https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ZoyefordBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-08T14:47:12ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_848A_(India)&diff=521056National Highway 848A (India)2026-05-03T13:09:02Z<p>Zoyeford: Creating new data w/ infobox</p>
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<div>{{short description|National highway in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox road<br />
| country = IND<br />
| type = NH<br />
| route = 848A<br />
| length_km = 43<br />
| image = Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa 2.jpg<br />
| image_notes = NH848A passing through [[Silvassa]]<br />
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3<br />
| id= Q55406430|title=National Highway 848A|zoom = 11 |frame-lat=20.20|frame-long=72.96 |text= Map of National Highway '''848A''' in red }}<br />
| map_custom = yes<br />
| direction_a = North<br />
| direction_b = South<br />
| terminus_a = [[Vapi]]<br />
| terminus_b = [[Talasari]]<br />
| junction = <br />
| spur_type = NH<br />
| spur_of = 48<br />
| previous_type = NH<br />
| next_type = NH<br />
| previous_route = 48<br />
| next_route = 48<br />
| states = [[Gujarat]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| destinations = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''National Highway 848A''', commonly called '''NH 848A''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/E_870_2013_011.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - NH 848A|date=17 Apr 2013|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> It is a branch of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> NH-848A traverses the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]] and the [[union territory]] of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Route ==<br />
[[Vapi]] - Dadra - Pipria(Piparia) - [[Silvassa]] - Ultanfalia - Bhurkudfalia - Khadol- Surangi -Velugam - Sutrakar - [[Talasari]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Junctions == <br />
{{RJL|date=November 2021}} <br />
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Vapi.<br />
: {{jct|NH|48|country=IND}} Terminal near Talasari.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of national highways in India]]<br />
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/3892927 NH 848A on OpenStreetMap]<br />
<br />
{{Indian Highways Network}}<br />
{{IND NH48 sr}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:National highways of India]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:National highways in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Days_and_Nights_in_the_Forest&diff=495813Days and Nights in the Forest2026-05-03T03:57:06Z<p>Zoyeford: started a stub!</p>
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<div>{{short description|1970 film by Satyajit Ray}}<br />
{{redirect|Aranyer Din Ratri|the novel by Sunil Gangopadhyay|Aranyer Din Ratri (novel)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Days and Nights in the Forest<br />
| image = Aranyer Din Ratri poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Indian theatrical poster<br />
| native_name = {{infobox name module|bn|Araṇyēra Dinarātri}}<br />
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| screenplay = Satyajit Ray<br />
| based_on = Original novel by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]<br />
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<br/>[[Subhendu Chatterjee]]<br/>[[Samit Bhanja]]<br/>[[Rabi Ghosh]]<br/>[[Kaberi Bose]]<br/>[[Aparna Sen]]<br/>[[Sharmila Tagore]]<br/>[[Simi Garewal]]<br />
| music = [[Satyajit Ray]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Soumendu Roy]]<br />
| editing = [[Dulal Dutta]]<br />
| distributor = [[Priya Cinema (Kolkata)|Priya Films]]<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|1970|1|16|India}}<br />
| runtime = 115 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = $138,237<ref name="BOM">{{Cite web |title= Days and Nights in the Forest |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1670676481/weekend/|website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Days and Nights in the Forest''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: {{Transliteration|bn|Araṇyēra Dinarātri}}) is a 1970 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bengali language]] [[Drama (film and television)|dramatic film]] by [[Satyajit Ray]] based on the [[Aranyer Din Ratri (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]. It employs the [[literary technique]] of the [[carnivalesque]].<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Darius|last=Cooper|title=The Carnivalesque in Satyajit Ray's Nights and Days in the Forest (1970)|journal=Asian Cinema|volume=10|issue=2|date=Spring–Summer 1999|pages=145–150|doi=10.1386/ac10.2.145_3}}</ref> The film was nominated for the [[Golden Bear]] for Best Film at the [[20th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065417/awards |title=IMDB.com: Awards for Aranyer Din Ratri |access-date=2010-03-08 |work=imdb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-27 |title=Satyajit Ray’s iconic ‘Aranyer Din Ratri’ restored in 4K, returns to Indian theatres this November |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/satyajit-rays-iconic-aranyer-din-ratri-restored-in-4k-returns-to-indian-theatres-this-november/articleshow/124849769.cms |access-date=2025-11-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A sequel ''[[Abar Aranye]]'' directed by [[Goutam Ghose]] was released in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prima |first=Lubaba Mahjabin |date=2023-09-13 |title=‘Abar Aranye’: A continuation you can't miss |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/abar-aranye-continuation-you-cant-miss-3417866 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was shown at the [[New York Film Festival]] in 1970 and received a standing ovation. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kael |first=Pauline |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Age_of_Movies_Selected_Writings_of_P/tkShTL84MrcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+age+of+movies+selected+writings+of+pauline+kael&printsec=frontcover |title=The Age of Movies: Selected Writings of Pauline Kael: A Library of America Special Publication |date=2011-10-27 |publisher=Library of America |isbn=978-1-59853-171-8 |pages=353 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The film was restored in [[4K resolution|4K]] in 2025 by [[The Film Foundation]] with support by filmmaker [[Wes Anderson]]. The restoration was featured in the Classics section of the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival]] as well as in the revivals section of the [[2025 New York Film Festival]]. [[Janus Films]] distributed the restored film in North America.<ref>{{Cite web|website=FilmInt|title=Satyajit Ray’s Rich Humanist Comedy Restored: Days and Nights in the Forest(1970)<br />
<br />
|url=https://filmint.nu/satyajit-rays-rich-humanist-comedy-restored-days-and-nights-in-the-forest-1970-nathaniel-bell/|last=Sorrento|first=Matthew|date=10 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The plot of the movie goes back to a similar outing the writer [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] took in the early days of his poetic career. The story unfolds around a group of four friends, who despite their differences, bond deeply. The four friends are all educated and come from different layers of society, but the urge to escape the daily grind of city life forces them to wander in tribal lands.<br />
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Of the four friends, Asim, the leader of the pack, owns the car they drive in, has a cushy job, likes the company of girls and yet is very conscious of how he should be perceived by them. Sanjoy is a labour executive but would ideally want to immerse himself in literature. Hari, a frank and straightforward cricketer, wants to forget the girl who dumped him. Shekhar is the jester, the only one without a job. He has a roving eye but stays sober when his friends get drunk and vent their frustrations.<br />
They set out for the tribal [[Palamu district|Palamu]] in [[Jharkhand]] to escape their mundane urban lives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2025-05-27 |title=Sharmila Tagore Interview: Satyajit Ray's films deal with the follies of humans |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2025/May/27/sharmila-tagore-interview-satyajit-rays-films-deal-with-the-follies-of-humans |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Uttaran Das |date=2023-06-11 |title=Jharkhand's Palamu An Arcadia For Poets |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/culture/jharkhands-palamu-an-arcadia-for-poets |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-16 |title=Soumitra made Palamu popular |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/soumitra-made-palamu-popular/articleshow/79238064.cms |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-06-05 |title=कान्स फिल्म फेस्टिवल में केचकी संगम की चर्चा, 1969 में शूट हुई थी सत्यजीत रे की फिल्म अरण्येर दिनरात्रि, बड़े सितारे पहुंचे थे पलामू |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!entertainment/classical-bengali-film-aranyer-dinratri-shot-in-kechki-sangam-palamu-screened-at-cannes-film-festival-hindi-news-jhn25060502593 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=ARANYER DIN RATRI (DAYS AND NIGHTS IN THE FOREST) |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/aranyer-din-ratri/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}</ref> They had read legends about this land, the tribal women who are open, simple and beautiful. Wanting to break rules, they forcefully stay at a forest rest house by bribing the chowkidar. The stay symbolizes their distance from city life and civilization: they wonder whether to shave or not. Hari gets close to tribal Santhal girl Duli when she approaches the group for extra drink.<br />
<br />
Their resolve to be unshaven collapses when Shekhar sees two ladies Aparna and her sister-in-law Jaya in the forest. They introduce themselves to their family. The two urban groups of people are almost relieved to find each other here. Asim flirts with Aparna and coaxes her to show her room. He is attracted to the elegant and enigmatic Aparna, but is unable to keep pace with her composure, presence of mind and intelligence. At night the four friends go to drink alcohol again in the country liquor house. Hari is upset because he cannot see Duli whom he had met the previous night. While returning to their rest house, they stumble upon a car which they shout at without realising it is that of Aparna and Jaya. They oversleep and miss the next day's breakfast at Jaya's place. They find a tiffin outside their rooms and go to Aparna's house to return it. Later, the conservator visits the forest rest house and catches them staying at the Forest Bungalow without permission. When they are about to be kicked out, Aparna, the conservator's acquaintance, manages the situation with her natural grace and composure. The group decides to chat and play a game while Aparna's father is away with Jaya's son. The game reaches a crescendo, with only Asim and Aparna left in the fray, at which point Aparna pulls out, deliberately handing victory to Asim, who seems to have placed his entire confidence at stake on the win.<br />
<br />
The tensions peak at the village fair where the four friends go their own way. Shekhar goes off to gamble with money borrowed from Asim. Hari takes Duli into the forest and has sex with her. Asim feels his pride and self-confidence shattered when Aparna reveals her more vulnerable side behind her composed exterior. She also holds up a mirror to his bourgeois and urban insensitivity by pointing out how despite having spent three days at the bungalow, he and his friends never bothered to inquire about the chowkidar's wife. Meanwhile, Shekhar finds himself helping all his friends (especially Hari, when the latter gets injured and robbed), despite being fondly considered to be the buffoon of the gang. Sanjoy, held back by his bourgeois moralities, is unable to respond to Jaya's bold advances.<br />
The next morning, the four friends leave for Calcutta since their new friends have had to return in a hurry. As a parting gift, they receive a tray of boiled eggs, sent by ever thoughtful Jaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Revisiting Aranyer Din Ratri: Even after 55 years, this Satyajit Ray film remains a timeless study of privilege |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/revisiting-aranyer-din-ratri-even-after-55-years-this-satyajit-ray-film-remains-a-timeless-study-of-privilege-101747813513119.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Ashim<br />
*[[Subhendu Chatterjee]] as Sanjoy<br />
*[[Samit Bhanja]] as Hari<br />
*[[Rabi Ghosh]] as Shekhar<br />
*[[Pahari Sanyal]] as Sadashiv Tripathi<br />
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] as Aparna<br />
*[[Kaberi Bose]] as Jaya<br />
*[[Simi Garewal]] as Duli<br />
*[[Aparna Sen]] as Hari's former lover<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Critics praised it heavily worldwide. The ''New Yorker'''s [[Pauline Kael]] felt that "Satyajit Ray’s films can give rise to a more complex feeling of happiness in me than the work of any other director.... No artist has done more than Ray to make us reevaluate the commonplace." In ''Reeling'', Kael added: "A major film by one of the great film artists, starring Soumitra Chatterjee and the incomparably graceful Sharmila Tagore."<ref>{{cite web|title=Arenyer Din Ratri|url=https://satyajitray.org/aranyer-din-ratri-days-and-nights-in-the-forest/|website=satyajitray.org}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[David Robinson (film critic)|David Robinson]] wrote in the ''Financial Times'', "Every word and gesture is recognizable, comprehensible, true ... Ray's work at its best, like this, has an extraordinary rightness in every aspect of its selection and presentation - the timing, performance, cutting, music - which seem to place it beyond discussion."<ref>{{cite web|title=Arenyer Din Ratri|url=https://satyajitray.org/aranyer-din-ratri-days-and-nights-in-the-forest/|website=satyajitray.org}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Jonathan Rosenbaum]], in his list of '1000 ESSENTIAL FILMS', kept this film as one of his favourite films released in 1970. The ''New York Times'' described the film as a ‘rare, wistful movie that somehow proves it’s good to be alive.’ <br />
<br />
British film critic [[Tom Milne]] praised the film writing “Ray gradually distils a magical world of absolute stasis: a shimmering summer’s day, a tranquil forest clearing, the two women strolling in a shady avenue, wistful yearnings as love and the need for love echo plangently… Beautifully shot and acted, it’s probably Ray’s masterpiece.”<ref>{{cite web|title=Satyajit Ray: 5 essential films|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/satyajit-ray-5-essential-films|website=BFI|date=2 September 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''[[The Village Voice|Village Voice]]'' critic, William Paul, was one of the detractors of the movie in the West. He wrote, "''Days and Nights'' seems anachronistically the ideal art-house film of the 50s: vaguely humanistic without any feeling for the complexities of human life, pretentious, short on plot but striving to be long on character, stylistically awkward as a sign of sincere emotions, and all of it held together by a title that is more poetic than anything in the movie itself."{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} <br />
<br />
Andrew Robinson, in the book ''The Inner Eye'' remarked, "Both the admirers and the detractors in the West were convinced that the film was transparent to them. They seemed unaware that many of its 'words and gestures' might conceal an unfamiliar world."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Andrew |url=https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755699896 |title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye |date=2004 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-965-3 |pages=181}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{External media<br />
|video1= {{YouTube|vHd-y3l3gO0|Full movie}}<br />
}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110615114404/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/aranyerdinratri.htm (SatyajitRay.org) Aranyer Din Ratri]<br />
* {{IMDb title|0065417|Aranyer Din Ratri}}<br />
<br />
{{Satyajit Ray}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1970 films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Indian buddy drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on works by Sunil Gangopadhyay]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aam_Aadmi_Party&diff=481272Aam Aadmi Party2026-05-01T11:31:02Z<p>Zoyeford: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Political party in India}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|party_name = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|party_logo = Aam Aadmi Party logo (English).svg<br />
|abbreviation = AAP<br />
|colorcode = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|leader = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
|rajyasabha_leader = [[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]]<br />
|loksabha_leader = [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]<br />
|spokesperson = [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]] and others<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/official-spokespersons/|title=Official Spokespersons – Aam Aadmi Party|date=7 July 2017|access-date=17 August 2020|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815071446/https://aamaadmiparty.org/official-spokespersons/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|founder = [[Arvind Kejriwal]], Prasant Bhushan, [[Yogendra Yadav]] and others<br />
|foundation = {{start date and age|2012|11|26|df=yes}}<br />
|headquarters = 206, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Marg, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India 110002<ref>{{cite web|title=Party's Address on Website|url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406044404/http://aamaadmiparty.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|eci = [[List of political parties in India|National Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Election Commission grants national party status to AAP Dated 10.04.2023|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/election-commission-grants-national-party-status-to-aap-withdraws-status-of-trinamool-congress-cpi/article66721271.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 April 2023|location=India|year=2013|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410144849/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/election-commission-grants-national-party-status-to-aap-withdraws-status-of-trinamool-congress-cpi/article66721271.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|ideology = {{Plainlist|class=nowrap|<br />
* [[Welfarism]]<ref name="social">{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/politics/aam-aadmi-party-social-content|title=Understanding the Social Content of the Aam Aadmi Party|access-date=27 November 2022|archive-date=27 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127152032/https://thewire.in/politics/aam-aadmi-party-social-content|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Indian nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/india-ko-no-1-banana-hai-how-kejriwal-aap-are-playing-the-nationalism-game-this-year/1082793/|title=India ko no 1 banana hai'-how Kejriwal & AAP are playing the nationalism game this year|website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 14 August 2022|access-date = 17 May 2021|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814194151/https://theprint.in/politics/india-ko-no-1-banana-hai-how-kejriwal-aap-are-playing-the-nationalism-game-this-year/1082793/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-budget-explained-arvind-kejriwal-deshbhakti-7221315/|title=Delhi Budget explained: Deshbhakti with 500 national flags, benefits for women and vision 2047|date=10 March 2021|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517102255/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-budget-explained-arvind-kejriwal-deshbhakti-7221315/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/arvind-kejriwal-says-hardcore-patriotism-honesty-and-humanity-are-three-pillars-of-aap-ideology-4161665.html|title=अरविंद केजरीवाल ने इन 3 को बताया AAP की विचारधारा|date=30 March 2022|access-date=30 March 2022|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033005/https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/arvind-kejriwal-says-hardcore-patriotism-honesty-and-humanity-are-three-pillars-of-aap-ideology-4161665.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Populism]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kejriwal & AAP's Tryst With Hindutva – When Populism Trumps Ideology|date = 6 November 2021|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/aap-kejriwals-tryst-with-hindutva-from-hanuman-chalisa-to-ram-mandir#read-more|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101020808/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/aap-kejriwals-tryst-with-hindutva-from-hanuman-chalisa-to-ram-mandir#read-more|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="London School of Economics">{{citation |title=The populist politics of the Aam Aadmi Party|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party |first1=Mitali |last1=Nikore |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201080821/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party/|archive-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/out-of-ideas-is-aap-struggling-to-stay-politically-relevant-9416181.html|title=Out of ideas, is AAP struggling to stay politically relevant?|date=31 October 2022|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113053653/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/out-of-ideas-is-aap-struggling-to-stay-politically-relevant-9416181.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Secularism in India|Secularism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-vision-of-secularism-big-on-intention-weak-on-substance-1444157.html|title=AAP's vision of secularism: Big on intention, weak on substance|date=21 March 2014|access-date=28 April 2022|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428112335/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-vision-of-secularism-big-on-intention-weak-on-substance-1444157.html/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>}}<br />
|position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=No soft Hindutva, no Left Revolution, Kejriwal establishing a new centre in Indian politics|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/|date=3 February 2020|first1=Rama|last1=Lakshmi|access-date=20 June 2024|work=[[ThePrint]]|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023071209/https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |title=The rise of AAP and a central question |date=29 March 2022 |first1=Asmin |last1=Ali |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 June 2024 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506023225/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|membership =<br />
|youth = AAP Youth Wing (AYW)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/aap-to-launch-youth-wing-on-sept-27/article6409885.ece|title=AAP to launch youth wing on Sept 27|author=Our Bureau|work=Business Line|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706090915/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|students = {{ubl|<br />
|Association of Students for Alternative Politics (ASAP)<ref>{{cite news|date=2025-05-20|title=ASAP|url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/press-release/arvind-kejriwal-launches-aaps-student-wing-asap-association-of-students-for-alternative-politics}}</ref><br />
|[[Chhatra Yuva Sangharsh Samiti]] (CYSS)<ref>{{cite news|title=CYSS|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-outing-in-du-north-campus-gets-tepid-response-1202799.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626192841/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aaps-outing-in-du-north-campus-gets-tepid-response-1202799.html|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><br />
|}}<br />
|women = AAP Mahila Shakti (AMS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aamaadmiparty.org/teams/richa-pandey-mishra/|title=Richa Pandey Mishra, President, AAP Mahila Shakti|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805052455/http://aamaadmiparty.org/teams/richa-pandey-mishra/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|labour = [[Shramik Vikas Sangathan]] (SVS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-RAI-HMU-MAT-latest-raipur-news-021503-135335-NOR.html|title=आप ने बनाई नई टीम मिला नया टास्क|date=26 September 2017|access-date=22 December 2017|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508103757/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/CHH-RAI-HMU-MAT-latest-raipur-news-021503-135335-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/rourkela-sramik-vikas-sangathan-14921138.html|title=श्रमिक विकास संगठन का हस्ताक्षर अभियान शुरू|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022134/http://www.jagran.com/odisha/rourkela-sramik-vikas-sangathan-14921138.html|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-OTH-MAT-latest-ganjbasoda-news-042503-1190635-NOR.html|title=श्रम विकास संगठन ने मांगों को लेकर हस्ताक्षर अभियान शुरू किया|date=16 October 2016|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016154237/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-OTH-MAT-latest-ganjbasoda-news-042503-1190635-NOR.html|archive-date=16 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=श्रमिकों के 14052 रुपए वेतन को दिल्ली सरकार ने दी मंजूरी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UT-DEL-HMU-NEW-MAT-latest-new-delhi-news-040503-1076887-NOR.html|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015121840/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/UT-DEL-HMU-NEW-MAT-latest-new-delhi-news-040503-1076887-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|website = {{official URL}}<br />
|symbol = [[File:AAP Symbol.png{{!}}class=skin-invert|150px]]<br />
|flag = {{Switcher|[[File:Aam Aadmi Party flag (2).svg|frameless|150px]]|Show Flag of [[Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi]]|[[File:AAP FLAG.jpg|border|150px]]|Flag of [[Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab]]}}<br />
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|543|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|3|245|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|state_seats_name = [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assemblies]]<br />
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|121|4036|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}{{hidden<br />
|List <br />
|headerstyle=background:#ccccff<br />
|style=text-align:center;| <br />
{{Composition bar|22|70|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Legislative Assembly of Delhi|Delhi]])<br />
{{Composition bar|94|117|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]])<br />
{{Composition bar|2|40|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]])<br />
{{Composition bar|4|182|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]])<br />
{{Composition bar|1|90|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}([[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]])}}<br />
|no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|colours = {{color box|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}} [[Blue]]<br />
|alliance = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (2023–25)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/politics/arvind-kejriwal-led-aap-officially-exists-india-bloc-only-till-lok-sabha-polls-9449125.html|title=Arvind Kejriwal-Led AAP Officially Exits INDIA Bloc: ‘Only Till Lok Sabha Polls…’|publisher=|date=18 July 2025|access-date=10 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|logo_upright = 0.7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Aam Aadmi Party''' ({{abbr|'''AAP'''}}; {{Literal translation|[[Aam Aadmi|Common Man]] Party}}) is a [[List of political parties in India|political party in India]] founded by [[Arvind Kejriwal]] and his then-allies on 26 November 2012. The AAP is currently the [[Ruling party|governing party]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], has representation in both houses of the [[Parliament of India]], and forms the official opposition in [[Delhi NCR|Delhi]]. On 10 April 2023, the AAP was officially granted [[List of political parties in India#National parties|national party]] status by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-10|title=EC recognises AAP as national party; TMC, NCP & CPI lose tag|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ec-revokes-national-party-status-of-tmc-ncp-cpi-grants-status-to-aap-8549118/|access-date=2023-04-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410182257/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ec-revokes-national-party-status-of-tmc-ncp-cpi-grants-status-to-aap-8549118/|url-status=live}}</ref> It's election symbol is a [[broom]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='Broom' is Aam Aadmi Party's election symbol|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/broom-is-aam-aadmi-partys-election-symbol/articleshow/21511772.cms|access-date=2022-07-11|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721201706/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/broom-is-aam-aadmi-partys-election-symbol/articleshow/21511772.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The party came into existence following a difference of opinion between Kejriwal and activist [[Anna Hazare]] regarding the incorporation of electoral politics into the popular [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]], which had been demanding a [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] since 2011.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news|date=2012-09-21|title=Anna Hazare, Arvind Kejriwal teams gear up for life after split|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-teams-gear-up-for-life-after-split/articleshow/16482955.cms|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422155536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-teams-gear-up-for-life-after-split/articleshow/16482955.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Hazare preferred the movement should remain politically unaligned, whereas Kejriwal felt the failure of the agitation route necessitated changes in the government's representation itself.<ref name="The Times of India"/> <br />
<br />
Making its electoral debut in the [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], the AAP emerged as the second-largest party. It formed the government with support from members of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in the assembly; the AAP had previously opposed [[Manmohan Singh]]'s INC government during the protests.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-08|title=Delhi Election 2013: AAP makes stunning debut, BJP short of majority in Delhi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-election-2013-aap-makes-stunning-debut-bjp-short-of-majority-in-delhi/articleshow/27095533.cms|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410191820/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-election-2013-aap-makes-stunning-debut-bjp-short-of-majority-in-delhi/articleshow/27095533.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Kejriwal became the [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-28|title=Arvind Kejriwal sworn in as Delhi chief minister, promises change|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/arvind-kejriwal-new-delhi-chief-minister-promises-change-42172-2013-12-28|access-date=2023-04-10|website=Business Today|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410191816/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/arvind-kejriwal-new-delhi-chief-minister-promises-change-42172-2013-12-28|url-status=live}}</ref> but his government resigned 49 days after he could not pass the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] in the assembly, because of the lack of support from the INC.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Barry|first1=Ellen|last2=Vyawahare |first2=Malavika|date=2014-02-14|title=Chief Minister of Delhi Resigns After 49 Days, Citing Resistance to Antigraft Bill|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/15/world/asia/delhis-newly-appointed-chief-minister-resigns.html|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416034523/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/15/world/asia/delhis-newly-appointed-chief-minister-resigns.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[President's rule]] in Delhi, in the [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|following 2015 elections]], the AAP won 67 of the 70 seats in the assembly and Kejriwal was again sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of Delhi]] On 3 December 2015, the Jan Lokpal Bill was passed by the AAP government with a majority in the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-04|title=Delhi assembly passes anti-corruption Jan Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-assembly-passes-anti-corruption-jan-lokpal-bill/story-kWSOzWBpYFI532c4jfGMuK.html|access-date=2023-04-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410192812/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/delhi-assembly-passes-anti-corruption-jan-lokpal-bill/story-kWSOzWBpYFI532c4jfGMuK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jan Lokpal Bill passed by Delhi Assembly|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jan-lokpal-bill-passed-by-delhi-assembly-275725-2015-12-04|access-date=2023-04-10|website=India Today|date=4 December 2015 |language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410192813/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jan-lokpal-bill-passed-by-delhi-assembly-275725-2015-12-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-elections-on-february-7/article6781169.ece|title=EC cracks whip as Delhi goes to polls|work=The Hindu|date=13 January 2015|access-date=13 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113004522/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-elections-on-february-7/article6781169.ece|archive-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> In the subsequent [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], AAP was re-elected as the governing party after winning 62 seats out of 70.<ref name="Delhi 2020 Hindu"/> The party suffered a sharp decline in the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]], winning only 22 seats. It ultimately lost power to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), which obtained an absolute majority; Kejriwal and several other notable leaders lost their seats.<br />
<br />
Outside Delhi, the AAP cemented its popularity when it emerged as the principal opposition party in the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] after securing 20 seats. In the subsequent [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], AAP was elected as the main governing party after winning 92 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-11|title=Punjab election: AAP tally biggest ever in the state|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-aap-tally-biggest-ever-in-the-state-101646984722193.html|access-date=2023-04-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410190718/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-aap-tally-biggest-ever-in-the-state-101646984722193.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-10|title=Explained: How the AAP's Punjab win heralds a tectonic shift in Indian politics |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-election-results-aap-arvind-kejriwal-national-politics-7813124/|access-date=2023-04-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410190719/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/punjab-election-results-aap-arvind-kejriwal-national-politics-7813124/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as the [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-03-16|title=Bhagwant Singh Mann sworn in as Punjab chief minister|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhagwant-singh-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-chief-minister/articleshow/90261743.cms|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415233320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bhagwant-singh-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-chief-minister/articleshow/90261743.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The party currently also has representation in [[Goa]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Gujarat]]. The APP was formerly a member of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] until its withdrawal in 2025.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Aam Aadmi Party logo.svg|thumb|left|The party's former logo]]<br />
<br />
===Formation===<br />
In the years immediately preceding the 2011 anti-corruption protests under the erstwhile [[United Progressive Alliance|Second Manmohan Singh ministry led by UPA]] , there were examples of alleged corruption in the country; these included the [[Adarsh Housing Society Scam]],<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2010 |title=Adarsh Society: Army setting up court of inquiry |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article863396.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104022550/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article863396.ece |archive-date=4 November 2010 |access-date=23 September 2011 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> the [[2010 housing loan scam in India|2010 housing loan scam]],<ref>{{cite news |date=24 November 2010 |title=Housing scam: CBI arrests top officials of PSU banks, financial institutions&nbsp;– Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-24/news/27590728_1_arrests-maninder-singh-johar-corporate-loans |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112024/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-11-24/news/27590728_1_arrests-maninder-singh-johar-corporate-loans |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=23 September 2011 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> the [[Radia tapes controversy]],<ref>{{cite magazine |date=10 December 2010 |title=Radia agent of foreign intelligence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/2g-scam/in-the-courts/story/radia-agent-of-foreign-intelligence-agencies-says-govt-affidavit-86880-2010-12-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320171050/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/radia-agent-of-foreign-intelligence-agencies-says-govt-affidavit/1/122879.html |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=22 December 2011 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and the [[2G spectrum case]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 December 2010 |title=Indian opposition holds mass protest rally |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12056911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007112011/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12056911 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|Massive anti-corruption protests and strikes]] were initiated by [[Anna Hazare]] in 2011 as a response to exposure of these financial scams and corruption. The aim was to press the government to enact a strong and effective Lokpal (Federal [[Ombudsman]]) through a [[Jan Lokpal Bill]].{{sfn|Sharma|2014|pp=39}} Hazare was supported by a clutch of activists and professionals which became popularly known as [[Team Anna]]. Team Anna also included a civil-servant turned activist [[Arvind Kejriwal]].{{sfn|Sharma|2014|pp=40-41}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anna-Hazare-confirms-rift-with-Arvind-Kejriwal-says-his-apolitical-mass-movement-will-continue/articleshow/16456231.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018211416/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-19/india/33951624_1_anna-hazare-team-anna-members-political-alternative |url-status=live |archive-date=18 October 2012 |title=Anna Hazare confirms rift with Arvind Kejriwal, says his apolitical mass movement will continue |first1=Radheshyam |last1=Jadhav |first2=Sarang |last2=Dastane |date=19 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> Hazare had wanted to keep the movement politically neutral but Kejriwal considered that direct involvement in politics was necessary because attempts to obtain progress regarding the Jan Lokpal Bill through talks with existing political parties had, in his opinion, achieved nothing. A survey conducted on a Facebook page that purported to be operated by India Against Corruption<ref>{{cite news |title=India Against Corruption assets caught in tug of war |work=Business Standard|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-against-corruption-assets-caught-in-tug-of-war-112092203017_1.html |date=22 September 2012 |author=Sreelatha Menon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032157/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-against-corruption-assets-caught-in-tug-of-war-112092203017_1.html |archive-date=5 December 2014 }}</ref> and other social networking services had indicated that there was wide support for politicisation.<ref name="IT20120919">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |location=New Delhi |date=19 September 2012 |title=Anna Hazare tells Arvind Kejriwal not to use his name, photo for votes as they part ways |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/team-anna-split-anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-part-ways-116470-2012-09-19 |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927215015/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/team-anna-split-anna-hazare-arvind-kejriwal-part-ways/1/217947.html |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref name="intoday1">{{cite news|title=So what is the Aam Aadmi Party all about|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/what-is-the-aam-aadmi-party-all-about-122411-2012-11-23|date=24 November 2012|work=India Today|location=New Delhi|access-date=12 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304205801/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/what-is-the-aam-aadmi-party-all-about/1/234564.html|archive-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> Hazare rejected the poll, saying "elections require huge funds, which will be tough for activists to organise without compromising on their values". He also said it would be difficult to ensure that candidates are not corrupted once elected.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anna Hazare confirms split, asks Arvind Kejriwal not to use his name or photo |publisher=NDTV |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/anna-hazare-confirms-split-asks-arvind-kejriwal-not-to-use-his-name-or-photo-269577 |date=19 September 2012 |author=Abhinav Bhatt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205171951/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/anna-hazare-confirms-split-asks-arvind-kejriwal-not-to-use-his-name-or-photo-269577 |archive-date=5 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anna Hazare splits Team Anna |publisher=NDTV |url=http://www.iacmumbai.info/2012/09/19/anna-hazare-splits-team-anna |date=19 September 2012 |author=Abhinav Bhatt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204085133/http://www.iacmumbai.info/2012/09/19/anna-hazare-splits-team-anna |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 }}</ref> Hazare and Kejriwal agreed on 19 September 2012 that their differences regarding a role in politics were irreconcilable. Kejriwal had support from some anti-corruption movement activists, such as [[Prashant Bhushan]] and [[Shanti Bhushan]], but was opposed by others such as [[Kiran Bedi]] and [[Santosh Hegde]]. On 2 October,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20492056 |title=India activist Arvind Kejriwal's Aam Aadmi Party vows change |date=26 November 2012 |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727125439/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20492056 |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> Kejriwal announced that he was forming a political party and that he intended the formal launch to be on 26 November, coinciding with the anniversary of India's adoption of its Constitution in 1949.<ref name="IT20120919" /><ref name="intoday1" /><br />
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The party's name reflects the phrase ''[[Aam Aadmi]]'' ({{Translation|common man}}), whose interests Kejriwal proposed to represent. A party constitution was adopted on 24 November 2012, when a National Council comprising 320 people and a National Executive of 23 were also formed. Both the Council and the Executive were expected to have more members in due course, with the intention being that all districts and all classes of people would have a voice.<ref name="intoday1" /> Various committees were proposed to be formed to draft proposals for adoption by the party in a process that was expected to take several months. Although one aim was to limit nepotism, there were complaints at this initial meeting that the selection of people invited to attend was itself an example of such practices.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |location=New Delhi |date=24 November 2012 |title=Arvind Kejriwal's answer to Congress's 'mango people', names his political front as Aam Aadmi Party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arvind-kejriwal-names-his-political-party-as-aam-aadmi-party-122388-2012-11-23 |work=India Today |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707054715/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arvind-kejriwal-names-his-political-party-as-aam-aadmi-party/1/234522.html |archive-date=7 July 2013 }}</ref> The party was formally launched in Delhi on 26 November<ref>{{cite news|title=Arvind Kejriwal formally launches Aam Aadmi Party|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arvind-kejriwal-aam-aadmi-party-formal-launch-jantar-mantar-122520-2012-11-25|work=India Today|access-date=26 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126195211/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arvind-kejriwal-aam-aadmi-party-formal-launch-jantar-mantar/1/234729.html|archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref> and in March 2013, it was registered as a political party by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Aam Aadmi Party now a registered political party|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aam-aadmi-party-now-a-registered-political-party/article4539185.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527000943/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aam-aadmi-party-now-a-registered-political-party/article4539185.ece|archive-date=27 May 2013}}</ref>{{efn|The [[Election Commission of India]] gazetted the AAP as a "registered unrecognised party" on 9 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/AmendmentNotificationEng09042013.pdf |title=Election Commission of India Notification |page=2 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024423/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/AmendmentNotificationEng09042013.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref>}}<br />
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On 26 November 2012, the formal launch day of the AAP, former law minister [[Shanti Bhushan]] donated {{INRConvert|10|m}} to the party. Prashant Bhushan, his son, was a member of the party's National Executive Committee.<ref name="donations">{{citation |title=New Delhi Shanti Bhushan donates Rs. 1 crore to Kejriwal's Aam Aadmi Party |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Shanti-Bhushan-donates-Rs-1-crore-to-Kejriwal-s-Aam-Aadmi-Party/Article1-964698.aspx |date=26 November 2012 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=New Delhi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127162609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Shanti-Bhushan-donates-Rs-1-crore-to-Kejriwal-s-Aam-Aadmi-Party/Article1-964698.aspx |archive-date=27 November 2012 }}</ref> The party raised {{INRConvert|20|c}} by November 2013 and received {{INRConvert|18|c}} in 2015 assembly polls.<ref>{{citation |title=Is the aam aadmi missing from AAP funding? |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/is-the-aam-aadmi-missing-from-aap-funding-116090400750_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315085843/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/is-the-aam-aadmi-missing-from-aap-funding-116090400750_1.html |archive-date=15 March 2017 |last1=Makkar |first1=Sahil }}</ref><br />
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On 18 May 2013, a group of [[Indian Americans]] from 20 different cities in the US held a convention in Chicago and extended support to the AAP. The convention was attended by two AAP leaders, [[Kumar Vishwas]] and [[Yogendra Yadav]], and Kejriwal addressed it via video conferencing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indianamericans-extend-support-to-kejriwals-aam-aadmi-party/392801-37.html|title=Indian-Americans extend support to Kejriwal's Aam Aadmi Party|date=20 May 2013|publisher=IBN Live|agency=Press Trust of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227201724/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indianamericans-extend-support-to-kejriwals-aam-aadmi-party/392801-37.html|archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> [[Aruna Roy]] and [[Medha Patkar]], who had differences with Kejriwal on certain issues, supported him after his 15-day fast against inflated electricity bills.<ref name="end" /> On 22 March 2014, the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] party of Delhi announced it would merge with the Aam Aadmi Party, citing Kejriwal's tenure as Chief Minister of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=JD(S) Delhi unit merges with AAP|url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/jds-delhi-merges-with-aap|publisher=Aam Aadmi Party|access-date=23 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807040723/http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/jds-delhi-merges-with-aap|archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-23 |title=Leaders of JD(S) unit in Delhi join AAP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/leaders-of-jds-unit-in-delhi-join-aap/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Later two of the founders of the party, Prashant Bhushan and Yogendra Yadav, left the Aam Aadmi Party in 2017 and formed [[Swaraj Abhiyan]].<ref>{{citation |title=Good people who left AAP will return: Arvind Kejriwal |date=22 April 2017 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mcd-election-2017-good-people-who-left-aap-will-return-arvind-kejriwal-1684664 |work=NDTV |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418012530/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mcd-election-2017-good-people-who-left-aap-will-return-arvind-kejriwal-1684664 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref><br />
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On 23 March 2013, Kejriwal began an indefinite fast in an attempt to mobilise people against inflated power and electricity bills at a house in Sundar Nagri, a low-income group resettlement colony in North-East Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kejriwal's indefinite fast in Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Kejriwals-indefinite-fast-in-Delhi/articleshow/19146694.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062541/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-23/delhi/37959821_1_leader-arvind-kejriwal-today-fake-bills-inflated-bills |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |date=29 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> During the protest, he urged Delhi citizens not to pay "inflated" water and electricity bills.<ref>{{cite news |first=Danish |last=Raza |date=24 March 2013 |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/kerjiwal-moves-to-delhis-power-corridor-to-protest-against-inflated-power-bills-673015.html |title=Kerjiwal moves to Delhi's power corridor to protest against 'inflated' power bills |work=First Post|access-date=19 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102155612/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/kerjiwal-moves-to-delhis-power-corridor-to-protest-against-inflated-power-bills-673015.html |archive-date=2 January 2014 }}</ref> The AAP also demanded an audit of power and electricity supply in Delhi by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]], something that was also supported by civil society groups like the National Alliance of People's Movement (NAPM).<ref>{{cite news|title=Civil society groups support Kejriwal's campaign against "inflated" power bills|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/civil-society-groups-support-kejriwals-campaign-against-inflated-power-bills/article4576216.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203214532/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/civil-society-groups-support-kejriwals-campaign-against-inflated-power-bills/article4576216.ece|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> The AAP claimed that the protest gathered support from {{formatnum:100000}} people in Delhi on a single day and more than {{formatnum:300000}} people up to 28 March 2013.<ref name="support">{{cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 March 2013 |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/eminent-personalities-support-kejriwals-movement/articleshow/19276389.cms |title=Eminent personalities support Kejriwal's movement |work=The Economic Times |access-date=19 July 2013 |archive-date=6 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506175429/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/eminent-personalities-support-kejriwals-movement/articleshow/19276389.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Anna Hazare urged Kejriwal to end the fast on 29 March and he did so on 6 April.<ref name="end">{{cite news|title=Aam Admi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal Ends Two-week long fast|url=http://tehelka.com/aam-aadmi-party-leader-arvind-kejriwal-ends-two-week-long-fast/|access-date=18 June 2013|publisher=Tehelka.com|date=6 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509130906/http://tehelka.com/aam-aadmi-party-leader-arvind-kejriwal-ends-two-week-long-fast/|archive-date=9 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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On 10 June 2013, Kejriwal supported agitation by Delhi auto rickshaw drivers, who were protesting the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government's]] ban on advertisements on auto rickshaws. Kejriwal claimed the government's ban was because the drivers supported his party and carried AAP's advertisements on their vehicles. He said that the AAP would put 10,000 advertisements on auto rickshaws as a protest.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ali|first=Mohammed|title=Kejriwal slams Sheila for banning ads on autos|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-slams-sheila-for-banning-ads-on-autos/article4801973.ece|access-date=14 June 2013|work=The Hindu|date=11 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613125341/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-slams-sheila-for-banning-ads-on-autos/article4801973.ece|archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> In retrospect, after Kejriwal had been elected and then resigned his position, a union representing the drivers expressed dissatisfaction, saying: "Arvind Kejriwal, who had won the elections because of the support of the auto drivers, has betrayed them by not fulfilling any of the promises made before the elections".<ref>{{cite news|title=Auto-Rickshaw Union Refuses to Support Kejriwal|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=829789|access-date=6 March 2014|newspaper=Outlook India|date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307112420/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=829789|archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> On 22 April 2015, the AAP organised a rally in Delhi against a land acquisition bill.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farmers-suicide-at-AAP-rally-Cops-probing-if-he-was-provoked-to-climb-tree/articleshow/47020691.cms|title=Farmer's 'suicide' at AAP rally: Cops probing if he was provoked to climb tree|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423153437/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Farmers-suicide-at-AAP-rally-Cops-probing-if-he-was-provoked-to-climb-tree/articleshow/47020691.cms|archive-date=23 April 2015}}</ref><br />
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===In Delhi===<br />
====2013====<br />
The [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013 Delhi state assembly elections]] were the party's first electoral contest. The Election Commission approved the symbol of a broom for use by the AAP in that campaign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aam Aadmi Party gets broom as election symbol|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aam-aadmi-party-gets-broom-as-election-symbol/410942-37.html|access-date=2 August 2013|publisher=IBN Live|date=31 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803083441/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/aam-aadmi-party-gets-broom-as-election-symbol/410942-37.html|archive-date=3 August 2013}}</ref> The party said that its candidates were honest and had been screened for potential criminal backgrounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-picks-its-candidates-filmmaker-homemaker-and-loyalists-800919.html |title=AAP picks candidates: Filmmaker, homemaker and loyalists |first=Danish |last=Raza |date=21 May 2013 |work=First Post|access-date=19 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728193528/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-picks-its-candidates-filmmaker-homemaker-and-loyalists-800919.html |archive-date=28 July 2013 }}</ref> It published its central manifesto on 20 November 2013, promising to implement the Jan Lokpal Bill within 15 days of coming to power.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-aap-promises-700-litres-of-free-water-cheap-power-jan-lokpal/435206-80-258.html |title=Delhi: AAP promises 700 litres of free water, cheap power, Jan Lokpal |publisher=IBN |date=20 November 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123235400/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-aap-promises-700-litres-of-free-water-cheap-power-jan-lokpal/435206-80-258.html |archive-date=23 November 2013 }}</ref><br />
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In November 2013, a sting operation conducted by Media Sarkar alleged that several leaders of the AAP, including Kumar Vishwas and [[Shazia Ilmi]], had agreed to extend their support to some people seeking assistance with land deals and other financial arrangements in return for donations in cash to the AAP.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/DEL-sting-operation-controversial-political-career-shazia-ilmi-aam-aadmi-party-delhi-4441540-PHO.html |work=Daily Bhaskar |title=RECAP: The controversial political career of Shazia Ilmi |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112101008/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/DEL-sting-operation-controversial-political-career-shazia-ilmi-aam-aadmi-party-delhi-4441540-PHO.html |archive-date=12 January 2014 }}</ref> Ilmi offered to withdraw her candidature as a result, but the party refused to accept her offer, describing the footage as fabricated and a violation of the Model Code of Conduct.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aap-defends-shazia-ilmi-threatens-to-sue-media-sarkar-and-tv-channels/1198331/ |title=AAP defends Shazia Ilmi, threatens to sue Media Sarkar and TV channels |work=The Indian Express|date=23 November 2013 |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124075245/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aap-defends-shazia-ilmi-threatens-to-sue-media-sarkar-and-tv-channels/1198331/ |archive-date=24 November 2013 }}</ref> The Election Commission ordered an inquiry regarding the legitimacy of the video where the political leaders have raised funding through "illegal" means.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ec-begins-inquiry-into-sting-operation-against-aap-leaders-218389-2013-11-21 |title=EC begins inquiry into sting operation against AAP leaders |work=India Today |date=22 November 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202043732/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ec-begins-inquiry-into-sting-operation-against-aap-leaders/1/326154.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 }}</ref> However immediately after the general elections, Shazia Ilmi (PAC member) resigned from the party.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2014 |title=Shazia Ilmi quits AAP |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shazia-ilmi-quits-aap/article6044201.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627220905/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shazia-ilmi-quits-aap/article6044201.ece |archive-date=27 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
The AAP emerged as the second-largest party in Delhi, winning 28 of the 70 Assembly seats; the Bharatiya Janata Party, as the largest party, won 31, while its ally [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], won 1; Indian National Congress won 8, and two were won by others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/delhi-polls-bjp-ahead-aap-inches-to-second-113120800100_1.html|title=Delhi polls -BJP ahead, AAP inches to second|agency=ANI|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=8 December 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213025515/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/delhi-polls-bjp-ahead-aap-inches-to-second-113120800100_1.html|archive-date=13 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |access-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |archive-date=15 December 2013 }}</ref> On 28 December 2013, the AAP formed a minority government in the hung Assembly, with what Sheila Dikshit describes as "not unconditional" support from Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fulfill promises, Sheila Dikshit tells Aam Aadmi Party |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=NDTV |date=23 December 2013 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/fulfill-promises-sheila-dikshit-tells-aam-aadmi-party-462091?curl=1387819909 |access-date=23 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224084523/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/fulfill-promises-sheila-dikshit-tells-aam-aadmi-party-462091?curl=1387819909 |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref> Kejriwal became the second-youngest [[Chief Minister of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal becomes Delhi's youngest Chief Minister |publisher=IBN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2013/delhi-assembly-elections/Aam-Admi-Arvind-Kejriwal-takes-oath-as-Delhi-CM-vows-change-in-governance/articleshow/28047952.cms |date=28 December 2013 |access-date=28 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229135831/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2013/delhi-assembly-elections/Aam-Admi-Arvind-Kejriwal-takes-oath-as-Delhi-CM-vows-change-in-governance/articleshow/28047952.cms |archive-date=29 December 2013 }}</ref> As a result of the Delhi elections, the AAP became a recognised state party in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=EC recognises AAP as state party, Centre not in a hurry to impose President's rule in Delhi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/EC-recognizes-AAP-as-state-party-Centre-not-in-a-hurry-to-impose-Presidents-rule-in-Delhi/articleshow/27657213.cms|access-date=2 February 2015|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219150412/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/EC-recognizes-AAP-as-state-party-Centre-not-in-a-hurry-to-impose-Presidents-rule-in-Delhi/articleshow/27657213.cms|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = '''Vote Share of different parties in the 2015 Delhi election.'''<br />
|other = yes<br />
|value1 = 53.4<br />
|label1 = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|color1 = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|value2 = 32.2<br />
|label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|color2 = orange<br />
|value3 = 9.7<br />
|label3 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
|color3 = aqua<br />
|value4 = 1.3<br />
|label4 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<br />
|color4 = blue<br />
|value5 = 0.6<br />
|label5 = [[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]<br />
|color5 = silver<br />
|value6 = 0.5<br />
|label6 = [[Independent (politics)|Independents]]<br />
|color6 = red<br />
|value7 = 0.5<br />
|label7 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]<br />
|color7 = darkblue<br />
|value8 = 0.4<br />
|label8 = [[None of the above|NOTA]]<br />
|color8 = darkgreen<br />
}}<br />
<br />
====2015====<br />
The Delhi state assembly elections for the [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]] were held on 7 February 2015, as declared by the Election Commission of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/election-commission-announce-delhi-assembly-poll-date-today-620071 |title=Election Commission Announces Delhi Assembly Poll Date: Voting on 7 Feb |date=12 January 2015 |work=International Business Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202084335/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/election-commission-announce-delhi-assembly-poll-date-today-620071 |archive-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref> The Aam Aadmi Party scored a landslide victory by winning a majority of 67 of the 70 seats. The BJP was able to win 3 seats and the Congress party saw all its candidates lose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Party-wise Winning Candidates|url=http://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/assemblyelection2015/PartyWiseWinningCandidates.pdf|website=Delhi Assembly Elections – 2015|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Delhi|access-date=24 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329030534/http://ceodelhi.gov.in/WriteReadData/assemblyelection2015/PartyWiseWinningCandidates.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> Kejriwal became the Chief Minister for the second time.<ref>({{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/live-delhi-election-results-2015-arvind-kejriwals-aap-leading-in-11-constituencies/41064/ |title=Delhi election results 2015: Arvind Kejriwal's AAP sweeps BJP right out of the city |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301032229/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/live-delhi-election-results-2015-arvind-kejriwals-aap-leading-in-11-constituencies/41064/ |archive-date=1 March 2015 |access-date=21 March 2022}}).</ref> The AAP had started campaigning in Delhi in November 2014 and declared candidates for all 70 seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/with-new-faces-and-young-team-aap-hits-campaign-trail/article1-1303093.aspx |title=Delhi: With new faces, AAP hits campaign trail |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103213526/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/with-new-faces-and-young-team-aap-hits-campaign-trail/article1-1303093.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
During the campaign, Kejriwal claimed that the BJP had been trying to bribe AAP volunteers. He asked Delhi voters to not deny the bribes offered to them. He suggested that voters should accept the bribe from others and yet vote for AAP through the secret ballot in the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/now-kejriwal-asks-aap-volunteers-to-take-money-and-do-sting_1538065.html|title=Now, Kejriwal asks AAP volunteers to take money and do sting|work=Zee News|date=29 January 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203083625/http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/now-kejriwal-asks-aap-volunteers-to-take-money-and-do-sting_1538065.html|archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref> The situation caused the Election Commission of India to instruct Kejriwal to desist from breaking laws governing the model code of conduct for elections in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/congress-moves-election-commission-against-arvind-kejriwals-bribe-remarks/31799/|title=Congress moves Election Commission against Arvind Kejriwal's bribe remarks|work=The Financial Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034427/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/miscellaneous/congress-moves-election-commission-against-arvind-kejriwals-bribe-remarks/31799/|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> but the Delhi court then allowed Kejriwal to challenge this.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TYmNsoTTWSNCgjljm8nN7N/Court-to-hear-plea-against-Arvind-Kejriwals-bribe-remark-on.html#nav=latest_news|title=Court to hear plea against Arvind Kejriwal's bribe remark on Tuesday|date=2 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205011640/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/TYmNsoTTWSNCgjljm8nN7N/Court-to-hear-plea-against-Arvind-Kejriwals-bribe-remark-on.html#nav=latest_news|archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
The President's Rule was subsequently rescinded and Kejriwal became the Chief Minister of Delhi with six cabinet ministers ([[Manish Sisodia]], [[Asim Ahmed Khan]], [[Sandeep Kumar (politician)|Sandeep Kumar]], [[Satyendar Jain]], [[Gopal Rai]], and [[Jitender Singh Tomar]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Kejriwal appointed Delhi Chief Minister|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/kejriwal-appointed-delhi-chief-minister/article6892633.ece?ref=relatedNews|work=The Hindu|date=13 February 2015|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=6 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706090926/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Kejriwal-appointed-Delhi-Chief-Minister/article60330600.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arvind Kejriwal takes oath as the eighth Chief Minister of Delhi at Ramlila Maidan|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arvind-kejriwal-takes-oath-as-the-eighth-chief-minister-of-delhi-at-ramlila-maidan/articleshow/46242583.cms|access-date=14 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217013941/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/arvind-kejriwal-takes-oath-as-the-eighth-chief-minister-of-delhi-at-ramlila-maidan/articleshow/46242583.cms|archive-date=17 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Major differences surfaced within the party leadership soon after its victory. It created deep fissures between the founding members who had together championed the anti-corruption movement. Problems emerged in February 2015 when Yogendra Yadav and Prashanth Bhushan wrote a joint letter to the National Executive, highlighting Kejriwal's tendency to unilateral decision-making, which they alleged had compromised the party's core principle of Swaraj.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/its-over-yadav-bhushans-open-letter-to-kejriwal-suggests-aaps-headed-for-big-break-up-2176113.html|title=It's over! Yadav, Bhushan's open letter to Kejriwal suggests AAP's headed for big break up|author=Debobrat Ghose|date=27 March 2015|work=Firstpost|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910090945/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/its-over-yadav-bhushans-open-letter-to-kejriwal-suggests-aaps-headed-for-big-break-up-2176113.html|archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> After continued allegations, counter-allegations and several failed attempts at reconciliation between the two sides, Yadav and Bhushan were first removed from the PAC and later from the National Executive after the party's National Council passed a resolution to expel them for their alleged anti-party activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=AAP reconciliation talks fail; Yadav, Bhushan accuse Kejriwal of forcing them to quit|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-reconciliation-talks-fail-yadav-bhushan-accuse-kejriwal-forcing-quit-2175459.html|access-date=21 April 2015|work=First Post|date=26 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429124957/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/aap-reconciliation-talks-fail-yadav-bhushan-accuse-kejriwal-forcing-quit-2175459.html|archive-date=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prashant Bhushan, Yogendra Yadav out of key AAP panel|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-removes-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-from-pac/|access-date=21 April 2015|work=The Indian Express|date=5 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143402/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/aap-removes-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-from-pac/|archive-date=27 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yogendra Yadav and Prashant Bhushan accuse Arvind Kejriwal of getting goons to the National Council meeting|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arvind-kejriwal-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-aap-national-council-246267-2015-03-28|access-date=21 April 2015|work=India Today|date=29 March 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103414/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arvind-kejriwal-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-aap-national-council/1/426262.html|archive-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> Party leaders refuted accusations made by Yadav and Bhushan at the meeting that the party was murdering democracy and resorting to intimidation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arvind-kejriwal-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-aap-national-council-246267-2015-03-28 | title=Yogendra Yadav and Prashant Bhushan accuse Arvind Kejriwal of getting goons to the National Council meeting | work=India Today | date=29 March 2015 | access-date=21 April 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502103414/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arvind-kejriwal-yogendra-yadav-prashant-bhushan-aap-national-council/1/426262.html | archive-date=2 May 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Yadav, Bhushan shown the door|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aap-national-council-meeting-gets-underway/article7042977.ece|access-date=21 April 2015|work=The Hindu|date=28 March 2015|last1=Anand|first1=Jatin|last2=Sriram|first2=Jayant|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211011310/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aap-national-council-meeting-gets-underway/article7042977.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, Yadav, Bhushan, Anand Kumar, and Ajit Jha were removed from the party.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dragged and thrown out of my own house, says an upset Yogendra Yadav after AAP expels him|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dragged-and-thrown-out-of-my-own-house-says-an-upset-yogendra-yadav-after-aap-expels-him/541064-37-64.html|access-date=21 April 2015|publisher=IBN Live|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423222903/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dragged-and-thrown-out-of-my-own-house-says-an-upset-yogendra-yadav-after-aap-expels-him/541064-37-64.html|archive-date=23 April 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== 2020 ====<br />
{{Pie chart|caption=Vote Share of major political parties in [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly Election 2020]]|color1={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|label1=AAP|value1=53.57|color2=orange|label2=[[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=38.51|color3=aqua|label3=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|value3=4.26|color4=black|label4=[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]|value4=0.46|color5=Grey|label5=Others|value5=3.2}}<br />
Voting for the Delhi Assembly elections took place on 8 February 2020, following vehement campaigns run by the major political parties contesting the election.<ref name="D0">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-06|title=Delhi Election 2020: Voting on February 8, counting on 11th|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi-election-2020-live-updates-election-commission-to-announce-poll-schedule-dates-11578304330157.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107093625/https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi-election-2020-live-updates-election-commission-to-announce-poll-schedule-dates-11578304330157.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The counting of votes and subsequent announcement of results happened on 11 February.<ref name="D0" /><br />
<br />
The Aam Aadmi Party retained the government as the party won 62 out of 70 seats.<ref name="Delhi 2020 Hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020/article30787472.ece|title=Delhi Assembly election results 2020|date=11 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211130832/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/delhi-assembly/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020/article30787472.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-12|title=Arvind Kejriwal's party wins more seats in close contests than it did in 2015|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020-arvind-kejriwal-s-party-wins-more-seats-in-close-contests-than-it-did-in-2015/story-gD4UPH6ycKlVNzKfJivZ1H.html|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918052747/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/delhi-assembly-election-results-2020-arvind-kejriwal-s-party-wins-more-seats-in-close-contests-than-it-did-in-2015/story-gD4UPH6ycKlVNzKfJivZ1H.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arvind Kejriwal]] became the [[List of chief ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister of Delhi]] for the third consecutive time. The party's vote share was 53.5%, according to the results.<ref>{{Cite news|title=AAP scores landslide victory in Delhi polls, BJP improves marginally, Congress fails to score again|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/aap-scores-landslide-victory-in-delhi-polls-bjp-improves-marginally-congress-fails-to-score-again/articleshow/74089434.cms|access-date=2020-09-03|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814154148/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/aap-scores-landslide-victory-in-delhi-polls-bjp-improves-marginally-congress-fails-to-score-again/articleshow/74089434.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==== 2025 ====<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| thumb = right<br />
| caption = Vote share by party in 2025 Delhi Legislative assembly election<br />
| other = <br />
| label1 = National Democratic Alliance<br />
| value1 = 47.15<br />
| color1 = {{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| label2 = Aam Aadmi Party <br />
| value2 = 43.57<br />
| color2 = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
| label3 = Indian National Congress <br />
| value3 = 6.34<br />
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| label4 = Others<br />
| value4 = 2.37<br />
| color4 = {{party color|Others}}<br />
| label5 = NOTA<br />
| value5 = 0.57<br />
| color5 = black <br />
}}<br />
The incumbent Aam Aadmi Party, which was in power for the previous ten years, lost the election, with several prominent leaders and cabinet ministers including national convener [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Manish Sisodia]], [[Satyendra Kumar Jain]], [[Somnath Bharti]], [[Saurabh Bhardwaj]], [[Rakhi Birla]], and [[Durgesh Pathak]] losing their seats. AAP managed to win only 22 seats, which was the party's worst performance in Delhi to date. Its vote share plummeted to 43.57%. The BJP formed the government with 48 seats.<br />
<br />
===In Punjab===<br />
For the [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Lok Insaaf Party]] allied with the AAP. This alliance was called the ''AAP Alliance'' and was represented on news channels as ''AAP+''. It won 22 seats in total, two of which were won by the Lok Insaaf Party and the other twenty by the AAP.<ref>{{citation |title=High on hype, how AAP got it wrong |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/punjab/high-on-hype-how-aap-got-it-wrong/376185.html |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=12 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813180630/https://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/punjab/high-on-hype-how-aap-got-it-wrong/376185.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The party won a landslide victory in [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab]], defeating the incumbent Congress government of [[Charanjit Singh Channi]], and state party convener [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as the new CM. The party also gained two seats in [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa]] and five seats in [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat]].<br />
<br />
===Across India===<br />
====State elections====<br />
For the first time, the AAP contested the [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]. In Goa, the AAP could not win any seats, and 38 out of 39 candidates failed to save their security deposits.<ref>{{citation |title=AAP debacle in Goa more stunning than it looks |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ct69xkEPNWaFn384XSsUhL/AAP-debacle-in-Goa-more-stunning-than-it-looks.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=14 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314113942/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ct69xkEPNWaFn384XSsUhL/AAP-debacle-in-Goa-more-stunning-than-it-looks.html |archive-date=14 March 2017 }}</ref> <br />
<br />
The AAP contested in [[2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election]] for the first time, won 14 seats and became the single largest party in the council of total 35 elected seats.<ref name="NDTV 27 Dec">{{cite news |title=AAP Wins Most Seats In Chandigarh Polls On Debut, BJP Mayor Among Losers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandigarh-civic-polls-aaps-big-debut-in-chandigarh-civic-polls-as-punjab-preps-for-elections-2673407 |access-date=27 December 2021 |work=NDTV.com |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227061922/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chandigarh-civic-polls-aaps-big-debut-in-chandigarh-civic-polls-as-punjab-preps-for-elections-2673407 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sitting mayor Ravi Kant Sharma from BJP lost his seat to AAP candidate Damanpreet Singh.<ref name="Tribuneindia Full list MC 2021">{{cite news |title=AAP emerges as leading party as Chandigarh MC poll throws up hung house; BJP's sitting mayor loses |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/counting-of-votes-under-way-for-chandigarh-municipal-corporation-polls-355069 |work=Tribuneindia |agency=Tribune News Service |date=28 December 2021 |language=en |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228101014/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/counting-of-votes-under-way-for-chandigarh-municipal-corporation-polls-355069 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="outlookindia 27 Dec 21" /> In ward number 21, former mayor and BJP candidate Davesh Moudgil was defeated by AAP's Jasbir.<ref name="outlookindia 27 Dec 21">{{cite news |title=Chandigarh Municipal Polls: AAP Emerges Leading Party; Party's Damanpreet Singh Defeats BJP Mayor |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-chandigarh-municipal-polls-aap-emerges-leading-party-partys-damanpreet-singh-defeats-bjp-mayor/406949 |work=outlookindia.com |date=27 December 2021 |language=en |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228221502/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-chandigarh-municipal-polls-aap-emerges-leading-party-partys-damanpreet-singh-defeats-bjp-mayor/406949/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In January 2021, Arvind Kejriwal announced that AAP would be contesting [[2022 elections in India|six state elections in 2022]]. The six states were [[#Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]], [[#Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]], [[#Goa|Goa]], [[#Gujarat|Gujarat]], [[#Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]], and [[#Punjab|Punjab]].<ref name="6 States HT 28 Jan 2021">{{cite news |title=AAP to contest polls in 6 states, including Himachal Pradesh, UP, Gujarat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-to-contest-polls-in-6-states-including-himachal-pradesh-up-gujarat-101611814372385.html |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230050702/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-to-contest-polls-in-6-states-including-himachal-pradesh-up-gujarat-101611814372385.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The party would later win the [[2022 Delhi Municipal Corporation election]] and other municipal elections in Punjab.<br />
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In December 2022, the party emerged as the third front in the [[politics of Gujarat]] after [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]. It secured 12.92% of the votes polled and five seats in the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat: AAP won 5 seats, 13% votes in Gujarat polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/winning-5-seats-13-votes-in-gujarat-polls-was-like-milking-an-ox-but-we-did-it-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/96322216.cms|access-date=2023-04-21|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=18 December 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426010920/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/winning-5-seats-13-votes-in-gujarat-polls-was-like-milking-an-ox-but-we-did-it-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/96322216.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from Gujarat, AAP was also accorded the status of state party in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-08-09|title=Recognition as state party in Goa for AAP|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/recognition-as-state-party-in-goa-for-aap/articleshow/93439629.cms|access-date=2023-04-10|issn=0971-8257|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414133811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/recognition-as-state-party-in-goa-for-aap/articleshow/93439629.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-10|title=How Did AAP Bag National Party Tag And NCP, TMC, CPI Lost It? News18 Explains|url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-did-aap-bag-national-party-tag-and-ncp-tmc-cpi-lost-it-news18-explains-7515283.html|access-date=2023-04-10|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410190038/https://www.news18.com/explainers/how-did-aap-bag-national-party-tag-and-ncp-tmc-cpi-lost-it-news18-explains-7515283.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
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In the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]], AAP opened its account in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] by the victory of [[Mehraj Malik]] from [[Doda Assembly constituency]] in the Jammu region by a margin of 4538 votes, making him the union territory's first AAP MLA.<br />
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====National elections====<br />
The AAP fielded 434 candidates in the [[2014 Indian general election]], in which it did not expect to do well. It recognised that its support was based primarily in urban areas and that different strategies might be required for different regions of the country. The party pointed out that its funding was limited and that there were too many demands for local visits from Kejriwal. The intention was to field candidates in large numbers to maximise the likelihood of recognition as a national party by the Election Commission.<ref name="IndExp20140105">{{cite news |title=AAP gears for Lok Sabha polls, to contest all seats in Gujarat, Haryana |publisher=Indian Express Portal |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aap-gears-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-all-seats-in-gujarat-haryana/1215513/0 |date=28 December 2013 |access-date=4 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140204144711/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/aap-gears-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-all-seats-in-gujarat-haryana/1215513/0 |archive-date=4 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aam Aadmi Party seeks national role, names 426 candidates |first=Brajesh |last=Kumar |work=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/with-426-names-aap-leads-list-race/article1-1203578.aspx |date=3 April 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095621/http://www.hindustantimes.com/elections2014/state-of-the-states/with-426-names-aap-leads-list-race/article1-1203578.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref> The outcome was that four AAP candidates won, all from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituency-wise Detailed Results – General Elections, 2014 – 16th Lok Sabha (page 258 of 492) |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf#page=258 |access-date=24 August 2016 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123041546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf#page=258 |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref><br />
