operations. This configuration of MU-fitted WAP-4 locos are being used to haul medium tonnage faster freight trains across IR. The different locomotive sheds of WAP-4 are [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam]], [[Santragachi]], [[Erode]], [[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Mughalsarai]], [[Howrah]] and [[Bhusaval]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/waltair-division-to-use-wap-4-model-locos-for-freight-operations-645393 | title=Waltair Division to use WAP-4 model locos for freight operations | date=14 September 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:WAP-4_Rail_Engine_at_Dhubulia_Railway_Station.jpg|thumb|Howrah bound WAP-4 at [[Dhubulia railway station]]]]

== Livery ==
All WAP-4s are painted in the same red-black with a yellow/cream band livery, though the shade of the red differs from shed to shed, from the blazing crimson red or Green and Yellow (Sapthagiri) of Arakkonam(AJJ)/SR and wam 4 based liveries of Vijayawada(BZA)/SCR to the orange of Erode ED/SR.

==Express Train Services==
this electric locomotives pull all passenger trains variants both [[LHB coach]]es and [[ICF coach]]es
*[[Sanghamitra Superfast Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
*[[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Yuva Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Karnataka Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Howrah-Lalkuan Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
*[[Chennai Central–Mysore Shatabdi Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Poorva Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Purushottam Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Mahabodhi Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Coromandel Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Lalbagh Express]] (ICF rakes and LHB rakes)
*[[Brindavan Express]] (ICF rakes and LHB rakes)
*[[Anga Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Double Decker Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Garib Rath Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
*[[Tamil Nadu Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Sapthagiri Express]] (3 rakes : DEMU in last decades then ICF in 2018 and LHB rakes in 2020s)
*[[Seshadri Express]] (both ICF and LHB rakes)
*[[Kaziranga Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Humsafar Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Uttar Banga Express]] (LHB rakes)
*First [[Howrah Rajdhani Express]] (ICF Rajdhani rakes)
*[[Jan Shatabdi Express]] (ICF rakes)
*[[Antyodaya Express]] (LHB rakes)
*[[Jnaneshwari Express]] (ICF rakes)

== Locomotive sheds ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Zone
!Shed Name
!Code
!Quantity
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
|[[Electric Loco Shed, Bhusawal|Bhusaval]]
|BSLL
|71
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
||[[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah]]
|HWHE
|42
|-
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah(D)]]
|HWHD
|38
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
|[[Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction|Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya]]
|DDUE
|11
|-
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Samastipur|Samastipur]]||SPJD||73
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Tughlakabad|Tughlakabad]]
|TKDD
|47
|-
|[[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Alambagh]]
|AMVD
|2
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
|[[Electric Loco Shed, Jhansi|Jhansi]]
|JHSE
|38
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
|[[Electric Loco Shed, Gorakhpur|Gorakhpur]]
|GKPL
|42
|-
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Izzatnagar|Izzatnagar]]
|IZNE
|45
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
|[[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]]
|AJJE
|98
|-
|[[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]]
|EDE
|25
|-
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Erode|Erode(D)]]
|EDDX
|46
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
|[[Electric Loco Shed, Vijayawada|Vijayawada]]
|BZAE
|63
|-
||[[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
|[[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi]]
|SRCE
|60
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
|[[Electric Loco Shed, Valsad|Valsad]]
|BLEE
|21
|-
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva]]
|VTAD
|40
|-
|[[Diesel Loco Shed, Ratlam|Ratlam]]
|RTMD
|10
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total locomotives active as of March 2026<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>'''
|772
|}

==See also==

*[[Indian Railways]]
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Hughes-IndianLocos4}}
{{refend}}

{{commons category|Indian locomotive class WAP4}}
{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WAP-4}}
[[Category:Electric locomotives of India]]
[[Category:25 kV AC locomotives]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1994]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Chittaranjan Locomotive Works locomotives]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]

Bankura I

2026-03-25T19:12:48Z

Zuko: cleaned up section also and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{other uses|Bankura (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bankura I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Bankura-I in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.25|N|87.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 171.09
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 89
| population_total = 107,685
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722101 (Bankura) 722102 (Kenduadihi) 722139 (Kenjakura) 722146 (Rajagram )
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03241
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-67, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 68.74%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| website = {{URL|bankura1block.org}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Bankura I''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the [[Bankura Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==

===From the Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around the 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, the history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste to their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities]]
Bankura is located at {{coord|23.25|N|87.07|E|format=dms|}}.

Bankura I CD block is located in the central part of the district. It belongs to the Bankura-Bishnupur Rarh Plains. The elevation rises gradually in the undulating surface area but in the hilly tract it rises abruptly.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref>

Bankura I CD block is bounded by [[Chhatna (community development block)|Chhatna]] CD block on a part of the north and the west, [[Bankura II]] CD block in part of the north, [[Onda (community development block)|Onda]] CD block on the east, and [[Indpur (community development block)|Indpur]] CD block on the south.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Bankura I CD block has an area of 171.09 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 6 [[gram panchayat]]s, 82 gram sansads (village councils), 150 [[mouza]]s and 137 inhabited villages. [[Bankura#Police stations|Bankura]] and [[Bankura#Police stations|Bankura Women]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block are at [[Puabagan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook: Bankura | work= Map of Bankura with CD lock HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/Blocks/Bankura-I.pdf |title = Bankura District | work= Bankura I |publisher= Bankura district administration | access-date = 20 November 2016 }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Bankura I block/ panchayat samiti are: Anchuri, Andharthol, Jagadlla I, Jagadlla II, Kalapathar and [[Kenjakura]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Bankura I CD block had a total population of 107,685, all of which were rural. There were 55,079 (51%) males and 52,606 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 12,553. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 39,953 (37.10%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 6,554 (6.09%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Bankura I block had a total population of 95,824, out of which 48,988 were males and 46,836 were females. Bankura I block registered a population growth of 13.49 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 13.79 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District | access-date = 18 August 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisionals/> Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Bankura I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Dhaldanga (4,058).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Bankura I CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Andharthaul (2,177), Kalapathar (1,173), Kenjakura (3,955), [[Achuri]] (3,386) and Jagadalla (2,660).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Bankura I CD block was 65,395 (68.74% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 38,513 (79.87% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 26,882 (57.87%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 21.25%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2011 census, literacy in Bankura district was 70.26%, up from 63.44 in 2001 and 52.00% in 1991.<ref name="census3-2011">{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/13-bankura.html |title = Bankura District: Census 2011 data | work= 2016 Digital Trends |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 20 August 2016}}</ref> Literacy in West Bengal was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 August 2016}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bankura I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|14.08}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|2.52}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 89,511 and formed 83.12% of the population in Bankura I CD block. Muslims numbered 15,158 and formed 14.08% of the population. Christians numbered 42 and formed 0.04% of the population. Others numbered 2,974 and formed 2.76% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 85.44% while Muslims were 13.20% of the population.<ref name="censusreligion2001">{{cite web |date=2001 |title=Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bankura I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 95.76 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 4.06 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.18 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 95.76% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 4.06% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Bankura I CD block 42.84% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2 >{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Migration has been observed in the following CD blocks of Bankura district: Bankura I, Chhatna, Saltora, Indpur, Ranibandh, Hirbandh, Khatra, Raipur and Sarenga. Although authentic figures are not available, a sample survey has been done. According to the sample survey, around 54.5% to 85.4% of the families on an average migrate from these blocks. Another study shows that around 23% of the people from the under-privileged blocks in the western and southern Bankura migrate. Those migrating belong mostly to the SC or ST population. They migrate for periods varying from 15 days to 6/8 months. Most people migrate to meet their food deficit and go to Bardhaman and Hooghly districts but some go to Gujarat and Maharashtra as construction labour.<ref name=humandev2/>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Bankura I CD block'''
|value1 = 19.20
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 29.14
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 7.21
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 44.45
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Bankura I CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 7,744 and formed 19.20%, agricultural labourers numbered 11,751 and formed 29.14%, household industry workers numbered 2,906 and formed 7.21% and other workers numbered 17,926 and formed 44.45%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 40,327 and formed 37.45% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 67,358 and formed 62.55% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 137 inhabited villages in the Bankura I CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 19 villages (13.87%) have post offices. 108 villages (78.83%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 32 villages (23.36%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 50 villages (36.50%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 17 villages (12.41%) have agricultural credit societies and 9 villages (6.57%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
There were 42 fertiliser depots, 20 seed stores and 47 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

In Bankura district in 2010–11, 34.92% of the operational holdings were held in marginal holdings of less than 1 hectare by 68.22% of the holders. Another 31.16% of the operational holdings were held in small holdings between 1 and 2 hectares by 21.05% of the holders. In Bankura district, 23,389 hectares of [[Land reform in India|vested land]] was distributed amongst 191,915 beneficiaries up to 31 October 2013.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Bankura I CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 6.29%, patta (document) holders 10.26%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 13.72%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 39.28% and agricultural labourers 30.45%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown Bankura I CD block was 10,844 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 1,869 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924054104/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 24 September 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Bankura I CD block was 2,326 hectares, out of which 198 hectares by canal water, 925 hectares by tank water, 660 hectares by river lift irrigation, 78 hectares by shallow tubewells, 300 hectares by open dug wells and 165 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Bankura I CD block produced 25,440 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 9,255 hectares, 319 tonnes of Aus paddy from 15 hectares, 12 tonnes of Boro paddy from 4 hectares, 14 tonnes of wheat from 6 hectares, 1,524,000 tonnes of potatoes from 55 hectare (yield 27,700 kg per hectare). It also produced pulses and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD Blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Bankura I CD block had 762 looms in operation. Bankura municipality (outside the CD block) had 2,126 looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page: 85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924054104/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 24 September 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. The terracotta and decorative items include horse, elephant, tiger, ox, flower vase, Mansa Saj, ash-tray and other items of religious use. These are produced in the following CD blocks: Taldangra, Sonamukhi, Sarenga, Bankura I and Bankura II. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 115 families were involved in Bankura I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Pages: 83-84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924054104/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 24 September 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Bankura I CD block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line|collapse=yes}}

In 2013–14, Bankura I CD block had 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line]] of South Eastern Railway passes through this CD block. There are stations at Bankura and Anchuri.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/midnapore-adra-memu-68089-mdn-to-adra/21528/952/956 |title = 68089 Midnapore-Adra Memu |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 1 September 2016}}</ref>

[[National Highway 14 (India)|National Highway 14]], (old numbering [[National Highway 60 (India, old numbering)|NH 60]]), running from [[Morgram]] to [[Kharagpur]], passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=1 September 2016|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[State Highway 9 (West Bengal)]] running from Durgapur (in Paschim Bardhaman district) to Nayagram (in Jhargram district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Bankura I CD block had 109 primary schools with 10,663 students, 10 middle schools with 1,042 students, 14 high schools with 8,352 students and 9 higher secondary schools with 9,137 students. Bankura I CD block had 1 professional/ technical institution with 996 students and 177 institutions for special and non-formal education with 4,905 students. Bankura (municipal town) had 3 colleges and universities outside the CD block. Bankura I CD block had 6 mass literacy centres.
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4, 4.6 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Bankura I CD block, among the 137 inhabited villages, 28 villages did not have a school, 27 villages had two or more primary schools, 26 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 14 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Bankura I CD block had 1 hospital, 1 rural hospital and 2 primary health centres with total 650 beds and 5 doctors. It had 18 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 3,548 patients were treated indoor and 147,704 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Anchuri Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Achuri]], is the major government medical facility in the Bankura I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Helna Susunia (with 10 beds) and Kanjakura (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Bankura}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]

Diocese of Karimnagar of the Church of South India

2026-03-25T11:59:29Z

Zuko: updated details

{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=August 2015}}
{{No footnotes|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Karimnagar
|province = [[Church of South India]]
|cathedral = Wesley Cathedral
|bishop = [[K. Reuben Mark]]
|suffragans =
|archdeaconries =
|website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130528163223/http://csikarimnagardiocese.org/ CSI Karimnagar Diocese]
}}

The '''Diocese of Karimnagar''' is a [[diocese]] of [[Church of South India]] in [[Telangana]] state of [[India]].The [[diocese]] is one among the 22 dioceses of [[Church of South India]], a [[United Protestant]] denomination.

==History of the Diocese==
The Wesleyan Methodist Missionaries from England began working since 1879 in the Districts of Hyderabad, Medak, Nizamabad, Karimnagar and Nalgonda. As a result of their mission work churches were established along with Schools and Hospitals. After the formation of Church of
South India in the year 1947, Karimnagar and Nalgonda areas from Medak were annexed to the [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal Diocese]]. Diocese of Karimnagar was formed in the year 1978 by bifurcating [[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India|Dornakal Diocese]]. The churches in the district of Karimnagar and Nalgonda were bifurcated from Dornakal Diocese along with Warangal District to form the new diocese.

==Bishops==
===Before the formation of the Church of South India===
* [[V. S. Azariah]]
* [[A. B. Eliott]] (1945–1955)

===After the formation of the Church of South India before bifurcation===
* [[A. B. Eliott]] (1945–1955)
* [[P. Solomon]] (1955–1978)

===Post-bifurcation from the Diocese of Dornakal===
* [[B. Prabhudass]] (1978–1982)
* [[G. Benjamin Devasahayam]] (1982–1987)
* [[K. E. Swamidass]] (1987–1992)
* [[S. John Theodore]] (1992–2007)
* [[P. Surya Prakash]] (2007–2014)
* [[K. Reuben Mark]] (2015-)

==Notable Churches in the Diocese==
*Wesley Cathedral, Karimnagar
The CSI Wesley Cathedral church was built by the missionaries in the year 1978. Wesley Cathedral has been completely
renovated and rededicated in 2011. The cathedral celebrated its centenary in 2012.
*CSI Wesley Church, Jagital
* CSI Church Panigiri

==Institutions Under the Diocese==
*Bishop Prabhudass Memorial Evangelistic Training School, Jagtial
*Bishop K.E.Swamidass Laity Training Institute, Karimnagar
*C.S.I High School, Karimnagar
*C.S.I High School, Alier
*C.S.I Mission High School, Parkal
*C.S.I Lant Memorial ITI, Karimnagar
*C.S.I Primary School, Jagtial

==Further reading==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* {{cite book
|author = K. M. George
|title = Church of South India: Life in Union, 1947-1997
|year = 1999
|volume =
|isbn = 8172145128
|oclc = 1039224320
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|www.csikarimnagardiocese.com}}

{{authority control}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{Churches in India}}

[[Category:Christianity in Telangana]]
[[Category:Church of South India dioceses|Karimnagar]]

Mehta Basti Ram

2026-03-25T10:50:42Z

Zuko:

{{Short description|Dogra military officer and governor of Ladakh in 19th-century India}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mehta Basti Ram
| caption = Zorawar Fort Ladakh, where Basti Ram was the first ''Qiladar'' (commandant)
| image = Mehta Basti Ram.jpg
| birth_date = Early 19th century
| birth_place = [[Kishtwar]], Jammu, Sikh Empire
| death_date = Late 19th century
| death_place = [[Kishtwar]], Jammu and Kashmir, [[British Raj]]
| nationality = [[Dogra people|Dogra]]
| occupation = Military officer, Governor
| allegiance = [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| rank = Colonel
| unit = [[Fateh Shibji Battalion]]
| battles = [[Dogra invasion of Ladakh]], [[Dogra–Tibetan War]]
| office = Governor of Leh
| term_start = 1847
| term_end = 1861
| predecessor = [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]]
| successor = [[Mehta Mangal]] (son)
| spouse = Unknown
| children = *Mehta Mangal
*[[Krishna Mehta]] (great-granddaughter), [[Om Mehta]] (great-grandson)
}}
'''Mehta Basti Ram''' was a [[Dogras|Dogra]] officer and commander of the Fateh Shibji battalion under Raja [[Gulab Singh]] of [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] (later Maharaja of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]). Basti Ram later served as the governor (''thanadar'') of [[Leh]] in [[Ladakh]] between 1847 and 1861.{{Sfn|Francke|1926|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175780/page/n273/mode/2up 257]}} Basti Ram joined the service of Raja Gulab Singh in 1821 and became an officer under General [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]] during his conquest of Ladakh between 1834 and 1841. After holding positions such as the governor of [[Burang Town|Taklakot]] (briefly) and thanadar of [[Zanskar]], he became the [[History of Ladakh|second governor]] of Leh under Maharaja Gulab Singh.

== Life ==
In 1821, when [[Gulab Singh]], the Raja of Jammu under the [[Sikh Empire]], conquered [[Kishtwar]], Basti Ram joined his service and was soon under General [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar Singh]].{{Sfn|Bakshi|2002|p=120}} At a rank of Colonel, he led Zorawar Singh's ''Jangi Fauj'', later reorganised and renamed as the Fateh Shibji force{{Efn|Also referred to as 8 Shibji Paltan later reorganised into the 7 Shibji.{{Sfn|Bakshi|2002|p=52}}|name=|group=}} from 1834 to 1841.{{Sfn|Bakshi|2002|p=52, 117}} Fateh Shibji went on to become the 4th Battalion of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|Jammu and Kashmir Rifles Regiment]] (it retains the historic name Fateh Shibji).{{Sfn|Bakshi|2002|p=52, 117}} Major General [[G. D. Bakshi]] wrote in 2002 that Basti Ram was a "tactician par excellence" and that he "should be a role model for Indian battalion commanders".{{Sfn|Bakshi|2002|p=144}}
[[File:Zorawerfort.jpg|right|thumb|165x165px|Zorawar fort in Ladakh. Basti Ram was the first ''Qiladar'' (commandant).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bansal|first=Bobby Singh|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUiwDAAAQBAJ&q=Colonel+Mehta+Basti+Ram&pg=PT231|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015-12-01|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-84544-93-5|language=en|chapter=10}}</ref>]]

=== Dogra conquest of Ladakh ===
Basti Ram was one of the main officers of [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria|Zorawar]]'s force and played a crucial role at multiple locations in the unification of [[Ladakh]] which started in 1834. He led an attack that resulted in the capture of the Fort of Sod/Soth (in [[Kargil]]) and subsequently the ''Gyalpo''.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=335}} The assault included crossing the [[Indus River]] on inflated goatskins.{{Sfn|Bakshi|2002|p=65}} During the conquest of Baltistan, which started during the end of 1840, he found a way to cross a river that had caused Zorawar's army to halt for over a month in the cold and snow.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=347–349}} For this innovation, Zorawar Singh gifted Basti Ram Rs. 500 and a pair of gold bangles.{{Efn|[[G. D. Bakshi]] writes that this [[bridgehead]] operation deserves to be "a classic" in "military history books".{{Sfn|Bakshi|2002|p=88}}|name=|group=}}{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=349}} Basti Ram was also present during the capture of [[Skardu]].{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=349–350}}

After Zorawar Singh's forces captured Western Tibet, Basti Ram was appointed the governor of [[Burang Town|Taklakot]] ([[Burang Town|Burang]]).{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=351}} Soon afterwards, the Tibetans launched a counterattack during winter. Zorawar Singh was killed on 12 December 1941 and his army was defeated.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=352}} The men stationed at Taklakot fled to the British province of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]].{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=353}} Basti Ram escaped to [[Almora]] where the British commissioner gave him shelter.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=332}} By the autumn of 1846, Basti Ram was appointed the ''thanadar'' of [[Zanskar]] and "one of the confidential servants of Maharaja Gulab Sing.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=355}}

Basti Ram provided one of the earliest written accounts of the Dogra conquest of Ladakh and beyond, twelve years after the events. While the original version was lost, [[Alexander Cunningham]] had re-written Basti Ram's account based on a dictation by Basti Ram himself.{{Sfn|Francke|1926|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175780/page/n273/mode/2up 257]}}{{Sfn|Neve|1913|p=246}} [[August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)|August Hermann Francke]] notes that Basti Ram may have exaggerated the enemy numbers at certain locations.{{Sfn|Francke|1926|p=261}}

=== Governor of Leh ===
Basti Ram was appointed the thanadar of Leh between 1847 and 1861.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=273–274}} At the time there were four thanadars for Ladakh, in Zanskar, Kargil, Dras and Nubra.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=273–274}} All the thanadars had military and civil authority in their districts and were accountable directly to the Maharaja.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=273–274}} [[Alexander Cunningham]] estimated that Basti Ram's income would have been a "respectable" Rs.18,000 annually, (roughly £1,800 a year).{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=274}} Lieutenant Colonel [[Henry Torrens (British Army officer, born 1833)|Henry Torrens]], who passed through Ladakh in 1862, noted that Basti Ram had retired to his home in Kishtawar on account of old age, and a successor had not yet been appointed by the Maharaja".{{Sfn|Torrens|1862|p=171–172}} Instead, Torrens met the ''Kahlon''{{Efn|Also spelt ''Kahlon''.{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=277}} Old Tibetan title signifying Prime Minister.{{Sfn|Torrens|1862|p=171–172}} Cunningham notes that "the term is also applied to the chief men of all the districts."{{Sfn|Cunningham|1854|p=335}}|name=|group=}} of Leh, the "nominal governor", who got little respect from the Sikhs [Dogras].{{Sfn|Torrens|1862|p=172}}
== Family ==
Basti Ram was born in the Mehta family from [[Kishtwar]]. His grandfather had been in charge of military affairs under the last Kishtwar ruler Mohammad Teg Singh.{{Sfn|Bakshi|2002|p=120}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nayyar|first=Sanjeev|date=2016|title=Zorawar Singh Museum Leh|url=https://www.esamskriti.com/album-detail.aspx?state=Jammu-and-Kashmir&albumname=Zorawar-Singh-Museum-Leh|access-date=2021-01-05|website=eSamskriti|language=en-us}}</ref> Basti Ram's son [[Mehta Mangal]] succeeded him as Governor of Ladakh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chohan|first=Amar Singh|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.242486|title=Historical Study Of Society and Culture In Dardistan and Ladakh|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi|year=1983|pages=200–201}}</ref>

Basti Ram's great-granddaughter was [[Krishna Mehta]], who went on to become the first woman member of parliament from Jammu and Kashmir. Krishna Mehta had been married to Duni Chand Mehta who was appointed as the ''wazir-e-wazarat'' of [[Muzaffarabad]]. In October 1947, Duni Chand was killed by [[Pashtun tribal invasion of Kashmir|Pashtun tribal militias]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Mehta|url=http://krishnamehta.net/KrishnaMehta.htm|access-date=2020-12-29|website=krishnamehta.net}}</ref> and Krishna Mehta was taken prisoner and eventually repatriated by Pakistan. Krishna Mehta's brother Om Mehta served as a [[Cabinet of India|Minister of State]] for Home Affairs in [[Indira Gandhi]]'s government in 1976. Another younger brother Ved Mehta was at one time the president of Chamber of Commerce and Industry Jammu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 April 2015|title=Ved Mehta passes away|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=40351|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Kashmir Times}}</ref>

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Notelist}}
'''Citations'''{{Reflist}}'''Bibliography'''
* {{Cite book|last=Francke|first=August Hermann|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175780/page/n273/mode/2up |via=archive.org |chapter=Basti Ram's account of Dogra War and Cunningham's 'other information' |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet|publisher=S. Chand & Co.|year=1926|isbn=9788120607699|editor-last=Thomas|editor-first=Frederick William|volume=2: The Chronicles of Ladakh and Minor Chronicles|location=New Delhi|publication-date=1972|author-link=August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bakshi|first=G. D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S99oXkx_-cC|title=Footprints in the Snow: On the Trail of Zorawar Singh|publisher=Lancer Publishers|year=2002|isbn=9788170622925|location=New Delhi|chapter=9—Colonel Basti Ram: Tactician Par Excellence|author-link=G. D. Bakshi}}
*{{Cite book|last=Torrens|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35521|title=Travels in Ladakh, Tartary, and Kashmir|publisher=Saunders, Otley's, and Co.|year=1862|location=London|first=Lieut–Colonel Henry D.|author-link=Henry Torrens (British Army officer, born 1833)}}
*{{Cite book|last=Neve|first=Arthur|title=Thirty Years in Kashmir|publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]]|year=1913|location=London|author-link=Arthur Neve}}
*{{Cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Alexander|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127431/mode/1up?q=Mehta+Basti+Ram|title=Ladak, Physical, Statistical, and Historical; with notices of the surrounding countries|publisher=[[W. H. Allen & Co.]]|year=1854|location=London|author-link=Alexander Cunningham}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|last=Charak|first=Sukhdev Singh|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12482/page/n7/mode/2up?q=%22Mehta+Basti+Ram%22|title=Indian Conquest of the Himalayan Territories: Military Exploits of General Zorawar Singh Dogra|publisher=Ajaya Prakashan|year=1978|location=Jammu}}
* {{Cite book|last=Charak|first=Sukhdev Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qk-DwAAQBAJ|title=General Zorawar Singh Dogra|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India|year=2016|isbn=9788123026480|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|publisher=Lancer Publishers|others=Dogra Regimental Centre|year=2005|isbn=9788170622680|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Kaul|first1=Shridhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC|title=Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity|last2=Kaul|first2=H. N.|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1992|isbn=9788185182759|edition=3|location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kaul|first=H. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC|title=Rediscovery of Ladakh|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1998|isbn=9788173870866|location=New Delhi}}

{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Governors of Ladakh]]
[[Category:People from Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Dogra people]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian military personnel]]

Crash Course (TV series)

2026-03-23T13:19:00Z

Zuko: New new entry more to come

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{distinguish|Crash Course (web series)|Crash Course (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Crash_Course.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| based_on =
| runtime = 42-47 minutes
| creator =
| director = [[Vijay Maurya]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Annu Kapoor]]
*[[Bidita Bag]]
*[[Bhanu Uday]]
*[[Chirag Vohra]]
*[[Hetal Gada]]
*[[Riddhi Kumar]]
*[[Siddharth Kak]]
}}
| writer = Manish Hariprasad Raina Roy
| screenplay =
| music = Av Prafullachandra
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location =
| cinematography = Nagaraj Rathinam
| editor = Chandrashekhar Prajapati
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|08|5|df=yes}}
| company = Owlet Films
| executive_producer =
| producer = Manish Hariprasad
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| list_episodes =
}}

'''''Crash Course''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama]] television series written by Manish Hariprasad and Raina Roy, directed by [[Vijay Maurya]] and produced by Owlet Films. Starring Annu Kapoor, Udit Arora, Anvesha Vij, Anushka Kaushik, Bhanu Uday, Hetal Gada, [[Hridhu Haroon]], Pranay Pachauri and others, the series was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 5 August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |title=Amazon Prime Video to stream new series 'Crash Course' on 5 August |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/amazon-prime-video-to-stream-new-series-crash-course-on-5-august-11659425341248.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=2 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Here's how Crash Course has revealed the real story behind the functioning of coaching universe |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/heres-how-crash-course-has-revealed-the-real-story-behind-the-functioning-of-coaching-universe-11027971.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Prime Video's original series 'Crash Course' starring Annu Kapoor to release on August 5 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/amazon-prime-videos-original-series-crash-course-starring-annu-kapoor-to-release-on-august-5-23236924 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=20 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Crash Course |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/crash_course_2022 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=20 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series follows a group of students who, in the midst of preparations for competitive exams to fulfil their parent's expectations, are affected when two rival coaching institutes of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] (Rajasthan) – the Ratanraj Jindal and Arvind Batra-led centres engage in a power struggle.<ref>{{cite news |title=From Hostel Daze to Crash course, these 5 web series will make you nostalgic about student life! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/from-hostel-daze-to-crash-course-these-5-web-series-will-make-you-nostalgic-about-student-life-2493660.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=5 Aug 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Annu Kapoor]] as Ratanraj Jindal
* [[Siddharth Kak]] as Arvind Batra
* [[Bhanu Uday]] as Shashank Batra
* [[Chirag Vohra]] as Mayank Batra
* [[Bidita Bag]] as Antara Jaiswal
* [[Hetal Gada]] as Tejal Patel
* [[Riddhi Kumar]] as Shanaya Qazi
* Deepak Dutta as Home Minister
* Udit Arora as Binny Agarwal
* Pranay Pachauri as Ashutosh Kumar/AK
* [[Anushka Kaushik]] as Vidhi Gupta
* [[Hridhu Haroon]] as Sathya Srinivasan
* Mohit Solanki as Anil Baid
* Bhavesh Balchandani as Aviral Bharti
* Aryan Singh as Rakesh Gulia
* Anvesha Vij as Nikki Kapoor
* Gaurav Sharma as Dheeraj Khandelwal/KD
* [[Vasuki Sunkavalli|Vasuki Punj]] as Vidya Nair
* Devas Dixit as Mahender

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{cite web |title=Crash Course Web Series (2022) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/crash-course-web-series-108187 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=20 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Faces on a Billboard
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000056
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Wheeler-Dealer
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Covalent Bonding
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The A,B,C,D Game
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Bell Curve
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Loyalty Tests
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Brothers in Arms
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Red Handed
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Free Falling
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = The End. The Beginning
|DirectedBy = Vijay Maurya
|WrittenBy = Manish Hariprasad, Raina Roy
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|8|5}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000000
}}
}}

== Release ==
''Crash Course'' was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] in India and worldwide on 5 August 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Prime Video's Crash Course Reveals Real Story Of The Functioning Of Coaching Universe |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/amazon-prime-video-s-crash-course-reveals-real-story-of-the-functioning-of-coaching-universe-1547125 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[ABP News|ABP Live]] |publisher=ABP News Bureau |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Crash Course trailer: This Amazon Prime Video series has a Kota Factory hangover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/crash-course-trailer-this-amazon-prime-video-series-has-a-kota-factory-hangover-8051101/ |url-access=limited |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=Entertainment Desk |date=25 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Most of the critics found Crash Course as a spin-off version of [[Netflix]] series ''[[Kota Factory]]''. Archika Khurana for ''[[The Times of India]]'' rate 3/5 stars and wrote "'Crash Course' has nothing new to offer in terms of insights. One thing that remains constant throughout the show, if not more, is that you will miss Kota Factory's Jeetu Bhaiya and his words of wisdom..."<ref>{{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Archika |title=Crash Course Season 1 Review: Another engaging drama depicting Kota's fierce competition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/crash-course/season-1/seasonreview/93278001.cms |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 August 2022}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Prateek Sur for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and wrote "'Crash Course’ is a hard-hitting and realistic view of today's education system. Its heart is in the right place, however, it's the sloppy writing that kills the fun."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sur |first=Prateek |title='Crash Course' On Amazon Prime Video Review: Annu Kapoor's Show On Evils Of The Education System Is A Squandered Opportunity |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/crash-course-amazon-prime-video-review-evils-of-indian-education-system-annu-kapoor-anushka-kaushik-movie_reviews-215408 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=10 August 2022}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Ruchi Kaushal for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Crash Course stands far from Kota Factory in realism but does take credit for addressing student suicides, parental pressure, the distractions they face away from home, love angles, teenage pregnancy and even drugs."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaushal |first=Ruchi |title=Crash Course review: Annu Kapoor's education drama is no Kota Factory but entertaining enough for a binge watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/crash-course-review-annu-kapoor-s-show-is-no-kota-factory-but-worth-a-watch-101659942556453.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Deepa Gehlot for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "There was nothing new to add to the narrative of avaricious coaching classes, pushy parents and vulnerable students. Thus the Amazon Prime Video series Crash Course, directed by actor-writer Vijay Maurya from a script by Manish Hariprasad and Raina Roy, treads familiar ground."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |title='Crash Course' review: More of the same about Kota's competitive coaching class culture |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1029780/crash-course-review-more-of-the-same-about-kotas-competitive-coaching-class-culture |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=5 Aug 2022}}</ref>

Pratikshya Mishra for ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote "Unlike Kota Factory, the show is more gripping when it’s focusing on the business and the politics of education, especially living through Udit Arora as Binny, the ‘real kingpin’ of Kota".{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Namrata Thakker for ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "The series has 10 episodes with a runtime of 50-odd minutes per episode, and that's too much. The makers could have squeezed the story in seven or eight episodes, making it crisper."<ref>{{cite news |last=Thakker |first=Namrata |title=Crash Course Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/crash-course-review/20220805.htm |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

The ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' focused some light on the series to [[Netflix]] series [[Kota Factory]] and wrote "All in all, Crash Course is a distant relative of Kota Factory, which builds some tension in the first episode but lacks the novelty due to an already iconic series in the same space."<ref>{{cite news |title=Crash Course Episode 1 Review: Annu Kapoor's show falls in the world of Kota Factory but… |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/crash-course-episode-1-review-annu-kapoor-s-show-falls-world-kota-factory-1172382 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=5 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|19868542}}

{{Amazon Prime Video original series|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]

Valasna State

2026-03-22T21:22:42Z

Zuko: adjust layout additionally and corrected details per sources

{{Multiple issues|{{Context|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
[[File:Valasna Princely State flag.svg|thumb|'''Flag of Valasna State''']]
{{princely states topics}}
'''Valasana''', India<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> is known for its great history. situated on the banks Of The Sabarmati river.