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Consequently, the AAP became a recognised state party in Punjab.<ref>{{cite news|title=AAP recognised state party in Punjab|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aap-recognised-state-party-in-punjab-1993078|access-date=2 February 2015|work=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223112756/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aap-recognised-state-party-in-punjab-1993078|archive-date=23 February 2015}}</ref> The party obtained 2% of all votes cast nationwide and 414 of its candidates forfeited their [[deposit (politics)|deposit]] by failing to secure one-sixth of the vote in their constituencies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/AAP-may-have-lost-Rs-1-crore-in-election-deposits/articleshow/35575404.cms |title=AAP may have lost Rs 1 crore in election deposits |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528050443/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/AAP-may-have-lost-Rs-1-crore-in-election-deposits/articleshow/35575404.cms |archive-date=28 May 2014 }}</ref> Although the party secured 32.9 per cent of the votes in Delhi, it failed to win any seats there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/PartyWiseResultU05.htm?st=U05|title=Election Commission of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121625/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/PartyWiseResultU05.htm?st=U05|archive-date=17 May 2014|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> AAP convenor, Arvind Kejriwal fought from [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]] against BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate [[Narendra Modi]], but lost by a margin of 371,784 (20.30%) votes and came second ahead of BSP, Congress, SP.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN |date=May 17, 2014 |title=Election results: Arvind Kejriwal bags over 2 lakh votes in Varanasi, ahead of Cong, SP, BSP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/election-results-arvind-kejriwal-bags-over-2-lakh-votes-in-varanasi-ahead-of-cong-sp-bsp/articleshow/35235116.cms |access-date=2022-12-08 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405071525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/election-results-arvind-kejriwal-bags-over-2-lakh-votes-in-varanasi-ahead-of-cong-sp-bsp/articleshow/35235116.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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The National Executive member, Yogendra Yadav, in a letter to his party members criticised Kejriwal's style of leadership.<ref name="toi20140606">{{cite news |date=6 June 2014 |title=AAP vs AAP: Full text of Manish Sisodia and Yogendra Yadav's letters |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AAP-vs-AAP-Full-text-of-Manish-Sisodia-and-Yogendra-Yadavs-letters/articleshow/36156171.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609063337/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/AAP-vs-AAP-Full-text-of-Manish-Sisodia-and-Yogendra-Yadavs-letters/articleshow/36156171.cms |archive-date=9 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> After the National Executive meeting on 8 June, the party and Kejriwal acknowledged these differences and announced the launch of "Mission Vistar" (Mission Expand), to include more people in local as well as national decision making.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/aap-national-executive-resolutions |title=AAP national executive resolutions |publisher=Aam Aadmi Party |access-date=13 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614005338/http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/aap-national-executive-resolutions |archive-date=14 June 2014}}</ref><br />
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Unlike the [[2014 Indian general election]], the Political Affairs Committee (PAC) of the party decided to contest elections on limited seats of some of the states and all the seats in [[2019 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]], [[2019 Indian general election in Goa|Goa]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.india.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india/aam-aadmi-party-is-not-b-team-of-ruling-bjp-in-goa-elvis-gomes-3629452/|title=Aam Aadmi Party is Not 'B Team' of Ruling BJP in Goa: Elvis Gomes|date=13 April 2019|website=India.com|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425001921/https://www.india.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019-india/aam-aadmi-party-is-not-b-team-of-ruling-bjp-in-goa-elvis-gomes-3629452/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/aap-to-contest-all-13-seats-in-punjab/articleshow/68569750.cms|title=AAP News: Lok Sabha elections: AAP to contest all 13 seats in Punjab|date=26 March 2019|first=Alok KN|last=Mishra|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507045805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/aap-to-contest-all-13-seats-in-punjab/articleshow/68569750.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the state of [[Haryana]], the AAP formed an alliance with [[Dushyant Chautala]]'s [[Jannayak Janata Party]] to contest three [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/delhi/news/aap-jjp-make-haryana-alliance-official-latter-names-4-candidates/articleshow/68946694.cms|title=AAP and JJP make Haryana alliance official, latter names four candidates|date=19 April 2019|first=AlokKN|last=Mishra|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510063245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/delhi/news/aap-jjp-make-haryana-alliance-official-latter-names-4-candidates/articleshow/68946694.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/aap-announces-three-candidates-for-lok-sabha-elections-in-haryana/article26903637.ece|title=AAP announces three candidates for Lok Sabha elections in Haryana|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=21 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 April 2019|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=21 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421095039/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/aap-announces-three-candidates-for-lok-sabha-elections-in-haryana/article26903637.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The PAC also decided to support and campaign for [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] in [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/elections/aap-gives-unconditional-support-to-ldf-in-kerala|title=Elections 2019: AAP Gives Unconditional Support To LDF In Kerala|website=BloombergQuint|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425001924/https://www.bloombergquint.com/elections/aap-gives-unconditional-support-to-ldf-in-kerala|url-status=live}}</ref> The party also fielded its first [[transgender]] candidate from [[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Trans">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/uttar-pradesh/news/aap-fields-its-first-transgender-candidate-from-allahabad/articleshow/68631419.cms|title=Bhawani Nath Balmiki: AAP's first transgender candidate from Allahabad|date=29 March 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=9 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509033509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/uttar-pradesh/news/aap-fields-its-first-transgender-candidate-from-allahabad/articleshow/68631419.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The AAP won only 1 constituency of [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]. The party later won the [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency]] in 2023 after [[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]'s victory.<br />
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The [[2024 Indian general election]] period also coincided with investigations by authorities into state officials belonging to opposition parties, including [[Delhi]] Chief Minister Kejriwal, who was under investigation for alleged corruption in the [[Delhi liquor scam|allocation of liquor licences]]. Following [[Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal|Kejriwal's arrest]] on 21 March over the liquor license scam charges, Delhi's finance minister [[Atishi Singh|Atishi Marlena Singh]] accused the BJP of orchestrating a "political conspiracy" against Kejriwal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian opposition leader Arvind Kejriwal arrested over corruption claims |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/21/india-capitals-chief-minister-arrested-over-graft-probe-ahead-of-elections |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060228/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/21/india-capitals-chief-minister-arrested-over-graft-probe-ahead-of-elections |url-status=live}}</ref> His arrest also led to clashes between party leaders, supporters and the police on 22 March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Modi rival is arrested. Now, supporters of the opposition leader are protesting in India's capital |url=https://apnews.com/article/arvind-kejriwal-new-delhi-india-election-3227e705b58b3925a78e4517b2a30572 |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=Associated Press |date=22 March 2024 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060229/https://apnews.com/article/arvind-kejriwal-new-delhi-india-election-3227e705b58b3925a78e4517b2a30572 |url-status=live}}</ref> Rahul Gandhi, reacting to Kejriwal's arrest, said that a "scared dictator" wants to create a "dead democracy", without naming anyone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Rahul Gandhi's first reaction after Arvind Kejriwal's arrest: 'Scared dictator wants to create a dead democracy' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhis-first-reaction-after-kejriwals-arrest-scared-dictator-wants-to-create-a-dead-democracy-101711039757573.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060226/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhis-first-reaction-after-kejriwals-arrest-scared-dictator-wants-to-create-a-dead-democracy-101711039757573.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After he was released on bail and allowed to vote, Kejriwal urged citizens to "vote against dictatorship".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Opposition Politician Kejriwal Urges 'Vote Against Dictatorship' |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/indian-opposition-politician-kejriwal-urges-vote-against-dictatorship-cb1a1d52 |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=Barron's |language=en |date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525165418/https://www.barrons.com/news/indian-opposition-politician-kejriwal-urges-vote-against-dictatorship-cb1a1d52 |url-status=live }}</ref> He then returned to prison as part of his bail conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Indian opposition leader returns to jail, vows to fight 'dictatorship' as Modi eyes victory |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240602-top-indian-opposition-leader-returns-to-jail-vows-to-fight-dictatorship-as-modi-eyes-victory |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en |date=2 June 2024 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602142047/https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20240602-top-indian-opposition-leader-returns-to-jail-vows-to-fight-dictatorship-as-modi-eyes-victory |url-status=live }}</ref> Atishi later became CM of Delhi in September 2024 after Kejriwal's resignation. With the Congress-led [[INDIA Alliance]], the AAP won 3 seats in 2024, all in Punjab.<br />
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In 2026, [[Raghav Chadha]], AAP's deputy leader in the [[Rajya Sabha]], was removed from the post. He and 7 other AAP MPs later quit the party and joined the BJP.<br />
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== Ideology ==<br />
[[File:Anaa Hazare with Anupam Kher, Manish Sisodia and Kumar Vishwas.jpg|thumb|Anna Hazare, Anupam Kher, Manish Sisodia and Kumar Vishwas during the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]] movement]]<br />
Though the party doesn't follow any specific ideology, at the time of its formation, the AAP said that the promise of equality and justice that forms a part of the [[Constitution of India]] and of its preamble has not been fulfilled and that the [[Independence of India]] has replaced enslavement to an oppressive foreign power with that to a political elite. It claimed that the common people of India remain unheard and unseen except when it suits politicians. The AAP's goal is to reverse the way that government accountability operates, and the party takes an interpretation of the [[Gandhian socialism|Gandhian socialist]] concept of [[swaraj]] as a tenet. It believes that through ''swaraj'', the government will be directly accountable to the people instead of higher officials. The ''swaraj'' model lays stress on self-governance, community building, and decentralization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goal of Swaraj |url=http://www.aamaadmiparty.org/page/goal-of-swaraj |publisher=Aam Aadmi Party|access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611080545/http://aamaadmiparty.org/page/goal-of-swaraj |archive-date=11 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action |publisher=Columbia University Press |first=Dennis |last=Dalton |author-link=Dennis Dalton |edition=Revised |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15959-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C&q=77 |page=77 |access-date=13 June 2013 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706090958/https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C&q=77 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Kejriwal has stated that the AAP refuses to be guided by ideologies and that they are entering politics to change the system, saying, "We are common men. If we find our solution in the left, we are happy to borrow it from there. If we find our solution in the right, we are happy to borrow it from there."<ref>{{cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal is not an angry man. Or a socialist. |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/arvind-kejriwal-is-not-an-angry-man-or-a-socialist-858861.html |newspaper=[[First Post]] |date=10 June 2013 |access-date=10 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112083216/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/arvind-kejriwal-is-not-an-angry-man-or-a-socialist-858861.html |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> Kejriwal has put forward 3 pillars of Aam Aadmi Party's core ideology: ''staunch patriotism'', ''staunch honesty'' and ''humanity.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hardcore patriotism, honesty, humanity pillars of AAP ideology reflected in Delhi budget: Kejriwal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hardcore-patriotism-honesty-humanity-pillars-of-aap-ideology-reflected-in-delhi-budget-kejriwal/articleshow/90519818.cms |agency=PTI |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101020813/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hardcore-patriotism-honesty-humanity-pillars-of-aap-ideology-reflected-in-delhi-budget-kejriwal/articleshow/90519818.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The party advocates scrapping [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code]] and legalizing both homosexuality and [[same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=AAP unveils Mumbai manifesto, vows to decriminalize gay sex|date=10 April 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/AAP-unveils-Mumbai-manifesto-vows-to-decriminalize-gay-sex/articleshow/33567461.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331004428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/AAP-unveils-Mumbai-manifesto-vows-to-decriminalize-gay-sex/articleshow/33567461.cms|archive-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> The party is also regarded as being [[Populism|populist]]<ref name="London School of Economics">{{citation |title=The populist politics of the Aam Aadmi Party|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party |first1=Mitali |last1=Nikore |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=30 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201080821/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2014/01/15/the-populist-politics-of-the-aam-aadmi-party/|archive-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> and [[centrist]].<ref name="ThePrint03Feb20">{{Cite news|title=No soft Hindutva, no Left Revolution, Kejriwal establishing a new centre in Indian politics|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/|date=3 February 2020|first1=Rama|last1=Lakshmi|access-date=11 February 2020|work=[[ThePrint]]|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023071209/https://theprint.in/opinion/no-soft-hindutva-no-left-revolution-kejriwal-establishing-a-new-centre-in-indian-politics/358776/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |title=The rise of AAP and a central question |date=29 March 2022 |first1=Asmin |last1=Ali |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506023225/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-rise-of-aap-and-a-central-question/article65268456.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Organisation==<br />
[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail.jpg|thumb|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]]]<br />
The party leadership consists of the following bodies:<br />
<br />
*'''National Convener''': Arvind Kejriwal<br />
*'''National Secretary''': Pankaj Gupta<ref name="AAP PAC" /><br />
*'''National Treasurer''': Narain Dass Gupta<ref name="AAP PAC" /><br />
<br />
===Political Affairs Committee ===<br />
Political Affairs Committee is the highest decision-making body of the party.<ref name="Newsmaker">{{cite news |title=Newsmaker {{!}} At 31, an old AAP hand and now party's Rajinder Nagar candidate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/newsmaker-at-31-an-old-aap-hand-and-now-partys-rajinder-nagar-candidate-7943476/ |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623101102/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/newsmaker-at-31-an-old-aap-hand-and-now-partys-rajinder-nagar-candidate-7943476/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The current member of the PAC are [[Arvind Kejriwal]], [[Manish Sisodia]], [[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]], [[Gopal Rai]], [[Atishi]], [[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]], [[Durgesh Pathak]], and [[Rakhi Bidlan]]. Pankaj Kr Gupta (National Secretary) and Narain Dass Gupta (National Treasurer) are the ex officio members of the PAC.<ref name="AAP PAC">{{cite web |title=Political Affairs Committee {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party |url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/political-affairs-committee/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124174620/https://aamaadmiparty.org/political-affairs-committee/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===National Executive Committee ===<br />
The party's National Executive Committee had 34 members in 2022.<ref name="AAP NEC">{{cite web |title=National Executive {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party |url=https://aamaadmiparty.org/about/national-executive/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=17 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717182201/http://aamaadmiparty.org/national-executive |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===State leadership===<br />
<br />
The AAP has state wings in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, [[Aam Aadmi Party, Delhi|Delhi]], Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Mizoram,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nidhi |date=2023-02-19 |title=AAP to contest 5 of 9 state polls this year |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aap-to-contest-5-of-9-state-polls-this-year/articleshow/98050414.cms |access-date=2023-09-05 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> [[Aam Aadmi Party, Punjab|Punjab]], Puducherry, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center" width="70%"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State/UT<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State President<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State General Secretary<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State Incharge<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |State Co-incharge <br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Andhra Pradesh]]'''<br />
|Mani Naidu<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Arunachal Pradesh]]'''<br />
|Yamra Taya<br />
|Toko Nikam<br />
|Rajesh Sharma<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Assam]]'''<br />
|Dr. Bhaben Choudhury <br />
| rowspan="34" |<br />
|Rajesh Sharma<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aap Assam State Team {{!}} Aam Aadmi Party Assam Aap |url=https://www.aapassam.in/state |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=AAP Assam |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Bihar]]'''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Chhattisgarh]]'''<br />
|Komal Hupendi<br />
|[[Sandeep Pathak]]<br />
|[[Amolak Singh]], [[Amritpal Singh Sukhanand]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Goa]]'''<br />
|Amit Palekar<br />
|[[Pankaj Gupta (politician)|Pankaj Gupta]]<br />
| rowspan="7" |<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Gujarat]]'''<br />
|[[Isudan Gadhvi]]<br />
|[[Gopal Rai]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Haryana]]'''<br />
|[[Sushil Gupta]]<br />
| rowspan="9" |<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Himachal Pradesh]]'''<br />
|Surjeet Singh Thakur<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Jharkhand]]'''<br />
|Dr. Ajay Kumar singh<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Karnataka]]'''<br />
|[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Kerala]]'''<br />
|Adv. Vinod Wilson Mathew<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Madhya Pradesh]]'''<br />
|Rani Agrawal<br />
|[[Rajnish Kumar Dahiya]], [[Jagtar Singh Diyalpura]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Maharashtra]]'''<br />
| rowspan="3" |<br />
| rowspan="23" |<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Manipur]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Meghalaya]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Mizoram]]'''<br />
|Andrew Lalremkima Pachuau<br />
|Rajesh Sharma<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Nagaland]]'''<br />
|Asu Keyho<br />
|Rajesh Sharma<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Odisha]]'''<br />
|Nishikanta Mohapatra <br />
|[[Sandeep Pathak]]<br />
|- <br />
| '''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]'''<br />
|[[Aman Arora]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Rajasthan]]'''<br />
|Naveen Paliwal <br />
|[[Vinay Mishra]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Sikkim]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5" |<br />
| rowspan="5" |<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Tamil Nadu]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Telangana]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Tripura]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Uttar Pradesh]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Uttarkhand]]'''<br />
|Sawinderjeet Singh Kaler<br />
|[[Dinesh Mohaniya]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[West Bengal]]'''<br />
| rowspan="5" |<br />
|Sanjoy Basu<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]'''<br />
| rowspan="8" |<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Chandigarh]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Lakshadweep]]'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Delhi]]'''<br />
|[[Saurabh Bhardwaj]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]'''<br />
|[[Mehraj Malik]]<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Ladakh]]'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===General election results===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Election Year<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Lok Sabha <br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Leader<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Seats contested<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Seats won<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | +/- seats<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Overall Votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Percentage of votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | +/- Vote<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
|432<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|543|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|''New''<br />
|11,325,635<br />
|2.1%<br />
|''New''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/16|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2014|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150846/https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/16|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br />
|35<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
|2,716,629<br />
|0.4%<br />
|{{decrease}} 1.7%<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/17|title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 2019|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520152421/https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/0/17|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]<br />
|22<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|543|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{Increase}} 2<br />
|7,147,800<br />
|1.11%<br />
|{{increase}} 0.71<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===State Assembly election results===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable " style="text-align:center;"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Election Year<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Leader<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | seats contested<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | seats won<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | +/- in seats<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Overall votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | % of overall votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | +/- in vote share<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Sitting side<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|126|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|Rakesh Yadav<br />
|121<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|243|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|150,913<br />
|0.30<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|85<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|123,525<br />
|0.87<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|Komal Hupendi<br />
|57<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|144,710<br />
|0.93<br />
|{{increase}}0.06<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
|69<br />
| {{Composition bar|28|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|2,322,330<br />
|29.49<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|69<br />
| {{Composition bar|67|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}} 39<br />
|4,838,397<br />
|54.3<br />
|{{increase}} 24.8<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|70<br />
| {{Composition bar|62|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 5<br />
|4,974,522<br />
|53.57<br />
|{{decrease}} 0.73<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|70<br />
| {{Composition bar|22|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{decrease}} 40<br />
|4,133,898<br />
| 43.57%<br />
|{{decrease}} 10.0<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Goa Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|39<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|57,420<br />
|6.3<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|Amit Palekar <br />
|39<br />
|{{Composition bar|2|40|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}2<br />
|64,354<br />
|6.77<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/partywiseresult-S05.htm |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=results.eci.gov.in |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310113754/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/partywiseresult-S05.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|{{increase}}0.5<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|29<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|182|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|29,509<br />
|0.10<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|[[Isudan Gadhvi]]<br />
|180<br />
| {{Composition bar|5|182|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}5<br />
|4,112,055<br />
|12.92<br />
|{{increase}}12.82<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|46<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|59,839<br />
|0.48<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|[[Sushil Gupta]]<br />
|88<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|227817<br />
|1.79<br />
|{{increase}}1.31<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|Surjeet Singh Thakur<br />
|67<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|68|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|46,270<br />
|1.10<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|[[Mehraj Malik]]<br />
|7<br />
| {{Composition bar|1|90|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|29,733<br />
|0.52<br />
|{{increase}}0.52<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|26<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|81|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|35,252<br />
|0.23<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|28<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|224|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|23,468<br />
|0.06<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|Prithvi Reddy<br />
|209<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|224|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|225,869<br />
|0.58<br />
|{{increase}}0.42<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|Alok Agrawal<br />
|208<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|230|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|253,106<br />
|0.66<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|Rani Agrawal<br />
|69<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|230|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|233,458<br />
|0.54<br />
|{{Decrease}}0.12<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|24<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|288|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|57,855<br />
|0.10<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|6<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|1,410<br />
|0.09<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|Andrew Lalremkima <br />
|4<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|40|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|915<br />
|0.09<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|3<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|7,491<br />
|0.75<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|15<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|147|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|14,916<br />
|0.06<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|Nishikanta Mohapatra<br />
|41<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|147|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|42,281<br />
|0.17<br />
|{{increase}}0.11<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|[[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]<br />
| 112<br />
| {{Composition bar|20|117|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|3,662,665<br />
|23.7<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]<br />
|117<br />
|{{Composition bar|92|117|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}72<br />
|6,538,783<br />
|42.01<br />
|{{increase}}18.3<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|142<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|200|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|136,345<br />
|0.38<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|Naveen Paliwal<br />
|85<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|200|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|148,709<br />
|0.38<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|<br />
|41<br />
| {{Composition bar|0|119|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|13,134<br />
|0.06<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|[[Ajay Kothiyal]]<br />
|70<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|178,134<br />
|3.31<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="9" |[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />{{small|(debut)}}<br />
|[[Sanjay Singh (AAP politician)|Sanjay Singh]]<br />
|349<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|403|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|347,187<br />
|0.38<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Municipal Corporation election results===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Year<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Municipal Corporation <br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Seats contested<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Seats won<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Change in seats<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Percentage of votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Vote swing<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |Assam<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Assam municipal elections|2022]]<br />
|[[Guwahati Municipal Corporation|Guwahati]]<br />
|39<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|10.69<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |Chandigarh<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election|2021]]<br />
|[[Municipal Corporation Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]<br />
|35<br />
|{{Composition bar|14|35|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}14<br />
|27.08<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|Delhi<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|[[2017 Delhi Municipal Corporation election|2017]]<br />
|[[North Delhi Municipal Corporation|North Delhi]]<br />
|104<br />
|{{Composition bar|21|104|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}21<br />
|27.88<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[South Delhi Municipal Corporation|South Delhi]]<br />
|104<br />
|{{Composition bar|16|104|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}16<br />
|26.44<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[East Delhi Municipal Corporation|East Delhi]]<br />
|64<br />
|{{Composition bar|12|64|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}12<br />
|23.40<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Delhi Municipal Corporation election|2022]]<br />
| [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Delhi]]<br />
|250<br />
|{{Composition bar|134|250|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}85<br />
|42.05<br />
|{{increase}}15.82<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|Gujarat<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[Surat Municipal Corporation|Surat]]<br />
|120<br />
|{{Composition bar|27|120|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}27<br />
|28.47<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation|Gandhinagar]]<br />
|40<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|44|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|21.77<br />
|{{steady}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=8|Madhya Pradesh<br />
|-<br />
|2022 <br />
|Singrauli<br />
|<br />
|{{Composition bar|5|45|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=AAP Makes Madhya Pradesh Debut With Singrauli Mayoral Win |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-makes-madhya-pradesh-debut-with-singrauli-mayoral-win-3166398 |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719095140/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aap-makes-madhya-pradesh-debut-with-singrauli-mayoral-win-3166398 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=MP: AAP Wins Mayor Post In Singrauli, Garners Only 5 Corporator Seats In 45-Member Body |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-aap-wins-mayor-post-in-singrauli-garners-only-5-corporator-seats-in-45-member-body-1542995 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226100007/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/madhya-pradesh-aap-wins-mayor-post-in-singrauli-garners-only-5-corporator-seats-in-45-member-body-1542995 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |Punjab<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|[[Amritsar Municipal Corporation|Amritsar]]<br />
|85<br />
|{{Composition bar|9|85|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}9<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|[[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation|Ludhiana]]<br />
|95<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|95|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[Batala Municipal Corporation|Batala]]<br />
|51<br />
|{{Composition bar|4|51|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}4<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[Moga Municipal Corporation|Moga]]<br />
|50<br />
|{{Composition bar|8|50|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}8<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[Amritsar Municipal Corporation|Amritsar]]<br />
|85<br />
|{{Composition bar|24|85|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}15<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[Ludhiana Municipal Corporation|Ludhiana]]<br />
|40<br />
|{{Composition bar|40|95|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}39<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[Patiala Municipal Corporation|Patiala]]<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|43|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}43<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="8" |Uttar Pradesh <br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]<br />
|[[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation|Ayodhya]]<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]<br />
|[[Firozabad Municipal Corporation|Firozabad]]<br />
|70<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]<br />
|[[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation|Ghaziabad]]<br />
|100<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|100|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}3<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]<br />
|[[Jhansi Municipal Corporation|Jhansi]]<br />
|60<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|60|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Uttar Pradesh municipal elections|2023]]<br />
|[[Kanpur Municipal Corporation|Kanpur]]<br />
|110<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|110|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}}<br />
|{{increase}}1<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of state/union territorial governments==<br />
<br />
===Punjab===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Assembly<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Chief Minister<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" ; colspan="3"|Tenure<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Ministry<br />
|-<br />
|[[16th Punjab Assembly|16th]]<br />
|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|75px]]<br/>[[Bhagwant Mann]]<br />
|16 March 2022<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|{{Ayd|16 March 2022}}<br />
|[[Mann ministry|Mann I]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Delhi===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Assembly<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Chief Minister<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Deputy Chief Minister<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" ; colspan="3"|Tenure<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Ministry<br />
|-<br />
|[[5th Delhi Assembly|5th]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail (AI enhanced).jpg|75px]]<br/>[[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
|''Vacant''<br />
|28 December 2013<br />
|14 February 2014<br />
|''48 days''<br />
|[[First Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal I]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[6th Delhi Assembly|6th]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:ManishSisodia_(cropped).jpg|60px]]<br>[[Manish Sisodia]]<br>{{small|(till 28 Feb 2023)}}<br />
|14 February 2015<br />
|15 February 2020<br />
|''5 years, 1 day''<br />
|[[Second Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal II]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[7th Delhi Assembly|7th]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|16 February 2020<br />
|rowspan="2"|21 September 2024<br />
|rowspan="2"|{{Ayd|16 February 2020|21 September 2024}}<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Third Kejriwal ministry|Kejriwal III]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Vacant {{small|(since 28 Feb 2023)}}''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Atishi Marlena.jpg|75px]]<br>[[Atishi]]<br />
|21 September 2024<br />
|20 February 2025<br />
|{{ayd|21 SEPTEMBER 2024|20 February 2025}}<br />
|[[Atishi ministry|Atishi]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of Leaders of Opposition ==<br />
=== Leaders of Opposition ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Year<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Sr.no.<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Portrait <br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Name<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State Assembly <br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Term<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Duration<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|15th Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
|[[File:H. S. Phoolka.jpg|75px]]<br />
|[[Harvinder Singh Phoolka]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]<br />
|16 March 2017 – 12 October 2018<br />
|155 days<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|16th Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
|[[File:Sukhpalsingh.jpeg|75px]]<br />
|[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]<br />
|20 July 2017 – 26 July 2018<br />
|1 year, 17 days<br />
|-<br />
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|17th Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
|[[File:H. S. Cheema.png|75px]]<br />
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]<br />
|27 July 2018 – 10 March 2022<br />
|3 years, 232 days<br />
|-<br />
![[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|9th Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
|[[File:Atishi.jpg|75px]]<br />
|[[Atishi Marlena Singh]]<br />
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]<br />
|23 February 2025 – present<br />
|{{ayd|2025|02|23}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Deputy Leaders of Opposition ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Year<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Sr.no.<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Portrait <br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Name<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Constituency <br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State Assembly <br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Term<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Duration <br />
|-<br />
![[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|15th Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]<br />
|[[Jagraon Assembly constituency|Jagraon]]<br />
|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]<br />
|May 2017 – 11 March 2022<br />
|5 years<br />
|-<br />
![[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Delhi Legislative Assembly|9th Deputy Leader of the Opposition]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Mukesh Kumar Ahlawat]]<br />
|[[Sultanpur Majra Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Majra]]<br />
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]<br />
|23 February 2025-Incumbent<br />
|{{ayd|2025|2|23}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of MPs ==<br />
<br />
=== Lok Sabha ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Lok sabha<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Constituency<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Name<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Election<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="9"|'''[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]'''<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br />
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]<br />
| [[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|50px]]<br />
| [[Bhagwant Mann]]<br />
|rowspan="4"|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib (SC)]]<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|[[Harinder Singh Khalsa]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot (SC)]]<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|[[Sadhu Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]<br />
|[[File:Dharamvir Gandhi.png|50px]]<br />
|[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br />
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]<br />
| [[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|50px]]<br />
| [[Bhagwant Mann]]<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]<br />
|[[2023 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2023 (by poll)]]<ref group="N" name="JB"/><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]<br />
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]<br />
|[[File:Meet Hayer L1.jpg|50px]]<br />
| [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]<br />
| rowspan="3" | [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]<br />
| <br />
|[[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|[[Malvinder Singh Kang]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Leaders in the Lok Sabha ====<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|S. No.<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Name<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term start<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term end<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Lok Sabha<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Constituency <br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan=2|1<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Bhagwant Mann]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|50px]]<br />
|2014<br />
|2019<br />
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]<br />
|rowspan=4|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|2022<br />
|rowspan=2|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[Sushil Kumar Rinku]]<br />
|[[File:Blank.svg|center|50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|2023<br />
|2024<ref group="N" name="JB">Joined BJP in 2024</ref><br />
|[[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]<br />
|[[File:Meet Hayer L1.jpg|50px]]<br />
|2024<br />
|''Incumbent'' <br />
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]<br />
|[[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Rajya Sabha ===<br />
{{main|List of Rajya Sabha members from the Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Name<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term start<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term end<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |'''[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi|Delhi]]'''<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Sanjay Singh (cropped).jpg|50x50px]]<br />
|28 January 2018<br />
|27 January 2024<br />
|-<br />
|28 January 2024<br />
|27 January 2030<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[N. D. Gupta]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Blank.svg|center|50x50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
|28 January 2018<br />
|27 January 2024<br />
|-<br />
|28 January 2024<br />
|27 January 2030<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]'''<br />
|[[Balbir Singh Seechewal]]<br />
|[[File:Balbir Singh Seechewal.jpeg|50x50px]]<br />
|5 July 2022<br />
|4 July 2028<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Leaders in the Rajya Sabha====<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Name<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Portrait<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term start<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white" |Term end<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|Deputy Leader<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};color:white"|State<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]<br />
|[[File:Sanjay Singh (cropped).jpg|50x50px]]<br />
|28 January 2018<br />
|''Incumbent'' <br />
|[[Delhi]]<br />
|[[N. D. Gupta]] (2018–22)<br>[[Raghav Chadha]] (2022–26)<br>[[Ashok Mittal]] (2026)<br />
<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
<br />
* ''[[An Insignificant Man]]'' is a 2017 Hindi/English Indian socio-political documentary co-produced and directed by Khushboo Ranka and Vinay Shukla and also co-produced by filmmaker [[Anand Gandhi]].<ref name="BS 2">{{cite news|title='Ship of Theseus' team's next is 'Proposition for a Revolution'|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ship-of-theseus-team-s-next-is-proposition-for-a-revolution-114033100286_1.html|access-date=2 July 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=31 March 2014|author1-link=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110134312/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/ship-of-theseus-team-s-next-is-proposition-for-a-revolution-114033100286_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FP 1">{{cite news|title=After Ship of Theseus, Recyclewala Labs to make Proposition for a Revolution|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-ship-of-theseus-recyclewala-labs-to-make-proposition-for-a-revolution-1458995.html|access-date=2 July 2014|work=[[Firstpost|First Post]]|date=31 March 2014|author1-link=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026233748/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-ship-of-theseus-recyclewala-labs-to-make-proposition-for-a-revolution-1458995.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The documentary is about the rise of [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|anti-corruption]] protests in India and the formation and rise to power of the Aam Aadmi Party.<ref name="The Hindu 1">{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Budhaditya|title=Talking about a revolution|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/talking-about-a-revolution/article5931052.ece|access-date=2 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 April 2014|archive-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701214352/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/talking-about-a-revolution/article5931052.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last=Shukla|first=SP|date=2013-02-16|title=Myopia, Distortions and Blind Spots in the Vision Document of AAP|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/07/commentary/myopia-distortions-and-blind-spots-vision-document-aap.html|volume=48|issue=7|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|access-date=2021-03-29|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421070701/https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/07/commentary/myopia-distortions-and-blind-spots-vision-document-aap.html|url-status=live}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[AAP Delhi]] <br />
* [[AAP Punjab]]<br />
* [[Swaraj (book)]]<br />
* [[List of political parties in India]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}} {{Reflist|group=N}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Sources ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Prashant |year=2014 |title=Political Parties and Citizen Movements in Asia and Europe |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/political-parties-and-citizen-movements-in-asia-and-europe.pdf |chapter=From India Against Corruption to the Aam Admi Party: Social Movements, Political Parties and Citizen Engagement in India |isbn=978-9187729713 |publisher=Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), Hanns Seidel Foundation, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) |pages=38–59 |access-date=2021-03-29 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328063215/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/political-parties-and-citizen-movements-in-asia-and-europe.pdf |url-status=live}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website|https://aamaadmiparty.org/}}<br />
* [https://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/aam-aadmi-party.html Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)] at [[Elections in India|Elections.in]]<br />
<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Centrist parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Nationalist parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:National political parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:Populist parties]]<br />
[[Category:Socialist parties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=ETV_Win&diff=498041ETV Win2026-05-01T07:29:01Z<p>Zoyeford: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian video streaming service}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox website<br />
| name = ETV Win<br />
| logo = ETV Win.png<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| logo_alt = The logo of ETV Win<br />
| logo_caption = ETV Win's logo used since 2019<br />
| screenshot = <br />
| screenshot_alt = <br />
| collapsible = <br />
| type = [[OTT platform|OTT streaming platform]]<br />
| language = {{plainlist|<br />
* English<br />
* Telugu<br />
}}<br />
| headquarters = [[Ramoji Film City]]<br />
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| country_of_origin = India<br />
| area_served = India<br />
| owner = [[ETV Network]]<br />
| founder = [[Ramoji Rao]]<br />
| president = <br />
| key_people = <br />
| industry = {{hlist|[[Entertainment]]|[[Mass media]]}}<br />
| products = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Streaming media]] <br />
* [[video on demand]]<br />
* [[digital distribution]]<br />
}}<br />
| services = {{flatlist|<br />
* Film production<br />
* film distribution<br />
* television production<br />
* television distribution<br />
}}<br />
| parent = <br />
| url = {{URL|etvwin.com}}<br />
| commercial = Yes<br />
| registration = Required<br />
| users = <br />
| launched = {{Start date and age|2019|11|6|df=y}}<br />
| current_status = Active<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''ETV Win''' is an Indian [[Video on demand|subscription video on-demand]] and [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] [[Streaming media|streaming]] service owned by [[ETV Network]], a subsidiary of the [[Ramoji Group]]. The service primarily distributes original and acquired films and television shows in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETV plans to go big on OTT content |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/etv-plans-to-go-big-on-ott-content/117 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
It was launched in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-08 |title=Eenadu Television launches OTT Platform ETV WIN; to offer all Network channels in single app |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/eenadu-television-launches-ott-platform-etv-win-to-offer-all-network-channels-in-single-app/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Original programming ==<br />
Original programming is produced and distributed under the label "ETV Win Originals". ''Righto Lefto'' was the first original television show, whereas, ''Match Fixing'' was the first original film to be distributed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETV Win gearing up with blazing new content for OTT, here's what we know {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/etv-win-gearing-up-with-blazing-new-content-for-ott-heres-what-we-know-exclusive/25d400a4a4661 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== TV shows ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Premiere <br />
!Genre<br />
! Seasons<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|''Righto Lefto''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Righto Lefto review: An intermittently engaging sitcom with a quirky premise |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/righto-lefto-review-an-intermittently-engaging-sitcom-with-a-quirky-premise/f919a8ae2597 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326155048/https://www.ottplay.com/review/righto-lefto-review-an-intermittently-engaging-sitcom-with-a-quirky-premise/f919a8ae2597 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| 22 March 2023 <br />
|[[Sitcom]]<br />
| 1 season, 10 episodes<br />
|Ended<br />
|-<br />
| ''U & I''<br />
|27 April 2023<br />
|[[Romantic drama]]<br />
|1 season, 5 episodes<br />
|Ended<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dil Se (TV series)|''Dil Se'']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-09-16 |title=Dil Se now streaming on ETV Win |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Sep/16/dil-se-now-streaming-on-etv-win-47694.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
| 16 September 2023<br />
|[[Romantic comedy]]<br />
| 1 season, 12 episodes<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''Mr Nagabhushanam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr Nagabhushanam OTT release date: When and where to watch Ram Nitin, Mounika Reddy's show |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mr-nagabhushanam-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-ram-nitin-mounika-reddys-show/a02614941a935 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222171327/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mr-nagabhushanam-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-ram-nitin-mounika-reddys-show/a02614941a935 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|13 October 2023<br />
|[[Romantic comedy]]<br />
|1 season, 5 episodes<br />
|Ended<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ustaad (TV show)|''Ustaad'']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-12-18 |title=Here is a list of Telugu movies, shows you can watch on OTT this week starting December 18 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/here-is-a-list-of-telugu-movies-shows-you-can-watch-on-ott-this-week-starting-december-18 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|15 December 2023<br />
|[[Variety show|Variety]] [[talk show]]<br />
|1 season, 9 episodes<br />
|Renewed<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ustaad on ETV Win - Season 2 of the Manchu Manoj game show to be bigger and bolder |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ustaad-on-etv-win-season-2-of-the-manchu-manoj-game-show-to-be-bigger-and-bolder/4ff6bad51b656 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[90's – A Middle Class Biopic]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=90s OTT release date: When and where to watch Sivaji, Vasuki Anand's show |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/90s-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-sivaji-vasuki-anands-show/de175c3ed3391 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
|5 January 2024<br />
|[[Family drama]]<br />
|1 season, 6 episodes<br />
|Renewed<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=90's A Middle Class Biopic Web Series Creates New Record In Telugu OTT Space |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/90s-a-middle-class-biopic-web-series-creates-new-record-in-telugu-ott-space-article-111837195 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240801223329/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/90s-a-middle-class-biopic-web-series-creates-new-record-in-telugu-ott-space-article-111837195 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-01-17 |title='#90's' to have a sequel; producer confirms |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/90s-to-have-a-sequel-producer-confirms-851805 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thulasivanam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thulasivanam release date out - Stream Tharun Bhascker's ETV Win web series on this date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/thulasivanam-release-date-out-stream-tharun-bhasckers-etv-win-web-series-on-this-date/b4eba48502232 |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123090433/https://www.ottplay.com/news/thulasivanam-release-date-out-stream-tharun-bhasckers-etv-win-web-series-on-this-date/b4eba48502232 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|21 March 2024<br />
|[[Comedy drama]]<br />
|1 season, 6 episodes<br />
|Ended<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sasimadhanam]]''<br />
|4 July 2024<br />
|[[Romantic comedy]]<br />
|1 season, 6 episodes<br />
|Ended<br />
|-<br />
|''Katha Sudha''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=K Raghavendra Rao's Katha Sudha premieres on ETV Win from April 6 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/k-raghavendra-raos-katha-sudha-premieres-on-etv-win-from-april-6-1870191 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|6 April 2025<br />
|[[Anthology series|Anthology drama]]<br />
|1 season, 40 episodes<br />
|Ongoing<br />
|-<br />
|''[[AIR: All India Rankers]]''<br />
|3 July 2025<br />
|[[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age comedy]]<br />
|1 season, 7 episodes<br />
|Pending<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Constable Kanakam]]''<br />
|14 August 2025<br />
|[[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]<br />
|2 season, 10 episodes<br />
|Renewed<ref>{{Cite web|title=Varsha Bollamma’s Constable Kanakam set for a theatrical release|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/23/varsha-bollammas-constable-kanakam-set-for-a-theatrical-release|website=Cinema Express|date=2026-01-23|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" |Awaiting release<br />
|-<br />
|''Gurthukosthunnayi'' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Guptha |first=Ganesh |date=2026-02-27 |title='ఈటీవీ విన్' జాతర - శివగామితో సినిమా... రాబోయే లైనప్ ఇదే |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ott-webseries/etv-win-jathara-2026-from-ramya-krishnan-paakashala-pantham-to-papam-prathap-gurthukosthunnayi-jilledu-chettu-popular-telugu-ott-announces-lineup-239444 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref><br />
| colspan="4" |{{TableTBA}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Jilledu Chettu<ref name=":0" />''<br />
| colspan="4" |{{TableTBA}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Little Things<ref name=":0" />''<br />
| colspan="4" |{{TableTBA}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! ETV Win release date <br />
!Genre<br />
! Runtime<br />
|-<br />
|''Match Fixing''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matchfixing OTT release date: When and where to watch Viswant, Vasanthi Krishnan, Abhijeeth Poondla's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/matchfixing-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-viswant-vasanthi-krishnan-abhijeeth-poondlas-film/c5773cad88314 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505074751/https://www.ottplay.com/news/matchfixing-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-viswant-vasanthi-krishnan-abhijeeth-poondlas-film/c5773cad88314 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|5 May 2023<br />
|[[Romantic comedy]]<br />
|119 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Asalu]]''<br />
| 13 April 2023<br />
| [[Crime thriller]]<br />
| 102 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kanulu Therichinaa Kanulu Moosinaa]]''<br />
|16 June 2023<br />
|[[Romantic drama]]<br />
|120 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''Police Story''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2023-07-24 |title=Police Story OTT: ఓటీటీలో క్రైమ్ ఇన్వేస్టిగేషన్ థ్రిల్లర్.. 'పోలీస్ స్టోరీ' స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పుడు, ఎక్కడంటే? |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/suresh-krishnas-police-story-movie-to-stream-on-etv-win-ott-from-july-28-1016852.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|28 July 2023<br />
|[[Crime thriller]]<br />
|104 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Krishna Rama]]''<br />
|22 October 2023<br />
|[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
|119 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Valari (film)|Valari]]''<br />
|6 March 2024<br />
|[[Horror thriller]]<br />
|123 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rush (2024 film)|Rush]]''<br />
|13 June 2024<br />
|[[Action thriller]]<br />
|93 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Veeranjaneyulu Viharayatra]]''<br />
|14 August 2024<br />
|[[Road movie|Road comedy drama]]<br />
|121 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Leela Vinodham]]''<br />
|19 December 2024<br />
|[[Romantic comedy]]<br />
|98 minutes<br />
|-<br />
| ''Break Out''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/break-out-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-the-raja-goutham-thriller/ff883c19cc389|title=Break Out OTT release date: When and where to watch Raja Goutham's thriller|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> || 9 January 2025 || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] || 84 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pothugadda]]''<br />
|30 January 2025<br />
|[[Political drama]]<br />
|111 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Anaganaga (film)|Anaganaga]]''<br />
|15 May 2025<br />
|[[Family drama]]<br />
|136 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Little Hearts (2025 film)|Little Hearts]]''{{Efn|Co-distributed with Bunny Vas Works and Vamshi Nandipati Entertainments for [[Movie theater|theatrical release]]|name=codist}}<br />
|1 October 2025{{Efn|Theatrical release on 5 September 2025}}<br />
|[[Romantic comedy]]<br />
|128 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''Yenugu Thondam Ghatikachalam''<br />
|13 November 2025<br />
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]<br />
|113 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Raju Weds Rambai]]''{{Efn|name=codist}}<br />
|21 November 2025{{Efn|Theatrical release on 21 November 2025}}<br />
|[[Romantic drama]]<br />
|135 minutes<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Papam Prathap]]{{Efn|Co-distributed with People Media Factory and [[Mythri Movie Makers|Mythri Movie Distributors LLP]] for [[Movie theater|theatrical release]]}}''<br />
|{{TableTBA}}{{Efn|Theatrical release on 17 April 2026}}<br />
|[[Comedy drama]]<br />
|150 minutes<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" |Awaiting release<br />
|-<br />
|''Newton’s 3rd Law''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumanth Movie: కర్మ ఏజెంట్గా అక్కినేని హీరో.. ‘న్యూటన్స్ థర్డ్ లా’ ట్రైలర్ రిలీజ్ |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/sumanth-newtons-3rd-law-agent-of-karma-trailer-released/articleshow/128118084.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
|2026<br />
|[[Thriller film|Thriller]]<br />
|{{TableTBA}}<br />
|-<br />
|''Paakashala Pantham''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-12-10 |title=Kolla Entertainments, ETV Win joint production with Praveen Kolla as Producer ‘Paakashala Pantham’ launches in RFC |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kolla-entertainments-etv-win-joint-production-with-praveen-kolla-as-producer-paakashala-pantham-launches-in-rfc-1030090 |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-12-10 |title=Ramya Krishnan-Aishwarya Rajesh starrer Pakashala Pantham announced |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Dec/10/telugunews2025dec10ramya-krishnan-aishwarya-rajesh-starrer-pakashala-pantham-announced |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|2026<br />
|[[Comedy film|Comedy]]<br />
|{{TableTBA}}<br />
|-<br />
|''SI Yugandhar<ref name=":0" />''<br />
|{{TableTBA}}<br />
|<br />
|{{TableTBA}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Exclusive distribution programming ==<br />
These products, even though listed as ETV Win Originals, are programs that were acquired for exclusive distribution to stream them.<br />
<br />
=== TV shows ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Premiere <br />
!Genre<br />
! Seasons<br />
!Status<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sammelanam (TV series)|''Sammelanam'']]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=Sammelanam OTT release date: Here's when and where you can watch new Telugu web series based on crazy love triangle online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sammelanam-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-new-telugu-film-based-on-crazy-love-triangle-online-1373251 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219093345/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/sammelanam-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-new-telugu-film-based-on-crazy-love-triangle-online-1373251 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|20 February 2025<br />
|[[Romantic drama]]<br />
|1 season, 6 episodes<br />
|Ended <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Title<br />
! Release date <br />
!Genre<br />
! Runtime<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Wife Off]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2025-01-19 |title=ETV Win Announces Crime Thriller Wife Off |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/etv-win-announces-crime-thriller-wife-off-1855232 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
| 22 January 2025 <br />
|[[Crime thriller]]<br />
| 80 minutes<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{Official website|https://www.etvwin.com/}}<br />
{{VOD services}}<br />
[[Category:Video on demand services]]<br />
[[Category:Internet television streaming services]]<br />
[[Category:Subscription video on demand services]]<br />
[[Category:Indian entertainment websites]]<br />
[[Category:Internet television channels]]<br />
[[Category:OTT Platforms in India]]<br />
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2019]]<br />
[[Category:ETV Network]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moran_people&diff=518450Moran people2026-05-01T00:26:13Z<p>Zoyeford: Creating first article more to come!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Ethnic group found in the northeast Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| group = Moran, Maran<br />
| population = Approximately 100,000 in Assam and 30,000 in Arunachal Pradesh<br />
| popplace = Predominately in Upper [[Assam]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] <br />
| title = <br />
| url = <br />
| languages = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Moran language |Moran]]<br />
| religions = Tribal animistic religion <br />
<br />
| related = [[Jingpo people]], [[Dimasa people|Dimasas]], [[Sonowal Kachari people|Sonowal Kacharis]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| website = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = Moran Bihu Dance.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Moran Bihu Dance<br />
| rawimage = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Moran''' are an ethnic group found in the northeast Indian states of [[Assam]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. They are of [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] origin. They speak [[Assamese language]], though they used to speak [[Moran language]] which was alive until the early 20th century and was closely related to the [[Dimasa language]].<ref name=":0">"I have recently been able to demonstrate that Gurdon’s dialect is a variety of Dimasa, since it retains all the features examined here: it has the same consonant clusters and diphthongs as Dimasa." {{harvcol|Jaquesson|2017|p=108}}</ref> They once shared the same allied customs with other Kachari groups, but after their conversion to Vaishnavism, the customs began to diminish, but still, those customs can be seen intermixed with Vaishnavism.<br />
<br />
The Morans were initiated under the fold of [[Ekasarana Dharma]] in the tenure of Mayamara abbot [[Astabhujdeva|Chaturbhujdeva]].<ref>{{harvcol|Chetia|2015|pp=70–71}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
They are mainly concentrated in the districts of [[Upper Assam]] ([[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]], [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]], [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]] and [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]) and adjoining districts of Arunachal Pradesh ([[Lohit district|Lohit]], [[Namsai district|Namsai]], [[Changlang district|Changlang]] district).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The Moran community is one of the aboriginal tribes of Assam. In the 13th century, they lived in the south eastern corner of the Brahmaputra valley occupying territories between the Disang and [[Dihing River|Dihing]] rivers.<ref>"At the time of Sukapha's advent, the Morans were ruling the tract bounded by the rivers Buri Dihing in the north, Disang in the south, Suffry in the east and Brahmaputra in the west."{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=21}}</ref> The Morans have a long history in the north–eastern part of India. They had their own independent chiefdom before the advent of the Ahoms. The origin of the word ''Moran'' is still remains obscure. According to the British reports the Morans are a distinct tribe inhabiting the jungle, which is, a division of upper Assam.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
They had an chiefdom led by chief Bodousa before the advent of the Ahom king [[Sukaphaa]]. Having arrived in this affluent kingdom, Sukaphaa proposed to marry princess Gondheswari- the daughter of Moran chief Bodousa. The chief Bodousa accepted his proposal and thus the Moran's became a part of the newly created Ahom polity.{{sfn|Dutta|1985|p=24}} Due to their close relation with the Ahoms, the Morans seem to have adopted many of the Ahom rites and rituals.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
They were also known by the name ''Habungiya'' or ''Hasa'' where Ha means soil or Earth in Moran language and Sa means son and Habungiya or Hasa means ''Son of the soil''.<ref>"By their Ahom conquerors the Morons were employed in various menial capacities, as hewers of wood and drawers of water, and were sometimes known as Habungiyas, earth-folk, or true autoch-thones, " sons of the soil"{{harvcol|Endle|1911|p=88}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
* [[Anup Chetia]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Moamoria]] ''(Matak)''<br />
* [[Moamoria rebellion]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Printed sources===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{Citation |last1=Chetia |first1=Noni Rupa |title=The Mayamara Satra A Study in Institutional System and Social Relationship |date=2015 |page=Dibrugarh University}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Jaquesson |first1=François |translator-last=van Breugel |translator-first= Seino |year=2017 |title=The linguistic reconstruction of the past The case of the Boro-Garo languages |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=90–122 |doi=10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van }}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Endle|first=Sidney|title=The Kacharis|url=https://archive.org/details/kacharis009491mbp|access-date=20 February 2013|year=1911|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|location=London}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Bodo-Kachari]]<br />
[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vishalakshi_Dakshinamurthy&diff=544911Vishalakshi Dakshinamurthy2026-04-29T04:38:17Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding New Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer-novelist (born 1935)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Vishalakshi Dakshinamurthy<br />
| image =<br />
| birth_name = Vishalakshi<br />
| penname = Vishalakshi Dakshinamurthy<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|11|16}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Challakere]], [[Princely State of Mysore|Mysore State]], [[British India]]<br />
| occupation = Writer<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education =<br />
| alma_mater =<br />
| period = 1950–present<br />
| genre = Novels, non-fiction, classical<br />
| subject = Non-fiction<br />
| movement =<br />
| notableworks = Vyapthi-Prapthi<br />
| spouse =<br />
| relatives = [[T. R. Subba Rao]] (uncle), [[Chi. Udayashankar]] (relative)<br />
| children = 3, including [[D. Mangala Priyadarshini]]<br />
| awards = [[Rajyotsava Award]]<br />
| signature =<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
'''Vishalakshi Dakshinamurthy''' is an Indian novelist who writes in [[Kannada]]. Her novel ''Vyapthi-Prapthi'' which was adapted into the film ''[[Jeevana Chaitra]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2020 |title=This Day That Year: Rajkumar's ‘Jeevana Chaitra’ was released |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/this-day-that-year-rajkumars-jeevana-chaitra-was-released-and-much-more-read-here/articleshow/77259181.cms |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008, she received the Bhuvaneshwari award at the Kannada Sahitya Parashat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2008 |title=Saroja ducks romance poser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/saroja-ducks-romance-poser/articleshow/2741746.cms |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dakshinamurthy, Vishalakshi}}<br />
[[Category:1935 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chitradurga district]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sree_Narayana_Sevika_Samajam&diff=536973Sree Narayana Sevika Samajam2026-04-26T16:51:36Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding New Post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
|name = Sree Narayana Sevika Samajam<br />
|image = Sree Narayana Sevika Samajam.jpg<br />
|image_size = <br />
|image_alt = <br />
|caption = <br />
|map = <br />
|map_size = <br />
|map_alt = <br />
|map_caption = <br />
|abbreviation = <br />
|formation = 1964<br />
|type = Non Profitable<br />
|status = <br />
|purpose = Charity<br />
|headquarters = [[Aluva]]<br />
|coordinates = <br />
|region_served = <br />
|leader_title = [[Secretary]]<br />
|leader_name = [[V.P.Seemandini]]<br />
|num_staff = <br />
|website = [http://www.snsevika.org/ http://www.snsevika.org/]<br />
}}<br />
'''Sree Narayana Sevika Samajam''' is a charitable organization situated at Thottumugham, [[Aluva]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] which is also known as Sree Narayana Giri.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110503141713/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/30/stories/2011043068110300.htm The Hindu 30 April 2011]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070805012347/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/07/stories/2006010721080300.htm The Hindu 7 January 2006]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20051226051718/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/22/stories/2005102220840300.htm The Hindu 22 October 2005]</ref> It was established in the year 1965 under Societies Registration Act, Travancore, 1955. Sreenarayana Sevika Samajam seeks to give a home to those who would otherwise have none. An atmosphere of a large family prevails in the orphanage.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130125071928/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/28/stories/2006042810630400.htm The Hindu 28 April 2006]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070524094119/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2004/01/23/stories/2004012300760200.htm The Hinu 23 January 2004]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004012600840200.htm&date=2004/01/26/&prd=thlf& 26 January 2004]</ref> The institution is totally managed by women.<ref>[http://gurudarsanam.com/about-narayana-guru.html Gurudhrashanam]</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Giri is located on a hill in a village of Keezhumadu, near Thottumugham, about 5&nbsp;km from Aluva, an industrial town in central [[Kerala]]. This hill has close association with the saint and social reformer, [[Sree Narayana Guru]], and his follower, [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]]. The Guru used to spend long hours in meditation on this hill. The rock on which he sat is still carefully preserved under a cenotaph.<br />
<br />
The land on this hill once belonged to a person convicted for murder. By the time he was released from custody, he had repented his act and later became a disciple of [[Sree Narayana Guru]]. The Guru gave him a name, ''Valmiki''. He donated the hill to the Guru and it got the name ''Valmiki Kunnu''(''Valmiki Hill''). In the course of time, it came to be known as Sree Narayana Giri. It was there that [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]] and his wife, Parvathy Ayyappan, set about practicing Sree Narayana Guru's precept that ''Service to humanity is Service to God''. They established the Sree Narayana Sevika Samajam in 1964.<br />
<br />
At that time Thottummugham was a backward area inhabited by the weakest sections living in poverty and misery. The first step was to start a school. Getting children to attend classes was not an easy task. Parents refused to send their children unless they were paid at least Rs. 2 every day since the child could have earned that money by begging! Incredible, but true. It took patient cajoling to persuade parents to let their children attend school. Schooling them involved more than teaching them to read and write. The children had to be catalyst for social change and reformation, giving the poorest in society a sense of dignity and hope of betterment.<br />
<br />
This lower primary school gives education to the local children up to the fourth standard when they would be about 10 years old. There are eleven teachers, including one for Arabic. Shortly afterwards, a Nursery School was started. There were just 32 children when the Nursery began. Although not directly related to the Nursery School, a balanced and nutritious meal is given to pregnant women, nursing mothers and children below 3 years. This programme, which is funded by the Kerala State Social Welfare Board, has been of a great benefit to women and children of this still relatively poor area.<br />
<br />
The institution has been fortunate to elicit appreciation from eminent personalities of different walks of life. Sri. [[K.R. Narayanan]] the former [[president of India]] visited the institution and recorded his admiration.<br />
<br />
==Functions==<br />
The institution is working in different sectors.<br />
<br />
===Ananda Bhavanam : The Orphanage===<br />
Source:<ref>[http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_socialwelfare/List%20of%20CHARITABLE%20INSTITUTIONS.htm Official website Government of Kerala]</ref><br />
<br />
The idea of starting an orphanage took when a two-year-old boy was brought to Sahodharan Ayyappan with sore covering his body. His parents had died under a train and a policeman found the little boy wandering near the railway station. The child was treated by Sahodharan Ayyappan's son-in-law, who is a doctor. Sahodaran Ayyappan named the boy ''Jawahar'' and wished that he too could become the [[Prime Minister of India]], believing that someone who had undergone such trauma in childhood would be motivated to use the machinery of State of good.<br />
<br />
Anannda Bhavanam was established so that abandoned children could be given a home. They have successfully created the atmosphere of a family where children feel secure and go through all the usual childhood experience of pranks, fights, sulks and reconciliation. The girls who have grown up here often return after marriage to have their baby, as they would in any normal Indian family.<br />
<br />
===Santhi Mandiram : Home for destitute women===<br />
This section of the Samajam tries to bring peace to women who have no means to fend for themselves. There are many women staying in this place at present.<br />
<br />
===Visrama Sadanam===<br />
This part of Samajam looks after women over 60 years of age, who physically or mentally incapacitated.<br />
<br />
===Library===<br />
A library is also working in Samajam. More than 30000 books are available in the library.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Charities based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Orphanages in India]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swapna_Debbarma&diff=538855Swapna Debbarma2026-04-25T17:54:44Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding New Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Swapna Debbarma<br />
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| party = [[Tipra Motha Party]]<br />
| term_start = 2023<br />
| predecessor = [[Dhirendra Debbarma]]<br />
| constituency = [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency|Mandaibazar]]<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| profession = [[Social Worker]]<br />
| image = [[File:Swapna Debbarma official portrait 2023.jpg|190px]]<br />
| caption = Official Portrait, 2023<br />
| spouse = Mintu Debbarma<br />
| children = 1<br />
| birth_date = 1975<br />
| committees = *Chairman, Library Committee, Tripura Legislative Assembly (1 April 2025–present)<br />
*Member, Committee On Government Assurances, Tripura Legislative Assembly (1 April 2025–present)<br />
}}<br />
'''Swapna Debbarma'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=MLA Swapna Debbarma slams irregularities in school renovation work during Mandai inspection - Tripura Chronicle|url=https://tripurachronicle.in/local-news/mla-swapna-debbarma-slams-irregularities-in-school-renovation-work-during-mandai-inspection/|date=2025-10-18|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en-US}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. She won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of Tipra Motha Party representing [[Mandaibazar Assembly constituency]] and became a member of [[13th Tripura Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2023 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2023-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MLA Profiles {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/mla-profile |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Swapna Debbarma joined [[Tipra Motha Party|TIPRA Motha]] and became a part of its women wing TIPRA Women Federation (TWF). She contested the 2023 Tripura Assembly Election from Mandwi Baazar defeating Dhirendra Debbarma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2311.htm?ac=11|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2025-12-01|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230324170002/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS2311.htm?ac=11|archive-date=2023-03-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Women members of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]<br />
<br />
{{TMP-politician-stub}}<br />
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noor_(2017_film)&diff=522440Noor (2017 film)2026-04-24T11:04:16Z<p>Zoyeford: started - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2017 film directed by Sunhil Sippy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Noor<br />
| image = Noor Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Sunhil Sippy<br />
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]]<br />Krishan Kumar<br />Vikram Malhotra<br />
| writer = Ishita Moitra Udhwani<br />('''Dialogues''')<br />
| screenplay = Althea Delmas-Kaushal<br />Shikhaa Sharma<br />Sunhil Sippy<br />[[Saba Imtiaz]]<br />
| based_on = ''[[Karachi, You're Killing Me!]]'' <br> by [[Saba Imtiaz]]<br />
| starring = [[Sonakshi Sinha]]<br />[[Kanan Gill]]<br />[[Shibani Dandekar]]<br />[[Purab Kohli]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[Amaal Mallik]]<br>'''Guest Composition:'''<br>[[Tanishk Bagchi]]<br>'''Background Score:'''<br>[[Benedict Taylor (musician)|Benedict Taylor]]<br><br />
Naren Chandavarkar<br />
| editing = Aarif Sheikh<br />
| cinematography = Keiko Nakahara<br />
| studio = T-Series<br />Abundantia Entertainment<br />
| distributor = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2017|4|21|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 116 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR}}24 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3512 |title=Noor – Movie – Box Office India |access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref><br />($3.6&nbsp;million)<br />