There is two forts for rajparivar.

== History ==
The Fifth Class state and [[taluka]] in [[Mahi Kantha]] comprised ten villages, covering 21 square miles.

It had a combined population of 2,749 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 5,953 Rupees (mostly from land), paying a tribute of 280 Rupees to the Gaekwar [[Baroda State]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

== Rulers ==
Its rulers were styled [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

* 1812 - .... Nathu Singh
* c.1880 Man Singh (b. 1850 - d. ....)
* .... - 1926 Hamir Singh (b. 1881 - d. 1926)
* 1926 - 1947 Shiv Singh (b. 1910).
*Thakore Sahib Shri Badrinarayansinh
*Kunwar Sahib Shri Satyanarayansinh Rathore

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links and Sources ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_019.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on DSAL - Mahi Kantha]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html WorldStatesmen - India - Princely States K-Z, with flag]

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Vishal Jethwa

2026-03-21T11:20:36Z

Zuko: rework section to improve readability and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishal Jethwa
| image = Vishal Jethwa at 2025 Cannes Homebound Photocall 4.jpg
| caption = Jethwa at the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|7|6|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |title=PHOTOS: Bali aka Vishal Jethwa of 'Sankat Mochan…' celebrates his birthday with on screen villain |url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-photos-bali-aka-vishal-jethwa-of-sankat-mochan-celebrates-his-birthday-with-on-s-5043903-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604163526/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-photos-bali-aka-vishal-jethwa-of-sankat-mochan-celebrates-his-birthday-with-on-s-5043903-PHO.html |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=4 June 2019 |work=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=6 July 2015 |language=hi}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Thakur College of Science and Commerce]]
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013–present
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| awards = [[Zee Cine Awards]] (2020)
}}

'''Vishal Jethwa''' (born 6 July 1994) is an Indian actor. He is known for portraying Akbar in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' which aired on [[Sony TV]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=14 December 2019 |title=All that you need to know about Vishal Jethwa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mardaani-2-villain-vishal-jethwa-6165382/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 August 2021}}</ref> Sunny in ''[[Mardaani 2]]'' <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vishal-jethwa-on-prepping-for-mardaani-2-i-used-to-lock-myself-up-in-my-house-for-hours-1629238-2019-12-18 |title=Vishal Jethwa on prepping for Mardaani 2: I used to lock myself up in my house for hours |work=India Today |agency=ANI |date=18 December 2019 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> (2019) and Chandan in ''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]'' (2025).

==Early life==
Jethwa was born on 6 July 1994 into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], India to Naresh and Preeti Jethwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-rakhi-special-vishal-jethwa-aka-maharana-pratap-gifts-gold-pendant-to-his-sister-4708531-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812063817/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-rakhi-special-vishal-jethwa-aka-maharana-pratap-gifts-gold-pendant-to-his-sister-4708531-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|title=Rakhi Special: Vishal Jethwa aka Maharana Pratap gifts gold pendant to his sister|author=Kiran Jain|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Daily Bhaskar]]|date=12 August 2014|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-diwali-special-in-pics-maharana-pratap-fame-vishal-jethwa-makes-a-unique-rangoli-4783363-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025084939/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-diwali-special-in-pics-maharana-pratap-fame-vishal-jethwa-makes-a-unique-rangoli-4783363-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2014|title=Diwali special: In Pics: Maharana Pratap fame, Vishal Jethwa makes a unique rangoli|date=22 October 2014|access-date=17 March 2018|author=Kiran Jain|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Daily Bhaskar]]}}</ref> His father died when he was 13, and he was raised by his mother. According to him, his childhood was full of struggles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/homebound-actor-vishal-jethwa-struggle-success-story-mardaani-2-137072470.html|title=एक्टर विशाल जेठवा की मां ने सैनेटरी पैड बेचे:घरों में बर्तन धोए; मर्दानी–2 का खूंखार विलेन होमबाउंड का हीरो बना, फिल्म ऑस्कर पहुंची|last=तिवारी|first=आशीष|date=30 January 2026|url-status=live|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> He graduated from [[Thakur College of Science and Commerce]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishal Jethwa Facts: Some interesting facts about Mardaani 2 villain |url=https://www.thelivemirror.com/vishal-jethwa-facts/ |access-date=17 October 2020 |work=The Live Mirror |date=12 December 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Vishal started his acting career in 2013 by landing the lead role of Akbar in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-meet-badshah-akbar-aka-vishal-jethwa-from-maharana-pratap-4643025-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026082721/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-meet-badshah-akbar-aka-vishal-jethwa-from-maharana-pratap-4643025-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2014|title=In Pics: Meet Badshah Akbar aka Vishal Jethwa from Maharana Pratap|author=Kiran Jain |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Daily Bhaskar]]|date=11 July 2014|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> In 2015, he was roped in to play Bali in ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-child-actor-vishal-jethwa-to-play-bali-in-sankatmochan-mahabali-hanuman-4988849-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515060932/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-child-actor-vishal-jethwa-to-play-bali-in-sankatmochan-mahabali-hanuman-4988849-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2015|title=Child actor Vishal Jethwa to play Bali in 'Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman'|author=Kiran Jain |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Daily Bhaskar]]|date=10 May 2015|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> In 2016, he landed an important role of a terrorist in ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' as Chota Packet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-diya-aur-baati-hum-serial-5394106-PHO.html?seq=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164142/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-diya-aur-baati-hum-serial-5394106-PHO.html?seq=4|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2018|title=If You Think 'Diya Aur Baati Hum' Is Going off Air? Wait, till You Know about the New Entry!|author=Kiran Jain |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar|Daily Bhaskar]]|date=12 August 2016|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> In the same year, he bagged the role of Nasir in ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Vishal-Jethwa-to-play-Bajiraos-rival-in-Peshwa-Bajirao/articleshow/55176879.cms|title=Vishal Jethwa to play Bajirao's rival in 'Peshwa Bajirao'|author=Neha Maheshwri |work=[[Times of India]]|date=1 November 2016|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> In August 2017, he replaced actor Bhavesh Balchandani to play the role of [[Krishna]] in ''[[Baal Krishna|Chakradhari Ajay Krishna]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindiatestcaptcha.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-jethwa-to-play-lord-krishna-on-tv-show/articleshow/60026702.cms|title=Vishal Jethwa to play Lord Krishna on TV show|author=IANS|website=[[Times of India]]|date=11 August 2017|access-date=17 March 2018|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317234410/http://timesofindiatestcaptcha.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-jethwa-to-play-lord-krishna-on-tv-show/articleshow/60026702.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also appeared in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]'' as Prince, and played a role in ''Ghatotkacha'', which aired on [[Life OK]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2019|title=Mysterious villain revealed, Vishal Jethwa plays the baddie|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mardaani-2-mysterious-villain-of-rani-mukerji-film-revealed-vishal-jethwa-plays-the-baddie/story-L6nO8RsImUPodDm3pALbnM.html|access-date=15 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In his Hindi film debut, Jethwa was cast as the main antagonist in the 2019 film ''[[Mardaani 2]]''. His performance was well received by the critics and the audience.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishal Jethwa says preparing for his Mardaani 2 role of rapist was painful |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vishal-jethwa-says-preparing-for-his-mardaani-2-role-of-rapist-was-painful-i-used-to-lock-myself-up-in-my-house-for-hours/story-sIn5KbVrIKufdokLlxnwwN.html |work=Hindustan Times |agency=ANI |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=22 November 2023}}</ref>

In 2022, he featured in [[Disney+ Hotstar]]'s [[medical thriller]] series ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]'' alongside [[Shefali Shah]] and [[Kirti Kulhari]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Srijita |date=13 January 2022 |title=Actor Vishal Jethwa Recalls Being Scared of Talking to Shefali Shah During Human Shoot |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mardaani-2-actor-vishal-jethwa-recalls-being-scared-of-talking-to-shefali-shah-during-human-shoot-4648385.html |work=News18 |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Actor Vishal Jethwa talks about support both his directors provided on sets of 'Human' |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/actor-vishal-jethwa-talks-about-support-both-his-directors-provided-on-sets-of-human |work=National Herald |date=10 January 2022 |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref> Later that year, he played the title role in [[Revathi]]'s [[slice of life]] [[Drama Film|drama film]], ''[[Salaam Venky]]'', co-starring [[Kajol]], [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Aahana Kumra]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Tina |date=9 December 2022 |title=Revathi's Salaam Venky a celebration of human spirit. Kajol-Vishal Jethwa pairing unmissable |url=https://theprint.in/feature/reel-take/revathis-salaam-venky-a-celebration-of-human-spirit-kajol-vishal-jethwa-pairing-unmissable/1257007/ |work=ThePrint |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kothwani |first=Hiren |date=10 December 2022 |title='Salaam Venky' movie review: Emotional, not a sob fest |work=Mid-day |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/salaam-venky-movie-review-emotional-not-a-sob-fest-23259886 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

In May 2023, Jethwa played a pivotal role in [[Vidyut Jammwal]]'s ''IB71''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='IB71' Trailer: Vidyut Jammwal brings secret mission that was hidden for 50 years |url=https://theprint.in/feature/ib71-trailer-vidyut-jammwal-brings-secret-mission-that-was-hidden-for-50-years/1536895/ |work=ThePrint |agency=ANI |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023}}</ref> He also featured as Hassan Ali in ''[[Tiger 3]]''.<ref name="BH_Oct2021"/> In December 2024, he starred in [[Amazon Prime|Amazon]]-[[MX Player]]'s murder mystery ''[[Party Till I Die]],'' alongside [[Avneet Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Avneet Kaur And Vishal Jethwa Shine In Goa-Set Murder Mystery |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/party-till-i-die-review-avneet-kaur-and-vishal-jethwa-shine-in-goa-set-murder-mystery-on-mx-player-1740771 |work=ABP News |date=30 December 2024 |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, he starred in [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]'s [[Homebound (2025 film)|''Homebound'']], which had its world premiere at the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=13 May 2025 |title=Vishal Jethwa and Ishaan Khatter to make Cannes 2025 debut with Homebound 2025 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/vishal-jethwa-ishaan-khatter-make-cannes-2025-debut-homebound/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Cannes 2025: Vishal Jethwa on walking the red carpet with Ishaan Khatter and Janhvi Kapoor [Watch Video] |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/videos/cannes-2025-vishal-jethwa-on-walking-the-red-carpet-with-ishaan-khatter-and-janhvi-kapoor-watch-video-3163552/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Darr @ the Mall]]''
|Unnamed
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Hindi Medium]]''
|Tea Seller
|
|
|-
|2018
|''Inaam 100 Karod''
|IPS Shiv
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Mardaani 2]]''
|Shiv "Sunny" Prasad Yadav / Bajrang Chaiwala
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Golkeri]]''
|[[Uber]] driver
|Cameo appearance; [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] film
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Salaam Venky]]''
|Kolavennu Venkatesh "Venky" Prasad Krishnan
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2022 |title=Women's Day 2022: Upcoming movies helmed by Mollywood female filmmakers |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/womens-day-2022-upcoming-movies-helmed-by-mollywood-female-filmmakers/photostory/90068869.cms |access-date=12 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[IB71]]''
|Qasim Qureshi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trailer Of IB71 Out: Watch Vidyut Jammwal's Mission Possible To Save India |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/bollywood/trailer-of-ib71-out-watch-vidyut-jammwals-mission-possible-to-save-india-7628251.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=News18 |date=24 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tiger 3]]''
| Hassan Ali
|
|<ref name="BH_Oct2021">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Monica |date=25 October 2021|title=EXCLUSIVE: Mardaani 2 breakout star Vishal Jethwa signs Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif starrer Tiger 3 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-mardaani-2-breakout-star-vishal-jethwa-signs-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-starrer-tiger-3/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|[[Homebound (2025 film)|''Homebound'']]
|Chandan Kumar
|
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Ref.
|-
| 2013–2014 || ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' || [[Akbar|Young Akbar]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Enemies turn friends on the sets of Maharana Pratap |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/maharana-pratap-on-sony-tv-to-witness-a-deadly-fight-between-akbar-and-maharana-pratap/articleshow/35435149.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=21 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Oye Jassie]]''
|Vivek
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal Jethwa - Profile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Vishal-Jethwa |work=the Times of India |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]''|| [[Vali (Ramayana)|Bali]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='अकबर\' के बाद अब \'बाली\' के रोल में दिखाई देंगे विशाल जेठवा|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-vishal-jethwa-to-play-bali-in-sankatmochan-mahabali-hanuman-4989535-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109134258/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-vishal-jethwa-to-play-bali-in-sankatmochan-mahabali-hanuman-4989535-NOR.html |archive-date=9 November 2021 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016 || ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''|| Vicky Sharma
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2019|title=ये है फिल्म 'मर्दानी-2' का खूंखार विलेन, तस्वीरों में देखें इनका रियल लाइफ जलवा|url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/lifestyle/this-is-mardaani-2-ravenous-villain-see-his-real-life-in-pictures-pur-2695009.html|access-date=9 November 2021|website=News18 हिंदी|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]''|| Young Shravan
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishal Jethwa to be seen in Ek Duje Ke Vaste |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-jethwa-to-be-seen-in-ek-duje-ke-vaste/articleshow/50962621.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]'' || [[Nasir Jung]]
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Apoorva |last2=Singh |first2=Shalu |title=Meet Vishal Jethwa, the mysterious villain in Rani Mukerji's Mardaani 2 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/meet-vishal-jethwa-the-mysterious-villain-of-rani-mukerji-s-mardaani-2-571054 |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=India TV News |date=13 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' || Chota Packet
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]'' || Prince Shekhawat
|-
| 2017–2018|| ''[[Baal Krishna|Chakradhari Ajay Krishna]]'' || [[Krishna]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhavesh Balchandani OUT and Vishal Jethwa IN as Lord Krishna on TV show |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bhavesh-balchandani-out-and-vishal-jethwa-in-as-lord-krishna-on-tv-show-564842 |work=ABP News |agency=IANS |date=12 August 2017 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
| Mangu
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 December 2021|title=Shefali Shah, Kirti Kulhari and Vishal Jethwa come together for medical thriller Human|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-and-vishal-jethwa-come-together-for-medical-thriller-human-355788|access-date=29 December 2021|work=Tribune|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Party Till I Die (TV series)|Party Till I Die]]''
|Raunak "Daddy" Kataria
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=5 reasons to watch Party Till I Die this holiday season |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/5-reasons-to-watch-party-till-i-die-this-holiday-season-a475/ |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=26 December 2024 |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Label
!Ref.
|-
| 2021
|''Dhat''
|[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
|Arko Pravo
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Vishal Jethwa all set for a romantic role |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vishal-jethwa-all-set-for-a-romantic-role-47468.html |access-date=25 June 2021 |magazine=Filmfare |date=7 April 2021}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| [[65th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Mardaani 2]]''
| {{nominated}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare 2020 Full Winners' List: Gully Boy Sweeps All Major Awards; Rest Gets Distributed Among Uri, Article 15 {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/filmfare-2020-full-winners-list-gully-boy-sweeps-all-major-awards-article-15-uri-distribute-the-rest-3944725/ |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=India.com |date=16 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of awards won by Mardaani 2 & Cast|url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/about-us/awards/all-awards/mardaani-2|access-date=15 August 2021|website=www.yashrajfilms.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Cine Awards 2020 |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/zee-cine-awards-2020/0-6-2524 |website=ZEE5 |access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[21st IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=IIFA - International Indian Film Academy - 2020|url=https://www.iifa.com/blog/Xl-zhxEAACIAaNIf/iifa-awards-2020-here-are-the-nominations|access-date=15 August 2021|website=IIFA - International Indian Film Academy|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor in a Series (Male): Drama
|''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/vote |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==


* {{IMDb name|id=11085027}}
* {{Instagram|vishaljethwa06}}

{{Commons category}}
{{Zee Cine Award for Best Male Debut}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jethwa, Vishal}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]

Agra Central Jail

2026-03-19T10:04:02Z

Zuko:

'''Agra Central Jail''' began construction in 1849, under the supervision of William Woodcock, of the [[Bengal Civil Service]].<ref name=Dikötter2007>{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=David |editor1-last=Dikötter |editor1-first=Frank |editor2-last=Brown |editor2-first=Ian |title=Cultures of Confinement: A History of the Prison in Africa, Asia, and Latin America |date=2007 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8014-4630-6 |pages=147-184 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56FhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159 |language=en |chapter=5. India: The Contested Prison}}</ref> [[John W. Tyler]] took over as its superintendent in 1876.<ref name=obit>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2299171/pdf/brmedj07283-0054b.pdf "Sir John William Tyler"], ''[[The British Medical Journal]]'', Vol. 1, 17 May 1913, p. 1088.</ref><ref name=Gay1878>{{cite book |last1=Gay |first1=J. Drew |title=The Prince of Wales in India: Or, From Pall Mall to the Punjaub |date=1878 |publisher=Craig and Taylor |location=Detroit |pages=301-302 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf-Z35S9XWsC&pg=PA301 |language=en |chapter=30. Native courts and prisons}}</ref> In the late 19th century the prison became a major exporter of carpets.<ref name=Yang2023>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Anand A. |title=The prison-handicraft complex: Convict labour in colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |date=May 2023 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=808–834 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X22000324 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/prisonhandicraft-complex-convict-labour-in-colonial-india/4C93614A83C10BE2104A4E8554E46CD3 |language=en |issn=0026-749X|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Abdul Karim (the Munshi)|Abdul Karim]] was assistant clerk there before travelling to London to attend the [[Colonial and Indian Exhibition]].<ref name=Basu2011>{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Shrabani |title=Victoria and Abdul: The Extraordinary True Story of the Queen's Closest Confidant |date=2011 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-6366-7 |page=25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Bs7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25|chapter=1. Agra|language=en}}</ref> Sir [[Horace Williamson]] was based there in the early 20th century.<ref name=Noonans2014>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Lot 218, 25 March 2014 {{!}} Noonans Mayfair |url=https://www.noonans.co.uk/auctions/archive/lot-archive/results/244049/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006071823/https://www.noonans.co.uk/archive/lot-archive/results/244049/ |archive-date=6 October 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=www.noonans.co.uk}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Siraj |date=2022-09-08 |title=29 jail inmates from Agra Central prison clear Board exams after being inspired by 'Dasvi' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/agra/story/up-jail-inmates-clear-board-exams-after-being-inspired-by-dasvi-agra-central-prison-1997698-2022-09-07 |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>{{India-stub}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Prisons in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]

Roha Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T10:43:54Z

Zuko: adding new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Roha
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1964
| electors = 60,831
| mla = Pandurang Ramaji Sanap
| party = {{Party index link|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Roha Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=2 | Pandurang Ramaji Sanap || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}
==Election results==
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Roha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Ramaji Sanap |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,466 |percentage = 47.68% |change={{decrease}}19.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yashwant Dwarkanath Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,606 |percentage = 42.60% |change={{increase}}9.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshav Ganpat Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,908 |percentage = 5.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Bhikaji Gadre |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,651 |percentage = 4.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,860 |percentage = 5.08% |change= {{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,596 |percentage = 65.09% |change= {{increase}}8.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,631}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,831|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}19.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Roha<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Pandurang Ramaji Sanap |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,787 |percentage = 67.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanap Pandurang Ramji |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,787 |percentage = 67.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dighe Bhaskar Narayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,654 |percentage = 32.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,441 |percentage = 56.41% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,441}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,193|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

List of Lucknow Metro stations

2026-03-15T12:39:18Z

Zuko: minor cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{GeoGroup|article=Category:Lucknow Metro stations}}
[[File:Lucknow Metro Route Map (Tentative).svg|thumb|400px|Lucknow Metro route map]]

This is a list of all stations of the '''[[Lucknow Metro]]''' ({{langx|hi|लखनऊ मेट्रो}}), a [[rapid transit]] system serving [[Lucknow]] India.

Lucknow Metro is the [[List of metro systems|9th]] metro system in India, after [[Kolkata Metro]], [[Delhi Metro]], [[Namma Metro]], [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon]], [[Mumbai Metro]], [[Jaipur Metro]], [[Chennai Metro]] and [[Kochi Metro]].

The Lucknow metro covers a distance of 22.87 km with 21 stations, of which 17 are elevated and four underground.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roaddistance.in/metro/lucknow-metro/stations/|title=Lucknow Metro stations list|publisher=Road Distance.in|date=6 September 2017|accessdate=7 September 2017}}</ref>

It is built and operated by the Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation Limited (LMRC). Its first section was inaugurated on 5 September 2017 and opened for public on September 6, 2017, with the [[Red Line (Lucknow Metro)|Red Line]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Metro rolls out in the city of nawabs; Kanpur, Varanasi next in line|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/metro-rolls-out-in-the-city-of-nawabs-kanpur-varanasi-next-in-line/story-xoh9hsIC1WYAWj1uoD49uM.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=2017-09-05}}</ref> As of now, Lucknow Metro has 21 metro stations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lmrcl.com/passengerinfo/lucknow-metro-route-map/ |title=Route Map |publisher=LMRC |date= |accessdate=2017-09-11 }}</ref> with a total route length of {{cvt|22.878|km|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/lucknow-metro-receives-clearance-to-start-commercial-run/article19496661.ece|title=Lucknow Metro receives clearance to start commercial run|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 August 2017|accessdate=16 August 2017}}</ref>

==Metro stations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="30%"
|-
|style="background-color:#AFEEEE"|†
|Terminal station
|-
|style="background-color:#FFFF99"|*
|Transfer station
|-
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|††
|Transfer station to [[Indian Railways]] / [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]
|}
{{selfref-inline|This list is sortable. Click on the [[File:Sort both.gif]] icon in the column header to change sort key and sort order.}}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="100%"

|-
! rowspan="2" width="5%"|Sr no.
! colspan="2" width="28%"|Station name
! rowspan="2" width="8%"|Line
! rowspan="2" width="10%"|Opened
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Layout
! rowspan="2" width="22%"|Notes
! rowspan="2" width="5%"|Refs
|-
!English
![[Hindi]]
|-
! align="center" |1
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Alambagh}}
| align="center" |आलमबाग़
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |September 6, 2017
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Construction-stopped-at-Alambagh-Metro-station-after-accident/articleshow/51900142.cms|title=Construction stopped at Alambagh Metro station after accident|work=[[Times of India]]|date=19 April 2016|accessdate=20 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |2
| style="background-color:#F5DEB3" align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Alambagh ISBT}}††
| align="center" |आलमबाग आई एस बी टी
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |September 6, 2017
| align="center" |Elevated
|Transfer for Alambagh Bus Station
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Work-stopped-at-Alambagh-Metro-stn/articleshow/51901758.cms|title=Work Stopped at Alambagh Metro station|work=[[Times of India]]|date=20 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |3
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Amausi}}
| align="center" |अमौसी
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Amausi-metro-station-to-be-100m-from-airport/articleshow/49665582.cms|title=Amausi metro station to be 100m from airport|work=[[Times of India]]|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=6 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |4
| style="background-color:#F5DEB3" align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Badshahnagar}}††
| align="center" |बादशाहनगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
|Transfer for [[Badshahnagar railway station]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-18842054.html|title=Skywalk will be built at Badshahnagar Metro Station|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=11 January 2019|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |5
| align="center" |[[Bhootnath Market metro station|Bhootnath Market]]
| align="center" |भूतनाथ मार्केट
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-now-rs-mishra-metro-station-name-become-bhoothnath-metro-station-in-lucknow-18918098.html|title=Lucknow City:Now RS Mishra metro station became Bhootnath Market metro station|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=5 February 2019|accessdate=6 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |6
| style="background-color:#F5DEB3" align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Charbagh}}††
| align="center" |चारबाग़
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |September 6, 2017
| align="center" |Elevated
|Transfer for [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uv-tech-to-sanitise-lucknow-metro-tokens-as-services-restart-tomorrow-120090600653_1.html|title=UV Tech to sanitise lucknow metro tokens as services restart tomorrow|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 September 2020|accessdate=7 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |7
| style="background-color:#AFEEEE" align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport}}†
| align="center" |चौधरी चरण सिंह अंतरराष्ट्रीय हवाई अड्डा
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Underground
|For [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/at-lucknow-airport-metro-station-take-trolleys-till-concourse/articleshow/63854715.cms|title=At Lucknow metro station take trolleys till concourse|work=[[Times of India]]|date=21 April 2018|accessdate=22 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |8
| style="background-color:#F5DEB3" align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Durgapuri}}††
| align="center" |दुर्गापुरी
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |September 6, 2017
| align="center" |Elevated
|Transfer for [[Lucknow Junction railway station]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/lucknow-metro-develops-snag-on-maiden-commercial-run/articleshow/60387390.cms?from=mdr|title=Lucknow Metro develops snag on maiden commercial run|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=6 September 2017|accessdate=7 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |9
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Hazratganj}}
| align="center" |हज़रतगंज
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Underground
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/lucknow-metro-to-ensure-highest-standards-of-health-hygiene-upmrc-md-882731.html|title=Lucknow metro to ensure highest standards of health hygiene UPMRC md|publisher=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 September 2020|accessdate=6 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |10
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Hussainganj}}
| align="center" |हुसैनगंज
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Underground
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/caa-protest-lucknow-metro-stations-shut-media-ob-vans-set-afire-119121901092_1.html|title=CAA protest: Lucknow Metro stations shut, media OB vans set afire|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=19 December 2019|accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |11
| align="center" |[[Indira Nagar metro station (Lucknow)|Indira Nagar]]
| align="center" |इंदिरा नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/snag-disrupts-metro-near-indiranagar-station/articleshow/70122834.cms|title=Snag disrupts Metro near Indiranagar station|work=[[Times of India]]|date=8 July 2019|accessdate=9 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |12
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|IT Chauraha}}
| align="center" |आईटी चौराहा
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-metro-clocks-65000-footfall-beats-delhi-run/articleshow/68340014.cms|title=Lucknow Metro clocks 65000 footfall beats Delhi Run|work=[[Times of India]]|date=10 March 2019|accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |13
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|KD Singh Babu Stadium}}
| align="center" |केडी सिंह बाबू स्टेडियम
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/caa-agitation-kd-singh-babu-stadium-metro-station-closed-in-lucknow-119121900998_1.html|title=CAA Agitation KD Singh Babu Stadium metro station closed in lucknow|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=19 December 2019|accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |14
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Krishna Nagar}}
| align="center" |कृष्णा नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |September 6, 2017
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UP-LUCK-lmrc-release-fare-list-in-lucknow-metro-5677519-PHO.html|title=LMRC Release fare list in Lucknow Metro|publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|date=28 November 2017|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |15
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Lekhraj Market}}
| align="center" |लेखराज मार्केट
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/drunk-man-fires-in-air-near-lucknow-metro-station-held/articleshow/71833226.cms|title=Lucknow:Drunk Man Fires in air near metro station|work=[[Times of India]]|date=31 October 2019|accessdate=1 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |16
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Lucknow University}}
| align="center" |लखनऊ विश्वविद्यालय
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-metro-stations-shut-detours-only-way-out-for-commuters/articleshow/72894805.cms|title=Lucknow: Metro stations shut, detours only way out for commuters|work=[[Times of India]]|date=20 December 2019|accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |17
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Mawaiya}}
| align="center" |मवईया
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |September 6, 2017
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/monkeys-halt-metro-again-this-time-for-10-minutes/articleshow/69659735.cms|title=Monkeys halt Metro again, this time for 10 minutest|work=[[Times of India]]|date=5 June 2019|accessdate=6 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |18
| style="background-color:#AFEEEE" align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Munshi Pulia}}†
| align="center" |मुंशीपुलिया
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/lucknow-metro-to-complete-north-south-corridor-by-next-month/articleshow/67453337.cms|title=Lucknow Metro to complete North–South corridor by next month|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=9 January 2019|accessdate=10 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |19
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Sachivalaya}}
| align="center" |सचिवालय
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |March 8, 2019
| align="center" |Underground
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-fire-clearance-to-hazratganj-and-sachivalaya-metro-station-of-lucknow-18962871.html|title=Fire clearance to Hazratganj-Secretariat metro station, waiting for the rest|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=19 February 2019|accessdate=20 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |20
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Singar Nagar}}
| align="center" |सिंगार नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |September 6, 2017
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/841770/lucknow-metro-service-route-fare-stations-starting-date-timings-transport-nagar-charbagh-images/|title=Lucknow Metro begins service! From fares, stations to frequency and 'Make in India' coaches; here are 15 facts you should know|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=5 September 2017|accessdate=6 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
! align="center" |21
| align="center" |{{stl|Lucknow Metro|Transport Nagar}}
| align="center" |ट्रांसपोर्ट नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Lucknow Metro|red|broute}}
| align="center" |September 6, 2017
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lucknow-metro-officials-making-manure-from-seized-tobacco-products20190225194005/|title=Lucknow metro officials making manure from seized tobacco products|publisher=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=25 February 2019|accessdate=26 February 2019}}</ref>
|}

==Statistics==
{| class="₠wikitable" width="35%"
|-
|Total number of metro stations
|width="5%" align="center"|'''21'''
|-
|width="25%"|Number of interchange stations
|width="5%" align="center"|'''0'''
|-
|width="25%"|Number of elevated stations
|width="5%" align="center"|'''17'''
|-
|width="25%"|Number of underground stations
|width="5%" align="center"|'''4'''
|-
|width="25%"|Number of stations at-grade
|width="5%" align="center"|'''0'''
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Coimbatore Metro stations]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Madurai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]
*[[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Navi Mumbai Metro Stations]]
*[[List of Pune Metro stations]]
*[[List of Surat Metro stations]]
{{div col end}}

{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons |Lucknow Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Lucknow}}
* [http://www.lmrcl.com// Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.]
* [https://www.lucknowmetrotimes.in// Lucknow Metro Station]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations

{{Lucknow Metro Stations}}

[[Category:Lists of metro stations in India|Lucknow]]
[[Category:Lucknow-related lists|Metro stations]]
[[Category:Lucknow Metro stations|*]]

K. M. George (writer)

2026-03-14T20:42:00Z

Zuko: Article enhanced with better details

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = K. M. George
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1914|04|20}}
| birth_place = Edayaranmula, [[Travancore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|11|19|1914|04|20}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| awards = {{ubl|2001&nbsp;[[Padma Bhushan]]|1998&nbsp;[[Vallathol Award]]|1997&nbsp;Suranad Kunjan Pillai Award|1987&nbsp;Soviet Land Nehru Award|1996&nbsp;[[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]]|1989&nbsp;[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]|1988&nbsp;[[Padma Sri]]}}
| other_names = Karimpumannil Mathai George
| known_for = [[Malayalam]] literature, Chief Editor of Malayalam Encyclopaedia
| education =
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| notable works = {{ubl|''A Survey of Malayalam Literature''|''Western Influence on Malayalam Language & Literature''|''Comparative Indian Literature''|''Masterpieces of Indian Literature''}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Editor
* writer
* [[literary critic]]
* academic
* Scholar
}}
}}

{{Indian name|George|Karimpumannil Mathai}}'''Karimpumannil Mathai George''' (1914–2002), popularly known as '''Dr. K. M. George''', was an eminent [[Malayalam]] writer and educator. An erudite scholar and literary critic with astute organisational capabilities, he is best known as a pioneer of Comparative Indian Studies and Literatures.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8126008733 Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999]</ref> He was a recipient of the fourth highest Indian civilian honour, the [[Padma Shri]], the highest literary award of the Government of Kerala, the [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]] and the third highest Indian civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]], besides other honours.

== Biography ==
K. M. George was born on 20 April 1914 at Edayaranmula, Travancore in the present-day [[Pathanamthitta district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], to Kurien Mathai and Mariamma.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KMGeorge/Html/KMGeorgegraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date= |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |access-date=2019-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428160148/https://keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KMGeorge/Html/KMGeorgegraphy.htm |archive-date=2019-04-28}}</ref> After schooling at Malakkara Primary School, Edayaranmula Marthoma School and St. Thomas School, Kozhenchery, he passed the intermediate course from [[Madras Christian College]] (MCC) before graduating in Mathematics from the [[Union Christian College, Aluva]]. Starting his career as a lecturer at his alma mater, MCC, he continued his studies and secured a master's degree in Malayalam literature from the [[University of Madras]] in 1941.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He was a visiting professor at the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, and at Chicago and California Universities.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He was also a Senior Specialist at the [[East–West Center]], [[Hawaii]], engaged in research on the impact of the West on Indian writing.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He was associated with [[Sahitya Akademi]] (Indian Academy of Letters) right from its inception and was the Secretary of its Southern Region. He was also the vice president of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] (Kerala Academy of Letters).<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

George was married to Eliyamma, the marriage taking place in 1944. He died on 19 November 2002, at Thiruvananthapuram. at the age of 88.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Writing ==
His writings encompass various aspects in literature. He was a learned writer of articles in the media, father of the encyclopaedia in Kerala, editor of Indian literature, researcher of place names of Southern India, travel writer (having travelled the world over), dramatist, biographer, literary critic and auto biographer. Equally well versed in English and in Malayalam, he had a good knowledge of many Indian languages. He has published more than 50 works, translated some works to Malayalam and edited more than 10 great anthologies.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KMGeorge/Html/KMGeorgeBooks.htm |title=List of works |date= |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428155157/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KMGeorge/Html/KMGeorgeBooks.htm |archive-date=2019-04-28}}</ref> He authored some of the authoritative books on the history of Malayalam literature in English such as ''A Survey of Malayalam Literature'' (1968) and ''Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature'' (1972).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=K. M. Tharakan |title=Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature: by Dr. K. M. George, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |date=1977 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=129–133 |jstor=24158378 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/24158378.pdf |access-date=6 February 2023|author1-link=K. M. Tharakan }}</ref> His other works in English include ''Ramacharitam and the Study of Early Malayalam'', which is his doctoral thesis in the field of Dravidian Linguistics, and ''American Lives through Indian Eyes'', an account of the American way of life. He also wrote travelogues about his journeys to the Soviet Union and the United States.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> He was also the chief editor of ''Malayalam Encyclopaedia'' and ''Comparative Indian Literature''.

== Awards and honours ==
{{colbegin}}
* The Soviet Land Nehru Award in 1987 shared with [[P. N. Haksar]] and [[R. K. Narayan]]
* The [[Padma Sri]] in 1988<ref name="Padma Sri Awards - Interactive Dashboard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%2520Shri&Year=1988-1988&Field=Literature%2520and%2520Education |title=Padma Sri Awards - Interactive Dashboard |date=2019-04-28 |website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en |access-date=2019-04-28 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* The [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2001<ref name="Padma Bhushan Awards - Interactive Dashboard">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%2520Bhushan&Year=2001-2001&Field=Literature%2520and%2520Education |title=Padma Bhushan Awards - Interactive Dashboard |date=2019-04-28 |website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en |access-date=2019-04-28 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* The [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram]] in 1996 (the highest literary award given by the Government of Kerala)<ref name="Literary Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618062155/http://kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3065&Itemid=2379 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-06-18 |title=Literary Awards |date=2012-06-18 |access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref>
* The Suranad Kunjan Pillai Award in 1997
* The [[Vallathol Award]] in 1998<ref name="Winners of Vallathol Literary Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/vallathol-award/574 |title=Winners of Vallathol Literary Awards |date=2019-04-28 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref>
* The [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] in 1989<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/Html/HonoraryList.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship |date=2019-04-28 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331092627/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/Html/HonoraryList.htm |archive-date=31 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Emeritus Fellowship from the Central Government
* Sahitya Ratna Puraskaram&nbsp;– the highest award given by the Mar Thoma Church
{{colend}}

The Government of Kerala has established a research centre in his honour, the ''Dr. K. M. George Study and Research Centre'', for facilitating research on literature and other educational matters.<ref name="Dr K M George study and research centre to be set up">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Dr-K-M-George-study-and-research-centre-to-be-set-up/articleshow/40883504.cms |title=Dr K M George study and research centre to be set up |agency=PTI |date=20 March 2003 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Authored works ===
{{colbegin}}
* Vedapusthakamahathmyam (1935)
* Saadhu Kochunju (1947)
* Ekaanka Mandalam (1947)
* Radio natakankal (1947)
* Prabandhachandrika (1953)
* Munthirichaaru (1950)
* Sardar Patel (1950)
* Vicharakowthukam (1952)
* America&nbsp;– ChilaVasthuthakal (1953)
* Edward Jenner (1954) (Translation)
* Janangalude Bharanam (1954)
* Valarunna Kairali (1954)
* Nirikshana Nilayam (1955)
* Thathvavignanathil Punarnirmaanam (1955)
* Snehathinte Shiksha (1955) (Translation of Tagore’s "The Wreck")
* Ramacaritham and the study of early Malayalam (1956)
* 9 Radio Natakankal (1957)
* Samskara Sarani (1957)
* Thoreau (1962) (Translation)
* Tagore (1962) (Translation)
* Indiacharithrathile Bhoomishastrakadakangal (1962)
* Jeevacharithra Sahityam (1964)
* Soviet Naattil 3 Aazhcha (1964)
* Americayil Poyakatha (1967)
* American Life Through Indian Eyes (1967)
* {{Cite book |title=A survey of Malayalam literature |date=1968 |publisher=Asia Pub. House |isbn=0210227354 |location=Bombay |oclc=32189}}
* Malayalam Grammar and Reader (1971)
* {{Cite book |title=Western influence on Malayalam language and literature |date=1972 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=8126004134 |location=New Delhi |oclc=1084351}}
* Kumaran Asan (1972)
* Avalokanangal (1978)
* Tamizh Sahityam (1977)
* A.R.Raja Raja Varma (1979)
* Bharathathile Bhashakal (1979)&nbsp;– Children’s literature
* Anveshanangal Padanangal (1980)
* Amercayile Anubhavangal (1980-Abridged edition)
* Sahitya Vignanavum Vignanasahityavum (1983)
* Aartha Maanavu Thalamurakalilude (1985-tr. of Maxim Gorky)
* Enneaakarshicha Prathibhashalikal (1985)
* Bharathiya Sahitya Pattanam (1985)
* Place Names of Southern India (1986)
* Kavikal Nirupanarangathu (1986)
* Kesari Balakrishna Pillai (1989)
* K M Georginte Prabhandangal (1989)
* Soviet NaattilVeendum (1989)
* Arivukal Avalokanangal (1991)
* Veekshanangal Vichinthanangal (1991)
* A Many Branched Tree (1991)
* Renaissance in Indian Literature and its Social Implications (1991)
* Mookanarthakan (Translation of play by Asif Currimbhoy&nbsp;– 1991)
* Facets of Indian Literature (1994)
* Bharathiya Sahitya Sameeksha (1994)
* Enne Njan Kaanumbol (1999)
* The Role of Sanskrit in the development of Dravidian Literature (2000)
{{colend}}

=== Edited works ===
{{colbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=Sahitya Charitram Prasthanangalilude|year=1958|publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|S.P.C.S.]]}}
* {{cite book|title=Adhunika Sahitya Charitram Prasthanangalilude|year=1998|publisher=[[DC Books]]}}<ref>[https://www.dcbooks.com/adhunika-malayala-sahithaya-charithram-by-dr-george-k-m-22.html "‘ആധുനിക മലയാളസാഹിത്യചരിത്രം പ്രസ്ഥാനങ്ങളിലൂടെ’"]. [[DC Books]]. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2023.</ref>
* Sarvavignanakosham volumes 1&2
* Mahakavi Ulloor
* Bharathiya Sahitya Charithram 2vols.
* Comparative Indian Literature 2vols.(1984)
* {{cite book|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Fiction|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0}}
* Masterpieces of Indian Literature&nbsp;– 3 vols.
* Aadhunika Malayala Sahitya Charitram Prasthanangalilude
* Commonwealth Literature&nbsp;– Themes & Techniques
* The best of Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
{{colend}}



== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KMGeorge/Html/KMGeorge.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506180856/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KMGeorge/Html/KMGeorge.htm |archive-date=2016-05-06}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KMGeorge/Html/KMGeorgescript.htm |title=Handwriting |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428164115/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/KMGeorge/Html/KMGeorgescript.htm |archive-date=2019-04-28}}

{{Ezhuthachan Puraskaram}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:George, K. M.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Writers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]

Uzhiyan

2026-03-12T20:34:12Z

Zuko:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uzhiyan
| image =
| caption =
| director = C. Durai Pandian
| producer = Lakshmikaran
| writer = [[Sakthi Chidambaram|C. Dhinakaran]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = C. Durai Pandian
| story = [[Arun Pandian]]
| starring = Arun Pandian [[Vineetha]]
| music = [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Saran]]
| cinematography = Mohanji
| editing = S. Pari Vallal
| distributor =
| studio = Lakshmikaran Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|03|04}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Uzhiyan''''' ({{translation|Worker}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by actor [[Arun Pandian]]'s brother C. Durai Pandian. The film stars Arun Pandian and [[Vineetha]], with [[Sarath Babu]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], [[Janagaraj]], Mohan Natarajan, [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], Vijaya Chandrika and Dakshayini playing supporting roles. It was released on 4 March 1994.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzhiyan ( 1994 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/filmography.cgi?name=uzhiyan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050117082115/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/filmography.cgi?name=uzhiyan |archive-date=2005-01-17 |access-date=2016-11-08 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2015-02-28 |title=Costume Designer turned to an actress! |url=http://entertainment.chennaipatrika.com/post/2015/02/28/Costume-Designer-turned-to-an-actress.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109084143/http://entertainment.chennaipatrika.com/post/2015/02/28/Costume-Designer-turned-to-an-actress.aspx |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=2016-11-08 |website=chennaipatrika.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film starts with Thilakan ([[Arun Pandian]]) running away from soldiers. According to witnesses, he tried to attack high-ranking military officers and then fled with military weapons. Thilakan is now wanted by the army. His superiors find out that he ran away to find his sister, who was reported missing. His superior officer Anakkal Raj ([[Sarath Babu]]) describes him as an honest and brave soldier and convinces his superiors to give him the case. Afterwards, Anakkal Raj and the soldiers trace him in the forest, but he escapes thanks to Kanaka ([[Vineetha]]). Interrogated by Anakkal Raj, Kanaka reveals the reason behind her action.

In the past, Thilakan lived with his only sister Meena (Dakshayini) and mother (Vijaya Chandrika) in the village Kurinji. He dreamed of becoming a soldier, and the village belle Kanaka was in love with him. In Kurinji, the villagers did not have enough water for agriculture. They even reported to the [[district collector]] ([[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]) about this issue, but she refused to release more water from [[Mettur Dam]]. They explained that the local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Govindaraj ([[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]) used all the water for his cannabis plantation. The DC then ordered Govindaraj to release the water, but he refused. On Independence Day, Govindaraj, the chief guest, appeared drunk at Meena's college. When Govindaraj tried to hoist the Indian flag, Thilakan stopped him and let a Gandhian hoist it, which irked Govindaraj. Thilakan then joined the army. A university conferred an honorary doctorate on Govindaraj at the grand function. However, Govindaraj behaved badly towards the DC, and she slapped him in front of the public. The next day, Govindaraj's henchman [[acid throwing|threw acid]] on the DC's face. Meena, who was with her and witnessed the attack, ran away from the killer. Since that day, Meena has been sequestered by Govindaraj and his friend Subramani (Mohan Natarajan).

Anakkal Raj finally catches Thilakan, and he is imprisoned at the military camp. However, Thilakan manages to escape. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==

{{cast listing|
*[[Arun Pandian]] as Thilakan
*[[Vineetha]] as Kanaka
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Anakkal Raj
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Govindaraj
*[[Janagaraj]] as Manickam
*Mohan Natarajan as Subramani
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as District collector
*Vijaya Chandrika as Thilakan's mother
*Dakshayini as Meena
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Subramani's henchman
*[[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]]
*Chitti as Police officer
*Tirupur Ramasamy
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Vengal Rao]] as Subramani's henchman
*[[Sakthi Chidambaram|C. Dinakaran]] as Govindaraj's assistant
}}

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Saran]], with lyrics written by the film director [[R. Aravindraj]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzhiyan (1994) |url=http://mio.to/album/Manoj/Uzhiyan+%281994%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109022731/http://mio.to/album/Manoj/Uzhiyan+(1994) |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=2016-11-08 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2014 |title=Uzheyan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uzheyan/FDFwxZVxgvw_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118011825/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/uzheyan/FDFwxZVxgvw_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Ellorkkum Nallavan" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], B. S. Sasirekha, [[Minmini]] || 4:59
|-
| "Chinna Chinna Sandangalai" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:59
|-
| "Jilu Jilu Paapa" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Arun Pandian]], Minmini || 5:08
|-
| "Vaa Rasa Va Rasa" || [[Janagaraj]], Minmini || 4:58
|-
| "Kankakkum Imaiyum" || Mano || 3:55
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bhitarkanika Mangroves

2026-03-11T07:12:32Z

Zuko:

{{Short description|Mangrove wetland in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = Bhitarkanika Mangroves<ref name="Protected Planet">{{cite web |title=Bhitarkanika Mangroves |website=Protected Planet |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/bhitarkanika-mangroves-ramsar-site-wetland-of-international-importance |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925114448/https://www.protectedplanet.net/bhitarkanika-mangroves-ramsar-site-wetland-of-international-importance |archive-date=2019-09-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|image =Mangroveforest5.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption =
|map =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|biogeographic_realm = [[Indomalayan realm]]
|biome =
|animals = [[saltwater crocodile]], [[olive ridley turtle]]
|bird_species =
|mammal_species =
|border =
|borders =
|area = 650
|country = India
|countries =
|state = Odisha
|region_type =
|elevation =
|coordinates = {{Coord|20.730696|86.866511|region:IN}}
|geology =
|seas = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|rivers = [[Brahmani River]]
|climate = Am
|soil =
|conservation =
|global200 =
|habitat_loss =
|habitat_loss_ref =
|protected =
|protected_ref =
|embedded = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 19 August 2002
| designation1_number = 1205<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhitarkanika Mangroves|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1205|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509221046/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1205|archive-date=9 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Bhitarkanika Mangroves ''' is a [[mangrove]] wetland in [[Odisha]], India, covering an area of {{cvt|650|km}} in the [[Brahmani River]] and [[Baitarani River]] deltas.

== History ==
The Bhitarkanika Mangroves were [[zamindari]] forests until 1952, when the government of Odisha abolished the zamindari system, and put the zamindari forests in the control of the state forest department. In 1975, an area of {{cvt|672|km2}} was declared the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary. The core area of the sanctuary, with an area of {{cvt|145|km2}}, was declared [[Bhitarkanika National Park]] in September 1998. [[Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary|The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary]], which bounds the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary to the east, was created in September 1997, and encompasses Gahirmatha Beach and an adjacent portion of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Bhitarkanika Mangroves were designated a [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar Wetland of International Importance]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramsar Convention Official site|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-india/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16561_4000_0__|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212153814/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-india/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16561_4000_0__|archive-date=2013-12-12}}</ref>

== Flora and fauna==
[[File:Bhitarkanika Mangroves Flora and Fauna 03.JPG|thumb|A saltwater crocodile in Bhitarkanika Mangroves]]
About 62 [[mangrove]] [[species]] occur in the Bhitarkanika Mangroves, including ''[[Avicennia]]'', ''[[Bruguiera]]'', ''[[Heritiera]]'' and ''[[Rhizophora]]''. [[Reptile]]s present in the mangroves include [[saltwater crocodile]], [[king cobra]], [[Indian python]] and [[water monitor]]. Between August 2004 and December 2006, 263 [[bird]] species were recorded, encompassing 147 resident and 99 [[Bird migration|migrant]] species. A [[heronry]] encloses about {{convert|4|ha|abbr=on}}, where 11,287 nests were counted in 2006.<ref name=Gopi2007>{{cite journal |author1=Gopi, G. V. |author2=Pandav, B. |year=2007 |title=Avifauna of Bhitarkanika mangroves, India |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=22 |issue=10 |pages=2839–2847 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261207818|doi=10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1716.2839-47 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Olive ridley turtle]]s arrive in January to March for nesting at [[Gahirmatha Beach]]. An average of 240,000 nests per season was estimated between 1976 and 1996. Up to 80,000 turtles were captured every year until 1982. Since 1983, collecting and marketing turtles and their eggs has been banned.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rajagopalan, M. |author2=Vivekanandan, E. |author3=Pillai, S. K. |author4=Srinath, M. |author5=Bastian, F. |year=1996 |title=Incidental catch of sea turtles in India |journal=Marine Fisheries Information Service |series=Technical and Extension Series |issue=143 |pages=8–17 |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/3817/1/Article_04.pdf |access-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102210106/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/3817/1/Article_04.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Mangroves in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bhitarkanika.org Bhitarkanika.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411013946/http://www.bhitarkanika.org/ |date=2021-04-11 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060311021043/http://www.wildlifeorissa.org.in/MANGROVES.htm Mangroves of Orissa (Orissa State Forest Department: Wildlife Organisation)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408234233/http://www.wildlifetimes.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=295 Bhitarkanika Trip report - Wildlife Times]
* [http://odialive.com/bhitarkanika-national-park/ Bhitarakanika : Tourists Place in Odisha]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXYJq-bCIiM YouTube Video]

{{Protected areas of Odisha}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}

[[Category:Mangrove ecoregions]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Environment of Odisha]]
[[Category:Forests of Odisha]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Odisha]]
[[Category:Western Indo-Pacific]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]
[[Category:Tourism in Odisha]]

Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (2008 film)

2026-03-04T03:48:27Z

Zuko: general cleanup article per standard format also and fixed typos for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhalobasa Bhalobasa
| image = Bhalobasabhalobasa.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Rabi Kinagi]]
| writer = [[Bommarillu Bhaskar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Hiran Chatterjee]]|[[Srabanti Chatterjee]]|[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]}}
| producer = Ashoke Kumar Dhanuka
| distributor = [[Eskay Movies]]
| cinematography =
| editing = [[Ravi Kinagi]]
| released = {{Film date|2008|10|02|df=yes}}
| country = India
| budget = {{INRConvert|27|m}}
| gross = {{INRConvert|65|m}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| language = Bengali
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
}}

'''''Bhalobasa Bhalobasa''''' (translation: ''Love Love'') is a 2008 Bengali film by [[Rabi Kinagi]]. The film stars [[Hiran Chatterjee]] and [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]. This film is the remake of the [[Telugu film]] ''[[Bommarillu]]'' directed and co-written by [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]], starring [[Siddharth Narayan|Siddharth]],
[[Genelia D'Souza]] and [[Prakash Raj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollynewz.com/newz/1-tollynewz/82-most-expensive-bengali-movie-.html |title=Most expensive Bengali movie |publisher=tollynewz.com |accessdate=2009-02-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022053948/http://tollynewz.com/newz/1-tollynewz/82-most-expensive-bengali-movie-.html |archivedate=22 October 2008 }}</ref> The film primarily revolves around a father and son relationship with the father's dote on his son, leaving a bitter taste with the latter.

After five-week running success prompted producer Ashok Dhanuka added one more song "Bol Raja Chai Kemon Rani" to the film after shooting it right after [[Kali Puja]].

==Plot==
The film begins with a baby taking his initial steps on a beach while the father is supporting him. The narrator in the background ([[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prasenjit]]) states that, it is right for a father to support his child in his infancy, but questions whether the father should continue to hold the child's hand even after he is 24 years old. As the credits roll, a visibly angry Sidhu ([[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran]]) begins uttering abuses at all the fathers in the world. When inquired about his disgust, he says that his father, Aravind ([[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]), gives him more than what he asks for. He cites instances where his choices of dressing, hairdo and many others are stashed away by his father's. However, he vows that the two things that will be of his choice would be, his career and the woman he would marry.

Post-[[Motion picture credits|credits]], Satya ([[Subhasis Mukherjee]]), the Arvind dutiful household's servant wakes up Sidhu in the morning. In the background, we see Siddhu's mother, Lakshmi ([[Laboni Sarkar]]) singing a [[devotional song]] while cooking. At the dining table, Arvind, [[Managing Director]] of their construction company, inquires if Siddhu will join their office for managing their business. When Sidhu deliberates, his father doesn't stand any longer and instead plans for his [[marriage]] despite Sidhu's silent protest. The next week, he returns home to realize that he is going to get [[engagement|engaged]] to Manasi against his wishes. He speaks with her only to realize that she is a "daddy's girl" and she not being to his liking. However, with Arvind's final say, they eventually get engaged.

While contemplating on his options in a temple, Sidhu accidentally meets Priya ([[Srabanti Malakar]]), an [[engineering]] student. Seeing her chirpy nature and vibrance, Sidhu begins to like her. He makes attempts to know her by meeting her on a regular basis. In the process, he starts liking her cherubic and ever-friendly nature and as someone who does what she loves. As days go by, he realizes about so many small things in her company that gave him happiness. He realizes that he has fallen in love with her.

Alongside this, Sidhu applies for a bank loan to start out on his dream of building his career. When his love for Priya deepens, he wishes to propose to her. He confesses to her that he is engaged to marry Manasi against his wishes, but what he really wants is her. On knowing of him being engaged, Priya gets dejected, but comes back a day later and asks him to do what he wishes for and accepts his proposal. At this juncture, the ecstatic Sidhu is seen by a furious Arvind. Siddhu is admonished back home and he expresses his disinterest in marriage with Manasi. When asked for his reason to like Priya, Sidhu replies saying that if Priya can stay with their family for a week, then all their questions shall be answered. He convinces Priya to stay at his house after lying to her father, Kanaka Rao ([[Sushanta Dutta]]) that she is going on a college tour.

When Priya is introduced to Sidhu's family, she gets a lukewarm welcome. As she settles down in the house, one after the other begins to like her. Even though getting used to the living habits of the authoritarian Arvind's household was difficult, Priya stayed put for Sidhu's sake. In the meanwhile, Arvind reprimands Sidhu when he knows of his bank loan and his plans, only to further enrage Sidhu. One day the entire family along with Priya attends a marriage ceremony. A cheerful Priya cheers up the ceremony with her playful nature. Coincidentally, Kanaka Rao who happens to be around, recognizes Sidhu as the drunken young man whom he encountered on an earlier occasion. Priya realizes her father's presence and quickly exits to avoid his attention. After saving their grace, Sidhu admonishes Priya for her antics at the marriage. A sad and angry Priya moves out of the house saying that she does not find Sidhu the same and that she cannot put on an act if she stays in their house. After getting back to her house, she rebuilds the trust her father has in her while Sidhu is left forlorn. Lakshmi confronts Arvind on Sidhu's choices and wants. In the process, Sidhu opens up his heart and leaving Arvind to repent on his foolishness. Sidhu requests Manasi and her parents to call off the impending marriage. While they relent, Arvind manages to convince Kanaka babu about Sidhu and Priya's marriage. In return, Kanaka wants to know more about Sidhu by having him live in house for a week. Arvind agrees with this and as the story returns to the pre-credits scene, the viewers are left to assume about the happy marriage of the protagonists.

==Cast==
* [[Hiran Chatterjee|Hiran]] as Sidhu
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] as Priya
* [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Aravind (Sidhu's father)
* Shyamal Dutta as Kanaka Rao (Priya's father)
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Lakshmi (Sidhu's mother)
* [[Locket Chatterjee]] as Sidhu's sister-in-law
* [[Subhasish Mukherjee]] as Satya (servant)
* [[Kamalika Banerjee]]
* Pritam Saha as Monti (Sidhu's nephew)

==Production==
This is the first [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film shot in [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]].<ref name="tele">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081003/jsp/entertainment/story_9920372.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912212224/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081003/jsp/entertainment/story_9920372.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2012|title=Dreamland|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|accessdate=2008-11-08|date=3 October 2008|last=Nag|first=Kushali}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/archives/archive.html|title=On song, Hiran|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|accessdate=2008-11-08|date=6 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112044743/http://www.telegraphindia.com/archives/archive.html|archivedate=12 November 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081015/jsp/entertainment/story_9968245.jsp|title=Tolly tally|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|accessdate=2008-11-08|date=15 October 2008|last=Nag|first=Kushali| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081018151546/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081015/jsp/entertainment/story_9968245.jsp| archivedate= 18 October 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of ''Bhalobasa Bhalobasa'' is composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]], who reused "Appudo Ippudo" from the original as "Halka Halka Ei Ektu Melamesha". It was released in India on 22 September 2008 The soundtrack held at the number one spot on the music charts for several consecutive weeks.<ref>[http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/07/07/4057/index.html Top Ten albums of the week] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718125448/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2008/07/07/4057/index.html |date=18 July 2008 }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Bhalobasa Bhalobasa
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cover = Bhalobasabhalobasa1.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{nowrap|22 September 2008 (CD release)}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Eskay Movies]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Bondhoo]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Bol Raja Chai Kemon Rani"
| [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Trijoy]], [[Niladri]]
| 4:10
|-
| "Boloto Lokey Basle Bhalo"
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| 5:45
|-
| "Halka Halka Ei Ektu Melamesha"
| Shaan and Chorus
| 5:45
|-
| "Ektu Lajja Chokhe Ektu Lajja Mukhe"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], Shaan
| 5:41
|-
| "Gurujana Bole Prem Karona"
| Priya, Amit Ral, Md.Aziz
| 4:10
|-
| "Bhenga Gelo Aaj Swapno Amar"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
| 5:10
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1398944|Bhalobasa Bhalobasa}}

{{Rabi Kinagi}}
{{Films inspired by Bommarillu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalobasa Bhalobasa (2008 Film)}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rabi Kinagi]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Eskay Movies films]]

Criminal (1994 film)

2026-03-03T23:29:16Z

Zuko: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|1994 Indian film in Telugu and Hindi directed by Mahesh Bhatt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Criminal
| image = Criminal 1994 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster (Telugu Version)
| producer = [[K. S. Rama Rao]] {{small|(Telugu)}} [[Mukesh Bhatt]] {{small|(Hindi)}}
| director = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| screenplay = Mahesh Bhatt
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Ramya Krishna]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]] {{small|(credited as M. M. Kreem in Hindi)}}
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = G. G. Krishna Rao {{small|(Telugu)}} Sanjay Sankla {{small|(Hindi)}}
| studio = [[Creative Commercials]] {{small|(Telugu)}} [[Vishesh Films]] {{small|(Hindi)}}
| distributor = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|10|14|Telugu|1995|08|04|Hindi}}
| runtime = 142 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Criminal''''' is a 1994 Indian [[action thriller]] film directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]], starring [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Ramya Krishna]]. Shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] languages.