| gross = {{INR}}11.64 crore<ref name="BO">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-noor/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Noor |date=21 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2017 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />($1.75&nbsp;million)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Noor''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[dramedy film]] directed by Sunhil Sippy that features [[Sonakshi Sinha]] in the title role. The film is based on Pakistani author [[Saba Imtiaz]]'s novel ''[[Karachi, You're Killing Me!]]'' and follows an Indian journalist-writer Noor's misadventures and love life as she navigates her way through Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Purab Kohli to romance Sonakshi Sinha in 'Noor' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Purab-Kohli-to-romance-Sonakshi-Sinha-in-Noor/articleshow/52970772.cms |access-date=6 July 2016 |work=Times Of India |date=6 July 2016}}</ref> The film had a worldwide release on 21 April 2017.<ref name=first>{{cite news |title=Today's headlines are tomorrow's garbage: Sonakshi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Todays-headlines-are-tomorrows-garbage-Sonakshi/articleshow/53074037.cms |access-date=6 July 2016 |work=Times Of India |author=Natasha Coutinho |date=6 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Noor is a young journalist, battling to find her place in the working world. She yearns to cover important news stories but is often sent to cover entertainment pieces, such as interviewing adult actress [[Sunny Leone]], which she resents. This causes frequent friction between herself and her boss, Shekher. Saad, Noor's friend, introduces her to Ayan Banerjee, a former [[CNN]] reporter and war correspondent. They have much in common and quickly become close.<br />
<br />
At work, Noor is asked to interview a famous doctor, who treats underprivileged people for free. While editing the interview on her personal computer, her domestic worker Malti recognizes the doctor as a criminal who is engaged in illegal organ harvesting. Noor also learns of a victim named Vilas, whose kidney was stolen. She interviews Malti and Vilas, and although they initially refuse to face the camera, after enough persuasion, Malti finally exposes the operation. Noor takes the footage to her network and to Shekar, who suggests that they hold off for a few days before running the story.<br />
<br />
Excited at the possibility of her big break, Noor meets Ayan, and the pair become intimate after talking about the incident. The next day, Noor receives a call from her friend Zara, telling her that Ayan has stolen her story, which has now become a national controversy and is making headlines across India. Shekher rebukes her for her irresponsible behavior and tells her that Malti and Vilas's lives are now in danger. She loses her job and begins to question her profession and its morality.<br />
<br />
Malti and Vilas go missing, and Noor's father receives threatening calls. Saad takes Noor to London to comfort her and gets frustrated by her state of mind, finally confronting her about the entire incident. The pair grow closer, and Saad realizes that he is in love with her. Noor gets a call from her father with the news that Vilas is dead. She comes back to Mumbai and launches her own journalistic investigation, which results in the doctor being convicted. Noor becomes a viral internet sensation and a respected news journalist, acknowledged by Shekar and her network. Malti forgives Noor and reconnects with her. Zara slaps Ayan, and Saad and Noor begin a relationship.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]] as Noor Roy Chaudhary<br />
* [[Kanan Gill]] as Saad Seghal<br />
* [[Shibani Dandekar]] as Zara Patel <br />
* [[Purab Kohli]] as Ayan Bannerjee<br />
* [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Lavina <br />
* [[Manish Choudhary]] as Shekhar Das <br />
* [[M. K. Raina]] as Noor's father<br />
* [[Smita Tambe]] as Malti<br />
* [[Nikhil Khurana]] as Rahul Parekh<br />
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]]<br />
* [[Sunny Leone]] as Herself (Cameo Appearance)<ref><br />
{{cite news |title=Sunny to be part of Sonakshi's Noor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sunny-Leone-to-be-a-part-of-Sonakshi-Sinhas-Noor/articleshow/53592365.cms}}</ref><br />
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] as himself (special appearance in song "Move Your Lakk")<ref name="C">{{cite news |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/move-your-lakk-sonakshi-sinha-grooves-to-diljit-dosanjh-badshah-in-new-song-from-noor/story-xOMqs6V6mxntjlcQcnYQ6H.html |title=Move Your Lakk: Sonakshi Sinha grooves to Diljit Dosanjh, Badshah in new song from Noor |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=30 April 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><br />
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] as himself (special appearance in song "Move Your Lakk")<ref name=" C" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
[[Principal photography]] commenced in mid-2014 on a set at [[R. K. Films|RK Studio]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=first /> The film was shot in one schedule and finished by August.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sonakshi, The New Journo on the Block |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Sonakshi-the-new-journo-on-the-block/articleshow/52527389.cms |access-date=6 July 2016 |work=Mumbai Mirror |author=Avinash Lohana |date=1 June 2016}}</ref> The film was partly shot in UK.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollylocations.com/movies/Noor |title=Bollywood Movie Noor Shooting Locations |website=www.bollylocations.com |language=en-gb|access-date=4 June 2017}}</ref> The role of [[Kanan Gill]] was originally offered to [[Akshay Kumar]].<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Noor<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Amaal Mallik]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|03|24}}<br />
| recorded = 2016–2017<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=05|s=19}}<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer = [[Amaal Mallik]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]<br />
| prev_year = 2017<br />
| next_title = [[Mubarakan]]<br />
| next_year = 2017<br />
| misc = <br />
}}<br />
The music for the film is composed by [[Amaal Mallik]]. There are seven songs in this soundtrack and it is Mallik's second outing as a solo composer. Lyrics are penned by [[Manoj Muntashir]] and [[Kumaar]]. Title song in this film was "Uff Yeh Noor", written by Manoj Muntashir. Full album soundtrack was released on 24 March 2017.<br />
<br />
On 5 April 2017, official video song "Gulabi Retro Mix" was released. Sung by [[Sonu Nigam]], Music by [[Tanishk Bagchi]] and lyrics by [[Anand Bakshi]] but released as a single not included in the album.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gulabi Retro Mix {{!}} Noor {{!}} Sonakshi Sinha {{!}} Sonu Nigam {{!}} Mohammed Rafi {{!}} T-Series | date=5 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3RDsr6-Zbo |language=en |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 April 2017, [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] released video of Gulabi Redux sung by [[Yash Narvekar]] with model [[Divyangana Jain]].<ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation |title=Gulabi Redux Video Song {{!}} Noor {{!}} Sonakshi Sinha {{!}} Amaal Mallik {{!}} Yash Narvekar | date=20 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ivQ3RKxUf8 |language=en |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = {{Duration|m=05|s=19}}<br />
| title1 = Uff Yeh Noor<br />
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]<br />
| length1 = 3:17<br />
| title2 = Gulabi 2.0<br />
| note2 = Music by [[R. D. Burman]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Tulsi Kumar]], [[Yash Narvekar]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Kumaar]], [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length2 = 3:32<br />
| title3 = Jise Kehte Pyaar Hai<br />
| extra3 = [[Sukriti Kakar]]<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Kumaar]]<br />
| length3 = 3:19<br />
| title4 = Hai Zaroori<br />
| extra4 = [[Prakriti Kakar]]<br />
| lyrics4 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]<br />
| length4 = 5:20<br />
| title5 = Gulabi Redux<br />
| extra5 = [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Yash Narvekar]]<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Kumaar]], [[Anand Bakshi]]<br />
| length5 = 3:30<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Box office ==<br />
The film collected {{INR}}15.4&nbsp;million on opening day and {{INR}}18.9&nbsp;million on second day.<ref name="BO" /> With taking benefit of Sunday and collecting {{INR}}2.09 crore on third day, the film took its first weekend's domestic net collection to a total of {{INR}}5.52 crores. The film's grossing amount in first weekend was {{INR}}7.67 cores.<ref name="BO" /> <br />
It was declared a disaster.<ref>{{cite news |title=No takers for Noor: Sonakshi Sinha's film flops at the BO with Rs 3.4 cr in 2 days |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/no-takers-for-noor-sonakshi-sinha-s-film-flops-at-the-bo-with-rs-3-4-cr-in-2-days/story-E4a6fpOP5lwWh7r1XR2wzI.html |access-date=2 July 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lifetime Collection, Box Office Verdict: Noor is one of the biggest flops of 2017 |url=http://bollywood2017.in/noor-lifetime-collection-box-office-verdict/ |access-date=2 July 2017 |work=Bollywood 2017 |date=26 April 2017 |archive-date=1 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601211206/http://bollywood2017.in/noor-lifetime-collection-box-office-verdict/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}<br />
*{{IMDb title|tt5775220}}<br />
*{{rotten-tomatoes|noor_2017}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Pakistani novels]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Films about journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about organ trade]]<br />
[[Category:Films about medical malpractice]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tushar_Raheja&diff=542169Tushar Raheja2026-04-23T20:06:26Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding A Page.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Storyteller, queueing theory researcher, novelist, short film maker}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
[[File:Tushar Raheja.JPG|thumb|Tushar Raheja, the young Indian novelist.]]<br />
'''Tushar Raheja''' (born 1984)<ref name=aa-1 /> is an Indian storyteller and mathematics researcher based in [[Cambridge, UK]]. His first book ''Anything for you, Ma'am'', a comedy, was published in 2006<ref name=tele /> while he was an undergraduate student in [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]].<ref name=tele>{{cite news|last=Verma|first=Varuna|title=Write choice|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060730/asp/look/story_6518591.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106101708/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060730/asp/look/story_6518591.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2008|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=30 July 2006}}</ref> His first feature film ''The Bizarre Murder of Mr Tusker'' , a [[Science fiction|sci-fi]], noir, starring [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA]] nominee [[Victor Banerjee]], is due for release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5069020|title=The Bizarre Murder of Mr Tusker|last=|first=|date=|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://pandolin.com/this-will-end-in-murder-when-stories-come-to-life/|title=This Will End In Murder - When stories come to life {{!}} Pandolin|last=Pandolin|date=2016-12-01|work=Pandolin|access-date=2017-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref> His writing has been compared to that of [[P. G. Wodehouse]] by [[The Hindu]]<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|last=Duara|first=Ajit|title=Outsourcing Wodehouse|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/06/11/stories/2006061100200400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613173535/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/06/11/stories/2006061100200400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2006|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 June 2006}}</ref> and [[The Times of India]]<ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Review – Archived from The Times of India|url=http://ahoypirates.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/times-of-india.jpg|accessdate=22 August 2013|year=2006}}</ref> and his books have been on the national best-selling charts.<ref name=hindu-best1>{{cite news|title=Print Pick|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006090902230400.htm&date=2006/09/09/&prd=mp&|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 June 2006}}</ref><ref name=hindu-best2>{{cite news|title=Best sellers|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/best-sellers/article3371982.ece|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=1 May 2012}}</ref> Raheja avoided [[formula fiction|formulaic books]] and instead devoted himself to mathematical research and the study of narration.<ref name=aa-1>{{cite news|last=Bhadani|first=Priyanka|title=Childhood revisited|url=http://archive.asianage.com/life-and-style/childhood-revisited-506|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Asian Age|date=29 May 2013}}</ref><br />
''Romi and Gang'' (published July 2013 by Pirates), previously titled ''Run Romi Run'' is only his second book in the market.<ref name=aa-1 /> The book about the unalloyed dreams of the young in the Indian hinterland revolves around [[cricket]].<ref name=hindu-rrr>{{cite news|last=Dangi|first=Gaurav|title=More than just cricket|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/more-than-just-cricket/article564368.ece|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 August 2011}}</ref> It has been praised by The Hindu,<ref name=hindu-rrr /> [[Hindustan Times]],<ref name=ht>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Neha|title=Crazy about cricket|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/BooksReviews/Crazy-about-cricket/Article1-610160.aspx|access-date=22 August 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=8 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023044012/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/booksreviews/Crazy-about-cricket/Article1-610160.aspx|archive-date=23 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[The Daily Telegraph]] among other publications. Raheja is one of the few authors in India to combine widespread popularity<ref name=hindu-best1 /><ref name=hindu-best2 /> with critical acclaim.<ref name=Hindu /><ref name=toi /><ref name=hindu-rrr /><ref name=ht /> In 2015, he obtained his PhD from IIT Delhi in the field of [[applied probability]].<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
<br />
Raheja was born and brought up at [[Faridabad]].<ref name=hindu-mp1>{{cite news|last=Aslam|first=Saira|title=Reliving childhood|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071750690700.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130823201543/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071750690700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2013|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 July 2010}}</ref> His parents are doctors, his father a graduate of [[Armed Forces Medical College, Pune]] (AFMC). Raheja did his schooling from Apeejay School<ref name=cw>{{cite web|title=Anything for you, Ma'am|url=http://www.crossword.in/books/anything-you-maam-tushar-raheja/p-books-9788129119179.html|work=Crossword|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> and [[Delhi Public School Society|DPS]] Faridabad. He obtained his B.Tech in industrial engineering from [[IIT Delhi]]<ref name=hindu-mp1 /> in 2006. ''Anything for you, Ma'am'', his first novel was also published in the same year.<ref name=tele /> He followed it up with research in [[applied mathematics]] and completed Masters of Science in [[Operations research]] in 2010. In 2015, Raheja was awarded a PhD by IIT Delhi in the field of [[applied probability]].<ref name=aa-1 /> [[Kiran Seth]] of [[SPIC MACAY]] and Sandeep Juneja were his thesis advisors.<ref name=tifr>{{cite web|title=Thesis advisers|url=http://www.tcs.tifr.res.in/~sandeepj/|work=TIFR|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
<br />
=== Anything for you, Ma'am ===<br />
<br />
''Anything for you, Ma'am'' shot to national fame after its review in The Hindu headlined ''Outsourcing Wodehouse''.<ref name=Hindu /> The Times of India compared the plot to a classic [[Jeeves]] [[Bertie Wooster|Wooster]] saga.<ref name=toi /> The main protagonist Tejas has a propensity to land himself into comical troubles like Wooster and has an array of Jeeveses around him in the form of his friends and family. The book was especially praised for 'cleverly localising the Wooster persona. So English aristocracy, the idle rich, the lad sent down from [[Oxford]], the young man with great expectations and little ability, the chappie whose only survival tool is a smart gentleman's gentleman called Jeeves – all this is turned into rich material for humour of a local kind.'<ref name=Hindu /> There has been criticism of the book's ending which is compared to a [[Bollywood]] movie.<ref name=Hindu /><ref name=deccan>{{cite news|last=D'Souza|first=Cheryl|title=Watch out, Nick Hornby!|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul302006/books135672006729.asp|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=30 July 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Romi and Gang ===<br />
<br />
''Romi and Gang'', while it has been likened to [[Enid Blyton]]'s stories for its innocence and the sense of nostalgia it evokes,<ref name=tele-rng>{{cite news|last=Ghose|first=Chandreyee|title=Archived from The Telegraph – Of Romi, friends and their cricket dreams|url=http://ahoypirates.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/the-telegraph-29jul13.jpg|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=29 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=b00kr3vi3ws>{{cite web|first=|title=BookReview :: Romi and Gang by Tushar Raheja|url=http://www.b00kr3vi3ws.in/2013/07/RomiAndGang.html|work=b00k r3vi3ws|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=sunaina>{{cite web|last=Patnaik|first=Sunaina|title=Book Review: Romi and Gang|url=http://sunaina-patnaik.blogspot.in/2013/08/romi-gang-book-review.html|work=sunaina-patnaik.blogspot.in|date=3 August 2013 |accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> and has been considered by [[Hindustan Times]] to be 'the equivalent of watching [[Lagaan]]',<ref name=ht /> it is closer in spirit to [[Swami and Friends]].<ref name=kannan>{{cite web|last=Kannan|first=Kartik|title=Romi and Gang|url=http://myblogoncricket.blogspot.in/2013/07/book-review-romi-and-gang.html|work=myblogoncricket.blogspot.in|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> It is the story of the boy ubiquitous in maidans all over the Indian hinterland who dreams of being the next [[Sachin Tendulkar]]<ref name=tele-rng /><br />
<br />
''Romi and Gang'' is praised as unique for its use of cricket as a subject matter.<ref name=tele-uk>{{cite news|last=Massie|first=Allan|title=Why there are no good English novels about sport|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/allanmassie/100060688/a-novel-approach-to-sporting-success-why-english-literature-isnt-interested-in-the-playing-fields/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217152219/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/allanmassie/100060688/a-novel-approach-to-sporting-success-why-english-literature-isnt-interested-in-the-playing-fields/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2012|accessdate=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=15 February 2012}}</ref> Readers say ''Romi and Gang'' also features a noticeable shift in writing style compared to Raheja's first book, though Raheja does not intend to stick to any particular genre, and is currently working on a science fiction book.<ref name=aa-2>{{cite news|title=The jack of different genres|url=http://www.asianage.com/life-and-style/jack-different-genres-926|access-date=22 August 2013|newspaper=The Asian Age|date=30 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130823201538/http://www.asianage.com/life-and-style/jack-different-genres-926|archive-date=23 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Romi and Gang'' is also unique for the inclusion of 25 full page [[Illustration|pen and ink illustrations]] by Biswajit Das, which were included to lend the book an old-world charm.<ref name=b00kr3vi3ws /><br />
<br />
== Films ==<br />
<br />
Raheja has moved on from writing books to directing films. The international rights of his first feature film, ''The Bizarre Murder of Mr Tusker'', were acquired at [[Berlin International Film Festival|Berlinale]] by an American sales agency.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Indian writers]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raheja, Tushar}}<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:People from Faridabad]]<br />
[[Category:Apeejay School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:People from Delhi]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaya_Prasad_Kori&diff=500109Gaya Prasad Kori2026-04-23T03:38:36Z<p>Zoyeford: started post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Gaya Prasad Kori<br />
| birth_name = Gaya Prasad Kori<br />
| vice_prime_minister = [[Morarji Desai]]<br />
| prime_minister = [[Chandra Shekhar]]<br />
| vice_president = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br />
| president = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]<br />
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3525.htm<br />
| occupation = Business person<br />
| children = 1 son<br />
| birth_place = Konch, Jalaun district, Uttar Pradesh<br />
| birth_date = 15 June 1950<br />
| spouse = Divorced<br />
| office = [[10th Lok Sabha]]<br />
| parents = [[Ramcharan Dohre]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| constituency = [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]]<br />
| caption = Gaya Prasad Kori<br />
| image = Gaya Prasad Kori.gif<br />
| native_name_lang = Hi<br />
| native_name = गया प्रसाद कोरी<br />
| death_date = 1996<br />
}}<br />
'''Gaya Prasad Kori''' (1950 - 1996) was an Indian politician and former [[Member of Parliament]] of [[10th Lok Sabha]] from [[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]] constituency,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alex|first=Kuhn|date=2020|title=Gaya Prasad Kori|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/179154578/}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=भाजपा का टिकट पाकर भानु सातवीं बार बने दावेदार|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/jalaun/111553624128-jalaun-news|access-date=2022-02-13|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Gaya Prasad Kori, Jalaun Lok Sabha Elections 1991-92 in India LIVE Results {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/loksabha-elections/1991-92/uttar-pradesh/jalaun/gaya-prasad-kori/|access-date=2022-02-13|website=LatestLY|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other posts held ==<br />
* 1965, Chief instructor of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
* 1985, [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of legislative assembly, Uttar Pradesh]]{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
* 1988 - 1990, Organising secretary of [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]]{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
* 1990 onwards, Propagandist of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, [[Jalaun district]]{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:1996 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
{{improve categories|date=February 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umarkhadi_Assembly_constituency&diff=542514Umarkhadi Assembly constituency2026-04-22T01:32:14Z<p>Zoyeford: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Umarkhadi<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| district = <br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = <br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
}}<br />
'''Umarkhadi''' was one of the 288 assembly constituencies of [[Maharashtra]], a western state of India. Umarkhadi was also part of [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Nagpada-in-Maharashtra |title=Elections Traceall |access-date=23 October 2024 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020215736/https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Nagpada-in-Maharashtra |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Umarkhadi]] existed till 2004 elections, which was later merged with [[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | [[G. M. Banatwala]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Abdul Kader Ibrahim Chorwadwalla || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Mohammad Amin Khandwani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Chandrika P. Kenia (Jain) || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=4 | Bashir Moosa Patel || {{Full party name with color|All-India Muslim League}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===Assembly Election 2004=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bashir Moosa Patel]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 25,180 |percentage = 61.05% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Oza Sharda Sohanlal |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 8,767 |percentage = 21.25% |change={{decrease}}5.43 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Mohammied Khalil Memon |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 5,450 |percentage = 13.21% |change={{decrease}}25.37 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sikwani Sabira Aslam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,310 |percentage = 3.18% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Rafiq Shaikh |party=Independent politician |votes = 363 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,413 |percentage = 39.79% |change= {{increase}}35.95 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,248 |percentage = 39.80% |change= {{increase}}1.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,248}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,636|ref = |change= {{decrease}}14.20 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{increase}}22.47 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1999=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bashir Moosa Patel]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 17,980 |percentage = 38.58% |change={{increase}}4.48 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdullah Shahadat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,192 |percentage = 34.74% |change={{increase}}20.96 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hemant Krishna Koli |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 12,435 |percentage = 26.68% |change={{decrease}}4.80 }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,788 |percentage = 3.84% |change= {{increase}}1.22 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,609 |percentage = 38.59% |change= {{decrease}}14.69 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,607}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,784|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.73 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing= {{increase}}4.48 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1995=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bashir Moosa Patel]] |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 20,950 |percentage = 34.10% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hemant Krishna Koli |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 19,344 |percentage = 31.48% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amina Sayed Mohammed |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,469 |percentage = 13.78% |change={{decrease}}1.36 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abrahani Yusuf |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 8,067 |percentage = 13.13% |change={{decrease}}35.80 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ibrahim A. K. Motiwala |party=Janata Dal |votes = 1,530 |percentage = 2.49% |change={{decrease}}1.14 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdullah Shahadat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,088 |percentage = 1.77% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nishakant Govind Tarkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 663 |percentage = 1.08% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,606 |percentage = 2.61% |change= {{decrease}}14.67 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,435 |percentage = 54.14% |change= {{decrease}}2.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,444}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,328|ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.42 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Samajwadi Party |loser = All-India Muslim League |swing= {{decrease}}14.83 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1990=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bashir Moosa Patel]] |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 34,886 |percentage = 48.92% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jawkar Satyawan Ganpat |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 22,561 |percentage = 31.64% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdullah Shahadat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,799 |percentage = 15.14% |change={{decrease}}29.61 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Qureshi Khalid Latif Haji Naqvi |party=Janata Dal |votes = 2,586 |percentage = 3.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,325 |percentage = 17.28% |change= {{increase}}2.68 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,310 |percentage = 56.79% |change= {{increase}}21.85 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,306}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,319|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.06 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = All-India Muslim League |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.17 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1985=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrika P. Kenia |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,176 |percentage = 44.75% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chorwadwalla Abdul Kader Ibrahim |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,244 |percentage = 30.15% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chimbulkar Rajaram Krishna |party=Janata Party |votes = 7,644 |percentage = 18.82% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohammed Yousuf Suleman |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,851 |percentage = 4.56% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,932 |percentage = 14.61% |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,079 |percentage = 34.54% |change= {{increase}}6.64 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,614}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,925|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.78 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}1.61 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1980=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khandwani Mohammad Amin |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 15,290 |percentage = 46.37% |change={{increase}}36.67 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mistri Shantilal Poptalal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,889 |percentage = 29.99% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Faruki Abdul Bari Naimull |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 7,034 |percentage = 21.33% |change={{decrease}}14.70 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shikari Fakruddin Kubin Husen |party=Independent politician |votes = 612 |percentage = 1.86% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,401 |percentage = 16.38% |change= {{increase}}10.95 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,434 |percentage = 27.89% |change= {{decrease}}24.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,977}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,860|ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.89 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.91 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1978=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chorwadwalla Abdul Kader Ibrahim |party=Janata Party |votes = 26,191 |percentage = 41.46% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zaidi Syed Mahammad |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 22,759 |percentage = 36.03% |change={{decrease}}15.91 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madukar Haribhau Durage |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 7,089 |percentage = 11.22% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ilyas Ahmed Azmee |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 6,125 |percentage = 9.70% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Padmasen Raut |party=Independent politician |votes = 833 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,432 |percentage = 5.43% |change= {{decrease}}6.08 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,183 |percentage = 52.53% |change= {{decrease}}11.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,173}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,174|ref = |change= {{increase}}48.24 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = All-India Muslim League |swing= {{decrease}}10.47 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1972=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=G. M. H. Noormohamad |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 27,138 |percentage = 51.93% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Miya Ahmed Latif |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,121 |percentage = 40.42% |change={{increase}}5.91 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Kakad Murlidhar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 3,783 |percentage = 7.24% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,017 |percentage = 11.51% |change= {{decrease}}0.71 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,108 |percentage = 64.44% |change= {{increase}}1.39 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,256}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,414|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.74 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = All-India Muslim League |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}5.19 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1967=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Umarkhadi<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[G. M. Banatwala]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 23,253 |percentage = 46.74% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=I. K. Husain |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,169 |percentage = 34.51% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. Kotwal |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 5,858 |percentage = 11.77% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. M. Mithwani |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 1,943 |percentage = 3.91% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. S. Khan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 3.07% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,084 |percentage = 12.23% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,819 |percentage = 64.60% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,751}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,219|ref = |change= }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |loser = |swing= }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
https://resultuniversity.com/election/umarkhadi-maharashtra-assembly-constituency<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mumbai City district]]<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:2009 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Umsning_Assembly_constituency&diff=542574Umsning Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:36:18Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding A Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Umsning<br />
| state = [[Meghalaya]]<br />
| district = [[Ri Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = Umsning Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| constituency_no = 11<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| mla = [[Celestine Lyngdoh]] <br />
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:38958}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Umsning''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Ri Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. The constituency was established after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies order, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> It had its first election in 2013.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Celestine Lyngdoh|Dr. Celestine Lyngdoh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Jason Sawkmie Mawlong || {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Celestine Lyngdoh|Dr. Celestine Lyngdoh]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2023===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umsning<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Celestine Lyngdoh|Dr. Celestine Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,907 |percentage=29.48% |change={{decrease}}2.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunshine Makri |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,743 |percentage=26.01% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jason Sawkmie Mawlong |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,945 |percentage=23.64% |change={{increase}}21.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Ricky A. J. Syngkon |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=5,456 |percentage=16.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donlang Sohkhlet |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=585 |percentage=1.74% |change={{decrease}}30.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Primson Makdoh |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=353 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duruth Majaw |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=324 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}2.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=195 |percentage=0.58% |change={{increase}}0.00 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,164 |percentage=3.46% |change= {{increase}}3.22 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,609 |percentage=86.27% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,958 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.15 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}3.20 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2018===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umsning<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jason Sawkmie Mawlong |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=9,238 |percentage=32.68% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Celestine Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,168 |percentage=32.43% |change={{increase}}1.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donkupar Sumer |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,420 |percentage=26.25% |change={{increase}}4.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lapynshngain Dame Michael Kharsyntiew |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,064 |percentage=3.76% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Roy Mallai |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=565 |percentage=2.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wonderlyne Lapang |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=258 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=163 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70 |percentage=0.25% |change= {{decrease}}8.91 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,270 |percentage=87.91% |change= {{increase}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,157 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.43 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.37 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2013===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Umsning<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Celestine Lyngdoh|Dr. Celestine Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,637 |percentage=31.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donkupar Sumer |party=Independent politician |votes=4,695 |percentage=22.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Field Marshal Mawphniang |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=4,509 |percentage=21.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donlang Sohkhlet |party=Independent politician |votes=3,238 |percentage=15.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lurshai Wahlang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,844 |percentage=8.70% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joberwel Lapang |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ioannis Lyngdoh Mawlong |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=105 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,942 |percentage=9.16% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,202 |percentage=85.99% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,655 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Ri Bhoi district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.75|91.89|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ri-Bhoi district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunkuri_Assembly_constituency&diff=511191Kunkuri Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:29:34Z<p>Zoyeford: Put up new info w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kunkuri<br />
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| district = [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]<br />
| constituency_no = 13<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| incumbent_image = Vishnudeo Sai.jpg<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| mla = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]<Br>{{Small|[[Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]}}<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:205625}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| map_image = Kunkuri Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
}}<br />
'''Kunkuri''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It encompasses the entire Kunkuri tehsil of [[Jashpur district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Chief minister of state represents this constituency.<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|Bharat Sai<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|Rohit Kumar Sai<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br />
|U. D. Minj<ref name=election2018/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|[[Vishnu Deo Sai]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S26.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203115741/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S26.htm | access-date=2025-11-26 | archive-date=2023-12-03}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kunkuri}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Vishnu Deo Sai]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 87,604<br />
|percentage = 54.9<br />
|change = {{increase}}11.58<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = U.D. Minj<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 62,063<br />
|percentage = 38.9<br />
|change = {{decrease}}7.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Leos Minj<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|votes = 1,945<br />
|percentage = 1.14<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Albert Minj<br />
|party = Hamar Raj Party<br />
|votes = 1749<br />
|percentage = 1.10<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 2,531<br />
|percentage = 1.59<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 25,541<br />
|percentage = 16<br />
|change = {{increase}}13.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,59,560<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Kunkuri<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = U.D. Minj<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 69,896<br />
|percentage = 46.16<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Bharat Sai<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 65,603 <br />
|percentage = 43.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 2,129<br />
|percentage = 1.41<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,293<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,51,431<br />
|percentage = 77.90<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Jashpur district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br />
{{coord|22.74|83.95|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jashpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hai_Nagori&diff=484185Abdul Hai Nagori2026-04-18T19:36:01Z<p>Zoyeford: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Abdul Hai Nagori<br />
| image =<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 2016<br />
| term_end = 2021<br />
| predecessor = Bhupen Ray<br />
| successor = [[Abdul Batin Khandakar]]<br />
| constituency = [[Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri North]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2006<br />
| term_end1 = 2011<br />
| predecessor1 = Bhupen Ray<br />
| successor1 = Bhupen Ray<br />
| constituency1 = [[Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri North]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| children = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Abdul Hai Nagori''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Abhayapuri North Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri North]] in the [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]] and [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]] elections as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam Assembly Election Results in 2006|url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|access-date=2021-07-19|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/assam2006/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default<br />
|title=List of Winners in Assam 2006<br />
|website=My Neta|accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-2016.html|title=Assam Assembly 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagori, Abdul Hai}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bongaigaon district]]<br />
<br />
{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada&diff=533316Sarvastivada2026-04-18T01:41:43Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding A Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Early school of Buddhism, circa 3rd century BCE}}<br />
{{Italic title}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br />
[[File:Tapa Shotor seated Buddha (Niche V1).jpg|thumb|Seated Buddha from the Sarvāstivādin monastery of [[Tapa Shotor]], 2nd century CE<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Geography of Gandhara Art |title=Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan) |first=Alexandra |last=Vanleene |date=2019 |publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology |isbn=978-1-78969-186-3 |pages=143–163 |doi=10.2307/jj.15136005.15 |url=https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Geography%20of%20Gandharan%20Art%20published%20files/10_32028-9781789691863P143-163.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|158}}]]<br />
{{EarlyBuddhism}}<br />
<br />
The '''''Sarvāstivāda''''' ({{langx|sa|𑀲𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤}}{{efn|{{langx|pi|𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤|Sabbatthivāda}} {{cjkv|c=說一切有部|p=Shuōyīqièyǒu Bù|j=せついっさいうぶ|k=설일체유부|v=Nhất thiết hữu bộ}}; {{langx|th|สรวาสติวาท}}; {{langx|si|සර්වාස්තිවාද}}}}) was one of the [[early Buddhist schools]] established around the reign of [[Ashoka]] (third century BCE).<ref name=":0">Westerhoff, ''The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy,'' 2018, p. 60.</ref> It was particularly known as an [[Abhidharma]] tradition, with a unique set of seven canonical Abhidharma texts.<ref name=":13">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61.</ref><br />
<br />
{{IAST|Sarvāstivāda}} is a [[Sanskrit]] term that can be glossed as: "the theory of all that exists". The Sarvāstivāda argued that all [[Dhamma theory|dharmas]] (phenomena) exist in the past, present and future, the "three times". [[Vasubandhu]]'s {{IAST|[[Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya]]}} states that "He who affirms the existence of the dharmas of the three time periods [past, present and future] is held to be a Sarvāstivādin."{{sfn|Vasubandhu|de La Vallée-Poussin|1990|p=807}}<br />
<br />
The Sarvāstivādins were one of the most influential Buddhist monastic groups, flourishing throughout [[North India]], especially [[Kashmir]] and [[Central Asia]], until the 7th century CE.<ref name=":0" /> The orthodox Kashmiri branch of the school composed the large and encyclopedic ''[[Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra]]'' around the time of the reign of [[Kanishka]] ({{circa|127–150 CE}}).<ref name=":13"/> Because of this, orthodox Sarvāstivādins who upheld the doctrines in the ''Mahāvibhāṣa'' were called ''[[Vaibhāṣika]]s.<ref name=":13"/>''<br />
<br />
==Name==<br />
{{IAST|Sarvāstivāda}} is a [[Sanskrit]] term that can be glossed as: "the theory of all that exists". The Sarvāstivāda argued that all [[Dhamma theory|dharmas]] (phenomena) exist in the past, present and future, the "three times". [[Vasubandhu]]'s {{IAST|[[Abhidharmakośa-bhāsya]]}} states that "He who affirms the existence of the dharmas of the three time periods [past, present and future] is held to be a Sarvāstivādin."{{sfn|Vasubandhu|de La Vallée-Poussin|1990|p=807}}<br />
<br />
Although there is some dispute over how the word "Sarvāstivāda" is to be analyzed, the general consensus is that it is to be [[Parsing|parsed]] into three parts: {{IAST|sarva-}}, "all" or "every"; {{IAST|-asti-}}, "exist"; and {{IAST|-vāda}}, "speak", "say", or "theory". This agrees neatly with the Chinese term for the school—''Shuōyīqièyǒu bù'' ({{zh|c=說一切有部}}),<ref>Taisho 27, 1545.</ref> literally "the sect that speaks of the existence of everything"—as used by [[Xuanzang]] and other translators.<br />
<br />
The Sarvāstivāda path was also known by other names, such as—particularly in the Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣika branch—{{IAST|Hetuvāda}} and {{IAST|Yuktivāda}}. The former comes from the root {{IAST|hetu-}}, "cause", which indicates their emphasis on causation and conditionality; the latter, from {{IAST|yukti-}}, meaning "reason" or "logic", which may derive from their predilection for the use of rational argument and [[syllogism]].<br />
<br />
==Origination and history==<br />
[[File:Mathura Katra fragment A-66.jpg|thumb|Fragment of a Buddha stele in the name of a "[[Northern Satraps|Kshatrapa]] lady" named {{IAST|Naṃda}} ([[File:Mathura Katra fragment A-66 inscription 'Namdaye Kshatrapa'.jpg|70px]] {{IAST|Naṃdaye Kshatrapa}}), from the [[Art of Mathura]].<ref name="PDM122"/><ref>For a modern image see Figure 9 in {{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1986 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=121–123 |doi=10.2307/3249969 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249969 }}</ref><ref name="Mathura Inscriptions">{{cite book |last1=Lüders |first1=Heinrich |title=Mathura Inscriptions |date=1960 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108369/page/n37 31]–32 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108369}}</ref> The stele is dedicated to the [[Bodhisattva]] "for the welfare and happiness of all sentient beings for the acceptance of the Sarvastivādas". [[Northern Satraps]] period, 1st century CE.<ref name="PDM122">{{cite journal |last1=Myer |first1=Prudence R. |title=Bodhisattvas and Buddhas: Early Buddhist Images from Mathurā |journal=Artibus Asiae |date=1986 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=111–113 |doi=10.2307/3249969 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3249969 }}</ref><ref name="Mathura Inscriptions"/>]]<br />
[[File:Kalawan copper-plate inscription of the year 134.jpg|thumb|Copper-plate inscription mentioning the Sarvastivādas, in the year 134 of the [[Azes era]], i.e. 84&nbsp;CE, [[Kalawan]], [[Taxila]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sastri |first1=Hirananda |title=Epigraphia Indica vol.21 |date=1931 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580/page/n365 259] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580}}</ref>]]<br />
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=== Early history ===<br />
According to Charles Prebish, "there is a great deal of mystery surrounding the rise and early development of the Sarvāstivādin school."<ref name="Buddhism 1975. pg 42-432">''Buddhism: A Modern Perspective''. Charles S. Prebish. Penn State Press: 1975. {{ISBN|0-271-01195-5}} pp. 42–43.</ref> According to [[K. L. Dhammajoti]], "its presence, as well as that of its rival—the [[Vibhajyavāda]] lineage—in the time of Emperor Aśoka is beyond doubt. Since Aśoka's reign is around 268–232 BCE, this means that at least by the middle of the 3rd century BCE, it had already developed into a distinct school."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 55.</ref><br />
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According to some accounts, the Sarvāstivādins emerged from the [[Sthavira Nikāya]], a small group of conservatives, who split from the reformist majority Mahāsāṃghikas at the [[Second Buddhist Council]]. According to this account, they were expelled from [[Magadha]], and moved to [[Northwest India]] where they developed into the Sarvāstivādin school.<ref name="Buddhism 1975. pg 42-432"/><br />
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There have been debates about the exact chronology of the Sarvastivādin emergence from the [[Sthavira Nikāya]]. According to the [[Theravada|Theravādin]] ''[[Dīpavaṃsa]]'', the Sarvāstivādins coalesced out of the older [[Mahīśāsaka]] school, but the {{IAST|Śāriputraparipṛcchā}} and the {{IAST|Samayabhedoparacanaćakra}} state the opposite (i.e., that the Mahīśāsaka emerged from the Sarvāstivāda, rather).<ref name="Baruah">{{cite book |last1=Baruah |first1=Bibhuti |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC |title=Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism |date=2000 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-8176251525 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi}}, p. 50.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert E. |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |year=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald S.}}.</ref> <br />
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[[Theravada Buddhists|Theravāda Buddhists]] have, at times, tendered accusations that the Sarvāstivādins were heavily influenced by the non-Buddhist [[Sankhya|Sāṅkhya]] school of philosophy.<ref>W. Woodhill Rockhill (2000 Reprint [1884]), ''The Life of the Buddha and the Early History of His Order'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1-136-37937-6}}, pp. 11–19.</ref><ref name="MaxMuller">(Max Müller et al., 1999 Reprint [1888]), ''Studies in Buddhism'', Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|81-206-1226-4}}, pp. 9–10.</ref> The important Buddhist philosopher [[Aśvaghoṣa]], who may have been associated with Sarvāstivāda,<ref>{{cite book|title=Doctrine and Practice in Medieval Korean Buddhism: The Collected Works of Ŭich'ŏn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B_HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|date=30 November 2016|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-6743-0|page=161}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Manu's Code of Law |editor1-first=Patrick |editor1-last=Olivelle |editor2-first=Suman |editor2-last=Olivelle |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780195171464 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA24}}</ref> states—in his influential {{IAST|[[Buddhacarita|Buddhacaritam]]}}—that [[Āḷāra Kālāma]], the first of the young Buddha's teachers, followed an archaic form of Sāṅkhya.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ruzsa |first=Ferenc |title=Sāṅkhya (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) |year=2006 |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/sankhya/}}.</ref><br />
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The Sarvāstivādins are believed to have given rise to the [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] and [[Sautrāntika]] schools, although the relationship between these groups has not yet been fully determined. It has been suggested that some yogic Sarvāstivādins, under [[Prajñāpāramitā|early Mahāyāna]] influence, gave rise to [[Yogācāra]], one of the most important and influential traditions of [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna Buddhism]].<ref>Deleanu, F. (Ed.). (2006). ''The Chapter on the Mundane Path (Laukikamārga): A Trilingual Edition (Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese), Annotated Translation and Introductory Study (2 Vol.)'', p. 162. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies.</ref><ref>Kragh, U.T. (editor), ''The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners: The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet'', Volume 1, pp. 30–31. Harvard University, Department of South Asian Studies, 2013.</ref><br />
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In Central Asia, several Buddhist monastic groups were historically prevalent. A number of scholars have identified three distinct major phases of missionary activity in the history of [[Buddhism in Central Asia]], which are associated with—respectively—the [[Dharmaguptaka]], the Sarvāstivāda, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda;<ref>Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 126.</ref> and the origins of the Sarvāstivāda have also been related to [[Ashoka]]'s sending of [[Majjhantika]] (Sanskrit {{IAST|Madhyāntika}}) on a mission to [[Gandhara]], which had an early Sarvāstivādin presence.<ref name="Buddhism 1975. pg 42-432"/> The Sarvāstivādins, in turn, are believed to have given rise to the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]] sect, although the relationship between these two groups has not yet been fully determined. According to Prebish, "this episode corresponds well with one Sarvāstivādin tradition stating that Madhyantika converted the city of Kasmir, which seems to have close ties with Gandhara."<ref name="Buddhism 1975. pg 42-432"/><br />
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A third tradition says that a community of Sarvāstivādin monks was established at [[Mathura]] by the patriarch [[Upagupta]].<ref name="Buddhism 1975. pg 42-432"/> In the Sarvāstivādin tradition, [[Upagupta]] is said to have been the fifth patriarch after Mahākaśyapa, Ānanda, Madhyāntika, and Śāṇakavāsin; in the Ch'an tradition, he is regarded as the fourth.<br />
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===Kushan era===<br />
[[File:Dharmarajika_stupa_taxila.jpg|thumb|right|A Kushan era votive [[stupa]] from [[Mohra Muradu]], [[Taxila]], where Sarvāstivāda groups are known to have lived by the end of the first century BCE.<ref>Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 103.</ref>]]<br />
The Sarvāstivāda enjoyed the patronage of the emperor [[Kanishka]] (c. 127–150 CE) of the [[Kushan Empire]], during which time they were greatly strengthened and became one of the dominant sects of Indian Buddhism for centuries; they flourished throughout Northwest India, North India, and Central Asia.<br />
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When the Sarvāstivāda school held a synod in Kashmir during the reign of [[Kanishka II]] (c. 158–176), the most important Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma text, the ''Astagrantha'' of Katyayaniputra, was rewritten and revised in Sanskrit. This revised text was now known as {{IAST|[[Jnanaprasthana|Jñānaprasthāna]]}} ("Course of Knowledge"). Though the Gandharan ''Astagrantha'' had many {{IAST|vibhaṣas}} (commentaries), the new [[Kashmir]]i {{IAST|Jñānaprasthāna}} had a Sanskrit {{IAST|[[Mahavibhasa|Mahāvibhaṣa]]}} ("great commentary"), compiled by the Kashmir Sarvāstivāda synod.<ref name=":13">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 61.</ref> The {{IAST|Jñānaprasthāna}}, and its {{IAST|Mahāvibhaṣa}}, were then declared to be the new orthodoxy by the Kashmiri Sarvāstivādins, who called themselves {{IAST|Vaibhāṣikas}}.<br />
[[File:Dharmarajika_stupa,Taxila.jpg|thumb|The [[Dharmarajika Stupa]] and monastery ruins, a major Buddhist site in [[Taxila]], one of the capitals of the [[Kushan Empire]]]]<br />
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This new Vaibhāṣika orthodoxy, however, was not readily accepted by all Sarvāstivādins: some "Western masters", from Gandhara and Bactria, held to views which diverged from the new Kashmiri orthodoxy. These disagreements can be seen in post-{{IAST|Mahāvibhaṣa}} works, such as the *{{IAST|[[Tattvasiddhi|Tattvasiddhi Śāstra]]}} (成實論); the *{{IAST|Abhidharmahṛdaya}} (T. no. 1550) and its commentaries (T. no. 1551, no. 1552); the {{IAST|[[Abhidharmakośakārikā]]}} of Vasubandhu (who critiqued some orthodox views) and its commentaries; and the *{{IAST|Nyāyānusāra}} (順正理論) of master [[Saṃghabhadra]] (c. fifth century CE), who formulated perhaps the most robust Vaibhāṣika response to the new criticisms.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 57.</ref><br />
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===Tarim Basin===<br />
When the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] visited [[Kucha]] in the [[Tarim Basin]] in 630&nbsp;CE, he received the favours of Suvarṇadeva, the son and successor of [[Suvarnapushpa|Suvarṇapuṣpa]], the non-[[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhist King of Kucha.<ref>{{cite book |last = Grousset |first = René |author-link = René Grousset |title = The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia |url = https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou |url-access = registration |access-date = 20 November 2016 |year = 1970 |publisher = Rutgers University Press |location = New Brunswick, NJ |isbn = 978-0-8135-1304-1 |page=99}}</ref><!--<br />
! non-displayed comment break to mark end of one ref-section !<br />
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--> Xuanzang described in many details the characteristics of Kucha, and probably visited the [[Kizil Caves]].<ref name="DCW">{{cite web |last1=Waugh |first1=Daniel (Historian, University of Washington) |title=Kizil |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/buddhism/tarim/kizil.html |website=depts.washington.edu |publisher=Washington University |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref><!--<br />
! non-displayed comment break to mark end of one ref-section !<br />
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--> Of the religion of the people of Kucha, he says that they were Sarvastivādins:<ref name="SB">{{cite book |last1=Beal |first1=Samuel |title=Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World: Translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang (A.D. 629) |year=2000 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-24469-5 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmISY_Z7bEgC&pg=PA19 |language=en}}, also available in: {{cite web |title=Kingdom of K'iu-chi (Kucha or Kuche) [Chapter 2] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/buddhist-records-of-the-western-world-xuanzang/d/doc220147.html#note-e-86576 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |access-date=30 December 2020 |date=27 June 2018}}</ref><br><br />
{{blockquote|There are about one hundred convents (saṅghārāmas) in this country, with five thousand and more disciples. These belong to the [[Hinayana|Little Vehicle]] of the school of the Sarvāstivādas (Shwo-yih-tsai-yu-po). Their doctrine (teaching of Sūtras) and their rules of discipline (principles of the Vinaya) are like those of India, and those who read them use the same (originals).|Xuanzang, on the religion of Kucha.<ref name="SB"/>}}<br />
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== Doctrine ==<br />
{{Buddhist Philosophy sidebar}}<br />
As their name suggests, a central doctrine of the Sarvāstivāda was that all dharmas (a term here meaning the elementary components of existence or experience) always exist; they neither come into being, nor pass away, but exist in the past and future as surely as in the present.<ref>Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 19.</ref> This was justified with, among other arguments, reference to canonical texts: e.g., since the Buddha said that one's good or bad (intentional) actions will ripen to bear good or bad karmic fruit as appropriate, it follows that the dharmas involved must yet be extant at the moment of this fruition—even though the cause thereof ({{IAST|vipāka-hetu}}) can only be some action taken in the past.<br />
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Among the different Sarvāstivāda thinkers, there were different ideas as to how this "all dharmas exist" theory was to be understood;<ref>Poussin; Pruden, {{IAST|Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu}}, Vol. 3, 1991, p. 808.</ref> these were generally found acceptable by the Sarvāstivādin ''sangha'' at large, so long as they did not outright contradict the core doctrine. Many such ideas can be seen in the {{IAST|[[Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra|Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra]]}}, which outlines the four different interpretations of this doctrine by the "four great Ābhidharmikas of the Sarvāstivāda": Dharmatrāta, Buddhadeva, Vasumitra, and Ghoṣaka.<ref name="Dhammajoti 2009, p. 75">Dhammajoti (2009), p. 75.</ref><br />
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The teachings of the Sarvāstivāda were, however, by no means confined to this sole doctrine (of "all exists"), but also included: the theories of momentariness ({{IAST|kṣaṇika}}), conjoining ({{IAST|saṃprayukta}}) and causal simultaneity ({{IAST|sahabhū}}), and conditionality ({{IAST|hetu}} and {{IAST|pratyaya}}); a unique presentation of the spiritual path ({{IAST|mārga}}); and others. These doctrines are all inter-connected; the "all exists" principle was given pride of place because it was seen as being the "axial" teaching, which held the larger movement together when the precise details of other doctrines were at issue.<br />
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== Sub-schools ==<br />
The Sarvāstivāda were a widespread group; there were several different sub-schools or sects throughout its history, the most influential being the [[Vaibhāṣika]] and the [[Sautrāntika]] schools. According to Cox, Willemen and Dessein:<br />
{{blockquote|We have, basically, to differentiate the original Sarvāstivādins originating from [[Mathura]], the [[Kashmir|Kaśmīri]] Vaibhāṣikas, the Western Masters of [[Gandharan Buddhism|Gandhara]] and [[Bactria]] (the Dārṣṭāntika-Sautrāntika Masters) who were also referred to as Bahirdesaka, Aparāntaka and Pāścāttya, and the Mūlasarvāstivādins. As the various groups influenced one another, even these sub-schools do very often not form homogeneous groups.<ref>Cox, Dessein & Willemen, 1998, p. 19.</ref>}}<br />
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=== Vaibhāṣika ===<br />
{{main|Vaibhāṣika}}<br />
The Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣika school was formed by adherents of the {{IAST|[[Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra|Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra]]}} (hereafter ''MVŚ'') during the council of Kashmir—though, as noted by K. L. Dhammajoti, "It is important to realize that not all of them necessarily subscribed to each and every view sanctioned by the MVŚ compilers. Moreover, the evolving nature of the Vaibhāṣika views must be recognized as well."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 76.</ref> After its emergence, it comprised the orthodox or mainstream branch of the Sarvāstivāda in Kāśmīra, though it was not exclusive to this region.<br />
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The Vaibhāṣika—which had by far the most "comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics" of the [[early Buddhist schools]]<ref name=":1">"One does not find anywhere else a body of doctrine as organized or as complete as theirs [. . .] Indeed, no other competing schools have ever come close to building up such a comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics as the Vaibhāśika." (''The Sautrāntika Theory of Seeds (bīja) Revisited: With Special Reference to the Ideological Continuity Between Vasubandhu's Theory of Seeds and Its Śrīlāta/Dārṣṭāntika Precedents'', by Park, Changhwan. PhD dissertation, University of California Berkeley: 2007. p. 2.)</ref>—were widely influential in India and beyond.<ref name=":2">''A Study of the Abhidharmahṛdaya: The Historical Development of the Concept of Karma in the Sarvāstivāda Thought'', by Wataru S. Ryose. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison: 1987. p. 3.</ref> The Vaibhāṣika are sometimes referred to in the MVŚ as "the Ābhidharmikas", "the Sarvāstivāda theoreticians" and "the masters of Kāśmīra."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 73.</ref> In various texts, they also referred to their tradition as {{IAST|Yuktavāda}} (the "doctrine of logic"), as well as {{IAST|Hetuvāda}} (the "doctrine of causes").<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), pp. 56, 164.</ref><br />
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The Vaibhāṣika school saw itself as the most orthodox Sarvāstivāda tradition, and its adherents were united in their defense of the core Sarvāstivādin principle of "all exists" ({{IAST|sarvām asti}}); that is, the doctrine that all [[Dhamma theory|dharmas]]—past, present, and future—exist,<ref name=":13" /> which has been described as an [[Eternalism (philosophy of time)|eternalist theory of time]].<ref>Kalupahana, David. ''A History of Buddhist Philosophy, Continuities and Discontinuities'', p. 128.</ref> While the Vaibhāṣikas held that the dharmas of the "three times" all had some form of existence, they taught also that only ''present'' dharmas have "efficacy" ({{IAST|karitra}}); thus, they were able to explain how the present seems to function differently than the past or future.<ref>Westerhoff, 2018, p. 63.</ref> <br />
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Similarly, in order to explain how it is possible for a dharma to remain the same and yet also undergo change, as it moves through time, the Vaibhāṣika held that dharmas have a constant "essence" ({{IAST|[[Svabhava|svabhāva]]}}) which persists through all three.<ref name=":3">Westerhoff, 2018, p. 70.</ref> The term was also identified as a unique mark or self-characteristic ({{IAST|svalakṣaṇa}}) that differentiated a dharma, and which remained unchangeable throughout its existence.<ref name=":3" /> According to the Vaibhāṣika, {{IAST|svabhavas}} are those things that exist substantially ({{IAST|dravyasat}}), as opposed to those things which are made up of aggregations of dharmas and thus have only a nominal existence ({{IAST|prajñaptisat}}).<ref name=":3" /><br />
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=== Dārṣṭāntika and Sautrāntika ===<br />
{{main|Sautrāntika}}<br />
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The [[Sautrāntika]] ("those who uphold the sūtras"), also known as the {{IAST|Dārṣṭāntika}} (who may or may not have been a separate but related group), did not uphold the primacy of the {{IAST|[[Mahavibhasa|Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra]]}} but rather emphasized the [[Buddhist texts|sūtras]] as being authoritative.<ref>Westerhoff, Jan, ''The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy,'' Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 73.</ref><br />
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Already by the time of the MVŚ, the early Dārṣṭāntika monks—such as Dharmatrāta and Buddhadeva—existed as a school of thought within the Sarvāstivādin fold, which disagreed with the orthodox views of the larger sect.<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 74.</ref> The adherents of this nascent school were also referred to as the "western masters" ({{IAST|pāścātya}}) or the "foreign masters" ({{IAST|bahirdeśaka}}; also called the "masters outside Kaśmīra" and the "Gandhāran masters").<ref name="Dhammajoti 2009, p. 75"/> They studied the same Abhidharma texts as the rest of the Sarvāstivāda, but in a more critical way; according to Dhammajoti, they eventually came to repudiate the Sarvāstivāda doctrine of "all exists."<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 77.</ref><br />
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It is this group—i.e., those who rejected that most important Sarvāstivāda doctrine (along with numerous key Vaibhāṣika views)—which came to be called the [[Sautrāntika]] ("those who rely on the sūtras").<ref>Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett (1998). ''Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism'', p. 109. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien.</ref> However, the Sautrāntikas did not reject the Abhidharma method; in fact, they were themselves the authors of several Abhidharma manuals, such as the {{IAST|Abhidharmahṛdaya}}. The later Buddhist tradition of {{IAST|[[Buddhist logico-epistemology|pramāṇa]]}}, founded by the Buddhist monks [[Dignāga]] and [[Dharmakīrti]], is also associated with the Sautrāntika school.<br />
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[[File:Seshin_Vasubandhu_Kofukuji.jpg|thumb|Vasubandhu: wood, 186 cm height, about 1208, [[Kōfuku-ji|Kofukuji Temple]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], [[Japan]]]]<br />
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The most important Sautrāntika was [[Vasubandhu]] (c. 350–430), a native of [[Peshawar|Purusapura]] in [[Gandhara]]. He is famous for being the author of the {{IAST|[[Abhidharmakośakārikā|Abhidharmakośa]]}} (4–5th century CE), a very influential Abhidharma work, with an auto-commentary that defends the Sautrāntika views. He famously later converted to the [[Yogacara|Yogācāra]] school of [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna Buddhism]], a tradition that itself developed out of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma.<br />
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Vasubandhu's {{IAST|Abhidharmakośa}} led to a vigorous reaction from his contemporary, the brilliant Vaibhāṣika master [[Saṃghabhadra]], who is said to have spent 12 years composing the *{{IAST|Nyāyānusāra}}, a commentary upon Vasubandhu's verses meant to refute his views and those of other Sautrāntika monks (such as Sthavira Śrīlāta and his pupil Rāma).<ref>Dhammajoti (2009), p. 110.</ref> The {{IAST|Abhidharmakośa}} was so influential that it became the Abhidharma text ''par excellence'' in both [[Indian Buddhism|Indo]]-[[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[East Asian Buddhism]], and remains the primary source for Abhidharma studies.<ref>Gethin, Rupert (1998). ''The Foundations of Buddhism'', pp. 55–56. Oxford University Press.</ref><br />
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===Mūlasarvāstivādins===<br />
{{Main|Mulasarvastivada}}<br />
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There is much uncertainty as to the relationship between the Mūlasarvāstivāda (meaning ''root-'' or ''original-Sarvāstivāda'') school and the others. They were certainly successful in spreading their [[Vinaya|Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya]], which remains the monastic rule used in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism today; they seem also to have been influential in Indonesia by the 7th century, as noted by [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]].<ref>Coedes, George. ''The Indianized States of South-East Asia.'' 1968. p. 84</ref><br />
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A number of theories have been posited by academics as to how the two are related, including:<ref>{{cite book |last=Sujato |first=Bhikkhu |author-link=Bhikkhu Sujato |url=https://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Sects__Sectarianism_Bhikkhu_Sujato.pdf |title=Sects and Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools |publisher=Santipada |year=2012 |page=135}}</ref><br />
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* [[Erich Frauwallner|Frauwallner]] holds that the Mūlasarvāstivāda were the community of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], which was independent from the Sarvāstivādins of Kaśmir. According to [[Bhante Sujato|Bhikkhu Sujato]], this theory has "stood the test of time."<br />
* [[Étienne Lamotte|Lamotte]] thought that the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya was a late compilation from Kaśmīr. <br />
* [[A. K. Warder|Warder]] suggests that the Mūlasarvāstivādins were a late group who compiled a Vinaya and the {{IAST|Saddharmasmṛtyupasthāna Sūtra}}.<br />
* Enomoto holds that the Sarvāstivādin and Mūlasarvāstivādin were the same. <br />
* Willemen, Dessein, and Cox hold that this group is really the Sautrāntika school, which renamed itself in the later years of the Sarvāstivāda school history.<br />
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== Texts ==<br />
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===Vinaya===<br />
The [[Dharmaguptaka]] are known to have rejected the authority of the Sarvāstivāda {{IAST|[[Pratimokṣa|Prātimokṣa]]}} rules, on the grounds that the original teachings of the Buddha had been lost.<ref>Baruah, Bibhuti. ''Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism''. 2008. p. 52</ref><br />
<br />
The complete Sarvāstivāda Vinaya is extant in the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]]. In its early history, the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was the most common Vinaya tradition in China. However, [[Chinese Buddhism]] later settled on the [[Dharmaguptaka]] Vinaya. In the 7th century, Yijing wrote that in Eastern China, most people followed the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, while the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was used in earlier times in [[Guanzhong]] (the region around [[Chang'an]]), and that the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was prominent in the [[Yangzi River]] area and further south.<ref>Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa. ''Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.'' 2010. p. 187.</ref> In the 7th century, the existence of multiple Vinaya lineages throughout China was criticized by prominent Vinaya masters such as Yijing and [[Dao'an]] (654&ndash;717). In the early 8th century, Dao'an gained the support of [[Emperor Zhongzong of Tang]], and an imperial edict was issued that the [[Sangha|Saṃgha]] in China should use only the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya for ordination.<ref>Heirman, Ann. Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. ''The Spread of Buddhism''. 2007. pp. 194–195.</ref><br />
<br />
===Āgamas===<br />
Scholars at present have "a nearly complete collection of sūtras from the Sarvāstivāda school"<ref>{{cite web|last=Sujato|first=Bhikkhu|author-link=Bhante Sujato|url=https://budsas.net/ebud/ebdha346.htm|title=What the Buddha really taught: The Pali Nikāyas and Chinese Āgamas|website=BuddhaSasana|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> thanks to a recent discovery in Afghanistan of roughly two-thirds of the [[Dirgha_Agama|Dīrgha Āgama]] in Sanskrit. The [[Madhyama Āgama]] (T26, Chinese trans. Gotama Saṅghadeva) and Saṃyukta Āgama (T99, Chinese trans. Guṇabhadra) have long been available in Chinese translation. The Sarvāstivāda is therefore the only early school besides the Theravāda for which we have a roughly complete sūtra collection—although, unlike the Theravāda, it has not all been preserved in the original language.<br />
<br />
===Abhidharma===<br />
During the first century, the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma primarily consisted of the {{IAST|Abhidharmahrdaya}} authored by Dharmashresthin, a native from [[Tokharistan]], and the ''Ashtagrantha'' authored or compiled by [[Katyayaniputra]]. Both texts were translated by Samghadeva, in 391&nbsp;CE and in 383&nbsp;CE respectively, but they were not completed until 390, in Southern China.<br />
<br />
The Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma consists of seven texts:<br />
<br />
*{{IAST|[[Jnanaprasthana|Jñānaprasthāna]]}} ("Foundation of Knowledge") ([[Taishō Tripiṭaka|T]]. 1543–1544)<br />
*{{IAST|[[Prakaranapada|Prakaraṇapāda]]}} ("Exposition") (T. 1541–1542)<br />
*{{IAST|[[Vijnanakaya|Vijñānakāya]]}} ("Body of Consciousness") (T. 1539)<br />
*{{IAST|[[Dharmaskandha]]}} ("Aggregation of Dharmas") (T. 1537)<br />
*{{IAST|[[Prajnaptisastra|Prajñaptiśāstra]]}} ("Treatise on Designations") (T. 1538)<br />
*{{IAST|[[Dhatukaya|Dhātukāya]]}} ("Body of Elements") (T. 1540)<br />
*{{IAST|[[Sangitiparyaya|Saṅgītiparyāya]]}} ("Discourses on Gathering Together") (T. 1536)<br />
<br />
Following these are the texts that came to be taken as authoritative by the Vaibhāṣika:<br />
<br />
*{{IAST|[[Mahavibhasa|Mahāvibhāṣā]]}} ("Great Commentary"), a commentary on the {{IAST|Jñānaprasthāna}} (T. 1545)<br />
<br />
All of these works have been translated into Chinese, and are now part of the [[Chinese Buddhist canon]]. In the Chinese context, the word {{IAST|Abhidharma}} refers to the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, although at a minimum the [[Dharmaguptaka]], [[Pudgalavada|Pudgalavāda]] and [[Theravada|Theravāda]] also had [[Abhidharma|Abhidharmas]].<br />
<br />
=== Later Abhidharma manuals ===<br />
Various other Abhidharma works were written by Sarvāstivāda masters, some are more concise manuals of Abhidharma, others critiqued the orthodox Vaibhāṣika views or provided a defense of the orthodoxy. Dhammajoti provides the following list of such later Abhidharma works that are extant in Chinese:<br />
<br />
* *{{IAST|Abhidharmāmṛta(-rasa-)śāstra}} (T. 1553), by Ghoṣaka, 2 fasc., translator unknown. 2.<br />
* *{{IAST|Abhidharmahṛdaya}} (T. 1550) by Dharmaśrī, 4 fasc., tr. by Saṅghadeva et al. 3.<br />
* *{{IAST|Abhidharmahṛdayasūtra}} (? T. 1551) by Upaśānta, 2 fasc., tr. by Narendrayaśas.<br />
* *{{IAST|Abhidharmahṛdayavyākhyā}} (? T. 1552), by [[Dharmatrāta]], 11 fasc., tr. by Sanghabhūti.<br />
* {{IAST|Abhidharmakośamūlakārikā}} (T. 1560) by [[Vasubandhu]], 1 fasc., tr. by [[Xuanzang|Xuan Zang]]. 6.<br />
* {{IAST|Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam}} (T. 1558) by Vasubandhu, 1 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang; there is also an earlier translation by Paramārtha (T No. 1559).<br />
* *{{IAST|Abhidharmakośaśāstra-tattvārthā-ṭīkā}} (T. 1561) by [[Sthiramati]], 2 fasc., translator unknown.<br />
* *{{IAST|Abhidharma-nyāyānusāra}} (T. 1562) by [[Saṃghabhadra]], 40 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.<br />
* *{{IAST|Abhidharma-samayapradīpikā}} (T. 1563) by Saṃghabhadra, 40 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.<br />
* *{{IAST|Abhidharmāvatāra}} (T. 1554) by Skandhila, 2 fasc., tr. by Xuan Zang.<br />
<br />
== Appearance and language ==<br />
<br />
=== Appearance ===<br />
Between 148 and 170&nbsp;CE, the [[Parthia]]n monk [[An Shigao]] came to China and translated a work which described the color of monastic robes (Skt. {{IAST|[[Kasaya (clothing)|kāṣāya]]}}) utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called ''Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi'' ({{Lang|zh|大比丘三千威儀}}).<ref name="Hino, Shoun 2004. p. 55">Hino, Shoun. ''Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.'' 2004. p. 55.</ref> Another text translated at a later date, the {{IAST|Śāriputraparipṛcchā}}, contains a very similar passage with nearly the same information.<ref name="Hino, Shoun 2004. p. 55"/> In the earlier source, the Sarvāstivādins are described as wearing dark red robes, while the [[Dharmaguptaka|Dharmaguptakas]] are described as wearing black robes.<ref name="Hino, Shoun 2004. pp. 55-56">Hino, Shoun. ''Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.'' 2004. pp. 55–56.</ref> However, in the corresponding passage found in the later {{IAST|Śāriputraparipṛcchā}}, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing black robes and the Dharmagupta as wearing dark red robes.<ref name="Hino, Shoun 2004. pp. 55-56"/><br />
<br />
In [[Tibetan Buddhism]] monasticism, which follows the [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] Vinaya, red robes are regarded as characteristic of their tradition.<ref>Mohr, Thea. Tsedroen, Jampa. ''Dignity and Discipline: Reviving Full Ordination for Buddhist Nuns.'' 2010. p. 266.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Language ===<br />
During the first century BCE, in the Gandharan cultural area (consisting of [[Oddiyana]], [[Gandhara]] and [[Bactria]], [[Tokharistan]], across the [[Khyber Pass]]), the [[Sthavira Nikāya|Sthaviras]] used the [[Gāndhārī language]] to write their literature using the [[Kharosthi]] script.<br />
<br />
The Tibetan historian [[Buton Rinchen Drub]] wrote that the [[Mahāsāṃghika]]s used [[Prakrit|Prākrit]], the Sarvāstivādins used [[Sanskrit]], the [[Sthavira Nikāya]] used [[Paiśācī]], and the [[Saṃmitīya]] used [[Apabhraṃśa]].{{sfn|Yao|2012|p=9}}<br />
<br />
==Influence==<br />
The Sarvāstivādins of [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kāśmīra]] held the {{IAST|Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra}} as authoritative, and thus were given the moniker {{IAST|Vaibhāṣikas}}. The {{IAST|Mahāvibhāṣā}} is thought to have been authored around 150&nbsp;CE, around the time of [[Kanishka|Kaniṣka]] (127–151) of the [[Kushan Empire]].<ref>Potter, Karl. ''Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.'' 1998. p. 112.</ref> This massive treatise of Abhidharma (200 fascicles in Chinese) contains a great deal of material with what appear to be strong affinities to [[Mahāyāna]] doctrines.<ref>Potter, Karl. ''Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.'' 1998. p. 117.</ref> The {{IAST|Mahāvibhāṣā}} is also said to illustrate the accommodations reached between the Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna traditions, as well as the means by which Mahāyāna doctrines would become accepted.<ref>Potter, Karl. ''Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.'' 1998. p. 111.</ref> The {{IAST|Mahāvibhāṣā}} also defines the [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna sūtras]] and the role in their Buddhist canon. Here they are described as {{IAST|Vaipulya}} doctrines, with "Vaipulya" being a commonly used synonym for Mahāyāna. The {{IAST|Mahāvibhāṣā}} reads:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|What is the Vaipulya? It is said to be all the sūtras corresponding to elaborations on the meanings of the exceedingly profound dharmas.<ref name="Walser, Joseph 2005. p. 156">Walser, Joseph. ''Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.'' 2005. p. 156</ref>}}<br />
<br />
According to a number of scholars, Mahāyāna Buddhism flourished during the time of the Kuṣāṇa Empire, and this is illustrated in the form of Mahāyāna influence on the {{IAST|Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra}}.<ref>Willemen, Charles. Dessein, Bart. Cox, Collett. ''Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism''. 1997. p. 123.</ref> The {{IAST|Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa}} also records that Kaniṣka presided over the establishment of [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] doctrines in the northwest of India.<ref>Ray, Reginald. ''Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.'' 1999. p. 410.</ref> [[Étienne Lamotte]] has also pointed out that a Sarvāstivāda master is known to have stated that the Mahāyāna {{IAST|prajñā-sūtras}} were to be found amongst their own Vaipulya sūtras.<ref name="Walser, Joseph 2005. p. 156"/> According to Paul Williams, the similarly massive ''[[Da Zhidu Lun]]'' also has a clear association with the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins.<ref>Williams, Paul, and Tribe, Anthony. ''Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition.'' 2000. p. 100.</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Vaibhāṣika]] and [[Sautrāntika]] subschools are both classified in the [[Tibetan Buddhism#Philosophy|Tibetan tenets system]] as the two tenets of the [[Hinayana|Hīnayāna]], ignoring other early Indian Buddhist schools, which were not known to the Tibetans.<br />
<br />
Sarvāstivādin meditation teachers also worked on the [[Dhyāna sutras|Dhyāna sūtras]] ({{zh|c=禪經}}), a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which were translated into Chinese and became influential in the development of Chinese Buddhist meditation methods.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Noteslist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Sources===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*Cox, Collett; Dessein, Bart; Willemen, Charles (1998). ''Sarvāstivāda Buddhist Scholasticism''. BRILL, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Leiden, New York, Koln. ISBN 9004102310.<br />
*{{cite book|last=Dhammajoti|first=K.L.|title=Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK4PSQAACAAJ&q=Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da+Abhidharma|year=2009|publisher=Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong|isbn=978-988-99296-5-7}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Kalupahana|first=David|author-link=David Kalupahana|title=Buddhist Thought and Ritual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_FJcRDXhfQC|year=2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1773-9}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Kalupahana|first=David|author-link=David Kalupahana|title=Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYGAAAAYAAJ|year=1975|publisher=University Press of Hawaii|isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|author-link=Hajime Nakamura|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0272-8}}<br />