Produced by [[K. S. Rama Rao]] under the [[Creative Commercials]] banner in Telugu, and by [[Mukesh Bhatt]] under the [[Vishesh Films]] banner in Hindi with the music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] (credited as [[M. M. Keeravani|MM Kreem]] in Hindi). ''Criminal'' was an Indian adaptation to the 1993 American film ''[[The Fugitive (1993 film)|The Fugitive]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 May 2009|title=No ripoffs, please|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/no-ripoffs-please/cid/623609|access-date=2020-10-28|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|archive-date=3 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603152711/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/no-ripoffs-please/cid/623609|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html|title = Copycats in Tollywood|newspaper = Deccan Chronicle|date = 30 January 2017|access-date = 2 February 2022|archive-date = 3 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211003064859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

The Telugu version released on 14 October 1994, while the Hindi version released on 4 August 1995. ''Criminal'' was the last film of the renowned Hindi film actor [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2006 |title=TC Exclusive: K.S. Rama Rao - Interview |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/interview_ksramarao_2006.php |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=[[TeluguCinema.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119100756/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/interview_ksramarao_2006.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |quote=KSR: I liked the subject, and so we did that film. I still like that film though it was a flop.}}</ref>
Malayalam movie Nirnnayam starring Mohanlal is another adaptation of The Fugitive.

== Plot ==
After witnessing the unfortunate death of a woman, who was unable to afford hospital treatment, Dr. Ajay Kumar cancels his planned immigration to the U.S. and instead sets out to develop a plan to open a hospital that will be accessible to people who cannot afford treatment in regular hospitals, called "Amma Hospital". This draws quite a lot of attention, and he becomes popular, especially with two young women, Dr. Swetha and [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Ramya. He falls in love with Swetha, and both get married, breaking Ramya's heart in the process. Shortly thereafter, much to their delight, Swetha becomes pregnant.

When Swetha discovers a frightening organ-smuggling operation in her hospital while going through a friend's diagnostic report, she calls Ramya. Soon after, Swetha is attacked by a killer and rings the police. Ajay enters their home to find Swetha, who soon succumbs to her injuries. The police arrive to find her dead body and arrest Ajay for murder. They deduce that Ajay's motive for killing Swetha was money, as Swetha was a wealthy heiress. Furthermore, she shouted Ajay's name as she was on the phone with the police. The court finds Ajay guilty, and he is sentenced to death. While being transported to the jail for the sentence to be carried out, the police bus meets with an accident as the other prisoners have staged a riot. Ajay escapes and changes his appearance and the police launch a manhunt for him but are unable to catch him. Ajay goes to Ramya's house to prove his innocence. Meanwhile, he used to know Ramya had a crush on him. He catches the real killer and discovers the man behind everything - including the smuggling, was Ajay's friend Dr. Pratap. Finally, he reopens the hospital and puts garland on Swetha's picture.

==Cast==
{|class="wikitable"
|+
!Cast (Telugu)
!Cast (Hindi)
!Role (Telugu)
!Role (Hindi)
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Dr. Ajay Kumar
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Manisha Koirala]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Dr. Swetha
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Ramya Krishna]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Ramya
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Gulshan Grover]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Rakesh Kumar / Robert
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Srinivasa Rao
| style="text-align:center;"| Jagdish Prasad
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[S M Zaheer]]
| style="text-align:center;"|Chandrashekhar
| style="text-align:center;"|Verma
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Teja
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Sarath Babu]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Dr. Pratap
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Beena Banerjee]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Yashoda
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Brahmanandam]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Johnny Lever]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Chitti Babu
| style="text-align:center;"| Changu
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Laxmikant Berde]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Tinku
| style="text-align:center;"| Mangu
|-
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Shrivallabh Vyas]]
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
| style="text-align:center;"| Advocate
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Inspector
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Devadas Kanakala]]
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
| style="text-align:center;"|Commissioner
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Kota Shankar Rao
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
| style="text-align:center;"|Lawyer
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Visweswara Rao]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Servant
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Husain
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Prisoner
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Inspector Nanda Gopal
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Johnny Lever]]
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
| style="text-align:center;"|Himself
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Trishna
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[item number]]
|}

== Soundtrack ==
All the music was composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]]. The song "Paapki Paapki/Keemti Keemti" is inspired by "Lonely Monday Morning" from ''[[12 Inches of Snow]]'' (1993) by the Canadian musician [[Snow (musician)|Snow]]. The track "Thelusa Manasa" (only the humming portion) was inspired from the English album ''[[The Cross of Changes]]'' (1993) and the song "[[Age of Loneliness]]" (1994) both composed by the German band [[Enigma (German band)|Enigma]]. [[K. S. Chithra]] took four days to practice and replicate the same humming in her style. The song was set in the [[abheri]]/[[bhimpalasi]] [[raga]]s, and became a popular cult song.

=== Telugu version ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Criminal
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1994
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:50
| label = ANAND AUDIO
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = [[Bhairava (film)|Bhairava]]
| next_year = 1994
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Criminal Telugu Songs">{{cite web | url = https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/criminal/8-FsKVQ9MKs_ | website = [[JioSaavn]] | title = Criminal | date = 8 April 1996 | accessdate = 29 January 2021 | archive-date = 3 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201203085004/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/criminal/8-FsKVQ9MKs_ | url-status = live }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:11
| all_music = M. M. Keeravani.<ref name = "Criminal Telugu Songs" />
| title1 = Mudante Vadante
| lyrics1 = [[Vennelakanti]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Paapki Paapki
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]]
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, M. M. Keeravani
| length2 = 4:58
| title3 = Hello Guru
| lyrics3 = Vennelakanti
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length3 = 4:48
| title4 = Thelusa Manasa
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 = 6:13
| title5 = Jama Jama Jama
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length5 = 5:04
| title6 = Thelusa Manasa - 1
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela Sitaramasastri
| extra6 = M. M. Keeravani, K. S. Chithra (Humming)
| length6 = 6:11
}}

===Hindi version===
{{Infobox album
| name = Criminal
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani|M. M. Kreem]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1995
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 38:16
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani|M. M. Kreem]]
| prev_title = [[Major Chandrakanth (1993 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]
| prev_year = 1995
| next_title = [[Bhairava (film)|Bhairava]]
| next_year = 1995
}}

Hindi lyrics were written by [[Indeevar]]. Original audio was released on [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. At first the tracks of "Tu Mile Dil Khile- All versions" were recorded in the voice of K. S. Chithra but due to some unforeseen reasons all the tracks sung by Chithra were replaced by [[Alka Yagnik]], but still Keeravani managed to keep the humming portion sung by Chithra intact in all the tracks. Most popular & iconic song in album "Tu Mile Dil Khile" sang by [[Kumar Sanu]] & Alka Yagnik.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 38:16
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Tu Mile Dil Khile (Duet)
| extra1 = Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| length1 = 6:03
| title2 = Tu Mile Dil Khile (Male)
| extra2 = Kumar Sanu
| length2 = 6:13
| title3 = Tu Mile Dil Khile (Female)
| extra3 = Alka Yagnik
| length3 = 5:57
| title4 = Jaanu Jaanu Jaanu
| extra4 = Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
| length4 = 5:10
| title5 = Mujhko Chhupa Le
| extra5 = Kumar Sanu, [[Alisha Chinai]]
| length5 = 4:49
| title6 = Kisi Ka Tu Ho Ja
| extra6 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], K. S. Chithra
| length6 = 5:00
| title7 = Keemti Keemti Hai Zindagi
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| length7 = 5:01
}}

===Tamil version===
The soundtrack was released in Tamil as ''Ellame En Kadhali''.<ref name=":0" /> The lyrics for songs were written by [[Piraisoodan]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Criminal Tamil Songs">{{cite web | url = https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/ellame-en-kadhali-songs-T0004058 | website = Raaga | title = Ellame En Kadhali | accessdate = 5 December 2023 | archive-date = 5 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231205154122/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/ellame-en-kadhali-songs-T0004058 | url-status = live }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:11
| all_music = [[M. M. Keeravani|Maragathamani]]
| title1 = Muthathin
| lyrics1 = Piraisoodan
| extra1 = K. S. Chithra, [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 4:57
| title2 = Party Party
| lyrics2 = Piraisoodan
| extra2 = K. S. Chithra, Mano
| length2 = 4:58
| title3 = Anbe Thodu
| lyrics3 = Piraisoodan
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, Mano
| length3 = 4:48
| title4 = Uyire Uyire
| lyrics4 =Piraisoodan
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, Mano
| length4 = 6:13
| title5 = Jama Jama Jama
| lyrics5 = Piraisoodan
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra, Mano
| length5 = 5:04
}}

== Release and reception ==
Alluru Rahim of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'', reviewing the Telugu version of the film on 21 October 1994, described it as "the film which drives the audience out the theatres [''sic'']." While appreciating the Nagarjuna's performance and the soundtrack by Keeravani, Rahim opined that the film lacked good story and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Alluru|first=Rahim|date=21 October 1994|title=చిత్ర సమీక్ష: క్రిమినల్|language=te|trans-title=Film review: Criminal|pages=9|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1994/Oct/21-oct-1994.pdf|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101162051/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1994/Oct/21-oct-1994.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the film's success, it was later dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Ellame En Kadhali''. K. Vijiyan reviewing this version for ''[[New Straits Times]]'' on 3 July 1995, opined that Bhatt had made a faithful remake of ''The Fugitive''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=3 July 1995 |title=Indian version of 'The Fugitive' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rLdOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yR4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=3734%2C1025055 |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=26}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nirnayam (1995 film)|''Nirnayam'' (1995 film)]], another Indian remake of ''The Fugitive''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0112738|title=Criminal}}

{{Mahesh Bhatt}}
{{The Fugitive}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]
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[[Category:1990s crime drama films]]
[[Category:1990s mystery films]]
[[Category:1990s mystery thriller films]]
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[[Category:1994 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Fiction about prosthetics]]
[[Category:Fiction about wrongful convictions]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
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[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films about surgeons]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
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[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
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[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
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[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:The Fugitive (TV series)]]
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[[Category:Films about prison escapes]]

Santheyalli Nintha Kabira

2026-03-03T21:33:42Z

Zuko: started some entry and citations

{{No plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Santheyalli Nintha Kabira
| image =Santheyalli_Nintha_Kabira.jpg
| caption =
| native_name = ಸಂತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಂತ ಕಬೀರ
| director = lndra Babu
| producer = Kumaraswamy Pathikonda
| story = Original:[[Bhisham Sahni]], Kannada adaptation: Gopal Wajapeyi<ref>[http://www.cinibuzz.in/uncategorized/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0 Cinibuzz]/</ref>
| screenplay = Indra Babu and Gopal Wajapeyi<ref>[http://www.prajavani.net/article/%E2%80%98%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E2%80%99-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86 Prajavani report]</ref>
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Sanusha]] [[Sarath Kumar]]
| music = [[Ismail Darbar]]
| cinematography = Naveen Kumar
| editing = Vishwa
| studio = Subrahmanyaa Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2016|07|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Santheyalli Nintha Kabira''''' ({{translation}} Kabira standing in market) is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[biopic|biopic-drama]] film adapted from [[Bhisham Sahni]]'s Hindi play ''Kabira Khada Bazaar Mein''. The film is directed Indra Babu of Kabbadi fame.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Indrababu-to-Reprise-the-Magic-of-Kabira/2015/03/16/article2715010.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406064240/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Indrababu-to-Reprise-the-Magic-of-Kabira/2015/03/16/article2715010.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2015|title=Indrababu to Reprise the Magic of Kabira|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=16 March 2015}}</ref> Original story by Bhisham Sahni was adapted and the screenplay is written in Kannada by Indra Babu and Gopal Wajpeyi.<ref>[http://www.prajavani.net/article/%E2%80%98%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E2%80%99-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86 Prajavani report]</ref> Starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as the protagonist [[Kabir]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shivanna-is-now-kabira-news-kannada-pdxluljbhidcj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323213130/http://www.sify.com/movies/shivanna-is-now-kabira-news-kannada-pdxluljbhidcj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2015|title=Shivanna is now Kabira|website=[[Sify]]|date=23 March 2015}}</ref> the film is about the life of the mystic 15th-century poet. It also stars [[Sanusha]] and [[Sarath Kumar]] in other pivotal roles. The film was launched on the [[Ugadi]] festival day of 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/636-santheyalli-nintha-kabira.html|title=Santheyalli Nintha Kabira {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Lauched}}|publisher=Chitraloka|date=3 February 2016|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309214326/http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/636-santheyalli-nintha-kabira.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is slated to release on 29 July 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13440-kabeera-on-july-29.html|title=Kabeera On July 29|publisher=Chitraloka|date=15 July 2016}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as [[Kabir|Kabir Das]]
* [[Sanusha]] as Loi
* [[Sarath Kumar]] as [[Sikandar Lodi]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Kabir's father
* [[Sharath Lohitashwa]]
* [[Anant Nag]] as [[Ramananda]]
* Bhagirathi Bai Kadam as Kabir's mother
* Sunitha Ramachari
* [[Sanjjana]] as Sanjana
* [[Prashanth Siddi]]
}}

==Production==
After roping in Shivarajkumar for the protagonist role, director Indra Babu announced that actor [[Amitabh Bachchan]] would play the role of Ramanand, the teacher of Kabir. [[Om Puri]] was to feature in this movie but could not make it.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/om-puris-connection-with-kannada-cinema-goes-back-4-decades/articleshow/56382063.cms|title = Om puri: Om Puri's connection with Kannada cinema goes back 4 decades | newspaper=The Times of India | date=7 January 2017 }}</ref> Also [[Mithun Chakraborty]] was rumored to play an important role. However, later the idea was dropped to cast them. Music director [[Ismail Darbar]] was roped in to make his debut in Kannada films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/After-Big-B-Ismail-Darbar-in-Kannada/articleshow/31876141.cms|title=After Big B, Ismail Darbar comes to Sandalwood|work=The Times of India|date=12 March 2014}}</ref> The film was officially launched on the auspicious day of [[Ugadi]] festival at the Bangalore Palace grounds. Actors [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] sounded the first clap for the shoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/11740-santheyalli-nintha-kabira-lauched.html|title=Santheyalli Nintha Kabira Lauched|publisher=Chitraloka|date=22 March 2015|access-date=9 March 2016|archive-date=23 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723154239/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/11740-santheyalli-nintha-kabira-lauched.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Filming was planned at Mysore, Varanasi and the Himalayan region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kabira-to-himalaya-kannada-news-144160.html|title='Kabira' To Himalaya|work=Indiaglitz|date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Santheyalli Nintha Kabira
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ismail Darbar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2015|11|27|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Aananda Audio Video
| producer = Ismail Darbar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Noted Bollywood composer, [[Ismail Darbar]] has composed the music for five songs and six [[Doha (poetry)|Dohas]]. Gopala Vajpayee has written the lyrics for all the songs.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| lyrics_all = Gopal Wajpeyi
| title1 = Dharmikanalla Adharimakanalla
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = Ramachandra Hadpad
| length1 =
| title2 = Naavu Premada Huccharu
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Anweshaa]], [[Kavita Seth]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Baare Ninage Naanu
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Anweshaa]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Maneyembodu
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]], [[Anweshaa]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Leelemayana Leeleyu
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Kalla Poojege
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Ramachandra Hadpad
| length6 =
| title7 = Avane Mahadeva
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Ramachandra Hadpad
| length7 =
| title8 = Vishwasadalli
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length8 =
| title9 = Shastravannodi
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = Ramachandra Hadpad
| length9 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5933608}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2016 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ismail Darbar]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]

Anaganaga Oka Roju

2026-03-03T18:17:44Z

Zuko: further adjusted details for clarity also and fixed typos

{{Short description|1995 film by Ram Gopal Varma}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anaganaga Oka Roju
| image = Anaganaga oka roju.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]
| screenplay = Ram Gopal Varma
| story = Ram Gopal Varma
| producer = Ram Gopal Varma K. L. N. Raju {{small|(Presenter)}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Nadiminti Narsinga Rao}}
}}
| starring = [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] [[Urmila Matondkar|Urmila]]
| music = [[Sri (composer)|Sri Kommineni]]
| cinematography = Vasu
| editing = Bhanodaya
| studio = Varma Creations Production
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|12|29}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Anaganaga Oka Roju''''' ({{translation|Once upon a day}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[road movie|road]] [[action thriller]] film written, directed and produced by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. Starring [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Urmila Matondkar|Urmila]] in the lead roles, the film features [[Raghuvaran]], [[Brahmanandam]], and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] in pivotal roles. Music was composed by [[Sri (composer)|Sri Kommineni]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Anaganaga Oka Roju (1995) |url=https://indiancine.ma/APIC/info |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

The film received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=రామ్ గోపాల్ వర్మ కెరీర్‌లో టాప్ చిత్రాలు |url=https://telugu.news18.com/web-stories/movies/rgv-pan-india-director-ram-gopal-varma-cine-career-top-movies-ta-ta/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[News18]] |language=te}}</ref> Brahmanandam's performance earned him the [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian]]. His character, dialogues, and mannerisms, particularly the line "Nellore Pedda Reddy," became iconic and are frequently shared on Telugu meme pages. Brahmanandam himself has listed the film among his top 11 films in his filmography.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2008 |title=AP Film critics association felicitates Brahmanandam - Telugu cinema function |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmcritics-brahmanandam.html |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=6 August 1999 |title=An interview with Telugu comedian Brahmanandam |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/aug/06brah.htm |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was later dubbed into Tamil as ''Andru Oru Naal''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAlODaufvmE |title=Andru Oru Naal Tamil Full Movie HD {{!}} J. D. Chakravarthy {{!}} Urmila Matondkar |publisher=Thamizh Padam |access-date=2025-01-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film centers on Chakri Bhagavatula ([[J. D. Chakravarthy]]) and Madhu Sharma ([[Urmila Matondkar]]), two young lovers whose parents constantly fight. Chakri lives with his supportive but helpless parents, ([[Chalapathi Rao]] and Uma Sharma), while Madhu faces pressure from her strict parents ([[K. Chakravarthy]] and [[Y. Vijaya]]). Unable to tolerate the nonstop arguments, the couple decides to run away and get married. On their journey, they cross paths with several eccentric characters, including the Kakatiya College bus conductor ([[Uttej]]), a dramatic History Professor of Kakatiya College ([[Suthi Velu]]), a dhaba owner (Maanik Rao), a hotel receptionist ([[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]), and a wandering traveler Raja ([[Kallu Chidambaram]]), adding humor and unpredictability to their escape.

Parallel to their romantic journey, a major political conspiracy unfolds in the state. The corrupt Chief Minister ([[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]) secretly plots the assassination of his rival, Deputy CM Naresh Babu ([[Avtar Gill]]). The CM’s inner circle includes his ruthless henchmen Chocolate ([[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]]), Narsing ([[Narsing Yadav]]), and Ramaraju ([[Mahadevan (actor)|Ramaraju]])—who later escapes in a [[Fiat 1100]] with a crucial audio tape proving the CM’s guilt—along with another trusted enforcer Tarzan (Laxminarayana). At the top of the political system sits the Governor ([[Chandrashekhar]]), unaware of the unfolding scandal.

As the assassination occurs, the police system springs into full action. Police Commissioner (Chalasani Krishna Rao) supervises the investigation, with Inspector Raghuvaran ([[Raghuvaran]]) and the Sub-Inspector ([[Ahuti Prasad]]) leading the manhunt. A series of misunderstandings causes the police to mistakenly believe that Chakri and Madhu are responsible for the Deputy CM’s murder, turning the innocent lovers into fugitives. Fearing arrest, they continue on the road from [[Hyderabad]] to [[Narsapur, Medak district|Narsapur town]] in the same car of Ramaraju, completely unaware of how they got entangled in a high-profile political crime.

Complicating matters further, a parallel comedy unfolds on the same route when small-time thief Nelluru Peddareddy a.k.a. Jackson ([[Brahmanandam]]), who incidentally drives another Fiat 1100, and his sidekick ([[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]), casually steal the audio tape, assuming it to be something valuable. Their clueless involvement leads to multiple chases between the police, the CM’s henchmen, the goons from the horrific dhaba gas explosion, Chakri and Madhu, and the desperate criminals—all searching for the incriminating tape, each for different reasons.

Ultimately, the evidence finds its way back into the right hands, and the truth reaches the authorities. The Chief Minister and his corrupt network are exposed and arrested, securing justice. The Governor finally learns of the conspiracy, the police realize Chakri and Madhu are innocent, and both families—after experiencing fear and shock—drop their rivalry and agree to the couple’s marriage. The film ends on a happy and humorous note, uniting the lovers after a chaotic and thrilling journey.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Chakri Bhagavatula
* [[Urmila Matondkar|Urmila]] as Madhu Sharma
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Inspector Raghuvaran
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Nelluru Peddareddy a.k.a. Jackson
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Chief Minister
* [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Governor
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Deputy CM Naresh Babu
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Sub-Inspector
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Jackson's friend
* Chalasani Krishna Rao as Police Commissioner
* [[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Chocolate
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Ramaraju]] as Ramaraju
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Narsing
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Chakri's father
* Uma Sharma as Chakri's mother
* [[K. Chakravarthy]] as Madhu’s father
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Madhu's mother
* [[Suthivelu]] as Kakatiya History Professor
* [[Uttej]] as Kakatiya Bus conductor
* [[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Raja Traveller
* Maanik Rao as Dhaba owner
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Hotel Receptionist
* Laxminarayana as Tarzan
}}

== Production ==
''Anaganaga Oka Roju'' was produced and directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] under the Varma Creations banner,<ref name=":3" /> with dialogues written by Nadiminti Narsinga Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha Chanti |date=2024-08-28 |title=ఇండస్ట్రీలో విషాదం.. ‘గులాబీ’ సినిమా రచయిత నడిమింటి నరసింగరావు కన్నుమూత.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/gulabi-and-anaganaga-oka-roju-movie-writer-nadiminti-narsinga-rao-passed-away-1336632.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[TV9 Telugu|TV9]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Niharika |first=S. |date=2024-08-28 |title=టాలీవుడ్‌లో విషాదం - ఆర్జీవీ, కృషవంశీ సూపర్ హిట్ సినిమాల రచయిత నడిమింటి మృతి |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/gulabi-and-anaganaga-oka-roju-movies-writer-nadiminti-narsinga-rao-dies-at-72-in-hyderabad-177389 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te}}</ref>

The concept for the film originated from Ram Gopal Varma, who initially entrusted [[Krishna Vamsi]] with directing it, impressed by Vamsi's work on [[Money Money (film)|''Money Money'']] (1994).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Sunil Kumar |date=17 November 1997 |title='I want to be a free bird' |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/nov/17kri.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123151007/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/nov/17kri.htm |archive-date=23 November 2016 |access-date=23 August 2015 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Krishna Vamsi suggested the title ''Anaganaga Oka Roju'' and began working on the film, which centered around Varma's recurring theme of "a couple on the run."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=16 July 1999 |title=Interview with Krishna Vamsi Part - 1 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/interview_krishnavamsi.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

During production, Krishna Vamsi directed key scenes, including a chase sequence, showcasing his creative approach to the project. However, due to creative differences and escalating production costs, Ram Gopal Varma took over as director after two shooting schedules. Recognizing the financial challenges involved, Krishna Vamsi stepped aside but continued to assist with the project until its completion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Music==
The music was composed by [[Sri (composer)|Sri]] and released by Varma Audio. All lyrics were penned by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]. The Background score from [[John Williams]]'s [[Jurassic Park]] has been reused in the film's action and chase sequences.

{{Infobox album
| name = Anaganaga Oka Roju
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sri Kommineni]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|1996}}
| recorded = 1996
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 26:10
| label = Varma Audio
| producer = [[Sri Kommineni]]
| prev_title = [[Sindhooram (1997 film)|Sindhooram]]
| prev_year = 1997
| next_title = [[Aavida Maa Aavide]]
| next_year = 1998
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:10
| title1 = Ema Kopama
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 5:17
| title2 = Edo Taha Taha
| extra2 = Mano, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length2 = 4:51
| title3 = Love Is Blind
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, Mano
| length3 = 5:48
| title4 = Oopa Lenayo
| extra4 = K. S. Chithra, Mano
| length4 = 5:28
| title5 = Endhammo
| extra5 = Mano, Lalitha Sagari
| length5 = 4:43
}}

== Legacy ==
Brahmanandam's character, dialogues, and mannerisms, particularly the line "Nelluru Peddareddy," became iconic and are frequently shared on Telugu meme pages. Brahmanandam himself has listed the film among his top 11 films in his filmography.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] - [[Brahmanandam]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2010|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=9 January 2021|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|page=38|language=te|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0247924}}

{{Ram Gopal Varma|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:1990s road movies]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Williams]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films about assassinations]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]

Touch Chesi Chudu

2026-03-03T17:56:55Z

Zuko: started initial details w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Touch Chesi Chudu
| image = Ravi Teja's Touch Chesi Chudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vikram Sirikonda]]
| producer = [[Nallamalupu Bujji|Nallamalupu Srinivas]] [[Vallabhaneni Vamsi Mohan]]
| writer = '''Screenplay''': Vikram Sirikonda '''Story''': [[Vakkantham Vamsi]] '''Dialogues''': Deepak Raj
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Raashii Khanna]] [[Seerat Kapoor]] [[Freddy Daruwala]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[JAM8]] '''Background Score:''' [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2018|02|02|ref1=}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = ₹19 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Touch Chesi Chudu Final Total WW Collections
|url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=4199&cid=6&fid=5832 |website=Andhraboxoffice |language=en |date=1 March 2018 |access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Touch Chesi Chudu''''' ({{translation|Touch and See}}) is a 2018 [[India]]n [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] co-written and directed by [[Vikram Sirikonda]] in his directorial debut in Telugu cinema and story by [[Vakkantham Vamsi]]. It features [[Ravi Teja]], [[Raashii Khanna]] and [[Seerat Kapoor]] in the lead roles while [[Freddy Daruwala]] plays the main antagonist, which marks his debut in Telugu cinema. [[Pre-production]] of the film began in July 2016 and [[principal photography]] commenced in February 2017 in [[Hyderabad]]. The film was released worldwide on 2 February 2018.

==Plot==
Karthikeya is a successful businessman and owner of Kartikeya Industries in Pondicherry. He deeply values his family and believes that "family is the most important thing." Despite his peaceful life, he faces trouble from a local goon, Selvam, who frequently steals his machinery. Frustrated by the police’s inaction, Karthik boldly claims he can solve the case in two minutes. Amused, the CI lets him take charge for a day to handle Selvam. Meanwhile, Karthik falls for a choreographer, Pushpa, after a series of playful encounters.

One night, a student activist is murdered at a pub by a notorious gangster, Irfan Lala. Karthik’s sister secretly witnesses the crime and informs him. When Karthik reports this to the police, he is shocked to learn that Irfan was supposedly dead. However, he later spots Irfan alive and starts investigating, leading to the revelation of his hidden past.

A flashback shows that Karthik was once a fierce, duty-driven police officer in Hyderabad, known for his aggressive and reckless methods. He was transferred from Kadapa and soon became a nightmare for criminals. In one mission, he successfully rescues the police commissioner's kidnapped daughter.

The main antagonist, Irfan Lala, along with his father Rauf Lala, aims to win a by-election and dominate the area. When Irfan attempts to stop the Chief Minister’s rally, Karthik strategically ensures its success, leading to Irfan's political downfall. Meanwhile, Divya, who deeply loves Karthik, gets engaged to him, but he breaks it off due to his commitment to duty, leaving her heartbroken.

Irfan later murders a student named Shalini during an altercation at a party. Her mother, who was once Karthik's teacher, goes on a hunger strike demanding justice. Moved by this, Karthik vows to punish Irfan. In a dramatic shootout, Karthik critically injures Irfan but also gets wounded.

While recovering in the hospital, Karthik frantically searches for Irfan. His father and the commissioner mislead him into believing that Irfan is dead, hoping to bring him closer to his family. Realizing the importance of balancing his professional and personal life, Karthik eventually tracks down and kills Irfan in a composed manner. Upon hearing this, Rauf Lala dies of shock.

In the end, Karthik reunites with Pushpa and asks for her forgiveness. They embrace, signifying his newfound balance between duty and family.

== Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ravi Teja]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Karthikeya / Karthik
*[[Raashii Khanna]] as Pushpa
*[[Seerat Kapoor]] as Divya
*[[Freddy Daruwala]] as Irfan Lala
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Karthikeya's father
*[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Karthikeya's mother
*[[Murali Sharma]] as Police Commissioner
*[[Vineet Kumar]] as Home Minister Keshava Prasad
*[[Pooja Jhaveri]] as Sandhya
*[[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Rauf Lala
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as [[Director General of Police (India)|DGP]] Ramachandra Rao
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Circle Inspector J. Balram
*[[Aadukalam Naren]] as C. I. M. Murugesan
*[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Police Officer
*Kaumudi Nemani as Shalini
*[[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Kartikeya's teacher and Shalini's mother
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Raghu, Karthik's father
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Karthikeya's grandmother
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Chief Minister
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Rajesh, Karthikeya's friend
*[[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Shalini's friend
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Constable
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Constable
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Maulana
*Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Mallesh Yadav
*[[Sritej]] as Satyadev
*[[Charandeep]] as Kidnapper
*Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Muslim Politician
*[[Rajitha]]
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Doctor
*Sandhya Janak
*[[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] as Karthikeya's second sister
*Anitha Nath
*Vettai Muthukumar as Selvam
*[[Pondy Ravi]] as Navy officer
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Pre-production of this film began in July 2016 after the script approval from [[Ravi Teja]] to [[Vikram Sirikonda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Teja-to-play-cop-in-Race-Gurram-writer-Vikram-Siris-film/articleshow/53417675.cms |title=Teja to play cop in Race Gurram writer Vikram Siri's film?" |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120233/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Teja-to-play-cop-in-Race-Gurram-writer-Vikram-Siris-film/articleshow/53417675.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Raashii Khanna]] who earlier worked with Teja in ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'' (2015) was signed in as one of the female lead in September 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Teja-and-Rashi-Khanna-to-work-together-again/articleshow/54600289.cms |title=Teja and Rashi Khanna to work together again" |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=10 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210120145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Ravi-Teja-and-Rashi-Khanna-to-work-together-again/articleshow/54600289.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240117/bengal-tiger-duo-to-reunite.html |title=Tiger' duo Raashi Khanna and Ravi Teja to reunite" |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125023535/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/240117/bengal-tiger-duo-to-reunite.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pritam]] was roped in for the music which makes his debut in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/pritam-to-compose-for-ravi-tejas-next/articleshow/56715940.cms |title=to compose for Ravi Teja's next" |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127020914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/pritam-to-compose-for-ravi-tejas-next/articleshow/56715940.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Bollywood actor [[Freddy Daruwala]] was signed in to play as the main antagonist in April 2017 which marks his debut in Telugu films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/btown-baddie-freddy-to-lock-horns-with-ravi-teja/articleshow/58282067.cms |title=baddie Freddy to lock horns with Ravi Teja" |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2017 |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113225350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/btown-baddie-freddy-to-lock-horns-with-ravi-teja/articleshow/58282067.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Seerat Kapoor]] was signed in as the second female lead in early May 2017 after considering [[Lavanya Tripathi]] and [[Pragya Jaiswal]] for that role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050517/seerat-kapoor-signs-ravi-tejas-next.html |title=Kapoor signs Ravi Teja's next" |date=5 May 2017 |access-date=5 May 2017 |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505014825/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050517/seerat-kapoor-signs-ravi-tejas-next.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The title and the posters were revealed on 26 January 2017, marking [[Ravi Teja|Ravi Teja's]] birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260117/ravi-tejas-next-is-touch-chesi-choodu.html |title="Ravi Teja's next is Touch Chesi Choodu" |date=26 January 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204081209/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260117/ravi-tejas-next-is-touch-chesi-choodu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was officially launched on 3 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-02-04/Touch-Chesi-Chudu-rolls-on/278235 |title="Touch Chesi Chudu rolls on" |date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204172529/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-02-04/Touch-Chesi-Chudu-rolls-on/278235 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Story and filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 3 February 2017 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040217/ravi-tejas-comeback.html |title=Teja's comeback" |date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204140502/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040217/ravi-tejas-comeback.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Touch Chesi Chudu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = JAM8
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Jan 27, 2018
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 20:34
| label = Mango Music
| producer = JAM8
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
''Touch Chesi Chudu's'' soundtrack is composed by [[JAM8]] (Apprentice band of [[Pritam]]).
{{tracklist|headline=Track list|extra_column=Singer(s)|total_length=20:34|title1=Touch Chesi Chudu Title Song|music1=Marc D Muse for JAM8|extra1=[[Brijesh Shandilya]], [[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati|Sreerama Chandra]]|lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]|length1=04.30|title2=Raaye Raaye|music2=Marc D Muse for JAM8|extra2=[[Nakash Aziz]], [[Madhu Priya]]|lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]|length2=03.30|all_writing=|title3=Manasa|music3=Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8|extra3=[[Benny Dayal]], [[Neeti Mohan]]|lyrics3=Rehman|length3=04.30|title4=Rang Barse|music4=Kaushik-Akash-Guddu (KAG) for JAM8|extra4=Akashdeep Sengupta |lyrics4=Rehman|length4=4.04|title5=Pushpa|music5= Ashish Pandit for JAM8|extra5=[[Nakash Aziz]], Dj Smash Guy|lyrics5=Rehman|length5=04.00}}

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=0|count=5|average=4|ref=yes}}

A critic from The Times Of India stated that " If you're a Ravi Teja fan, or have seen enough of his movies, then you pretty much know what to expect. Good humour, punch dialogues (delivered in his inimitable style) and action-packed storyline had earned him the title "Mass Maharaja", and brought him some of his biggest hits. In Vikram Sirikonda's "Touch Chesi Chudu", Ravi Teja is meaner and leaner than he ever was, but the script lacks any of the attributes that made him a successful star in the first place. With a shoddy screenplay and an unimaginative storyline, "Touch Chesi Chudu" is a cumbersome watch".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/touch-chesi-chudu/movie-review/62754405.cms | title=Touch Chesi Chudu Review {2/5}: If you're expecting a good story to be told, I'm afraid you won't find it here | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6468814}}
*{{Twitter|touchchesichudu}}
*{{Facebook|TouchChesiChudu}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:2018 action films]]
[[Category:2010s police films]]

Raja Chinna Roja

2026-03-03T05:11:18Z

Zuko: Adding new bio

{{short description|1989 film by S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raja Chinna Roja
| image = Raja Chinna Roja.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| writer = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| producer = [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M Saravanan]] M. Balasubramaniam
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Raghuvaran]]|[[Gautami]]}}
| cinematography = T. S. Vinayagam
| editing = R. Vittal C. Lancy
| music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1989|7|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Raja Chinna Roja''''' ({{translation|King and small rose}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[children's film]], directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]] and produced by [[AVM Productions]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Raghuvaran]] and [[Gautami]]. Its plot revolves around an aspiring actor who meets his childhood friend, but is forced to take care of his nieces and nephews.

''Raja Chinna Roja'' was the first Indian film to feature [[Live-action animation|live action with animation]]. Its story was inspired by Arunachalam's 1974 film ''[[Unnaithan Thambi]]'' and the American films ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964) and ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]'' (1965). The cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam, the editing by R. Vittal and Lancy, and music was composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]].

''Raja Chinna Roja'' was released on 20 July 1989. The film was commercially successful and had a 175-day theatrical run, with the animated sequence particularly being well received. Arunachalam won the [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Story Writer]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|section|date=November 2021}}
Raja, an aspiring actor, leaves his village and enters the city to fulfill his ambition. As he is searching for a place in the dream factory, he falls for Usha, the daughter of the house owner. Charmed by his looks and character, Usha also falls for him. One day he accidentally meets his childhood friend Bhaskar, a spoiled rich man. He offers Raja an acting job, then takes him to his uncle's house. Raja is to be in charge of the administration of the household and take care of five children (Bhaskar's nieces and nephews), each of whom have issues (such as being lazy, not studying etc.).

Raja finds out that Bhaskar is cheating his uncle out of funds and using him to do the same. Bhaskar is involved in drug business along with his associates. Ravichandran who gets temporary blindness, recovers but pretends to still be blind to find out the truth of Bhaskar. After finding out the truth, Ravichandran throws Bhaskar out of the home. In retaliation, Bhaskar takes away his uncle's car resulting in Rajaran getting arrested for drugs. Raja, along with the children goes to Bhaskar's den and catches him red-handed. Raja finally achieves his ambition to become an actor, with Rajaram directing the film.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Raja
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Bhaskar
* [[Gautami]] as Sumathi
* [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] as Rajaram
* [[S. S. Chandran]] as Appasamy
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Kannamma
* [[Shalini (actress)|Baby Shalini]] as Chithra
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Jojo
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Ramu
* Azhagu as Johnny
* Kumari Raghavi as Shanthi
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Namasivayam
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as Inspector Sivaraman
* [[Rupini]] as herself (cameo)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the success of ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]'' (1987), [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] of [[AVM Productions]] decided to produce another film with the same cast and crew: director [[S. P. Muthuraman]], hero [[Rajinikanth]] and composer [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]. Saravanan wanted to make a film "targeted at kids" due to Rajinikanth's popularity among children. The crew initially wanted to adapt ''[[Babu (1971 film)|Babu]]'' (1971); however, Rajinikanth "felt that the script seemed more like an art film, on the lines of ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]'' and ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural|Engeyo Ketta Kural]]''" and it would not suit his image. Screenwriter [[Panchu Arunachalam]] reused the script of his own film ''[[Unnaithan Thambi]]'' (1974) and also drew inspiration from the American films ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964) and ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]'' (1965).<ref name="to" />

=== Casting and filming ===
The makers decided to revolve the story around [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]], who was cast among the child artists, due to her popularity. [[Raghuvaran]] was chosen to portray a negative role after the makers were impressed with his performance in the television series ''[[Oru Manithanin Kathai#Adaptations|Oru Manithanin Kathai]]''.<ref name="to" /> ''Raja Chinna Roja'' was the first Indian film to feature [[List of films with live action and animation|live action with animation]].<ref name="hi" /> It was Saravanan's wish to do this, without any budgetary constraints.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=14 May 2004 |title=Finger on people's pulse |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/05/14/stories/2004051401350100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=15 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221163631/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/05/14/stories/2004051401350100.htm |archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2012 |title='ஏவி.எம்'மின் 'ராஜா சின்ன ரோஜா' கார்ட்டூன்களுடன் ரஜினி நடித்தார்!- 80 ஆயிரம் படங்களை வரைந்து உருவாக்கிய காட்சி! |language=ta |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/11232151/avm-in-raja-chinna-roja-cartoo.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131031103907/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/11232151/avm-in-raja-chinna-roja-cartoo.html |archive-date=31 October 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=321}} He also wanted AVM to become the first Indian studio to do this.<ref name="hi" /> The idea of blending live action with animation was inspired by ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' (1988).{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=127}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=18 March 2014 |title=Director's chair |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/directors-chair/article5800519.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123050151/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/directors-chair/article5800519.ece |archive-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> The animated song was shot at a forest set built by art director Chalam at AVM Studios with all the artists involved. Puliyur Saroja, choreographer of the song along with her assistants enact like animals to "evoke the appropriate reaction from the artistes".<ref name="hi" /> The animation was done by [[Ram Mohan]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=14 August 2005 |title=தகுதியுள்ள கேப்டன்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-08-14/kalki2005-08-14.pdf |access-date=28 November 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=44–47 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> who "ended up drawing 84,000 sketches for this song as every frame had to be drawn individually".<ref name="to" /> Ram Mohan was initially reluctant to work on the film as he felt it was impossible to animate an entire song sequence, but relented after Muthuraman told him he could take three months as the animated portions could be added after the live action portions were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2022 |title=The story behind Rajinikanth's 'Raja Chinna Roja' having cartoons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-story-behind-rajinikanths-raja-chinna-roja-having-cartoons/articleshow/94876970.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128041012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-story-behind-rajinikanths-raja-chinna-roja-having-cartoons/articleshow/94876970.cms |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Chandrabose and the lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Chinna Roja (1989) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Raja-Chinna-Roja-songs-T0000810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190724082508/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Raja-Chinna-Roja-songs-T0000810 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Chinna Roja Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Chandrabose |url=https://mossymart.com/product/raja-chinna-roja-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906052230/https://mossymart.com/product/raja-chinna-roja-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-chandrabose/ |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Superstar Yaarunu Ketta" was well-received and was remixed by Santhosh Bose for the film ''Kalayatha Ninaivugal'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 August 2005 |title=Kalaiyatha Ninaivugal |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/08kk.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201163857/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/08kk.asp |archive-date=1 December 2005 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalaiyatha Ninaivugal Tamil Film Audio CD |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kalaiyatha-ninaivugal-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241119051108/https://mossymart.com/product/kalaiyatha-ninaivugal-tamil-film-audio-cd/ |archive-date=19 November 2024 |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Super Staru" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]|| 04:25
|-
| "Raja Chinna Roja" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 04:46
|-
| "Varungala Mannargale" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 04:23
|-
| "Oru Panbadu" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 04:32
|-
| "Ongappanukkum Pe Pe" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S P Sailaja || 03:43
|-
| "Poo Poo Pol" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 05:14
|-
| "Devaadhi Devar Ellaam" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 04:57
|}

== Release ==
''Raja Chinna Roja'' was released on 20 July 1989 and became a commercial success, with a 175-day theatrical run.<ref name="to" /> The animated sequence was well received, and brought repeat audiences to theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 1989 |title=Mahesh Bhatt mixes biography and business in his latest venture, Daddy |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19890831-mahesh-bhatt-mixes-biography-and-business-in-his-latest-venture-daddy-816449-1989-08-31 |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191023114202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19890831-mahesh-bhatt-mixes-biography-and-business-in-his-latest-venture-daddy-816449-1989-08-31 |archive-date=23 October 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=321–322}} Arunachalam won the [[Cinema Express Awards|Cinema Express Award for Best Story Writer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 March 1990 |title=தமிழ் |language=ta |pages=7 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="hi">{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=20 July 2019 |title='Raja Chinna Roja' turns 30: When Rajinikanth danced with cartoon rabbits and elephants |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raja-chinna-roja-30-years-later/article28617957.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815070336/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raja-chinna-roja-30-years-later/article28617957.ece |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="to">{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=20 July 2019 |title=Movie Milestone: 30 Years Of Raja Chinna Roja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-30-years-of-raja-chinna-roja/articleshow/70306094.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815070753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/movie-milestone-30-years-of-raja-chinna-roja/articleshow/70306094.cms |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 children's films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sidhuwal

2026-03-02T10:54:30Z

Zuko: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sidhuwal
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]] 
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patiala district]]
| population_total =
| website = 
| image_skyline = Fort at Sidhuwal Village.JPG
| image_caption = Fort at Sidhuwal Village
}}
[[File:ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਸਾਹਿਬ, ਸਿੱਧੂਵਾਲ (ਪਟਿਆਲਾ).jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Sabal Singh Bavri.jpg|thumb|Statue of Sabal Singh Bavri and others at Gugga Maadi, Sidhuwal]]
[[File:Gugga peerIMG 3304.jpg|thumb|Gugga Maadi, Sidhuwal]]
[[File:GESS Sidhuwal.jpg|thumb|Govt. Elementary Smart School, Sidhuwal]]
'''Sidhuwal''' is a village on the road Patiala [[Bhadson]] approximately six kilometres from [[Patiala]] in Patiala tehsil in the [[Patiala district]] of the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in northwest [[India]]. It is located 6 km towards North from District headquarters Patiala and 66 km from State capital Chandigarh. The village is located at the banks of [[Bhakra Dam#Irrigation|Bhakra]] Main Line Canal. The total geographical area of the village is 644 hectares. Jasso Wal (1 km), Prem Nagar (2 km), Ranjit Nagar (2 km), Ucha Gaon (2 km), Anand Nagar (2 km) are the nearby Villages to Sidhuwal. Sidhu is surrounded by Sanour Tehsil towards the East, Nabha Tehsil towards the West, Bhuner Heri Tehsil towards the South, Ghana Tehsil towards the East.{{Contradictory inline|date=July 2024}} Patiala, Sirhind Fatehgarh Sahib, Gobindgarh, Nabha are the nearby cities to Sidhuwal.

==History==
The last king of Sidhuwal state was Raja Bhai Fateh Jang Singh who was from the Bhaika family of Kaithal state. Sidhuwal and nearby villages were represented by the family of Chowdharys in the chambers of [[Maharaja of Patiala]].{{cn|date=September 2025}}

==Demographics==
Though the name of the village suggests that it may be predominantly of Sidhu [[gotra]], but majority of the population of the village consists of farmers with '''Kharoud''' gotra. The Punjabi language is spoken by all in the village. As per 2011 census, the village has a total population of 2290<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(0huvcu2f4n0szkzslrmfbw2z))/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|title=Census of India : List of Towns and Villages|last=ORGI|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2016-11-11}}</ref> with 478 households, of which 56% are males (1289) and 44% are females (1001), that means the sex ratio in the village is skewed as with 777 females per 1000 males. Though residents have now started sending their daughters to schools, still only 53.2% of females are educated as compared to 67.4% of males. The overall literacy rate of the village is 61.2%.

==Religion==
Though the village has a strong secular culture, the majority population follows Sikhism. Some population also follows Hinduism and Islam. Besides a common Gurudwara, there is a large number of religious places of various religions in the village and they are visited by all.[[File:sidhuwal gurudwara.JPG|thumb|Gurudwara at Sidhuwal]]

==Education==
Due to its proximity to Patiala city, it does not have many independent facilities like education. However, [[Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law]] (RGNUL) has been established in the village by the [[Government of Punjab (India)|Punjab Government]], which will not only give a boost to infrastructure in the village but also to the education of the students from the village. In addition, there is a Govt Senior Secondary Co-educational School in the village. Colleges near Sidhuwal are:
* Govt Medical College, Patiala
* Surya School of Pharmacy (SSP), Rajpura (Patiala)
* Gian Sagar College of Physiotherapy, VPO Banur; Distt. Patiala
* Sri Sukhmani Institute of Nursing, Dera Bassi; Distt. Patiala
* Divya Shiksha Gurukul College of Education For Women, Vill - Gholu Majra; Derabassi—lalru Highway; Distt - Patiala

==Occupation==
[[File:Lala’n wala peer.jpg|thumb|Lala'n Wala Peer]]
[[File:SSSS School, Sidhuwal.jpg|thumb|SSSS School, Sidhuwal]]
[[File:ਪੁਰਾਣੀ ਹਵੇਲੀ, ਸਿੱਧੂਵਾਲ.jpg|thumb|Old Haveli, Sidhuwal]]
[[File:Old Haveli.jpg|thumb|Old Haveli]]
[[File:ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਸ਼ਿਵ ਮੰਦਰ, ਸਿੱਧੂਵਾਲ.jpg|thumb|Ancient Shiv Temple, Sidhuwal]]
[[File:ਦਰਵਾਜਾ, ਸਿੱਧੂਵਾਲ.jpg|thumb|Village Gate, Sidhuwal]]
[[File:ਮਹਾਂਵੀਰ ਮੰਦਰ, ਸਿੱਧੂਵਾਲ.jpg|thumb|Mahaveer Temple, Sidhuwal]]
Residents of the village are mostly farmers with very few other jobs including government jobs. The main source of irrigation is groundwater through pumps, canal water and rainfall. Earlier farmers used to grow wheat, sugarcane, cotton, pulses, peanuts, etc. Now, with availability of machinery and knowledge, farmers normally stick to wheat and rice cultivation. Other products grown earlier are minuscule. This has led to the large-scale use of groundwater. Now the level of groundwater has reduced to 50–70 meters.
[[File:Mosque Sidhuwal.jpg|thumb|Mosque, Sidhuwal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|30.379|76.347|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

{{Patiala district}}

[[Category:Villages in Patiala district]]

Marichjhapi massacre

2026-02-25T11:37:02Z

Zuko: reworked formatting also and updated info after review

{{Short description|1979 eviction of Bangladeshi refugees}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Marichjhapi incident
| subtitle =
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| place = [[Marichjhanpi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.1070|N|88.9510|E|display=inline,title}}
| date = {{start date|1979|1|24|df=yes}} – {{end date|1979|5|18|df=yes}}
| causes =
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 = {{tree list}}
* [[Government of West Bengal]]
**[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]
**[[West Bengal Police]]
{{tree list/end}}
| side2 = Post-partition refugees from [[Dandakaranya]] camps who settled in Marichjhapi
| side3 =
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities = 2–8 (official numbers)
10+ (survivors claim)
| injuries =
| arrests =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}
'''Marichjhapi massacre''' or '''Marichjhapi incident''' refers to the 1979 eviction of post-partition Bengali refugees who had moved out of the [[Dandakaranya]] camps in [[Odisha]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] and settled in protected forest lands on [[Marichjhanpi|Marichjhapi]] island in the [[Sundarbans]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Mallick-1999">{{Cite journal|last=Mallick|first=Ross|date=1999|title=Refugee Resettlement in Forest Reserves: West Bengal Policy Reversal and the Marichjhapi Massacre|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=58|issue=1|pages=104–125|doi=10.2307/2658391|jstor=2658391|s2cid=161837294 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref name="Butalia-2015">{{Cite book|last=Butalia|first=Urvashi|title=Partition: The Long Shadow|date=24 February 2015|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-949-7|language=en|chapter=6. Reconstructing Marichjhapi}}</ref> There was a confrontation between the police and the settled population, that led to an economic blockade and later police action was taken to forcibly evict the settlers which all led to several deaths.<ref name="Sengupta-2011">{{Cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=Debjani|date=1 February 2011|title=From Dandakaranya to Marichjhapi: rehabilitation, representation and the partition of Bengal (1947)|journal=Social Semiotics|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=101–123|doi=10.1080/10350330.2011.535673|s2cid=144730817|issn=1035-0330}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url =https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/the-left-massacre-of-migrant-hindus-in-bengal-that-was-bigger-than-2002-1984/233691/|title =The Left massacre of migrant Hindus in Bengal that was bigger than 2002 & 1984|publisher =[[ThePrint]]|quote =Not much is known about the Marichjhapi incident that took place under the [[Jyoti Basu]] government on a tiny island in the [[Sundarbans]] where Hindu refugees had settled.|date =11 May 2019|website =theprint.in|author =Deep Halder|access-date =16 July 2020}}</ref>

==Background==
During and after the division of Bengal, many fled communal violence in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and came to West Bengal. The first flow was of refugees who were mostly upper and middle class Hindus who were able to resettle in West Bengal. But over time a greater a flow of poorer Bengalis began. This later surge reached its peak in 1970's around the time of the [[Bangladesh War of Independence]]. During this time, [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]] had said in the [[Lok Sabha]] that Bengal had become saturated and relocating migrants was inevitable.<ref>{{cite news |first=Asim |last=Pramanik |title=1979 Marichjhapi killings revisited |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/45845-1979-marichjhapi-killings-revisited.html?page=1 |access-date=4 October 2014 |work=The Statesman |date=23 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163744/http://www.thestatesman.net/news/45845-1979-marichjhapi-killings-revisited.html?page=1 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There was resistance from refugees, hailing from wetland marshy coastal landscape, against the relocation to wastelands. However, after initial resistance from them they were forcibly sent to "rocky inhospitable semi arid land" of [[Dandakaranya]], mostly in [[Odisha|Orissa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], and [[Terai]] region of Uttar Pradesh (now [[Uttarakhand]]), and [[Little Andaman]]. Most of them remained in miserable conditions in refugee camps under the [[Dandakaranya Project]].<ref name="mi1">{{cite journal |first=Debdatta |last=Chowdhury |title=Space, identity, territory: Marichjhapi Massacre, 1979 |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |year=2011 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=664–682 |doi=10.1080/13642987.2011.569333|s2cid=144052321 }}</ref><ref name="mi2">{{cite book |first=Ross |last=Mallick |year=2007 |title=Development Policy of a Communist Government: West Bengal Since 1977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7ar3x8KAOsC&pg=PA99 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=99 |isbn=978-0-521-04785-2}}</ref>

[[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] leaders like [[Ram Chatterjee]] opposed the relocation policy of Union Govt. They reached out to migrants by visiting camps in Dandakaranya and promised them that if the Left Front comes to power in [[West Bengal]] then all migrants would be brought back and settled in Bengal itself.
<ref name="Mallick-1999"/><ref name="Sengupta-2011"/>

== Incident ==
Once the Left Front came to power in 1977, the refugees from Dandakaranya camps started to return to independent Bangladesh in large numbers.<ref name="mi2"/> The refugees were approximately 136,000 in numbers and the Left Front government identified 247,000 acres of readily reclaimable lands mostly in the Sundarban area ([[Ganges Delta]]) for the resettlement of these agriculturist refugees, originally from [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh).<ref name="Mallick-1999"/><ref name="Sengupta-2011"/> Initially the government approved and actively encouraged voluntary resettlement of the identified lands by the refugees.<ref name="Sengupta-2011" /><ref name="Butalia-2015"/> Significant number of the refugees ended up also settling in unauthorised lands and were usually allowed to, around 40,000 refugees went to Hasnabad, Hingalganj and Geonkhali, and about 15,000 settling in the small island of Marichjhapi (renamed by them as "''Netaji Nagar''"), a protected place under Reserve Forest Act.<ref name="mi3">{{cite journal |first=Ross |last=Mallick |date=February 1999 |title="Refugee Resettlement in Forest Reserves: West Bengal Policy Reversal and the Marichjhapi Massacre" |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=104–125 |doi=10.2307/2658391| jstor=2658391|s2cid=161837294 }}</ref> But in some time the Left Front had shifted its policy on refugee settling, taking a stance that the refugees were not just the citizens of West Bengal but of India and the rest of the country needed to take responsibility as well.<ref name="mi1"/>

In Marichjhapi, they attained self-sufficiency in fishing for food and had built schools and clinics on their own but had to travel to nearby Islands for obtaining grain and clean drinking water. One of the settlers later claims that there were only shrubs on the island when they came. The government considered the refugee settlements an unauthorized occupation of a reserved forest land and a report was published that a subsequent chain of migrations could result in a severe ecological disaster. They began pressuring the refugees to vacate.<ref name="scroll17May2019">{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/923325/we-were-attacked-thrice-a-survivors-story-of-the-left-front-governments-siege-of-marichjhapi|title='We were attacked thrice': A survivor's story of the Left Front government's siege of Marichjhapi|last=Halder|first=Deep|date=17 May 2019|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref>

On 24 January 1979, the Government of West Bengal clamped prohibitory orders under Section 144 of the CrPC around the island of Marichjhapi. Thirty police ferries were brought in for the eviction and they started patrolling the island, pressurising the settlers.<ref name="scroll17May2019"/> Eyewitness accounts say that on 31 January, the police opened fire on the Hindu refugees who settled on the island, when the refugees allegedly attacked a police camp with traditional weapons.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100118/jsp/frontpage/story_11996337.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121170936/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100118/jsp/frontpage/story_11996337.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2010|title="Controversies that dogged the pragmatic chief minister"|date=18 January 2010|work= The Telegraph|language=en-US|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref> The police and the district administration started a complete blockade. It prevented access to food and clean drinking water for the residents of the island. Many of them ended up consuming contaminated water resulting in at least a few dozen deaths.<ref name="scroll17May2019"/><ref name="IndiaToday">{{Cite web |title=Marichjhapi massacre: Forgotten story of Hindu refugees slaughtered in Bengal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/marichjhapi-massacre-sunderbans-bengali-refugees-killed-left-front-government-bengal-2429613-2023-09-03 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=India Today |date=3 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ananda Marga]], a religious organisation,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19820531-ananda-marga-spiritual-saviours-or-tantrik-terrorists-771819-2013-09-20|work=India Today|title=Ananda Marga: Spiritual Saviors or Tantrik Terrorists?}}</ref> is also suspected to have had a hand in sparking the violence, the organization was active in the region, allegedly involved in smuggling and would frequently get into conflict with the native tribal community.<ref name="mi5"/><ref name="mi3"/> After 15 days, the [[Calcutta High Court]] ruled that "The supply of drinking water, essential food items and medicines as well as the passage of doctors must be allowed to Marichjhapi".<ref name="mi5">{{cite web |title=The Tale of Marichjhapi :Review of the book "Marichjhapi chhinna desh, chhinna itihaash" |url=http://www.radicalsocialist.in/articles/socialist-peoples-history/454-the-tale-of-marichjhapi-review-of-the-book-marichjhapi-chhinna-desh-chhinna-itihaash |website=radicalsocialist.in |access-date=4 October 2014 |archive-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512085152/http://www.radicalsocialist.in/articles/socialist-peoples-history/454-the-tale-of-marichjhapi-review-of-the-book-marichjhapi-chhinna-desh-chhinna-itihaash |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Some of the refugees were forcibly relocated to Dandakaranya while the rest were escorted in police launches to Hasnabad. Some of them were settled in Marichjhapi Colony near Barasat while others rehabilitated themselves in the shanties near railway tracks in [[Sealdah]].<ref name="tsi06072011">{{cite news |script-title=bn:গণহত্যার সুবিচার হবে! |last=Mitra |first=Sukumar |title=Today English Newspaper Update Headlines India- the Sunday Indian Online Magazine - - the Sunday Indian |url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87/2/505/ |newspaper=The Sunday Indian |date=6 July 2011 |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623102857/http://www.thesundayindian.com/bn/story/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87/2/505/ |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Some of them resettled themselves in [[Hingalganj]], [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]] and nearby areas.<ref name="abp03082011">{{cite news |script-title=bn:তিন দশক পরে মরিচঝাঁপির ফাইল ফের খুলল রাজ্য |last=Mitra |first=Shyamalendu |url=http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1110803/3pgn5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116213007/http://www.anandabazar.com/archive/1110803/3pgn5.html |archive-date=16 January 2013 |newspaper=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=3 August 2011 |language=bn |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

The official toll was at first two.<ref name=haunt>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |title=Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/ghost-of-marichjhapi-returns-to-haunt/story-4v78MhnW2IZVCQMPfDObqO.html |access-date=5 August 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=25 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bauddhayan-mukherji-busy-with-his-marichjhapi-project/articleshow/72253119.cms|title =Bauddhayan Mukherji busy with his 'Marichjhapi' project |date =27 November 2019|work=The Times of India |author =Sankha Ghosh|access-date =16 July 2020}}</ref> The incident led to severe criticism of the government from the [[News media|media]], [[Parliamentary opposition|the opposition]] and from within members of the Left Front coalition.<ref name="Mallick-1999" /> The demand for a formal investigation into the eviction was however denied by the government with Basu convinced that it was greatly exaggerated by the media.<ref name="Sengupta-2011" /><ref name="Mallick-1999" /> In the end the official figure put the deaths at 2 to 8, considered to be a significant under-estimation but the lack of a proper investigation has led to various highly exaggerated accounts to circulate on the killing, years afterwards.<ref name="Sengupta-2011" /><ref name="Mallick-1999" />

== In popular culture ==
[[Chorki]] made a web series named [[Feu (TV series)|Feu]] inspired by this incident.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Showtime Desk |first=Dhaka Tribune |date=26 January 2025 |title='Feu' streaming on Chorki |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/showtime/372147/feu-trailer-revealed }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dandakaranya Project]]
* ''[[The Hungry Tide]]'', a novel by [[Amitav Ghosh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Mandal, Jagadish Chandra (2002). ''Marichjhapi: Naishabder Antarale''. Sujan Publications.
* Sengupta, Sukharanjan (2010). ''Marichjhapi Beyond & Within''. FrontPage Publications.
* Halder, Deep (2019). ''Blood Island: An Oral History of the Marichjhapi Massacre.'' HarperCollins Publishers India.