* {{cite book|author1=Vasubandhu|author-link1=Vasubandhu|last2=de La Vallée-Poussin|first2=Louis |author-link2=Louis de La Vallée-Poussin|title=Abhidharmakośabhāṣyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWpiNAEACAAJ|date=1 June 1990|publisher=Asian Humanities Press|isbn=978-0-89581-913-0}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Xing|first=Guang|title=The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikāya Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTWZLMGFFgkC|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-33344-3}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Yao|first=Zhihua|title=The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uYR4sSsoSIC|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-28745-1}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* For a critical examination of the Sarvāstivādin interpretation of the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Saṃyuktāgama]], see [[David Kalupahana]], ''Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism.'' <br />
* For a Sautrantika refutation of the Sarvāstivādin use of the Saṃyuktāgama, see Theodore Stcherbatsky, ''The Central Conception of Buddhism and the Meaning of the Word Dharma.'', Asian Educational Services, 2003, page 76. This is a reprint of a much earlier work and the analysis is now quite dated; the first appendix however contains translations of polemical materials.<br />
* Bart Dessein, "The Vaibhāṣika Impact." in ''Buddhist Studies Review,'' [https://journal.equinoxpub.com/BSR/article/view/14486/16702 Vol 17, 2], 2000, pages 151–166.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{iep|url-id=sarvastivada-buddhism|title=Sarvāstivāda Buddhism}}<br />
<br />
{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nikaya schools]]<br />
[[Category:Sthaviravāda]]<br />
[[Category:Early Buddhist schools]]<br />
[[Category:Sarvāstivāda| ]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasai_Assembly_constituency&diff=543720Vasai Assembly constituency2026-04-17T00:47:45Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding Info.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Vasai<br />
| map_image = 133-Vasai.svg<br />
| mla = [[Sneha Pandit]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2024<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| district = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Palghar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghar]]<br />
| established = 1978<br />
| electors = 354,683<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| constituency_no = 133<br />
}}<br />
'''Vasai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is one of the six Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Palghar district]].<br />
<br />
Vasai is part of [[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Palghar district, namely [[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]], [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad]], [[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]], [[Boisar Assembly constituency|Boisar]] and [[Nalasopara Assembly constituency|Nalasopara]].<br />
<br />
Before the delimitation, Vasai Assembly constituency was part of the [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasai Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/vasai.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2"| Party<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| colspan =4 |{{center|'' From 1952 - 1972 see: [[Bassein Assembly constituency|Bassein]]''}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]<br />
| Pandharinath Choudhari<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| [[Tarabai Vartak]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| Dominic Gonsalves<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Hitendra Thakur]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
| [[Vivek Raghunath Pandit|Vivek Pandit]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Hitendra Thakur]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- [ RAJU MANMOHAN THAKRE]<br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| rowspan="1" | [[Sneha Pandit]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===Assembly Election 2024=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sneha Pandit]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 77,553 |percentage = 35.76% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hitendra Thakur|Hitendra Vishnu Thakur]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 74,400 |percentage = 34.31% |change={{decrease}}20.76 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Govind Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 62,324 |percentage = 28.74% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,346 |percentage = 1.08% |change={{decrease}}0.54 }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,153 |percentage = 1.45% |change= {{decrease}}12.45 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 219,220 |percentage = 61.81% |change= {{decrease}}0.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 216,874}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 354,683|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.41 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |swing= {{decrease}}19.30 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 2019=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hitendra Thakur|Hitendra Vishnu Thakur]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 102,950 |percentage = 55.06% |change={{increase}}3.22 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vijay Govind Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 76,955 |percentage = 41.16% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prafulla Narayan Thakur |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,540 |percentage = 1.89% |change={{increase}}0.65 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,036 |percentage = 1.62% |change={{increase}}0.04 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shahid Kamal Shaikh |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,570 |percentage = 0.84% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anton Victar Dicuna |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,288 |percentage = 0.69% |change={{increase}}0.19 }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,995 |percentage = 13.90% |change= {{decrease}}3.09 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,615 |percentage = 62.56% |change= {{decrease}}1.94 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,969}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 304,697|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.73 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |loser = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |swing= {{increase}}3.22 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 2014=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hitendra Thakur|Hitendra Vishnu Thakur]] |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 97,291 |percentage = 51.84% |change={{increase}}13.47 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vivek Raghunath Pandit]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 65,395 |percentage = 34.85% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Furtyado Michael Poshan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,467 |percentage = 8.77% |change={{increase}}3.61 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manvel Joseph Tuscano |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,981 |percentage = 2.12% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,964 |percentage = 1.58% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Swapnil Santosh Nar |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,329 |percentage = 1.24% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,896 |percentage = 17.00% |change= {{increase}}7.01 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,777 |percentage = 65.57% |change= {{increase}}5.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 187,665}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 290,944|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.27 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.49 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 2009=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vivek Raghunath Pandit]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 81,358 |percentage = 48.35% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narayan Mankar |party=Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi |votes = 64,560 |percentage = 38.37% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Ghonsalvis Jimi Mates |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 8,695 |percentage = 5.17% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datta Nar |party=Lok Bharati |votes = 3,883 |percentage = 2.31% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Domnic Sabestin D'Melo |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,460 |percentage = 2.06% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Denis Bastyav Lopis |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,229 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Claid Manvel Martin |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,294 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,798 |percentage = 9.98% |change= {{decrease}}15.38 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,254 |percentage = 59.15% |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,254}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,475|ref = |change= {{decrease}}39.70 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}12.05 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 2004=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hitendra Thakur|Hitendra Vishnu Thakur]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 161,718 |percentage = 60.40% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Vivek Raghunath |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 93,801 |percentage = 35.04% |change={{increase}}11.95 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sukhdev Jayram Khairnar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,118 |percentage = 1.16% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 67,917 |percentage = 25.37% |change= {{decrease}}7.97 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 267,820 |percentage = 56.77% |change= {{increase}}13.30 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 267,734}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 471,777|ref = |change= {{increase}}35.49 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}3.99 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1999=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Hitendra Thakur|Hitendra Vishnu Thakur]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 85,352 |percentage = 56.42% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deepak Gavankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 34,924 |percentage = 23.08% |change={{decrease}}1.65 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manuel Joseph Tuscano |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,780 |percentage = 16.38% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Datta Nar |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,974 |percentage = 3.29% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salman (Babu) Gulam Misal |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,258 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,428 |percentage = 33.33% |change= {{increase}}15.99 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,093 |percentage = 45.40% |change= {{decrease}}14.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,288}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 348,201|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.17 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}14.34 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1995=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Appa Urf Hitendra Vishnu |party=Independent politician |votes = 81,463 |percentage = 42.07% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawhankar Deepak Gajanan |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,888 |percentage = 24.73% |change={{increase}}15.31 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vichare Vilas Balkrishna |party=Janata Dal |votes = 25,102 |percentage = 12.96% |change={{decrease}}16.99 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Kasinath Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,050 |percentage = 9.32% |change={{decrease}}50.58 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandit Vivek Raghunath |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,552 |percentage = 8.03% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Andrades (Andrat) Mery Michel |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,181 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,575 |percentage = 17.34% |change= {{decrease}}12.60 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,874 |percentage = 59.19% |change= {{decrease}}5.38 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 193,615}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 334,277|ref = |change= {{increase}}36.36 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.83 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1990=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Appa Urf Hitendra Vishnu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 92,958 |percentage = 59.90% |change={{increase}}14.22 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dominik John Gonsalvis |party=Janata Dal |votes = 46,490 |percentage = 29.96% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madan Kini |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 14,629 |percentage = 9.43% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,468 |percentage = 29.94% |change= {{increase}}25.73 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 157,822 |percentage = 64.38% |change= {{increase}}4.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,186}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,147|ref = |change= {{increase}}54.70 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.01 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1985=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gonsalves Dominic John |party=Janata Party |votes = 46,633 |percentage = 49.90% |change={{increase}}8.54 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tarabai Vartak|Tarabai Narsinh Vartak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 42,696 |percentage = 45.68% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Dharmaji Narayan |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,681 |percentage = 3.94% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,937 |percentage = 4.21% |change= {{decrease}}4.98 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,239 |percentage = 60.10% |change= {{increase}}7.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,462}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,461|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.62 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}0.65 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1980=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tarabai Vartak|Tarabai Narsinh Vartak]] |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,627 |percentage = 50.55% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Pandharinath Raghunath |party=Janata Party |votes = 28,332 |percentage = 41.36% |change={{decrease}}16.67 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Umesh Vasudev Pai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,546 |percentage = 8.10% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,295 |percentage = 9.19% |change= {{decrease}}11.76 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,710 |percentage = 52.18% |change= {{decrease}}22.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,505}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,588|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.63 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}7.48 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1978=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vasai<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Chaudhari Pandharinath Raghunath |party=Janata Party |votes = 49,163 |percentage = 58.03% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Tarabai Vartak|Tarabai Narsinh Vartak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,412 |percentage = 37.08% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mayekar Bhaskar Sahadeo |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 4,146 |percentage = 4.89% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,751 |percentage = 20.95% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,622 |percentage = 74.98% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,721}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,526|ref = |change= }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Janata Party |loser = |swing= }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Vasai]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{coords|19.39|72.83|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Palghar district]]<br />
[[Category:Vasai-Virar]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]<br />
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandeep_Mohan&diff=532485Sandeep Mohan2026-04-15T18:33:40Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding New Details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br />
{{Distinguish|text=Sandeep Mohan, the musician, or Sandeep Mohan, who acted as the [[stormtrooper (Star Wars)|stormtrooper]] in [[Star Wars: The Force Awakens]] (2015) or the Malayali television actor of the same name}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sandeep Mohan<br />
| image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --><br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year with {{Birth year and age|YYYY}} unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]]. For people who have died, use {{Birth date|YYYY|MM|DD}}. --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Filmmaker|producer|screenwriter}}<br />
| years_active = 2012{{endash}}present<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sandeep Mohan''' is an Indian independent filmmaker, producer and screenwriter known for his English and Hindi-language films.<br />
<br />
== Early life and career ==<br />
Originally from Kerala,<ref name="OM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/2017/03/22/sandeep-mohan-Indias-traveling-cinema.html|title=The man who takes India’s traveling cinema from villages to cityscapes|date=23 March 2017|work=[[Onmanorama]]|first=Anagha Jayan|last=E|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> Sandeep Mohan was born in [[Jabalpur]] before he moved to Mumbai to start his career.<ref name="IE">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/indie-filmmaking-wont-make-you-rich-but-happier-if-you-are-creative-4448145/|title='Indie filmmaking won't make you rich but happier if you are creative'|first=Jaskiran|last=Kapoor|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=28 December 2016|location=Chandigarh|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607005314/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/indie-filmmaking-wont-make-you-rich-but-happier-if-you-are-creative-4448145/|archive-date=7 June 2020|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> He initially worked as an assistant director to [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] for ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' (1999) before deciding to become an independent filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20120319-sandeep-mohan-sanjay-leela-bhansali-757706-2012-03-08|title=I like making films with universal appeal: Sandeep Mohan|date=19 March 2012|work=[[India Today]]|first1=Tithi|last1=Sarkar|first2=Prachi|last2=Rege|first3=Nishat|last3=Bari|first4=Lakshmi|last4=Kumaraswami|first5=Avantika|last5=Sharma|access-date=7 March 2025}}</ref> His first film ''[[Love, Wrinkle-free]]'' (2012), which was about an unwanted pregnancy, was awarded an [[Central Board of Film Certification#Certificates and guidelines#A certificate|A certificate]]. As a result, Sandeep decided to make his next film ''[[Hola Venky!]]'' with a crew of only three additional people and with a new initiative called travelling cinema in which he would not show the film to the censor board but instead to a small group of people worldwide.<ref name="OM"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/reciprocal-tariffs-on-countries-charging-us-tremendously-high-from-april-2-donald-trump-101741151175353.html|title=I made my film Hola Venky in 10 lakh, you can too|first=Sandeep|last=Mohan|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 April 2015|location=New Delhi|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> The film had a direct online release in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ready-for-online-release/article7053976.ece|title=Ready for online release|date=31 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> He continued with his travelling cinema initiative for his next film ''[[Shreelancer]]'' (2017) before opting for an OTT platform for his most recent film ''Nirmal Anand ki Puppy'' (2019), which was inspired by his relationship with his pet dog.<ref name="IE"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/May/29/independent-filmmaker-sandeep-mohans-nirmal-anand-ki-puppy-will-warm-your-heart-with-man-pet-relati-25329.html|title=Independent filmmaker Sandeep Mohan's Nirmal Anand ki Puppy will warm your heart with man-pet relationship|work=[[Indulge Express]]|date=29 May 2020|first=K|last=Khatoon|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>His latest film is Danny Goes Aum that has been travelling internationally and is available in 10 countries around the world including in US, Canada, Scandinavia, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourgh and South Korea. <br />
<br />
Love, Wrinkle-free released in Indian cinema halls through the PVR Director's Rare banner in 10 cities and was appreciated for its quirky character based comedy.The film is now available on Prime Video after being acquired by Shemaroo Films. His second film Hola Venky had a limited 3 week Theatrical Run in San Jose and San Francisco theatre before he started travelling and screening the film with his own projector(The Great Indian Travelling Cinema). Shreelancer his 3rd film released in India and the US in the year 2017 and was widely appreciated. Now the film is available in Prime Video apart from other platforms. The film was acquired by Shemaroo Films. Nirmal Anand ki Puppy, his 4th feature was self-released by Sandeep himself in select Cinepolis Cinema Halls immediately after the Covid lockdown and is a much loved film. The film is now available in various platforms around the world. His latest film is Danny Goes Aum starring Anjali Patil and Andrew Sloman, and the film is now available in various countries around the world.<br />
<br />
== Other work ==<br />
In 2016, he took part of the panel discussion on Alternative Distribution of Films at the Film Bazaar at the [[International Film Festival of India,Goa]].<ref>{{Cite interview|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Not-a-formula-man/article16441742.ece|title=Not a formula man|first=Parshathy J.|last=Nath|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004151143/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Not-a-formula-man/article16441742.ece|archive-date=4 October 2024|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2"|Year<br />
! rowspan="2"|Title<br />
! colspan="3"|Credited as<br />
! rowspan="2"|Language<br />
! rowspan="2"|Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Director !! Producer !! Writer<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Love, Wrinkle-free]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || [[English language|English]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Hola Venky!]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || rowspan="2"|English<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[X: Past Is Present]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Also cinematographer;<br />segment: ''"Fin"''<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Shreelancer]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || [[Hindi]]<br />English ||Won{{Emdash}}Best Actor for lead actor Arjun Radhakrishnan at the Blue Whiskey Independent Film Festival in Chicago<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''Nirmal Anand ki Puppy'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Hindi || Won{{Emdash}}DCSAFF Best Screenplay Award<br />Won{{Emdash}}Indic Filmotsav Best Film Audience Choice Award<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''Danny Goes Aum'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || English || Won{{Emdash}}DCSAFF Best Feature Film(Jury) Award<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Sandeep Mohan. [https://flickside.com/director-sandeep-mohan-hola-venky/ "I Shot "Hola Venky" In 10 Lakhs"]. ''Flickside''.<br />
* Sandeep Mohan. [https://flickside.com/sandeep-mohan-director/ "Always Wanted 'Sandeep Mohan, Filmmaker', In My Obituary"] ''Flickside''.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|4199076}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Sandeep}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Film people from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbesganj_Assembly_constituency&diff=499255Forbesganj Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:22:03Z<p>Zoyeford: started article!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|other places with same/similar name|Forbesganj (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Forbesganj<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = 48-Forbesganj constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = Forbesganj Vidhan sabha Constituency -048<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Manoj Bishwas]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] <!--Year of the last election. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
| region = <br />
| state = [[Bihar]]<br />
| district = [[Araria district|Araria]]<br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = Araria -09<br />
| constituency_no = 48 [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| electors = 301,120<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| caption = Each election in the Forbesganj Vidhansabha constituency has been won by a different political party (1952–2025).<br />
| value1 = 52.63<br />
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']] (10 term)<br />
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| value2 = 36.84<br />
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']] (7 term)<br />
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| value3 = 5.26<br />
| label3 = [[Praja Socialist Party|'''PSP''']] (1 term)<br />
| color3 = {{party color|Praja Socialist Party }}<br />
| value4 = 5.26<br />
| label4 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|'''BSP''']] (1 term)<br />
|colour4 = {{ Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
}} <br />
'''Forbesganj Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Araria district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. [[Vidya Sagar Keshri|Vidyasagar Kesari]] is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of Forbesganj assembly constituency elected in 2015 and 2020.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No 48 Forbesganj Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Forbesganj]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Forbesganj Assembly constituency is part of No 9 [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)]] <br />
.<ref name=commission/><br />
<br />
In [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], Forbesganj was one of the 36 seats to have VVPAT enabled electronic voting machines.<ref name="election1993">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/EC-move-to-allay-fears-about-errors-in-EVMs/articleshow/49199345.cms|title=EC move to allay fears about errors in EVMs - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2016-05-04}}</ref><ref name="election2015">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/Current/ImpIns_24092015.pdf|title="General Election to the State Legislative Assembly of Bihar, 2015- Use of EVMs with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail System(VVPAT)-reg."}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Forbesganj Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/forbesganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Bokai Mandal<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|[[Dumar Lal Baitha]]<br />
|-<br />
|Shital Prasad Gupta<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|rowspan="7" |Saryu Mishra<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |Mayanand Thakur<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|Zakir Hussain Khan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[Laxmi Narayan Mehta]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
|Padam Parag Roy<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[Vidya Sagar Keshri]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[Manoj Bishwas]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election Results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Forbesganj<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Manoj Bishwas]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:120114}}<br />
|percentage = 47.77<br />
|change = {{increase}}7.79<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Vidya Sagar Keshri<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:119893}}<br />
|percentage = 47.68<br />
|change = {{decrease}}1.85<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3114}}<br />
|percentage = 1.24<br />
|change = {{decrease}}0.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:221}}<br />
|percentage = 0.09<br />
|change = {{decrease}}9.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:251439}}<br />
|percentage = 69.82<br />
|change = {{increase}}9.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Forbesganj<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Vidya Sagar Keshri]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:102212}}<br />
|percentage = 49.53<br />
|change = +3.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Zakir Hussain Khan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:82510}}<br />
|percentage = 39.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Deo<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6452}}<br />
|percentage = 3.13<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Raja Raman Bhaskar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5818}}<br />
|percentage = 2.82<br />
|change = +0.53<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Akhlaqur Rahman<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2207}}<br />
|percentage = 1.07<br />
|change = -9.09<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3351}}<br />
|percentage = 1.62<br />
|change = -0.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:19702}}<br />
|percentage = 9.55<br />
|change = -4.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:206372}}<br />
|percentage = 60.56<br />
|change = -1.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Forbesganj<ref name="election2015"/><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Vidya Sagar Keshri]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:85929}}<br />
|percentage = 46.21<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Krityanand Biswas<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:60691}}<br />
|percentage = 32.64<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Zakir Hussain Khan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:18894}}<br />
|percentage = 10.16<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Laxmi Narayan Mehta<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4262}}<br />
|percentage = 2.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Raja Raman Bhaskar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3259}}<br />
|percentage = 1.75<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Ashok Mishra<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2304}}<br />
|percentage = 1.24<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Satya Narayan Writer<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1917}}<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3428}}<br />
|percentage = 1.84<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:25238}}<br />
|percentage = 13.57<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:185936}}<br />
|percentage = 61.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2010===<br />
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Padam Parag Roy Venu of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won the Forbesganj assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Maya Nand Thakur of [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0448.htm |title = Bihar - Forbesganj |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. [[Laxmi Narayan Mehta]] of BJP defeated Zakir Hussain Khan of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]] and [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Zakir Hussain Khan representing [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] defeated Laxmi Narayan Mehta, Independent, in 2000. Mayanand Thakur representing BJP defeated Laxmi Narayan Mehta, Independent, in 1995, and Shital Prasad Gupta of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1990. Saryu Mishra of Congress defeated Rai Bahadur Keshri of BJP in 1985, Nakshtra Malakar of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1980 and Lal Chand Sahni of [[Janata Party|JP]].<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp129.htm<br />
|title = 129 - Forbesganj Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-15 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Vidya Sagar Keshri|Vidyasagar Kesari]] was first elected in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], and re-elected in [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite news<br />
|title = bihar assembly election candidates list 2020<br />
|work = NDTV<br />
|url = https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-candidates-list-2020/vidya-sagar-keshri-04048-1<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{Purnia Division topics}}<br />
{{coord|26|17|N|87|17|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Araria district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savantwadi_Assembly_constituency&diff=533646Savantwadi Assembly constituency2026-04-09T18:27:51Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding Article.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}} <br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency <br />
| name = Savantwadi <br />
| type= SLA <br />
| state = Maharashtra <br />
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref> <br />
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> <br />
| electors = 54,113 <br />
| mla = Bhonsle Prataprao Deorao <br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} <br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] <br />
| district = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| reservation = None <br />
}} <br />
<b>Savantwadi Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. <br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Bhonsle Prataprao Deorao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Savantwadi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhonsle Prataprao Deorao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,058 |percentage = 51.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Anand Krishnaji |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 3,177 |percentage = 13.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Namdeo Wasudeo |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,999 |percentage = 12.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lele Ganesh Sadashiv |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,100 |percentage = 9.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rangnekar Ramrao Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,681 |percentage = 7.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fernandez Luise Mingel |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 5.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,881 |percentage = 38.15% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,279 |percentage = 43.02% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,279}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,113 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
{{reflist}} <br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}} <br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]] <br />
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}} <br />
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akbar_Husain&diff=485236Akbar Husain2026-04-02T04:16:34Z<p>Zoyeford: added</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{similar names|Akbar Hossain (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
| other_party = [[Janata Party]]<br />
| constituency = [[Kundarki Assembly constituency|Kundarki]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
}}<br />
'''Akbar Husain''' is an Indian politician who served as member of the [[4th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|4th]], [[5th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|5th]], [[7th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|7th]] and [[9th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] from the [[Kundarki Assembly constituency]]. He has represented the [[Janata Party]] and the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kundarki Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kundarki-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Akbar Husain, Kundarki Assembly Elections 2007 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/2007/kundarki/akbar-husain/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Husain, Akbar}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1967–1969]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1969–1974]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]<br />
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{UttarPradesh-BSP-politician-stub}}</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flying_Mail&diff=499232Flying Mail2026-03-31T17:57:24Z<p>Zoyeford: started a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Flying Mail<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = Superfast mail train<br />
| locale = [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Sindh]] (<small>before partition of India</small>) <br /><br />
[[Haryana]], [[National Capital Territory of Delhi|NCT Delhi]], [[Punjab, India]] (<small>after partition of India</small>)<br />
| first = 16 April 1853<br />
| last = 16 April 2002<br />
| operator = <br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Delhi}}<br />
| stops = <br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Karachi Cantonment}} (<small>before partition of India</small>)<br /><br />
{{stnlnk|Amritsar}} (<small>after partition of India</small>)<br />
| distance = {{convert|192.2|km|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 9 hours<br />
| frequency = <br />
| class = <br />
| seating = <br />
| sleeping = <br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = <br />
| observation =<br />
| entertainment =<br />
| baggage =<br />
| otherfacilities=<br />
| stock = <br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br />
| el =<br />
| trainnumber = <br />
| speed = <br />
| map =<br />
| map_state = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Flying Mail''' was a train in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Farmers' Rail Blockade In Punjab Today: Protests To Be Held At 19 Locations, Trains Services Disrupted |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/farmers-rail-blockade-in-punjab-today-electricity-amendment-bill-2025-protests-to-be-held-at-19-locations-trains-services-disrupted-10284070 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=The Daily Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-22 |title=Jat stir hits commuters in Amritsar hard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jat-stir-hits-commuters-in-amritsar-hard/story-JkKoTVsqWalwDUw4LiIMBP.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> that operated between [[Delhi]] and [[Amritsar]] and, prior to [[India's partition]], between Delhi and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=SSNews |title=June 2nd 1984 – 10 Days of Terror |url=https://sikhsangat.org/june-2nd-1984-10-days-of-terror/ |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Sikh Sangat News |language=en-US}}</ref> The train began service in 1853 and was discontinued in 2001. Before the partition of India the Flying Mail ran from Karachi (now in Pakistan) to Delhi via [[Lahore]] and was the fastest train between two cities.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The train shared a rake with the [[Shaheed Express|Sarayu Yamuna Express]] between Delhi and [[Amritsar]] until 2001 when the Sarayu Yamuna Express was renamed the Shaheed Express and extended to Amritsar. Today the Shaheed Express operates between Amritsar and [[Jainagar, Bihar|Jainagar]] in [[Bihar]] four days a week. Prior to India's partition, the Flying Mail left Delhi at noon, arrived at 9 pm, before heading for Karachi. On the return journey from Karachi, the train arrived at Lahore at noon and at Delhi at 9pm.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.irfca.org/~shankie/famoustrains/famtrainflying.htm Flying Mail]<br />
<br />
{{Historical trains in India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Flying Mail}}<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Karachi]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]<br />
[[Category:Defunct trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br />
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{{India-rail-transport-stub}}</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikram_Singh_(ruler)&diff=544551Vikram Singh (ruler)2026-03-29T21:15:22Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding Biography.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Raja of Narsinghgarh from 1924 to 1957}}<br />
{{infobox royalty<br />
| title = [[Raja]]<br />
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Narsinghgarh State|Narsinghgarh]]<br />
| reign = 23 April 1924 – 17 July 1957<br />
| predecessor = Arjun Singh<br />
| successor = Bhanu Prakash Singh<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|09|21|df=yes}}<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|07|17|1909|09|21|df=yes}}<br />
| house = [[Narsinghgarh State|Narsinghgarh]]<br />
| father = Arjun Singh<br />
| mother = Shiv Kanwar<br />
| dynasty = [[Parmar (clan)|Parmar]]<br />
| module = {{infobox person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| education = {{plain list|<br />
* [[Daly College]]<br />
* [[Mayo College]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
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[[Sir]] '''Vikram Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Narsinghgarh State|Narsinghgarh]] from 1924 until his death in 1957.<br />
==Birth==<br />
He was born on 21 September 1909 to Arjun Singh and Shiv Kanwar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir/ |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=114}}</ref><br />
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== Education ==<br />
He was educated at [[Daly College]], [[Indore]], and [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":0" /> He passed the diploma examination from the latter college in April 1927.<ref name=":0" /> After leaving college, he spent a year in Bangalore undergoing administrative training under the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Government]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khosla K. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1706/ |title=The States Estates and Who's Who In India and Burma |date=1942 |publisher=The Imperial Publishing Co., Railway Road, Lahore |pages=59–60}}</ref> In July 1928, he took a short trip to [[Europe]], visiting [[England]], [[Scotland]], and [[France]] to further his education.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Succession ==<br />
Upon his father's death, he succeeded him as the [[Raja]] of [[Narsinghgarh State|Narsinghgarh]] on 23 April 1924.<ref name=":0" /> As he was a minor at the time, the state was administered by a council of regency, with his mother serving as [[regent]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
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== Reign ==<br />
He was invested with full ruling powers on 7 October 1929.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35728/ |title=Rulers Leanding Families And Officials In The States Of Central India |date=1935 |pages=69}}</ref><br />
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== Personal life ==<br />
He married in June 1929 a daughter of the then [[heir apparent]] of [[Cutch State|Kutch]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
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== Death ==<br />
He died on 17 July 1957 and was succeeded by Bhanu Prakash Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Royal |date=2023-11-24 |title=Narsinghgarh (Princely State) |url=https://oroyalarchives.com/narsinghgarh/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Royal Archives |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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==Honours==<br />
He was made a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1941.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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==References==<br />
<references /><br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vikram}}<br />
[[Category:1909 births]]<br />
[[Category:1957 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:People from British India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C4%81%E1%B9%87abha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa&diff=473747Bāṇabhaṭṭa2026-03-28T02:15:11Z<p>Zoyeford: </p>
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<div>{{short description|7th-century Sanskrit writer and poet}}<br />
{{family name hatnote|Bāṇa|lang=Sanskrit}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bāṇabhaṭṭa<br />
| occupation = Poet, writer<br />
| works = ''[[Harshacharita]]'', ''[[Kadambari]]''<br />
| father = Chitrabhānu<br />
| mother = Rājadevi<br />
| birth_place = Pritikuta<br />
| children = Bhūṣaṇabhaṭṭa (son)<br />
| relatives = [[Mayurbhatta|Mayūrabhaṭṭa]] (brother-in-law)<br />
}}<br />
'''Bāṇabhaṭṭa''' ({{langx|sa|बाणभट्ट}}) was a 7th-century [[Sanskrit]] prose writer and poet from India. He was the court poet of Emperor [[Harsha]], during his reign at [[Kanyakubja]]. Bāna's principal works include a biography of Harsha, the ''[[Harshacharita]]''<ref>{{cite web | title = Sthanvishvara (historical region, India) |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/566090/Sthanvishvara | access-date = 2014-08-09 }}</ref> and the novel ''[[Kadambari]]''. Bāṇa died before finishing the novel and it was completed by his son Bhūṣaṇabhaṭṭa. Both these works are noted texts of Sanskrit literature.<ref name="Datta1988">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1339|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|pages=1339–}}</ref> The other works attributed to him are the ''Caṇḍikāśataka'' and a drama, the ''Pārvatīpariṇaya''. Banabhatta gets an applause as "''Banochhistam Jagatsarvam''" meaning Bana has described everything in this world and nothing is left.<br />
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==Biography==<br />
A detailed account regarding his ancestry and early life can be reconstructed from the introductory verses attached to the ''[[Kadambari]]'' and the first two ''ucchāvasas'' of the ''[[Harshacharita|Harṣacarita]]'', while the circumstances behind the composition of the ''Harṣacarita'' are described in the third ''ucchāvasa'' of the text. ''Harsacarita'' is considered as the first Indian work which may be regarded as a historical biography. It gives a vivid picture of life in the Indian countryside.<ref>Sreedharan, E, "A Manual of Historical Research Methodology." Trivandrum, Centre for South Indian Studies, 2007, {{ISBN|978-81-905928-0-2}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=TG6PXBKwXNMC]</ref><br />
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Bāna was born to Chitrabhānu and [[Raja Devi Bakhsh Singh|Rājadevi]] in the village of Pritikuta in a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India From The Stone Age To The 12th Century |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |page=110 |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive/page/n110/mode/1up?q=Shandilya |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=J. Krishnamoorthy|title=Makers of Indian literature|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Banabhatta.pdf|publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref> His mother died early leaving him in the loving care of his father. His father married again and had two more sons. After the death of his father when he was 14, Bāṇa led a colourful and wandering life with his half-brothers for a period but later came back to his native village. Here, on a summer day, on receiving a letter from Krishna, a cousin of [[Harsha|Emperor Harsha]], he met the emperor while he was camping near the town of Manitara. After receiving Bāna with mock signs of anger, the emperor showed him much favor.<br />
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==Works==<br />
{{see|List of Sanskrit plays in English translation}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Bana|title=The Parvati Parinaya of Banabhatta, with Sanskrit Commentary, English Notes and Tr., by T.R. Ratnam Aiyar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLMCMwEACAAJ|year=1898|publisher=Madras}}<br />
* Bana (tr. G. Layne), ''[http://n2t.net/ark:/13960/t2q61661z Bāṇabhaṭṭa Kādambarī. A Classic Sanskrit Story of Magical Transformations]'' [http://n2t.net/ark:/13960/t2q61661z (New York: Garland, 1991).]<br />
*''Harshacharita'': The ''Harshacharita'' ({{Langx|sa|हर्षचरित|Harṣacarita|The deeds of Harsha}}) is the biography of Indian emperor [[Harsha]] by Banabhatta. The ''Harshacharita'' was the first composition of Bana and is considered to be the beginning of the writing of historical poetic works in the Sanskrit language.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
* The Harsacharita of Bana. Translated by [[E. B. Cowell]] and [[F. W. Thomas]]. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1897, 4–34.<br />
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==Biography Books==<br />
* {{cite book|author=Sakharam Vasudeo Dixit|title=Bāṇabhaṭṭa: His Life & Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.312730|year=1963|publisher=A.S. Dixit}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Neeta Sharma|title=Banabhatta: a literary study|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12206|date= 1968|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=K. Krishnamoorthy|title=Banabhatta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXldPqbIkUC|date=1982|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-674-6}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links}}<br />
* {{Gutenberg author | id=40993}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Bāṇabhaṭṭa}} <br />
* {{cite book| title = The Harsa-carita of Bana (online text)|author=Banabhatta |others=[[E. B. Cowell]], [[F. W. Thomas]] (trans.) |url = https://archive.org/stream/harsacaritaofban00banaiala#page/n7/mode/2up|publisher=London : Royal Asiatic Society|year=1897}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Banabhatta}}<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit poets]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Ahmedabad&diff=502913History of Ahmedabad2026-03-27T06:40:29Z<p>Zoyeford: Put up initial data first draft.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! --><br />
{{For|an overview|Timeline of Ahmedabad}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
'''Ahmedabad''' is the largest city in the state of [[Gujarat]]. It is located in western [[India]] on the banks of the [[Sabarmati River|River Sabarmati]]. The city served as political as well as economical capital of the region since its establishment. The earliest settlement can be recorded around the 12th century under [[Chaulukya dynasty]] rule. The present city was founded on 26 February 1411 and announced as the capital on 4 March 1411 by [[Ahmed Shah I]] of [[Gujarat Sultanate]] as a new capital. Under the rule of sultanate (1411–1511) the city prospered followed by decline (1511–1572) when the capital was transferred to [[Champaner]]. For next 135 years (1572–1707), the city renewed greatness under the early rulers of [[Mughal Empire]]. The city suffered due to political instability (1707–1817) under late Mughal rulers followed by joint rule between Maratha and Mughal. The city further suffered following joint Maratha rule. The city again progressed when politically stabilized when [[British East India Company]] established the rule in the city (1818–1857). The city further renewed growth when it gain political freedom by establishment of municipality and opening of railway under British crown rule (1857–1947). Following arrival of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1915, the city became centre stage of [[Indian independence movement]]. Many activists like [[Sardar Patel]] served the municipality of the city before taking part in the movement. After independence, the city was a part of [[Bombay state]]. When Gujarat was carved out in 1960, it again became the capital of the state until establishment of [[Gandhinagar]] in 1965. [[Ahmedabad]] is also the cultural and economical centre of Gujarat and the seventh largest city of India.<br />
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==Early history==<br />
[[File:Cloth map of ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of Ahmedabad, depicted in a miniature style painting on a cloth, circa 19th century]]<br />
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=== Chaulukya dynasty ===<br />
[[Al-Bīrūnī]] mentions Asāval as a trading town on the route from Anhilvada Patan to Cambay.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sheikh|first=Samira|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APUtDwAAQBAJ&dq=al+biruni+asaval&pg=PT72|title=Forging a Region: Sultans, Traders, and Pilgrims in Gujarat, 1200–1500|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-908879-9 }}</ref>{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=250}} In the eleventh century, [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karṇa]] of [[Chaulukya dynasty|Caulukya dynasty]] ruling from [[Anhilwad Patan]] (1072–1094) defeated and killed Āśā, the [[Bhil people|Bhil]] chieftain of Āśāpallī, near modern Ahmedabad. He then established a temple to the goddess Kocharabā and a temple to the goddess Jayantī at Āśāpallī. He also founded the nearby city of Karṇavatī where he reigned, erected a temple to Karṇeśvara, and excavated a tank called Karṇasāgara. None of these temples have survived to the present-day.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Asoke Kumar|title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A survey of the history and culture of Gujarat from the middle of the tenth to the end of the thirteenth century|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1956|pages=60, 65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Merutunga Ācārya|title=The Prabandhacintāmani or Wishing Stone or Wishing Stone of Narratives|publisher=The Asiatic Society|year=1901|pages=80|translator-last=Tawney|translator-first=C. H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mishra|first=Vibhuti Bhushan|title=Religious Beliefs and Practices of North India During the Early Mediaeval Period|publisher=E. J. Brill|year=1973|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dhaky|first=M.A.|date=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihasa Parishad|volume=3|pages=37}}</ref><br />
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In 1053, the Kaach Masjid mosque was erected in the Tajpur quarter of modern Ahmedabad, only about twenty years after [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud of Ghazni's]] invasion of Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chagtai|first=M.A.|date=1939|title=The Earliest Muslim Inscription in India from Ahmedabad|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252418|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=3|pages=647–648|jstor=44252418 }}</ref>{{Sfn|Majumdar|1956|p=332}}<br />
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===Delhi Sultanate rule===<br />
According to Jinaprabhā Sūri, there was a battle near Āśāpalli in 1299 between [[Karna (Vaghela dynasty)|Karṇa]] of the [[Vaghela dynasty]] and [[Ulugh Khan|Ullu Khāna (Ulugh Khān)]], general of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji|'Alā ud-Dīn]], which resulted in Karṇa's defeat and the end of his reign.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1956|pp=187–189}}<br />
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==Gujarat Sultanate rule (1411–1572)==<br />
[[File:Ahmedabad 1855.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Old Ahmedabad|Fortified city of Ahmedabad]] in 1879]]<br />
[[File:City Walls of Ahmedabad 1866.jpg|thumb|City Walls of Ahmedabad 1866]]<br />
{{Main|Gujarat Sultanate|Muzaffarids (Gujarat)}}<br />
[[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan Muzaffar]] (later Muzaffar Shah I) of [[Muzaffarids (Gujarat)|Muzaffarid dynasty]] was appointed as governor of Gujarat by Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad bin Tughluq IV in 1391.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=249}} Zafar Khan's father Sadharan, were [[Tāṅks]] converted to [[Islam]], adopted the name Wajih-ul-Mulk, and had given his sister in marriage to [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]]. Zafar Khan defeated Farhat-ul-Mulk near [[Anhilwad Patan]] and made the city his capital. When the Sultanate was weakened by the sacking of [[Delhi]] by [[Timur]] in 1398, and Zafar Khan took the opportunity to establish himself as sultan of an independent Gujarat. He declared himself independent in 1407 and founded the [[Gujarat Sultanate]].{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=250}}<br />
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The next sultan, his grandson [[Ahmad Shah I]] defeated a Bhil or [[Koli people|Koli]] chief of Ashaval, and founded the new city.<br />
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===Foundation===<br />
;Date<br />
[[Ahmad Shah I]] laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411<ref name="Pandya 2010">{{cite web | last=Pandya | first=Yatin | title=In Ahmedabad, history is still alive as tradition | website=dna | date=14 November 2010 | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-in-ahmedabad-history-is-still-alive-as-tradition-1466396 | access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref> (at 1.20 pm, Thursday, the second day of [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]], [[Hijri year]] 813<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx|title=History|website=[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]|access-date=27 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223012426/http://egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx|archive-date=23 February 2016|quote=Jilkad is anglicized name of the month [[Dhu al-Qi'dah]], Hijri year not mentioned but derived from date converter}}</ref>) at [[Manek Burj]]. He chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad |date=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ |access-date=1 February 2015|page=249}}</ref><br />
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;Legend<br />
Ahmed Shah I, while camping on the banks of the [[Sabarmati River]], saw a hare chasing a dog. The sultan was intrigued by this and asked his spiritual adviser for explanation. The sage pointed out unique characteristics in the land which nurtured such rare qualities which turned a timid hare to chase a ferocious dog. Impressed by this, the sultan, who had been looking for a place to build his new capital, decided to found the capital here.<ref name=LP>{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/gujarat/ahmedabad-amdavad/history|publisher=Lonely Planet|title=Lonely planet}}</ref><br />
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;Origin of name<br />
Ahmad Shah I, in honour of four Ahmads, himself, his religious teacher Shaikh Ahmad Khattu, and two others, Kazi Ahmad and Malik Ahmad, named it Ahmedabad.<ref name="LP"/><br />
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The story is that the king, by the aid of the saint Shaikh Ahmad Khattu, called up the prophet [[Elijah]] or [[Khidr]], and from him got leave to build a city if he could find four Ahmads who had never missed the afternoon prayer. A search over Gujarat yielded two, the saint was the third, and the king the fourth. The four Ahmads are said to have been helped by twelve Babas; these were Baba Khoju, Baba Laru, and Baba Karamal, buried at Dholka; Baba Ali Sher and Baba Mahmud buried at Sarkhej; a second Baba Ali Sher who used to sit stark naked; Baba Tavakkul buried in the Nasirabad suburb, Baba Lului buried in Manjhuri, Baba Ahmad Nagori buried near the Nalband mosque, Baba Ladha buried near the Halim ni Khidki, Baba Dhokal buried between the Shahpur and Delhi gates, Baba Sayyid buried in Viramgam. There is a thirteenth Baba Kamil Kirmini about whom authorities are not agreed.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=250}}<br />
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===1411–1511===<br />
[[File:Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad 01.jpg|thumb|Jama Mosque, built during the reign of Ahmad Shah I]]<br />
Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of [[Bhadra Fort]] starting from [[Manek Burj]], the first bastion of the city in 1411 which was completed in 1413. He also established the first square of the city, [[Manek Chowk (Ahmedabad)|Manek Chowk]], both associated with the legend of Hindu saint [[Maneknath]]. Square in form, enclosing an area of about forty-three acres, and containing 162 houses, the Bhadra fort had [[Gates of Ahmedabad|eight gates]], three large, two in the east and one in the south-west corner; three middle-sized, two in the north and one in the south; and two small, in the west. The construction of [[Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad]] completed in 1423. As the city expanded, the city wall was expanded. Ahmed Shah I died in 1443 and was succeeded by his eldest son Muizz-ud-Din Muhammad Shah (Muhammad Shah I) who expanded the kingdom to [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]] and [[Dungarpur]]. He died in 1451 and was succeeded by his son Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II who ruled for short span of seven years. After the death of Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II in 1458, the nobles raised his uncle Daud Khan to the throne. But within a short period of seven or twenty-seven days, the nobles deposed him and set on the throne Fath Khan, son of Muhammad Shah II. Fath Khan, on his accession, adopted the title Abu-al Fath Mahmud Shah but he was popularly known as [[Mahmud Begada]]. He received the sobriquet ''Begada'', which literally means conqueror of two forts, probably after conquering [[Girnar]] and [[Champaner]] forts.<ref name="grove">{{cite book | title=Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Bloom, Jonathan | year=2009 | pages=37–39 | isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&q=bhadra+ahmedabad+history&pg=PA37 | volume=2 | author2=Blair, Sheila}}</ref> So the second fortification was carried out by [[Mahmud Begada]] in 1486, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, with an outer wall 10&nbsp;km (6.2&nbsp;mi) in circumference and consisting of [[Gates of Ahmedabad|12 gates]], 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements as described in ''Mirat-i-Ahmadi''.<ref name="gkm">{{cite book | title=India through the ages: history, art, culture, and religion | publisher=Sundeep Prakashan | author=G. Kuppuram | year=1988 | pages=739 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvggAAAAMAAJ&q=ahmedabad+189+bastions+over+6%2C000+battlements. | volume=2 | isbn=9788185067094 }}</ref> He planted its streets with trees, adorned the city and suburbs with splendid buildings, and with much care fostered its traders and craftsmen. Though [[Champaner]] became capital of the sultanate in 1484, Ahmedabad was still greater, very rich and well supplied with many orchards and gardens, walled, and embellished with good streets, squares, and houses. So closely did he look after its welfare that if he heard of an empty house or shop he ordered it to be filled. In 1509, Ahmedabad trade started to affect by entry of Portuguese. Mahmud died on 23 November 1511.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=251}}<br />
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In the early years of the sultanate, the city reached from Bhadra Fort until Jama Mosque. Between the two buildings settled many merchants, especially arms dealers and luxury goods manufacturers. Eventually various amirs (nobles) set up their own suburban settlements around the city called Puras, of which eventually numbered over a hundred throughout the city's history.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=R.N. |title=Ahmadabad |last2=Jamindar |first2=Rasesh |publisher=Marg Publications |year=1988 |editor-last=Michell |editor-first=George |pages=18–19 |chapter=Urban Contact |editor-last2=Shah |editor-first2=Snehal}}</ref><br />
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===1511–1572===<br />
Mahmud was succeeded by Muzaffar Shah II who ruled until 1526. He was succeeded by [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat|Bahadur Shah]]. During his reign, Gujarat was under pressure from the expanding [[Mughal Empire]] under emperors [[Babur]] (died 1530) and [[Humayun]] (1530–1540), and from the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]], who were establishing fortified settlements on the Gujarat coast to expand their power in India from their base in [[Goa]]. He preferred Champaner to Ahmedabad and expanded his reign to central India and to South Gujarat. Bahadur Shah repelled [[Siege of Diu (1531)|Siege of Diu]] by Portuguese in 1531 with help of [[Ottoman Empire]] and signed [[Treaty of Bassein (1534)|Treaty of Bassein]]. For short period of 1535, Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] conquered Gujarat and appointed his brother Aaskari, the governor of Ahmedabad. Bahadur Shah allied with Portuguese and regained power in 1535 but was killed by Portuguese in February 1537. In the disorders that followed his death, the power of the Gujarat Sultans waned, their revenues fell, and the capital, its trade crippled by Portuguese competition, was impoverished and harassed by the constant quarrels of unruly nobles. The capital was shifted back to Ahmedabad in 1537. Following [[Siege of Diu (1538)|Siege of Diu]] in 1538, the Portuguese secured the greater part of the profits that formerly enriched the merchants of Ahmedabad. In 1554 the partition of Gujarat among the nobles, leaving to the nominal king Ahmad Shah II (1554–1561), only the city and neighbourhood of Ahmedabad further affected the city. It was captured by Chingiz Khan in 1571 and later by Alaf Khan. In 1571, the city had twelve wards within the walls and others outside. Its chief industries were the manufacture of silk, gold and silver thread, and lac. It yielded a yearly revenue of £155,000 (Rs. 15,50,000) as of 1860.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=251}}<br />
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Social institutions to safeguard various economic interests included the ''mahajans'', guilds of merchants, and ''panches'', guilds for artisans. The leader of the community, who came from the Jain business elites, was known as the ''nagarsheth'', who would resolve disputes between mahajans and individuals and who interceded with royal officials. Under the nagarsheth, the city remained free from interference from the state or other powers.<ref name=sj11>Blackburn, Stuart H., and [[Vasudha Dalmia]], editors, ''India's Literary History'', "Chapter 11: Dalpatram and the Nature of Literary Shifts in Nineteenth-Century Ahmedabad" by Svati Joshi, pp 338–357, published by Orient Blackswan, 2004 {{ISBN|9788178240565}}, retrieved Google Books (partial) version, 16 December 2008</ref><br />
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==Mughal rule (1572–1707)==<br />
[[File:1573-The Battle Between the Imperial Army and Muhammad Husain Mirza near Ahmadabad-Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|The battle between the Mughal Imperial Army and Muhammad Husain Mirza near Ahmadabad in 1573. From [[Akbarnama]].]]<br />
[[File:The City of Amadabath (Ahmedabad) 1672.jpg|thumb|Drawing by Dutch missionary [[Philippus Baldaeus]] based on description of city in ''A True and Exact Description of the Most Celebrated East-India Coasts of Malabar and Coromandel and Also of the Isle of Ceylon'', 1672 translated from Dutch]]<br />
Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] entered Gujarat and won [[Anhilwad Patan]] in 1572. In November 1572, after receiving the submission of its nobles, he made Gujarat a province of his empire, and appointed a governor. When Akbar was gone, the rebel [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]s connected to [[Timurid dynasty]], backed by some of the Gujarat nobles, came against Ahmedabad in 1573. Two years later in 1575, at a second siege Muzaffar Husain Mirza all but took the city. In 1583 Muzaffar Shah III, the last ruler of Gujarat sultanate, recaptured Ahmedabad and spoiled it of gold, jewels, and fine cloth. Akbar sent Mirza Khan, one of his chief nobles, leading the Mughal army against Ahmedabad. The armies clashed on 22 January 1584 at Sarkhej, after a hard-fought battle, routed Muzzafar's army and forced him to flee to Kathiawar. Raised to be Khan Khanan or head of the nobles, Mirza Khan turned the Sarkhej battlefield into a garden, ''Fateh Bagh'' (later ''Fateh vadi''), the garden of victory, for long one of the chief sights of Ahmedabad. Khan Khanan governed the city from 1583 to 1590.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=252}} In the early years of the seventeenth century Ahmedabad increased in size. Its governor [[Shaikh Farid Bukhari]], or Syed Murtaza, who ruled from 1606 to 1609 founded a new ward ''Bukhari Mohalla'' and built [[Wajihuddin's Tomb]]. In 1613, a company of thirty-two Englishmen under Mr. Aldworth, the first representatives of [[British East India Company]], came to Ahmedabad. On 15 December 1617, [[Sir Thomas Roe]] came to Ahmedabad. About three weeks later on 6 January 1618, Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] gave an audience to him. The Dutch traders also visited him. Jahangir stayed in the city for nine months but was unimpressed by its environment calling it ''Gardabad'', the city of dust. His wife [[Nur Jahan]] governed the city during this period.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|pages=253–254}}<br />
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In 1616 Prince Khurram, afterwards, the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]], was made governor. During his government from 1616 to 1622, he built [[Moti Shahi Mahal]] in 1621 and royal baths in the Bhadra fort. Jain merchant [[Shantidas Jhaveri]] started building Chintamani Parshwanath temple in Saraspur in 1622.<ref name="Mandelslo_Travels">{{cite book | title = Mandelslo's Travels in Western India | editor = M. S. Commissariat | edition = reprint, illustrated | publisher = Asian Educational Services | year = 1996 | orig-year = 1931 | isbn = 978-81-206-0714-9 | page = 101 }}</ref> Shortly after (1626), the English traveller Sir [[Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet|Thomas Herbert]] describes Ahmedabad as "the megapolis of Gujarat, circled by a strong wall with many large and comely streets, shops full of aromatic gums, perfumes and spices, silks, cottons, calicoes and choice Indian and China rarities, owned and sold by the abstemious Banians who here surpass for number the other inhabitants." In 1629 and 1630 Ahmedabad passed through two years of famine known as ''Satyashiyo Dukal'' so severe that its streets were blocked by the dying, and those who could move, wandered to other countries. For the poor and destitute soup kitchens, ''langar-khana''s, were established. The famine over, the city soon regained its prosperity. In 1636, Azam Khan started construction of Azam Khan Sarai in Bhadra.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|pages=254–255}}<br />
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During the next thirty years (1640–1670), the fortunes of Ahmedabad were at their best. The most distinguished governors were Azam Khan (1635–1642), [[Aurangzeb]] (1644–1646), and [[Murad Bakhsh]] (1654–1657).{{failed verification|date=October 2017}} In 1638, [[Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo]] visited the city. During this time the only disorder was in 1644 a riot between Hindus and Muslims in which under Aurangzeb's orders the temple of Chintamani Parswanath near Saraspur was mutilated. Aurangzeb ascended the throne at Delhi 1658. In 1664, the revenue concessions were offered to Europeans and [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier|Tavernier]] came to the city. English Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe visited the city in 1672 again. The [[jizya]] tax was imposed on non-Muslims in 1681 and the riots broke out due to famine in the city. The city was flooded up to [[Teen Darwaza]] in 1683. Though for several years (1683–1689) affected by attacks of pestilence, Ahmedabad seems to have lost little in wealth. In 1695 it was the headquarters of manufactures, 'the greatest city in India, nothing inferior to Venice for rich silks and gold stuffs curiously wrought with birds and flowers.' With the close of Aurangzeb's (1707) reign began a period of disorder. {{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=255}}<br />
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During Mughal rule, with the rise of [[Surat]] as a rival commercial center, Ahmedabad lost some of its lustre, but it remained the chief city of Gujarat.<ref name=sj11/><br />
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===Economy===<br />
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At the close of the sixteenth century the city was large, well formed, and remarkably healthy; most of its houses were built of brick and mortar with tiled roofs; the streets were broad, the chief of them with room enough for ten ox-carriages to drive abreast; and among its public buildings were large number of stone mosques, each with two large minarets and many wonderful inscriptions. Rich in the produce of every part of the globe, its painters, carvers, in layers, and workers in silver gold and iron, were famous, its mint was one of four allowed to coin gold, and from its Imperial workshops came masterpieces in cotton, silk, velvet and brocade with astonishing figures and patterns, knots and fashions.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=255}}<br />
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Mandelslo, in 1638, describes, {{blockquote|its craftsmen as famous for their work in steel, gold, ivory, enamel, mother of pearl, paper, lac, bone, silk, and cotton, and its merchants as dealing in sugar-candy, cumin, honey, lac, opium, cotton, borax, dry and preserved ginger and other sweets, myrobalans, saltpetre and sal ammoniac, diamonds from Bijapur, ambergris, and musk.}}<br />
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==Mughal–Maratha rule (1707–1753)==<br />
With the close of Aurangzeb's (1707) reign began a period of disorder. The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s, who had incursions in south Gujarat for about half a century sent an expedition against Ahmedabad upon hearing death of Mughal emperor. Under the command of [[Balaji Vishwanath]], the Marathas won over Mughal army in the [[Panchmahal district|Panch Mahals]], plundered as far as Vatva within five miles of the city, and were only bought off by the payment of £21,000 (Rs. 2,10,000). In the city the next years were marked by riots and disturbance. In 1709 an order came from the new Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] (1707–1712), that in the public prayers, among the attributes of the Khalif Ali, the Shia epithet wasi or heir should be introduced. This order caused great discontent among the Ahmedabad Sunnis. They warned the reader not to use the word wasi again, and, as he persisted in obeying orders, on the next occasion they dragged him from the pulpit and stabbed him to death. Three or four years later (1713–1714) another disturbance broke out, this time between the Hindus and Muslims. A Hindu insisting on burning the Holi near some Muslim houses, the Muslims retaliated by killing a cow. On this the Hindus seized a lad the son of a butcher and killed him. Then the Muslims especially the Afghans rose, sacked, and burned shops. They attacked a rich jeweller, Kapurchand, who defended his ward, ''pol'', with matchlock men and killed several of the rioters. For three or four days work was at a standstill. Next year (1715) in the city the riots were renewed, shops were plundered and much mischief done, and outside (1716), the Kolis and Kathis grew so bold and presumptuous as to put a stop to trade.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=256}}<br />
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During the next ten years (1720–1730), the rivalries of the Imperial nobles were the cause of much misery at Ahmedabad. In 1720 Anopsingh Bhandari the deputy viceroy, committed many oppressive acts murdering Kapurchand Bhansali, one of the leading merchants. So unpopular was he that when news reached the city that Shujat Khan had been chosen to succeed him, the people of the town attacked the Bhadra and killed Anopsingh.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=256}} In 1723 Mubariz-ul-Mulk, Viceroy, chose Shujat Khan his deputy, and Hamid Khan, then holding Ahmedabad for the Nizam the former Viceroy, retired; Shujat Khan took his place, and went to collect tribute, then Hamid returned, defeated and killed Shujat and held all the land about Ahmedabad. Rustam Khan, Shujat's brother, came against Hamid. Hamid won over the Marathas to his side, defeated and killed Rustam, and seized and pillaged Ahmedabad. Then the Viceroy Mubariz-ul-Mulk came and took Ahmedabad (1725). For his services in stopping the pillage of the city [[Khushalchand]], an ancestor of the present [[Kasturbhai Lalbhai|Lalbhai family of Ahmedabad]], ''Nagarsheth'' or chief of the merchants, was raised to that honour.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=256}}<br />
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Then there followed a struggle between Hamid Khan, the Nizam's deputy helped by the Marathas, and Sarbuland Khan the Viceroy and his deputy. During this contest Ahmedabad was pillaged by the Marathas, the city more than once taken and retaken, and even when the Viceroy's power was established in name, he was practically besieged in the city by the crowds of Maratha horse who ravaged the country up to the gates. The revenues cut off, to pay their troops the Mughal officers granting orders on bankers, seized them, put them in prison, and tortured them till they paid. Reduced to wretchedness many merchants, traders, and artisans left the city and wandered into foreign parts. Though successful against the Marathas the Viceroy had to agree to give them a share of the revenue, and badly off for money had, in 1726, and again in 1730, so greatly to increase taxation that the city rose in revolt. In the same year (1730) Mubariz-ul-Mulk the Viceroy, superseded by the king [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh of Jodhpur]], refused to give up the city and outside of the walls fought a most closely contested battle. Under the management of Abhai Singh, Ahmedabad remained unmolested, till in 1733 a Maratha army coming against the city had to be bought off by the payment of a large sum of money.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|pages=256–257}}<br />
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In 1737 a fresh dispute arose among the Mughal officers. Momin Khan the Viceroy had his appointment cancelled in favour of Abhesingh's deputy Ratansingh Bhandari. Refusing to obey the second order, Momin Khan by the promise of half of the revenues of Gujarat and half of Ahmedabad, won [[Damaji Rao Gaekwad]] to his side, and bombarding the city, after a siege of some months, captured it in 1738.<br />
According to agreement the city was divided between Khan and the Gaekwad's agent Rangoji. The Maratha share was the south of the city including the command of the Khan Jahan, Jamalpur, Band or closed, also called Mahudha, Astodiya, and Raipur gates. This joint rule lasted for fifteen years (1738–1753).{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=257}}<br />
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The fifteen years of Mughal–Maratha joint rule was a time of almost unceasing disturbance. Within the city Momin Khan, till his death in 1743, held without dispute the chief place among the Muslims. For a short time after Momin Khan's death, power (1743) passed into the hands of Fida-ud-din Khan. It was then usurped by Jawan Mard Khan, and he, in spite of the attempts of Muftakhir Khan, afterwards Momin Khan II. (1743), and Fakhrud-daulah (1744–48) the nominal Viceroys, held it during the ten remaining years. Meanwhile, the cunning and greed of the Marathas caused unceasing trouble and disorder. Driven out in 1738, before a year was over they forced themselves back. Again in 1742 the Muslims rose against them, kept them out of power for about two years, and for a time held their leader Rangoji a prisoner. Escaping from confinement, Rangoji next year (1744) returned and forced Jawan to give him his share of power. Acknowledging their claims for some years, Jawan, in 1750, when Damaji Gaekwad was in the Deccan, again drove the Marathas out of the city. For two years Jawan remained in sole power, till in 1752 the [[Peshwa]], owning now the one-half of the Gaekwad's revenues, sent Pandurang Pandit to collect his dues. Shutting the gates Jawan succeeded in keeping the Marathas at bay.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=257}} But knowing his weakness he admitted their claim to share the revenue and allowed their deputies to stay in his town. Next year (1753) when Jawan was in Palanpur collecting revenue, the Peshwa and Gaekwad with from 30,000 to 40,000 horse, suddenly appearing in Gujarat, pressed north to Ahmedabad. The people, leaving the suburbs, fled within the walls. And the Marathas unopposed invested the city with their 30,000 horse, the Gaekwad blockading the north, Gopal Hari the east, and the Peshwa's deputy Raghunath Rao watching the south and west. Message after message sent to Jawan as he moved about the country, failed to reach him. One at last found him and starting with 200 picked horsemen he passed during the night through the Maratha lines and safely entered the city. Cheering the garrison they defended the city with vigour, foiling an attempt to surprise and driving back an open attack. Their deputies turned out of the city and Jawan's garrison gradually strengthened from outside, the Maratha chances of success seemed small. But Jawan was badly off for money, and, in spite of levies on the townspeople, he could not find enough to pay his troops. Terms were agreed on, and, giving Jawan a sum of £10,000 (Rs. 1,00,000), the Marathas in April 1753 entered Ahmedabad.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=258}}<br />
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The siege had done the city lasting harm. The suburbs, deserted at the approach of the Marathas, were never re-peopled. The excessive greed of the Marathas as sole rulers of Ahmedabad caused great discontent. Knowing this, and learning that heavy rain had made great breaches in the city walls, Momin Khan II advanced from Cambay. Some of his men, finding a passage through one of the breaches, opened the gates, and his troops rushing in drove out the Marathas December 1755. Calling on Momin Khan to surrender, the Marathas at once invested the town. For more than a year the siege lasted, Momin Khan and his minister Shambhuram a Nagar Brahman, driving back all assaults, and at times dashing out in the most brilliant and destructive sallies. But the besieged were badly off for money, the pay of the troops was behind, and the people already impoverished were leaving the city in numbers. Tho copper pots of the runaways kept the garrison in pay for a time. But at last this too was at an end, and after holding out for a year and a quarter Momin Khan, receiving £10,000 (Rs. 1,00,000), gave up the city (April 1757).{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=258}}<br />
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==Maratha rule (1758–1817)==<br />
[[File:Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752.jpg|thumb|Lithograph by Dutchman Philip Baldeus depicting Ahmedabad and Sabarmati river circa 1752]]<br />
The Peshwa and Gaekwad divided the revenues, the Peshwa, except that the Gaekwad held one gate and that his deputy remained in the city to see that his share of the revenue was fairly set apart, undertaking the whole management of the city. For nearly twenty-three years the city remained in Maratha hands. During the [[First Anglo–Maratha War]] (1775–1782), General Thomas Wyndham Goddard, acting in alliance with Fateh Singh Gaekwad against the [[Pune]], with 6,000 troops stormed Bhadra Fort on 12 February 1779. His army made breach at Khan Jahan gate and captured Ahmedabad on 15 February 1779. There was a garrison of 6,000 Arab and Sindhi infantry and 2,000 cavalry. Losses in the fight totalled 108, including two Britons. After the war, the city was later handed to Fateh Singh Gaekwad who held it for two years. The city was severely damaged and depopulated and the economy was destroyed.<ref name="longman">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQXGmDs3LlMC&pg=PA446 | title=A History of the Mahrattas | publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green | author=Duff, James Grant | year=1826 | volume=2 | location=London | orig-year=Oxford University }}</ref><ref name="hb">{{cite book | title=A comprehensive history of India, civil, military and social | publisher=Blackie | author=Beveridge, Henry | url=https://archive.org/details/acomprehensiveh02bevegoog | quote=ahmedabad. | year=1862 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/acomprehensiveh02bevegoog/page/n498 456]–466 | orig-year=New York Public Library}}</ref> Under the terms of the under the [[Treaty of Salbai]] (24 February 1783) Ahmedabad was restored to the Peshwa, the Gaekwad's interest being as before, limited to one-half of the revenue and the command of one of the gates. For some years tho city improved, its manufactures in 1789 being incomparably better than those of [[Surat]]. Then the 1790 famine caused fresh distress, and a few years later only a quarter of the space within the walls was inhabited. At this time (1798–1800) Aba Salukar, tho Peshwa's Governor, indebted and oppressive, ill-used the people, and embezzled the Gaekwad's revenues. Advancing against Salukar, Govind Rao Gaekwad defeated him near [[Shah e Alam]] and, pursuing him into the citadel, made him prisoner. On this the Peshwa, who from private dislike to Aba was secretly pleased, granted the Gaekwad, for a yearly payment of £50,000 (Rs. 5,00,000), a five-year lease of his share of the Gujarat revenues. This arrangement, renewed for ten years in 1804, continued in force till 1814. Though the city was considerably recovered, the famine in 1812 devastated its people. After the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the [[British East India Company]] had gained considerable political power and territories. When Peshwa appointed Trimbak Dengle as governor on 23 October 1814, the relationship between Gaekwad and Peshwa deteriorated. Gaekwad sent an envoy to the Peshwa in Pune to negotiate a dispute regarding revenue collection. The envoy, Gangadhar Shastri, was under British protection. He was murdered, and the Peshwa's minister Trimbak Dengle was suspected of the crime. The British seized the opportunity to force [[Baji Rao II]] sign the [[Treaty of Poona]] (13 June 1817). Under the terms of the treaty, the Peshwa agreed, for a yearly payment of £45,000 (Rs. 4,50,000), to let in perpetuity to the Gaekwar the farm of Ahmedabad. Under the same treaty the Peshwa agreed, that this revenue from the Ahmedabad farm, should be paid by the Gaekwar to the British as part of the British claims on the Peshwa's revenues. A few months later (6 November 1817), it was arranged with the Gaekwad that he should, in payment of a subsidiary force, cede to the British the rights he had obtained under the Peshwa's farm, and, in exchange for territory near Baroda, give up his own share in the city of Ahmedabad. The only exception to this transfer was that the Gaekwad was allowed to keep his fort, [[Gaekwad Haveli]], in the south-west corner of the city. In 1753, the armies of the [[Maratha]] generals [[Raghunath Rao]] and [[Damaji Gaekwad]] captured the city and ended Mughal rule in Ahmedabad. A famine in 1630 and the constant power struggle between the [[Peshwa]] and the Gaekwad virtually destroyed the city. Many suburbs of the city were deserted and many mansions lay in ruins.<ref>{{cite web|title = Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation – History of Ahmedabad|url = http://www.egovamc.com/A_City/ahmedabad/history.asp|access-date = 10 May 2006|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060227152328/http://www.egovamc.com/A_City/ahmedabad/history.asp|archive-date = 27 February 2006|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|pages=259–260}}<br />