[[Category:1979 in India]]
[[Category:1970s in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1979]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1979]]
[[Category:Violence in India]]
[[Category:1978 in India]]
[[Category:South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:1979 murders in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengalis]]

Sharda International School

2026-02-21T12:20:54Z

Zuko: fix

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name =
| image = Sharda International School logo.jpg
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| location = Shiv Nagar, Pataudi Road [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]] – 122 001, (India)
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| coordinates = {{Coord|28|27|2|N|77|0|35|E|display=inline,title}}
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| district = Gurgaon<ref name=xls>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbse.nic.in/cce-phase-1-final.xls |title=CBSE: Examination Reforms and CCE Training |publisher=CBSE |date=October 2009 |accessdate=2012-07-16 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007021127/http://www.cbse.nic.in/cce-phase-1-final.xls |archivedate=2009-10-07 }}</ref>
| authority = 
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| oversight = Shri Hardhyan Singh Memorial Education Society
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|All India Central Board of Secondary Education]]
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| founder = [[Narendra Kumar Rao|Shri Narendra Kumar Rao]]
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| chairperson = [[Narendra Kumar Rao|Shri Narendra Kumar Rao]]
| principal = Abha Raghav<ref name=xls/><ref name=about>{{cite web|url=http://schools.indiadekh.com/school-sharda-international-school-4736.html |title=Sharda International School, Gurgaon (Haryana)|publisher=Indiadekh.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-16}}</ref>
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| houses = Raman, Subhash, Tagore, and Teressa
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| accreditation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) #530268
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| established = 14 December 1994<ref name="shardainternationalschool">{{cite web|url=http://www.shardainternationalschool.in/about-us.html|title=Senior Secondary Schools in Gurgoan|publisher=Shardainternationalschool.in|accessdate=2012-07-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116011650/http://www.shardainternationalschool.in/about-us.html|archivedate=16 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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'''Sharda International School''' is an Indian co–educational, senior [[Secondary school#India|secondary school]] (or high school). The English-speaking institution was established in 1994, in the city of [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]] and serves students ages 14–18.<ref name="shardainternationalschool"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/secondary_education |title=Secondary Education | demo-mhrd.nic.in |publisher=Mhrd.gov.in |accessdate=2012-07-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121218174131/http://mhrd.gov.in/secondary_education |archivedate=18 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The school has been honored with [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001:2000]] certification in recognition of their students receiving 100 percent testing scores on the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) Board Examinations.<ref name="shardainternationalschool"/>

== History ==
Sharda International School was founded on 14 December 1994, by Shri Narendra Kumar Rao. They opened their doors in April 1995.<ref name="shardainternationalschool"/> The school is accredited by the Central Board of Secondary Education and operates under the authority of the Shri Hardhyan Singh Memorial Education Society.

== Classes offered ==
;Science
* Physics
* Chemistry
* Biology
* Mathematics
* Computer Science
* Physical Education

;Commerce

* Accounting
* Economics
* Business

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shardainternationalschool.in/ Sharda International School]

{{portal|Schools}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:International schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Haryana]]

Jharkhand Human Rights Commission

2026-02-19T23:32:45Z

Zuko: made details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = '''Jharkhand Human Rights Commission'''
| nativename =
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| headquarters = TOWN ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING, NEAR GOLCHAKAR, DHURWA, RANCHI-834004.<ref name="JHR ref1">{{cite web |title=Jharkhand Human Rights Commission |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/jharkhand-human-rights-commission |website=Jharkhand Human Rights Commission |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>
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'''Jharkhand Human Rights Commission''' is a [[Statute|statutory]] organisation created as per "The Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993 for India" for the state of [[Jharkhand]] to inquire into [[Human Rights Violations|human rights violations]] for subjects referred in the state list and concurrent list mentioned in the [[Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India|seventh schedule]] of the [[constitution of India]]. The Chairman and other members of the Jharkhand Human Rights Commission are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly. In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.

== History and Objective ==

Jharkhand Human Rights Commission was created as per the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993<ref name="HR ref3">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Dheeraj |title=Staff Shortage Besets Human Rights Commissions, 10 States Don't Have Chairpersons: RTI |url=https://thewire.in/government/human-rights-commissions-staff-shortage-rti |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=13 December 2019}}</ref> with provisions to inquire into violation of human rights related to concurrent list in the seventh schedule of the Indian constitution<ref name="HR ref5">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gautam |title=Giving Human Rights Commissions more teeth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/giving-human-rights-commissions-more-teeth/article31111463.ece |access-date=7 January 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> and subjects covered under Himachal state list.<ref name="HR ref1">{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-human-rights-commission-1438319148-1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=18 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="HR ref6">{{cite news |title=State Human Rights Commissions set up in 19 States: Govt.|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/07/28/statehuman-rights-commissions-set-up-in-19-statesgovt.html?story=1 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

Jharkhand Human Rights Commission office is situated in TOWN ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING, NEAR GOLCHAKAR, DHURWA
RANCHI-834004.

== Composition ==

Jharkhand Human Rights Commission as per Human Rights (Amendment) Act, 2006 should consist of at least three members including a chairperson, who should be a retired Chief Justice of any Indian High Court.<ref name="HR ref1" /><ref name="HR ref2">{{cite web |title=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |url=http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |website=THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACT, 1993 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803064748/http://www.shrc.tn.gov.in/files/humanrightsact.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="HR ref4">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Dheeraj |title=State Human Rights Commission |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/human-rights/state-human-rights-commission/49347 |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=yourarticlelibrary}}</ref><ref name="HR ref7">{{cite news |title=Role Of National Human Rights Commission In Protection Of Human Rights In India |url=https://thelawbrigade.com/human-rights/role-of-national-human-rights-commission-in-protection-of-human-rights-in-india/ |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=thelawbrigade.com |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

The other members should be:<ref name="HR ref8">{{cite news |title=After seven-year-long wait, Andhra Pradesh to get its SHRC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/after-seven-year-long-wait-ap-to-get-its-shrc-on-march-22/articleshow/81004771.cms |access-date=7 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=17 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="HR ref9">{{cite news |title=MP rights body headless for past 4 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mp-rights-body-headless-for-past-4-years/story-CmqzaPafvm47tsgGDOTq7O.html |access-date=8 January 2022 |publisher=hindustantimes.com |date=14 September 2014}}</ref>

(i) A serving or retired judge of a High Court or a District Judge in the state with a minimum of seven years experience as District judge.

(ii) A person having practical experience or knowledge related to human rights.

Jharkhand State Human Rights Commission chairperson and other members are appointed by The Governor of the state on the recommendations of a committee having the Chief Minister of the state as its head, and other members include, Legislative Assembly speaker of the state, home minister in State Government and the leader of the opposition in the state Legislative Assembly.<ref name="JHR ref4">{{cite news |title=Narayan Roy to be Jharkhand rights panel chief |url=https://www.cfo-india.in/cmsarticle/narayan-roy-to-be-jharkhand-rights-panel-chief/ |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=cfo-india.in |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109070902/https://www.cfo-india.in/cmsarticle/narayan-roy-to-be-jharkhand-rights-panel-chief/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the states having legislative council, The chairman of legislative council and the leader of the opposition of legislative council would also be the members forming part of the committee.

The term of the chairperson and members of the commission is fixed for five years or until attainment of the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier. The members including chairman will not be eligible to take up any employment under the state government or the central government after the completion of their term in the commission, excluding the eligibility for another term in the commission subject to the attainment of the prescribed age limit.

Justice Shri Santosh Kumar Satpathy is the current Chairman of Himachal Pradesh Human Rights Commission.

== Functions ==

Jharkhand Human Rights Commission is created with below functions, according to the protection of Human Rights Act, 1993:<ref name="HR ref1" />

* Inquire either on a petition presented to it, by a victim, or suo motu or by any person or on his behalf into complaints of human rights violation or violation by a public servant due to negligence in the prevention of such offences.<ref name="JHR ref3">{{cite news |title=Treatment denial to Ayushman cardholder: Jharkhand Human Rights Commission takes two years to lodge FIR against Raj Hospital owner, CMO |url=https://lagatar24.com/treatment-denial-to-ayushman-cardholder-jharkhand-human-rights-commission-takes-two-years-to-lodge-fir-against-raj-hospital-owner-cmo/71304/ |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=lagatar24.com |date=27 November 2021}}</ref>
* Make visits to any jail or other places of detention of people, which is under the control of the State Government and observe the living conditions of the inmates and make recommendations for improvement, if any.
* Recommend appropriate remedial measures after reviewing the factors, which prevents the enjoyment of human rights through any actions including acts of terrorism.<ref name="JHR ref2">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand to set up human rights commission |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/jharkhand/jharkhand-to-set-up-human-rights-commission_608508.html |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=zeenews.india.com |date=4 March 2010}}</ref>
* The commission should encourage the efforts of Non-Governmental organizations or any other institutions working in the field of human rights development.
* In case of allegations of violation of human rights before a Court, the commission should intervene in the proceedings involved with the approval from Court.
* Commission should Undertake and promote research in the area of human rights.
* Commission should make efforts to promote awareness of the various safeguards available for the protection of human rights and spread human rights literacy among general public .
* Commission should also review the provision of safeguards relating to protection of human rights under the constitution of any law which is in force for time being and recommend measures for their effective implementation.
* For the promotion of human rights, commission may undertake such other functions as it may consider necessary.

Goa State Human Rights Commission has below powers:

• Powers to regulate its own procedure.

• All the powers of a civil court and with its proceedings being judicial.

• Call for details of information or report from the state government or any other authority subordinate to them.

• Powers to require any person who is subject to any privilege which may be claimed under any law for the time being in force, to furnish information on points or matters useful for, or relevant to the subject matter of inquiry.

• The commission can look into a matter within one year of its occurrence.

== Limitations ==

Jharkhand Human Rights Commission has limited powers and functions as they are subject to only advising, and does not have power to punish the violators of human rights or award any relief including monetary, to the victim.

The recommendations of Goa State Human Rights Commission are not binding on the state government or authority, except that the commission should be informed about the action taken by the state government on its recommendation within one month from the date of complaint.

== See also ==

[[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://nhrc.nic.in/statecommission/jharkhand-human-rights-commission Official Website]


[[Category:Human rights enforcement agencies in India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Jharkhand]]

Hunsur Krishnamurthy

2026-02-07T22:53:50Z

Zuko: made new details.

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hunsur Krishnamurthy
| image = Hunsur-Krishnamurthy-pic.jpg
| image_size = 185px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|02|09|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hunsur]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1989|02|13|1914|02|09|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Playwright|film director|producer|actor|screenwriter|lyricist}}
| known_for =
| relatives = [[H. R. Bhargava]] [[Dwarakish]]
}}

'''Hunsur Krishnamurthy''' (9 February 1914 – 13 February 1989){{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} was an Indian playwright, film director, producer, actor, screenwriter and lyricist in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]].

He worked with noted theatre personalities early in his career; [[Gubbi Veeranna]], Mohammed Peer and [[B. R. Panthulu]] before entering films. As a film director, he made films mostly in the mythological genre such as ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' (1965), ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]'' (1974) and ''[[Babruvahana (film)|Babruvahana]]'' (1977), all of which star [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunsur Krishnamurthy {{!}} Writer, Music Department, Director |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0471468/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> The films were major critical and commercial successes and are seen as milestones in Kannada cinema and in the career of Rajkumar.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1850 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |pages=129}}</ref>

==Career==

===Theatre===
Prior to working in films, Krishnamurthy worked in [[theatre]] as a [[playwright]], writing plays such as ''Swarga Samrajya''. He then worked for the [[Bangalore]]-based Bharat Nataka Company as a playwright and a scenarist, following which, he had a stint at [[Bombay Talkies]]. He then worked as a part of Marathi stage actor [[Bal Gandharva]]'s theatre troupe. During that time, he also worked with famed Kannada theatre personalities [[Gubbi Veeranna]] and Mohamed Peer. In 1936, during his work with the latter in his drama company Chandrakala Natak, he worked with [[B. R. Panthulu]], another popular theatre personality at the time, in his play ''Samsara Nauke'', as an assistant director.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" />

===Films===
Krishnamurthy entered the Kannada cinema primarily as a dialogue writer for films such as ''Hemareddy Mallamma'' (1945) and ''Krishnaleele'' (1947). He also wrote the screenplay for the films. Writing lyrics for the soundtracks of films such as ''Kanyadana'', (1954), ''Devakannika'' (1954) and ''[[Sodari (film)|Sodari]]'' (1955), he made his debut as a director in the 1958 mythological film ''[[Shree Krishna Gaarudi]]'', that features [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in the lead role, an actor who would go on to dominate Kannada cinema as an actor for over two decades. Krishnamurthy followed this up with other films such as ''Veera Sankalpa'' (1964), ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' (1965), ''Sri Kannika Parameshwari Kathe'' (1966), ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]'' (1974), ''[[Babruvahana (film)|Babruvahana]]'' (1977), ''Bhakta Siriyala'' (1980), ''Bhakta Dnyanadeva'' (1982) and ''Shiva Kotta Sowbhagya'' (1985). Most of his films in the mythological genre had Rajkumar playing the lead role. Commercial successes during the time, they were instrumental in shaping Rajkumar's career as an actor. His film ''Satya Harishchandra'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] at the [[13th National Film Awards]], and is seen as a milestone in Kannada cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=13th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=8 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008121223/http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> His 1977 film ''Veera Sindhoora Lakshmana'', which was based on the life of Lakshmana, a freedom fighter who fought the British during the [[Indian independence movement|Indian freedom struggle]], was major commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Patriotism, Sandalwood style |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article589754.ece |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108164708/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article589754.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Actors [[M. P. Shankar]] and [[Rajesh (Kannada actor)|Rajesh]] were introduced by him in his films; Shankar in ''Rathnamanjari'' (1962) and Rajesh in ''Veera Sankalpa''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor, producer M.P. Shankar is dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/actor-producer-mp-shankar-is-dead/article1298570.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 July 2008 |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011144233/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/Actor-producer-M.P.-Shankar-is-dead/article15262940.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From theatre to celluloid |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/from-theatre-to-celluloid/article1629654.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 April 2011 |access-date=14 October 2014 |archive-date=9 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409014048/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/from-theatre-to-celluloid/article1629654.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:26px;"|Year
!|Title
!|Language
! width=65 |[[Film director|Director]]
! width=65 |[[Film producer|Producer]]
! width=65 |[[Screenwriter]]
! width=65 |[[Actor]]
! width=65 |[[Lyricist]]
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1945
| ''Hemareddy Mallamma''
| [[Kannada]]
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1947
| ''Krishnaleele''
| Kannada
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1950
| ''Shiva Parvathi''
| Kannada
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1951
| ''Janganmohini''
| Kannada
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1953
| ''Sowbhagya Lakshmi''
| Kannada
|
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1954
| ''Madiddunno Maharaya''
| Kannada
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 1954
| ''Kanyadana''
| Kannada
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1954
| ''Devakannika''
| Kannada
|
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1955
| ''[[Sodari (film)|Sodari]]''
| Kannada
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1956
| ''Muttaide Bhagya''
| Kannada
|
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1957
| ''Nala Damayanti''
| Kannada
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1958
| ''[[Shree Krishna Gaarudi]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1960
| ''[[Aasha Sundari]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1960
| ''[[Bhakta Kanakadasa]]''
| Kannada
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1961
| ''Mera Suhaag''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1961
| ''Nagarjuna''
| Kannada
|
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Bhakta Cheta]]''
| Kannada
|
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1962
| ''Shri Dharmasthala Mahatme''
| Kannada
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1962
| ''Ratnamanjari''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Veera Sankalpa]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
| '''Won''', [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Maduve Madi Nodu]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[Sri Kanyaka Parameshwari Kathe]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1967
| ''[[Devara Gedda Manava]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1967
| ''Devuni Gelichina Manavudu''
| Telugu
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1968
| ''Adda Dari''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| (final film role)
|-
| 1971
| ''Vishakanya''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1972
| ''Jaga Mechida Maga''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1972
| ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]''
| Kannada
|
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1974
| ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1975
| ''Mantra Shakthi''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Babruvahana (film)|Babruvahana]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1977
| ''[[Veera Sindhoora Lakshmana]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1979
| ''Kurubara Lakkanu Elizabeth Raniau''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1980
| ''Bhakta Siriyala''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1980
| ''Guru Sarvabhowma Sri Raghavendra Karune''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''Edeyuru Siddalingeshwara Mahatme''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1981
| ''Shiva Mahima''
| [[Malayalam]]
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1982
| ''Bhakta Dnyanadeva''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 1984
| ''Shiva Kanye''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Shiva Kotta Sowbhagya]]''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|}

==Awards==
{{unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
National Film Awards
* 1965 - Best Kannada Film – ''Sathya Harishchandra''
* 1965 - Third Best Kannada Film – ''Maduve Madi Nodu''
Karnataka State Film Awards
* 1973-74 - Best Dialogue Writer – ''Boothayyana Maga Ayyu''
* 1974-75 - Third Best Film – ''Bhaktha Kumbara''
* 1981-82 - Best Dialogue Writer – ''Edeyooru Siddalingeshwara''
* 1986-87 - Lt. Puttanna Kanagal Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0471468}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnamurthy, Hunsur}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Chaitra

2026-02-07T11:21:24Z

Zuko:

{{Short description|First month of the Hindu calendar}}
{{for|the films|Chaitra (2002 film)|Chaitra (2023 film)}}
{{Infobox month
| image = Jaipur Chaitra month.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Krishna]] with his beloved in the month of Chaitra, a [[Jaipur]] miniature painting from the [[National Museum, Warsaw|National Museum]], Warsaw
| native_name = {{Native name|sa|चैत्र}}
| calendar = [[Hindu calendar]]
| num = 1
| days = 29 or 30
| season = [[Vasanta (season)|Vasanta]] (Spring)
| gregorian = March–April
| holidays = {{ubl |[[Chaitra Navaratri]] |[[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chitra Pournami]] |[[Gudi Padwa]] |[[Hanuman Jayanti]] |[[Puthandu]] |[[Rama Navami]] |[[Ugadi]]}}
| prev_month = [[Phalguna]]
| next_month = [[Vaisakha]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Chaitra''' ({{Langx|sa|चैत्र|translit=Caitra}}) is the first month of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion Of The Hindus|year= 1987|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-80387-9|page=96}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiapost.com/significance-of-chaitra-first-month-in-hindu-calendar/|title=Significance of Chaitra – first month in Hindu calendar|work=IndiaPost News|date=12 April 2016 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Chitra (nakshatra)|Chitra]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[full moon]] day.<ref>{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> The month corresponds to spring ([[Vasanta (season)|Vasanta]]) [[Ritu (Indian season)|season]] and falls in March–April in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Helene Henderson|year=2005|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary|edition=Third|location=Detroit|publisher=Omnigraphics|page=xxix|isbn=978-0-780-80982-6}}</ref>

In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the last month of [[Mina (month)|Mina]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]].<ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindunet.org/home/interfaith_relations/hirani/hindu_panchang.htm |title=Hindu Panchang|work=Hindu Net|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> It corresponds to [[Choitro]], the last month in the [[Bengali calendar]], and Chait, the last month in the Nepali calendar ([[Vikram Samvat]]).<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nepalidatetoday.co/pages/year/nepali-calendar-2081/chaitra/|title=Nepali Calendar 2081 Chaitra|work=Nepali Date Today|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In the [[Tamil calendar]], it corresponds to the third month of [[Chittirai]], falling in the Gregorian months of April–May.<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In the Sindhi [[lunisolar calendar]], the first month is referred to as Chet and is marked by the celebration of the [[Cheti Chand]] (birth of [[Jhulelal (Hinduism)|Jhulelal]], an incarnation of [[Vishnu]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/spiritual/cheti-chand-2025-date-time-muhurat-significance-and-rituals-for-sidhi-new-year-10226689.html|title=Cheti Chand 2025: Date, Time, Muhurat, Significance And Rituals For Sindhi New Year |work=Daily Jagran|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the first month of [[Visnu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=Something about the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) as per [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]). Days in each cycle is labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

==Festivals==
The first day of the month is celebrated as the Hindu New Year's Day, known as [[Gudi Padwa]] in Gujarat and [[Maharashtra]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/gudi-padwa-2025-all-you-need-to-know-about-this-auspicious-day-2697674-2025-03-23|title=Gudi Padwa 2025: All you need to know about this auspicious day|work=[[India Today]]|date=23 March 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gudi Padawa|url=http://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/festivals/gudhipadwa|work=Hindu Gujrati|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Puthandu]] in Tamil Nadu,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/puthandu-2025-know-the-date-history-significance-celebrations-of-tamil-new-year-9921613/|title=Puthandu 2025: Know the date, history, significance, celebrations of Tamil New Year|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 April 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Vishu]] in Kerala,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/vishu-2025-date-history-and-significance-know-all-about-malayalam-new-year-8159275|title=Vishu 2025: Date, history and significance, know all about Malayalam New Year|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eprarthana.com/festivals/fchaitravishu.asp|title=Chaitra Vishu|work=Prarthana|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> and [[Ugadi]] in Karnataka, [[Telangana]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindutsav.com/ugadi-festival-telugu-kannada-new-year/|title=Ugadi|work=Hindu Utsav|date=11 March 2019 |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> In [[West Bengal]], Basanti Puja, Annapurna Puja, Ram Navami, Neel Puja, and Chorok Puja are held consecutively before the beginning of Bengali New Year on [[Poila Baishakh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/bengali-new-year-to-be-celebrated-on-april-15-1872381.html|title=Bengali New Year to Be Celebrated on April 15|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The month is also associated with the departure of spring.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/holika-dahan-2025-date-puja-time-story-what-you-need-to-know/articleshow/118942355.cms|title=Holika Dahan 2025: Check date, time significance, puja rituals and more|work=[[The Economic Times]]| access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Holi]], the Hindu spring festival of colours, is celebrated on the full moon day ([[Purnima]]) of [[Phalguna]], the month before Chaitra, exactly six days after which the [[Chaiti]] form of the [[Chhath]] festival is observed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/phalguna-month-2025-start-and-end-date/articleshow/118205948.cms|title=Phalguna Month 2025: Start and End Date|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 February 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/events/when-is-chaiti-chhath-puja-in-2025-know-chhath-puja-date-timing-history-and-important-rituals-here-122719263.html|title=When is Chaiti Chhath Puja in 2025? Know the Chhath Puja date, timing, history and important rituals here|work=India Times| access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Ram Navami]], which commemorates the birth of the Hindu god [[Rama]], is celebrated on [[Navami]] (ninth lunar day) [[thithi]] of the [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) of the month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/ram-navami-2025-know-the-date-timings-history-and-significance-9920146/|title=Ram Navami 2025: Date, Origin, Timings, Celebrations, & Significance|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=6 April 2025 | access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> [[Hanuman Jayanti]], dedicated to [[Hanuman]], is observed on the Purnima day of the month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/hanuman-jayanti-2025-date-history-and-significance-of-this-festival-8139081|title=Hanuman Jayanti 2025: Date, History And Significance Of This Festival|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

[[Chitra Pournami (festival)|Chitra Pournami]] is observed on the full moon day (Pournami) of the Tamil month of [[Chithirai]] (April–May) and is dedicated to [[Chitragupta]], the divine accountant for [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sisnambalava.org.uk/articles/religion/chitra-pournami-20130418045857.aspx|title=Chitra Pournami|date=18 Apr 2013|work=South Indian Society|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> People take a holy bath in rivers or temple tanks on this day to cleanse the sins of the past.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astroulagam.com.my/lifestyle/why-chitra-pournami-celebrated-59649|title=Why Is Chitra Pournami Celebrated?|work=Astro Ulagam|access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> Other rituals include special pujas to [[Indra]], offerings of rice, and [[Kavadi Attam]] dedicated to [[Murugan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://varnam.my/90597/chitra-pournami-embracing-divine-blessings/|title=Chitra Pournami: Embracing Divine Blessings|work=Varnam Malaysia|date=23 April 2024 |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In [[lunar calendar]], Chaitra begins with the [[new moon]] day and is the first month of the year. The first day of Chaitra is marked as the [[Navaratri#Chaitra Navaratri|Chaitra Navaratri]], the lunar new year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/chaitra-navratri-2025-know-the-timings-puja-vidhi-and-more-9911808/|title=Chaitra Navratri 2025: Start and End Date in India – History, Importance & Significance|work=[[The Indian Express]]| access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Navratri 2023: Date — Chaitra Navratri|url=https://www.bhaktibharat.com/en/festival/navratri|work=Bhakti Bharat|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Navadurga]] (nine forms of the goddess [[Durga]]) starts from Chaitra Shukla [[Pratipada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/navratri-2025-date-when-is-chaitra-navratri-check-rituals-and-a-guide-to-all-nine-forms-of-goddess-durga/articleshow/119629233.cms|title=Navratri 2025 date: When is Chaitra Navratri, Ram Navami? Check rituals and a guide to all nine forms of Maa Durga|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=28 March 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref>

According to [[Jain literature|Jain texts]], [[Mahavira]] was born on the thirteenth day of the bright half of the moon in the month of Chaitra in 599 BCE (Chaitra Sud 13). [[Jainism|Jains]] celebrate Mahavir Janma Kalyanak commemorating the same.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBuAAAAMAAJ|title=Gazetteers: Junagadh|last1=(India)|first1=Gujarat|year=1975|page=13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Kristi L. Wiley|title=Historical Dictionary of Jainism|publisher=Lanham|year=2004|page=134}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Chitragupta]]
* [[Hindu astronomy]]
* [[Jyotish]]
* [[Nisan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*01]]

Phen Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-06T20:34:29Z

Zuko: adding new info

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Phen Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Mandla district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Mandla]]
| area = 110.74 km²
| established = 1983
| governing_body = [[Madhya Pradesh Forest Department]]
}}

'''Phen Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area in the [[Mandla district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. Established in 1983, it spans 110.74 square kilometres.<ref name="WII">{{cite web |title=National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India |url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/9%20Compendium%20Book_2021_Low%20%281%29%20%282%29.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India |access-date=2026-01-04}}</ref> The sanctuary serves as a buffer zone for the [[Kanha Tiger Reserve]], with which it shares a biological corridor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt approves mining projects near key tiger corridors in MP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/govt-approves-mining-projects-near-key-tiger-corridors-in-mp/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Phen Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/phen-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Let’s get Versed with the finest Tiger Landscape of Kanha |url=https://www.kanhanationalparkonline.in/news/lets-get-versed-with-the-finest-tiger-landscape-of-kanha.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.kanhanationalparkonline.in |language=english}}</ref>

== Flora and Fauna ==
The sanctuary is characterized by dense sal and mixed deciduous forests. It is a critical habitat for the [[Bengal tiger]], [[Indian leopard]], [[Sloth bear]], and [[Sambar deer]].<ref name="WWF">{{cite report |title=Large carnivore and prey status in Phen Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=WWF India |year=2021 |url=https://wwfin.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/large_carnivore_and_prey_status_in_phen_wildlife_sanctuary__madhya_pradesh__india_low.pdf}}</ref> It also hosts nearly 200 bird species within its landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chalbanjare |title=Phen Sanctuary Zone Kanha Guide 2026 {{!}} Buffer Safari Zone Near Mukki Gate, Best Time, Permits & Tips |url=https://chalbanjare.com/faq/phen-sanctuary-zone-kanha |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=chalbanjare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Phen Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/07/phen-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Large carnivore and prey status in Phen Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.wwfindia.org/?12681/Phen-Wildlife-Sanctuary |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.wwfindia.org |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kanha Tiger Reserve]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|22|21|50|N|81|01|40|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:10000|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]
[[Category:Mandla district]]

List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2004 Indian general election

2026-02-04T15:44:38Z

Zuko: basic add formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|NDA candidates in 2004 Indian lower house election}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

National Democratic Alliance (NDA) is an Indian political party coalition led by Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Following is the Lok Sabha constituencies-wise list of the National Democratic Alliance candidates for the [[2004 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/2004-election-results.html | title=2004 India General (14th Lok Sabha) Elections Results }}</ref><ref>https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/</ref>

BJP is one of the two major political parties in India; the other being the Indian National Congress. BJP has formed pre-poll alliance with various parties and independent candidates to constitute the National Democratic Alliance. Of the 29 states and 7 union territories, BJP will be having alliance in states (Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra Nagaland, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh) and union territory (Puducherry) with regional political parties.

Together, NDA contested for all 543 constituency seats that will form the 14th Lok Sabha. BJP will form the highest share of NDA by contesting in constituencies; followed by other large parties like,JDU (33), AIADMK (33), TDP (33), AITC (31) and Shiv Sena (22).

== Lok Sabha 2004 general election ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Constituents of National Democratic Alliance (pre-poll alliance)
! No.
! Party
! Alliance in states
! Seats contested
! colspan="2" | Seats won
|-
! align="center" |1
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| All States and UTs
| align=right|'''364'''
| align=right|'''138'''
|{{Decrease}} 44
|-
! align="center" |2
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
*Bihar
*Karnataka
*Uttar Pradesh
*Lakshadweep
*Assam
| align=right|33
| align=right|8
|{{Decrease}} 13
|-
! align="center" |3
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| Andhra Pradesh
| align=right|33
| align=right|5
|{{Decrease}} 24
|-
! align="center" |4
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Tamil Nadu
| align=right|33
| align=right|0
|{{Decrease}} 10
|-
! align="center" |5
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
*West Bengal
*Meghalaya
*Tripura
| align=right|31
| align=right|2
|{{Decrease}} 6
|-
! align="center" |6
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| Maharashtra
| align=right|22
| align=right|12
|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
! align="center" |7
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| Orissa
| align=right|12
| align=right|11
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |8
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| Punjab
| align=right|10
| align=right|8
|{{Increase}} 6
|-
! align="center" |9
| [[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]
| Kerala
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
! align="center" |10
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| Sikkim
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
! align="center" |11
| [[Naga People's Front]]
| Nagaland
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |12
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| Mizoram
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
! align="center" |13
| [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]] ([[Independent politician|Independent candidate]]) supported by BJP
| Assam
| align=right|1
| align=right|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="3"| Total NDA Candidates
!'''543'''
!'''189'''
!{{Decrease}} 90
|}

==Andhra Pradesh==
{{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] (33)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (9)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]
| None
|[[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram]]
| ST
|[[Dadichiluka Veera Gouri Sankara Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bobbili]]
| None
| [[Kondapalli Pydithalli Naidu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 4
| [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
| None
|[[M. V. V. S. Murthi]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Bhadrachalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrachalam]]
| ST
|K.P.R.K Phaneeswaramma
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 6
| [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]]
| None
| [[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 7
| [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]
| None
|[[Mudragada Padmanabham]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]]
| None
|Kantipudi Sarvarayudu
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]]
| SC
| Dunna Janardhana Rao
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 10
| [[Narasapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapur]]
| None
|[[Krishnam Raju|U. V. Krishnam Raju]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 11
| [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]
| None
|[[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]]
| None
|[[Ambati Brahmanaiah]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 13
| [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]]
| None
|[[C. Aswani Dutt]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 14
| [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]]
| None
|[[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 15
| [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]]
| None
|[[Yemparala Venkateswara Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 16
| [[Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]]
| None
| [[D. Ramanaidu|Daggubati Ramanaidu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 17
| [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
| None
| Maddi Lakshmaiah
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 18
| [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]]
| None
| Bathula Vijaya Bharathi
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 19
| [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]]
| SC
|Balakondaiah Karupotala
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 20
| [[Tirupathi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupathi]]
| SC
|[[Nandipaku Venkataswamy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 21
| [[Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]]
| None
| [[D.K. Audikesavulu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 22
| [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
| None
| Gunipati Ramaiah
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 23
| [[Cuddapah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddapah]]
| None
| [[M. V. Mysura Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 24
| [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]]
| None
| [[B K Parthasarathi]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 25
| [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]]
| None
| [[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 26
| [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]]
| None
| [[K. E. Krishnamurthy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 27
| [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
| None
| [[Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 28
| [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]]
| SC
| [[Manda Jagannath]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 29
| [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]]
| None
| Yelkoti Yella Reddy
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 30
| [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]]
| None
|G. Subash Chanderji
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 31
| [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]]
| None
|[[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 32
| [[Siddipet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siddipet]]
| SC
|K.Lingaiah
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 33
| [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]]
| None
| P.Ramachandra Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 34
| [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]]
| None
| Syed Yusuf Ali
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 35
| [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]]
| None
| [[Samudrala Venugopal Chary]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 36
| [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalli]]
| SC
|[[Chellamalla Suguna Kumari]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 37
| [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]]
| None
|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 38
| [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]]
| None
| [[Chada Suresh Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 39
| [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]]
| None
| Bodakunti Venkateshwarlu
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 40
| [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]]
| None
| [[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 41
| [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| None
| [[Indrasena Reddy|Nallu Indrasena Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 42
| [[Miryalguda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Miryalguda]]
| None
| Vangala Swamy Goud
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| Telugu Desam Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-

|}

==Arunachal Pradesh==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| None
| [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| None
| [[Tapir Gao]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{Won}}

|}

==Assam==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (12) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#1D3463|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#757575|[[Independent Politician|IND]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]]
| SC
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]]
| None
| [[Kabindra Purkayastha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]]
| ST
| Ratan Teron
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4
| [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
| None
| Jabeen Borbhuyan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5
| [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]]
| ST
| Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary
| bgcolor=#757575|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6
| [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]]
| None
| Ranjit Thakuria
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7
| [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]]
| None
| [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8
| [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]]
| None
| [[Narayan Chandra Borkataky]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9
| [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]]
| None
| Ghisa Lal Agarwalla
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10
| [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]]
| None
| [[Rajen Gohain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11
| [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]]
| None
| Rashidul Haque
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12
| [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
| None
| Dayananda Borgohain
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13
| [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]
| None
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14
| [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]]
| None
| [[Uday Shankar Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}

|}
==Bihar==

{{legend2|#1D3463|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (24) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (16) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Bagaha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagaha]]
| SC
| [[Kailash Baitha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]]
| None
| [[Madan Prasad Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Motihari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Motihari]]
| None
| [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| None
| Prabhu Dayal Singh
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan]]
| None
| [[Om Prakash Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 6
| [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
| None
| [[Prabhunath Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 7
| [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]]
| None
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]]
| SC
| [[Chhedi Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]]
| None
| Harendra Kumar
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 10
| [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]
| None
| [[George Fernandes]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 11
| [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| None
| [[Nawal Kishore Rai]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]]
| None
| Mohammad Anwarul Haque
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 13
| [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| None
| [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 14
| [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]]
| None
| [[Jagannath Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 15
| [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
| None
| [[Kirti Azad]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 16
| [[Rosera (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rosera]]
| SC
| [[Dasai Chowdhary]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 17
| [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]]
| None
| Ram Chandra Singh
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 18
| [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]]
| None
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 19
| [[Balia, Bihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balia]]
| None
| [[Ram Jeevan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 20
| [[Saharsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]]
| None
| [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 21
| [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| None
| [[Sharad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 22
| [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
| SC
| [[Sukdeo Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 23
| [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]]
| None
| [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 24
| [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnea]]
| None
| [[Uday Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 25
| [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]]
| None
| [[Nikhil Kumar Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 26
| [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]]
| None
| [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 27
| [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
| None
| [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 28
| [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
| None
| [[Renu Kumari Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 29
| [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Monghyr]]
| None
| [[Monazir Hassan]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 30
| [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| None
| [[Lalan Singh|Rajiv Ranjan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 31
| [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]]
| None
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 32
| [[Patna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna]]
| None
| [[C. P. Thakur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 33
| [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]]
| None
| Ashok Kumar Verma
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 34
| [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
| None
| [[Lalmuni Chaubey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 35
| [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]]
| SC
| [[Muni Lall]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 36
| [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]]
| None
| [[Ajit Kumar Singh (born 1962)|Ajit Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 37
| [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| None
| [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 38
| [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]]
| None
| [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 39
| [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada]]
| SC
| [[Sanjay Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 40
| [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]
| SC
| Balbir Chand
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
|}

== Chhattisgarh==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (11) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Sarguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]]
| ST
| [[Nand Kumar Sai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]]
| ST
| [[Vishnudeo Sai|Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 3
| [[Janjgir-Champa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]]
| None
| [[Karuna Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 4
| [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]]
| SC
|[[Punnulal Mohle]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 5
| [[Sarangarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarangarh]]
| SC
| [[Guharam Ajgalle]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| None
| [[Ramesh Bais]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 7
| [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| None
| [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
|-
| 8
| [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]
| ST
| [[Sohan Potai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 9
| [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]]
| ST
| [[Baliram Kashyap]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 10
| [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]]
| None
| [[Tarachand Sahu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 11
| [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| None
| [[Pradeep Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==Goa==

{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
| None
| [[Shripad Yasso Naik|Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mormugao]]
| None
| [[Ramakant Angle]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}

|}
==Gujarat==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (26) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kutch]]
| None
| [[Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi|Pushpdan Gadhavi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]]
| None
| [[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 3
| [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]]
| None
| [[Chandresh Patel Kordia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]]
| None
| [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 5
| [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]]
| None
| [[Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel|Harilal Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]]
| None
| [[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 7
| [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]]
| None
| [[Dileepbhai Sanghani|Dileep Sanghani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]]
| None
| [[Rajendrasinh Ghanshyamsinh Rana|Rajendrasinh Rana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 9
| [[Dhandhuka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhandhuka]]
| SC
| [[Ratilal Kalidas Varma|Ratilal Varma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 10
| [[Ahmedabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad]]
| None
| [[Harin Pathak]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 11
| [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
| None
| [[L. K. Advani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 12
| [[Mahesana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mehsana]]
| None
| [[Nitinbhai Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 13
| [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
| SC
| [[Mahesh Kumar Kanodia|Mahesh Kanodia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 14
| [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]]
| None
| [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 15
| [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]]
| None
| [[Ramilaben Bara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 16
| [[Kapadvanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kapadvanj]]
| None
| [[Liladhar Vaghela]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 17
| [[Dahod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dohad]]
| ST
| [[Babubhai Khimabhai Katara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 18
| [[Godhra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godhra]]
| None
| [[Bhupendrasinh Prabhatsinh Solanki|Bhupendrasinh Solanki]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 19
| [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaira]]
| None
| Shubhanginiraje Ranjitsinh Gaekwad
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 20
| [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]]
| None
| Jayprakash Vaghajibhai Patel
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 21
| [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]]
| ST
| [[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 22
| [[Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baroda]]
| None
| [[Jayaben Thakkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 23
| [[Bharuch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Broach]]
| None
| [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 24
| [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]]
| None
| [[Kashiram Rana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| 25
| [[Mandvi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandvi]]
| ST
| [[Mansinh Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| 26
| [[Valsad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulsar]]
| ST
| [[Manibhai Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
|}

==Haryana==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (10) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]]
| SC
| [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
| None
| Gurdayal Singh Saini
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| None
| [[I. D. Swami|Ishwar Dayal Swami]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonepat]]
| None
| [[Kishan Singh Sangwan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 5
| [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| None
| [[Captain Abhimanyu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 6
| [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
| None
| [[Ram Chander Bainda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 7
| [[Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]]
| None
| [[Sudha Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]]
| None
| [[Ram Bilas Sharma (politician)|Ram Bilas Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]]
| None
| Swami Raghvanand
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 10
| [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]
| SC
| Mahavir Parshad
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-

|}

==Himachal Pradesh==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Shimla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Simla]]
| SC
| Hira Nand Kashyap
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]]
| None
| [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
| None
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| None
| [[Suresh Chandel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==Jammu and Kashmir==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| None
| Mohmad Akbar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| None
| Iftikhar Sadiq
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]]
| None
| Sofi Mohf. Yousuf
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]]
| None
| Sonam Palzor
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]
| None
| [[Chaman Lal Gupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 6
| [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]]
| None
| [[Nirmal Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Jharkhand==

{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (14) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| ST
| [[Som Marandi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
| ST
| Sone Lal Hembrom
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]]
| None
| [[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]
| None
| [[Nagmani Kushwaha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| None
| [[Babulal Marandi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| None
| [[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 7
| [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]
| None
| [[Rita Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| None
| [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| None
| [[Abha Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 10
| [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]]
| ST
| [[Laxman Giluwa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 11
| [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| ST
| [[Kariya Munda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| ST
| [[Dukha Bhagat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 13
| [[Palamau (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamau]]
| SC
| [[Braj Mohan Ram]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 14
| [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| None
| [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Karnataka==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (24) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#1D3463|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (4) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]
| SC
| [[Ramchandra Veerappa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
| None
| [[Basavaraj Patil Sedam]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]]
| None
| Kallur Suresh Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]]
| None
| Nagappa Saloni
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
| None
| [[G. Karunakara Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davanagere]]
| None
| [[G. M. Siddeshwara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 7
| [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| None
| [[C. P. Mudalagiriyappa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]]
| None
| [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 9
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
| None
| Ashok Krishnappa
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 10
| [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]]
| SC
| D S Veeraiah
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 11
| [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]]
| None
| [[Ramachandra Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
| None
| [[H. T. Sangliana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 13
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
| None
| [[Ananth Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 14
| [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
| None
| K S Jayaram
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 15
| [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]]
| SC
| N Chamaraju
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 16
| [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]]
| None
| [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 17
| [[Mangalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]]
| None
| [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 18
| [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi]]
| None
| [[Manorama Madhwaraj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 19
| [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]]
| None
| [[H. N. Nanje Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 20
| [[Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikmagalur]]
| None
| [[D. C. Srikantappa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 21
| [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]]
| None
| [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 22
| [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanara]]
| None
| [[Anant Kumar Hegde]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 23
| [[Dharwad South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad South]]
| None
| [[Manjunath Kunnur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 24
| [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]]
| None
| [[Pralhad Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 25
| [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]]
| None
| [[Suresh Angadi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 26
| [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]]
| SC
| [[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 27
| [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]
| None
| [[P. C. Gaddigoudar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 28
| [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
| None
| [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==Kerala==

{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (19) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#CC3399|[[Indian Federal Democratic Party|IFDP]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| None
| Adv V Balakrishna Shetty
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cannanore]]
| None
| O K Vasu Master
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Badagara]]
| None
| K. P. Sreesan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calicut]]
| None
| M. T. Ramesh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
| None
| Uma Unni
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 6
| [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
| None
| Aravindan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 7
| [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghat]]
| None
| C. Udai Bhasker
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ottapalam]]
| SC
| Velayudhan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trichur]]
| None
| P. S. Sreeraman
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 10
| [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]]
| None
| Mathew Pailee
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 11
| [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| None
| O. G. Thankappan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]
| None
| [[P. C. Thomas]]
| bgcolor=#CC3399|
| [[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 13
| [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
| None
| B. Radhakrishna Menon
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 14
| [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| None
| S. T. B. Mohandas
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 15
| [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alleppey]]
| None
| V. Padmanabhan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 16
| [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]]
| None
| [[S. Krishna Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 17
| [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]]
| SC
| P. M. Velayudhan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 18
| [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Quilon]]
| None
| Kizhakkanela Sudhakaran
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 19
| [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]]
| None
| J. R. Padmakumar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 20
| [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]]
| None
| [[O. Rajagopal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Madhya Pradesh==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (29) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| SC
| [[Ashok Chhaviram Argal|Ashok Argal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
| None
| [[Ram Lakhan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 3
| [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
| None
| [[Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]]
| None
| Harivallabh Shukla
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
| SC
| [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| None
| [[Ramkrishna Kusmaria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 7
| [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
| None
| [[Chandrabhan Bhaiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 8
| [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| None
| [[Ganesh Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 9
| [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| None
| [[Chandramani Tripathi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 10
| [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
| ST
| [[Chandrapratap Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 11
| [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]]
| ST
| [[Dalpat Singh Paraste]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 12
| [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]]
| None
| [[Gaurishankar Bisen]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 13
| [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]]
| ST
| [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 14
| [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]]
| None
| [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 15
| [[Seoni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Seoni]]
| None
| [[Neeta Pateriya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 16
| [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]]
| None
| [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 17
| [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]]
| None
| [[Vijay Kumar Khandelwal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 18
| [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]]
| None
| [[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 19
| [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]]
| None
| [[Kailash Chandra Joshi|Kailash Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 20
| [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]
| None
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 21
| [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]]
| None
| [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 22
| [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]]
| SC
| [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 23
| [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]]
| None
| [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 24
| [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]]
| None
| [[Krishna Murari Moghe]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 25
| [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]]
| ST
| [[Chhatar Singh Darbar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 26
| [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]]
| None
| [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 27
| [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]]
| SC
| [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 28
| [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhabua]]
| ST
| Relam Chauhan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 29
| [[Mandsour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]]
| None
| [[Laxminarayan Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==Maharashtra==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (26)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF6634|[[Shiv Sena|SS]] (22) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Rajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajapur]]
| None
| [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri]]
| None
| [[Anant Geete]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 3
| [[Kolaba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolaba]]
| None
| Shyam Sawant
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]]
| None
| [[Jayawantiben Mehta]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]]
| None
| [[Mohan Rawale]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]]
| None
| [[Manohar Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 7
| [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East]]
| None
| [[Kirit Somaiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]]
| None
| [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]]
| None
| [[Ram Naik]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 10
| [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]]
| None
| [[Paranjape Prakash Vishvanath|Prakash Paranjape]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 11
| [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahanu]]
| ST
| [[Chintaman Vanaga]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]]
| None
| Dashrath Patil
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 13
| [[Malegaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malegaon]]
| ST
| [[Harischandra Devram Chavan|Harischandra Chavan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 14
| [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]]
| ST
| [[Ramdas Rupla Gavit]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 15
| [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]]
| ST
| Natawadkar Suhas Jayant
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 16
| [[Erandol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erandol]]
| None
| [[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 17
| [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]]
| None
| [[Y. G. Mahajan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 18
| [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]]
| SC
| [[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 19
| [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]]
| None
| [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre|Sanjay Dhotre]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 20
| [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim]]
| None
| [[Bhavana Gawali]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 21
| [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]
| None
| [[Anant Gudhe]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 22
| [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]]
| None
| [[Mohite Subodh Baburao|Subodh Mohite]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 23
| [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]]
| None
| Atal Bahadur Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 24
| [[Bhandara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara]]
| None
| [[Shishupal Natthu Patle|Shishupal Patle]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 25
| [[Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chimur]]
| None
| [[Mahadeo Shivankar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 26
| [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]]
| None
| [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 27
| [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]]
| None
| [[Suresh Ganapat Wagmare|Suresh Wagmare]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 28
| [[Yavatmal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal]]
| None
| [[Harising Nasaru Rathod]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 29
| [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]]
| None
| [[Shivaji Mane]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 30
| [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]]
| None
| [[D. B. Patil|Digamber Bapuji Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 31
| [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]]
| None
| [[Tukaram Renge Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 32
| [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]]
| None
| [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 33
| [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| None
| [[Chandrakant Khaire]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 34
| [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]]
| None
| [[Prakashdada Solanke]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 35
| [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]]
| None
| [[Rupatai Patil Nilangekar|Rupatai Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 36
| [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]]
| SC
| [[Kalpana Ramesh Narhire|Kalpana Narhire]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 37
| [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sholapur]]
| None
| [[Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 38
| [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]]
| SC
| Nagnath Dattatray Kshirsagar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 39
| [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| None
| [[N. S. Pharande]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 40
| [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kopargaon]]
| None
| Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 41
| [[Khed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khed]]
| None
| [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 42
| [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]]
| None
| [[Pradeep Rawat (politician)|Pradeep Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 43
| [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]]
| None
| Prithviraj Sahebrao Jachak
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 44
| [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]]
| None
| [[Hindurao Naik Nimbalkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 45
| [[Karad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karad]]
| None
| Mankumare Vasant Dnyandev
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 46
| [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]
| None
| Deepak Mhaisalkar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 47
| [[Ichalkaranji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ichalkaranji]]
| None
| Sanjay Shamrao Patil
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 48
| [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]]
| None
| [[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Manipur==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| None
| [[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| ST
| D. Loli Adanee
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-

|}

==Meghalaya==
{{legend2|#3CB371|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| None
| Sanbor Swell Lyngdoh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
| None
| [[P. A. Sangma]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Won}}

|}

==Mizoram==
{{legend2|#2E5694|[[Mizo National Front|MNF]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| ST
| [[Vanlalzawma]]
| bgcolor=#2E5694|
| [[Mizo National Front]]
|
|{{Won}}

|}
==Nagaland==
{{legend2|#990066|[[Naga People's Front|NPF]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| None
| [[W. Wangyuh]]
| bgcolor=#990066|
| [[Naga People's Front]]
|
| {{won}}

|}
==Odisha==
{{legend2|#006400|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] (12)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (9)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]
| ST
| [[Bhagirathi Majhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]]
| None
| [[Mahamegha Bahan Aira Kharbela Swain|Kharabela Swain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 3
| [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| SC
| [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 4
| [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]]
| SC
| [[Mohan Jena]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 5
| [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]]
| None
| [[Archana Nayak]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| None
| [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 7
| [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]]
| None
| [[Brahmananda Panda]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 8
| [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]]
| None
| [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 9
| [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| None
| [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 10
| [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| None
| [[Harihar Swain|Hari Har Swain]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 11
| [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]]
| None
| [[Anadi Charan Sahu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]]
| ST
| Papanna Mutika
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 13
| [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowrangpur]]
| ST
| [[Parsuram Majhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 14
| [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]]
| None
| [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 15
| [[Phulbani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulbani]]
| SC
| [[Sugrib Singh]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 16
| [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| None
| [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 17
| [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]]
| None
| [[Prasanna Acharya]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 18
| [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deogarh]]
| None
| [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 19
| [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| None
| [[Tathagata Satpathy]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 20
| [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]]
| ST
| [[Jual Oram]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 21
| [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
| ST
| [[Ananta Nayak]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
|}

==Punjab==
{{legend2|#BD710F|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (10)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (3)|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]]
| None
| [[Vinod Khanna]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| None
| [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 3
| [[Tarn Taran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tarn Taran]]
| None
| [[Rattan Singh Ajnala]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 4
| [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jullundur]]
| None
| [[Naresh Gujral]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Phillaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phillaur]]
| SC
| [[Charanjit Singh Atwal]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| None
| [[Avinash Rai Khanna]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 7
| [[Ropar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ropar]]
| SC
| [[Sukhdev Singh Libra]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 8
| [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| None
| Kanwaljit Singh
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]]
| None
| [[Sharanjit Singh Dhillon]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 10
| [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]
| None
| [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 11
| [[Bathinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhatinda]]
| SC
| [[Paramjit Kaur Gulshan]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 12
| [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| None
| [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 13
| [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ferozepur]]
| None
| [[Zora Singh Maan]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-

|}

==Rajasthan==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (25) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ganganagar]]
| SC
| [[Nihalchand|Nihalchand Meghwal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 2
| [[Bikaner (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikaner]]
| None
| [[Dharmendra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 3
| [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]]
| None
| [[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 4
| [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhunjhunu]]
| GEN
| [[Santosh Ahlawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Sikar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikar]]
| None
| [[Subhash Maharia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 6
| [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]]
| None
| [[Girdhari Lal Bhargava]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 7
| [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]
| None
| [[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]]
| None
| [[Mahant Chandnath]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur]]
| None
| [[Vishvendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 10
| [[Bayana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bayana]]
| SC
| [[Ramswaroop Koli]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 11
| [[Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]]
| ST
| [[Jaskaur Meena]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]
| None
| [[Rasa Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 13
| [[Tonk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk]]
| SC
| [[Kailash Chandra Meghwal|Kailash Meghwal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 14
| [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kota]]
| None
| [[Raghuveer Singh Koshal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 15
| [[Jhalawar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhalawar]]
| None
| [[Dushyant Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 16
| [[Banswara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banswara]]
| ST
| [[Dhan Singh Rawat (Rajasthan politician)|Dhan Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 17
| [[Salumber (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salumber]]
| ST
| [[Mahaveer Bhagora]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 18
| [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]]
| None
| [[Kiran Maheshwari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 19
| [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittorgarh]]
| None
| [[Shrichand Kriplani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 20
| [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara]]
| None
| [[V. P. Singh Badnore]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 21
| [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]]
| None
| [[Pusp Jain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 22
| [[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]]
| SC
| [[Susheela Laxman Bangaru|Bangaru Susheela]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 23
| [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]]
| None
| [[Manvendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 24
| [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]]
| None
| [[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 25
| [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]]
| None
| [[Bhanwar Singh Dangawas]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-

|}
==Sikkim==
{{legend2|#FFFC06|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| None
| [[Nakul Das Rai]]
| bgcolor=#FFFC06|
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|
| {{Won}}

|}
==Tamil Nadu==
{{legend2|#007500|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (33) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras North]]
| None
|Sukumar Nambiar. M N
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras Central]]
| None
| Balaganga N
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras South]]
| None
| Bader Sayeed
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| SC
| P. Venugopal
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chengalpattu]]
| None
| K.N. Ramachandra
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 6
| [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]]
| None
| Shanmugam N.
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 7
| [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]
| None
| Santhanam. A
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 8
| [[Tirupattur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupattur]]
| None
| Subramani. K. G
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 9
| [[Vandavasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vandavasi]]
| None
| R Rajalakshmi
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 10
| [[Tindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tindivanam]]
| None
| Arunmozhithevan. A
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 11
| [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]]
| None
| Rajendran. R
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 12
| [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| SC
| Tada.D.Periyasamy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 13
| [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
| None
| [[P. D. Elangovan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 14
| [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
| None
| Nanje Gowdu. K
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 15
| [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rasipuram]]
| SC
| Anbalagan. S
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 16
| [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]]
| None
| Rajasekaran. A
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 17
| [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]]
| None
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 18
| [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]]
| None
| [[Master Mathan|M Master Mathan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 19
| [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
| None
| N. R Govindarajar
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 20
| [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
| None
| [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 21
| [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]]
| SC
| Murugan. G
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 22
| [[Palani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palani]]
| None
| Kishore Kumar. K
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 23
| [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
| None
| Jeyaraman. M
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 24
| [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
| None
| [[A. K. Bose]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 25
| [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]]
| None
| [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 26
| [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
| None
| Palanichamy Raja. N
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 27
| [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]
| None
| [[M. Paranjothi]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 28
| [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]]
| SC
| [[M. Sundaram]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 29
| [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuturai]]
| None
| [[O. S. Manian]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 30
| [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
| SC
| Archunan. P J
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 31
| [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]]
| None
| Thangamuthu. K
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 32
| [[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]]
| None
| Ravichandran. A
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 33
| [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
| None
| Karuppiah. S P
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 34
| [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
| None
| Murugesan. C
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 35
| [[Sivakasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivakasi]]
| None
| Kannan. P
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 36
| [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
| None
| Amirtha Ganesan R
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 37
| [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]
| SC
| [[S. Murugesan (AIADMK politician)|S. Murugesan]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 38
| [[Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchendur]]
| None
| Thamodaran. T
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 39
| [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]]
| None
| [[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-

|}
==Tripura==
{{legend2|#3CB371|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| None
| Amar Mallik
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
| {{lost}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2
| [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| ST
| Pulin Behari Dewan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}

|}
==Uttar Pradesh==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (77)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#1D3463|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (3) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]]
| SC
|[[Sheeshram Singh Ravi|Sheesh Ram Singh Ravi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 2
|[[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]]
|None
|[[Chetan Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 3
|[[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]]
|None
|[[Chandra Vijay Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 4
|[[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]]
|None
|Rajendra Kumar Sharma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 5
|[[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]]
|None
|Omveer Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 6
|[[Badaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Budaun]]
|None
|Brijpal Singh Shakya
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 7
|[[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]]
|None
|[[Sarvraj Singh|Kunwar Sarvraj Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
| 8
|[[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]]
|None
|[[Santosh Gangwar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
| 9
|[[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]]
|None
|[[Maneka Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
| 10
|[[Shahjahanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahjahanpur]]
|None
|[[Suresh Kumar Khanna]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 11
|[[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]]
|None
|[[Vinay Katiyar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 12
|[[Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]]
|None
|Satya Dev Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 13
|[[Sitapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitapur]]
|None
|Janardan Prasad Mishra
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 14
|[[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Misrikh]]
|SC
|Paragi Lal Chau
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 15
|[[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]]
|SC
|Anita Verma
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 16
|[[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]
|None
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
| 17
|[[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]]
|SC
|Mast Ram
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 18
|[[Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Unnao]]
|None
|[[Devi Bux Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 19
|[[Raebareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raebareli]]
|None
|Girish Narayan Panday
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 20
|[[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
|None
|Ramashankar Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 21
|[[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]]
|None
|[[Ram Vilas Vedanti]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 22
|[[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]]
|None
|Veena Pandey
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 23
|[[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]]
|SC
|Triveni Ram
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 24
|[[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]]
|None
|[[Lallu Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 25
|[[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bara Banki]]
|SC
|[[Ram Naresh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 26
|[[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]]
|None
|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 27
|[[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]]
|None
|[[Padamsen Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
| 28
|[[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balrampur]]
|None
|[[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
| 29
|[[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]]
|None
|Ghan Shyam Shukla
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|30
|[[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]]
|SC
|[[Sriram Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|31
|[[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariaganj]]
|None
|[[Rampal Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Ram Pal Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|32
|[[Khalilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khalilabad]]
|None
|[[Ram Prasad Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|33
|[[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]]
|SC
|[[Raj Narain Passi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|34
|[[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]]
|None
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|35
|[[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
|None
|[[Pankaj Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|36
|[[Padrauna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Padrauna]]
|None
|[[Ram Nagina Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|37
|[[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]]
|None
|[[Prakash Mani Tripathi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|38
|[[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]]
|None
|Rajdhari Singh
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|39
|[[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]]
|None
|Parmatma Nand Tiwari
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|40
|[[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]]
|None
|Bharat Lal Rahi Kushwaha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|41
|[[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]]
|None
|Shah Mohammad
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|42
|[[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]
|SC
|Kalpnath
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|43
|[[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machhlishahr]]
|None
|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|44
|[[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]]
|None
|[[Chinmayanand (politician)|Swami Chinmayanand]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|45
|[[Saidpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saidpur]]
|SC
|[[Vidyasagar Sonkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|46
|[[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]]
|None
|[[Manoj Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|47
|[[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]]
|None
|Shashikant Rajbhar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|48
|[[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
|None
|[[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|49
|[[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]]
|SC
|[[Ram Shakal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|50
|[[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]]
|None
|[[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|51
|[[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
|None
|Beni Madhav Bind
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|52
|[[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]]
|None
|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|53
|[[Chail (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chail]]
|SC
|[[Amrit Lal Bharti]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|54
|[[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]]
|None
|[[Ashok Kumar Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|55
|[[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]]
|None
|[[Bhairon Prasad Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|56
|[[Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]]
|None
|Surendra Pal Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|57
|[[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]]
|None
|[[Rajendra Agnihotri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|58
|[[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]]
|SC
|[[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|59
|[[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]]
|SC
|[[Kamal Rani Varun]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|60
|[[Bilhaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilhaur]]
|None
|[[Shyam Bihari Misra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|61
|[[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]]
|None
|[[Satyadev Pachauri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|62
|[[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]]
|None
|[[Sarita Bhadauria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|63
|[[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]]
|None
|Ramanand Yadav
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|64
|[[Farrukhabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]]
|None
|[[Mukesh Rajput]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|65
|[[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]]
|None
|[[Balram Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|66
|[[Jalesar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalesar]]
|None
|Pratyendra Pal Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|67
|[[Etah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etah]]
|None
|Ashok Ratan Shakya
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|68
|[[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]
|SC
|Kishori Lal Mahaur
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|69
|[[Agra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Agra]]
|None
|Murari Lal Mittal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|70
|[[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]]
|None
|[[Chaudhary Tejveer Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|71
|[[Hathras (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hathras]]
|SC
|[[Kishan Lal Diler]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|72
|[[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]]
|None
|[[Sheela Gautam]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|73
|[[Khurja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khurja]]
|SC
|[[Ashok Kumar Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|74
|[[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]]
|None
|[[Kalyan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|75
|[[Hapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hapur]]
|None
|[[Ramesh Chand Tomar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|76
|[[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]]
|None
|[[K. C. Tyagi]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|77
|[[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]]
|None
|[[Satya Pal Malik]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|78
|[[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]
|None
|[[Amar Pal Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|79
|[[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]]
|None
|Amarkant Rana
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|80
|[[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]]
|None
|[[Yashpal Singh (politician)|Chaudhary Yashpal Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}

|}

==Uttarakhand==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (5)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
|1
|[[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]]
|None
|[[Manabendra Shah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|2
|[[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
|None
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|3
|[[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]
|None
|[[Bachi Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|4
|[[Nainital (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital]]
|None
|Vijay Bansal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|5
|[[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haridwar]]
|SC
|[[Harpal Singh Sathi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==West Bengal==
{{legend2|#3CB371|[[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] (29)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (13)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
|1
|[[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
|SC
|Girindra Nath Barman
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|2
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
|ST
|[[Manoj Tigga]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|3
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|None
|Parash Datta
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|4
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|None
|G.S. Yonzone
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|5
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|None
|Zainal Abedin
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|6
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
|SC
|Manomohan Ray
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|7
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|None
|Badsha Alam
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|8
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|None
|Shish Mohammad
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|9
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|None
|Mohammad Ali
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|10
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|None
|Tapas Kumar Chatterjee
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|11
|[[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|None
|[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|12
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]]
|SC
|Nilima Nag
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|13
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|None
|[[Ranjit Kumar Panja]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|14
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|None
|[[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|15
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Joynagar]]
|SC
|Asit Baran Thakur
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|16
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
|SC
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|17
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|None
|[[Saugata Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|18
|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|None
|[[Krishna Bose]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|19
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|None
|[[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|20
|[[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|None
|[[Tapan Sikdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|21
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|None
|[[Subrata Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|22
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|None
|[[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|23
|[[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
|None
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Won}}
|-
|24
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|None
|[[Bikram Sarkar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|25
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|None
|[[Rajib Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|26
|[[Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|None
|Akbar Ali Khandoker
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|27
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|None
|[[Indrani Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|28
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
|None
|Swapan Kumar Nandi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|29
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|None
|Hema Choubey
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|30
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|None
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|31
|[[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|None
|[[Nitish Sengupta]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|32
|[[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|None
|Rahul Sinha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|33
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
|ST
|Nityananda Hembram
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|34
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|None
|Niyati Mahato
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|35
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|None
|Deb Prasad Kundu
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|36
|[[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Vishnupur]]
|SC
|Janardan Saha
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|37
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur]]
|SC
|Shib Narayan Saha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|38
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|None
|[[Moloy Ghatak]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|39
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|None
|Anindya Gopal Mitra
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|40
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|None
|[[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|41
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|None
|Nirmal Kumar Maji
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|42
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
|SC
|Arjun Saha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| None
| [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|}