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==British company rule (1817–1857)==<br />
Dunlop, British Collector of Kaira took over administration of the city in 1818. In June [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|1819, Rann of Kutch earthquake]] hit the city damaging several monuments and houses in the city. The political stability, establishment of order and the lowering of the taxes, gave a great impetus to trade and the city was for a time busy and prosperous. The population rose from 80,000 in 1817 to about 88,000 in 1824. During the eight following years a special cess was levied on ''[[ghee]]'' and other products and at a cost of £25,000 (Rs. 2,50,000) the city walls were repaired. About the same time a [[Ahmedabad Cantonment|cantonment]] was established on a site to the north of the city, chosen in 1830 by Sir John Malcolm. These (1825–1832), though some of them years of agricultural depression and dull trade, brought a further increase of population to 90,000. In the next ten years the state of the city improved. The population rose (1816) to about 95,000. The [[Hutheesing Jain Temple]], completed in 1848, and other buildings of that time (1844–1846) show that some of the city merchants were possessed of very great wealth. The public funds available after the walls were finished were made use of for municipal purposes. Streets were widened and thoroughfares watered. During the following years the improvement continued. Ahmedabad's gold, silk, and carved-wood work again (1855) became famous, and its merchants and brokers enjoyed a name for liberality, wealth and enlightenment.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|pages=260–261}}<br />
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During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]], the government quickly contained the mutineers of the Gujarat Irregular Horse and of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment. On the arrival of the 86th Regiment in January 1858, the city was disarmed, when 25,000 arms chiefly matchlocks and swords were surrendered.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=261}}<br />
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==British crown rule (1857–1947)==<br />
[[File:Ahmedabad City and Environ Map 1866.jpg|thumb|300px|Ahmedabad City and Environ Map 1866]]<br />
[[File:Ahmdedabad Teen Darwaza India 1890.jpg|Street scene of 1890|thumb|300px]]<br />
From 1857 to 1865, it was a time of great prosperity. The municipal government was established in 1858. The [[American Civil War]] (1863–1865) helped the economy of the city. The railway connecting Ahmedabad with [[Bombay]] was opened in 1864. Ahmedabad grew rapidly, becoming an important center of trade and textile manufacturing. The city was greatly damaged by floods in 1868 and in 1875.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=262}}<br />
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In 1877, the city suffered from fire. On 27 January 1877, there was an explosion of gunpowder in a Bohora's shop. This shop, in which were more than 500 pounds of gunpowder, was about ten at night found to be on fire. The gunpowder exploded burning five shops and killing eighty-eight people. Two months later, on the night of 24 March 1877, a fire broke out in the chief enclosure, pol, of the Sarangpur area. The street was very narrow and lined with four-story high houses. It was only with the greatest difficulty that the fire engines could be brought to play on the fire. Military help was called in and by ten next morning the fire was got under, but not until ninety-four houses had been burned and property worth £60,000 (Rs. 6,00,000) destroyed.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=262}}<br />
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In 1878, the lower classes suffered from high prices of food-grains while the upper classes from the dullness of trade and losses in Bombay mills.{{sfn | ''Google Books'' | 2015|page=262}}<br />
[[File:Women gathering cowdung, Ahmadabad (c. 1870).jpg|thumb|Women gathering cowdung, Ahmedabad (c. 1870)]]<br />
[[File:Ahmedabad street scene 1890.jpg|thumb|Street scene of Ahmedabad, 1890]]<br />
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The old mercantile and industrial elite, with their relative sophistication in matters of industry, trade, and financing, were well poised to expand under British rule, using their own financing for new technology, represented by British machinery. Instead of just a few merchants introducing new industrial machinery, as elsewhere in India, in Ahmedabad the mercantile class as a whole supported the new techniques, even though hand spinners and [[handloom weaver]]s, as well as female spinners in the outlying communities had their traditional operations upset as a result. They and others were recruited into the new manufacturing plants. The merchant class tended to support the British, thinking the rule provided more security than under the Marathas, lower taxes (including lower [[octroi]]), and more property rights.<br />
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Unlike most other areas of India, British rule meant no major upsetting of the community's traditional social system, although the traditional peasant landowning class, the [[Banias]] and [[Patidar]]s, were absorbed into the Jain business community. The British did not have a financing vacuum to fill in the city, so their presence was limited to administrative and military spheres. Unlike other Indian cities, Ahmedabad lacked a [[comprador]] class or dominant, Western-educated middle class. Western education was slower to be introduced into the city than in most other Indian cities. There was very little English higher education available in the city and no English-language newspapers there in the 19th century.<ref name=sj11/><br />
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Instead of education in English language and culture, technology education was promoted in the late 19th century. [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal]], the Nagar Brahmin who founded a spinning and weaving company in the city in 1859, ordered the city to withdraw its support for a high school in 1886 and instead finance technical education. Starting in 1889, the city financed scholarships for technical students. With no Western-oriented academic center in the city, there was no opposing political reaction to Western influences, and the city. "The entire discourse of tradition ''versus'' modernity, thrown up by exposure to Western literature and culture, was almost non-existent in Ahmedabad," according to literary scholar Svati Joshi.<ref name=sj11/><br />
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Schools for girls, primarily for those in the upper classes, were founded in the mid-19th century. Maganbhai Karamchand, a Jain businessman, and Harkor Shethani, a Jain widow. One visitor, [[Mary Carpenter]], wrote in 1856 after visiting the city, "I found how very far behind Ahmedabad these other places [like Calcutta] were in effort to promote female education among the leading Hindus, in emancipation of the ladies from the thraldom imposed by custom; and in self-effort for improvement on their own part."<ref name=sj11/><br />
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The struggle for [[Indian Independence Movement|independence]] from the British soon took roots in the city. In 1915, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] came from [[South Africa]] and established two [[ashram]]s in the city, the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram on the banks of Sabarmati in 1917. The latter was later called Harijan Ashram or [[Sabarmati Ashram]]. He started the [[Salt Satyagraha|salt satyagraha]] in 1930. He and many followers marched from his ashram to the coastal village of [[Dandi, Gujarat]], to protest against the British imposing a tax on salt. Before he left the ashram, he vowed not to return to the ashram until India became independent.<br />
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==Post independence (1947–)==<br />
By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares. After independence, Ahmedabad became a provincial town of [[Bombay State|Bombay state]]. On 1 May 1960, Ahmedabad became a state capital as a result of the bifurcation of the state of Bombay into two states of Maharashtra and Gujarat following [[Mahagujarat Movement]]. During this period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre of [[Education in India|higher education]], science and technology.<ref name="Political Science">{{cite book|title=Political Science|year = 1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSyrb3du-iwC&pg=RA1-PA114|access-date=24 February 2012|publisher=FK Publications|isbn=978-81-89611-86-6|pages=1–}}</ref> Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. At that time the city was seen as an economic role model around the world. Many countries sought to emulate India's economic planning strategy and one of them, [[South Korea]], copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan" and the World Financial Center in Seoul is designed and modelled after Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad had both a municipal corporation and the Ahmedabad Divisional Council in the 1960s, which developed schools, colleges, roads, municipal gardens, and parks. The Ahmedabad Divisional Council had working committees for education, roads, and residential development and planning.<br />
<br />
In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built, well-planned city of Gandhinagar. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development. In February 1974, Ahmedabad occupied the centre-stage of national politics with launch of the [[Navnirman Andolan|Navnirman agitation]]. It started off as an argument over a 20% hike in hostel food bill in the [[L.D. College of Engineering]], but ignited an agitation which later snowballed into the [[Nav Nirman]] movement. This movement caused the then chief minister of Gujarat, [[Chimanbhai Patel]], to resign and also gave [[Indira Gandhi]] one of the excuses for imposing the [[Indian Emergency (1975 - 77)|Emergency]] on 25 June 1975.<ref>{{cite web|title = When LD Engineering structured the revolt|url=http://www.ahmedabad.com/incity/2k/june/24ld.htm |access-date=10 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=India Today |title=60 revolutions—Nav nirman movement|url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=32&task=view&id=2727&acc=high |date=20 December 2007|author=Ghanshyam Shah |access-date=3 July 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 1980s, a [[Reservation in India|reservation policy]] was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Seminar Publications |location=New Delhi |author = Achyut Yagnik |title=The pathology of Gujarat |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm |date=May 2002<br />
|access-date=10 May 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 January 2001, a devastating [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|earthquake]] centred near [[Bhuj]], measuring 6.9 on the [[richter magnitude scale|richter scale]], struck the city. As many as 50 multistoried buildings collapsed killing 752 people.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=WHO Regional Office for south-east Asia |author = Anil Sinha |title=Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake |url=http://www.searo.who.int |access-date=13 May 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060619151815/http://www.searo.who.int/| archive-date= 19 June 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> The following year, a three-day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the [[2002 Gujarat violence]], spread to Ahmedabad; refugee camps were set up around the city and economy was affected.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4536199.stm| title=Gujarat riot death toll revealed| work=BBC News| date=11 May 2005| access-date=30 July 2006}}</ref> [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] project started in 2004. The [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]], a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html|title=17 bomb blasts rock Ahmedabad, 15 dead|date=26 July 2008|publisher=CNN IBN|access-date=26 July 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080628002847/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/index.html| archive-date= 28 June 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> Militant group [[Harkat-ul-Jihad]] claimed responsibility for the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/07/27/india-blasts-toll-up-to-37/|title=India blasts toll up to 37|date=27 July 2008|work=[[CNN]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting System]]|access-date=27 July 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080802233922/http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/07/27/india-blasts-toll-up-to-37/ |archive-date = 2 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Ahmedabad BRTS]] was inaugurated in 2009. The construction of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] began in 2015 and the operation began in March 2019.<br />
<br />
In November 2018, BJP government figures such as Gujarat chief minister [[Vijay Rupani]] and deputy chief minister [[Nitin Patel]] made announcements talking about changing the city name from Ahmedabad to Karnavati.<ref name="FinancialExpress-07Nov18">{{cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gujarat-government-says-ready-to-rename-ahmedabad-to-karnavati-faces-criticism/1375407/ |newspaper=[[Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |title=Gujarat government says ready to rename Ahmedabad to Karnavati, faces criticism |date=7 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes-09Nov18">{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-gujarat-sets-to-rename-ahmedabad-to-karnavati-shiv-sena-demands-name-change-of-osmanabad-and-aurangabad/story-tsa2wD3VOcL9wex76Jt0MP.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 November 2018 |title=As Gujarat sets to rename Ahmedabad to Karnavati, Shiv Sena demands name change of Osmanabad and Aurangabad }}</ref><ref name="ToI-08Nov18">{{cite news |title=Renaming Ahmedabad being considered, says Gujarat CM; Dy CM says name is 'symbol of slavery' |date=8 November 2018 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/66546400.cms }}</ref> Opposition politicians criticised this. For example, [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] said: "Name changing of cities is an attempt by the government to cover up failure in governance."<ref name="FinancialExpress-07Nov18"/> Hetvi Sancheti filed a petition with the high court on the basis of the chief minister's 7 November 2018 statement on the grounds that the name of city Ahmedabad is an "intangible cultural heritage" and that India was a signatory to the [[Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage]], 2003.<ref name="AhmedabadMirror-11Apr19">{{cite news |newspaper=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=11 April 2019 |title=Legal battle over city's name change comes to end |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/legal-battle-over-citys-name-change-comes-to-end/68822302.html }}</ref> The petition was dropped on 5 April 2019 after the filer had made representations to the government.<ref name="AhmedabadMirror-11Apr19"/><br />
<br />
Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India that has hosted the premiers of major economies such as the US, China, and Canada. On 24 February 2020, [[President of the United States]] [[Donald Trump]] became the first US president to visit the city. The event was named [[Namaste Trump]]. Earlier, [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] and [[Prime Minister of Canada]] [[Justin Trudeau]] visited the city.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=23 February 2020|title=Ahmedabad glitters to welcome Donald Trump|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ahmedabad-glitters-to-welcome-trump/article30897043.ece|access-date=16 May 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406235848/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ahmedabad-glitters-to-welcome-trump/article30897043.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=17 September 2014|title=Chinese President Xi Jinping arrives in Ahmedabad|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chinese-president-xi-jinping-arrives-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/42711720.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506082709/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chinese-president-xi-jinping-arrives-in-ahmedabad/articleshow/42711720.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Justin Trudeau visits IIM A, says empowering women is the smart thing to do|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/justin-trudeau-visits-iim-a-says-empowering-women-is-the-smart-thing-to-do/articleshow/62984055.cms|date=19 February 2018|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=30 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430192708/http://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/justin-trudeau-visits-iim-a-says-empowering-women-is-the-smart-thing-to-do/articleshow/62984055.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2020s, the city has seen an increase in funding for sports infrastructure. The [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] was opened in 2020, which will be surrounded by the planned [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave]]. The city will also host the [[2030 Commonwealth Games]]; it is India's second time hosting the event.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
* {{cite book | title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Ahmedabad | website=Google Books 2015 (Public Domain text) | date=7 January 2015 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL4IAAAAQAAJ | ref={{sfnref | Google Books | 2015}} | access-date=1 February 2015|pages=248–262}}<br />
<br />
{{Ahmedabad topics}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Ahmedabad}}<br />
[[Category:History of Ahmedabad| ]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Park_Hyatt_Chennai&diff=524511Park Hyatt Chennai2026-03-21T15:47:07Z<p>Zoyeford: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Luxury hotel in Chennai, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox hotel<br />
| name = Park Hyatt Chennai<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
[[India]]<br />
| address = 39, Velachery Road, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 032, India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|13.0108|80.2236|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| hotel_chain = [[Hyatt Hotels Corporation]]<br />
| opening_date = 1 October 2012<ref name="ParkHyattChennaiOpens"/><br />
| developer = <br />
| architect = George Wong Designs ([[New York City]])<ref name="Hindu_ANewLandmark"/><br />
| operator = [[Hyatt Hotels Corporation]]<br />
| owner = Ambattur Clothing Limited (Ambattur Developers Pvt. Ltd)<br />
| number_of_rooms = 201<ref name="TOI_ParkHyatt">{{cite news<br />
| last = <br />
| first = <br />
| title = Park Hyatt Chennai<br />
| newspaper = The Times of India<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| publisher = The Times Group<br />
| date = 22 October 2018<br />
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/hotels/10-plush-stays-in-chennai/park-hyatt-chennai/articleshow/24530054.cms<br />
| access-date = 22 December 2024}}</ref><br />
| number_of_suites = 20<br />
| number_of_restaurants = <br />
| floor_area = <br />
| floor_count = 09<br />
<br />
| height = <br />
| parking = <br />
| website = http://chennai.park.hyatt.com/<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Park Hyatt Chennai''' is a [[Hotel rating|five-star]] luxury [[hotel]] located at [[Guindy]], [[Chennai]], [[India]] that opened in 2012. It is the 30th hotel in the Park Hyatt portfolio.<ref name="BWI_ShinesAtHICSAAwards"/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The hotel was built by entrepreneur Vijay Mahtaney, owner of textile business Ambattur Clothing, upon diversifying into the business of building hotels, IT parks and residential projects through Ambattur Developers.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = Vijayakumar<br />
| first = Sanjay<br />
| title = Vijay Mahtaney to sell Park Hyatt hotel: Source<br />
| newspaper = The Economic Times<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| publisher = The Times Group<br />
| date = 28 November 2013<br />
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news/44547087_1_park-hyatt-chennai-property-ceebros<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113356/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-28/news/44547087_1_park-hyatt-chennai-property-ceebros<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = 13 December 2013<br />
| access-date = 7 Dec 2013}}</ref> Owned by Mahtaney and managed by Hyatt, the hotel was inaugurated on 1 October 2012.<br />
<br />
== Design and Layout ==<br />
The 11-story hotel has 201 rooms (ranging from 43 to 180&nbsp;sq&nbsp;m), including 20 suites, spread across seven floors,<ref name="TravelDailyNews_PHChennaiOpens">{{cite news<br />
| last = Rokou<br />
| first = Lina<br />
| title = Five star luxury hotel Park Hyatt Chennai opens in India<br />
| newspaper = Travel Daily News<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| date = 26 October 2012<br />
| url = https://www.traveldailynews.asia/five-star-luxury-hotel-park-hyatt-chennai-opens-in-india<br />
| access-date = 16 Jun 2020}}</ref> and a large central courtyard with a lily pond.<ref name="TOI_ParkHyatt"/> An 8,072&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft (747&nbsp;sq&nbsp;m) banquet space is divisible into six rooms. A swimming pool overlooks the [[Guindy National Park]].<ref name="Hindu_ANewLandmark"/><ref name="BL_Review">{{cite news<br />
| last = Mathew<br />
| first = Elizabeth<br />
| title = Park Hyatt Chennai Review<br />
| newspaper = The Hindu Business Line<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| date = 27 November 2012<br />
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/smartbuy/luxury-and-fashion/park-hyatt-chennai-review/article4137287.ece?ref=wl_features<br />
| access-date = 30 Nov 2012}}</ref><br />
The hotel was designed by New York architects, George Wong Designs.<ref name="Hindu_ANewLandmark">{{cite news<br />
| last = Muthalaly<br />
| first = Shonali<br />
| title = A new landmark<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| newspaper = The Hindu<br />
| date = 20 August 2012<br />
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3799283.ece<br />
| access-date = 2 Oct 2012}}</ref> The hotel is decorated with Indian textiles.<ref name="ParkHyattChennaiOpens">{{cite news<br />
|title = Park Hyatt Chennai Opens in India<br />
|newspaper = Yahoo Finance<br />
|location = Chicago<br />
|publisher = Yahoo.com<br />
|date = 1 October 2012<br />
|url = http://in.finance.yahoo.com/news/park-hyatt-chennai-opens-india-150000970.html<br />
|access-date = 2 Oct 2012<br />
}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> designed by Venu Juneja from [[Goa]]. The 'weaving theme' features silk on one wall and canvas on the other.<ref name="Hindu_ANewLandmark"/> The signature restaurant, 'The Flying Elephant', is set on three levels, with six open show kitchens.<br />
<br />
The hotel is built on the land where Concorde Motors stood until 2007. According to the city's historian, S. Muthiah, the hotel's interiors are "a vision in modern design and minimalism."<ref>{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 283 | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref><br />
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==Awards==<br />
In 2013, in the debut year of its opening, Park Hyatt Chennai was awarded 'The Best New Hotel of the Year' at the HICSA Hotels of the Year Awards–2013.<ref name="BWI_ShinesAtHICSAAwards"><br />
{{cite web<br />
| title =Park Hyatt Chennai Shines at The HICSA Awards| work =Press release| publisher =Business Wire India| date =4 April 2013| url =http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=34906<br />
| archive-url =https://archive.today/20130628201113/http://www.businesswireindia.com/PressRelease.asp?b2mid=34906<br />
| url-status =dead<br />
| archive-date =28 June 2013<br />
| access-date =6 Apr 2013}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
* [[List of hotels in Chennai]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://chennai.park.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels-chennai-park/index.jsp?null Park Hyatt Chennai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101042612/http://chennai.park.hyatt.com/hyatt/hotels-chennai-park/index.jsp?null |date=1 November 2012 }}<br />
<br />
{{Hotels in Chennai}}<br />
{{Chennai Topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hotels in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Hotels established in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:Hyatt Hotels and Resorts]]<br />
[[Category:Hotel buildings completed in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:Skyscraper hotels in Chennai]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuga_cycle&diff=546347Yuga cycle2026-03-12T00:13:48Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding A Data.</p>
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<div>{{short description|Cycle of Satya, Treta, Dvapara and Kali yugas (ages) in Hindu cosmology}}<br />
{{about-distinguish|Hindu ages|Buddhist cosmology#Temporal cosmology{{!}}Buddhist ages|Ages of Man{{!}}Greek ages|Jain cosmology#Time cycle{{!}}Jain ages}}<br />
{{italic title|string=Yuga}}<br />
<br />
A '''''Yuga'' Cycle''' ({{aka}} '''''chatur yuga''''', '''''maha yuga''''', [[#Lexicology|etc.]]) is a cyclic age ([[Hindu units of time|epoch]]) in [[Hindu cosmology]]. Each cycle lasts for 4,320,000 years (12,000 divine years{{efn|360 solar years constitute a divine year. This is as per the following belief system: The gods are believed to reside in the north celestial sphere.{{sfn|Burgess|1935|pp=285,286|loc=chapter XII verse 34-36}} Due to the [[axial tilt]] of the earth, the Sun is overhead the northern hemisphere during the period between the [[march equinox|vernal]] and the [[september equinox|autumnal equinox]]. This period is designated the daytime of the gods. Conversely, the Sun is overhead the southern hemisphere during the period between the autumnal and the vernal equinox. This period is designated the nighttime of the gods. Put together, an entire [[tropical year|tropical solar year]] is designated the ''day of the gods''.{{sfn|Burgess|1935|pp=288,289|loc=chapter XII verse 45-51: The Surya Siddhanta identifies the [[march equinox|vernal equinox]] with the [[First Point of Aries]] and hence does not distinguish between the [[sidereal year|sidereal]] and [[tropical year]]}} 360 such ''day of the gods'' make a divine year.{{sfn|Burgess|1935|pp=8,9|loc=chapter I verse 13,14}} }}) and repeats four ''[[yuga]]s'' (world ages): ''[[Satya Yuga|Krita (Satya) Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', and ''[[Kali Yuga]]''.<ref name="Godwin 2011"/><br />
<br />
As a ''Yuga'' Cycle progresses through the four ''yugas'', each ''[[Yuga|yuga's]]'' length and humanity's general moral and physical state within each ''yuga'' decrease by one-fourth. ''Kali Yuga'', which lasts for 432,000 years, is believed to have started in 3102 BCE.<ref name="Merriam-Webster"/><ref name="Springer measurements"/> Near the end of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', when virtues are at their worst, a cataclysm and a re-establishment of ''[[Dharma#Hinduism|dharma]]'' occur to usher in the next cycle's ''Krita (Satya) Yuga'', prophesied to occur by [[Kalki]].{{sfn|Merriam-Webster|1999|page=629 (Kalki)|ps=: At the end of the present Kali age, when virtue and religion have disappeared into CHAOS and the world is ruled by unjust men, Kalki will appear to destroy the wicked and usher in a new age.{{nbsp}}... According to some myths, Kalki's horse will stamp the earth with its right foot, causing the tortoise that supports the world to drop into the deep. Then Kalki will restore the earth to its initial purity.}}<br />
<br />
There are 71 ''Yuga'' Cycles in a ''[[manvantara]]'' (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]) and 1,000 ''Yuga'' Cycles in a ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]).<ref name="Springer measurements"/><br />
<br />
==Lexicology==<br />
A ''Yuga'' Cycle has several names.<br />
<br />
Age or ''[[Yuga]]'' ({{langx|sa|युग||an age of the gods}}):{{Citation needed |date=May 2024}}<br />
: "Age" and "''Yuga''", sometimes with reverential capitalization, commonly denote a "''{{IAST|catur-yuga}}''", a cycle of four world ages, unless expressly limited by the name of one of its minor ages (e.g. ''[[Kali Yuga]]'').{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=9|ps=: The period of 4,320,000 years is ordinarily styled Great Age (mahayuga), or, as above in two instances [1.15–16], Quadruple Age (caturyuga). In the Surya-Siddhanta, however, the former term is not once found, and the latter occurs only in these verses; elsewhere, Age (yuga) alone is employed to denote it, and always denotes it, unless expressly limited by the name of the Golden (krta) Age.}}{{efn|The general word "{{IAST|yuga}}" is sometimes used instead of the more specific word "{{IAST|catur-yuga}}". A ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' is described as lasting 1,000 {{IAST|catur-yuga}} in [[Bhagavata Purana]] 12.4.2 ("{{IAST|catur-yuga}}")<ref>{{cite web |title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 12.4.2 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/12/4/2/ |website=Bhaktivedanta Vedabase |access-date=2020-05-10 |quote=<br>{{Transliteration|sa|catur-yuga-sahasraṁ tu brahmaṇo dinam ucyate ।<br>sa kalpo yatra manavaś caturdaśa viśām-pate ॥ 2 ॥|italic=no}}<br>(2) One thousand cycles of four ages [{{IAST|catur-yuga}}] constitute a single day of Brahmā, known as a kalpa. In that period, O King, fourteen Manus come and go.}}</ref> and [[Bhagavad Gita]] 8.17 ("{{IAST|yuga}}").<ref>{{cite Q|Q854700 |title=Bhagavad-gītā As It Is 8.17 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/8/17/ |website=Bhaktivedanta Vedabase |access-date=2020-05-10 |quote=<br>{{Transliteration|sa|sahasra-yuga-paryantam ahar yad brahmaṇo viduḥ ।<br>rātriṁ yuga-sahasrāntāṁ te ’ho-rātra-vido janāḥ ॥ 17 ॥|italic=no}}<br>(17) By human calculation, a thousand ages [{{IAST|yuga}}] taken together form the duration of Brahmā’s one day. And such also is the duration of his night.}}</ref>}} Its archaic spelling is ''yug'', with other forms of ''yugam'', {{IAST|yugānāṃ}}, and ''yuge'', derived from ''yuj'' ({{langx|sa|युज्||to join or yoke}}), believed derived from {{lang|ine-x-proto|yeug-}} ([[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]: {{lit.}} 'to join or unite').<ref>{{cite web |title=*yeug- |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/*yeug- |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=2021-02-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Chatur Yuga'' ({{langx|sa|चतुर्युग|caturyuga, catur-yuga, chaturyuga, or chatur-yuga|{{IAST|catur}} means four;{{Citation needed |date=May 2024}} a set of the four ages}}):<ref>{{cite web |title=caturyuga |url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=caturyuga |website=Sanskrit - Dictionary |access-date=2025-08-20 }}</ref><br />
: A cyclic age encompassing the four ''yuga'' ages<ref name="Springer measurements"/><ref name="Blackwell Companion to Hinduism">{{cite book |author-last1=Matchett |author-first1=Freda |author-last2=Yano |author-first2=Michio |year=2003 |chapter=Part II, Ch. 6: The Puranas / Part III, Ch. 18: Calendar, Astrology, and Astronomy |editor-last=Flood |editor-first=Gavin |editor-link=Gavin Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&q=yuga&pg=PA139 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |pages=139–140, 390 |isbn=0631215352<br />
}}</ref> as defined in [[Hindu texts]]: ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'',{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=9|ps=: The period of 4,320,000 years is ordinarily styled Great Age (mahayuga), or, as above in two instances [1.15–16], Quadruple Age (caturyuga). In the Surya-Siddhanta, however, the former term is not once found, and the latter occurs only in these verses; elsewhere, Age (yuga) alone is employed to denote it, and always denotes it, unless expressly limited by the name of the Golden (krta) Age.}} ''[[Manusmriti]]'',{{sfn|Bühler|1886|p=20|ps=:<br>{{Transliteration|sa|yadetat parisaṅkhyātamādāveva caturyugam ।<br>etad dvādaśasāhasraṃ devānāṃ yugamucyate ॥ 71 ॥|italic=no}}<br>(71) These twelve thousand (years) which thus have been just mentioned as the total of four (human) ages [caturyugam], are called one age of the gods.}} and ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 12.2.39 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/12/2/39/ |website=Bhaktivedanta Vedabase |access-date=2020-05-10 |quote=<br>{{Transliteration|sa|kṛtaṁ tretā dvāparaṁ ca kaliś ceti catur-yugam ।<br>anena krama-yogena bhuvi prāṇiṣu vartate ॥ 39 ॥|italic=no}}<br>(39) The cycle of four ages [{{IAST|catur-yugam}}] — Satya, Tretā, Dvāpara, and Kali — continues perpetually among living beings on this earth, repeating the same general sequence of events.}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Daiva Yuga'' ({{langx|sa|दैवयुग|daivayuga or daiva-yuga|a divine or celestial age; an age of the gods}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=daivayuga |url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=daivayuga |website=Sanskrit - Dictionary |access-date=2025-08-20 }}</ref><br><br />
''Deva Yuga'' ({{langx|sa|देवयुग|devayuga or deva-yuga|an age of the gods}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=devayuga |url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=devayuga |website=Sanskrit - Dictionary |access-date=2025-08-20 }}</ref><br><br />
''Divya Yuga'' ({{langx|sa|दिव्य युग|divyayuga or divya-yuga|a divine or celestial age}}):{{Citation needed |date=May 2024}}<br />
: A cyclic age of the divine, celestrial, or gods ([[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]) encompassing the four ''yuga'' ages ({{aka}} "human ages" or "world ages"). The [[Hindu texts]] give a length of 12,000 divine years, where a divine year lasts for 360 [[Tropical year|solar]] (human) years.<ref name="Merriam-Webster"/><ref name="Springer measurements"/><br />
<br />
''Maha Yuga'' ({{langx|sa|महायुग|mahāyuga or mahā-yuga|a great age}}):<ref>{{cite web |title=mahAyuga |url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=mahAyuga |website=Sanskrit - Dictionary |access-date=2025-08-20 }}</ref><br />
: A greater cyclic age encompassing the smaller four ''yuga'' ages.<ref name="Springer measurements"/>{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=301(a)|ps=: Great Age (Mahayuga).}}<br />
<br />
''Yuga'' Cycle ({{langx|sa|युग||age}}) + ({{langx|en|cycle}}):<br />
: A cyclic age encompassing the four ''yuga'' ages.<br />
<br />
It is theorized that the concept of the four ''yugas'' originated some time after the compilation of the four [[Vedas]], but prior to the rest of the [[Hindu texts]], based on the concept's absence in the former writings. It is believed that the four ''yugas''—''Krita'' (''Satya''), ''Treta'', ''Dvapara'', and ''Kali''—are named after throws of an Indian game of [[long dice]], marked with 4-3-2-1 respectively.<ref name="Merriam-Webster"/> A dice game is described in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', ''[[Atharvaveda]]'', [[Upanishads]], ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and [[Puranas]], while the four ''yugas'' are described after the four [[Vedas]] with no mention of a correlation to dice.<ref name="Blackwell Companion to Hinduism"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Brown |first=W. Norman |year=1964 |title=The Indian Games of Pachisi, Chaupar, and Chausar |url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-indian-games-of-pachisi-chaupar-and-chausar/ |magazine=Expedition magazine |volume=6 |issue=2 |publisher=Penn Museum |page=34 |issn=0014-4738 |quote=The Rig-Veda, which we may reasonably consider to have been in its present form before 1000 B.C., has references to the use of dice, and one of its hymns (Book 10, 34) is a charm to cure an inveterate and unsuccessful gambler of the compulsion to gamble that has ruined him. In the Atharva Veda, also, gambling with dice is mentioned (2.3; 4.38; 6.118; 7.52; 7.109). The Aryans of Rig-Vedic times made their dice of the vibhidaka-tree nuts, and we do not know how they used them. Evidently dicing was considered a fitting vice of kings, and in the ritualistic literature of the centuries following the Rig-Veda, say at around 800 B.C., the consecration ceremonies for a king included a game of dice–which the new king must always win–and there was a special officer to take charge of the dice. In the great epic known as the Mahabharata there are two famous instances of kings ruined by gambling.}}</ref> A complete description of the four ''yugas'' and their characteristics are in the ''[[Vishnu Smriti]]'' (ch. 20),<ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.213312/page/n341/mode/2up Vishnu Samhita].</ref> ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (e.g. Vanaparva 149, 183), ''[[Manusmriti]]'' (I.81–86), and [[Puranas]] (e.g. ''[[Brahma Purana|Brahma]]'', ch. 122–123; ''[[Matsya Purana|Matsya]]'', ch. 142–143; ''[[Naradiya Purana|Naradiya]]'', Purvardha, ch. 41).<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Kane |author-first=P. V. |author-link=Pandurang Vaman Kane |date=September 1936 |editor-last1=Sukthankar |editor-first1=V. S. |editor-link1=Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar |editor-last2=Fyzee |editor-first2=A. A. A. |editor-link2=Asaf Ali Asghar Fyzee |editor-last3=Bhagwat |editor-first3=N. K. |title=Kalivarjya (actions forbidden in the Kali Age) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281640/page/n202/mode/1up |journal=Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |publisher=[[The Asiatic Society of Mumbai|The Asiatic Society of Bombay]] |page=4}}</ref> The four ''yugas'' are also described in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (3.11.18–20).<br />
<br />
==Duration and structure==<br />
{{See also|Kali Yuga#Start date|Hindu units of time|List of numbers in Hindu scriptures}}<br />
[[Hindu texts]] describe four ''[[yuga]]s'' (world ages) in a ''Yuga'' Cycle—''[[Satya Yuga|Krita (Satya) Yuga]]'', ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', and ''[[Kali Yuga]]''—where, starting in order from the first age, each ''yuga's'' length decreases according to a ratio of 4:3:2:1. Each ''yuga'' is described as having a main period ({{aka}} ''yuga'' proper) preceded by its {{IAST|yuga-sandhyā}} (dawn) and followed by its {{IAST|yuga-sandhyāṃśa}} (dusk), where each [[twilight]] (dawn/dusk) lasts for one-tenth (10%) of its main period. Lengths are given in divine years (years of the gods), each lasting for 360 [[Tropical year|solar]] (human) years.<ref name="Godwin 2011">{{cite book |author-last=Godwin |author-first=Joscelyn |author-link=Joscelyn Godwin |year=2011 |title=Atlantis and the Cycles of Time: Prophecies, Traditions, and Occult Revelations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H14oDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Inner Traditions]] |isbn=9781594778575 |pages=300–301}}</ref><ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Merriam-Webster |year=1999 |editor-last1=Doniger |editor-first1=Wendy |editor-link1=Wendy Doniger |editor-last2=Hawley |editor-first2=John Stratton |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |encyclopedia=[[Merriam-Webster]] |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster, Incorporated]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/445/mode/1up 445 (Hinduism)], [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1159/mode/1up 1159 (Yuga)] |isbn=0877790442 |quote=<br>* HINDUISM: Myths of time and eternity:{{nbsp}}... Each yuga is preceded by an intermediate "dawn" and "dusk". The Krita yuga lasts 4,000 god-years, with a dawn and dusk of 400 god-years each, or a total of 4,800 god-years; Treta a total of 3,600 god-years; Dvapara 2,400 god-years; and Kali (the current yuga) 1,200 god-years. A mahayuga thus lasts 12,000 god-years{{nbsp}}... Since each god-year lasts 360 human years, a mahayuga is 4,320,000 years long in human time. Two thousand mahayugas form one kalpa (eon) [and pralaya], which is itself but one day in the life of Brahma, whose full life lasts 100 years; the present is the midpoint of his life. Each kalpa is followed by an equally long period of abeyance (pralaya), in which the universe is asleep. Seemingly the universe will come to an end at the end of Brahma's life, but Brahmas too are innumerable, and a new universe is reborn with each new Brahma.<br>* YUGA: each yuga is progressively shorter than the preceding one, corresponding to a decline in the moral and physical state of humanity. Four such yugas (called{{nbsp}}... after throws of an Indian game of dice) make up a mahayuga ("great yuga"){{nbsp}}... The first yuga (Krita) was an age of perfection, lasting 1,728,000 years. The fourth and most degenerate yuga (Kali) began in 3102 BCE and will last 432,000 years. At the close of the Kali yuga, the world will be destroyed by fire and flood, to be re-created as the cycle resumes. In a partially competing vision of time, Vishnu's 10th and final AVATAR, KALKI, is described as bringing the present cosmic cycle to a close by destroying the evil forces that rule the Kali yuga and ushering in an immediate return to the idyllic Krita yuga.}}</ref><ref name="Springer measurements">{{cite book |author-last=Gupta |author-first=S. V. |year=2010 |chapter=Ch. 1.2.4 Time Measurements |editor-last1=Hull |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Osgood |editor-first2=Richard M. Jr. |editor-link2=Richard M. Osgood Jr. |editor-last3=Parisi |editor-first3=Jurgen |editor-last4=Warlimont |editor-first4=Hans |title=Units of Measurement: Past, Present and Future. International System of Units |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&pg=PA7 |series=Springer Series in Materials Science: 122 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]] |pages=6–8 |isbn=9783642007378 |quote=Paraphrased: Deva day equals solar year. Deva lifespan (36,000 solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Mahayuga equals 12,000 Deva (divine) years (4,320,000 solar years), and is divided into 10 charnas consisting of four Yugas: Satya Yuga (4 charnas of 1,728,000 solar years), Treta Yuga (3 charnas of 1,296,000 solar years), Dvapara Yuga (2 charnas of 864,000 solar years), and Kali Yuga (1 charna of 432,000 solar years). Manvantara equals 71 Mahayugas (306,720,000 solar years). Kalpa (day of Brahma) equals an Adi Sandhya, 14 Manvantaras, and 14 Sandhya Kalas, where 1st Manvantara preceded by Adi Sandhya and each Manvantara followed by Sandhya Kala, each Sandhya lasting same duration as Satya yuga (1,728,000 solar years), during which the entire earth is submerged in water. Day of Brahma equals 1,000 Mahayugas, the same length for a night of Brahma (Bhagavad-gita 8.17). Brahma lifespan (311.04 trillion solar years) equals 100 360-day years, each 12 months. Parardha is 50 Brahma years and we are in the 2nd half of his life. After 100 years of Brahma, the universe starts with a new Brahma. We are currently in the 28th Kali yuga of the first day of the 51st year of the second Parardha in the reign of the 7th (Vaivasvata) Manu. This is the 51st year of the present Brahma and so about 155 trillion years have elapsed. The current Kali Yuga (Iron Age) began at midnight on 17/18 February 3102 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Each ''Yuga'' Cycle lasts for 4,320,000 years (12,000 divine years) with its four ''yugas'': ''[[Satya Yuga|Krita (Satya) Yuga]]'' for 1,728,000 (4,800 divine) years, ''[[Treta Yuga]]'' for 1,296,000 (3,600 divine) years, ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' for 864,000 (2,400 divine) years, and ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' for 432,000 (1,200 divine) years.<ref name="Godwin 2011"/><ref name="Merriam-Webster"/><ref name="Springer measurements"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;"<br />
|+ Structure of a ''yuga'' cycle<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | ''Yuga''<br />
! scope="col" | Part<br />
! scope="col" | Divine<br>years<br />
! scope="col" | [[Tropical year|Solar]]<br>years<br />
|-<br />
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" | ''[[Satya Yuga|Krita<br>(Satya)]]''<br />
! scope="row" | ''Krita-yuga-sandhya'' (dawn)<br />
| 400<br />
| 144,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Krita-yuga'' (proper)<br />
| 4,000<br />
| 1,440,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Krita-yuga-sandhyamsa'' (dusk)<br />
| 400<br />
| 144,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" | ''[[Treta Yuga|Treta]]''<br />
! scope="row" | ''Treta-yuga-sandhya'' (dawn)<br />
| 300<br />
| 108,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Treta-yuga'' (proper)<br />
| 3,000<br />
| 1,080,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Treta-yuga-sandhyamsa'' (dusk)<br />
| 300<br />
| 108,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" | ''[[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara]]''<br />
! scope="row" | ''Dvapara-yuga-sandhya'' (dawn)<br />
| 200<br />
| 72,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Dvapara-yuga'' (proper)<br />
| 2,000<br />
| 720,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Dvapara-yuga-sandhyamsa'' (dusk)<br />
| 200<br />
| 72,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |<br />
|-<br />
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" | ''[[Kali Yuga|Kali]]''<br />
! scope="row" | ''Kali-yuga-sandhya'' (dawn)<br />
| 100<br />
| 36,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Kali-yuga'' (proper)<br />
| 1,000<br />
| 360,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Kali-yuga-sandhyamsa'' (dusk)<br />
| 100<br />
| 36,000<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="background-color:inherit; color:inherit; font-weight:bold; text-align:right;" | Total<br />
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 12,000<br />
| style="font-weight:bold;" | 4,320,000<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The current cycle's four ''yugas'' have the following dates based on Kali Yuga, the fourth and present age, starting in 3102 BCE:<ref name="Springer measurements"/><ref name="Blackwell Companion to Hinduism"/>{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=301|ps=: The Hindu astronomers agree that the [Dvapara Yuga ended and] Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently [Kali Yuga] is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="border-width:0; text-align:right;"<br />
|+ ''Yuga'' cycle<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | ''Yuga''<br />
! scope="col" | Start (– End)<br />
! scope="col" | Length<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Satya Yuga|Krita (Satya)]]''<br />
| 3,891,102{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| class="nowrap" | 1,728,000 (4,800)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Treta Yuga|Treta]]''<br />
| 2,163,102{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| class="nowrap" | 1,296,000 (3,600)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara]]''<br />
| 867,102{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| class="nowrap" | 864,000 (2,400)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''[[Kali Yuga|Kali]]*''<br />
| 3102{{nbsp}}BCE{{snd}}428,899{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| class="nowrap" | 432,000 (1,200)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; padding-top:5px;" | Years: 4,320,000 [[Tropical year|solar]] (12,000 divine)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; font-size:80%; padding-top:0; text-align:left;" | {{sup|(*) Current.}}<br />
| style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; padding-top:0;" | {{efn|Each ''Kali-yuga-sandhi'' lasts for 36,000 solar (100 divine) years:<br>* ''Sandhya'': 3102{{nbsp}}BCE{{snd}}32,899{{nbsp}}CE<br>* ''Sandhyamsa'': 392,899–428,899{{nbsp}}CE}}{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=301|ps=: The Hindu astronomers agree that the [Dvapara Yuga ended and] Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently [Kali Yuga] is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.}}{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=ix (Introduction)|ps=: Calculated date of 2163102 B.C. for "the end of the Golden Age (Krta yuga)", the start of Treta yuga, mentioned in [[Surya Siddhanta]] 1.57.}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''[[Mahabharata]]'', Book 12 ([[Shanti Parva]]), Ch. 231:<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Dutt |author-first=Manmatha Nath |year=1903 |chapter=Ch. 231 (CCXXXI) |title=A Prose English Translation of The Mahabharata (Translated Literally from the Original Sanskrit text) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142208/page/n272/mode/1up |volume=Book 12 (Shanti Parva) |location=Calcutta |publisher=Elysium Press |page=351 (12.231.17, 19–21, 29)}}</ref>{{efn|Chapter 224 (CCXXIV) in some sources: ''Mahabharata'' 12.224.}}<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=(17) A year (of men) is equal to a day and night of the gods{{nbsp}}... (19) I shall, in their order, tell you the number of years that are for different purposes calculated differently, in the Krita, the Treta, the Dwapara, and the Kali yugas. (20) Four thousand celestial years is the duration of the first or Krita age. The morning of that cycle consists of four hundred years and its evening is of four hundred years. (21) Regarding the other cycles, the duration of each gradually decreases by a quarter in respect of both the principal period with the minor portion and the conjoining portion itself. (29) The learned say that these twelve thousand celestial years form what is called a cycle{{nbsp}}...<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''[[Manusmriti]]'', Ch. 1:<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Bühler |author-first=G. |author-link=Georg Bühler |year=1886 |chapter=Ch. 1, The Creation |editor-last=Müller |editor-first=F. Max |editor-link=Max Müller |title=The Laws of Manu: translated with extracts from seven commentaries |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lawsofman00manu/page/n163/mode/1up |series=[[Sacred Books of the East]] |volume=XXV |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=20 (1.67–71)}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=(67) A year is a day and a night of the gods{{nbsp}}... (68) But hear now the brief (description of) the duration of a night and a day of Brahman [(Brahma)] and of the several ages (of the world, yuga) according to their order. (69) They declare that the Krita age (consists of) four thousand years (of the gods); the twilight preceding it consists of as many hundreds, and the twilight following it of the same number. (70) In the other three ages with their twilights preceding and following, the thousands and hundreds are diminished by one (in each). (71) These twelve thousand (years) which thus have been just mentioned as the total of four (human) ages, are called one age of the gods.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'', Ch. 1:<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Burgess |author-first=Rev. Ebenezer |date=1935 |orig-date=1860 |chapter=Ch. 1: Of the Mean Motions of the Planets. |editor-last=Gangooly |editor-first=Phanindralal |title=Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, with notes and an appendix |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/SuryaSiddhantaTranslation/page/n59/mode/1up |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |pages=7–9 (1.13–17)}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=(13) ... twelve months make a year. This is called a day of the gods. (14) ... Six times sixty [360] of them are a year of the gods{{nbsp}}... (15) Twelve thousand of these divine years are denominated a Quadruple Age (caturyuga); of ten thousand times four hundred and thirty-two [4,320,000] solar years (16) Is composed that Quadruple Age, with its dawn and twilight. The difference of the Golden and the other Ages, as measured by the difference in the number of the feet of Virtue in each, is as follows : (17) The tenth part of an Age, multiplied successively by four, three, two, and one, gives the length of the Golden and the other Ages, in order : the sixth part of each belongs to its dawn and twilight.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Greater cycles==<br />
{{main|Hindu units of time|Kalpa (time)|Pralaya|Manvantara}}<br />
<br />
There are 71 ''Yuga'' Cycles (306,720,000 years) in a ''[[manvantara]]'', a period ruled by [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], who is the progenitor of mankind.{{sfn|Merriam-Webster|1999|page=691 (Manu)|ps=: a day in the life of Brahma is divided into 14 periods called manvantaras ("Manu intervals"), each of which lasts for 306,720,000 years. In every second cycle [(new kalpa after pralaya)] the world is recreated, and a new Manu appears to become the father of the next human race. The present age is considered to be the seventh Manu cycle.}} There are 1,000 ''Yuga'' Cycles (4,320,000,000 years) in a ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'', a period that is a day (12-hour day proper) of [[Brahma]], who is the creator of the planets and first living entities. There are 14 ''manvantaras'' (4,294,080,000 years) in a ''kalpa'' with a remainder of 25,920,000 years assigned to 15 ''manvantara-sandhyas'' (junctures), each the length of a ''Satya Yuga'' (1,728,000 years). A ''kalpa'' is followed by a ''[[pralaya]]'' (night or partial dissolution) of equal length forming a full day (24-hour day). A ''maha-kalpa'' (life of Brahma) lasts for 100 360-day years of Brahma, which lasts for 72,000,000 ''Yuga'' Cycles (311.04 trillion years) and is followed by a ''maha-pralaya'' (full dissolution) of equal length.<ref name="Springer measurements"/><br />
<br />
We are currently halfway through [[Brahma|Brahma's]] life (''maha-kalpa''):<ref name="Springer measurements"/>{{sfn|Burgess|1935|pp=12–13 (1.21–24), 19}}<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Krishnamurthy |author-first=Prof. V. |year=2019 |chapter=Ch. 20: The Cosmic Flow of Time as per Scriptures |title=Meet the Ancient Scriptures of Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HF2NDwAAQBAJ&q=%227th+manvantara%22+%2228th%22&pg=PT407 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=9781684669387 |quote=According to the traditional time-keeping{{nbsp}}... Thus in Brahma's calendar the present time may be coded as his 51st year - first month - first day - 7th manvantara - 28th maha-yuga - 4th yuga or kaliyuga.}}</ref>{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=301(b)|ps=: ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', translated by the great Sanskritist [[Horace Hayman Wilson]]: One Pararddha, or half [Brahma's] existence, has expired, terminating with the Maha Kalpa called Padma. The Kalpa (or day of Brahma) termed Varaha is the first of the second period of Brahma's existence.{{nbsp}}... The Hindu astronomers agree that the Kali Yuga began at midnight between February 17 and 18, 3102 BCE. Consequently it is due to end about 427,000 CE, whereupon a new Golden Age will dawn.}}<br />
* 51st year of 100 (2nd half or ''parardha'')<br />
* 1st month of 12<br />
* 1st ''[[Kalpa (time)|kalpa]]'' (''Shveta-Varaha Kalpa'') of 30<br />
* 7th ''[[manvantara]]'' ([[Shraddhadeva Manu|Vaivasvatha Manu]]) of 14<br />
* 28th ''chatur-yuga'' ({{aka}} ''Yuga'' Cycle) of 71<br />
* 4th ''yuga'' (''[[Kali Yuga]]'') of 4<br />
<br />
''Yuga'' dates are used in an ''ashloka'', which is read out at the beginning of Hindu rites to specify the elapsed time in Brahma's life. For example, an ashloka in 2007{{nbsp}}CE of the [[Gregorian calendar]] might include the lines:{{sfn|Gupta|2010|p=9|ps=: At the beginning of any Hindu rite, an ashloka in Sanskrit is read out, which means that this ritual is being performed for a certain purpose (name of the purpose) by this particular person (name of the person including father's and family names) at this place (full address with country name) at this time of day (Ghadi and Pala or in hours and minutes) in 5109 of Kalyugi year (for AD 2007, or Hindu calendar year 2064 Sambat) of the 28th Chaturyugee of the 7th Manvantara on the first day of the 51st year of the 2nd Brahma [(2nd half of Brahma's life)]. This is a wonderful example of counting time from the start of the universe to the present time.}}{{efn|name=year-0-error}}<br />
<br />
<!--The following is a quote from the source. DO NOT update it to the current year.--><br />
{{blockquote |text=5109 of ''Kalyugi'' year of the 28th ''Chaturyugee'' of the 7th ''Manvantara'' on the first day of the 51st year of the 2nd ''Brahma'' [(2nd half of Brahma's life)].}}<br />
<br />
== Virtues ==<br />
{{Expand section|date=February 2025}}<br />
According to the [[Manusmriti]], the virtue (''[[dharma]]'') of human beings varies across the four yugas (ages). The text states:<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|<br />
तपः परं कृतयुगे त्रेतायां ज्ञानमुच्यते । <br><br />
द्वापरे यज्ञमेवाहुर्दानमेकं कलौ युगे ॥<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{blockquote|<br />
tapaḥ paraṃ kṛtayuge tretāyāṃ jñānamucyate |<br />
}}<br />
{{blockquote|<br />
dvāpare yajñamevāhurdānamekaṃ kalau yuge ||<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In the [[Krita Yuga]], the virtue is '''austerity''' (''[[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]]''); in the [[Treta Yuga]], it is '''knowledge''' (''[[jnana]]''); in the [[Dvapara Yuga]], it is '''sacrifice''' (''[[yajna]]''); and in the [[Kali Yuga]], it is '''charity''' (''[[dāna]]'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Manusmriti Verse 1.86 [Variation of 'Virtue' in the four Cycles] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi/d/doc145529.html |website=Wisdom Library |language=en |date=8 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Avatars==<br />
{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}<br />
<br />
===Ganesha===<br />
{{Main|Ganesha Purana#Kridakhanda: Ganesha in four Yugas}}<br />
<br />
Ganesha avatars are described as coming during specific ''yugas''.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Krishan |author-first=Yuvraj |year=1999 |title=Gaṇeśa: Unravelling An Enigma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKoyRJxj9jUC |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]] |pages=79–80 |isbn= 978-81-208-1413-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Grimes |author-first=John A. |year=1995 |title=Ganapati: Song of the Self |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoqB4n95pSoC |location=Albany, New York |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |pages=101–104 |isbn=0-7914-2439-1 |quote=In the ''Gaṇeśa Purāṇa,'' Gaṇapati is described as taking a different incarnation (''avatāra'') in each of the four cosmic ages (''yugas''). In the ''kṛta yuga,'' Gaṇeśa incarnates as Vināyaka (or Mahotkaṭa), the son of Kāśyapa and Aditi.{{nbsp}}... During the ''treta yuga,'' Gaṇapati incarnates as Mayūreśvara, the son of Lord Śiva.{{nbsp}}... During the ''dvapara yuga,'' Gaṇeśa incarnates as Gajānāna, the son of Lord Śiva.{{nbsp}}... During the ''kali yuga,'' Gaṇapati incarnates as Dhūmraketu (or Śūrpakarṇa).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last= Bailey |author-first=Greg |year=2008 |title=Gaṇeśapurāṇa — Part II: Krīḍākhaṇḍa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgRORuZJqsMC&pg=PA5 |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |pages=5–8 |isbn=978-3-447-05472-0}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Vishnu===<br />
{{Main|Dashavatara#List of Avatars|Vamana#Vayu Purana}}<br />
<br />
The [[Puranas]] describe [[Dashavatara#List of Avatars|Vishnu avatars]] that come during specific ''yugas'', but may not occur in every ''Yuga'' Cycle.<br />
<br />
[[Vamana]] appears at the beginning of ''[[Treta Yuga]]''. According to ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', Vamana's 3rd appearance was in the 7th ''Treta Yuga''.<ref>Part 1: 50.41 (city of Bali), 55.3, 55.7. {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Motilal Banarsidass|1960}} |title=The Vāyu Purāna: Part I |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12977 |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1960 |pages=377–382}}</ref><ref>Part 2: 5.133, 35.73, 35.77, 36.74–85, 37.26–32, 38.21–22, 46.29 (Bali as oblation). {{cite book |title=The Vāyu Purāna: Part II |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20638 |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1960}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Rama]] appears during the ''[[Treta Yuga]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam (Bhāgavata Purāṇa) 9.10.51 |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/9/10/51/ |website=Bhaktivedanta Vedabase |access-date=2020-05-18 |quote=Lord Rāmacandra became King during Tretā-yuga, but because of His good government, the age was like Satya-yuga. Everyone was religious and completely happy.}}</ref> According to ''[[Vayu Purana]]'' and ''[[Matsya Purana]]'', Rama appeared in the 24th ''Yuga'' Cycle.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Knapp |author-first=Stephen |title=Lord Rama: Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.stephen-knapp.com/lord_rama_fact_or_fiction.htm |website=Stephen Knapp and His Books on Vedic Culture, Eastern Philosophy and Spirituality |access-date=2020-05-17 |quote=In the Vayu Purana (70.47–48) [published by Motilal Banarsidass] there is a description of the length of Ravana’s life. It explains that when Ravana’s merit of penance began to decline, he met Lord Rama, the son of Dasarath, in a battle wherein Ravana and his followers were killed in the 24th Treta-yuga.{{nbsp}}... The Matsya Purana (47/240,243–246) is another source that also gives more detail of various avataras and says Bhagawan Rama appeared at the end of the 24th Treta-yuga.}}</ref> According to ''[[Padma Purana]]'', Rama also appeared in the 27th ''Yuga'' Cycle of the 6th (previous) ''[[manvantara]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Mani |author-first=Vettam |year=1975 |encyclopedia=Puranic Encyclopedia |section=RAKTAJA |title=A Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/630/mode/1up |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=0842608222 |page=630 |quote=The following story is told in the Padma Purana (Chapter 14){{nbsp}}... Devendra raised a legal objection to the above injunction of Vishnu as follows: "You, who incarnated yourself as Rama in the twentyseventh yuga of the last Manvantara for the purpose of killing Ravana, killed my son Bali. Therefore I do not wish to procreate Nara as my son." To this objection of Indra, Vishnu assured him that as a penalty for the mistake of killing Bali, he would be a companion of Nara (Arjuna) who would be born as Indra's son.}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Vyasa===<br />
[[Vyasa]] is attributed as the compiler of the four [[Vedas]], ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and [[Puranas]]. According to the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', ''[[Kurma Purana]]'', and ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', a different Vyasa comes at the end of each ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'' to write down ''[[Vedas|veda]]'' (knowledge) to guide humans in the degraded age of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''.{{sfn|Motilal Banarsidass|1960|p=2 (fn. 1)}}<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Parmeshwaranand |author-first=Swami |year=2001 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Purāṇas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC |volume=1 (A–C) |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sarup & Sons |page=169 |isbn=81-7625-226-3 |quote=The Doubt of Vyāsa: According to the Indian tradition, the sage Vyāsa was the compiler of all the Vedas, and the composer of the ''Mahābhārata'' and many other works. The [''Bhāgavata Purāṇa''] repeats this tradition{{nbsp}}...}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-last=Wilson |author-first=H. H. |author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson |year=1940 |title=The Vishnu Purana: A System of Hindu Mythology and Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.24500/page/272/mode/1up |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=272 |quote=Twenty-eight times have the Vedas been arranged by the great Rishis in the Vaivaswata Manwantara in the Dwápara age, and consequently eight and twenty Vyásas have passed away; by whom, in their respective periods, the Veda has been divided into four.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern theories==<br />
Breaking from the long duration of a ''Yuga'' Cycle, new theories have emerged regarding the length, number, and order of the ''yugas''.<br />
<br />
===Sri Yukteswar Giri===<br />
{{See also|The Holy Science#Yuga theory}}<br />
<br />
[[Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri]] (1855–1936) proposed a ''Yuga'' Cycle of 24,000 years in the introduction of his book ''[[The Holy Science]]'' (1894).<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Yukteswar |author-first=Swami Sri |author-link=Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri |year=1990 |orig-year=1st ed. 1894 |title=The Holy Science |url=https://archive.org/details/holysciencekaiva00yukt/page/7/mode/1up |trans-title=Kaivalya Darsanam |publisher=[[Self-Realization Fellowship]] |pages=7–17 |isbn=0876120516}}</ref><br />
<br />
He claimed the understanding that ''Kali Yuga'' lasts for 432,000 years was a mistake, which he traced back to [[Parikshit|Raja Parikshit]], just after the descending ''Dvapara Yuga'' ended ({{circa}} 3101{{nbsp}}BCE) and all the wise men of his court retired to the Himalaya Mountains. With no one left to correctly calculate the ages, ''Kali Yuga'' never officially started. After 499{{nbsp}}CE, in ascending ''Dvapara Yuga'', when the intellect of men began to develop, but not fully, they noticed mistakes and attempted to correct them by converting what they thought to be divine years to human years (1:360 ratio). Yukteswar's ''yuga'' lengths for ''Satya'', ''Treta'', ''Dvapara'', and ''Kali'' are respectively 4,800, 3,600, 2,400, and 1,200 "human" years (12,000 years total).{{sfn|Yukteswar|1990|pp=15–17}}{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=331–332}}<br />
<br />
He accepted the four ''yugas'' and their 4:3:2:1 length and ''dharma'' proportions, but his ''Yuga'' Cycle contained eight ''yugas'', the original descending set of the four ''yugas'' followed by an ascending (reversed) set, where he called each set a "''Daiva Yuga''" or "Electric Couple". His ''Yuga'' Cycle lasts for 24,000 years, which he believed equals one [[Axial precession|precession of the equinoxes]] (traditionally 25,920 years; 1,920 years difference). He states that the world entered the [[Astrological age#Age of Pisces (Piscean Age)|Pisces-Virgo Age]] in 499{{nbsp}}CE ("cycle bottom"), and that the current age of ascending ''Dvapara Yuga'' started in 1699{{nbsp}}CE around the time of scientific discoveries and advancements such as electricity.{{sfn|Yukteswar|1990|pp=9–13}}{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=331–332}}<br />
<br />
He explained that in a 24,000-year ''Yuga'' Cycle, the Sun completes one orbit around some [[Binary star|dual star]], becoming nearer and farther to a [[Central massive object|galactic center]], which the pair orbit in a longer period. He called this galactic center [[Brahma#Literature and legends|''Vishnunabhi'']] ([[Vishnu]]'s Navel), where [[Brahma]] regulates ''[[Dharma#Hinduism|dharma]]'' or, as Yukteswar defined it, mental virtue. ''Dharma'' is lowest when farthest from Brahma at the descending-ascending intersection ("cycle-bottom"), where the opposite occurs at the "cycle-top" when nearest. At ''dharma's'' lowest (499{{nbsp}}CE), human intellect cannot comprehend anything beyond the [[Pancha Bhoota|gross material world]].{{sfn|Yukteswar|1990|pp=7–8, 10}}{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=332–333}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="border-width:0; text-align:right;"<br />
|+ Sri Yukteswar's ''yuga'' cycle<br />
|-<br />
! id="col1" | ''Yuga''<br />
! id="col2" | Start (– End)<br />
! id="col3" | Length<br />
|-<br />
! id="desc" colspan="3" style="background-color:inherit; color:inherit; padding-top:5px; text-align:left;" | Descending (12,000 years)<br />
|-<br />
! headers="desc col1" id="row1" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | ''Krita (Satya)''<br />
| headers="desc row1 col2" | 11,501{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| headers="desc row1 col3" | 4,800<br />
|-<br />
! headers="desc col1 id="row2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | ''Treta''<br />
| headers="desc row2 col2" | 6701{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| headers="desc row2 col3" | 3,600<br />
|-<br />
! headers="desc col1" id="row3" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | ''Dvapara''<br />
| headers="desc row3 col2" | 3101{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| headers="desc row3 col3" | 2,400<br />
|-<br />
! headers="desc col1" id="row4" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | ''Kali''<br />
| headers="desc row4 col2" | 701{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| headers="desc row4 col3" | 1,200<br />
|-<br />
! id="asc" colspan="3" style="background-color:inherit; color:inherit; padding-top:5px; text-align:left;" | Ascending (12,000 years)<br />
|-<br />
! headers="asc col1" id="row5" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | ''Kali''<br />
| headers="asc row5 col2" | 499{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| headers="asc row5 col3" | 1,200<br />
|-<br />
! headers="asc col1" id="row6" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | ''Dvapara*''<br />
| headers="asc row6 col2" | 1699{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| headers="asc row6 col3" | 2,400<br />
|-<br />
! headers="asc col1" id="row7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | ''Treta''<br />
| headers="asc row7 col2" | 4099{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| headers="asc row7 col3" | 3,600<br />
|-<br />
! headers="asc col1" id="row8" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | ''Krita (Satya)''<br />
| headers="asc row8 col2" | 7699–12,499{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| headers="asc row8 col3" | 4,800<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; padding-top:5px;" | Years: 24,000<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; font-size:80%; padding-top:0; text-align:left;" | {{sup|(*) Current.}}<br />
| style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; padding-top:0;" | {{efn|name=year-0-error}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Joscelyn Godwin]] states that Yukteswar believed the traditional chronology of the ''yugas'' wrong and rigged for political reasons, but that Yukteswar may have had political reasons of his own, evident in a police report printed in ''Atlantis and the Cycles of Time'', which links Yukteswar to a secret anti-colonial movement called [[Jugantar|Yugantar]], meaning "new age" or "transition of an epoch".{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=330–331}}<br />
<br />
Godwin claims the [[Jain cosmology#Time cycle|Jain time cycle]] and the [[Progress#Philosophy|European myth of progress]] influenced Yukteswar, whose theory only recently became prominent outside India. Humanity in an upward cycle is contrary to traditional ideas. Godwin points out many philosophies and religions that started during a time when "man could not see beyond the gross material world" (701{{nbsp}}BCE{{snd}}1699{{nbsp}}CE). Only [[Materialism|materialists]] and [[Atheism|atheists]] would welcome the post-1700 age as an improvement.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=330, 331, 332}}<br />
<br />
[[John Major Jenkins]], who adjusted ascending ''Kali Yuga'' from 499{{nbsp}}CE to 2012 in his version, criticizes Yukteswar as wanting the "cycle-bottom" to correspond to his education, beliefs, and historical understanding. Technology has thrust us deeper into material dependency and spiritual darkness.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=333–334}}<br />
<br />
===René Guénon===<br />
{{See also|The Reign of Quantity and the Signs of the Times}}<br />
<br />
[[René Guénon]] (1886–1951) proposed a ''Yuga'' Cycle of 64,800 years in his 1931 French article, which was later translated in the book ''Traditional Forms & Cosmic Cycles'' (2001).<ref name="Guénon 2001">{{cite book |author-last=Guénon |author-first=René |author-link=René Guénon |editor-last=Fohr |editor-first=Samuel D. |year=2001 |orig-year=1st ed. 1970 |title=Traditional Forms & Cosmic Cycles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGwEg0KDrYUC&pg=PA5 |trans-title=Formes Traditionnelles et Cycles Cosmiques |translator-last=Fohr |translator-first=Henry D. |publisher=Sophia Perennis |pages=5–8 |isbn=0900588179}}</ref><br />
<br />
Guénon accepted the doctrine of the four ''yugas'', the 4:3:2:1 ''yuga'' length proportions, and ''Kali Yuga'' as the present age. He couldn't accept the extremely large lengths and felt they were encoded with additional zeros to mislead those who might use it to predict the future. He reduced a ''Yuga'' Cycle from 4,320,000 to 4,320 years (1,728 + 1,296 + 864 + 432), but he felt this was too short for humanity's history.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=305–306}}<br />
<br />
In looking for a multiplier, he worked backwards from the [[Axial precession|precession of the equinoxes]] (traditionally 25,920 years; 360 72-year degrees). Using 25,920 and 72, he calculated the sub-multiplier to be 4,320 years (72 × 60 = 4,320; 4,320 × 6 = 25,920). In noticing the "[[Great Year|great year]]" of the Persians (~12,000) and Greeks (~13,000) as almost half the precession, he concluded a "great year" must be 12,960 years (4,320 × 3). In trying to find the whole number of "great years" in a ''[[manvantara]]'' or reign of [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Vaivasvata Manu]], he found the reign of [[Ziusudra#Xisuthros|Xisuthros]] of the [[Chaldea]]ns to be set to 64,800 years (12,960 × 5), someone he thought to be the same Manu. Guénon felt 64,800 years was a more plausible length that may line up with humanity's history. He calculated a 64,800 ''manvantara'' divided into a 4,320 "encoded" ''Yuga'' Cycle gave a multiplier of 15 (5 "great years"). Using 15 as the multiplier, he "decoded" a 5-"great year" ''Yuga'' Cycle as having the following ''yuga'' lengths:<ref name="Guénon 2001"/>{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=306}}<br />
* ''Satya'': 25,920 (4 ratio or 2 × "great year"; 15 × 1,728)<br />
* ''Treta'': 19,440 (3 ratio or 1.5 × "great year"; 15 × 1,296)<br />
* ''Dvapara'': 12,960 (2 ratio or 1 × "great year"; 15 × 864)<br />
* ''Kali'': 6,480 (1 ratio or 0.5 × "great year"; 15 × 432)<br />
<br />
Guénon did not give a start date for ''Kali Yuga'', but instead left clues in his description of the cataclysmic destruction of the [[Atlantis|Atlantean civilization]]. His commentator, [[Jean Robin (writer)|Jean Robin]], in an early 1980s publication, claimed to have decoded this description and calculated that ''Kali Yuga'' lasted from 4481{{nbsp}}BCE to 1999{{nbsp}}CE (2000{{nbsp}}CE excluding year 0).{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=306–307}} In ''Les Quatre Âges de L’Humanité'' (''The Four Ages of Humanity''), a book written in 1949 by Gaston Georgel, this same end date of 1999 CE was calculated; although, in his 1983 book titled ''Le Cycle Judéo-Chrétien'' (''The Judeo-Christian Cycle''), he later argued to shift the cycle forward by 31 years to end in 2030 CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sufipathoflove.com/timeline-of-cycles-by-rene-guenon-and-gaston-georgel/|title=Timeline of Cycles by René Guénon and Gaston Georgel|website=Sufi Path of Love|date=20 April 2019|access-date=13 November 2020|archive-date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121144321/https://sufipathoflove.com/timeline-of-cycles-by-rene-guenon-and-gaston-georgel/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="border-width:0; text-align:right;"<br />
|+ René Guénon's ''yuga'' cycle<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | ''Yuga''<br />
! scope="col" | Start (– End)<br />
! scope="col" | Length<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Krita (Satya)''<br />
| 62,801{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| 25,920<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Treta''<br />
| 36,881{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| 19,440<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Dvapara''<br />
| 17,441{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| 12,960<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Kali''<br />
| 4481{{nbsp}}BCE{{snd}}1999{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| 6,480<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; padding-top:5px;" | Years: 64,800<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; font-size:80%; padding-top:0; text-align:left;" | {{sup|Current: ''Krita Yuga'' [1999–27,919{{nbsp}}CE], next cycle.}}<br />
| style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; padding-top:0;" | {{efn|name=year-0-error}}{{efn|René Guénon's ''Yuga'' Cycle table: the calculated dates are based on the 1949 publication by Gaston Georgel, ''Les Quatre Âges de L’Humanité'' (''The Four Ages of Humanity''), and an early 1980s publication by [[Jean Robin (writer)|Jean Robin]].}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Alain Daniélou===<br />
[[Alain Daniélou]] (1907–1994) proposed a ''Yuga'' Cycle of 60,487 years in his book ''While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind'' (1985).<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Daniélou |author-first=Alain |author-link=Alain Daniélou |year=1987 |orig-year=1st ed. 1985 |title=While the Gods Play: Shaiva Oracles and Predictions on the Cycles of History and the Destiny of Mankind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pRe5Ta1W1YC&pg=PA193 |trans-title=La Fantaisie des Dieux et L'Aventure Humaine |translator-last1=Bailey |translator-first1=Barbara |translator-last2=Baker |translator-first2=Michael |publisher=[[Inner Traditions International]] |pages=193–198 |isbn=0892811153}}</ref><br />
<br />
Daniélou and [[René Guénon]] had some correspondence where they both couldn't accept the extremely large lengths found in the [[Puranas]]. Daniélou mostly cited ''[[Linga Purana]]'' and his calculations are based on a 4,320,000-year ''Yuga'' Cycle containing (his calculation of 1000 ÷ 14) 71.42 ''[[manvantara]]s'', each containing 4 ''yugas'' [4:3:2:1 proportions]. He pegged 3102{{nbsp}}BCE as the start of ''Kali Yuga'' and placed it after the dawn (''yuga-sandhya''). He claimed his dates are accurate to within 50 years, and that the ''Yuga'' Cycle started with a [[Flood myth|great flood]] and appearance of [[European early modern humans|Cro-Magnon man]], and will end with a catastrophe wiping out mankind.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=307–310}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="border-width:0; text-align:right;"<br />
|+ Alain Daniélou's ''yuga'' cycle<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | ''Yuga''<br />
! scope="col" | Start (– End)<br />
! scope="col" | Length<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Krita (Satya)''<br />
| 58,042{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| 24,195<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Treta''<br />
| 33,848{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| 18,146<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Dvapara''<br />
| 15,703{{nbsp}}BCE<br />
| 12,097<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | ''Kali*''<br />
| 3606{{nbsp}}BCE{{snd}}2442{{nbsp}}CE<br />
| 6,048.72<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; padding-top:5px;" | Years: 60,487<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; font-size:80%; padding-top:0; text-align:left;" | {{sup|(*) Current.}}<br />
| style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit; border-width:1px 0px 0px 0px; padding-top:0;" | {{efn|name=year-0-error}}{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=309|ps=: Daniélou said his figures are accurate to within fifty years.}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Joscelyn Godwin]] found that Daniélou's misunderstanding rests solely on a bad translation of ''[[Linga Purana]]'' 1.4.7.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=308}}<br />
<br />
== Hindu astronomy ==<br />
In the early texts of Hindu astronomy such as ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'', the length of a ''yuga'' cycle is used to specify the orbital period of heavenly bodies. Instead of specifying the period of a single orbit of a heavenly body around the Earth, the number of orbits of a heavenly body in a ''yuga'' cycle is specified.<br />
<br />
''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'', Ch. 1:{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=17 (1.29–34)}}<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|text=(29) In an Age (''yuga''), the revolutions of the sun, Mercury, and Venus, and of the conjunctions (''shighra'') of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter, moving eastward, are four million, three hundred and twenty thousand; (30) Of the moon, fifty-seven million, seven hundred and fifty-three thousand, three hundred and thirty-six; of Mars, two million, two hundred and ninety-six thousand, eight hundred and thirty-two; (31) Of Mercury's conjunction (''shighra''), seventeen million, nine hundred and thirty-seven thousand, and sixty; of Jupiter, three hundred and sixty-four thousand, two hundred and twenty; (32) Of Venus's conjunction (''shigra''), seven million, twenty-two thousand, three hundred and seventy-six; of Saturn, one hundred and forty-six thousand, five hundred and sixty-eight; (33) Of the moon's apsis (''ucca''), in an Age, four hundred and eighty-eight thousand, two hundred and three; of its node (''pata''), in the contrary direction, two hundred and thirty-two thousand, two hundred and thirty-eight; (34) Of the asterisms, one billion, five hundred and eighty-two million, two hundred and thirty-seven thousand, eight hundred and twenty-eight....<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The orbital period of heavenly bodies can be derived from the above numbers provided the starting point of a ''yuga'' cycle is known. According to Burgess, the ''Surya Siddhanta'' fixes the starting point of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' as:<br />
{{Blockquote<br />
|text=The instant at which the Age is made to commence is midnight on the meridian of Ujjayini, at the end of the 588,465th and beginning of the 588,466th day (civil reckoning) of the Julian Period, or between the 17th and 18th of February 1612 [[Julian day|J.P.]], or 3102 B.C.{{sfn|Burgess|1935|p=19}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Based on this starting point, Ebenezer Burgess calculates the following planetary orbital periods:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;"<br />
|+ Comparative table of sidereal revolutions of the planets ([[geocentric]]){{sfn|Burgess|1935|pp=19, 27}}<br />
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Planet<br />
! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | ''Surya Siddhanta''<br />
! scope="col" | Modern<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Revolutions in<br>a ''yuga'' cycle<br />
! scope="col" | Revolution length{{efn|Calculated in [[Solar time#Mean solar time|mean solar time]].}}<br>(day hr min sec)<br />
! scope="col" | Orbital period<br>(day hr min sec)<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Sun<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 4,320,000<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">365 6 12 36.6</span><br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">365 6 9 10.8</span><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Mercury<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 17,937,060<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">87 23 16 22.3</span><br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">87 23 15 43.9</span><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Venus<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 7,022,376<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">224 16 45 56.2</span><br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">224 16 49 8.0</span><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Mars<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 2,296,832<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">686 23 56 23.5</span><br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">686 23 30 41.4</span><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Jupiter<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 364,220<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">4,332 7 41 44.4</span><br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">4,332 14 2 8.6</span><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Saturn<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 146,568<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">10,765 18 33 13.6</span><br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">10,759 5 16 32.2</span><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Moon (sidereal)<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 57,753,336<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">27 7 43 12.6</span><br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">27 7 43 11.4</span><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Moon (synodic)<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | 53,433,336<br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">29 12 44 2.8</span><br />
| style="font-family:monospace;" | <span style="white-space:pre;">29 12 44 2.9</span><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Other cultures==<br />
According to Robert Bolton, there is a universal belief in many traditions that the world started in a perfect state, when nature and the supernatural were still in harmony with all things in their fullest degree of perfection possible, which was followed by an unpreventable constant deterioration of the world through the ages.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Bolton |author-first=Robert |year=2001 |title=The Order of the Ages: World History in the Light of a Universal Cosmogony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72ksMogzRvMC&pg=PA64 |publisher=Sophia Perennis |isbn=978-0-900588-31-0 |page=64}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the ''[[Works and Days]]'' (lines 109–201; {{circa}}{{nbsp}}700{{nbsp}}BCE), considered the earliest European writing about human ages, the Greek poet [[Hesiod]] describes [[Ages of Man#Hesiod's Five Ages|five ages]] ([[Golden Age|Golden]], [[Silver age|Silver]], Bronze, [[Greek Heroic Age|Heroic]], and Iron Ages), where the Heroic Age was added, according to Godwin, as a compromise with [[Greek mythology|Greek history]] when the [[Trojan War]] and its heroes loomed so large.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|pp=298–299}} Bolton explains that the men of the Golden Age lived like gods without sorrow, toil, grief, and old age, while the men of the Iron Age ("the race of iron") never rest from labor and sorrow, are degenerated without shame, morality, and righteous indignation, and have short lives with frequent deaths at night, where even a new-born baby shows signs of old age, only to end when Zeus destroys it all.{{sfn|Bolton|2001|pp=64–65}}<br />
<br />
In the ''[[Statesman (dialogue)|Statesman]]'' ({{circa|399|347{{nbsp}}BCE}}), the Athenian philosopher [[Plato]] describes time as an indefinite cycle of two 36,000-year halves: (1) the world's unmaking descent into chaos and destruction; (2) the world's remaking by its creator into a renewed state.{{sfn|Bolton|2001|pp=65–68}} In the ''[[Cratylus (dialogue)|Cratylus]]'' (397e), Plato recounts the golden race of men who came first, who were noble and good [[Daemon (classical mythology)|daemons]] (godlike guides) upon the earth.<br />
<br />
In the ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' (I, 89–150; {{circa}}{{nbsp}}8{{nbsp}}BCE), the Roman poet [[Ovid]] describes [[Ages of Man#Ovid's Four Ages|four ages]] ([[Golden Age|Golden]], [[Silver age|Silver]], Bronze, and Iron Ages), excluding Hesiod's [[Greek Heroic Age|Heroic Age]], as a downward curve with the present time as the nadir of misery and immorality, according to Godwin, affecting both human life and the after-death state, where deaths in the first two ages became immortal, watchful spirits that benefited the human race, deaths in the third age went to [[Hades]] (Greek god of the underworld), and deaths in the fourth age had an unknown fate.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=299}}<br />