==Chandigarh==
[[File:Chandigarh Lok Sabha election result 2019.png|thumb|150px]]
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]
| None
| [[Satya Pal Jain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}

|}

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| None
| Anilbhai Patel
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|}

==Daman and Diu==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]]
| None
| [[Gopal Kalan Tandel|Gopalbhai Tandel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Bharatiya Janata Party
|
| {{lost}}
|}

==Lakshadweep==
{{legend2|#1D3463|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (1) |border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]]
| ST
| [[P. Pookunhi Koya]]
| bgcolor=#1D3463|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|
| {{Won}}

|}

==NCT of Delhi==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (7)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| 1
| [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| None
| [[Jagmohan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 2
| [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| None
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Won}}
|-
| 3
| [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
| None
| [[Sahib Singh Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 4
| [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
| None
| [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 5
| [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| None
| [[Smriti Irani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 6
| [[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
| None
| [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 7
| [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]]
| SC
| [[Anita Arya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{Lost}}

|}

==Puducherry==
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (1)
|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Constituency No.
! style="width:180px;"|Constituency
! Reserved for
([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC/ST]]/None)
! style="width:200px;"|Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
!Poll On
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1
| [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pondicherry]]
| None
| [[Lalitha Kumaramangalam]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
| {{lost}}

|}

== See also ==
{{Lists of National Democratic Alliance candidates in Indian general elections}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{National Democratic Alliance}}

[[Category:2004 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian political candidates|National Democratic Alliance]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance]]

Opera House Assembly constituency

2026-01-29T21:51:06Z

Zuko: adding a data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Opera House
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[South Mumbai|Opera House]]''' Vidhan Sabha constituency was one of the 288 constituencies in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from Mumbai area, in [[India]]. The constituency existed until the 2004 elections and was part of [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency]]. It became defunct after the constituency map was redrawn.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Opera House Assembly Constituency |url=http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Opera-House-in-Maharashtra |work=Traceall |access-date= 6 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |work=kar.nic|access-date=6 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 6 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=6 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opera House Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/operahouse-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jayawantiben Mehta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Prabhu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="3" |Chandrakant Padwal
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Shiv Sena}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Arvind Nerkar
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2008 onwards : Constituency defunct''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Opera House}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Arvinda Nerkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,968 |percentage = 56.54% |change={{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kisan Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,948 |percentage = 40.65% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ketan Arun Kadm |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 854 |percentage = 1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Joseph Bavatis Rodriques |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 386 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,020 |percentage = 15.90% |change= {{increase}}5.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,156 |percentage = 48.32% |change= {{increase}}2.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,156}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,377|ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}5.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Opera House<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Shankar Padwal |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 22,363 |percentage = 50.74% |change={{decrease}}13.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kisan Baburao Jadhav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,826 |percentage = 40.44% |change={{increase}}9.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajendra Raju Maganlal Merchant |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,424 |percentage = 7.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Vasant Krishna Advocate |party=Independent politician |votes = 463 |percentage = 1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,537 |percentage = 10.29% |change= {{decrease}}22.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,082 |percentage = 46.15% |change= {{decrease}}13.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,076}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,522|ref = |change= {{increase}}1.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}13.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Opera House<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Shankar Padwal |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 36,321 |percentage = 64.07% |change={{increase}}11.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sujata Dhawale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,602 |percentage = 31.05% |change={{decrease}}4.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dinesh Panchal |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,089 |percentage = 1.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Keshav Sawant |party=Independent politician |votes = 687 |percentage = 1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sukri Habib Abdulkader |party=Independent politician |votes = 477 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devji Jethalal Charla |party=Independent politician |votes = 409 |percentage = 0.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,719 |percentage = 33.02% |change= {{increase}}16.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,483 |percentage = 60.82% |change= {{increase}}5.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,691}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,518|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}11.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Opera House<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant Shankar Padwal |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 29,757 |percentage = 52.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhu Chandrashekhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,222 |percentage = 35.81% |change={{decrease}}10.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Solanki Avinash Mithalal |party=Janata Dal |votes = 5,812 |percentage = 10.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,535 |percentage = 16.88% |change= {{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,920 |percentage = 55.08% |change= {{increase}}6.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,477}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,343|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Opera House<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Chandrashekhar Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,934 |percentage = 45.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Damodar Vartak |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,850 |percentage = 27.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kirit Somaiya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,910 |percentage = 23.88% |change={{decrease}}37.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shantaram S. Brid |party=Independent politician |votes = 869 |percentage = 1.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,084 |percentage = 18.21% |change= {{decrease}}5.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,315 |percentage = 48.68% |change= {{increase}}11.33 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,873}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,368|ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}15.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Opera House<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jayawantiben Mehta|Jayawantiben Navinchandra Mehta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,113 |percentage = 61.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Brid Shantaram Sakharam |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 14,861 |percentage = 37.80% |change={{increase}}32.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nagare Bhaskar Bhikaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 341 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,252 |percentage = 23.53% |change= {{decrease}}14.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,646 |percentage = 37.23% |change= {{decrease}}28.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,315}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,491|ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Opera House<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Jayawantiben Mehta|Jayawantiben Navinchandra Mehta]] |party=Janata Party |votes = 43,625 |percentage = 61.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Navalkar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 16,768 |percentage = 23.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ankleshwaria Ramanlal Chhotalal |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 7,128 |percentage = 10.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. N. Shah |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 3,547 |percentage = 4.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,857 |percentage = 37.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,994 |percentage = 66.23% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,068}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,701|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[South Mumbai]]
* [[Mumbai City district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.955|72.817|display=title}}

[[Category:Mumbai City district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Mumbai-geo-stub}}

Rani Shiromani

2026-01-18T03:28:07Z

Zuko:

{{Short description|Indian Revolutionary and Queen of Karnagarh}}{{Infobox person
| name = Rani Shiromani
| birth_date = 1728
| death_date = 1812
| death_place = [[Midnapore]], British India
| known_for = [[Chuar Rebellion]]
| title = Queen of Karnagarh
| spouse = Raja Ajit Singh
}}
[[File:Southwest Bengal, 1776, by Rennell.jpg|thumb|[[Estate (land)|Estate]] of Bengal (map by Runnel, 1776)]]
'''Rani Shiromani''' (1728 A.D – 1812 A.D) was the queen of [[Midnapore Raj]] in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Binod Sankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGTxUHzhYXwC&dq=rani+shiromani&pg=PA76 |title=Changing Profile of the Frontier Bengal, 1751–1833 |date=1984 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjtuAAAAMAAJ&q=rani+shiromani |title=Eastern India: Essays in History, Society, Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Mayur Publications |language=en}}</ref> She had played a major role in the [[Chuar Rebellion]] in Midnapore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&dq=rani+shiromani&pg=PT224 |title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years |date=2018-01-25 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-12-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=Barid Baran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iensAAAAMAAJ&q=rani+shiromani |title=Socio-economic Condition of South West Bengal in the Nineteenth Century |date=2005 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |isbn=978-81-86791-52-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Panda|first=Chitta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tu_sAAAAMAAJ&q=Midnapore+Raj|title=The Decline of the Bengal Zamindars: Midnapore, 1870-1920|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563295-8|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|40&13}}

==Biography==
Rani Shiromani was queen of Raja Ajit Singh of Midnapore Raj. According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], the Rajas of Karnagarh (also known as Midnapore Raj) ruled over a [[zamindar]]i that included [[Midnapore]] and the surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWLVAAAAMAAJ&q=rani+shiromani |title=Indian Studies |date=1962 |publisher=Ramakrishna Maitra |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Ruins of fort of Rani Shiromani at Karnagarh in Paschim Medinipur district 29.jpg|thumb|Ruins of fort of Rani Shiromani at [[Karnagarh]] in [[Paschim Medinipur district]]]]

===Agreement with the Raja of Narajole===
According to an official account by the Collector of Midnapore, Raja Ajit Singh of Karnagarh, died without issue in 1753 CE. Following his death, his two widows, Rani Bhawani and Rani Shiromani, jointly succeeded to the [[Midnapore Raj]]. During this period, the region was facing unrest due to the [[Chuar Rebellion]], a tribal uprising against the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]. The leader of the Chuars, Gobardhan Sardar, took advantage of the political instability and advanced against the queens with a strong force. To avoid dishonour and likely capture, both Ranis fled from Karnagarh and sought refuge with their relative, Trilochan Khan of [[Narajole Raj|Narajole]]. Gobardhan subsequently occupied [[Midnapore]] without encountering resistance. In 1756, an agreement was reached between the Ranis and Trilochan Khan. As per the terms, Trilochan was entrusted with the responsibility of subduing the Chuars, restoring Midnapore to the Ranis, and administering the estate as Naib (deputy) during their lifetimes. He was also expected to maintain their dignity. In return, it was agreed that after the demise of both queens, Trilochan Khan and his heirs would inherit the [[Midnapore Raj]]. This arrangement appears to have been honored, as historical records indicate that the Rajas of [[Narajole Raj|Narajole]] served as Naibs of Midnapore from 1768 to 1800. A judgment passed by the Sadar Amin of Midnapore in 1841 (Suit No. 771, dated 18 September 1841) confirmed that Trilochan Khan successfully defeated the Chuar forces and restored the estate to the queens. Rani Bhawani had died in 1760, after which Mati Ram Khan, Trilochan’s nephew and successor, became the Naib of Rani Shiromani. Upon Mati Ram’s death, his son Sita Ram Khan assumed the position and was succeeded by his eldest son Anandalal Khan, who served as the guardian of the Rani. In 1800, Rani Shiromani transferred ownership of the [[Midnapore Raj]] to Anandalal Khan through a Rebanomah (deed of gift), citing her inability to pay the government revenue. Anandalal Khan subsequently applied for settlement of the estate, and the revenue authority accepted his claim. He entered into a Kabuliyat (agreement) with the government, agreeing to pay an annual revenue of ₹90,214-6-11.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gouripada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=rani+shiromani&pg=PA118 |title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle |date=1986 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=117, 118, 119 |language=en}}</ref>

However, according to the British administrator Bayley, Rani Shiromani had earlier refused to pay the revenue fixed under the Decennial Settlement, leading the government to manage the estate directly (khas) between 1787 and 1800. Eventually, Anandalal Khan, acting as her agent, presented the deed of gift and entered into a revenue agreement with the Collector for ₹85,000.<ref name=":0" />

After the deaths of both Rani Shiromani and Anandalal Khan, a legal dispute arose over succession. The Privy Council ultimately ruled in favor of Anandalal Khan’s successor, thereby transferring final ownership of [[Midnapore Raj]] to the Raja of [[Narajole]].<ref name=":0" />

===Role in Chuar rebellion===
Chuar rebellion was a series of peasant movements between 1766 and 1834 by the tribal inhabitants of the countryside surrounding the [[Jungle Mahals]] settlements of [[Dhalbhum]], [[Midnapore]], [[Bishnupur kingdom|Bishnupur]] and [[Manbhum]] against the rule of the [[East India Company]] (EIC).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Ananda |title=Adivasi resistance in early colonial India: comprising the Chuar Rebellion of 1799 by J.C. Price and relevant Midnapore District Collectorate records from the eighteenth century |last2=Price |first2=J. C |date=2017 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-93-5098-167-2 |language=English |oclc=982448451}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nirmal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQXAoHucmMkC&dq=2nd+chuar+rebellion&pg=PA31 |title=Destitutes and Development: A Study of the Bauri Community in the Bokaro Region |date=1979 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>

In the beginning of the year 1799, the Chuar Rebellion (also known as second Chuar or Paik Rebellion)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Gouripada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&dq=2nd+chuar+rebellion&pg=PA6 |title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle |date=1986 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}</ref> was centered around [[Midnapore]], [[Bahadurpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Bahadurpur]], [[Salboni (community development block)|Salbani]], and [[Karnagarh]]. The rebels began launching guerrilla attacks and assembled at the residence of Rani Shiromani in Karnagarh, who actively led them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Atulchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjduAAAAMAAJ&q=rani+shiromani |title=Studies in the Bengal Renaissance |date=1977 |publisher=National Council of Education, Bengal |language=en}}</ref> According to a letter written by the then [[British Raj|British]] Collector, the rebellion intensified, and by February 1799, the rebels had occupied a wide stretch of villages around Midnapore. In March, Rani Shiromani led around 300 rebels in an attack and looted all the weapons of the Company’s soldiers at the Garh (local fort) of [[Karnagarh]]. These attacks and lootings continued until December 1799.

However, after the British forces occupied Awasgarh and Karnagarh, Rani Shiromani, who was suspected of being one of the rebel leaders, was arrested and taken to Midnapore as a prisoner.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eW4eAQAAIAAJ&q=rani+shiromani |title=Calcutta Review |date=1956 |publisher=University of Calcutta. |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref> She was held in solitary confinement at [[Hijli Detention Camp]], which is now known as Shaheed Bhawan located within the campus of [[IIT Kharagpur]] in [[Paschim Medinipur district]], [[West Bengal]].

===Death===
She was imprisoned for about 12 years at Awasgarh fort in Midnapore until her death in 1812. She was the India's first lady prisoner for leading the [[Chuar Rebellion]] as early as the 1790s.

== Honours ==
[[File:Medinipur town, West Midnapore 02.jpg|thumb|Memorial of Chuar rebellion at [[Midnapore]]]]

The [[Indian Railways]] has introduced the [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]]-[[Adra, Purulia|Adra]] Shiromani fast passenger train to commemorate the title of the Rani Shiromani.

== See also ==
*[[Midnapore Raj]]
*[[Chuar rebellion]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiromani, Rani}}
[[Category:1812 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Tribal chiefs]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]
[[Category:Bhumij people]]

Putana

2025-12-14T16:28:37Z

Zuko:

{{short description|Demoness in Hinduism}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
[[File:Kerala, krishna bambino che uccide l'orchessa putana, xvii secolo.jpg|thumb|A 17th-century wooden sculpture of Putana with Krishna from [[Kerala]]]]

In [[Hinduism]], '''Pūtanā''' ({{lit|putrefaction}}) is a [[Rakshasa|rakshasi]] (demoness) in [[Hindu mythology]], who was killed by the infant-god [[Krishna]]. Putana disguises herself as a young, beautiful woman and tries to kill the god by breast-feeding poisoned milk; however, Krishna sucks her milk as well as her life via her breasts. Putana is also considered a foster-mother of Krishna, as she breastfed him. By offering her milk, Putana had performed "the supreme act of maternal devotion",<ref>O'Flaherty, p. 250.</ref> in the shadow of her evil motives. The legend is told and retold in Hindu scriptures and some Indian books, which portray her variously as an evil hag or a demoness who surrendered herself to Krishna, though she initially came with evil motives.

Putana is interpreted as an infantile disease or bird, symbolizing danger to an infant or desire, respectively, and even as a symbolic bad mother. She is included in a group of powerful and complex Hindu mother goddesses called the [[Matrikas]] and also in the group of [[Yogini]]s and Grahinis (Seizers). Ancient Indian medical texts prescribe her worship to protect children from diseases. A group of multiple Putanas is mentioned in ancient Indian texts.

==Etymology==
The word "Pūtanā", broken as "Pūt" (virtue) and "nā" (no) means "devoid of virtue". Another explanation derives "Pūtanā" from "Pūta" (purifying), thus meaning "she who purifies". Herbert theorizes "Pūtanā" is derived from "Put", a hell in Hindu mythology, associated with parents and children.<ref>Herbert in Shashi, p. 844.</ref> Thus, Herbert proposes, on the basis of the etymology and her association with the Matrikas, that Putana is closely linked to motherhood.<ref name="Herbert46">Herbert in Shashi, p. 846.</ref> White translates Putana as "stinky", and relates it to pustulant sores, the eruption of which is a symptom of [[chicken pox]]. Putana is also the name of the weapon of or a form of the goddess of [[small pox]], [[Shitala Devi|Sitala]].<ref name="White51">White, p. 51.</ref>

==Legend==
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Krishna Battles the Demoness Putana Page from an Unidentified Hindu Manuscript-crop.jpg|thumb|Top panel: Krishna killing Putana. Bottom panel: The people of Vraj cutting Putana's body and burning her body.]]

The legend of Putana and Krishna is narrated in many Hindu texts: the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', the ''[[Harivamsa]]'' (appendix of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''), the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'', the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', the ''[[Garga (sage)|Garga Samhita]]'' and the ''[[Prem Sagar]]''.<ref>Herbert in Shashi, p. 842.</ref>

Putana, the "killer of infants", was sent by Krishna's evil uncle [[Kamsa]] to kill Krishna. Putana assumed the disguise of a young, beautiful woman and came to [[Gokul]] ([[Vraj]]), Krishna's home-town. Her beauty resulted in her being mistaken by ''gopas'' (cowherds) as a manifestation of goddess [[Lakshmi]]. Stunned by her beauty, Krishna's foster-mother [[Yashoda]] allowed Putana to take the infant Krishna into her lap and breast-feed him. Putana had smeared her breast with a ''mandana'', an intoxicant, to kill Krishna. However, Krishna squeezed her breasts and took her life away (''[[prana]]''), as well as her milk. In pain, Putana screamed, pleading for her release, but in vain. She ran out of the town with Krishna still clinging to her and finally fell dead. She then assumed her real demonic form, turning trees to a distance of three ''gavyuti'' (a unit of distance equivalent totally to 12 miles) to dust.<ref name="Herbert842">Herbert in Shashi, pp. 842–844.</ref><ref>Olson, pp. 240–242.</ref> The people of Vraj cut Putana's body, burying her bones and feet and burning the flesh and skin. The fragrant smoke rose out of the flames, as Putana was cleansed of all sin by breast-feeding Krishna and she attained the same heaven that Yashoda acquired.<ref name="Herbert842" /> Thus, Putana, like Yashoda, is also considered as a foster-mother of Krishna as she breast-fed him.<ref>Agrawal in Shashi, p. 822.</ref>

In later versions of the myth, the intoxicant smearing on Putana's breast is replaced with poison or the milk itself is said to be poisoned.<ref name="Herbert46" /> Another version of the tale portrays Putana as stealing Krishna at night, when everyone else is asleep.<ref>Dimmitt, pp. 111–112.</ref>

[[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|K. M. Munshi]] had a totally different take on the myth in his Krishnavatara series. Though Putana came with evil intentions, she is portrayed as being happy to see Krishna and her maternal instinct rises, telling her "Take this lovely boy to your breast. You are a wicked and miserable woman. You have never seen joy before, joy which thrills your whole body and mind with mad delight." Overjoyed and forgetful of her poisoned breasts, she took Krishna in her lap and suckled him. In the process, she surrenders to Krishna saying "I give you all, my beloved child... I am yours." Further, Putana is purified and liberated from her mortal body by Krishna.<ref>Kakar in Devy, p. 425.</ref>

===Previous birth===
The ''Garga Samhita'' (a work on the life of Krishna) and the ''Brahma Vaivarta Purana'' further tell of the previous birth of Putana as Ratnamala, the daughter of demon king [[Mahabali|Bali]]. When she saw [[Vamana]], the previous avatar of Krishna as a dwarf, she felt a desire to have him as her son and suckle him. She soon changed her mind and decided to kill Vamana, after he overpowered her father and acquired his possessions. Krishna knew her desires and allowed her to fulfil both of them – to suckle him and to attempt to take his life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=shanti lal nager |url=https://archive.org/details/357106450BrahmavaivartaPurana2SanskritTextWithEnglishTranslationPdf |title=Brahmavaivarta Purana (Part 2) |page=[https://archive.org/details/357106450BrahmavaivartaPurana2SanskritTextWithEnglishTranslationPdf/page/n93 81]}}</ref><ref name="Herbert845">Herbert in Shashi, p. 845.</ref>

===Symbolism===
[[File:Demoness putana 02.JPG|thumb|Wooden sculpture of Putana as a beautiful maiden feeding Krishna, while simultaneously depicted dead on the ground as a demoness.|alt=|left]]

One theory interprets Putana as being the first foe faced by Krishna (further numerous demons are sent by Kamsa to kill Krishna) or as the first obstacle of possessive maternal instinct faced by [[yogi]]s.<ref name="Herbert845"/> The legend assures a devotee [[Moksha|liberation]] if they treat god as their own son.<ref>O'Flaherty, p. 280.</ref> Another theory interprets Putana as an infantile disease that Krishna survived, which can be cured by forcefully suckling the child affected. Further, the theory relates to Krishna's later life when he fights a demon called ''Jvara'' (fever).<ref>Gopal, p. 96.</ref>

In the ''Vishnu Purana'', it is explicitly stated that Putana should work in the dark, symbolizing the lack of illumination of knowledge.<ref>Herbert in Shashi, p. 847.</ref> Her ear-rings are described not as radiant, but as quivering, signifying her unstable nature.<ref>Herbert in Shashi, p. 848.</ref> Agrawal equates Putana to [[Varuna]], the [[Vedic]] god of darkness and chaos in the water. As Varuna pollutes life-giving water, Putana mixed her breast milk with poison. Thus, Putana stands for death and darkness.<ref>Agrawal in Shashi, pp. 822–823.</ref>

O'Flaherty says:
<blockquote>
The myth of Pūtanā is significant not merely for the image it presents ... but for the intensity with which the image is depicted and the frequency with which the myth itself is told in [[India]].<ref>O'Flaherty, p. 54.</ref>
</blockquote>
Kakar further adds:
<blockquote>
The secret fantasy of poisoned milk, of nourishment that kills, originates early in life when the decisive separation between child and mother takes place. The elevation of this fantasy,..., to the status of myth for a whole culture indicates the intensity of (this) inner conflict... in the Indian setting.<ref>Kakar, p. 147; O'Flaherty, p. 54.</ref>
</blockquote>
According to Kakar, Putana may represent a dangerous [[schizophrenic]] mother, who has trapped her child in an emotional net, of which he cannot let go. He interprets Krishna clinging to Putana's breast as not only the infant's excitement and anger, but also a form of "[[incestuous]] intercourse", as in the killing of other maternal demons.<ref>Kakar in Dey, pp. 424–425.</ref> By killing the "bad mother", the son kills "sexually ravenous maternal images in his psyche", leaving the protective images unhurt, and thus emerges as an adult, drawing boundaries between her and him.<ref>Kakar in Dey, p. 426.</ref>

==Textual descriptions==
[[File:Putana dying.jpg|thumb|Death of Putana, miniature c. 1725.]]
Putana is defined as a ''yātudhānī'' at the beginning and the end of the ''Bhagavata Purana''. Though the word ''yātudhānī'' is rarely used, ''yātudhāna'' - the masculine form - is frequently used in [[Hindu scriptures]] to mean an evil spirit. In the ''[[Rigveda]]'', ''yātudhānas'' are to be killed, their bodies broken and their flesh eaten, just as Putana was treated.<ref>Herbert in Shashi. pp. 844–845.</ref> The ''Bhagavata Purana'' further tells of a [[gopi]] or milkmaid, narrating a hymn for protection from evil spirits including the Matrikas and Putana, even though Putana is dead. In another instance in the Purana, it is said that Putana and "her tribe" still had access to Krishna. Finally, the whole chapter is called "Deliverance of Putana", and not "Killing of Putana". Both incidences enforce the view that though Putana's mortal body is killed by Krishna, she lives on in the world as a spirit.<ref>Herbert in Shashi, pp. 846–847, 849.</ref>

In the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', when mentioned with the [[Matrikas]] (Mothers) and the war-god [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], Putana is mentioned as a protectress rakshasi, a [[Graha|Grahini]] (female seizer), as well as a Matrika and [[Yogini]].<ref>White, pp. 48, 53.</ref> In the ''Harivamsa'', an appendix to the epic, she is listed as a Grahini, with a prayer to protect the child at the end. In the ''[[Agni Purana]]'', she is mentioned as a Grahini and also a Yogini.<ref name="White51"/>

===Group of Putanas===
The medical text ''[[Balatantra]]'' mentions Putana as the common name of 16 sisters of the demon king [[Ravana]], who are permitted to eat the flesh of infants.<ref name="White51"/> The [[Buddhist]] text ''[[Lotus Sutra|Saddharmapundarika Sutra]]'' and the 1131 CE encyclopedia ''Manasollasa'' by [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Someshvara III]] lists multiple demons, including a group of Putanas. The ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' and the ''[[Harita Samhita]]'' mention Putanas as a sub-group of Matrikas and Grahinis, whose individual names include [[Kali]] and [[Dakini]].<ref>White, p. 53.</ref>

==In Ayurvedic medicine==
[[File:MET DP156180.jpg|thumb|''The Death of the Demoness Putana: Folio from a Bhagavata Purana Series. c. 1610'']]
The [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medical text ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'' describes Putana as "black in colour, with a gaping mouth and projecting teeth and disheveled hair, clad in filthy garments, very smelly, and dwelling in empty broken-down buildings." It further prescribes an offering of crow dung, fish, a rice dish, ground sesame and alcohol to Putana and recitation of hymns to Putana, urging her to protect the baby, along with other treatments.<ref name="White51"/> Kumaratantra ("Rituals related to childhood"), a branch of Ayurveda, specifically mentions that it aims to heal diseases that arise from "empoisoned milk of Seizers" (Grahini), Putana being one.<ref name="White52"/> As per Kumaratantra, all childhood diseases falling on the third day, the third month, or the third year of a child's life are attributed to Putana, regardless of the disease's symptoms.<ref>White, p. 62.</ref>

==Depiction as a bird==
Putana is portrayed as a bird in sculpture and myth. [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] images of Putana as a bird are found in [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] and [[Mandor]].<ref name="White51"/> In a third-century version of [[Harivamsa]], Putana is called the "nurse of [[Kamsa]]", who comes to a child as a female bird (''shakuni''), and is one of many birdlike female divinities mentioned in Harivamsa.<ref name="White52">White, p. 52.</ref> Putana's bird form symbolizes desire of materialistic objectives.<ref name="Herbert845"/> In some texts, Putana is described as a ''Vaki'', a female crane, thus a symbol of crookedness and hypocrisy.<ref>Agrawal in Shashi, p. 824.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Indica |author=Agrawal, V. S. |editor=Shashi, Shyam Singh |year=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD |isbn=81-7041-859-3 |title=Putana and Yasoda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8cTA1jEMoMC&dq=putana&pg=PA822}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |title=Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Purāṇas |author=Dimmitt, Cornelia |author2=Buitene, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |year=1978 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=0-87722-122-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmFOX7q2IqgC&q=Putana&pg=PA103 |chapter=Putana: The Child Killer}}
* {{cite book |title=Hrishikesa |author= Gopal, T. V. |year=2000 |publisher=Universal-Publishers |isbn=1-58112-732-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O7B4Q21Jy0oC&dq=putana&pg=PA96}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Indica |author=Herbert, J. |editor=Shashi, Shyam Singh |year=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD |isbn=81-7041-859-3 |title=Sakata and Putana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8cTA1jEMoMC&dq=putana&pg=PA822}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |title=Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation |author=Kakar, Sudhir |editor=Devy, G. N. |year=2002 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=81-250-2022-5 |chapter=Cults and myths of Krishna |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbGyZN1I4E0C&dq=putana&pg=PA425}}
* {{cite book |title=The Inner World: A Psychoanalytic Study of Childhood and Society in India |author=Kakar, Sudhir |year=1978 |publisher=Delhi}}
* {{cite book |title=Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts |author=O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger |author-link=Wendy Doniger |year=1982 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-61850-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTwvtkqYrNgC&dq=putana&pg=PA250}}
* {{cite book |title=Hindu Primary Sources: A Sectarian Reader |author=Olson, Carl |year=2007 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-4070-2 |chapter="Putana's arrival in Vraj" from Bhagavata Purana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuqB0o8aGzMC&dq=putana&pg=PA240}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |title=Kiss of the yoginī: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian contexts |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2003 |pages=51–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErTHR2kRdCkC&q=Kiss%20of%20the%20Yogini%20By%20David%20Gordon%20White |isbn=978-0-226-89483-6}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:Rakshasa]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Health goddesses]]
[[Category:Childhood goddesses]]

K.K. Birla Garden

2025-11-26T08:39:05Z

Zuko:

{{short description|Botanical garden in Kathua, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox park
|name = K.K. Birla Garden
|photo = Dr. KK Birla bust.jpg
|photo size =
|alt =
|photo_caption = Bust of Dr. KK Birla at the garden
|type = [[Urban park]]
|location = Patel Nagar, [[Kathua]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flagicon|India}}
|area = 19 kanals
| mapframe-custom =
| map_width =
| map_caption = Interactive map showing location of KK Birla Garden
| coords = {{Coord|32|23|41|N|75|30|55|E|display=inline,title}}
|plants =
|species =
|collections =
|opened = {{Start date|2021}}
|owner = Sutlej Group
|operator =
|budget =
|visitors =
|founder =
|status =
|website = {{URL|https://kathua.nic.in/}}
}}

'''K.K. Birla Garden''', is a [[botanical garden]] in [[Kathua]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]] and spread over 19 kanals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/dr-kk-birla-park-to-come-up-in-kathua-652368 |title=Dr KK Birla park to come up in Kathua |work=Tribune India |date=14 September 2018 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> The garden is named after prominent India industrialist [[K. K. Birla]]. Garden has many distinctive features including a pond and several species of flora and fauna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.blog.traveltoindia.org/10-unbelievable-places-to-visit-in-jammu-kashmir/ |title=
10 Unbelievable Places to Visit in Jammu Kashmir| work=blog.traveltoindia.org |date=
13 July 2022|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

Earlier, the site was home to an ancient pond. Later on, it was developed into a garden. The garden is owned and operated by Sutlej Ind. Ltd, KK Birla Group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=274923 |title=Park established over pond turns into personal asset of an industralial group |work=Early Times |date=2 October 2019 |access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/birla-group-adopts-ancient-pond-at-kalibari/ |title=Birla Group adopts ancient pond at Kalibari |work=[[Daily Excelsior]] |date=2 February 2019 |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:Gardens in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kathua district]]