<br />
[[Joscelyn Godwin]] posits that it is probably from Hindu tradition that knowledge of the ages reached the Greeks and other Indo-European peoples.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=299}} Godwin adds that the number 432,000 (''[[Kali Yuga]]'s'' duration) occurring in four widely separated cultures (Hindu, Chaldean, Chinese, and Icelandic) has long been noticed.{{sfn|Godwin|2011|p=304}}<br />
<br />
In ''Symbolic Astronomy'', Mackenzie Muileboom points out that the numbers 432, 84, 24, and 10 often appear together in these mythologies: e.g. according to [[Berossus]], the 10 pre-flood Kings ruled for 432000 years; in [[Jainism]], the 22nd [[tirthankara]] (out of 24) is said to have lived 84000 years ago; the ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'' recount a 10 year war and a 10 year voyage and are divided into 24 books each; [[Mount Meru]] is said to be 84000 yojanas high, has 9 or 10 levels (as depicted at [[Borobudur]], whose six square levels have 432 Buddha statues), and represents the [[Earth's axis]] (whose tilt varies between 22 and 24 degrees, causing the "four seasons", the equinoxes and solstices, like the 4 yugas), which form a mathematical sequence, since 431 is the 83rd [[prime number]], 83 is the 23rd prime number, and 23 is the 9th prime number.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Muileboom |author-first=Mackenzie |year=2024 |title="Symbolic Astronomy"}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Hinduism|India}}<br />
* [[Hindu eschatology]]<br />
* [[Hindu units of time]]<br />
** [[Kalpa (time)|Kalpa]] (day of [[Brahma]])<br />
** [[Manvantara]] (age of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]])<br />
** [[Pralaya]] (period of dissolution)<br />
** Yuga Cycle (four [[yuga]] ages): [[Satya Yuga|Satya (Krita)]], [[Treta Yuga|Treta]], [[Dvapara Yuga|Dvapara]], and [[Kali Yuga|Kali]]<br />
* [[Itihasa#Hindu Tradition|Itihasa (Hindu Tradition)]]<br />
* [[List of numbers in Hindu scriptures]]<br />
* [[Vedic-Puranic chronology]]<br />
<br />
== Explanatory notes ==<br />
{{Notelist|30em|refs=<br />
* {{efn|name=year-0-error|A common error exists in calculating from 1{{nbsp}}BCE to 1{{nbsp}}CE as 2 years instead of 1. There is no [[year zero]].}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Brahmanda}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Four Yugas]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br />
[[Category:Time in Hinduism]]<br />
[[Category:Units of time]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ahmad_Pratapgarhi&diff=518773Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi2026-03-10T09:18:41Z<p>Zoyeford: Creating a page added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar, Sufi, and poet (1899–1991)}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| name = Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi<br />
| birth_date = 1899<br />
| birth_place = Phulpur village, [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]], North-Western Provinces, British India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1991|10|12|1899}}<br />
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| religion = [[Islam]]<br />
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]<br />
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]<br />
| movement = [[Deobandi]]<br />
| creed = [[Maturidi]]<br />
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti Order|Chishti]], [[Naqshbandi Order|Naqshbandi]], [[Qadiri Order|Qadiri]], [[Suhrawardi order|Suhrawardi]]<br />
| disciple_of = Badr Ali Shah Raibarelvi<br />Waris Hasan Kora Jahanabadi<br />
| disciples = [[Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar]]<br />[[Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi]]<br />
| notable_works = '''Irfān-e-Mohabbat'' (poetry collection)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi''' (1899–1991) was an Indian Islamic scholar, Sufi, and poet. In [[Sufism]], he was an authorised disciple of Waris Hasan Kora Jahanabadi and Badr Ali Shah Raibarelvi. His written works include several religious texts and a poetry collection titled ''Irfan-e-Mohabbat''.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi was born in 1317 AH (1899 CE) in Phulpur village, [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]]. His father, Ghulam Muhammad, was affiliated through spiritual allegiance (bayʿah) with Fazl-e-Rahman Ganj Muradabadi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani |author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi |url=https://archive.org/details/purane-chiragh-v.3 |title=Purane Chiragh |publisher=Maktaba-e-Firdaus; Maktaba al-Shabab al-Ilmiyyah |year=2010 |edition=3rd |location=[[Lucknow]] |page=84 |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
He received his early education in his native village. He later studied Persian, Arabic, and Hadith under Badr Ali Shah Raibarelvi, a disciple and authorized successor (khalifah) of Fazl-e-Rahman Ganj Muradabadi. Since Ganj Muradabadi was a student of [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]], Pratapgarhi was connected to Dehlavi through two intermediary teachers.<ref name="Pratāpgarh">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi Pratapgarhi|first1=Muhammad|title=Pratāpgarh kī Islāmī Tārīkh: ‘Ahd ba ‘Ahd|trans-title=The Islamic History of Pratapgarh: Era by Era|publisher=Markaz ash-Shaikh Maulana Muhammad Yaar|location=Maulana Nagar, [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]|page=157|date=May 2023|chapter=Maulana Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/p_i_t/page/n154/mode/1up |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
He completed his spiritual training (tasawwuf) at the Tila Wali Mosque in [[Lucknow]] under Waris Hasan Kora Jahanabadi, a disciple of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] and a khalifah of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], from whom he received authorization for spiritual initiation and succession. He also received authorization in spiritual practice from Badr Ali Shah Raibarelvi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Mohammad Rabey Hasani|author-link=Rabey Hasani Nadwi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/yaadon-ke-charagh-mohammad-rabe-hasani-nadvi-ebooks#40 |title=Yādon ke Chiragh |publisher=Maktaba al-Shabab al-Ilmiyyah |year=2012 |edition=1st |location=[[Lucknow]] |page=39 |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
During his youth and later years, Pratapgarhi was engaged in religious instruction and [[Dawah|missionary]] activities.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2012|p=39}} He traveled to various villages for religious outreach and reform.<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Azmi|editor1-first=Saeed-ur-Rahman|editor1-link=Saeed-ur-Rahman Azmi Nadvi|last=Nadwi|first=Wazah Rashid Hasani|author-link=Wazeh Rashid Hasani Nadwi|title=العالم الرباني الشيخ محمد أحمد الفولبوري في ذمة الله|trans-title=The Godly scholar Shaykh Muhammad Ahmad Phulburi has passed away|url=https://archive.org/details/al-baas-el-islami-nov-dec-1991/page/n45/mode/1up |journal=[[Al-Baas El-Islami]]|date=November–December 1991| volume=36 |issue=9 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]|location=Lucknow|page=93|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al-Jāmiʿ al-Muʿīn fī Ṭabaqāt al-Shuyūkh al-Mutqinīn wa’l-Mujīzīn al-Musnidīn|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tvUHEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT526 |publisher=[[Dar Al-Kotob Al-Ilmiyah]]|date=1 January 2023|language=ar|first=Akram|last=Nadwi|isbn=978-614-496-249-7|edition=1st|location=[[Beirut, Lebanon]]|author-link=Akram Nadwi|page=526}}</ref><br />
<br />
He initially resided in his native village of Phulpur. At different times, he stayed in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] town, including at the residence of Baba Najmul Hasan and, after the latter's migration to Pakistan, at the residence of Abdul Wahid. From 1932 onward, he occasionally resided in [[Allahabad]], first in the [[Daraganj]] area and later for some time in the localities of [[Katra, Prayagraj|Katra]] and [[Dariyabad, Prayagraj|Dariyabad]].{{Sfn|Qasmi Pratapgarhi|2023|p=158}}<br />
<br />
From 1400 AH, he resided for approximately four years in the northern chamber of Madrasa Baitul Ma'arif. Due to chronic [[hemorrhoid]]<nowiki/>al illness and [[advanced age]], his health declined in his later years. As a result, he discontinued travel and took up permanent residence at the home of his physician, Abrar Ahmad. During this period, he ceased traveling to Pratapgarh and Phulpur.{{Sfn|Qasmi Pratapgarhi|2023|p=158}}<br />
<br />
His notable authorised disciples include [[Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar]]<ref name=": Bayyināt">{{Cite journal|date=September 2016 |editor1-last=Iskander|editor1-first=Abdur Razzaq|editor1-link=Abdur Razzaq Iskander |editor2-last=Banuri|editor2-first=Sulaiman Yousuf|editor3-last=Mustafa|editor3-first=Muhammad Ijaz|title=Aalim-e-Rabbani ki Rehlat|url=https://www.banuri.edu.pk/bayyinat-detail/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AA |journal=[[Bayyināt]] |language=ur |location=[[Allama Banuri Town]], Karachi|publisher=[[Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia]] |volume=76 |issue=8 |page=53}}</ref> and [[Qamaruzzaman Allahabadi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fatehpuri|first=Mohammad Ahsan |chapter=Mukhtasr Ahwāl-e-Zindagi|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/urdubookscollection_202004/Al-Ifaadaawtu-l%20Ihsaaniyyah%201/page/n21/mode/1up |title=Al-Ifādāt al-Ihsāniyyah|volume=1|publisher=Maktaba Darul Ma'ārif; Idāra Faidān-e-Ma'rifat|date=July 2006 |pages=18–19|location=[[Allahabad]]; [[Valsad]] |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Literary works ==<br />
Pratapgarhi's poetry reflects a Sufi orientation. His poetry collection, ''Irfan-e-Mohabbat'', has been published{{Sfn|Nadwi|2012|p=40}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Tadhkira-e-Akābir|url=https://archive.org/details/tazkira-e-akabir/page/197/mode/1up |last=Qasmi|first=Nizamuddin|publisher=[[Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom]]|location=[[Akkalkuwa]], Nandobar, Maharashtra |page=197|edition=2nd|date=September 2012|language=ur}}</ref> in 1399 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramadan Yousuf |first1=Muhammad Khair|title=Takmilat-u Mu'jam al-Mu'allifeen (1977–1995)|chapter-url=https://shamela.ws/book/36031/1326#p1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115075744/https://shamela.ws/book/36031/1326#p1|archive-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live|year=1997|edition=1st|publisher=Dār Ibn Hazm |location=[[Beirut]], Lebanon|page=449|chapter=Muhammad Ahmad Al-Fūlbūri|language=ar|via=[[Al-Maktaba al-Shamela]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
His other written works include:{{Sfn|Qasmi|2012|p=197}}<br />
* ''Akhlaq-e-Salaf''<br />
* ''Kamalat-e-Nubuwwat''<br />
* ''Roohul Bayān'' (a collection of sermons in three volumes)<br />
* ''Sada-e-Ghaib'', a compilation of his sayings and discourses compiled by [[Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar]].<ref name=:"Mausoo'ah">{{Cite book |last=Mubarakpuri|first=Arif Jameel|author-link=Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri|title=Mausoo'a Ulama-u- Deoband|trans-title=The Encyclopedia of Deobandi Scholars|date=2021|edition=1st|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=[[Deoband]]|page=314|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sada-e-Ghaib |url=https://khanqah.org/book/sadaye-ghaib |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Khanqah-e-Imdadia Ashrafia |language=en |publication-place=[[Gulshan-e-Iqbal]], Karachi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death and legacy ==<br />
Pratapgarhi died on 12 October 1991 (3 [[Rabi' al-Thani]] 1412 [[Anno Hegirae|AH]]{{Sfn|Qasmi|2012|p=197}}), on a Sunday night in [[Allahabad]], after a period of illness.{{Sfn|Nadwi|1991|p=90}}{{Sfn|Mubarakpuri|2021|p=314}} He was buried at the Ram Bagh Akela Aam cemetery in Allahabad.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2012|p=197}}<br />
<br />
He was survived by three sons and several daughters. His sons include Ishtiyaq Ahmad, Irshad Ahmad, and Qari Mushtaq Ahmad. Qari Mushtaq Ahmad was associated with a religious seminary in Lucknow.{{Sfn|Nadwi|2012|p=41}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Abdullah Hasani |author-link=Abdullah Hasani Nadwi |url=https://archive.org/details/tazkirah-muhammed-ahmed-pratapgadhi-abdullah-hasani-1 |title=Tadhkirah Maulana Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi|date=January 2016 |publisher=Syed Ahmad Shahid Academy |editor-last=Nadwi |editor-first=Muhammad Armaghan Badayuni |edition=1st |location=Dār-e-Arafāt, Takia Kalan, [[Raebareli]] |language=ur}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Shamsul Haque|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF/vOfXAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Namoona-e-Salaf Maulana Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi: Nushāhadāt-o-Ta'assurāt |year=1999 |publisher=Qari Mushtaq Ahmad|edition=1st |location=[[Lucknow]] |language=ur}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |date=November 1991 |editor-last=Islahi |editor-first=Ziauddin |last=Islahi |first=Ziauddin|title=Aah! Maulana Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maarif-shumara-number-005-shah-moinuddin-ahmad-nadvi-magazines-13#71 |journal=[[Ma'arif]] |language=ur |location=[[Azamgarh]] |publisher=[[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] |volume=148 |issue=5 |pages=391–393}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Mansoorpuri|first1=Muhammad Salman|author1-link=Salman Mansoorpuri|title=Zikr-e-Raftagāñ|publisher=Al Markaz Al Ilmi Lin Nashri Wat Tahqeeq|location=Lalbagh, [[Moradabad]]|page=123|date=April 2020|chapter=Maulana Shah Muhammad Ahmad Pratapgarhi|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/1_20240124_20240124_1615/%D8%B0%DA%A9%D8%B1%20%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA%201/page/123/mode/1up |edition=2nd |volume=1|language=ur}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratapgarhi, Muhammad Ahmad}}<br />
[[Category:1899 births]]<br />
[[Category:1991 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Hanafis]]<br />
[[Category:Deobandis]]<br />
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thulasi_Jalandar&diff=541210Thulasi Jalandar2026-03-06T03:44:07Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding Stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1947 Tamil film by K. B. Nagabhushanam}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Thulasi Jalandar<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]]<br />
| producer = K. B. Nagabhushanam<br />
| writer = T. c. Vadivelu Naikkar<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = T. c. Vadivelu Naikkar<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[P. U. Chinnappa]]<br />[[P. Kannamba]]<br />[[S. Varalakshmi]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[M. D. Parthasarathy]]<br />
| cinematography = Thambu (C. V. Ramakrishnan)<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/remembering-kamal-ghosh-the-cinematographer-and-director/article7769446.ece|title=The wizard of lens|last=Guy|first=Randor|authorlink=Randor Guy|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 October 2015|accessdate=19 September 2018|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20151017052612/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/remembering-kamal-ghosh-the-cinematographer-and-director/article7769446.ece|archivedate=17 October 2015}}</ref><br />
| editing = N. K. Gopal<br />
| studio = Raja Rajeswari Films<br />
| distributor = Raja Rajeswari Films<br />
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1947|8|11|India}}<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails13.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|authorlink=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180919013810/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1947-cinedetails13.asp|archivedate=19 September 2018}}</ref><br />
| runtime = 149 mins. <!--http://www.scenesavers.com/content/show/film-footage-calculator --><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Thulasi Jalandar''''' is a [[List of Tamil films of 1947|1947]] Indian, [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998|pages=650|url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf}}</ref> The film featured [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[P. Kannamba]], [[Kothamangalam Seenu]] and [[T. S. Jaya]] in the lead roles.<ref>[http://www.gomolo.com/thulasi-jalandar-movie/8947 Thulasi Jalandar (1947 - Tamil)]</ref><br />
<!-- == Plot == --><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
The following list was adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]]<ref name=anandan /><br />
<br />
{{Col-begin|width=50%}}<br />
{{col-break|width=50%}}<br />
;Male cast<br />
*[[P. U. Chinnappa]]<br />
*[[Kothamangalam Seenu]]<br />
*[[T. S. Durairaj]]<br />
*[[R. Balasubramaniam]]<br />
{{col-break|width=50%}}<br />
;Female cast<br />
*[[P. Kannamba]]<br />
*[[S. Varalakshmi]]<br />
*[[T. S. Jaya]]<br />
*[[Rushyendramani]]<br />
{{Col-end}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was produced by [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]] under the banner ''Raja Rajeswari Films'' owned by him and his wife [[P. Kannamba]]. He also directed the film. The story and dialogues were written by T. C. Vadivelu Naikkar. Cinematography was done by Thambu (C. V. Ramakrishnan)<ref name=hindu /> while the editing was done by N. K. Gopal. Sekar and Saama were in charge of art direction. Somu and Gopal handled the still photography. The film was made at the [[Gemini Studios]].<ref name=anandan /><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] while the lyrics were penned by [[Papanasam Sivan]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{IMDb title|0246292}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. B. Nagabhushanam]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thobuttuvulu&diff=541043Thobuttuvulu2026-03-06T03:33:32Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding A Entry.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Thobuttuvulu<br />
| image = Thobuttuvulu.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Ranganatha Das C. V.<br />
| writer = Anisetty Subba Rao (dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Ranganatha Das C. V.<br />
| starring = [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] <br />[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]<br />[[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]]<br />[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]]<br />[[S. V. Ranga Rao]]<br />[[Jaggayya]]<br />[[Kantha Rao]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]<br />
| editing = Kalyanasundaram<br />Radhakrishna<br />
| music = C. Mohan Das<br />
| studio = Sadhana Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1963|11|23}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Thobuttuvulu''''' ({{Translation|Siblings}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baywatch-in-telugu-reading-between-the-lines/article18713320.ece|title=Baywatch in Telugu: Reading between the lines|first=Srivathsan|last=Nadadhur|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 June 2017|access-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025035/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/baywatch-in-telugu-reading-between-the-lines/article18713320.ece|archive-date=12 November 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> is a 1963 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Ranganatha Das C. V. and starring [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]], [[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Jaggayya]] and [[Kantha Rao]].<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Parvathi is the eldest among her siblings Rajani and Rukmini. Since they lost their parents at a young age, Parvathi took care of her younger siblings. Bhudevi, who also stays in the same house with her husband Garataiah and son Tirupati, becomes envious after seeing Parvathi, who is a beloved member of her respective family and is entitled to riches. Bhudevi plots a plan to get her son Tirupati engaged to Parvathi, so that all of the land will be theirs. Since Parvathi left to [[Patna]], Tirupati goes there to convince her to marry him. However, Parvathi falls for Shankar, a well educated man from an orphanage, and they have a baby boy. Garataiah feels bad about Bhudevi and Tirupati's doings and subsequently sends an apology letter to Parvathi, which ends up in the hands of conspirators. The conspirators separate Shankar, who aspires to get a job in Calcutta, from Parvathi and her son. Shankar supposedly dies in a boat accident while Parvathi is separated from her son, who is taken care of by Garataiah.<ref name="A"/> How Parvathi reunites with her son and whether Shankar died or not forms the rest of the story.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Parvathi<br />
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Rajani<br />
*[[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]] as Rukmini<br />
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Bhudevi<br />
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Garataiah <br />
*[[Jaggayya]] as Rajani's husband<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1964/Jan/3-jan-1964.pdf|title=ప్రః 'తోబుట్టువులు'చిత్రంలో హీరో కాంతా రావనినేను, జగ్గయ్య అని నా మిత్రుడు వాదించుకున్నాం. మాలో యెవరిమాట రాజ నిజం?|trans-title=My friend and I argued that Jaggayya should not be the hero in the movie ''Tobuttuvulu''. Which one of us is right?|language=te|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|date=3 January 1964|access-date=10 September 2024|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111011432/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1964/Jan/3-jan-1964.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Kantha Rao]] as Shankar<br />
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Tirupati<br />
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as the [[Orderly|ward boy]]<br />
*[[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as the assistant priest and patient<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by C. Mohan Das and the lyrics were written by Anisetty Subba Rao.<ref name="A">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Thobutuvulu_1963-Song_Booklet|title=తోబుట్టువులు|work=Sadhana Films|date=1963 |via=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref> The songs "Madhuramaina Reyilo" and "Saagenu Jeevitha Naava" became popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvwin.com/shows/sitemap/etvw-shows-01-06-2018-sitemap.xml|title=ETV Win Shows|work=[[ETV Network|ETV Win]]|access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2YfvSO4nE5UbwvZ0HMOcwm|title=Thobuttuvulu|work=[[Spotify]]|access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref><br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Sagenu Jeevitha Naava<br />
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length1 = 4:03<br />
| title2 = Madhuramaina Reyilo<br />
| extra2 = Ghantasala, P. Susheela<br />
| length2 = 4:17<br />
| title3 = Emayya Premayya<br />
| extra3 = Ghantasala<br />
| length3 = 3:05<br />
| title4 = Challani Ee Sallapamlo<br />
| extra4 = P. Susheela<br />
| length4 = 4:53<br />
| title5 = Yavvaname Oka Kanukale<br />
| extra5 = [[K. Jamuna Rani|Jamuna Rani]]<br />
| length5 = 5:34<br />
| title6 = Padyams<br />
| extra6 = Ghantasala <br />
| length6 = 0:56<br />
| total_length = 22:48<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
In early November 1963, the exact release date of the film was reportedly unknown since it was unclear who the producer of the film was.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1963/Nov/8-nov-1963.pdf|title="ప్రొ సౌరనావారి 'తోబుట్టువులు' ఎప్పుడు విడుదల అవుతుంది?|trans-title=When will PRO Sourana's ''Thobuttuvulu'' release?|date=8 November 1963|language=te|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|access-date=10 September 2024|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111010057/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1963/Nov/8-nov-1963.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
A critic from ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' wrote that the new type of storytelling makes ''Thobuttuvulu'' a must-see film. The critic also praised the music and background score.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1963/Dec/6-dec-1963.pdf|title=తోబుట్టువులు|trans-title=''Thobuttuvulu''|date=6 December 1963|language=te|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|first=Griddaluru|last=Gopalrao|page=9|access-date=10 September 2024|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004653/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1963/Dec/6-dec-1963.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Home media ==<br />
The film is available for streaming on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/telugu-movie-tobuttuvulu-1963/detail/11189|title=Tobuttuvulu|work=[[Sun NXT]]|access-date=10 September 2024|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910104659/https://www.sunnxt.com/telugu-movie-tobuttuvulu-1963/detail/11189|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0318757}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1963 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1963 Indian films]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alimony&diff=458058Alimony2026-03-04T20:04:53Z<p>Zoyeford: adjust formatting for consistency and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Legal obligation to provide financial support to one's spouse due to marital separation}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{Family law}}<br />
'''Alimony''', also called '''[[aliment]]''' (Scotland), '''maintenance''' (England, Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales, Canada, New Zealand), '''spousal support''' (U.S., Canada) and '''spousal maintenance''' (Australia),<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial or property: Spousal maintenance |url=https://www.fcfcoa.gov.au/fl/fp/spousal-maintenance |website=Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> is a [[legal obligation]] on a person to provide [[financial support]] to their [[spouse]] before or after [[marital separation]] or [[divorce]]. The obligation varies depending on the [[Divorce law by country|divorce law]] or [[family law]] of each country and [[prenuptial agreement]]s. In most jurisdictions, it is distinct from [[child support]], where, after divorce, one parent is required to contribute to the support of their children by paying money to the child's other parent or guardian.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The term alimony comes from the Latin word {{lang|la|[[wikt:alimonia#Latin|alimonia]]}} {{gloss|nourishment, sustenance}}, from {{lang|la|[[wikt:alere|alere]]}} {{gloss|to nourish}}. Also derived from this word are the terms [[alimentary]] {{gloss|mode=def|of, or relating to food, nutrition, or digestion}}, and [[aliment]] {{gloss|mode=def|a [[Scots Law]] rule regarding sustenance to assure the wife's lodging, food, clothing, and other necessities after divorce}}.<ref name="Hardy">{{cite journal | last = Hardy | first=The Honorable David A. |title=Nevada Alimony: An Important Policy in Need of a Coherent Policy Purpose | journal = [[William S. Boyd School of Law#Nevada Law Journal|Nevada Law Journal]] | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | page = 4 | publisher = [[William S. Boyd School of Law]] | url = https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/nlj/vol9/iss2/4/ | date = Winter 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The [[Code of Hammurabi]] (1754 BC) declares that a man must provide sustenance to a woman who has borne him children so that she can raise them:<br />
<br />
: 137. If a man wish to separate from a woman who has borne him children, or from his wife who has borne him children: then he shall give that wife her [[dowry]], and a part of the [[usufruct]] of field, garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of her heart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/hammurabi.htm |title=Hammurabi's Code of Laws |last=King |first=L. W. |publisher=Exploring Ancient World Cultures, University of Evansville |access-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509192326/http://eawc.evansville.edu/anthology/hammurabi.htm |archive-date=9 May 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The above law only applies to women who had children with her husband. This fits more closely with the definition of [[child support]] in some jurisdictions.<br />
<br />
Alimony is also discussed in the [[Code of Justinian]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/justinian%27s%20law.htm|title=Justinian's Law as it Applied to Women and Families|last=Thompson|first=James C.|date=July 2010|publisher=Women in the Ancient World|access-date=21 July 2013|archive-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822082031/http://www.womenintheancientworld.com/justinian%27s%20law.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The modern concept of alimony is derived from English [[ecclesiastical courts]] that awarded alimony in cases of separation and divorce. ''Alimony pendente lite'' was given until the divorce decree, based on the husband's duty to support the wife during a marriage that still continued. ''Post-divorce'' or ''permanent alimony'' was also based on the notion that the marriage continued, as ecclesiastical courts could only award a ''divorce a mensa et thoro'', similar to a [[legal separation]] today. As divorce did not end the marriage, the husband's duty to support his wife remained intact.<ref name=Nolan703>{{cite book | last1 = Nolan | first1 = Laurence C. | last2 = Wardle | first2 = Lynn D. | title = Fundamental principles of family law | publisher=Wm. S. Hein Publishing | location = Buffalo, New York|pages= 703–04 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjgL3ha8OSQC&pg=PA703|year= 2005|isbn = 9780837738321}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Fault-based alimony==<br />
Liberalization of divorce laws occurred in the 19th century, but divorce was only possible in cases of marital misconduct. As a result, the requirement to pay alimony became linked to the concept of fault in the divorce.<ref name="AAML">{{cite journal |last1=Kisthardt |first1=Mary Kay |title=Re-thinking Alimony: The AAML's Considerations for Calculating Alimony, Spousal Support or Maintenance |journal=AAML Journal |date=2008 |volume=21 |page=61}}</ref> Alimony to wives was paid because it was assumed that the marriage, and the wife's right to support, would have continued but for the misbehavior of the husband. Ending alimony on divorce would have permitted a guilty husband to profit from his own misconduct. In contrast, if the wife committed the misconduct, she was considered to have forfeited any claim to ongoing support. However, during this period, parties could rarely afford alimony, and so it was rarely awarded by courts.<ref name=Nolan703/> As husbands' incomes increased, and with it the possibility of paying alimony, the awarding of alimony increased, generally because a wife could show a need for ongoing financial support, and the husband had the ability to pay.<ref name=Nolan703/><ref name="McCoy">{{cite journal|last=McCoy |first=Jennifer L. | title = Spousal Support Disorder: an overview of problems in current alimony law |journal= [[Florida State University Law Review]] |volume=33 | issue = 2 |page=5 | publisher =[[Florida State University College of Law]] |date=Winter 2005 | url = https://ir.law.fsu.edu/lr/vol33/iss2/5/ }} [https://ir.law.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1202&context=lr Pdf.]</ref><br />
<br />
==No-fault alimony==<br />
[[No-fault divorce]] led to changes in alimony. Whereas spousal support was considered a right under the fault-based system, it became conditional under the no-fault approach.<ref name="McCoy"/> According to the [[American Bar Association]], marital fault is a "factor" in awarding alimony in 25 states and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Staff writer | title = Chart 1: Alimony/Spousal Support Factors | journal = Family Law Quarterly | volume = 45 | issue = 4 | pages = 492&ndash;493 | publisher = [[American Bar Association]] | date = Winter 2012 | url = http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/family_law_quarterly/vol45/4win12_chart1_alimony.authcheckdam.pdf }} [https://www.americanbar.org/groups/family_law/publications/family_law_quarterly_home/family_law_quarterly_archive/4504_winter2012.html Link to journal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201045739/https://www.americanbar.org/groups/family_law/publications/family_law_quarterly_home/family_law_quarterly_archive/4504_winter2012.html |date=2017-12-01 }}</ref> The no-fault alimony has been criticized in some cases where a [[domestic violence]] survivor was required to pay alimony to their abuser.<ref name="h888">{{cite journal | title=Adding Insult to Injury: The Unconscionability of Alimony Payments from Domestic Violence Survivors to Their Abusers | website=9 Am. U. L. Rev. 253 | date=2019–2020 | url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/aulr69&div=8&id=&page= | access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Permanent or rehabilitative alimony==<br />
Permanent alimony has begun to fall out of favor because it encourages the alimony recipient to not find [[employment]] or remarry so that they will continue to receive money from their ex-spouse.<ref name="McCoy"/> However, many states still have permanent alimony awards.<ref name="The Honorable Robert E. Gaston">{{cite journal | last = Gaston | first = The Honorable Robert E. | title = Alimony: You Are The Weakest Link! Part1 | journal = [[William S. Boyd School of Law#Nevada Law Journal|Nevada Law Journal]] | publisher = [[William S. Boyd School of Law]] | url = https://nvcourts.gov/Settlement_Program/Biographies/Gaston,_Robert_E_/ | date = October 2002 | access-date = 2017-11-28 | archive-date = 2020-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201117014918/https://nvcourts.gov/Settlement_Program/Biographies/Gaston,_Robert_E_/ | url-status = dead }} at 8, 9</ref><ref name="massalimonyreform.org">{{cite web | last1 = Sciarrino | first1 = Alfred J. | last2 = Duke | first2 = Susan K. | title = Alimony: Peonage or Involuntary Servitude? |url=http://www.massalimonyreform.org/PDFs/alimony-servitude-peonage.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107054234/http://www.massalimonyreform.org/PDFs/alimony-servitude-peonage.pdf |archive-date=7 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Alimony Agony"/><br />
<br />
Some countries are replacing alimony that maintain a spouse's standard of living with rehabilitative alimony.<ref name="theory"/><ref name="b502">{{cite journal | title= Alimony Theory | journal=45 Fam. L.Q. 271 | date=2011–2012 | url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/famlq45&div=23&id=&page= | access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gender bias==<br />
In the 1970s, the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled against [[Orr v. Orr|gender bias in alimony awards]]. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the percentage of alimony recipients who are male rose from 2.4% in 2001 to 3.6% in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|title=Men Receiving Alimony Want A Little Respect |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120700651883978623|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | first=Anita | last=Raghavan | date=1 April 2008}}</ref> In states like Massachusetts and Louisiana, the salaries of new spouses may be used in determining the alimony paid to the previous partners.<ref name="Alimony Agony">{{cite news|title=Alimony Agony|work=[[Boston Globe]]|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/11/13/alimony_agony/ | first=Adrian | last=Walker | date=13 November 2009}}</ref><ref name="ABC News">{{cite news| last = Gomstyn | first = Alice|title=Wife No. 2 Paying for Wife No. 1? Join the Club|url=https://www.abcnews.go.com/Business/2nd-wives-club-angry-tapped-alimony/story?id=9010118|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] | date = November 6, 2007}}</ref> Most recently, in several high-profile divorces, women such as [[Britney Spears]], [[Victoria Principal]], and [[Jessica Simpson]] have paid multimillion-dollar settlements in lieu of alimony to ex-husbands.<ref name=":0">{{cite news| last = Fisher | first = Luchina |title='Gal-imony': Celeb Women Who Pay in the Divorce|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/CelebrityCafe/story?id=7356641&page=1|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] | date = April 17, 2009}}</ref><ref name="abcnews.go.com">{{cite news| last = Gomstyn | first = Alice |title=Role Reversal: Ex-Wives Angry Over Paying Alimony|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/role-reversal-wives-angry-paying-alimony/story?id=8662940|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]| date =September 30, 2009}}</ref> According to divorce lawyers, aggressive pursuit of spousal support by men is becoming more common, as the stigma associated with asking for alimony fades.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="abcnews.go.com"/><br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
Procedure varies by country. Once [[dissolution (law)|dissolution]] proceedings commence, either party may seek interim or [[pendente lite]] support during the course of the [[litigation]]. Where a [[divorce]] or dissolution of marriage ([[civil union]]) is granted, either party may ask for post-marital alimony. It is not an absolute right, but may be granted, the amount and terms varying with the circumstances. If one party is already receiving support at the time of the divorce, the previous order is not automatically continued (although this can be requested), as the arguments for support during and after the marriage can be different.<ref name="justia-modify">{{cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Modification and Termination of Alimony Under the Law |url=https://www.justia.com/family/divorce/after-divorce/modification-and-termination-of-alimony/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |publisher=Justia}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unless the parties agree on the terms of their divorce in a binding written [[legal instrument|instrument]], the court will make a determination based on the legal argument and the [[testimony]] submitted by both parties. This can be modified at any future date based on a change of circumstances by either party on proper notice to the other party and application to the court. The courts are generally reluctant to modify an existing agreement unless the reasons are compelling. In some jurisdictions the court always has jurisdiction to grant maintenance should one of the former spouses become a public charge.<br />
<br />
==By country==<br />
===Canada===<br />
'''Types of spousal support'''<br />
<br />
In Canada, spousal support may be awarded upon divorce, under the federal ''[[Divorce Act (Canada)|Divorce Act]]'', or upon separation without divorce under provincial statutes. There are generally three different forms of spousal support awarded:<br />
<br />
# Compensatory support – This form of support compensates an individual for her or his contributions to the relationship as well as for any losses that individual has suffered;<br />
# Non-compensatory support – In some cases support may be awarded on a needs basis. This form of support may be awarded by a Court where an individual is sick or disabled; and<br />
# Contractual support ([[Prenuptial agreement|divorce agreement]]) – This form of support upholds a contract between the parties which governs support payments.<ref name="laws.justice.gc.ca">{{cite web | title = Divorce Act (1985, c. 3 s. 15.2 (2nd Supp.)) | url = http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/D-3.4/page-8.html#h-17 | date = 2019-04-08 }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Married spouses and common-law spouses'''<br />
<br />
Both married spouses and common-law spouses may be entitled to spousal support. An important distinction between the two is that common-law spouses must start an action claiming spousal support within one year of the breakdown of the relationship. A second important distinction is that only married couples may divorce under the federal ''[[Divorce Act (Canada)|Divorce Act]]''; common-law spouses may only separate under provincial legislation, such as Ontario's ''Family Law Act''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90f03_e.htm#BK34|title=Family Law Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3|work=Ontario.ca|date=24 July 2014 |access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref> or British Columbia's ''Family Relation's Act''.<ref>{{cite web | title = Family Relations Act | url = https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/consol20/consol20/00_96128_01 | publisher = Queen's Printer | location = Victoria, British Columbia, Canada | access-date = 28 August 2021 }}</ref> No such limitation arises for married individuals.<br />
In addition to being in a marriage or common-law relationship, courts will look at the conditions, means, needs and other circumstances of each spouse. This includes:<br />
<br />
# The length of time the spouses cohabited;<br />
# The functions performed by each spouse during the relationship; and<br />
# Any existing orders or agreements.<br />
<br />
This is by no means an exhaustive list of factors which the court will consider when determining entitlement. Each case is determined on its own unique set of circumstances.<br />
<br />
'''Factors for awarding spousal support'''<br />
<br />
The federal ''[[Divorce Act (Canada)|Divorce Act]]'' at s.15.2 (6) states that there are four objectives of spousal support orders:<br />
<br />
# Recognize any economic advantages or disadvantages to the spouses arising from the marriage or its breakdown;<br />
# Apportion between the spouses any financial consequences arising from the care of any child of the marriage over and above any obligation for the support of any child of the marriage;<br />
# Relieve any economic hardship of the spouses arising from the breakdown of the marriage; and<br />
# In so far as practicable, promote the economic self-sufficiency of each spouse within a reasonable period of time.<ref name="laws.justice.gc.ca"/><br />
<br />
'''Amount and duration'''<br />
<br />
The longer the length of cohabitation and the greater the disparity between each party's incomes, the larger an award of spousal support will be and the longer the duration will be.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spousal support |url=https://www.ontario.ca/page/spousal-support |website=Ministry of the Attorney General |publisher=Province of Ontario |access-date=28 August 2021 |date=12 August 2021}}</ref> Although there is no set formula to determine the exact amount and duration of spousal support, there are guidelines, referred to as the ''Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines'', which provides ranges for both. the Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines calculate ranges for support after taking into account the relevant factors. Although the courts are not required to abide by the ''Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines'', they are required to take them into account when deciding on the issue of spousal support.<ref name=SSAG>{{cite web |title=Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines July 2008 |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/spousal-epoux/spag/index.html |website=Department of Justice |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=28 August 2021 |date=4 August 2017}}</ref> The length of the relationship will be taken into account when determining how long spousal support should be paid for. Awards for spousal support can be for a limited term or indefinite.<ref name=SSAG /><br />
<br />
While declaring bankruptcy does not absolve Canadians of obligations to pay alimony or child support, a 2011 ruling by the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] established that under current laws "equalization payments agreed to as part of a divorce are considered debts, and are wiped off a person's balance sheet when they declare bankruptcy."<ref>{{cite news | last = The Canadian Press |title=Top court rules bankruptcy can break divorce deal | publisher = [[CBC News]] | date=July 14, 2011 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/top-court-says-divorce-payment-void-after-bankruptcy-1.1089525}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/7950/index.do |title=Schreyer v. Schreyer - SCC Cases |date=July 4, 2011 |publisher=Lexum |access-date=November 4, 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Czech Republic ===<br />
Laws of the Czech Republic provide for spousal maintenance both during marriage and after divorce. As main principle, both spouses have the right for generally equal standard of living during the marriage.<ref name="CZ">{{cite web|url=https://gawron.cz/attorneys-introduction-into-spousal-alimony-payments-after-divorce-in-the-czech-republic/|title=Attorney's introduction into spousal alimony payments after divorce in the Czech Republic|access-date=11 January 2020|website=gawron.cz|last=Gawron|first=Tomáš|date=28 August 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The same "generally equal standard of living" applies also to post-divorce period in special cases, when the payee wasn't mostly responsible for the failure of marriage or did not agree with the divorce and the payee suffered serious harm due to the divorce and hadn't committed an act of domestic violence against the payer. In such case the payee may request alimony in amount providing "generally equal standard of living" for a period adequate to circumstances, but no longer than three years.<ref name="CZ" /><br />
<br />
If those special conditions are not met, both of the divorced have mutual spousal maintenance obligation in case that one of them is not able to provide for themselves due to circumstances originating in marriage, if payment of alimony is reasonable under general circumstances that each of the divorced found themselves in.<ref name="CZ" /><br />
<br />
=== England ===<br />
English courts award spousal maintenance, either in a lump sum or in installments, when one party cannot support themselves without payments from the other party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guidance on "Financial Needs" on Divorce |url=https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/guidance-on-financial-needs-on-divorce-june-2016-2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005134434/https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/guidance-on-financial-needs-on-divorce-june-2016-2.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-05 |url-status=live |website=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary - Family Justice Council |publisher=Judicial Press Office |access-date=28 August 2021 |date=June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under traditional [[English Common Law|English common law]], a woman gave up her personal property rights on marriage (see [[Coverture]]). Upon separation from marriage, the husband retained the right to the wife's property, but, in exchange, had an ongoing responsibility to support the wife after dissolution of the marriage.<ref name="AAML" /><ref name="McCoy" /> English law was amended by legislation including the [[Married Women's Property Act 1870]] and [[Married Women's Property Act 1882]] which reformed women's property rights relating to marriage, by, for example, permitting divorced women to regain the property they owned before marriage.<ref name="McCoy" /><ref name="New Art of Alimony">{{cite news|last=Levitz|first=Jennifer|date=October 31, 2009|title=New Art of Alimony|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703399204574505700448957522}}</ref><ref name="Barbara von Hauzen, Esp">{{cite web|author=Barbara von Hauzen, Esp.|title=Should Permanent Alimony Be Eliminated?|url=http://www.massalimonyreform.org/PDFs/Should_Permanent_Alimony_Be_Eliminated.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727070621/http://www.massalimonyreform.org/PDFs/Should_Permanent_Alimony_Be_Eliminated.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|work=The Reformer|publisher=Massachusetts School of Law}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Goodnough|first=Abby|date=November 11, 2009|title=Retirees Still Liable for Alimony, Massachusetts, Mississippi and Tennessee Court Rules|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/us/10alimony.html?_r=1|access-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== India ===<br />
Alimony in [[India]] is governed by personal laws based on religion:<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Code: Home |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/ |access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Hindus''': the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.<br />
<br />
'''Muslims''': the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939, the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937, Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 and Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019.<br />
<br />
'''Christians''': the Divorce Act, 1869<br />
<br />
'''Parsis''': the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936<br />
<br />
'''Secular''': the Special Marriage Act, 1954<br />
<br />
=== Italy ===<br />
The duty of mutual assistance of the spouses turns into an obligation of maintenance following the personal separation. The spouse who is not responsible for the separation has, in fact, the right to receive from the other "what is necessary for its maintenance" (Article 156 of the Italian Civil Code).<br />
<br />
In case of dissolution of the marriage, art. 5, paragraph 6, of Law 898/1970 provides for the obligation for a spouse to periodically provide the other with a check "when the latter does not have adequate means or in any case cannot obtain them for objective reasons", the determination of which it is entrusted to certain specific parameters (conditions of the spouses, reasons for the decision, personal and economic contribution given by each to the family management and to the formation of the patrimony of each or the common one, income of both, duration of marriage).<ref>F. Salerno, ''[https://www.academia.edu/52461613/Il_diritto_giurisprudenziale_in_materia_di_assegno_di_mantenimento_nello_scioglimento_del_matrimonio_e_dellunione_civile Il diritto giurisprudenziale in materia di assegno di mantenimento nello scioglimento del matrimonio e dell’unione civile],'' in ''Rivista di Diritto Civile,'' 2021, pp. 187-203</ref><br />
<br />
=== Japan ===<br />
Under the [[Law of Japan|Japanese Civil Code]], spousal support is available while the parties are married, but terminates upon divorce. Japanese courts typically award a one-time payment of ''isha-ryo'', or consolation money, to the "wronged" spouse in the divorce, a type of compensation which does not exist in some other jurisdictions such as most U.S. states.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mutsuko |first1=Yoshioka |last2=Callon |first2=Janel Anderberg |title=Reform of Japanese Divorce Law: An Assessment |journal=U.S.-Japan Women's Journal, English Supplement |date=1996 |volume=11 |issue=11 |pages=47–60 |jstor=42772100 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42772100 |access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== United States ===<br />
{{main|Alimony in the United States}}<br />
In the U.S., [[State law (United States)|state law]] establishes [[Divorce in the United States#Alimony|requirements regarding alimony]] (and child support) payments, recovery and penalties. A spouse trying to recover back alimony sometimes may use only the collection procedures that are available to all other creditors, such as reporting the amount due to a [[collection agency]], or seek enforcement through [[contempt of court]] proceedings against an obligor who is able to pay but has failed to do so.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turner |first1=Court |title=Enforcement of Spousal Support Obligations in Marital Settlement Agreements |journal=Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues |date=2011 |volume=20 |page=319}}</ref> Alimony obligations are not dischargeable in [[bankruptcy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baumann |first1=Joshua |title=The Problem of Domestic Support Obligations for Debtors in Bankruptcy |journal=Ohio Law Review |date=2022 |volume=36 |page=12}}</ref><br />
<br />
The determination of alimony varies greatly from state to state within the U.S.<ref name="AAML" /> Some state statutes, including those of Texas, Montana, Kansas, Utah, Kentucky and Maine, give explicit guidelines to judges on the amount and/or duration of alimony. In Texas, Mississippi and Tennessee, for example, alimony is awarded only in cases of marriage or civil union of ten years or longer and the payments are limited to three years unless there are special, extenuating circumstances.<br />
<br />
In Texas, there is a legal presumption that alimony is not appropriate. Only after the requesting spouse can reasonably demonstrate that they have given the best effort in good faith to secure an independent income but failed is a petition for alimony taken into consideration.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Todd|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzmsAgAAQBAJ|title=Texas Divorce and Family Law Guide: What You Should Know Before You Call a Lawyer|date=2010-09-29|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-557-69368-9|language=en}}</ref> The amount of spousal support in that may be awarded is limited to the lesser of $5,000 per month or 20% of the payee's gross income.<ref name="Texas Statute">{{cite web|title=Texas Statute|url=https://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/FA/htm/FA.8.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some states, including California, Nevada and New York, have spousal support statutes that list factors that a judge should consider when determining alimony.<ref name="Texas Statute" /><ref name="Massachusetts Statute">{{cite web|title=Massachusetts Statute|url=http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/gl-208-toc.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=California Statute|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=fam&group=04001-05000&file=4320-4326|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809080717/http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=fam&group=04001-05000&file=4320-4326|archive-date=2009-08-09}}</ref><ref name="Oldham">{{cite journal|last=Oldham|first=J. Thomas|year=2008|title=Changes in the economic consequences of divorces, 1958-2008|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/famlq42&div=30|journal=Family Law Quarterly|publisher=University of Houston Law Center|volume=42|issue=3|pages=419–447|jstor=25740667|ssrn=1323911}}</ref> In these states, the determination of duration and amount of alimony is left to the discretion of the family court judges as limited by legal precedent. In 2012, [[Massachusetts]] enacted alimony reform that set limits on alimony and eliminated lifetime alimony.<ref>{{cite web |title=Massachusetts law about alimony |url=https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-law-about-alimony |website=Mass.gov |publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref> In 2013, [[Colorado]] signed into law alimony reform, creating a standardized non-presumptive guideline upon which courts can rely.<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Connor |first1=Colleen |title=New law changes alimony landscape for divorcing Colorado couples |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/10/18/new-law-changes-alimony-landscape-for-divorcing-colorado-couples/ |access-date=24 November 2023 |work=The Denver Post |date=18 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
In general, there are four types of alimony:<ref>[[American Bar Association|ABA]] (1996), "[http://www.abanet.org/publiced/practical/books/family/chapter_10.pdf Alimony/Maintenance]", in {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/americanbarassoc0000unse_d1j7|title=The American Bar Association guide to family law: the complete and easy guide to all the laws of marriage, parenthood, separation and divorce|publisher=Times Books/Random House|year=1996|isbn=9780812927917|editor-last=ABA|editor-link=American Bar Association|location=New York|url-access=registration}}</ref><br />
<br />
# '''Temporary alimony:''' Support ordered when the parties are separated prior to divorce. Also called ''alimony pendente lite'', which is Latin, meaning, "pending the suit".<br />
# '''Rehabilitative alimony:''' Support given to a lesser-earning spouse for a period of time necessary to acquire work outside the home and become self-sufficient.<br />
# '''Permanent alimony:''' Support paid to the lesser-earning spouse until the death of the payor, the death of the recipient, or the remarriage of the recipient.<br />
# '''Reimbursement alimony:''' Support given as a reimbursement for expenses incurred by a spouse during the marriage (such as educational expenses).<br />
<br />
====Prenuptial agreements====<br />
{{main|Prenuptial agreement#United States}}<br />
<br />
Prenuptial agreements are recognized in all fifty states and the District of Columbia, and every jurisdiction allows parties to agree to spousal support and alimony terms in a premarital or postnuptial agreement, if their marital agreement is prepared in accordance with state and federal law requirements. Divorce courts retain the discretion to refuse to enforce prenuptial agreement terms restricting a party's right to seek alimony if that party would have to seek public assistance as a result of the alimony waiver, or if the restriction on the right to seek alimony is unconscionable or unfair when the divorce occurs. Lack of financial disclosure prior to signing a prenuptial agreement or a post-nuptial agreement by the party against whom alimony is sought may also cause a court to invalidate a waiver of alimony provision. Prenuptial Agreements with valid alimony waivers or restrictions entered into in one state should be fully enforceable by the courts of another state in the event of a divorce, unless the terms of the prenuptial agreement violate the foreign jurisdiction's laws.<br />
<br />
California is the only state with a law that requires that the parties be represented by counsel if spousal support (alimony) is limited by the agreement.<ref>See subsection (c) of [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=FAM&division=4.&title=&part=5.&chapter=2.&article=2. California Family Code, Sec 612].</ref><br />
<br />
Instead of a complete waiver of the right to seek alimony, prenuptial agreements and post-nuptial agreements can also contain terms where the parties agree to a set amount of guaranteed alimony for the lower wage earner at the time of divorce, or a cap/limit on the amount of alimony either party can seek in the event of a divorce.<br />
<br />
==== Reform ====<br />
In the United States, family laws and precedents as they relate to divorce, community property and alimony vary based on state law. Also, with new family models, "working couples", "working wives", "[[stay-at-home dad]]s", etc., there are situations where some parties to a divorce question whether traditional economic allocations made in a divorce are fair and equitable to the facts of their individual case. Some groups have proposed various forms of legislation to reform alimony parameters (i.e. amounts and term).<ref name="McCoy" /><ref name="Alimony Agony" /><ref name="ABC News" /><ref name="The Huffington Post">{{cite news|last=Matlack|first=Tom|date=November 17, 2011|title=Divorce Reform in Massachusetts: David vs. Goliath|work=[[Huffington Post]]|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-matlack/divorce-reform-in-massach_b_357874.html}}</ref><ref name="New Art of Alimony" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Goodnough|first=Abby|date=November 10, 2009|title=Retirees Still Liable for Alimony, Massachusetts Court Rules|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/us/10alimony.html?_r=1|access-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref><ref name="On Point">{{cite news|last=Ashbrook|first=Tom|date=November 3, 2009|title=Til death do they pay?|work=On Point, [[NPR]]|url=http://www.onpointradio.org/2009/11/til-death-does-he-pay#comments}}</ref> Alimony terms are among the most frequent issues causing litigation in [[family law]] cases.<ref name="McCoy" /><ref name="The Honorable Robert E. Gaston" /> Eighty percent of divorce cases involve a request for modification of alimony.<ref name="Barbara von Hauzen, Esp" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Christopher R. Musulin, Esquire|title=Should New Jersey Adopt a Formula Approach for Spousal Support?: Article on Alimony for New Jersey State Bar Association Annual Meeting, May 2009|url=http://www.burlingtoncountydivorce.com/CM/Custom/Article%20on%20Alimony%20for%20NJ.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708104525/http://www.burlingtoncountydivorce.com/CM/Custom/Article%20on%20Alimony%20for%20NJ.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-08|publisher=The New Jersey Bar Association}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some states (e.g. Florida, Texas, Maine) are moving away from permanent alimony awards that are intended to maintain a spouse's standard of living enjoyed during the marriage and are moving towards durational or rehabilitative alimony.<ref name="theory">{{cite journal|last=Kornhauser|first=Marjorie E.|year=1996|title=Theory Versus Reality: The Partnership Model of Marriage in Family and Income Tax Law|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/temple69&div=50|journal=[[Temple Law Review]]|publisher=[[Temple University Beasley School of Law]]|volume=69|pages=1413|ssrn=1441473}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=von Hauzen, Esp.|first=Barbara|title=Should Permanent Alimony Be Eliminated?|url=http://www.massalimonyreform.org/PDFs/Should_Permanent_Alimony_Be_Eliminated.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727070621/http://www.massalimonyreform.org/PDFs/Should_Permanent_Alimony_Be_Eliminated.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|work=The Reformer|publisher=Massachusetts School of Law}}</ref> In other states, like Mississippi and Tennessee, alimony is usually awarded for life.<ref name="Alimony Agony" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Martin|first=Frank|date=August 2002|title=From Prohibition to Approval: The Limitations of the 'No Clean Break' Divorce Regime in the Republic of Ireland|journal=International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family|publisher=[[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]]|volume=16|issue=2|pages=223&ndash;259|doi=10.1093/lawfam/16.2.223}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Grossman|first=Joanna|date=May 19, 2005|title=Can an adulterer receive alimony?|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/LAW/05/05/grossman.adultery.alimony/index.html|access-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the critical issues that proponents and opponents of alimony reform disagree upon are:<br />
* Whether alimony should be temporary or permanent<ref name="New Art of Alimony" /><br />
* Regardless of duration, should alimony payers have the unquestionable right to retire?<ref>{{cite news|last=Goodnough|first=Abby|date=November 10, 2009|title=Retirees Still Liable for Alimony, Mississippi, Massachusetts and Tennessee Court Rules|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/us/10alimony.html?_r=1|access-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref><br />
* Does the lesser earning spouse deserve alimony to meet his or her basic needs (sustenance) or enough to sustain "the lifestyle accustomed to during the civil union or marriage"?<ref name="New Art of Alimony" /><br />
* Should the income and assets of a new spouse be used in determining how much alimony gets paid?<ref name="Alimony Agony" /><br />
* How clear and prescriptive should state statutes be versus allowing a larger degree of Judicial Discretion?<ref name="Alimony Agony" /><ref>[https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/crt/legacy/2010/12/28/thunderhorsebr_sct.pdf]{{cite web |title=Pierce v. Pierce Brief for the Amicus Curiae |url=http://www.womensbar.org/images/amicus_piercevpierce.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103104255/http://www.womensbar.org/images/amicus_piercevpierce.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2021 |publisher=The Women's Bar Association of Massachusetts}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=van der Pool|first=Lisa|date=October 5, 2009|title=Dueling alimony bills raise hackles in legal circles|work=[[Boston Business Journal]]|url=http://boston.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2009/10/05/story7.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alimony For Life – Push To Change Mass. Laws|url=http://wbztv.com/local/alimony.for.life.2.1304753.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091114085818/http://wbztv.com/local/alimony.for.life.2.1304753.html|archive-date=2009-11-14|publisher=WBZ News Channel 38}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2012, bills were introduced in the New Jersey Assembly and Senate. The Assembly passed a bill calling for a Blue Ribbon Commission to address Alimony Reform.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rooney|first=Matt|date=June 25, 2012|title=Legislation would establish Blue Ribbon Commission to review New Jersey's alimony laws and suggest changes (blog)|url=http://southjerseylawfirm.com/blog/update-alimony-reform-bill-passes-new-jersey-assembly/|access-date=March 28, 2014|website=southjerseylawfirm.com|publisher=DeMichele & DeMichele Attorneys at Law}}</ref> The Senate has a similar bill pending that has not yet been posted in the Judiciary Committee.<ref>{{cite web|last=Joelle Farrell|first=Inquirer Trenton Bureau|date=August 19, 2012|title=New Jersey struggles with the knotty issue of alimony reform|url=http://articles.philly.com/2012-08-19/news/33273321_1_alimony-law-judges-odd-jobs|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411150957/http://articles.philly.com/2012-08-19/news/33273321_1_alimony-law-judges-odd-jobs|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 11, 2013|access-date=28 March 2014|work=Philadelphia Daily News|publisher=Interstate General Media, LLC}}</ref> The NJ Matrimonial Bar Association has been vehemently fighting against Alimony Reform, led by Patrick Judge Jr. chairman of the Family Law section of the New Jersey State Bar Association.<ref>{{cite web|last=Patrick|first=Judge Jr|date=October 14, 2012|title=On divorce and alimony, NJ on wrong path for women|url=https://blog.nj.com/njv_guest_blog/2012/10/on_divorce_and_alimony_nj_on_w.html|access-date=March 28, 2014|work=The Star-Ledger|publisher=New Jersey On-Line LLC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Patrick|first=Judge Jr.|date=June 2012|title=Strength in Numbers|url=https://www.highroadsolution.com/file_uploader/images/NJFamilyLawyerV33N1June2012.pdf|access-date=28 March 2014|work=highroadsolution.com|pages=27–70}}</ref> Attorney Judge stated that the New Jersey State Bar Association ("NJSBA") objected to the inclusion of individuals with a vested interest in reforming alimony on the Blue Ribbon Commission and that the NJSBA supported the "establishment of a commission [to study alimony reform] but only as long as the commission is constituted so that a fair and unbiased review of the current alimony laws takes place…[and] should not be predisposed to an outcome…."<ref>{{cite web|last=Patrick|first=Judge|title=Chair's Column Effectuating Change in the Legislature|url=https://www.highroadsolution.com/file_uploader/images/FamilyLawyerV33N2Oct2012.pdf|access-date=28 March 2014|pages=1–2}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023 Florida passed an alimony reform bill (SB 1416) which eliminated permanent alimony and established a process for allowing alimony payers to request modifications when they want to retire. The bill allowed judges to reduce or terminate alimony obligations based on a number of factors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Florida Gov. DeSantis signs bill ending permanent alimony - CBS Miami |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/florida-gov-desantis-signs-bill-ending-permanent-alimony/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The passage came after decades of contentious debate garnering three vetoes of similar bills.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florida |first=Dara Kam, News Service of |title='This is a death sentence for me': Florida Republican women say they will switch parties after DeSantis approves alimony law |url=https://www.orlandoweekly.com/news/this-is-a-death-sentence-for-me-florida-republican-women-say-they-will-switch-parties-after-desantis-approves-alimony-law-34563230 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=Orlando Weekly |language=en}}</ref> Some groups that were previously major opponents of the reform approved of the 2023 policy, such as Florida Family Fairness and [[The Florida Bar]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
California, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Oklahoma, New York, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, and West Virginia have all passed laws that allow for the modification or termination of alimony upon demonstration that the recipient is cohabitating with another person.<ref name="Florida State Senate">{{cite web|title=Florida State Senate: Interim Project Report 2005-146|url=http://www.flsenate.gov/data/Publications/2005/Senate/reports/interim_reports/pdf/2005-146ju.pdf|publisher=State of Florida Senate}}</ref> In April 2009, the Governor of New Jersey, [[Jon Corzine]], signed into law changes in the alimony statutes for his state which would bar alimony payments to parents who kill, abuse, or abandon their children.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hester|first=Tom|date=April 16, 2009|title=Eliminating alimony, inheritance rights for murderers, abusers|work=The New Jersey News Room|url=http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/state/eliminating-alimony-inheritance-rights-ofr-murderes-abusers|url-status=dead|access-date=December 19, 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905210027/http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/state/eliminating-alimony-inheritance-rights-ofr-murderes-abusers|archive-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Law}}<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* [[Filial responsibility laws]], similar to alimony but the money is paid by children to impoverished parents<br />
* [[Men's rights]]<br />
* [[Palimony]]<br />
* [[Women's rights]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wiktionary|alimony}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Divorce]]<br />
[[Category:Family law]]<br />
[[Category:Law of obligations]]<br />
[[Category:Child support]]<br />
[[Category:Resource extraction]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaduthu_Paaduthu&diff=483951Aaduthu Paaduthu2026-03-03T21:58:03Z<p>Zoyeford: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2002 Indian film by Devi Prasad}}<br />
{{No plot|date=May 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aaduthu Paaduthu<br />
| image = Aaduthu Paaduthu.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = Devi Prasad<br />
| writer = Devi Prasad<br />[[Chintapalli Ramana]] (dialogues)<br />
| producer = CV Reddy<br />
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|[[Gayatri Jayaraman|Gayatri]]}}<br />
| cinematography = Shankar<br />
| editing = [[Kola Bhaskar]]<br />
| music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br />
| studio = C. V. Arts<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2002|04|4}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aaduthu Paaduthu''''' ({{translation|While playing and singing}}) is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Devi Prasad. The film stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] and [[Gayatri Jayaraman|Gayatri]]. The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sunil |first1=Sreya |last2=Jeevi |title=Research - Telugu cinema in the first half of 2002 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/tollywood2002firsthalf.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |quote=Srikanth starrers O Chinnadana and Aaduthu Paaduthu brought smiles on the faces of their distributors mainly due to the presence of good comedy in both the films.}}</ref> It is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Ee Parakkum Thalika]]'' (2001).<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Colbegin}}<br />
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Gopi<br />
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Papi<br />
*[[Gayatri Jayaraman|Gayatri]] as Gayatri / Vasanthi<br />
*[[Brahmanandam]] as a cop<br />
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as the sub-inspector<br />
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Bank manager<br />
*[[M. S. Narayana]] as the cook<br />
*[[Gautham Raju]]<br />
* Aditya<br />
* Naveen<br />
* Sathibabu <br />
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]<br />
{{Colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production ==<br />
Srikanth plays an unemployed youth. Gayatri makes her debuts in Telugu with this film. The film was almost entirely shot in a bus.<ref name="i">{{Cite web |title=Movie Preview - Aaduthu Paaduthu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/coming/aaduthu.html |work=Idlebrain |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705185242/http://idlebrain.com/movie/coming/aaduthu.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack ==<br />
Music by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mio.to/album/Aaduthu+Paaduthu+%282002%29 |title=Aaduthu Paaduthu (2002) - Chakri |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602085727/https://mio.to/album/Aaduthu+Paaduthu+(2002) |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*"Aaduthu Paaduthu" - Ravi Varma, R B Jeeva<br />
*"Chamakku Chamakku" - Kausalya<br />
*"Navvave Chilakamma" - Pramod Babloo, Santhoshini, Vishwa<br />
*"Neeli Neeli" - [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Kousalya<br />
*"Rukumani" – [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Moorthy<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a negative review and opined that "IT HAS been proved time and again that a full-length comedy sans sensible storyline leads nowhere, as is the case with Aaduthoo.. Paaduthoo...".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/weak-storyline/article28369759.ece|title=Weak storyline|date=April 7, 2002|work=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127003925/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/weak-storyline/article28369759.ece|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' said that " Comedy alone cannot save a film when there is no grip on the screenplay. Film is little boring, at times".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aaduthu.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Aaduthu Paaduthu - Srikanth, Sunil and Gayatri - Devi Prasad - Chakri|website=Idlebrain|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034234/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aaduthu.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The film is a full-length comedy and Srikanth and Sunil are average. Newcomer Gayatri Jeyaram has done a good job and she is very confident in the role of Vasanthi. The music of Chakri is average."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/aaduthu-paaduthu-review-telugu-pcluqvijdcdgd.html|title=Aaduthu Paaduthu|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127034221/https://www.sify.com/movies/aaduthu-paaduthu-review-telugu-pcluqvijdcdgd.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Arpan Panicker of ''Full Hyderabad'' opined that "But carried away by the enthu, he [Devi Prasad] loses track of what he was trying to do in the first place, and the result makes the viewer introspect for traces of masochism".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aaduthu-paaduthu/telugu/aaduthu-paaduthu-movie-reviews-687-2.html|title=Aaduthu Paaduthu review: Aaduthu Paaduthu (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com|last=Panicker|first=Arpan|work=Full Hyderabad|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127035619/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/aaduthu-paaduthu/telugu/aaduthu-paaduthu-movie-reviews-687-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Box office ==<br />
The film had an average box office run and was Srikanth's second consecutive box office hit after ''[[O Chinadana]]'' (2002).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/amid-the-glitz-and-glamour/article28370145.ece|title=Amid the glitz and glamour|date=16 April 2002|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505092918/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/amid-the-glitz-and-glamour/article28370145.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/2002yearendnotes.html|title=Telugu Cinema roundup in 2002 - Jeevi notes for the year 2002|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=5 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505085543/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/2002yearendnotes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/hitsof2002.html|title=Telugu Cinema roundup in 2002 - Telugu cinema Hits of 2002|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210516/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/2002special/hitsof2002.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tappuchesi.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Tappuchesi Pappukoodu - Mohan Babu, Srikanth, Gracy Singh - Keeravani - A Kodandarami Reddy|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=5 May 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131063645/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tappuchesi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prema_Nagar&diff=526686Prema Nagar2026-03-03T20:25:38Z<p>Zoyeford: started - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Prema Nagar<br />
| image = Prema Nagar.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| writer = [[Acharya Aatreya]]<br />
| story = Koduri Kausalya Devi<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]<br />
| director = [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]<br />
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<br />[[Vanisree]]<br />
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| cinematography = S. Venkataratnam<br />
| editing = K. A. Marthand<br />
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]<br />
| distributor = Navayuga Films<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''Prema Nagar'' (novel)|Koduri Kausalya Devi}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|9|24}}<br />
| runtime = 170 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Prema Nagar''''' ({{Translation|Abode of Love}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] directed by [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] and produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] banner. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Vanisri]] with music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. The film is based on a novel of the same name by Koduri Kausalya Devi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chakravarthy |first=Venkatesh |date=March 20, 2015 |title=Dream merchant |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/dream-merchant/article6951600.ece |access-date=2020-07-19 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
''Prema Nagar'' was a [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|blockbuster]], grossing ₹1.45 crores at the box office. D. Ramanaidu whose earlier films had failed and was in financial troubles had a dramatic turnaround in his career with the stupendous success of ''Prema Nagar''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-19 |title=Ramanaidu's epic journey |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-02-19/Ramanaidus-epic-journey/132375 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film had a theatrical run of over 750 days.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Reddy|first=Suhasini|date=2019-09-20|title=ANR- Remembering the Titan of Tollywood on his 95th birthday|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/anr-remembering-the-titan-of-tollywood-on-his-95th-birthday-565706|access-date=2021-04-30|website=[[The Hans India]]|language=en}}</ref> It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Vasantha Maligai]]'' (1972) and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]'' (1974) by K. S. Prakash Rao himself.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-11-23|title=Prem Nagar: Rajesh Khanna-starrer may not have recall value of Anand, but is worth revisiting|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/prem-nagar-rajesh-khanna-starrer-may-not-have-recall-value-of-anand-but-is-worth-revisiting-4224025.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film revolves around a Zamindari tycoon clan. Kalyan, the second heir is an alcoholic playboy and spends his life frolicking. Once on board a flight, he is acquainted with an air hostess, Latha, and she senses his lifestyle. Latha is the only breadwinner of an extended family. Since the occasion warrants, she must resign and walk to Kalyan for the post of secretarial assistant. He stipulates to act according to his temperament, which she agrees with until it affects her self-esteem. The next day, they proceed to their estate palace, where Kalyan introduces Latha to his vainglorious mother Ranigaru, vicious brother Kesava Varma and termagant sister-in-law Indrani. Following this, Kesava Varma splits the property, pretending to do so for Kalyan's welfare. Hence, he entrusts his totality in Latha's direction, which she leads perfectly. Though Latha misinterprets Kalyan's eccentricity, she gradually comprehends his divine integrity. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Rani perturbs Kalyan's disrepute as debauchery when Latha assures him to reform him. Ergo, she forcibly seeks to hinder his alcoholism and gets badly hurt in that scuffle. Kalyan collapses, spotting her blood, and shares his tragic pain. From birth, his mother entirely disregards him, who is doted on by a lady of adoration, Aaya. Green-eyed Rani slaughtered her because Kalyan idolized her. The incident made a profound impact on him, and he molded into an inebriate for letting off grief. Currently, Kalyan swears on Latha to relinquish vices forever and become a man of the mark. Now, Kalyan surprises Latha by bestowing a palace, ''Prem Nagar,'' to Latha as an eternal of his heavenly love. <br />
<br />
Consequently, Rani & Keshava Varma conspire to detach the two, so they incriminate Latha in a theft, which makes Kalyan too suspicious, and Latha quits. Later, Kalyan breaks out of the plot and exits, ostracizing his family. Forthwith, he rushed for Latha and apologized, which she rejected as her self-reverence was offended. Thus, Kalyan loses his composure, leading to health deterioration. Here, the doctors advise him to get a drink, which he cannot do as per his oath. Knowing it, Latha arrives and appeals to do so. Then, he asks her to state that she does not love him. So, Latha accepts the alliance fixed by her elders. Knowing it, Kalyan visits the wedding and covertly meets & blesses Latha. Discerning it, the bridal party calls off the nuptial, denouncing Latha. Suddenly, Rani enters the room, pleads pardon, and declares Latha as her daughter-in-law, who moves to Kalyan. Till then, lovesick Kalyan lands at ''Prem Nagar'' and consumes poison. At last, after hospitalization, Kalyan survives. Finally, the movie ends happily with the union of the turtle doves.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Kalyan<br />
*[[Vanisri]] as Lata<br />
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Kalyan's father<br />
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Latha's father<br />
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Kesava Varma<br />
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Dasu<br />
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Doctor <br />
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as Diwanji<br />
*[[Ramana Reddy]]<br />
*K. V. Chalam as Cook<br />
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as School Teacher<br />
*[[Sakshi Ranga Rao]] as Priest<br />
*Kakarala as Latha's brother <br />
*[[Santha Kumari]] as Kalyan's mother<br />
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Latha's mother <br />
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] <br />
*[[S. Varalakshmi]] as Indrani <br />
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Hamsa<br />
*[[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as [[item number]] <br />
*[[Tammareddy Chalapathi Rao|Chalapathi Rao]] as doctor<br />
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Ayya <br />
*Pushpa Kumari as Gowri<br />
*Meena Kumari as Kamala <br />
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Master Venkatesh]] as Young Kesava Varma<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film is based on the novel of the same name written by Koduri Kausalya Devi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=B. V. S.|date=2020-10-27|title=Novel ideas for dream merchants|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/271020/novel-ideas-for-dream-merchants.html|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] scripted the film with dialogue given by [[Acharya Aatreya]]. K. A. Marthand performed the editing while S. Venkataratnam handled the cinematography. S. Krishna Rao is the Art Director.<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Prema Nagar<br />
| type = film<br />
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 1971<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = Soundtrack<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=43|s=55}}<br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<br />
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Dussehra Bullodu|Dasara Bullodu]]<br />
| prev_year = 1971<br />
| next_title = [[Sampoorna Ramayanamu|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]<br />
| next_year = 1971<br />
}}<br />
Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Lyrics were written by [[Acharya Aatreya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prem Nagar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by K. V. Mahadevan |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/prem-nagar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1497104745 |access-date=2021-04-30 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> The song "Le Le Naa Raja" was remixed in the film ''[[Xtra (film)|Xtra]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-xtra.html|title=Movie review - Xtra (Mythili Malli Rammandi)|date=25 June 2004|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Jeevi}}</ref>{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Songs<br />
| extra_column = Playback<br />
| title1 = Neekosam Velasindi<br />
| length1 = 4:44<br />
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| title2 = Le Le Le Naa Raja<br />
| length2 = 4:23<br />
| extra2 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
| title3 = Nenu Puttanu<br />
| length3 = 4:30<br />
| extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
| title4 = Theta Theta Telugula<br />
| length4 = 3:32<br />
| extra4 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
| title5 = Vunte Ee Voollo Undu<br />
| length5 = 3:55<br />
| extra5 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| title6 = Kalavani<br />
| length6 = 4:47<br />
| extra6 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| title7 = Kadaveththu Kochchindhi<br />
| length7 = 4:32<br />
| extra7 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| title8 = Manasu Gaathi Inthey<br />
| length8 = 4:07<br />
| extra8 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
| title9 = Yevaro Raavaali<br />
| length9 = 4:21<br />
| extra9 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| title10 = Anthamuleni<br />
| length10 = 1:26<br />
| extra10 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
| title11 = Evarikosam<br />
| length11 = 3:32<br />
| extra11 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
| total_length = 43:55<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0067607|title=Prema Nagar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1971 films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Prakash Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumathi_Rao&diff=538169Sumathi Rao2026-02-24T17:59:06Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding Biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian theoretical physicist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Sumathi Rao<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|12|5|df=yes}}<br />
| fields = [[Condensed Matter Physics]] [[Quantum Field Theory]]<br />
| workplaces = {{ublist|[[Fermilab]]|[[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]|[[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]]|[[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal]]}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ublist|[[IIT Bombay]]|[[Stony Brook University]]|[[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]}}<br />
| website = http://www.hri.res.in/~sumathi/<br />
| spouse = [[Ashoke Sen]]<br />
| awards = {{ublist|Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences]]|Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]}}<br />
| image = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sumathi Rao''' (born 5 December 1956) is an Indian [[Theoretical physicists|theoretical physicist]] and professor at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Bengaluru, working in the field of [[condensed matter physics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICTS Faculty profile|url=https://www.icts.res.in/people/sumathi-r|access-date=2023-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellowship {{!}} Indian Academy of Sciences|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Rao,_Prof._Sumathi|website=www.ias.ac.in|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> She is a former member of women in physics promotion of [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] (IUPAP) from 2000 to 2008.<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
<br />
Rao earned her [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in physics from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] in 1977 and [[Master of Science]] degree in physics from [[Indian Institute of Technology Mumbai]] with distinction in 1979. She worked on ''[[Neutrino oscillation|Neutrino Oscillations]]'' during her Masters. She received her doctoral degree entitled ''B-L violation in grand unified theories'' from [[Stony Brook University]], US under the supervision of Robert Shrock in 1983.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Physics Faculty|url=http://www.hri.res.in/people/Physics/fac/|website=www.hri.res.in|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=S. S.|date=1983|title=(B-L)-violation in grand unified theories|url=http://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:16027895|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anveshanā • July 2025 • Interview with Sumathi Rao |url=https://anveshanamagazine.github.io/sumathi-rao.html |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=anveshanamagazine.github.io}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Research career ==<br />
Rao completed her PhD in [[high energy physics]] in the sub-field of [[Grand Unified Theory|grand unified theories]]. After holding postdoctoral positions at [[Fermilab]] and at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], she joined the [[Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar]] in 1987.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Indian Academy of Sciences talk page of Sumathi Rao|url=https://mym2017.ias.ac.in/Speakers/Sumathi_Rao}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Research Associates (Postdocs) {{!}} Theoretical Physics Department|url=https://theory.fnal.gov/alumni/alumni-postdocs/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> She made the crucial decision to shift her field of research to theoretical [[condensed matter physics]] from [[high energy physics]] upon finding that her achievements were being belittled, and her work and papers attributed to her husband [[Ashoke Sen]] who was working in the same field.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-08-08|title=India's million-dollar scientist|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-19160625|access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> Much of her training in high energy physics and contacts abroad would no longer be useful and she would have to start all over again.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overcoming fear and forging ahead|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Initiatives/Women_in_Science/Contributors/sumathirao.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rao is currently a [[condensed matter system]]s Professor at the [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]] (HRI) and has been there since 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sumathi Rao {{!}} Perimeter Institute|url=https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/people/sumathi-rao|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.perimeterinstitute.ca}}</ref> She has been working in the area of electronic transport in [[quantum wire]]s, [[quantum dot]]s and in the field of correlated [[mesoscopic physics]] in low dimensions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sumathi Rao|url=http://www.hri.res.in/~anlweb/academic_reports_physics/p_rao_sumathi/p_rao_sumathi.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.hri.res.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INSPIRE|url=https://inspirehep.net/authors/992285|access-date=2020-06-03|website=inspirehep.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
She also worked as an associate scientist at International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), a centre of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] and at the [[International Centre for Theoretical Physics|Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics]] (ICTP), Trieste.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICTS Associates|url=https://www.icts.res.in/people/sumathi-rao}}</ref> In the year 2020 she has joined [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal]] (IISER Bhopal), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India as a Visiting / Adjunct Professor in the department of Physics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phy.iiserb.ac.in/faculty.php#|title=Department of Physics|publisher=Indian Institute of Science, Education & Research- Bhopal (IISER-Bhopal)}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Women in science promotion ==<br />
Rao has always been vocal about the detrimental biases faced by women academic scholars. Rao's scientific contributions were undervalued with innuendos that her husband, also a famous scientist in the same field, wrote her papers for her.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Women in Science|url=https://indscicomm.blog/2017/05/19/women-in-science/|last=IndSciComm|date=2017-05-19|website=IndSciComm|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rao|first=Sumathi|date=1999|title=Women scientists: A contradiction in terms?|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24101320|journal=Current Science|volume=76|issue=1|pages=24–26|jstor=24101320 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> She has involved in the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]] (IUPAP) working group ''women in physics'' which has been working to increase the representation of women in physics, particularly at higher and decisionmaking levels of from its inception in 2000 until 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IUPAP Working Group on Women in Physics|url=http://wgwip.df.uba.ar/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=wgwip.df.uba.ar}}</ref><br />
<br />
She wrote articles focusing on the topic of getting girls interested in a career in science or engineering and interested in reaching the top of their profession, the hurdles they will have to face, and the ways to improve their chances of making it to the top of respective fields.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Godbole|first=Rohini M.|date=2005|title=Women in Physics in India, 2005|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|language=en|location=Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)|publisher=AIP|volume=795|pages=129–130|doi=10.1063/1.2128297|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rao|first1=Sumathi|last2=Adams|first2=Jenni|last3=Andam|first3=Aba|last4=Frederiksen|first4=Ashild|last5=Gupte|first5=Neelima|last6=Gyanchandani|first6=Jyoti|last7=Hooijer|first7=Christa|last8=O’Brien|first8=John|last9=Saeta|first9=Peter|date=2002-08-20|title=Topic 1: Attracting Girls Into Physics|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1505270|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|volume=628|issue=1|pages=9–12|doi=10.1063/1.1505270|issn=0094-243X|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Fellowships and awards ==<br />
Rao has been awarded as Fellow of [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 2001 and Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] in 2017 for her contributions in the theoretical condensed matter physics.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellowship {{!}} Indian Academy of Sciences|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Rao,_Prof._Sumathi|website=www.ias.ac.in|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Vidwan {{!}} Profile Page|url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/42926#honours_information_panel|website=vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=2020-05-28}}</ref> She was named a [[Fellow of the American Physical Society]] in 2022 "for contributions to transport in low-dimensional interacting systems, especially junctions of more than two wires, edge/surface physics of topological systems, and for contributions to overcoming the under-representation of women in physics".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=2022|title=Fellows nominated in 2022|work=APS Fellows archive|publisher=American Physical Society|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:16027895 B-L violation in grand unified theories] - Rao's PhD Thesis <br />
* [http://wgwip.df.uba.ar/ Women in physics] - Working group of IUPAP<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Sumathi}}<br />
[[Category:Indian physicists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women physicists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women academics]]<br />
[[Category:Stony Brook University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Condensed matter physicists]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]<br />
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century women physicists]]<br />
[[Category:People associated with the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiranti_languages&diff=447854Kiranti languages2026-02-22T20:20:11Z<p>Zoyeford: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language family}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language family<br />
| name = Kiranti<br />
| mapcaption = Ethnic groups within Nepal<br />
| map= Nepal_ethnic_groups.png<br />
| region = [[Eastern Nepal]] and [[India]] ([[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]] & [[Bhutan]]<br />
| ethnicity = [[Kirati people|Kirati]], [[Yakkha people|Yakkha]], [[Limbu people|Limbu]], [[Rai people|Rai]] and [[Sunuwar people|Sunuwar]]<br />
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan<br />
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] (?)<br />
| child2 = Eastern<br />
| child3 = Central<br />
| child4 = Western<br />
| glotto = kira1253<br />
| glottorefname = Kiranti<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Kiranti languages''' are a major family of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] spoken in [[Nepal]] and [[India]] (notably [[Sikkim]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Kalimpong]], and [[Bhutan]]) by the [[Kirati people]].<br />
<br />
== External relationships ==<br />
[[George van Driem]] had formerly proposed that the Kiranti languages were part of a [[Mahakiranti languages|Mahakiranti]] family, although specialists are not completely certain of either the existence of a Kiranti subgroup or its precise membership.<ref>Matisoff 2003, pp. 5–6; Thurgood 2003, pp. 15–16; Ebert 2003, pg. 505.</ref> LaPolla (2003), though, proposes that Kiranti may be part of a larger "[[Rung languages|Rung]]" group.<br />
<br />
== Classification ==<br />
There are about two dozen Kiranti languages. Among the better known are [[Limbu language|Limbu]], [[Sunuwar language|Sunuwar]], [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]], [[Chamling language|Chamling]],<br />
[[Sampang language|Sampang]],<br />
[[Khaling language|Khaling]], [[Bahing language|Bahing]], [[Yakkha language|Yakkha]], [[Wayu language|Wayu]], [[Dungmali language|Dungmali]], [[Lohorung language|Lohorung]], and [[Kulung language (Nepal)|Kulung]].<br />
<br />
Kiranti verbs are not easily segmentable, due in large part to the presence of [[portmanteau]] [[morpheme]]s, crowded [[affix]] strings, and extensive (and often nonintuitive) [[allomorph]]y. Thus, their relationship to each other has been a subject of debate.<br />
<br />
Overall, Kiranti languages are classified:<br />
<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
* '''Eastern Kiranti'''<br />
** [[Limbu language]] <br />
**** [[Yakkha language]]<br />
**** [[Belhare language]]<br />
**** [[Athpare language]]<br />
**** [[Chintang language]]<br />
***** [[Yamphu language]]<br />
***** [[Lohorung language]]<br />
**** [[Mewahang language]]<br />
** '''Central Kiranti'''<br />
*** Khambu (Rai)<br />
**** [[Kulung language (Nepal)|Kulung language]]<br />
**** [[Nachhiring language]] <br />
**** [[Sampang language]]<br />
**** [[Saam language]]<br />
**** [[Bantawa language]]<br />
**** [[Puma language]]<br />
**** [[Chamling language]]<br />
**** [[Dungmali language]]<br />
*** [[Thulung language]] (perhaps a primary branch of Kiranti Rai)<br />
*** Chaurasiya<br />
**** [[Wambule language]]<br />
*** Upper Dudhkosi River: <br />
**** [[Khaling language]]<br />
**** [[Dumi language]]<br />
**** [[Koi language]]<br />
**** [[Bahing language]]<br />
*** '''Western Kiranti'''<br />
**** [[Sunuwar language]]<br />
**** [[Hayu language]]<br />
**** [[Jerung language]]<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
<br />
''Ethnologue'' adds [[Tilung language]] to Western Kiranti, based on Opgenort (2011).<br />
<br />
=== Opgenort (2005) ===<br />
Opgenort (2005)<ref>Opgenort, Jean Robert. [http://www.opgenort.nl/kiranti_database_project Comparative and Etymological Kiranti Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224040404/http://www.opgenort.nl/kiranti_database_project |date=2019-02-24 }}.</ref> classifies the Kiranti languages as follows, and recognizes a basic east-west division within Kiranti.<br />
<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
* '''Kiranti'''<br />
** ''Western''<br />
*** [[Wayu language|Hayu]]<br />
*** {{tree list/branching}}<br />
**** [[Thulung language|Thulung]]<br />
**** {{tree list/branching}}<br />
***** [[Bahing language|Bahing]], [[Sunuwar language|Sunuwar]]<br />
***** [[Jerung language|Jero]], [[Wambule language|Wambule]]<br />
** ''Central''<br />
*** [[Khaling language|Khaling]], [[Dumi language|Dumi]]<br />
**** {{tree list/branching}}<br />
***** [[Kulung language (Nepal)|Kulung]]<br />
***** [[Chamling language|Chamling]], [[Bantawa language|Bantawa]]<br />
** ''Eastern''<br />
**** [[Yamphu language|Yamphu]], [[Limbu language|Limbu]]<br />
<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
<br />
=== Gerber & Grollmann (2018) ===<br />
[[Historical linguist]]s, as early as 2012, do not consider Kiranti to be a coherent group, but rather a [[paraphyletic]] one due to lack of [[shared innovation]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Agreement Morphology: The Case of Rgyalrongic and Kiranti |first=Guillaume |last=Jacques |date=2012|journal=Language and Linguistics|url=https://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/item/en?act=journal&code=download&article_id=380|page=84}}</ref> Gerber & Grollmann (2018) presented additional evidence supporting the paraphyletic nature of Kiranti. A Central-Eastern Kiranti group is considered to be valid by Gerber & Grollmann (2018), but they consider "Western Kiranti" unclassified within [[Trans-Himalayan languages]].<ref name="GG2018">{{cite journal |last1=Gerber |first1=Pascal |last2=Grollmann |first2=Selin |title=What is Kiranti?: A Critical Account |journal=Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics |date=20 November 2018 |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |pages=99–152 |doi=10.1163/2405478X-01101010 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{tree list}}<br />
* Central-Eastern Kiranti<br />
** [[Lhokpu language|Lhokpu]], [[Dhimal language|Dhimal]], [[Toto language|Toto]]<br />
** Central Kiranti<br />
** Upper Arun<br />
** Greater Yakkha-[[Limbu language|Limbu]]<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
<br />
Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan):<br />
* [[Dumi language|Dumi]]-[[Khaling language|Khaling]]<br />
* Chaurasiya-Northwest: [[Wambule language|Wambule]], [[Bahing language|Bahing]], [[Sunuwar language|Sunuwar]]; ? [[Jerung language|Jero]]; ? [[Wayu language|Hayu]]<br />
* [[Thulung language|Thulung]]-[[Tilung language|Tilung]]-[[Koi language|Kohi]]<br />
<br />
Grollmann (2023) identifies a ''Khambu'' subgroup that consists of three languages, [[Kulung language (Nepal)|Kulung]], [[Nachiring language|Nachiring]], and [[Sampang language|Sampang]]. [[Camling language|Camling]] may also be a Khambu language.<ref name="Grollmann 2023">Grollmann, Selin. 2023. ''Remarks on the Khambu subgroup of Kiranti''. 26th Himalayan Languages Symposium, 4–6 September 2023. Paris: INALCO.</ref><br />
<br />
==== Sound changes ====<br />
[[Sound change]]s defining each subgroup (Gerber & Grollmann 2018):<ref name="GG2018"/><br />
* Central-Eastern Kiranti (*voiceless > preglottalised; *voiced > voiceless; *ʔk > kʰ; *ʔc > cʰ)<br />
** Lhokpu, Dhimal, Toto<br />
** Central Kiranti (*ʔp > b; *ʔt > d)<br />
** Upper Arun (*ʔp > b; *ʔt > d; *r > j)<br />
** Greater Yakkha-Limbu (*ʔp > pʰ; *ʔt > tʰ; *r > j)<br />
<br />
Independent branches (formerly part of "Western Kiranti") that are unclassified within Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan):<br />
* Dumi-Khaling (innovative verbal dual marker -i)<br />
* Chaurasiya-Northwest (*kʷ > ʔw ~ ʔb)<br />
** Wambule, Bahing, Sunuwar; ? Jero; ? Hayu<br />
* Thulung-Tilung-Kohi (*p > t; *b > d)<br />
<br />
The Khambu branch is defined by the following sound changes.<ref name="Grollmann 2023"/><br />
* *ŋ > zero, *k > zero in final syllabic position, and also vowel change to o, ʌ, ə before the precending vowel *a<br />
* Palatalization of *t and *n before /i/ in final syllabic position<br />
* *eŋ > aŋ<br />
<br />
== Reconstruction ==<br />
Research on proto-Kiranti includes work on phonology and comparative morphology by [[George van Driem]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Driem |first1=George |title=The Fall and Rise of the Phoneme /r/ in Eastern Kiranti: Sound Change in Tibeto-Burman |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=1990 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=83–86 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00021273 |jstor=618970 |s2cid=128967034 }}</ref> reconstructions by Michailovsky (1991)<ref>Michailovsky, Boyd. 1991. [http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/BM-PK7 ''Big black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms'']. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).</ref> and [[Sergei Starostin]] 1994.<ref>Starostin, Sergei A. 1994–2000. Proto-Kiranti reconstruction (online database). http://starling.rinet.ru/</ref> Michailovsky and Starostin differ by the number of stop series reconstructed (three vs four) and the interpretation of the correspondences.<br />
<br />
Opgenort introduces the reconstruction of preglottalized resonants;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Opgenort |first1=Jean-Robert |year=2004 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/opgenort2004implosive.pdf |title=Implosive and preglottalized stops in Kiranti |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto–Burman Area |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Opgenort |first1=Jean Robert |title=A Grammar of Jero: With a Historical Comparative Study of the Kiranti Languages |date=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-1508-4 }}{{page needed|date=July 2022}}</ref> his reconstruction is generally based on Starostin's four series system. More recently, [[Guillaume Jacques|Jacques]] proposed a reconstruction of proto-Kiranti verb roots based on Michailovsky's system,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacques |first1=Guillaume |title=A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots |journal=Folia Linguistica |date=27 November 2017 |volume=51 |issue=s38–s1 |pages=177–215 |doi=10.1515/flih-2017-0007 |s2cid=149278651 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01731021/file/proto-kiranti.pdf }}</ref> and analyzes the other initial correspondences (in particular, the series reconstructed as non-aspirated unvoiced stops by Starostin) as due to morphological alternations and inter-Kiranti borrowing. In addition, he presents a preliminary discussion of the reconstruction of stem alternation and stress patterns on the basis of [[Khaling language|Khaling]] and [[Dumi language|Dumi]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110452754-003 |chapter=Tonogenesis and tonal alternations in Khaling |title=Tone and Inflection |year=2016 |last1=Jacques |first1=Guillaume |pages=41–66 |isbn=978-3-11-045275-4 |chapter-url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01486954/file/Jacques2016_KhalingTonogenesis.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=George |last=van Driem |date=2001 |title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |doi=10.1163/9789004514911|isbn=9789004514911 |s2cid=247418335 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Bickel |first1=Balthasar |last2=Banjade |first2=Goma |last3=Gaenszle |first3=Martin |last4=Lieven |first4=Elena |last5=Paudyal |first5=Netra Prasad |last6=Rai |first6=Ichchha Purna |last7=Rai |first7=Manoj |last8=Rai |first8=Novel Kishore |last9=Stoll |first9=Sabine |title=Free Prefix Ordering in Chintang |journal=Language |date=2007 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=43–73 |doi=10.1353/lan.2007.0002 |jstor=4490337 |s2cid=54992476 }}<br />
* Tara Mani Rai (2015). "A Grammar of Koyee" Ph.D. diss. Tribhuvan University. https://www.amazon.com/Grammar-Koyee-Tara-Mani-Rai/dp/3969391121<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Matisoff |first1=James A. |title=Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction |date=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-09843-5 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/19d79619 }}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Graham |last=Thurgood |date=2003 |chapter=A Subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan Languages: The Interaction between Language Contact, Change, and Inheritance |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |publisher=Routledge |pages=3–21 |editor1-first=Randy J. |editor1-last=LaPolla |editor2-first=Graham |editor2-last=Thurgood |isbn=9780203221051}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Karen H. |last=Ebert |date=2003 |chapter=Kiranti Languages: An Overview |pages=3–21, 505–517 |title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |publisher=Routledge |editor1-first=Randy J. |editor1-last=LaPolla |editor2-first=Graham |editor2-last=Thurgood |isbn=9780203221051}}<br />
<br />
'''Reconstructions'''<br />
* Michailovsky, Boyd. 1991. ''[http://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/BM-PK7 Big black notebook of Kiranti, proto-Kiranti forms]''. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).<br />
* {{cite journal | surname = Opgenort | given = Jean Robert | title = A note on Tilung and its position within Kiranti | journal = Himalayan Linguistics | year = 2011 | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 253–271 | url = https://escholarship.org/uc/item/32j1n5s7 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Jacques |first=Guillaume |title=A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots |journal=Folia Linguistica |volume=51 |issue=38 (supplement nr. 1) |date=2017 |pages=177–215 |doi=10.1515/flih-2017-0007 |s2cid=149278651 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01731021/file/proto-kiranti.pdf}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* Ebert, K. 1994. ''The structure of Kiranti languages, comparative grammar and texts: Kiranti subordination in the South Asian areal context''. Zürich: Arbeiten des Seminars für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ASAS).<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Lahaussois |first=Aimée |title=Ideophonic patterns in Kiranti languages and beyond |journal=Folia Linguistica |volume=57 |issue=1 |date=2023 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.1515/flin-2022-2053|s2cid=256548395 }}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.opgenort.nl/kiranti_database_project Kiranti Database Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224040404/http://www.opgenort.nl/kiranti_database_project |date=2019-02-24 }} (Jean Robert Opgenort)<br />
<br />
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br />
{{Kiranti languages}}<br />
{{Languages of Nepal}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kiranti languages| ]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Koshi Province]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faruk_Khan&diff=446454Faruk Khan2026-02-16T08:26:19Z<p>Zoyeford: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (born 1951)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix = [[Lieutenant Colonel]]<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| name = Muhammad Faruk Khan<br />
| native_name = {{no bold|মুহাম্মদ ফারুক খান }}<br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| image = File:Muhammad Faruk Khan Speaking At Metropolitan Christian Co-operative Housing Society Meeting Dhaka 2024-05-31 (PID-0008219) (cropped).jpg<br />
| office = [[Minister of Civil Aviation and Tourism]]<br />
| primeminister = [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />
| term_start = 11 January 2024<br />
| term_end = 6 August 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[A. K. M. Shahjahan Kamal]]<br />
| successor = [[A. F. Hassan Ariff]]<br />
| primeminister1 = [[Sheikh Hasina]]<br />
| term_start1 = 7 December 2011<br />
| term_end1 = 21 November 2013<br />
| predecessor1 = [[GM Quader]]<br />
| successor1 = [[ABM Ruhul Amin Hawlader]]<br />
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Gopalganj-1]]<br />
| parliament2 = Bangladesh<br />
| term_start2 = 2 June 1996<br />
| term_end2 = 6 August 2024<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Sharfuzzaman Jahangir]]<br />
|successor2 = [[Md. Selimuzzaman Mollah]]<br />
| office3 = [[Minister of Commerce (Bangladesh)|Minister of Commerce]]<br />
| primeminister3 = Sheikh Hasina<br />
| term_start3 = 6 January 2009<br />
| term_end3 = 6 December 2011<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Hossain Zillur Rahman]]<br />
| successor3 = GM Quader<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|9|18|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]<br />
| nationality = Bangladeshi<br />
| party = [[Awami League]]<br />
| spouse = Nilufar Faruk Khan<br />
| children = 2<br />
| relations = [[Muhammed Aziz Khan]] (Brother)<br />
| allegiance = {{PAK}} (before 1972)<br>{{BAN}}<br />
| branch = {{army|Pakistan}}<br>{{army|Bangladesh}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1971-1995<br />
| rank = [[File:Bangladesh-army-OF-4.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant Colonel]]<br />
| unit = [[Frontier Force Regiment]]<br>[[East Bengal Regiment]]<br />
| commands = *CO of 14th [[East Bengal Regiment]]<br />
*[[Quartermaster General|AQ]] of [[24th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|24th Infantry Division]]<br />
*Station Commander, [[Comilla Cantonment|Comilla]]<br />
| battles = [[Chittagong Hill Tracts Conflict]]<br />
| website = <br />
| caption = Khan in 2024<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Faruk Khan''' ({{langx|bn|ফারুক খান}}; born 18 September 1951) is a Bangladeshi politician and a former [[Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism (Bangladesh)|Minister of Civil Aviation and Tourism]] of [[Politics of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Government]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mincom.gov.bd |title=Ministry of Commerce- - বাণিজ্য মন্ত্রণালয়- |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref> Khan is a former parliament member five consecutive times from [[Gopalganj-1]] and a former Commerce and Industry Secretary of the [[Awami League]].<ref>[http://www.albd.org/autoalbd/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=135&Itemid=52 Central Committee of Bangladesh Awami League] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034902/http://www.albd.org/autoalbd/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=135&Itemid=52 |date=2011-06-29 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Khan was born on 18 September 1951 in [[Dhaka]] to his parents Serajul Karim Khan and mother Khaleda Karim Khan. He holds a master's in defense studies from the Defense Services and Staff College in Mirpur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.farukkhan.com|title=Faruk Khan dot com|accessdate=5 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128034951/http://farukkhan.com/|archive-date=28 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Khan was commissioned from 44 [[Pakistan Military Academy]] long course in the corps of infantry on 26 March 1971. He retired as a Lieutenant Colonel on 15 May 1995 from Bangladesh Army.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/more.php?news_id=134222&date=2012-06-24|title=BD a secular country with steady economic dev: Faruk|last=Ahmed |first=Hafez |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bdembjp.mofa.gov.bd/index.php/2016/09/26/lt-col-muhammad-faruk-khan-retd-mp-honble-chairman-of-parliamentary-standing-committee-on-the-ministry-of-civil-aviation-and-tourism-visits-the-embassy-and-is-received-by-the-ambassador/|title=Lt. Col. Muhammad Faruk Khan (Retd.), MP, Hon'ble Chairman of Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism visits the Embassy and is received by the Ambassador – Embassy of Bangladesh Tokyo|website=bdembjp.mofa.gov.bd|access-date=2016-12-19|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220155949/http://bdembjp.mofa.gov.bd/index.php/2016/09/26/lt-col-muhammad-faruk-khan-retd-mp-honble-chairman-of-parliamentary-standing-committee-on-the-ministry-of-civil-aviation-and-tourism-visits-the-embassy-and-is-received-by-the-ambassador/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Khan was stationed in [[Dinajpur]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. On December 14, 1971, the 23 Punjab Battalion of the [[Pakistani Army]] surrendered to the Indian Army. Khan, who was part of that battalion, was reportedly able to avoid being detained as a prisoner of war by identifying himself as a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=পাকিস্তানের হয়ে যুদ্ধ করেন ফারুখ খান, অথচ তিনি মুক্তিযোদ্ধা |trans-title=Farooq Khan fought for Pakistan, yet he is considered a freedom fighter! |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2024/10/27/1439727 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205155407/https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2024/10/27/1439727 |archive-date=2024-12-05 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.kalerkantho.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The following day, December 15, he was sent to [[Delhi]] by the Indian authorities, and following the [[Independence of Bangladesh]] on December 16, Khan was transferred to the office of the Bangladesh High Commissioner in [[Kolkata]]. He later returned to Bangladesh via [[Benapole]] on January 14.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Biswas |first=Dr. Sukumar |title=মুক্তিযুদ্ধে দিনাজপুর |publisher=Mowla Brothers |year=2004 |isbn=984-410-393-2 |location=[[Dhaka]] |language=bn |trans-title=Dinajpur in the Liberation War}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Khan served as the [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|member of parliament]] for [[Gopalganj-1]] constituency and later served as the [[Minister of Civil Aviation and Tourism]] and the [[Minister of Commerce (Bangladesh)|Minister of Commerce]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://123.49.39.5/asset/index.php?lang=en |title=Bangladesh Election Commission: Asset Database |accessdate=5 October 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201412/http://123.49.39.5/asset/index.php?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://123.49.39.5/asset/pdfs/35/350002150174N.pdf |title=Personal Information of Candidates of National Election |access-date=2009-03-10 |archive-date=2011-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528223419/http://123.49.39.5/asset/pdfs/35/350002150174N.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Khan is married to Nilufer Faruk Khan, a social worker. Together they have two daughters, Qantara K Khan and Qareena K Khan.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&contentId=4861 |title=Cabinet Ministers |magazine=Probe |accessdate=5 October 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715120726/http://www.probenewsmagazine.com/index.php?index=2&contentId=4861 |archive-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> His father, Sirajul Karim Khan, was an army officer and mother was Khaleda Karim Khan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siraj-Khaleda Trust |url=https://www.siraj-khaledatrust.org/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=Siraj-Khaleda Trust}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Criticism ==<br />
Khan was arrested in October 2024 from his residence in [[Dhaka Cantonment]] following the [[Resignation of Sheikh Hasina|fall of Sheikh Hasina]] led [[Fifth Hasina ministry|Awami League government]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=Ex-minister Faruk Khan arrested |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/crime/ex-minister-faruk-khan-arrested-966951 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://feeds.feedburner.com/FarukKhan Commerce Minister Muhammad Faruk Khan - Google News]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Faruk}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]<br />
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi lieutenant colonels]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers of civil aviation and tourism of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]<br />
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
<br />
{{Dhaka-AL-politician-stub}}</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=DJ_NYK&diff=495201DJ NYK2026-02-06T06:23:56Z<p>Zoyeford: started a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|DJ, Music Productions}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = DJ NYK<br />
| image =<br />
| birth_name = Nikhil Sahni<br />
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br />
| alma_mater = Delhi University<br />
| occupation = DJ, music producer<br />
| years_active = 2004 - Present<br />
| website = https://www.djnyk.com/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nikhil Sahni''' also known as DJ NYK is an Indian [[Disc jockey|DJ]], [[Record producer|music producer]], [[Radio personality|radio host]], [[VJing|VJ]], music career coach, and label owner at Play Life records.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/mecca-17-hindu-college-through-its-exemplary-fest-teaches-others-how-to-play-a-perfect-host/story-Hs8NC2TP7NxZnC2vtRgdlK.html|title=Mecca' 17: Hindu College through its exemplary fest teaches others how to play a perfect host|last=|first=|date=2017-03-20|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2017-11-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://whatson.ae/dubai/2017/03/15-things-to-do-in-dubai-this-weekend-11/|title=15 things to do in Dubai this weekend - What's On Dubai|date=2017-03-15|work=What's On Dubai|access-date=2017-11-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/lamhe-2017-to-give-chance-to-show-talent.html|title=Lamhe-2017 to give chance to show talent|last=Pioneer|first=The|work=The Pioneer|access-date=2017-11-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetechy.com/dj-nyk-dj-of-the-month-oct-17/|title=DJ NYK - DJ of the month - TheTechy|website=www.thetechy.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-03}}</ref> He is widely known for his Bollywood remixes, mashups, and his live sets in locations like [[Lake Pichola]] and [[Kerala backwaters]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Born and raised in New Delhi, India, DJ NYK completed his education from Delhi University and started his journey in the clubs of the Indian capital. He was influenced by music at an early age and started producing songs as well as remixes in high school before getting into DJing.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
DJ NYK started DJing in 2003 and he got his first job as a resident DJ at Club Moets in New Delhi in 2004. While he continued to resident at other clubs in the city as well, he simultaneously worked on producing remixes, which he kept uploading on the internet on two popular music platforms called coolgoose.com & djluv.in. DJ NYK landed his first professional gig at the age of 20.<ref>{{Cite web|last=icecool|title=DJ NYK at Sugar Review - Event Reviews - Articles - hkclubbing.com|url=http://www.hkclubbing.com/articles/event-reviews/dj-nyk-at-sugar-review.html|access-date=2018-01-13|website=www.hkclubbing.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> His big break came in 2006 when an organiser in Hong Kong invited him to perform as a guest DJ for their event.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
Through the Electronyk Show, NYK asserted himself as the first artist to introduce Video-DJ’ing (VDJ’ing) in India.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}<br />
<br />
His incursion into [[Bollywood]] was one of the principal breakthroughs in his career when he did a remix for [[Shah Rukh Khan]] starrer "[[Billu]]". Since then, he has commissioned several official remixes for over 20 different Bollywood films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131227/jsp/t2/story_17723908.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224213532/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131227/jsp/t2/story_17723908.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2017|title=xmas eve|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-12-24}}</ref> NYK has also done official mixes for Danish Pop duo [[Bombay Rockers]] and Nindy Kaur. His official remix of Aye Khuda from the movie "[[Paathshaala]]" was no.1 position on the domestic radio charts. NYK's remix of the hit track " [[Chammak Challo]]", sung by international pop star [[Akon]], was featured on [[Ra.One]]'s [[PlayStation]], which made him first Indian DJ to REMIX a track for [[PlayStation]] video game.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jha |first=neha |date=2013-11-17 |title='Old remix albums don't work anymore' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131117/entertainment-bollywood/article/old-remix-albums-dont-work-anymore |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
DJ NYK hosted his own radio show called 'Rock The Party' on 94.3 MY FM back in 2011 and then another show, 'Saturday Night Fever with DJ NYK' on Fever 104 FM that aired pan India in 2018 and 2019.<br />
<br />
NYK’s first official international remix – "Haze" – was released on Gold Records (Canada), and drew support from international superstar Gareth Emery who featured it on his weekly podcast. His original productions have been released internationally on Progressive Groove Records (Canada), Pearlicks Records (Miami), and LAD Records; and have also been aired and featured prominently on the [[BBC Asian Network]] .{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
DJ NYK also performed alongside [[Salman Khan]], [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Daisy Shah]], and [[Prabhu Deva]] for their Dabangg Tour concert in New Delhi. He also played at the [[Club MTV]] party and MTV Bollyland in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/mickey-singh-and-dj-nyk-to-play-dubai|title=Mickey Singh and DJ NYK to play Dubai|author=Staff Report|website=www.khaleejtimes.com|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/3000-students-participate-in-miet-student-festival-sammilan-2k17/|title=3000 students participate in MIET Student Festival 'Sammilan 2K17'|date=2017-03-26|work=Jammu Kashmir Latest News {{!}} Tourism {{!}} Breaking News J&K|access-date=2017-11-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/press-releases/161101-singer-neha-kakkar-and-dj-nyk|title=Singer Neha Kakkar and DJ NYK perform at 'The Regency Antilia'|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/music/mickey-singh-dj-nyk-coming-to-dubai-1.1680786|title=Mickey Singh, DJ Nyk coming to Dubai|author=Staff Report|date=2016-02-28|work=GulfNews|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationtimes.com/index.aspx?page=article&secid=1&conid=2012052220120522121803550759fc0d0|title=Study in India {{!}} Education Loans {{!}} Education Abroad {{!}} Distance Learning Education|last=Times|first=Education|date=|website=www.educationtimes.com|access-date=2017-12-03|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704021206/http://educationtimes.com/index.aspx?page=article&secid=1&conid=2012052220120522121803550759fc0d0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/devtt/en/newsfullstory/9ea06kc7o9/Bollywood-vs-EDM/11400|title=Bollywood Vs EDM :: TollywoodTimes.com|last=|first=|date=|website=|language=en|access-date=2017-12-24|archive-date=24 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224214208/http://www.tollywoodtimes.com/devtt/en/newsfullstory/9ea06kc7o9/Bollywood-vs-EDM/11400|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 24 December 2021, DJ NYK performed at [[Expo 2020|Dubai Expo 2020]] held at the Dubai Millennium Amphitheatre.<br />
<br />
He won the Vh1 MyFav Awards 3 times for "Best Bollywood DJ".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivraj |first=Nandini |date=2021-02-13 |title=DJ NYK And His Everlasting Pursuit of Excellence in Music |url=https://www.thetalentedindian.com/dj-nyk-and-his-everlasting-pursuit-of-excellence-in-music/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=The Talented Indian |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Discography ==<br />
<br />
=== Original Singles ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Name<br />
!Label<br />
!Year<br />
|-<br />
|Amber <br />
|Progressive Grooves Records<br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
|Calling <br />
|Progressive Grooves Records<br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
|Estimulente <br />
|Progressive Grooves Records <br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
|Living Kings <br />
|Play Life Records <br />
|2016<br />
|-<br />
|Wild Horses<br />
|Play Life Records <br />
|2017<br />
|-<br />
|Remember You<br />
|Play Life Records <br />
|2019<br />
|-<br />
|Calm The World<br />
|Play Life Records <br />
|2020<br />
|-<br />
|BLING<br />
|Play Life Records <br />
|2020<br />
|-<br />
|PIYA<br />
|Play Life Records <br />
|2021<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Bollywood Remixes ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Song<br />
!Movie<br />
!Music label<br />
!Year<br />
|-<br />
|Love Mera Hit Hit<br />
|[[Billu|Billu Barber]]<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
|Dhun Lagi<br />
|[[Jai Veeru]]<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
|Khuda Ke Liye<br />
|Runway<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
|Baamulaiza<br />
|De Dana Dan<br />
|[[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus]]<br />
|2009<br />
|-<br />
|Aye Khuda<br />
|[[Paathshaala]]<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2010<br />
|-<br />
|Desi Kali<br />
|Golmaal 3<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2010<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chammak Challo]]<br />
|[[Ra.One]]<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2011<br />
|-<br />
|Cut To Disco<br />
|Rocking Dard E Disco <br />
|[[Saregama|SareGama]]<br />
|2012<br />
|-<br />
|Mera Mann Kehne Laga<br />
|Nautanki Saala <br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2013<br />
|-<br />
|Aao Na<br />
|I Love New Year <br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2013<br />
|-<br />
|Dilliwaali Girlfriend<br />
|[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani|Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani]]<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2013<br />
|-<br />
|Hai Ye Dil Mera<br />
|[[Hate Story 2]]<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2014<br />
|-<br />
|Meherbani<br />
|[[The Shaukeens]]<br />
|[[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]]<br />
|2014<br />
|-<br />
|Abhi Toh Party Shuru<br />
|[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2014<br />
|-<br />
|Enna Sona<br />
|[[Ok Jaanu]]<br />
|[[Sony Music]]<br />
|2017<br />
|-<br />
|Tera Yaar Hoon Main<br />
|[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]<br />
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
|2018<br />
|-<br />
|Ishq Di Baajiyan<br />
|[[Soorma (film)|Soorma]]<br />
|[[Sony Music]]<br />
|2018<br />
|-<br />
|Sawarne Lage<br />
|[[Mitron]]<br />
|[[Sony Music]]<br />
|2018<br />
|-<br />
|Title Song - Ek Ladki Ko Dekha<br />
|Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh <br />
|[[Saregama|SareGama]]<br />
|2019<br />
|-<br />
|[[Burj Khalifa]]<br />
|[[Laxmii]]<br />
|[[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]]<br />
|2021<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pop/Indie Remixes ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Song<br />
!Artist<br />
!Label<br />
!Year<br />
|-<br />
|Pulse<br />
|Kay Mikado<br />
|LAD Publishing & Records <br />
|2010<br />
|-<br />
|Haze<br />
|Mikas<br />
|Gold Series Records<br />
|2010<br />
|-<br />
|Dreams<br />
|Teenu Arora<br />
|Pearlicka Records <br />
|2012<br />
|-<br />
|Kya Baat Ay<br />
|[[Harrdy Sandhu]]<br />
|[[Sony Music]]<br />
|2018<br />
|-<br />
|Dream Girl<br />
|Ir Sais<br />
|[[Sony Music]]<br />
|2019<br />
|-<br />
|G.O.A.T<br />
|[[Diljit Dosanjh|Diljit Doshanjh]]<br />
|Famous Studios<br />
|2020<br />
|-<br />
|O Sanam (LoFi Remix)<br />
|[[Lucky Ali]]<br />
|[[Sony Music]]<br />
|2021<br />
|-<br />
|Party Mashup 2021<br />
|Various Artists<br />
|[[Sony Music]]<br />
|2021<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:NYK, DJ}}<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian DJs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian producers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Delhi]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aranjana_Charadu&diff=487253Aranjana Charadu2026-02-05T22:24:18Z<p>Zoyeford: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Traditional South Indian girdle}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}'''Aranjana Charadu or''' '''Arainjaan Kayiru''' ([[Malayalam]]: അരഞ്ഞാണ ചരട് [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: [[:ta:அரைஞாண் கயிறு]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=RAMA |date=2022-07-14 |title=మగాళ్లు మొలతాడు ఎందుకు కట్టుకోవాలి, ఆధ్యాత్మిక కారణాలేంటి - సైన్స్ ఏం చెబుతోంది! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/spirituality/spirituality-and-science-scientific-reason-behind-the-molathadu-know-in-details-41902 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=telugu.abplive. |language=te}}</ref> [[Molathadu|మొలతాడు]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/library/pmdictionary/html/madsind.htm|title=University of Madras Dictionary|website=tamilvu.|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=Waist Threads : మగాళ్ళకు మొలతాడు ఎందుకు ఉంటుంది...? |url=https://tolivelugu.com/why-mens-wearing-waist-threads/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Tolivelugu తొలివెలుగు |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunty |date=2021-12-06 |title=మొల తాడు ఎందుకు ధరిస్తారో తెలుసా ? దాని వెనుకున్న సైన్స్ ఇదే..! |url=https://manamnews.com/do-you-know-why-guys-wear-molathadu/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Manam News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikas |first=Manda |title=Molathadu । మొలతాడు లేకుండే మగాడు కాదా? ఇది ఎందుకు కట్టుకుంటారో తెలుసుకోండి! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/molathadu-know-why-do-hindu-men-ties-black-thread-to-their-waist-121655297258668.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628050856/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/molathadu-know-why-do-hindu-men-ties-black-thread-to-their-waist-121655297258668.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}</ref>)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-madurai/madurai-district-news/444181|title=மின் கட்டண உயர்வால் கயிறு உற்பத்தி நிறுத்தம் : கூலி இன்றி தொழிலாளர்கள் பட்டினி|work=Dinamalar|access-date=2018-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=அரைஞாண் கயிறு ஏன் அணிகிறோம் தெரியுமா?! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/health/children-health/2017/may/09/reasons-for-wearing-hip-chain-for-children-2699035.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-08 |title=ஏன் ஆண்கள் கட்டாயம் அரைஞாண் கயிறு கட்ட வேண்டும் என தெரியுமா? |url=https://tamil.boldsky.com/health/wellness/2016/health-benefits-araignan-kayiru-010947.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=tamil.boldsky. |language=ta}}</ref> is a traditional custom prevalent in [[South India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikas |first=Manda |title=Molathadu । మొలతాడు లేకుండే మగాడు కాదా? ఇది ఎందుకు కట్టుకుంటారో తెలుసుకోండి! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/molathadu-know-why-do-hindu-men-ties-black-thread-to-their-waist-121655297258668.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628050856/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/molathadu-know-why-do-hindu-men-ties-black-thread-to-their-waist-121655297258668.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}</ref> especially among the [[Hindus|Hindu]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] communities. It involves the ritual of tying a sacred thread around the waist as a symbol of protection from evil spirits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Significance of black thread: अगर जान गए बच्चों को काला धागा बांधने का क्या कारण है, तो कर देंगे पहनाना शुरू! |url=https://ndtv.in/faith/baccho-ki-kamar-me-kala-dhaga-bandhne-ke-fayde-why-we-should-tie-black-thread-in-waist-3947801 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref> This practice has been passed down through generations, deeply embedded in the cultural and [[religious beliefs]] of the people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=അരയിൽ നൂലുകെട്ടുന്നത് എന്തിനാണെന്ന് അറിയാമോ? പിന്നിലുള്ള വിശ്വാസം ഇതാണ്, മുതിർന്നവർ ധരിക്കുന്നതിന് മറ്റുചില ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളും |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=895982 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Aranjana Charadu, also known as Araignan Kayiru or Arana Kayiru,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஏ.சூர்யா |date=2022-06-19 |title=அரைஞாண் கயிறு; அணிந்துகொள்வதன் பின்னிருக்கும் ஆரோக்கியக் காரணி என்ன? |url=https://www.vikatan.com/health/health-benefits-of-waist-cord |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=vikatan. |language=ta}}</ref> is a waist thread that holds significant religious and cultural importance in South India. Traditionally, it is tied around the waist, just above the genital area. Made typically of [[cotton]] or [[silk]], the thread is usually red or black in colour. It is believed to possess [[Spirituality|spiritual]] properties that counteract the adverse effects of evil forces and ward off the [[evil eye]]. Different colours of threads are associated with specific purposes: black threads are thought to protect against malevolent influences, while red threads are believed to safeguard against the effects of enemies. Alongside the waist thread, some individuals also wear [[Amulet|amulets]], known as "elas" in [[Malayalam]] and "thayattu"<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2023-06-30 |title=ஆன்மிகம்: இன்றைய முக்கிய நிகழ்வுகள் மற்றும் பஞ்சாங்கம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/worship/todays-spiritual-events-and-panjangam-june-30th-2023-629411 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=maalaimalar. |language=ta}}</ref> in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<br />
<br />
According to [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]], wearing the waist thread helps negate the effects of [[nudity]] on the body. It is a common belief that one should never remain nude from [[birth]] until [[death]], and wearing the thread fulfills this requirement, nullifying potential negative impacts of nudity. This practice is deeply ingrained in the cultural and spiritual beliefs of many people in India, who consider it an essential aspect of maintaining [[modesty]], purity, and spiritual harmony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vikas |first=Manda |title=Molathadu । మొలతాడు లేకుండే మగాడు కాదా? ఇది ఎందుకు కట్టుకుంటారో తెలుసుకోండి! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/molathadu-know-why-do-hindu-men-ties-black-thread-to-their-waist-121655297258668.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628050856/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/molathadu-know-why-do-hindu-men-ties-black-thread-to-their-waist-121655297258668.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
The concept of waist threads is also closely linked to the Indian [[Tantra|Tantric]] tradition, particularly concerning the "Nabhi Chakra" and the "Mooladhar Chakra." The Nabhi Chakra is believed to be located at the [[navel]], while the Mooladhar Chakra is connected to the [[Sex organ|reproductive organs]] of both males and females. These organs are considered to be protected from negative influences by wearing a [[silver]] or [[gold]] chain around the waist. This practice is thought to enhance and preserve the vital energy associated with the Mooladhar Chakra, thereby preventing it from being wasted in uncontrolled [[Sexual desire|sexual desires]].<br />
<br />
The tradition of wearing a waist thread extends beyond spiritual or [[Superstition|superstitious]] beliefs, encompassing significant health aspects as well. In ancient times, when scientific explanations were scarce, people depended on religious and cultural practices to maintain their well-being. The waist thread is believed to promote the growth of strong and healthy genitals, prevent conditions such as [[hernia]], contribute to the development of healthy bones, aid in controlling weight and waist size by improving digestion, and enhance fertility. These health benefits were particularly valued in ancient times when scientific knowledge was limited, leading people to rely on religious and cultural practices for their health and well-being.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-27 |title=अगर आप कमर में काला धागा नहीं बांधते हैं तो ये खबर जरूर पढ़े |url=https://sanjeevnitoday.com/lifestyle/if-you-do-not-wear-black-thread-in-the-waist-then-read-this/cid4166262.htm |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=sanjeevnitoday. |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Meaning ==<br />
The tradition of wearing the Aranjana Charadu is deeply rooted in South Indian culture, symbolizing faith, protection and connection to cultural heritage. While it is primarily observed by the Hindu and Muslim communities, the practice goes beyond religious boundaries, with individuals from various backgrounds embracing this custom.<br />
<br />
The waist thread is known by different names in various regions of South India. In Tamil Nadu, it is referred to as ''"Araignan Kayiru"<ref>{{Cite web |last=dinesh.tg |title=குழந்தை பிறந்த பிறகு அரைஞாண் கயிறு ஏன் கட்டுகிறோம்? இதில் இத்தனை நன்மைகள் ஒளிந்துள்ளனவா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/spiritual/uses-of-waist-cord-for-babies-and-men-rssdvy |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref> or "Arana Kayiru."''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-20 |title=அரைஞாண் கயிறு ஏன் தெரியுமா? |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/spirituals/108962-.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-12 |title=அரைஞாண் கயிறு .. அதென்ன இடுப்புல கருப்பா..உங்க கிட்ட இது ஒன்னு மட்டும் போதும்.. அதிசயத்தை பாருங்க |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/health/health-and-lifestyle-news-do-you-know-why-do-men-wear-waist-card-and-what-are-the-uses-516171.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=tamil.oneindia |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=பிறந்த குழந்தைகளுக்கு அரைஞாண் கயிறு கட்டுவது ஏன்? இதன் காரணமென்ன? - மனிதன் |url=https://manithan.com/article/uses-waist-cord-babies-and-men-1680946364 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Manithan |language=ta}}</ref> Additionally, the thread can be made from different materials, including cotton, silk, and [[Precious metal|precious metals]] such as silver or gold. The use of these metals lends an additional layer of opulence to its religious and cultural significance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raji |date=2022-06-06 |title=காலில் கருப்பு கயிறு அணிபவர்கள் செய்யக்கூடாத தவறு என்ன? காலில் கருப்பு கயிறு எதற்கு அணியலாம்? எப்படி அணியலாம்? |url=https://dheivegam.com/kalil-karuppu-kairu-aniyum-murai/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Dheivegam |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-20 |title=Molathadu : మగవాళ్లు మొలతాడు బుధవారమే కట్టుకోవాలా? |url=https://bigtvlive.com/devotional/molathadu-thread-for-men.html |access-date=2023-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=staff |date=2023-03-27 |title=మగవారు మొలతాడు ఎందుకు కట్టుకోవాలి? కట్టుకోకపోతే ఏమవుతుంది? దీని గురించి ఆసక్తికరమైన విషయాలు..!! |url=https://www.tnilive.com/2023/03/26/why-do-men-have-to-tie-a-sprout-what-happens-if-you-dont-tie-it-up-interesting-facts-about-this/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=Telugu News International - TNILIVE |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Jewellery of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
*[[Aranjanam]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Culture of South India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian traditions]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Tamil Nadu]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legend_of_Suheldev&diff=512058Legend of Suheldev2026-02-05T19:08:15Z<p>Zoyeford: Creating some entry initial version!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2020 novel by Amish Tripathi}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Legend of Suheldev: The King Who Saved India<br />
| image = Legend of Suheldev The King Who Saved India.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| author = [[Amish Tripathi]]<br />
| translator = <br />
| language = [[English language|English]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| genre = Historical fiction<br />
| publisher = [[Westland Books|Westland Publications]]<br />
| release_date = 20 June 2020<br />
| media_type = Print ([[paperback]], [[Hardcover|hardback]])<br />
| pages = 325<br />
| isbn = 978-9387894037<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Legend of Suheldev: The King Who Saved India''''' is the eighth book by [[Amish Tripathi]], and the first book from The Immortal Writers’ Centre. It was released on 20 June 2020 and is published by [[Westland Books|Westland Publications]]. It is based on the legendary Indian king [[Suhaldev|Suheldev Rajbhar]] who defeated the army of Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Maqsud in the [[Battle of Bahraich]]. It was nominated for and won the [[Golden Book Award]] 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Author Amish Tripathi launches new book 'Legend of Suheldev'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2020/jun/20/author-amish-tripathi-launches-new-book-legend-of-suheldev-2159070.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amish Tripathi launches new book 'Legend of Suheldev: The King Who Saved India|url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2020/jun/20/amish-tripathi-launches-new-book-legend-of-suheldev-the-king-who-saved-india-12761.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Edex Live|date=20 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Madhu|date=2020-06-20|title=Amish Tripathi's new book on legend of King Suheldev hits stands|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/amish-tripathi-legend-of-king-suheldev-new-book-627870|access-date=2020-06-20|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
The story begins in 1025 CE when [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] sacks [[Somnath Temple]] and breaks the idol of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. The prince of [[Shravasti]], Malladev, dies trying to save the temple. When his brother Suheldev learns of this, he is enraged and promises retaliation.<br />
<br />
Together with his father King Mangaldhwaj, Suheldev goes to [[Kannauj]] to ask for King Ajitpal's help in countering Mahmud's further attacks. But instead, they are insulted and sent back. On their way back, they notice a Turkish camp and engage in a fight with them. They kill all of them and realise that the Turks can be beaten if taken by surprise. So, Suheldev decides to exile himself and attack the Turks by surprise while pretending to have rebelled against King Mangaldhwaj so that Mahmud doesn't attack Shravasti.<br />
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Years pass and by 1029, Suheldev becomes famous as the bandit prince and a thorn in the side of the Turks. During this time, he also loots Qasar Khan, a special envoy of Mahmud and the governor of Kannauj but treats his wife with respect and is kind to his six year old. After looting them, he lets them go. He also visits [[Bareilly]] and meets a Turk called Aslan who is a disciple of the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint Nuruddin Shaikh. Once a [[maulvi]], Zayan, gets into a conflict with Nuruddin calling him a supporter of [[kafir]]s and Zayan's nephew attacks Nuruddin. In order to save Nuruddin, Aslan attacks Zayan's nephew, killing him in the process. Due to this, Nuruddin casts Aslan away as he hates bloodshed. Suheldev who was watching this befriends Aslan and invites him to join his team to which he agrees. He sometimes goes to spy on Turk soldiers for Suheldev as he himself is a Turk and understands Turkish.<br />
<br />
In 1030, the Turks attack Delhi. The king of Delhi, Mahipal Tomar, is killed in the battle and the Turks win. After winning, the Turks kill all the soldiers and men in Delhi, not even sparing babies. Women are sold in slave markets. Everyone who was related to the king is killed so that there can be no claim to the throne except for two people — Jaichand, Mahipal's son-in-law and the ruler of Sirat who wasn't present in Delhi and the king's commander-in-chief Govardhan, whose father was the king's fifth cousin. Govardhan is saved because he retreats in time with a band of 30 soldiers.<br />
<br />
Govardhan decides to go to Sirat for Jaichand's help but on the way, a woman tells him that Jaichand is a supporter of the Turks and he would hand him over to them and that was the reason why he didn't help Mahipal in the battle. The woman is later revealed to be Suheldev's spy and tells him the whereabouts of Suheldev and Govardhan joins his team.<br />
<br />
Suheldev and his team go to villages attacked by the Turks. On one such visit, he goes to a village of leather workers which is destroyed by the Turks and all the people killed except a woman called Toshani who was saved because she was away when the Turks attacked. Toshani used to be a soldier in Kannauj army but deserted it when Kannauj surrendered to Mahmud of Ghazni. Toshani joins Suheldev's team. Suheldev later falls in love with Toshani.<br />
<br />
In one of his attack on Turks, Suheldev is gravely injured and nearly succumbs to his wounds, but Aslan saves him. But, it turns out that Aslan was actually Mahmud's nephew, [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud|Salar Maqsud]]'s twin brother Salar Masud, in disguise. He had disagreed with his fanatic brother and preferred a more peaceful, Sufi way of life. He wanted to protect India as it was the only land where all religions can co-exist peacefully and hence supported Suheldev against Ghazni. This is revealed only during the final war, as both Maqsud and Aslan have an identical face.<br />
<br />
In the meantime, Mahmud dies of undisclosed reason and a civil war breaks out among his sons. As a result, all the Turk armies are called back and so is Maqsud as he was Mahmud's strongest commander-in-chief. Maqsud, as Aslan, tells the news of Mahmud's death to Suheldev saying Turks are not going to attack India for some years as they are into a civil war. He further tells him that he is not required in the mission for sometime as the Turks are gone and he is going to find some new Sufi master for himself. Thus, he leaves Suheldev and sets back to Ghazni in order to help Mahmud's rightful heir get the throne. In the meantime, Mangaldhwaj succumbs to cancer and Suheldev returns to his kingdom and ascends the throne. Before his death, Mangaldhwaj says that he had created a confederacy of 21 kings to repel any Turkic invasion and Suheldev leads it.<br />
<br />
In 1033, the war of succession in [[Ghazni]] ends with [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni]] as the new sultan who killed his younger brother [[Muhammad of Ghazni]] to get the throne. After becoming the emperor, he sends Maqsud to India with a very large army to make it a part of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]. As he enters northwest India, Suheldev sends his guru to [[Rajendra Chola]] for help. It is revealed that it was actually Rajendra Chola who ordered Mahmud's assassination to avenge the Somnath temple massacre. Rajendra Chola agrees to help Suheldev. As Maqsud advances, Ajitpal joins him with the Kannauj army. Maqsud also goes to Suheldev disguised as Aslan and learns of his war strategy. But, it's then revealed that Aslan was actually Maqsud's twin brother, Salar Masud, who supported Indians.<br />
<br />
The battle day finally arrives. The Kannauj army refuses to fight for Maqsud and rebels but the army of Manohargarh joins Maqsud with its king, Jaichand.<br />
<br />
Finally in 1034, a fierce battle is fought at [[Bahraich]] in which Suheldev kills Jaichand. Govardhan's hand is fractured, Abdul loses an eye, and Toshani is gravely injured. Suheldev is on the verge of losing but the Chola army arrives in time to save the day. Every single Turk in their army of 60000 is killed and their bodies burned for the Turks didn't fear death but feared cremation as they believed it stops one's entry to heaven. Salar Maqsud is captured and beheaded by Suheldev publicly. His body is burnt and its ashes are sent to Ghazni in an urn. His head is preserved and sent to Ghazni along with his ashes with a message inscribed on his forehead — "Come to India as devotees and our motherland will welcome you. But come as invaders and we will burn every single one of you."<br />
<br />
After this incident, Somnath temple is reconstructed and no foreign invader dares to look at India for the next 150 years.<br />
<br />
==Immortal Writers' Centre==<br />
<br />
Unlike his other books, this book isn't solely written by Amish, but is a collective effort of a team of writers. In an interview, Amish said that the team did the work of writing the body while he edited it and wrote the final draft.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tribune News Service|title=Author Amish Tripathi's new book celebrates 11th century 'Legend of King Suheldev'|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/author-amish-tripathis-new-book-celebrates-11th-century-legend-of-king-suheldev-102296|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Marketing==<br />
Drop marketing technique was used with this book. Amish usually has a trend of revealing the title first, then the cover, then the trailer and finally, launch the book. This trend was broken with Legend of Suheldev as it was launched directly. Due to [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] induced travel restrictions, Amish couldn't return to India from London so he decided to launch the book on [[Instagram Live]] from his house in [[London]] instead of organising an offline book launch event.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarlive.in/amish-tripathi-launches-new-book-legend-of-suheldev/|title=Amish Tripathi launches new book 'Legend of Suheldev'|date=20 June 2020|website=Bhaskar}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
Gautam Chikermane in his review in the [[Open (Indian magazine)|Open Magazine]] said, "(Legend of Suheldev) is gripping from the first chapter and leaves you with a fulfilling climax as well as gasping for more at the last. I had to try hard to read it slowly, enjoy the atmosphere, the characters, the situations, the issues. But I failed: the pace Amish has set in his seventh novel is faster than the horses his heroes ride on."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/the-essential-hero/|title=The Essential Hero|date=September 11, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Indic Today's review of Legend of Suheldev says, “Beyond everything, Amish has given us a new hero – from an era that is completely obliterated from modern history. That is cause for a celebration. Even more importantly, he has revived, rather re-established the genre of nationalistic historical fiction in Indian English writing. Its relevance today cannot be understated. In that sense, he is the true descendant of a pantheon of such writers who wrote in Indian languages for 150 years. In that sense, we also have a new hero, an author in a language and genre,that we have missed in the last 70 years – thanks to ideologues assuming the role of gatekeepers of narratives.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indictoday.com/reviews/the-legend-raja-suheldev-amish-tripathi/|title=The Legend of Raja Suheldev by Amish Tripathi|date=June 28, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
''The Daily Guardian'''s review of the Legend of Suheldev says, " With Suheldev, Amish is trying to create an ecosystem of writers who can work with him to resuscitate some of the long-forgotten heroes from the pages of Indian history."<br />
<br />
Reya Mehrotra of [[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] was positive in her review saying,"Amish, in fact, effortlessly paints a picture of every character he introduces in the reader's mind with minute and detailed description of their traits and characteristics...The forgotten story brings about notions relevant today and those that need re-thinking – class, caste and national consciousness. Though the Battle of Bahraich might have ended a millennium ago, the battle of casteism, racism, religious bias, classicism continues and Amish's message is clear, as he echoes through Mangaldhwaj's voice, “Divided, we will continue to fall”."<br />
<br />
==Adaption==<br />
''Legend of Suheldev: The King Who Saved India'' is being adapted into an eponymous film directed by [[Senthil Kumar]] and produced by Wakaoo Films, Casa Media, and Immortal Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 September 2020|title=Legend of Suheldev: The King Who Saved India adaptation in the works|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/legend-of-suheldev-the-king-who-saved-india-adaptation-in-the-works-6610063/|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 September 2020|title=Amish Tripathi's Suheldev: The King Who Saved India to be adapted into films|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/amish-tripathi-s-suheldev-the-king-who-saved-india-to-be-adapted-into-films-1725242-2020-09-25|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Indian Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Amish Tripathi}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:Indian English-language novels]]<br />
[[Category:Westland Books books]]<br />
[[Category:Novels by Amish Tripathi]]<br />
[[Category:Novels set in the 11th century]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_salt_tax_in_British_India&diff=447023History of the salt tax in British India2026-01-31T23:18:53Z<p>Zoyeford: page updated</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br />
Taxation of [[salt]] has occurred in [[India]] since the earliest times. However, this tax was greatly increased when the [[British East India Company]] began to establish its rule over provinces in India. In 1835, special taxes were imposed on Indian [[salt]] to facilitate its import. This paid huge dividends for the [[trade]]rs of the British East India Company. When the Crown took over the administration of India from the Company in 1858, the taxes were not revoked.<br />
<br />
The stringent salt taxes imposed by the British were vehemently condemned by the Indian public. In 1885, at the first session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Bombay]], a prominent Congress Leader, [[S. A. Saminatha Iyer]], raised the issue of the salt tax.<ref name="Salt_history" /> There were further protests throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries culminating in [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Salt Satyagraha]] in 1930. This satyagraha was followed by other satyagrahas in other parts of the country.<br />
<br />
After the arrest of Gandhi, [[Sarojini Naidu]] led the satyagrahis to [[Dharasana Satyagraha|Dharasana Salt works]] in [[Gujarat]] and was arrested by the police officers. [[C. Rajagopalachari]] broke the Salt Laws at [[Vedaranyam]], in Madras Province in the same year. Thousands courted arrest and were imprisoned in large numbers. The administration eventually relented and invited Mahatma Gandhi to England to attend the Second Round Table Conference. Gandhi's Dandi March got wide news coverage and proved to be a turning point in the history of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence movement]].<br />
<br />
The salt tax continued to remain in effect and was repealed only when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the prime minister of the interim government in 1946. After independence, a salt tax was later re-introduced in India via the Salt Cess Act, 1953, before being scrapped and succeeded by the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] in 2017, which does not tax salt. In Pakistan, table salt is currently taxed but iodised salt is not.<br />
<br />
==Taxation of salt==<br />
An early mention of salt taxation is found in ''[[Guanzi (text)|Guanzi]]'', a book written in China {{Circa|300}} [[Common Era|BCE]], which proposes various methods for its implementation.<ref name="salt_gandhi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/articles/the%20story%20of%20Salt.htm|title=The Story of Salt|access-date=2008-05-09|author=Mohinder Singh}}</ref> The recommendations of ''Guanzi'' became the official salt policy of early Chinese Emperors. At one point, salt taxes constituted over one-half{{fact|date=October 2023}} of China's revenues and contributed to the construction of the [[Great Wall of China]].<br />
<br />
Salt was also important in the ancient [[Roman Empire]]. The first of the great [[Roman road]]s, the ''[[Via Salaria]]'', or Salt Road, was built for transporting salt.<ref name="salt_gandhi" /> However, unlike the Chinese, Romans did not monopolize salt.<ref name="salt_gandhi" /><br />
<br />
In Britain, there are references to salt taxes in the [[Domesday Book]] but they had died out before patents were given in [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] times. Reintroduced in 1641 in the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] period there was such outcry that they were withdrawn on the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and not reinstated till 1693 under [[William III of England|William III]], with duty set at two shillings a bushel on foreign salt, one shilling on native salt with exemption for [[Salted fish|fishery salt]]. In 1696 the tax was doubled and remained in force till abolished in 1825. There were probably 600 full-time officials employed in the collection of the taxes.<ref><br />
{{Citation|title=The Salt Tax|author=Mary Rochester|journal=Salt Museum Publication|publisher=A Salt Museum Publication, Cheshire Libraries and Museums|issn=0263-5593}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
==Taxation of salt in India==<br />
<br />
===Salt-producing areas in India===<br />
Salt has been produced all along the [[Rann of Kutch]] on the west coast of India for the past 5,000 years.<ref name="salt_gandhi" /> The Rann of Kutch is an extensive marshland that is cut off from the rest of the Indian subcontinent during monsoons when the seas inundate the low-lying areas. However, when the seawater evaporates during summer, it leaves behind a crust of salt which accumulates as salt pans.<ref name="salt_gandhi" /> This salt is collected by laborers called ''malangas''.<ref name="salt_gandhi" /><br />
<br />
On the east coast, salt could be obtained extensively along the coast of [[Odisha, India|Odisha]].<ref name="salt_gandhi" /> The salt produced by the salt pans called ''khalaris'' in Oriya is of the finest quality in all India.<ref name="salt_gandhi" /> There has always been a demand for Odisha salt in [[Bengal]].<ref name="salt_gandhi" /> When the British took over the administration of Bengal, they too felt its need and traded for salt. Gradually they monopolized Odisha salt all over Bengal.<ref name="salt_gandhi" /> To check smuggling and illegal transportation, they sent armies into Odisha, resulting in the conquest of Odisha in 1803.<ref name="salt_gandhi" /><br />
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===Taxation of salt before British rule===<br />
Salt is a commodity that had been taxed in India ever since the time of the [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryas]]. Taxes on salt have been prevalent even during the time of [[Chandragupta Maurya]]. The ''Arthashastra'', which describes the different duties of the people, says that a special officer called ''lavananadhyaksa'' was appointed to collect the salt tax. Taxes were also imposed on imported salt. However, they accounted for 25 percent of the total value of the salt.<ref name="salt1">{{Cite web|url=http://iref.homestead.com/files/Salt.htm|title=The Salt Tax, Excerpted from The Great Hedge of India by Roy Moxham, Harper Collins, India 2001|access-date=2008-05-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Bengal, there was a salt tax in force during the era of the [[Mughal Empire]], which was 5% for [[Hindu]]s and 2.5% for [[Muslims]].<ref name="salt1" /><br />
<br />
===Taxation of salt by the British East India Company===<br />
In 1759, two years after its victory at the [[Battle of Plassey]], the British East India Company came into possession of land near [[Calcutta]] where there were salt works.<ref name="salt1" /> Utilizing this opportunity to make money, they doubled the land rent and imposed transit charges on the transportation of salt.<ref name="salt1" /><br />
<br />
In 1764, following the victory at the [[Battle of Buxar]], the British began to control all the revenues of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. [[Robert Clive]], who returned as [[governor]] in 1765, made the sale of [[tobacco]], [[betel nut]], and salt (apart from other accessories and essential [[spice]]s and [[condiments]]), the [[monopoly]] of the senior officers of the British East India Company. Contracts were given to deliver salt to depots,<ref name="salt1" /> and merchants were required to buy from these depots.<ref name="salt1" /><br />
<br />
The outrage was expressed by the authorities in England who declared:<br />
<br />
{{quote|We consider it too disgraceful, and below the dignity of the present situation, to allow such a monopoly.}}<br />
<br />
Clive responded by offering the company {{formatnum:1200000}} per annum from the profits made.<br />
<br />
However, the authorities in England were stubborn, and due to the pressure they exerted, the monopoly of tobacco and betel nut was stopped on 1 September 1767, followed by the annulment of the salt monopoly on 7 October 1768.<br />
<br />
In 1772, the governor-general, [[Warren Hastings]], brought the salt trade once again under the company's control. The salt works were leased out to farmers who agreed to deliver salt at a fixed rate to the company and sold the leases to the highest bidders. Corruption dealt a severe blow to the company and the revenue from salt trade fell to 80,000 [[rupee]]s by 1780. This, along with the exploitation of the ''malangas'' or salt workers by their landlords, forced Hastings to introduce a new system for controlling the salt trade in India.<br />
<br />
In 1780 Hastings brought the salt trade once again under government control, dividing the infrastructure into agencies, each under the control of an agent and governed by a controller. This system persisted, with minor modifications, until India's independence in 1947. Under this new system, the ''malangas'' sold the salt to the agents at a particular price, initially fixed at 2 rupees a ''[[Maund (unit)|Maund]]'' with a tax of 1.1 to 1.5 rupees a '' maund''. This new system was a success, and in 1781–82, the salt revenue was 2,960,130 rupees. The company received salt revenue of 6,257,750 rupees in 1784–85.<br />
<br />
From 1788 onwards, the company began selling salt [[wholesalers]] by auction. As a result, the British East India Company increased the tax to 3.25 rupees a ''maund'', and the wholesale price of salt increased from 1.25 to about 4 rupees a ''maund''. This was an exorbitant rate that few could afford.<br />
<br />
In 1804, the British monopolized salt in the newly conquered state of Orissa. In return, they advanced money to the ''malangas'' against future salt production, resulting in the ''malangas'' becoming debtors to the British, virtually becoming economic slaves. The Orissa ''[[zamindars]]'', who had earlier controlled the local salt trade, were alarmed at the sudden loss of income and tried to persuade the ''malanga'' not to work for the British, but to no avail.<br />
<br />
In the early 19th century, to make the salt tax more profitable and reduce smuggling, the East India Company established customs checkpoints throughout Bengal. G. H. Smith established a "customs line", which was the boundary across which salt transportation involved payment of high customs duties. In the 1840s a [[Great Hedge of India|thorn fence was erected along the western frontiers of Bengal province]] to prevent salt smuggling. Eventually, after 1857, the thorn fence grew to be 2,500 miles long.<br />
[[File:Inland Customs Line India.png|thumb|Inland Customs Line (red), incorporating the Great Hedge of India or Indian Salt Hedge (green), built by the British [[Colonial India|colonial rulers of India]].]]<br />
<br />
{{quote|A customs line was established, which stretched across the whole of India, which in 1869 extended from the Indus to the Mahanadi in Madras, a distance of 2,300 miles; and it was guarded by nearly 12,000 men and petty officers... it consisted principally of an immense impenetrable hedge of thorny trees and bushes, supplemented by stone wall and ditches, across which no human being or beast of burden or vehicle could pass without being subject to detention or search.|(Strachey and Strachey 1882, 219–220)}}<br />
<br />
===Taxation of salt by the British authorities===<br />
The taxation laws introduced by the British East India Company were in vogue during the ninety years of [[British Raj]] which followed the demise of the company. The construction of a fence to prevent smuggling of salt, which was commenced during the company's rule, was completed during this period. Sources indicate that by 1858, [[British India]] derived 10% of its revenues from its monopoly of salt.<ref name="india_history">{{cite book | title=A History of India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&q=british+salt+tax&pg=PT290| last=Kulke| first=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund| year=2004| pages=290| publisher=Psychology Press |isbn = 9780415329200}}</ref> However, by the end of the century, the tax on salt had been considerably reduced.<ref name="india_history" /> In 1880, income from salt amounted to 7 million [[pound sterling|pounds]].<ref name="hind swaraj">{{cite book | title=Hind Swaraj and Other Writings | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oc47gUOPZfcC&q=british+salt+tax&pg=PA20| last=Gandhi|author2=Anthony Parel| year=1997| page=20| publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn = 9780521574310}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1900 and 1905, India was one of the largest producers of salt in the world, with a yield of 1,021,426 metric tons and 1,212,600 metric tonnes respectively.<br />
<br />
In 1923, under the viceroyalty of [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Lord Reading]], a bill was passed doubling the salt tax. However, another proposal made in 1927 was subsequently vetoed. It was one of Finance Member [[Basil Blackett (civil servant)|Basil Blackett]]'s first deeds when producing his first budget in February 1923.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Annual tax revenue<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rothermund|first1=Dietmar|title=An Economic History of India|date=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1134879458|pages=103, 240|edition=rev.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSJAgAAQBAJ&q=british+india+economy+salt+tax+87+million|access-date=21 November 2016|ref=ehoi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!Year!! Rs (million) || £ (million)<br />
|-<br />
| 1929–30 || 67 || 5.025<br />
|-<br />
| 1930–31 || 68 || 5.1<br />
|-<br />
| 1931–32 || 87 || 6.525<br />
|-<br />
| 1932–33 ||102 || 7.65<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Salt laws===<br />
The first laws to regulate the salt tax were made by the British East India Company.<br />
<br />
In 1835, the government appointed a salt commission to review the existing salt tax. It recommended that Indian salt should be taxed to enable the sale of imported English salt. Consequently, salt was imported from [[Liverpool]], resulting in an increase in salt rates. Subsequently, the government set up a monopoly on the manufacture of salt by the Salt Act. Production of salt was made an offense punishable with six months' imprisonment. The committee also recommended that Indian salt be sold in ''maunds'' of 100. However, they were sold in much lesser quantities.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} In 1888, the salt tax was enhanced by [[Lord Dufferin]] as a temporary measure.<ref name=Naidu>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbZPP8g4uLkC&q=1888%2C+the+salt+tax+was+enhanced+by+Lord+Dufferin+as+a+temporary&pg=PA71|title=Nationalism in South India, Its Economic and Social Background, 1885–1918: A Study of the Madras Government's Policies in the Economic and Social Aspects and Their Impact on Nationalism in the Former Madras Presidency|last=Naidu|first=Ch M.|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170990437|language=en}}</ref> [[Cheshire]] salt imported from the United Kingdom was available at a much cheaper rate. However, Cheshire salt was of inferior quality compared to India's salt. India's salt imports reached {{formatnum:2582050}} metric tons by 1851.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
<br />
In 1878, a uniform salt tax policy was adopted for the whole of India, both British India as well as the princely states. Both production, as well as possession of salt, were made unlawful by this policy. The salt tax, which was one rupee and thirteen annas per maund in [[Bombay]], [[Madras]], the [[Central Provinces]], and the [[princely states]] of [[South India]], was increased to two rupees and eight annas and decreased from three rupees and four annas in Bengal and Assam to two rupees and fourteen annas, and from three rupees to two rupees and eight annas in North India.<br />
<br />
Section 39 of the Bombay Salt Act, which was the same as Section 16-17 of the Indian Salt Act, empowered a salt-revenue official to break into places where salt was being illegally manufactured and seize the illegal salt being manufactured. Section 50 of the Bombay Salt Act prohibited the shipping of salt overseas.<br />
<br />
The India Salt Act of 1882 included regulations enforcing a government monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt. Salt could be manufactured and handled only at official government salt depots, with a tax of Rs 1-4-0 on each ''maund'' (82 pounds).<br />
<br />
In 1944 the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] passed the Excises and Salt Act (Act No. I of 1944), which, though modified in India and Pakistan, remain in force in Bangladesh.<br />
<br />
A new salt tax was introduced to the Republic of India, via the Salt Cess, 1953, which received the assent of the president on 26 December 1953, and was brought into force on 2 January 1954:<ref name=ssa1953 /><br />
<br />
{{quote|Then again there is a still more wretched creature, who bears the name of a laborer, whose income may be fixed at thirty-five rupees per annum. If he, with his wife and three children, consumes twenty-four seers [49 lb] of salt, he must pay a salt duty of two rupees and seven annas, or in other words 7½ percent income tax. Now we leave it to our readers to judge, whether the ryots and the laborers can procure salt in the quantities they require. We can positively state from our own experience, that an ordinary ryot can never procure more than two-thirds of what he requires, and that a laborer not more than half.<ref name="effects">{{Cite web|url=http://salt.org.il/india.html|title=SALT MONOPOLIES 1.India|access-date=2008-05-09}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Early protests against the British salt tax==<br />
Since the introduction of the first taxes on salt by the British East India Company, the laws were subjected to fervent criticism. The Chamber of Commerce in Bristol was one of the first to submit a petition opposing the salt tax:<br />
<br />
{{quote|The price to the consumer here [in England] is but about 30s per ton instead of 20 pounds per ton as in India; and if it was necessary to abolish the Salt tax at home some years since it appears to your petitioners that the millions of her Majesty's subjects of India have a much stronger claim for remission in their case, wretchedly poor as they are, and essentially necessary as salt is to their daily sustenance, and to the prevention of disease in such a climate.<ref name="romesh_dutt">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j4tH9Mw92SAC&q=british+salt+tax+india&pg=PA149|title=The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age|access-date=2008-05-09|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|author=Romesh C. Dutt|isbn=9780415244947}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The salt tax was criticized at a public meeting at [[Cuttack]] in February 1888. In the first session of the Indian National Congress held in 1885 in Bombay, a prominent Congress member, [[S. A. Saminatha Iyer]] pleaded against the tax:<ref name="raj">{{cite book | title=Indian National Movement and the Raj| last=Bakshi| first=Shiri Ram| year=1989| pages=56| publisher=Criterion Publications| location=India}}</ref><ref name="economic_policies">{{cite book | title=The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India: Economic Policies of Indian National leadership, 1880 to 1905| last=Chandra| first=Bipan| year=1966| pages=232| publisher=People's Publication House| location=India}}</ref><ref name="independence">{{cite book | title=Struggle for Independence| last=Bakshi| first=S R| year=1994| pages=181 & 182| publisher=Anmol Publications| location=India| isbn=8170417147}}</ref> <br />
<br />
{{quote|It would be unjust and unrighteous if the tax on salt should be increased. It is a necessary article both for human as well as animal well-being... it would be bad policy and a retrograde movement to raise the tax, especially at a time when the poor millions of India are anxiously looking forward to a further reduction of the tax... As any increase, therefore, of this tax will fall heavily upon the masses of the people of the land, I would strongly urge upon the attention of this Congress the necessity of its entering its strong protest against any attempt on the part of Government to raise the tax on salt.<ref name="Salt_history">[http://www.mkgandhi.org/civil_dis/salt_tax.htm ''Defiance of Salt Tax'', from ''mkgandhi.org'']</ref>}}<br />
<br />
At the [[Allahabad]] session of the Indian National Congress in 1888, Narayan Vishnu, a delegate from [[Poona]] vehemently opposed the Indian Salt Act. A resolution was passed wherein the delegates present declared 'That this Congress do put on record its disapproval of the recent enhancement of the salt tax as involving a perceptible increase to the burden of the poorer classes, as also the 'partial adoption, in a time of peace and plenty, of the only financial reserve of the Empire.' The 1892 session at Allahabad concluded thus: '...&nbsp; We do not know when the tax will be reduced. So that there is every necessity for our repeating this prayer in the interests of the masses, and we earnestly hope that it will be granted before long'. A similar sort of protest was also issued at the Congress session at [[Ahmedabad]].<br />
<br />
The salt tax was also protested by eminent people like [[Dadabhai Naoroji]]. On 14 August 1894, he thundered in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]]: <br />
<br />
{{quote|Then the Salt Tax, the cruelest Revenue imposed in any civilized country provided Rs. 8,600,000/- and that with the opium 'formed the bulk of the revenue of India, which was drawn from the wretchedness of the people... It mattered not what the State received was called – tax, rent, revenue, or by any other name they liked – the simple fact of the matter was, that out of a certain annual national production the State took a certain portion. Now it would not also matter much about the portion taken by the State if that portion, as in this country, returned to people themselves, from whom it was raised. But the misfortune and the evil was that much of this portion did not return to the people and that the whole system of Revenue and the economic condition of the people became unnatural and oppressive, with dangers to the rulers. So long as the system went on, so long must the people go on, living wretched lives. There was a constant draining away of India's resources, and she could never, therefore, be a prosperous country. Not only that, but in time India must perish, and with it perish the British Empire.<ref name="Salt_history" />}}<br />
<br />
In 1895, George Hamilton stated at a session of the House of Commons that:<br />
<br />
{{quote|Time has, however, now come when the Government finds itself in possession of larger surpluses and it is, therefore, its duty as guardian of public exchequer, to reduce taxation on salt.}}<br />
<br />
When the salt tax was doubled in the year 1923, it was sharply criticized in a report by the Taxation Enquiry Committee which was published two years later. This raise also evoked sharp reactions from Indian nationalists. In 1929, Pandit Nilakantha Das demanded the repeal of the salt tax in the Imperial Legislature but his pleas fell on deaf ears. In 1930, Orissa was close to open rebellion.<br />
<br />
==Mahatma Gandhi and the salt tax==<br />
Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi had written his first article on the salt tax in 1891 in the periodical ''The Vegetarian''. While in South Africa, he wrote in ''The Indian Opinion'':<br />
<br />
{{quote|The tax levied on salt in India has always been a subject of criticism. This time it has been criticized by the well-known Dr. Hutchinson who says that 'it is a great shame for the British Government in India to continue it, while a similar tax previously in force in Japan has been abolished. Salt is an essential article in our dietary. It could be said that the increasing incidence of leprosy in India was due to the salt tax. Dr. Hutchinson considers the salt tax a barbarous practice, which ill becomes the British Government.}}<br />
<br />
In 1909, Mahatma Gandhi wrote in his ''Hind Swaraj'' from South Africa, urging the British administration to abolish the salt tax.<br />
<br />
==Mahatma Gandhi's Salt March==<br />
[[File:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] and other ''satyagrahis'' during the Dandi March]]<br />
<br />
{{See also|Salt March}}<br />
<br />
At the historic [[Lahore]] session of the Indian National Congress on 31 December 1929 in which ''[[Purna Swaraj]]'' was declared, a passing reference was made to the infamous and oppressive salt law and resolved that a way should be found to oppose it. In the first week of March 1930, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] wrote to [[Lord Irwin]] apprising him of the prevailing social, economic and political conditions in the country.<br />
<br />
On 12 March 1930, Gandhi embarked on a satyagraha with 78 followers from [[Sabarmati Ashram]] to [[Dandi, Gujarat|Dandi]] on the [[Arabian Sea]] coast. This march, known as the ''Dandi March'', was sensationalized by the international press; film clippings and pictures of Mahatma Gandhi were relayed to distant corners of the world. Gandhi reached Dandi on 5 April 1930. After his morning [[bhajan]], he waded in to the sea shore and picked up a handful of salt, proclaiming that with the handful of salt he was proclaiming the end of the British Empire. The police arrived and arrested thousands of national leaders including Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi's bold defiance of the salt law encouraged other Indians to break the law as well.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Mahatma |author2=Dalton, Dennis |author-link2=Dennis Dalton |title=Selected Political Writings |publisher=Hackett Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=0-87220-330-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhisel00maha }} p. 72.</ref><br />
<br />
==Other salt ''satyagrahas''==<br />
Soon after the conclusion of the [[Salt satyagraha]] at [[Dandi, Gujarat|Dandi]], Gandhi intended to lead a pack of ''satyagrahis'' to the [[Dharasana Satyagraha|Dharasana Salt Works]] in [[Gujarat]], but was arrested by the police. A few days later, Congress leader [[Abbas Tyabji]] was also arrested. So the mantle fell upon [[Sarojini Naidu]] to lead the marchers at Dharasana. They marched to Dharasana, where they were stopped by a detachment of police. The non-violent ''satyagrahis'' confronted the police and were beaten. American journalist [[Webb Miller (journalist)|Webb Miller]], who witnessed the gruesome scene, counted around 320 bodies. His reporting on the violence at the Dharasana Salt Works was later credited for helping turn world opinion against [[British Raj|British colonial rule of India]].<br />
<br />
In April 1930, Congress leader [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] led a [[Vedaranyam march|salt satyagraha in Vedaranyam]], Madras province. The satyagrahis reached [[Vedaranyam]] on the east coast of India on 28 April, where they prepared salt illegally on 30 April.<ref name="vedaranyam_1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/30/stories/2008043058730300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503004219/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/30/stories/2008043058730300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2008|title=The day Rajaji broke the Salt Law |access-date=2008-05-09|author=Syed Muthahar Saqaf|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="vedaranyam_2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000240400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050601071653/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2005/04/10/stories/2005041000240400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 June 2005|title=Marathon march |access-date=2008-05-09|author=La. Su. Rengarajan}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
The British authorities turned a deaf ear to the massive protests against the salt tax which rocked India during the early 1930s. The [[Dandi March]] was only partially successful. Though it forced the British rulers to come to the discussion table, the salt tax continued. It was only on 6 April 1946 that Mahatma Gandhi made a formal request to [[Archibald Rowlands|Sir Archibald Rowlands]], the finance member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, to remove the oppressive salt tax.<ref name="hind swaraj" /> Rowlands formally issued an order abolishing the salt tax, but the order was vetoed by the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]], [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]].<ref name="hind swaraj" /> The salt tax continued in force until March 1947, when it was abolished by the [[Interim Government of India]] headed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], by the then-Finance Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]].<br />
<br />
A modified salt tax was later introduced, to the Republic of India, via the Salt Cess Act, 1953, which received the assent of the President on 26 December 1953, and was brought into force on 2 January 1954.<ref name=ssa1953>{{cite web|title=The Salt Cess Act, 1953|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/53524/|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> The tax, applied at a rate of 14 paise per 40 kg of salt produced, was criticised for its low collections, with the government spending twice as much to collect the tax as it earned from it.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=2023-04-01|title=Ten laws that India should scrap|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29516976|newspaper=BBC News|date=7 October 2014}}</ref> This was replaced in 2017 by the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] overhaul, which officially places salt in the 0% taxation category.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-04-01|title=Salt bureaucracy pounding salt|date=19 December 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/salt-bureaucracy-pounding-salt/1798189/}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Pakistan, raw table salt is taxed while iodised salt is not, which has been criticised by salt manufacturers as they need to pay tax on the salt that they later iodise and sell tax-free.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-04-01|title=Govt urged to exempt table salt from tax|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2307297/govt-urged-to-exempt-table-salt-from-tax|date=26 June 2021|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Gabelle]] – French salt tax<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*Kurlansky, Mark. (2002). ''Salt: A world history.'' (pp.&nbsp;333–354, "Salt and the Great Soul"). New York: Penguin Books.<br />
<br />
{{Salt topics}}<br />
{{United States – Commonwealth of Nations recessions}}<br />
{{portal bar|Food}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Salt tax|British salt tax in India]]<br />
[[Category:History of taxation in India|British salt tax in India]]<br />
[[Category:Government of British India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of British India]]<br />
[[Category:Salt industry in India]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rita_Banerji&diff=530588Rita Banerji2026-01-25T05:11:42Z<p>Zoyeford: done - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian author, photographer and activist}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Rita Banerji<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize =<br />
| caption =<br />
| pseudonym =<br />
| birth_date = '''1967'''<br />
| birth_place = [[India]]<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| occupation = Author, [[feminist]], activist<br />
| citizenship = India<br />
| period =<br />
| genre =<br />
| subject = Feminism, Gendercide, Women's rights<br />
| religion =<br />
| movement = Women's rights, Human rights,<br />
| spouse =<br />
| partner =<br />
| children =<br />
| relatives =<br />
| signature =<br />
| website ={{url|http://www.ritabanerji.com/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rita Banerji''' (1967) is an author, photographer and [[gender]] activist from India. Her non-fiction book ''Sex and Power: Defining History, Shaping Societies'' was published in 2008. She is the founder of the ''50 Million Missing'' online campaign to raise awareness of female gendercide in India.<br />
<br />
== Early career ==<br />
Banerji started her career as an environmentalist specializing in [[Conservation Biology]]. In 1995 she received the Amy Lutz award in Plant Biology from the [[Association for Women in Science]] (AWIS) for her PhD work on the effects of [[acid rain]] on [[maize]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tooney|first1=Nancy M.|title=AWIS Educational Foundation Awards|journal=AWIS Magazine|date=July 1995|volume=24|issue=4|page=16|url=https://awis.site-ym.com/?AWISMagazine1|accessdate=7 May 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081706/https://awis.site-ym.com/?AWISMagazine1|archivedate=18 May 2015}}</ref> Other awards and recognitions she has received include: <br />
Morgan Adams Award in Biology for PhD Research; [[Sigma Xi]] Scientific Research Society, Associate member; [[Botanical Society of America]]'s Young Botanist Recognition Award; [[Charles A. Dana (philanthropist)|Charles A. Dana]] Fellowship for Research in Ecology; [[Howard Hughes]] Grant for research in genetics. She was also listed in [[Who's Who Among Students in American Universities and Colleges]]. Many of Banerji's projects had a gender perspective. She worked with the [[Chipko]] women's grassroots movement in India under the tutelage of eco-feminist [[Vandana Shiva]] and for the [[Institute for Policy Studies]] and [[World Resources Institute]].<br />
<br />
== Transition to Writing and Gender Activism ==<br />
At the age of 30 Banerji returned to India and began to write on issues of gender equality and women's rights in India.<br />
<ref>{{cite web|title=Published works|url=http://ritabanerji.wordpress.com/non-fiction/|website=Rita Banerji|accessdate=8 May 2015|date=2010-01-15}}</ref> Her writings and photos have been published in a range of journals and magazines in different countries. In 2009 she received the Apex Award of Excellence for Magazine and Journal Writing.<br />
<br />
== Sex and Power ==<br />
Banerji's non-fiction book ''Sex and Power:Defining History, Shaping Societies'' was first published in India in 2008. The book was the result of a five-year social and historical study of sex and sexuality in India. In the book Banerji examines why current day India is squeamish about sex, despite a historical openness about the subject shown by worship of [[lingam]] and [[yoni]], [[erotic art]] in temples, and literature on the art and science of [[love-making]] such as the [[Kama Sutra]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Husson Isozaki|first1=Anna|title=Review of Sex and Power|url=http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue22/isozaki_review.htm|website=Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context|publisher=Australian National University|accessdate=8 May 2015}}</ref><br />
She concludes that a society's [[sexual morality|sexual mores]] vary over time and are linked to the social groups in power.<ref name=Sengupta>{{cite web|last1=Sengupta|first1=Anandita|title=How we came to genocide|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=hub170109howwe_came.asp|website=Tehelka|publisher=Anant Media Pvt. Ltd.|accessdate=8 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090514/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main41.asp?filename=hub170109howwe_came.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== The 50 Million Missing Campaign ==<br />
In December 2006 Banerji started ''50 Million Missing'', an online advocacy campaign to raise awareness of female gendercide in India. The campaign was launched on [[Flickr]], collecting thousands of photos of Indian girls and women from over 2400 photographers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Todhunter|first1=Colin|title=Where have they all gone?|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct112008/she2008101094393.asp|website=Deccan Herald|publisher=The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd|accessdate=8 May 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008024436/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Oct112008/she2008101094393.asp|archivedate=8 October 2014}}</ref> Since its launch the campaign has grown and spread to other [[social networking sites]] and also runs information blogs. It is a zero-fund campaign and runs on community effort and participation. The campaign was a consequence of Banerji's book Sex and Power. She says, ''"The data on the systemic and mass-scale violence on Indian women and girls I was gathering for my book was playing out in its stark grotesqueness in my everyday reality. A baby girl is abandoned on the streets in my city, and as residents wait for the police to respond, street dogs kill her and start eating her…I saw the connection and for the first time felt uneasy, ashamed and outraged."''<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author =Banerji, Rita<br />
| title =Why We Slept Through A Genocide-Part II<br />
| newspaper =It's A Girl! Movie Blog<br />
| url =http://www.itsagirlmovie.com/blog/why-we-slept-through-a-genocide-part-ii<br />
| accessdate =4 May 2012<br />
}}</ref> Banerji contends that the three worst [[man made disaster|disasters]] that India faces in the 21st century, are [[population explosion]], an AIDS epidemic, and the [[Gendercide|female gendercide]]. These she concludes are a result of India's deeply [[patriarchal]] and conservative approach to women and [[sexual morality]], and the "socialized dichotomy" of men from women, and sex from the sacred.<ref name=Sengupta/> In an interview with [[The Big Issue in the North]] Banerji says the underlying problem with all three issues is a "virulent patriarchy that is self-indulgent...through [its practice of] multiple partners and irresponsible sex, and it essentially views women as sexual commodities to be used and discarded at will. A woman's only worth is in her production of sons for the continuation of the patriarchy. So daughters are routinely [[Feticide|discarded before]] or soon after birth."<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author =Ciara Leeming<br />
| title =Author Q&A: Rita Banerji<br />
| newspaper =The Big Issue in the North<br />
| date =20–26 July 2009<br />
| url =https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_QOZ0grbsILg/SpjPt1HFvTI/AAAAAAAAAD4/6IMR1TnZru8/s1600-h/The+Big+Issue.jpg<br />
| accessdate =4 May 2012<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Views on India’s female gendercide ==<br />
Banerji has argued against the view that education and economic development are the solution to India's female [[gendercide]].<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author =Rita Banerji<br />
| title =Why Education and Economics are not the Solution to India's Female Genocide.<br />
| newspaper =The Gender Bytes Blog<br />
| date =12 June 2011<br />
| url =http://genderbytes.wordpress.com/2011/06/12/why-education-and-economics-are-not-the-solution-to-indias-female-genocide/ <br />
| accessdate =1 June 2012<br />
}}</ref><br />
She states that an analysis of census data indicates that the [[human sex ratio|gender ratio]] is most imbalanced in the top 20% of the population of India by wealth and education and that the ratio is closest to the natural norm in the bottom 20% of the same scale. She asserts that increased access to education, health care, jobs and higher earnings lead to more sex-selective abortion drawing a direct correlation between the number of educational degrees a woman has and the likelihood that she will eliminate unborn daughters. Banerji also claims that high-income professional women are also victims of dowry violence and murder in India.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author =Rita Banerji<br />
| title =Facebook Game 'Angry Brides' Trivializes Grave Human Rights Violations<br />
| newspaper =The Women’s International Perspective (WIP)<br />
| date =22 February 2012<br />
| url =http://thewip.net/2012/02/22/facebook-game-angry-brides-trivializes-grave-human-rights-violation/<br />
| accessdate =1 June 2012<br />
| archive-date =3 July 2014<br />
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140703135124/http://thewip.net/2012/02/22/facebook-game-angry-brides-trivializes-grave-human-rights-violation/<br />
| url-status =dead<br />
}}</ref> Their education and wealth is no protection, because they are unable to fight off the family and cultural pressures on them to remain in the marriage, regardless of the violence they are subjected to. Banerji contends that it is not economics or education, but rather a cultural [[misogyny]] that is the prime factor in India's female gendercide. She says this is most evident in how culture specific crimes like [[dowry death|dowry murders]] and ‘[[honor killing|honour' killings]] hound [[expatriate]] Indian women too, and sex-selected abortion is so prevalent, that the Indian communities in certain western countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and [[Norway]] too have sex ratios that are abnormally skewed against females.<ref>{{cite news<br />
|author = Rita Banerji<br />
|title = Indian Girls "Missing" Worldwide<br />
|newspaper = Pickled Politics<br />
|date = 19 May 2011<br />
|url = http://www.pickledpolitics.com/archives/12663<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110522014428/http://www.pickledpolitics.com/archives/12663<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-date = 22 May 2011<br />
|accessdate = 1 June 2012<br />
}}</ref> Banerji asserts that gendercide needs to be recognised as a gender based [[hate crime]] against women, what [[Diana E. H. Russell|Diana Russell]] has termed as ‘[[Femicide]],’ and be dealt with in the same manner as other hate crimes based on race, religion or ethnicity.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author =Rita Banerji<br />
| title =Girl Infants face pre-mediated murder under Femicide.<br />
| newspaper =Women’s News Network (WNN)<br />
| date =7 February 2012<br />
| url =http://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/02/07/india-girl-infants-murder-femicide/<br />
| accessdate =1 June 2012<br />
}}</ref><br />
. She explains that this lethal hatred of females is rooted in India’s history, religions and traditions, which over the centuries have created a socially permissive environment for extreme and deadly violence against females. She calls this ''"the acculturation of female homicide."'' She says,''"terms [like] dowry death, femicide are each a method of female homicide that was [or still is] widely practised, widely accepted, and culturally-specific to India... When a practice acquires a name in a society, it becomes acceptable at the subconscious level of that community's collective thinking. Its premise becomes sacrosanct, and the lines between crime and culture, and what is permissible and reprehensible, become blurred. It is this deep, historically-rooted acculturation of female homicide that is sustaining female genocide in India.''<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author =Rita Banerji<br />
| title =Female Genocide in India and The 50 Million Missing Campaign<br />
| newspaper =Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, Issue 22<br />
| date =October 2009<br />
| url =http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue22/banerji.htm<br />
| accessdate =1 June 2012<br />
}}</ref><br />
”<br />
<br />
== A Call for a Feminist Revolution in India ==<br />
According to Banerji, India has not experienced a [[sexual revolution]] in the same way as that seen in Europe and North America, which established each woman's independent and individual rights and choices over her own body and [[Human female sexuality|sexuality]].<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author =Rita Banerji<br />
| title =The Pink Panties Campaign and the Indian Women's Sexual Revolution<br />
| newspaper =Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, Issue 23<br />
| date =January 2010<br />
| url =http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue23/banerji1.htm <br />
| accessdate =1 June 2012<br />
}}</ref> She believes it is very important for the women's movement in India to have such a revolution particularly in context of putting the gendercide in perspective for Indian society.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author = Rita Banerji<br />
| title =Why Kali Won't Rage: A Critique of Indian Feminism<br />
| newspaper =Gender Forum, Issue 38<br />
| year =2012<br />
| url =http://www.genderforum.org/issues/passages-to-india/why-kali-wont-rage/<br />
| accessdate =30 June 2012<br />
}}</ref> As she points out, this is because, ''"It is about the recognition of women as [[individual]]s with certain [[fundamental rights]], including that of safety and personal choices, which no one, not even the family, can violate... A girl or woman, within the Indian cultural context, is regarded as a family’s property. She does not have the ownership of her own body... And so it is the parents, the husbands, and in-laws who have the prerogative to decide and make the choices regarding a girl or a woman’s being. Whether or not she is allowed to live [before or] after birth...Who she can or cannot marry... Her husband is entitled to sex whether she wants it or not. He decides when and how many children he wants and what sex they should be. He and his family can torture her to extort more dowry wealth, or subjugate her to repeated pregnancies and excruciating abortions to rid female progeny as always is the case with female [[Female feticide in India|feticides]]...[There is] yet another constrictive, dictatorial authority that asserts its power over an individual woman’s being in India – that of culture and society. It decides what constitutes the prototype of a "good Indian woman" – and directs everything from her demeanor and costume, to what her roles and goals in society ought to be.''.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| author =Rita Banerji<br />
| title =Slutwalk to Femicide: Making the Connection<br />
| newspaper =The Women’s International Perspective (WIP)<br />
| date =2 September 2011<br />
| url =http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2011/09/slutwalk_to_femicide_making_th.html <br />
| accessdate =1 June 2012<br />
}}</ref><br />
"<br />
<br />
== Interviews ==<br />
<br />
Women on Women's Rights: With Rita Banerji Women's Web, 26 September 2012<br />
<br />
Alam Bains. Interview with Rita Banerji: Award-winning Author, Photographer, Gender Activist. Youth Ki Awaaz, 9 January 2012.<br />
<br />
50 Million Missing Campaign. Heart to Heart Talks, 7 December 2011<br />
<br />
Anjum Choudhry Nayyar. Author of Sex and Power, Rita Banerji Talks Marriage, Divorce and Raising Strong Daughters. Masalamommas: An Online Magazine for Today's Moms with a South Asian Connection, 31 October 2011<br />
<br />
Colin Todhunter. Delink Wealth and Weddings. Deccan Herald. May 2011.<br />
<br />
Soraya Nulliah. Interview with Rita Banerji – Part I. My He(Art) Full Blog. 8 March 2011.<br />
<br />
Soraya Nulliah. Interview with Rita Banerji – Part II My He(Art) Full Blog. 13 April 2011<br />
<br />
India's Silent Gender Cleansing. The Asia Mag! 3 April 2009.<br />
<br />
Power at Play. The Indian Express, 18 March 2009.<br />
<br />
Ciara Leeming. Author Q and A: Rita Banerji. The Big Issue in the North, 20–26 July 2009.<br />
<br />
Fifty Million Missing Women: Rita Banerji Fights Female Genocide. Mount Holyoke Alumnae Quarterly, 29 August 2008.<br />
<br />
Anasuya Basu. Sex Through the Ages. The Telegraph, 15 March 2009.<br />
<br />
Colin Todhunter. Where Have They All Gone? The Deccan Herald, 11 October 2008<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://ritabanerji.wordpress.com Rita Banerji at Wordpress.com]<br />
* [http://genderbytes.wordpress.com The 50 Million Missing campaign at Wordpress.com]<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]<br />
[[Category:George Washington University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Mount Holyoke College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women essayists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bikram_Singh_(general)&diff=458980Bikram Singh (general)2026-01-18T15:02:46Z<p>Zoyeford: further added section to improve readability and updated info</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Bikram Singh]]{{R from incomplete disambiguation}}</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Monte_la_Difensa&diff=461999Battle of Monte la Difensa2026-01-08T23:54:49Z<p>Zoyeford: small cleanup citations per sources and improved wording</p>
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<div>{{Short description|1943 battle of the Italian Campaign in WWII}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
|conflict=Battle of Monte la Difensa<br />
|partof=the fighting for the [[Bernhardt Line]]<br />
|campaign=<br />
|image=File:MonteLaDifensa1943 12.jpg<br />
|image_size=300px<br />
|caption=Action around Monte La Difensa 3–9 December 1943<br />
|date=December 3, 1943 – December 9, 1943<br />
|place=Hill 960, [[Italy]]<br />
|coordinates={{Coord|41|22|59.88|N|13|55|59.77|E|display=title,inline}}<br />
|result=Allied victory<br />
|combatant1={{flag|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flag|United States|1912}}<br>{{flag|Canada|1921}}<br />
|combatant2={{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}<br />
|commander1=<br />
|commander2=<br />
|strength1=<br />
|strength2=<br />
|casualties1=<br />
|casualties2=<br />
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Italy}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Winter Line}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Battle of Monte La Difensa''' took place between 3 December and 9 December 1943 during ''Operation Raincoat'', part of the Battle for the [[Bernhardt Line]] during the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]] in [[World War II]].<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Monte La Difensa (also known as Hill 960) was one of the peaks forming the Camino hill mass which formed the left-hand "gatepost" dominating the Mignano Gap, key to the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]]'s route to [[Cassino]], the Liri valley, and thence to [[Rome]]. The mountain itself had become a stalemate for [[United States Army|American]] and [[British Army|British]] troops because of the defenses employed by the [[Wehrmacht|German troops]], part of the [[Bernhardt Line]].<br />
<br />
== The battle ==<br />
The action was the first combat in the Italian theatre for the US-Canadian commando unit [[1st Special Service Force]] (1st SSF). They were attached to the [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 36th Infantry Division]]. The [[1st Special Service Force|1st SSF]] used the special training that they had received in [[winter warfare|winter]] and [[mountain warfare]] to scale the mountain and overcome the Germans atop the stronghold.<br />
<br />
With the rest of 36th Division on 1st SSF's right attacking Monte Maggiore and [[56th (London) Division|British 56th Infantry Division]] (attacking Monte Camino) and [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 46th Infantry Division]] on their left, it took 5 days heavy fighting for the Camino hill mass to be cleared. [[Casualties]] were high. After a pause to regroup the U.S. Fifth Army renewed its offensive but it took until mid-January to advance the {{convert|10|mi|km}} to [[Cassino]] at the mouth of the [[Liri river|Liri valley]] and the formidable [[Gustav Line]] defenses, where the Allies were halted by stubborn German defense until May 1944.<br />
<br />
==In media==<br />
* The successful assault on Difensa was the setting for the climax of the 1968 motion picture, ''[[The Devil's Brigade (film)|The Devil's Brigade]]''.<br />
* Part 2 of the series ''WW2 Greatest Raids'' called "Mountain Massacre", depicting the battle, was broadcast by [[National Geographic (American TV channel)|National Geographic]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Winter Line]]<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* {{cite book | url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/winterline/winter-fm.htm | title = Fifth Army at the Winter Line 15 November 1943 - 15 January 1944 | series = American Forces in Action series | year = 1990 | publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] | location = Washington | orig-year = 1945 | id = CMH Pub 100-9 | access-date = 21 July 2010 | archive-date = 21 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121121000001/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/winterline/winter-fm.htm | url-status = dead }}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Monte la Difensa]]<br />
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)|Monte la Difensa]]<br />
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Canada|Monte la Difensa]]<br />
[[Category:December 1943 in Europe]]<br />
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Germany]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welspun_World&diff=545630Welspun World2025-12-13T19:32:20Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding Page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Conglomerate company based in Mumbai, India}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{COI|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Promotional|date=August 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Welspun World<br />
| logo = Welspun-word-logo.png<br />
| former_name = <br />
| type = [[Corporate group]]<br />
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|1985}} in [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| founder = B. K. Goenka<br>Rajesh R. Mandawewala<br />
| hq_location = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India<br />
| area_served = Worldwide<br />
| key_people = [[B. K. Goenka]] (Chairman and Managing Director)<br />
| products = Infrastructure, gas, oil, energy, steel, textile, pipe, retailing<br />
| revenue = {{Increase}} US$5 billion<br />
| num_employees = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Welspun World''' (formally known as '''Welspun Group''') is an Indian multinational [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] with business interests in line pipes, textile, infrastructure, and steel.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Welspun's BK Goenka: Spinning Solutions |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2015/welspuns-bk-goenka-spinning-solutions/41365/1 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> It is headquartered in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mandavia |first1=Megha |last2=Kalesh |first2=Baiju |date=2015-12-16 |title=Succession Planning: Welspun Group to hive off yarn-spinning business for next generation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/succession-planning-welspun-group-to-hive-off-yarn-spinning-business-for-next-generation/articleshow/50181464.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In 1985, Balkrishan Goenka, along with his cousin Rajesh R Mandawewala, founded Welspun with an initial investment of $100,000 borrowed from his father.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2012-02-25 |title=I had no background in any of the businesses I got into |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/i-had-no-background-in-any-of-the-businesses-i-got-into/articleshow/12027474.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The company began its operations as a small texturizing unit under the name Welspun Winilon Silk Mills in the [[Palghar district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retail India News: Welspun Living Joins Bharat Tex 2024 to Champion India's Textile Legacy |url=https://www.indianretailer.com/news/retail-india-news-welspun-living-joins-bharat-tex-2024-champion-indias-textile-legacy |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Indian Retailer |language=en}}</ref> It was promoted by the G.R.G. group, headed by Gopi Ram Goenka, who is the father of Balkrishan.<ref name=":12"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Balkrishan Goenka |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/who-is-balkrishan-goenka |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref name=":02"/><br />
<br />
Between 1986 and 1989, the company established two yarn texturizing factories.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=From Vapi to Wimbledon |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials-34/the-power-of-i_2014/from-vapi-to-wimbledon-1261 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Outlook magazine|date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> One, situated in Palghar, produced 797.5 MT of yarn annually. The second factory, with a similar capacity, was set up in [[Silvassa]]. In 1990, the company expanded its operations by establishing a polyester filament flat yarn manufacturing unit in [[Thane]], with a capacity of 605 MT per annum. The company's name was later changed to Welspun Polyester India Limited.<ref name=":23"/><br />
<br />
In 1991, Welspun Polyester India went public through its initial public offering (IPO) and later rebranded as Welspun India Limited (WIL).<ref name=":12"/> The company expanded into the terry towels business by setting up its first terry towel plant in [[Vapi|Vapi, Gujarat]], with 15,000 cotton spindles.<ref name=":23"/><ref name=":02"/> Welspun also proposed a POY project in Silvassa, Dadra, and [[Nagar Haveli]], with a capacity of 15,000 metric tonnes per annum (MTPA). Between 1994 and 1995, the company increased its terry towel production capacity from 3100 MTPA to 5200 MTPA. Additionally, it started developing power plants capable of generating 40 M.W., intended to support spinning machines for terry towels and cotton through captive power sources. Welspun also acquired a plant from Rieter Automatic Gmbh in Germany to launch its polyester filament yarn project.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Welspun India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/welspunindia/history/WI03?_sm_au_=iVVVJW810fZMfqvj |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Money Control}}</ref> In 1996, Welspun's polyester yarn business was leased to a group company to shift focus to natural fibers.<ref name=":23"/> In 1999, Welspun entered a joint venture with Vincenzo Zucchi SPA, Italy, for Terry Bathrobes and Terry made-ups production at its Vapi, Gujarat plant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As Welspun awaits Wal-Mart review, investors brace for worst |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/W5jxT5hQTcHLkG3SNIDGBJ/As-Welspun-awaits-WalMart-review-investors-brace-for-worst.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=}}</ref> In 2000, Welspun USA was formed as a wholly owned subsidiary of Welspun India Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-03 |title=Welspun gets U.S. court nod to settle claims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/welspun-gets-us-court-nod-to-settle-claims/article28275388.ece |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2001, Welspun hived off its cotton yarn unit into a separate company, which became known as Welspun Cotton Yarn Ltd.<ref name=":23"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court sanctions Welspun India's Scheme of Arrangement |url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2001/mar/21risc.htm |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> CRISIL, an analytical company in India, subsequently downgraded the company's [[Debenture|NCDs]] from a "B" rating to a "D" rating. In 2004, Welspun India received [[Walmart]]'s Supplier of the Year for Bed & Bath.<ref>{{Cite web |last=textilemagazine |date=2016-04-28 |title=Welspun plans further investment for capacity expansion |url=https://www.indiantextilemagazine.in/welspun-plans-further-investment-for-capacity-expansion/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Textile Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2009, Welspun appointed B K Goenka as the Chairman and Managing Director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=Welspun's chief B K Goenka to give up operational role - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-people-report/welspuns-chief-bk-goenka-to-give-up-operational-role/49513190 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, Welspun Corp. Ltd., a subsidiary of Welspun Group, divested its entire 39.88 percent stake in Leighton Welspun India for USD 99 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-30 |title=Welspun exits JV with Leighton |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/welspun-exits-jv-with-leighton/article5519730.ece |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015 and 2016, Welspun was granted the contract for Package I development of [[Delhi–Meerut Expressway]], covering 8.7&nbsp;km in Delhi, with a total estimated project cost of ₹841.50 crore (US$110 million).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun signs concession agreement with NHAI |url=https://www.projectstoday.com/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Projects Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Enterprises provides update on Delhi Meerut Expressway project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/welspun-enterprises-provides-update-on-delhi-meerut-expressway-project-116112900761_1.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> The expressway segment was officially inaugurated on May 27, 2018, by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: PM Modi Inaugurates Eastern Peripheral, Delhi-Meerut Expressways |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-rs-11-000-crore-eastern-peripheral-expressway-delhi-meerut-expressway-phase-1-1858169 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> During the same period, Welspun initiated a 32 MW solar power plant,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-09 |title=State's largest solar plant starts producing power |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/states-largest-solar-plant-starts-producing-power/articleshow/49282469.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> launched an online retail portal,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-15 |title=Welspun India launches online retail portal |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/welspun-india-launches-online-retail-portal/article64340741.ece |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> and expanded into flooring solutions with a ₹600 crore carpet plant in Anjar, Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-14 |title=Welspun to set up Rs 600cr flooring solutions plant in Gujarat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/welspun-to-set-up-rs-600cr-flooring-solutions-plant-in-gujarat-663341-2016-12-14 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The group also closed one of its plants in Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Welspun Group works its way back to basics |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/7ACcvew3pIldWq1vzOltkO/Welspun-Group-works-its-way-back-to-basics.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=Live Mint}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2019, the group entered the warehousing sector through the acquisition of majority stakes in One Industrial Spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Group picks up majority stake in One Industrial Spaces |url=https://www.vccircle.com/welspun-group-picks-up-majority-stake-in-one-industrial-spaces |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, Welspun Flooring Ltd, a subsidiary of Welspun Group, established a manufacturing facility in [[Hyderabad]] with an annual capacity of 40 million square meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun launches Rs 1,100 crore manufacturing facility in Telangana |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/welspun-launches-40-mn-sq-mtrs-flooring-plant-in-telangana-120072500904_1.html |archive-date= |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> In February 2023, the Welspun Group launched a textile facility in [[Telangana]], inaugurated by IT and Industries Minister [[K. T. Rama Rao|KT Rama Rao]]. During the event, the group disclosed its intentions to establish IT centers in [[Chandanvelly]], [[Ranga Reddy district]] in Telangana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-22 |title=Welspun Group to invest ₹3,000-5,000 cr. more in Telangana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/welspun-group-to-invest-3000-5000-cr-more-in-telangana/article66541579.ece |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Also, the Welspun Group announced a Rs 2,000 crore investment for the development of an integrated textile manufacturing zone in [[Kutch district|Kutch]], Gujarat, in alignment with the Indian government's [[Sagar Mala project]]. This initiative was aimed at facilitating the global manufacturing and supply of textile products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun Group To Invest Rs4,000 Crore In Gujarat |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/vibrant-gujarat/welspun-group-to-invest-rs4000-crore-in-gujarat/45365/1 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In March 2023, the group expanded its presence in the building materials sector by acquiring [[Sintex|Sintex BAPL]], a water tank manufacturer, for Rs 1,251 crore through its subsidiary, Welspun Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL Mumbai |date=2023-03-30 |title=Welspun completes Sintex-BAPL acquisition for ₹1,251 cr |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/welspun-acquires-sintex-for-rs-1251-crore/article66679066.ece |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> During FY19, Sintex had reported an operating profit of Rs 270 crore on a turnover of Rs 1,800 crore. However, the company faced financial difficulties and was taken to the bankruptcy court in December 2020 due to default on loan repayments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-31 |title=Welspun buys water tank co Sintex for ₹1,251cr via bankruptcy process |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/welspun-buys-water-tank-co-sintex-for-1251cr-via-bankruptcy-process/articleshow/99130290.cms#:~:text=In%20FY19,%20Sintex%20BAPL%20had,shown%20interest%20in%20Sintex%20BAPL. |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In February 2023, The [[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT) admitted the insolvency plea against Sintex, but it was later dismissed by NCLAT.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-15 |title=NCLAT directs NCLT Ahmedabad to decide on insolvency plea against Sintex Industries within a week |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nclat-directs-nclt-ahmedabad-to-decide-on-insolvency-plea-against-sintex-industries-within-a-week/articleshow/81515118.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In July 2023, the group re-branded itself as Welspun World.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=Welspun rebrands itself as Welspun World - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/welspun-rebrands-itself-as-welspun-world/102034568 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
<br />
* Golden Peacock Eco-Innovation Award in the Building Materials Sector by [[Institute of Directors (India)|Institute of Directors]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Peacock Eco-Innovation Award (GPEIA) - Winners |url=https://www.goldenpeacockaward.com/national-winners/golden-peacock-eco-innovation-award-past-winners.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.goldenpeacockaward.com}}</ref><br />
* National Water Award (NWA) from President of India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welspun India felicitated with the prestigious National Water Award 2020 |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/news/markets/welspun-india-felicitated-with-the-prestigious-national-water-award-2020 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=www.indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Merit of certification award for energy conservation in Textile sector by [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power, India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raymond Vapi Plant Awarded For Energy Conservation Measures |url=https://textileexcellence.com/single-news/5301/raymond-vapi-plant-awarded-for-energy-conservation-measures |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=textile Excellence}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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== External links ==<br />
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* {{official website|https://www.welspun.com/}}<br />
{{Welspun Group}}<br />
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[[Category:Welspun Group| ]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1985]]<br />
[[Category:1985 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1985]]<br />
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Untouchability&diff=547811Untouchability2025-12-11T02:47:11Z<p>Zoyeford: refine information additionally and fixed typos</p>
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<div>{{other uses|Untouchable (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{redirect|Outcaste|other uses of "outcast"|Outcast (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Short description|Discriminatory practices against certain social groups}}<br />
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{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
'''Untouchability''' is a form of social institution that legitimises and enforces practices that are discriminatory, humiliating, exclusionary and exploitative against people belonging to certain social groups. Untouchability also refers to the condition of belonging to such groups, members of whom are historically called '''''untouchables''''', '''''outcastes''''', or [[Archaism|archaically]] '''''pariahs'''''. Although comparable forms of discrimination are found all over the world, untouchability involving the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] is largely unique to [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of untouchability {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/untouchability |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128033833/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/untouchability |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shah |first1=Ghanshyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IFjDwAAQBAJ |title=Untouchability in Rural India |last2=Mander |first2=Harsh |last3=Thorat |first3=Sukhadeo |last4=Deshpande |first4=Satish |last5=Baviskar |first5=Amita |date=7 August 2006 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE Publishing India]] |isbn=978-93-5280-564-8 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Teltumbde |first=Anand |title=MAHAD the making of the first dalit revolt. |date=2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-78061-1 |location=[S.l.] |pages=15 |oclc=1334333041}}</ref><br />
<br />
The term is most commonly associated with treatment of the [[Dalit]] communities in the [[Indian subcontinent]] who were considered "polluting". The term has also been used to refer to other groups, including the ''[[Burakumin]]'' of Japan, the [[Baekjeong]] of Korea, and the [[Social class in Tibet#Ragyabpa|Ragyabpa]] of Tibet, as well as the [[Romani people]] and [[Cagot]] in Europe, and the [[Al-Akhdam]] in [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Herbert |last=Passin |title=Untouchability in the Far East |journal=Monumenta Nipponica |date=1955 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=247–267 |doi=10.2307/2382914 |jstor=2382914}}</ref><ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Sean |date=28 July 2008 |title=The Last Untouchable in Europe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-last-untouchable-in-europe-878705.html |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London |access-date=28 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112024608/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/last-untouchable-europe-878705.html |archive-date=12 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Traditionally, the groups characterized as untouchable were those whose occupations and habits of life involved ritually "polluting" activities, such as pursuing a career based on killing (e.g. fishermen) or engaging in common contact with others' feces or sweat (e.g. [[Manual scavenging|manual scavengers]], sweepers and washermen).<ref>{{cite web |title=Untouchable – Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/untouchable}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Patrick Olivelle’s interpretation of some of the religious [[Hindus|Hindu]] texts, untouchables were not considered a part of the [[varna in Hinduism|varna]] system. Therefore, they were not treated like the [[Varna (Hinduism)|savarna]]s ([[Brahmin]]s, [[Kshatriya]]s, [[Vaishya]]s and [[Shudra]]s).<ref name="Olivelle" /><br />
<br />
Due to many caste-based discriminations in [[Nepal]], the government of Nepal legally abolished the [[Caste system in Nepal|caste-system]] and criminalized any caste-based discrimination, including "untouchability", in 1963.<ref>{{cite news |first=Lekhanath Pandey |last=Kathmandu |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |title=Nepal: Deadly caste-based attacks spur outcry over social discrimination |date=16 June 2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nepal-deadly-caste-based-attacks-spur-outcry-over-social-discrimination/a-53827719 |access-date=28 February 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430170145/https://www.dw.com/en/nepal-deadly-caste-based-attacks-spur-outcry-over-social-discrimination/a-53827719 |archive-date=30 April 2023}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Untouchability has been outlawed in India, Nepal and Pakistan. However, "untouchability" has not been legally defined.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} The origin of untouchability and its historicity are still debated. A 2020 study of a sample of households in India concludes that "Notwithstanding the likelihood of under-reporting of the practice of untouchability, 70 percent of the population reported not indulging in this practice. This is an encouraging sign."<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Continuing Practice of Untouchability in India: Patterns and Mitigating Influences |url=https://socy.umd.edu/sites/socy.umd.edu/files/pubs/Thorat%20and%20Joshi%202019_The%20Continuning%20Practice%20of%20Untouchability%20in%20India.pdf |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=37 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610192808/https://socy.umd.edu/sites/socy.umd.edu/files/pubs/Thorat%20and%20Joshi%202019_The%20Continuning%20Practice%20of%20Untouchability%20in%20India.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
[[File:Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar in a group photograph with the leaders and activists of the &#039;All India Untouchable Women&#039;s Conference&#039; held at Nagpur in 1942.jpg|thumb|[[B. R. Ambedkar]] with the leaders and activists of the All India Untouchable Women Conference held at Nagpur in 1942]]<br />
<br />
[[B. R. Ambedkar]], an Indian social reformer and politician who came from a social group that was considered untouchable, theorized that untouchability originated because of the deliberate policy of the [[Brahmins]]. According to him, the Brahmanas despised the people who gave up the [[Vedic Brahmanism|Brahmanism]] in favour of [[Buddhism]]. Later scholars such as Vivekanand Jha have refuted this theory.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|p=218}}<br />
<br />
Nripendra Kumar Dutt, a professor of history, theorized that the concept of untouchability originated from the "[[outcast (person)|pariah]]"-like treatment accorded to the [[adivasi|indigenous people]] of India by the early [[Dravidian people|Dravidians]], and that the concept was borrowed by the [[Indo-Aryans]] from the Dravidians. Scholars such as [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R. S. Sharma]] have rejected this theory, arguing that there is no evidence that Dravidians practised untouchability before coming into contact with the Indo-Aryans.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|p=218}}<br />
<br />
Austrian ethnologist [[Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf]] theorized that untouchability originated as [[class stratification]] in urban areas of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]]. According to this theory, the poorer workers involved in 'unclean' occupations such as [[street sweeper|sweeping]] or [[leather work]] were historically segregated and banished outside the city limits. Over time, personal cleanliness came to be identified with "purity", and the concept of untouchability eventually spread to rural areas as well. After the decline of the Indus Valley towns, these untouchables probably spread to other parts of India.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|p=219}} Scholars such as [[Suvira Jaiswal]] reject this theory, arguing that it lacks evidence, and does not explain why the concept of untouchability is more pronounced in rural areas.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|pp=219–220}}<br />
<br />
American scholar [[George L. Hart]], based on his interpretation of [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]] texts such as ''[[Purananuru]]'', traced the origin of untouchability to ancient [[Tamilakam|Tamil]] society. According to him, in this society, certain occupational groups were thought to be involved in controlling the malevolent supernatural forces; as an example, Hart mentions the [[Paraiyar]]s, who played the drums during battles and solemn events such as births and deaths. People from these occupational groups came to be avoided by others, who believed that they were "dangerous and had the power to pollute the others".{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|p=220}} Jaiswal dismisses the evidence produced by Hart as "extremely weak" and contradictory. Jaiswal points out that the authors of the ancient Tamil texts included several Brahmanas (a fact accepted by Hart); thus, the society described in these texts was already under [[Brahmin|Brahmanical]] influence, and could have borrowed the concept of untouchability from them.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|pp=221–222}}<br />
<br />
British anthropologist [[John Henry Hutton]] traced the origin of untouchability to the taboo on accepting food cooked by a person from a different caste. This taboo presumably originated because of cleanliness concerns, and ultimately, led to other prejudices such as the taboo on marrying outside one's caste. Jaiswal argues that this theory cannot explain how various social groups were isolated as untouchable or accorded a social rank.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|p=223}} Jaiswal also notes that several passages from the ancient Vedic texts indicate that there was no taboo against accepting food from people belonging to a different [[varna in Hinduism|varna]] or [[Rigvedic tribes|tribe]]. For example, some [[Śrauta#Śrauta Sutras|Shrauta Sutras]] mandate that a performer of the Vishvajit [[yajna|sacrifice]] must live with the [[Nishada]]s (a tribe regarded as untouchable in later period) for three days, in their village, and eat their food.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|p=224}}<br />
<br />
Scholars such as Suvira Jaiswal, R. S. Sharma, and Vivekanand Jha characterize untouchability as a relatively later development after the establishment of the varna and caste system.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|pp=225–227}} Jha notes that the earliest Vedic text ''[[Rigveda]]'' makes no mention of untouchability, and even the later Vedic texts, which revile certain groups such as the [[Chandala]]s, do not suggest that untouchability existed in the contemporary society. According to Jha, in the later period, several groups began to be characterized as untouchable, a development which reached its peak during 600–1200 AD. Sharma theorizes that institution of untouchability arose when the aboriginal tribes with "low material culture" and "uncertain means of livelihood" came to be regarded as impure by the privileged classes who despised manual labour, and regarded associated impurity with "certain material objects".{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|p=226}} According to Jaiswal, when the members of aboriginal groups were assimilated into the Brahmanical society, the privileged among them may have tried to assert their higher status by disassociating themselves from their lower-status counterparts, who were gradually branded as untouchables.{{sfn|Suvira Jaiswal|1978|p=227}}<br />
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According to the [[Dharmashastras]] which are ancient legal codes from various kingdoms in ancient India, certain peoples grouped either by ethnicity or profession were not considered a part of the [[varna in Hinduism|varna]] based society. Therefore, they were not treated like the [[Varna (Hinduism)|savarna]]s ([[Brahmin]]s, [[Kshatriya]]s, [[Vaishya]]s and [[Shudra]]s).<ref name="Olivelle">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dharmasutrasthelawcodesofancientindiapatrickolivelleoup_202003_809_K |title=Dharmasutras The Law Codes Of Ancient India |first=Patrick |last=Olivelle |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=archive.org |language=en |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><br />
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==Characteristics==<br />
[[File:The races of man, figure 126 Group of Paniyan men and children of Malabar (IA deniofmanoutlinraces00rich).png|thumb|350px|People regarded as "untouchables" in [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], [[Kerala]] (1906 [[Anno Domini|A.D.]])]]<br />
According to [[Sarah Pinto]], an anthropologist, modern untouchability in India applies to people whose work relates to "meat, and bodily fluids".<ref>{{cite book |title=Where There Is No Midwife: Birth and Loss in Rural India |first=Sarah |last=Pinto |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-85745-448-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5V-_NssEMSsC&pg=PA47 |page=47}}</ref> Based on the punishments prescribed in The Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 the following practices could be understood to have been associated with Untouchability in India:<br />
*Prohibition from eating with other members<br />
*Provision of separate cups in village tea stalls<br />
*Separate seating arrangements and utensils in restaurants<br />
*Segregation in seating and food arrangements at village functions and festivals<br />
*Prohibition from entering places of public worship<br />
*Prohibition from wearing sandals or holding umbrellas in front of higher caste members<br />
*Prohibition from entering other caste homes<br />
*Prohibition from using common village paths<br />
*Separate burial/cremation grounds<br />
*Prohibition from accessing common/public properties and resources (wells, ponds, temples, etc.)<br />
*Segregation (separate seating area) of children in schools<br />
*[[Bonded labour]]<br />
*Social boycotts by other castes for refusing to perform their "duties"<ref>https://www.indiacelebrating.com/social-issues/untouchability-in-india</ref><br />
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==Government action in India==<br />
{{Politics of India}} <br />
India is home to over 200 million [[Dalit]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=India top court recalls controversial caste order |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49889815 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116032435/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-49889815 |archive-date=16 January 2023}}</ref> At the time of Indian independence, Dalit activists began calling for [[Reserved political positions in India|separate electorates]] for untouchables in India to allow fair representation. Officially labeled the Minorities Act, it would guarantee representation for [[Sikhs]], [[Muslims]], [[Christians]], and Untouchables in the newly formed Indian government. The Act was supported by British representatives such as [[Ramsay MacDonald]]. According to the textbook ''Religions in the Modern World'', [[B. R. Ambedkar]], who was also a supporter of the Act, was considered to be the "untouchable leader" who made great efforts to eliminate caste system privileges that included participation in public festivals, access to temples, and wedding rituals. In 1932, Ambedkar proposed that the untouchables create a separate electorate that ultimately led [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] to fast until it was rejected.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=David |date=2016 |editor1-last=Woodhead |editor1-first=Linda |editor2-last=Partridge |editor2-first=Christopher |editor3-last=Kawanami |editor3-first=Hiroko |title=Hinduism |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=38–40}}</ref><br />
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A separation within [[Hindu]] society was opposed by national leaders at the time such as Gandhi, although he took no exception to the demands of the other minorities. He began a [[hunger strike]], citing that such a separation would create an unhealthy divide within the religion. At the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]], he provided this explanation for his reasoning:<blockquote>I don't mind untouchables if they so desire, being converted to Islam or Christianity. I should tolerate that, but I cannot possibly tolerate what is in store for Hinduism if there are two divisions set forth in the villages. Those who speak of the political rights of the untouchables don't know their India, don't know how Indian society is today constituted and therefore I want to say with all the emphasis that I can command that if I was the only person to resist this thing that I would resist it with my life.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ravinder |title=Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=8 |number=1–2 |date=1985 |pages=87–101|doi=10.1080/00856408508723068 }}</ref></blockquote>Gandhi achieved some success through his hunger strike however Dalit activists faced pressure from the Hindu population at large to end his protest at the risk of his ailing health. The two sides eventually came to a compromise where the number of guaranteed seats for Untouchables would be increased at both central and provincial levels, but there would be a common electorate.<br />
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The 1950 national [[constitution of India]] legally abolished the practice of untouchability and provided measures for [[affirmative action]] in both educational institutions and public services for Dalits and other social groups who lie within the caste system. These are supplemented by official bodies such as the [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]]. Despite this, prejudice, discrimination, segregation, and violence, based on untouchability, is still prevalent across India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=What is India's caste system? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Instances ==<br />
* '''Brittany''': [[Caquins of Brittany|Caquins]]<br />
* '''China''': [[Tanka people]]<br />
* '''Europe''': [[Romani people]]<br />
* '''France''' and '''Spain''': [[Cagot]]s were historically untouchable groups of [[France]] and [[Spain]].<ref name="independent.co.uk"/><br />
* '''India''': [[Dalit|Dalits]]<br />
* '''Japan''': [[Burakumin]]<br />
* '''Korea''': [[Baekjeong]] in Korea were an "untouchable" group of Korea who traditionally performed jobs of executioner and butcher.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/252782 |title=Untouchables of Korea or: How to Discriminate the Illusive Paekjong? |first=Ruthie |last=Kotek |website=www.academia.edu}}</ref><br />
* '''Nigeria''': [[Ohuhu people|Ohuhu]] and [[Osu caste system|Osu]]<br />
* '''Somalia''': [[Somali clans#Clans and sub-clans|lower class Somali clans]]<br />
* '''Tibet''': [[Social class in Tibet#Ragyabpa|Ragyabpa]]<br />
* '''Yemen''': [[Al-Akhdam]]<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Affirmative action]]<br />
* [[Caste system in India]]<br />
* [[Discrimination]]<br />
* ''[[Homo sacer]]''<br />
* [[Outcast (person)]]<br />
* [[Prejudice]]<br />
* [[Shudra]]<br />
* [[Slavery]]<br />
* [[Underclass]]<br />
* [[Varna (Hinduism)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* Paik, Shailaja. "The rise of new Dalit women in Indian historiography." ''History Compass'' 16.10 (2018): e12491. [https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12491 online]<br />
* {{cite journal |author=Suvira Jaiswal |author-link=Suvira Jaiswal |title=Some Recent Theories of the Origin of Untouchability; A Historiographical Assessment |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=39 |number=I |year=1978 |pages=218–229 |jstor=44139355}}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
<br />
{{Social class}}<br />
{{Conformity}}<br />
{{Discrimination}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Persecution]]<br />
[[Category:Caste]]<br />
[[Category:Caste system in India]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._S._Prahlad&diff=539148T. S. Prahlad2025-10-23T06:27:28Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding A Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian scientist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = T. S. Prahlad<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 21 May 1940<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Aerospace scientist<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| known for = Aerodynamics, Aerospace Design<br />
| spouse = <br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br>[[H K Firodia awards|H K Firodia Award]]<br>[[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Distinguished Alumni Award<br>[[Institution of Engineers (India)|IE]] Eminent Engineer Award<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tumkur Seetharamaiah Prahlad''' (born 21 May 1940) is an Indian aerospace scientist and the former director of the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL), [[Bengaluru]], known as a specialist in [[Aerodynamics]] and [[Aerospace Design]].<ref name="Prof. T. S. PRAHLAD">{{cite web | url=http://www.afmc.org.cn/Chairman10.htm | title=Prof. T. S. PRAHLAD | publisher=Asian Fluid Mechanics Committee | date=2015 | access-date=15 November 2015 | archive-date=17 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014852/http://www.afmc.org.cn/Chairman10.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> His contributions are reported in Indian civil aircraft development programmes of Hansa and [[NAL Saras]] and light combat aircraft development programme.<ref name="Advisory Board">{{cite web | url=http://www.entiinnovations.com/advisoryboard.html | title=Advisory Board | publisher=Enti Innovations | date=2015 | access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="SARAS Takes to the Skies">{{cite web | url=http://www.icast.org.in/news/2004/oct04/oct30sr.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063502/http://www.icast.org.in/news/2004/oct04/oct30sr.html | url-status=usurped | archive-date=17 November 2015 | title=SARAS Takes to the Skies | publisher=Science Reporter | date=October 2004 | access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2004,<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The same year, he received the [[H K Firodia awards|H. K. Firodia Award]] from H. K. Firodia Memorial Foundation.<ref name="Awards by Year">{{cite web | url=http://hkfmindq.org/awards_2.html | title=Awards by Year | publisher=H. K. Firodia Memorial Foundation | date=2015 | access-date=15 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023035/http://hkfmindq.org/awards_2.html | archive-date=17 November 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
[[File:HAL Saras.jpg|thumb|[[NAL Saras|Saras]] taking off]]<br />
After graduating in mechanical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Science]], Bengaluru (IISc), Prahlada continued his studies there to complete his master's degree in mechanical engineering and secured a doctoral degree (PhD) in aeronautical engineering.<ref name="Advisory Board" /> He started his career by joining [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) and worked at [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (VSSC), as the head of various divisions such as Aerodynamics Division, Aerospace Dynamics and Design Group, and the Flight Dynamics Group. During his tenure at VSSC, he was involved with development of such space programmes as [[SLV-3]], ASLV, [[PSLV]] and [[GSLV]]. Later he moved to the [[Aeronautical Development Agency]] of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] where he served as the project director of Light Combat Aircraft development programme.<ref name="Advisory Board" /><br />
<br />
In 1996, Prahlada joined the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL) as its director<ref name="K N Raju greets his successor">{{cite web | url=http://www.nal.res.in/pdf/history/p121-128/p128.pdf | title=K N Raju greets his successor | publisher=National Aerospace Laboratories | date=1996 | access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> when the civil aircraft programme of the organization was facing difficulties.<ref name="SARAS Takes to the Skies" /><ref name="First indigenous passenger aircraft Saras rolled out">{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-02-04/news/27537959_1_saras-national-aerospace-laboratories-first-prototype | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716152512/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-02-04/news/27537959_1_saras-national-aerospace-laboratories-first-prototype | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 July 2013 | title=First indigenous passenger aircraft Saras rolled out | publisher=Economic Times | date=4 February 2003 | access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> With encouragement from [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]], then director general of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), he revived the [[NAL Saras]] programme and obtained the approval of the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs in 1999.<ref name="SARAS Takes to the Skies" /> Under his leadership, which lasted till 2002, NAL is known to have developed its infrastructure and transformed into a cohesive unit.<ref name="About Us">{{cite web | url=http://www.nal.res.in/pages/pastdirectors.htm | title=About Us | publisher=National Aerospace Laboratories | date=2015 | access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Prahlad, whose researches have been documented by several articles,<ref name="Numerical simulation of inviscid supersonic flow over a launch vehicle with strap-on boosters">{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234219085 | title=Numerical simulation of inviscid supersonic flow over a launch vehicle with strap-on boosters |author1=K. P. Singh |author2=T. S. Prahlad |author3=S. M. Deshpande | journal=Indian Space Research Organization | year=1987 | volume=25 | doi=10.2514/6.1987-213 | bibcode=1987aiaa.meetV....S }}</ref><ref name="Turbulence">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5X_CAAAQBAJ&q=T.+S.+Prahlad&pg=PA105 | title=Turbulence | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | editor=P. Bradshaw | year=2013 | pages=338 | isbn=9783662225684}}</ref> has participated in many scientific projects<ref name="Investigations of casing treatments with the aim of improving the stable operating range of a single-stage axial compressor subsonic">{{cite web | url=http://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/5341794 | title=Investigations of casing treatments with the aim of improving the stable operating range of a single-stage axial compressor subsonic | publisher=[[Universität der Bundeswehr München]] | date=2001 | access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flows and Transition to Turbulence">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ab1LeKLXVNoC&q=T.+S.+Prahlad&pg=PA146 | title=Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flows and Transition to Turbulence | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | author=O. Pironneau | year=1992 | pages=146 of 516 | isbn=9780521416184}}</ref> and workshops<ref name="International Workshop on Surface Engineering and Coatings: June 25–30, 1998">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TvA0jCYkwMC&q=T.+S.+Prahlad&pg=PR11 | title=International Workshop on Surface Engineering and Coatings: June 25-30, 1998 | publisher=Allied Publishers | year=1999 | pages=468 | isbn=9788170239734}}</ref> and has delivered orations, including the ''[[Satish Dhawan]] Memorial Lecture'' of 2013.<ref name="Focus on aircraft development: Prahlad">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Focus-on-aircraft-development-Prahlad/2013/09/24/article1800504.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014905/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Focus-on-aircraft-development-Prahlad/2013/09/24/article1800504.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 November 2015 | title=Focus on aircraft development: Prahlad | publisher=Indian Express | date=24 September 2013 | access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> He is the chairman of the Asian Fluid Mechanics Committee, an organization promoting advanced research in [[Fluid Mechanics]].<ref name="Prof. T. S. PRAHLAD" /> He is a Fellow of the [[Aeronautical Society of India]] (AeSI)<ref name="Prof. T. S. PRAHLAD" /> and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE).<ref name="Search Of Fellows">{{cite web | url=http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-04-03 | title=Search Of Fellows | publisher=[[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] | date=2015 | access-date=15 November 2015 }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2004<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and [[H K Firodia awards|H. K. Firodia Award]] of the H. K. Firodia Memorial Foundation also reached him the same year.<ref name="Awards by Year" /> Five years later, he received two more awards; the [[Indian Institute of Science]] Alumni Association honoured him with the ''2009 Distinguished Alumni Award''<ref name="Complete List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://www.iiscalumni.com/news-events/awards-achievements.htm | title=Complete List of Distinguished Alumnus Awardees | publisher=IISc Alumni | date=2015 | access-date=15 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528224000/http://iiscalumni.com/news-events/awards-achievements.htm | archive-date=28 May 2016 }}</ref> and he received the ''Eminent Engineer Award'' of the [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers]].<ref name="Advisory Board" /> He continues to be associated with the National Aerospace Laboratories is its advisor{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} and lives in the south Indian city of [[Bengaluru]].<ref name="Prof. T. S. PRAHLAD" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[NAL Saras]]<br />
* [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]<br />
{{portal|India|Science}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z6lRmGfrfA | title=Padma Shri Dr T S Prahlad | publisher=Technology Innovation Productization | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=26 September 2013 | access-date=15 November 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prahlad, T. S.}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1940 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian aerospace engineers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]<br />
[[Category:ISRO people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farakka_(community_development_block)&diff=547054Farakka (community development block)2025-07-29T22:29:32Z<p>Zoyeford: corrected information per standard format and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Farakka<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Community development block<br />
| image_skyline = File:Farakka in Murshidabad.svg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7976|N|87.9143|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]<br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 132.74<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 32<br />
| population_total = 274,111<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| demographics_type2 = Literacy <br />
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy]] (2011)<br />
| demographics2_info2 = 60.47%<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 742212 (Farakka Project)<br />742202 (Dhuliyan)<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code<br />
| area_code = 03485<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB—West Bengal|WB]]-58<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Samserganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samserganj]], [[Farakka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Farakka]]<br />
| website = {{URL|murshidabad.gov.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Farakka''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Farakka is located at {{coord|24.7976|N|87.9143|E|format=dms|}}<br />
<br />
Farakka CD block lies at the north-western corner of [[Rarh]] region in Murshidabad district. The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. The Rarh region spreads over from the adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is undulating. It is interspersed with swamps and beds of old river. The [[Rajmahal Hills]] rise in Jharkhand, a few miles from the western boundary of the block, and there are some hillocks within the block also. The [[Padma River]] separates Murshidabad district from [[Malda district]] and [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapai Nawabganj]] and [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi]] districts of Bangladesh in the north. The soil in the region is mostly [[clay]] and [[laterite|lateritic]] clay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A |work=Physiography, Page 13 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 |title=Murshidabad |work=Geography |publisher=Murshidabad district authorities |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Farakka CD block is bounded by [[Kaliachak III (community development block)|Kaliachak III]] CD block, across the Ganges in Malda district, in the north, [[Barharwa (community development block)|Barhawarwa]] CD block in Sahibganj district of Jharkhand, in the west, [[Pakur block|Pakur]] CD block in Pakur district of Jharkhand in the south and [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] CD block in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html |title=Tehsil Map of Murshidabad |work=CD Block/ Tehsil |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=6 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] is bifurcated from the Ganges at Khejurtala, about 40 kilometres downstream from Farakka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/31099736 |title=Analysis of Bhagirathi River in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, using Geospatial and Statistical Techniques |work=Subhra Prakash Mandal, Narayan Kayet, Abhisek Chakrabarty and Gazi Rahaman |publisher=Academia |access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Rarh region or the western part of the district is drained by the right bank tributaries of the Bhagirathi, flowing down from the hilly / plateau region of [[Santhal Pargana division]] in neighbouring Jharkhand. The [[Farakka Barrage]] regulates the flow of water into the Bhagirathi through the feeder canal. Thereafter, it is fed with the discharge from the Mayurakshi system. About 1,800&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of area in the neighbourhood of [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]] town is flooded by the combined discharge of the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]], [[Dwarka River|Dwarka]], [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], Gambhira, [[Kopai River|Kopai]] and [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]] – the main contributor being the Mayurakshi. Certain other areas in the western sector also get flooded.<ref name="river">{{cite web |url=http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf |title=Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal |work=Swati Mollah |publisher=Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 |access-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
A major problem in Murshidabad district is [[River bank failure|river bank erosion]]. As of 2013, an estimated 2.4&nbsp;million people reside along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district. Between 1931 and 1977, 26,769 hectares have been eroded and many villages have been fully submerged. 1980–1990 was a decade of erosion for this district and during the decade Giria, Sekhalipur, Khejustala, Mithipur, Fajilpur, Rajapur, Akheriganj, Parashpur villages were badly affected. Many families living along the Ganges continue to be affected. As for example, in 2007, severe erosion occurred in Lalgola, Bhagawangola II, Farakka and Raninnagar II CD Blocks.<ref name="river" /><br />
<br />
See also – [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts]]<br />
<br />
Farakka CD block has an area of 132.74&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 9 [[gram panchayat]]s, 147 gram sansads (village councils), 73 [[mouza]]s and 56 inhabited villages. [[Farakka#Police station|Farakka]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Farakka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A |work=Map of Murshidabad with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Gram panchayat]]s in Farakka block/ panchayat samiti are:<br />
{{anchor|Arjunpur}}<!-- This Anchor tag serves to provide a permanent target for incoming section links. Please do not remove it, nor modify it, except to add another appropriate anchor. If you modify the section title, please anchor the old title. It is always best to anchor an old section header that has been changed so that links to it will not be broken. See [[Template:Anchor]] for details. This template is {{subst:Anchor comment}} -->Arjunpur, Bahadurpur, Beniagram, Bewa I, Bewa II, Imamnagar, Mahadevnagar, Maheshpur and Nayansukhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title=Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work=Murshidabad – Revised in March 2008 |publisher=Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal |access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbprd.gov.in/html/asp/writereaddata/Notifications/01070040.pdf |title=BRGF Allotment Order No. 12 |publisher=Government of West Bengal Department of Panchayats & Rural Development |access-date=18 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165109/http://wbprd.gov.in/html/asp/writereaddata/Notifications/01070040.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
=== Population ===<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Farakka CD block had a total population of 274,111, of which 167,826 were rural and 106,285 were urban. There were 139,226 (51%) males and 134,885 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 225,344. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 32,689 (11.93%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 5,165 (1.88%).<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title=C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) |work=West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2001}} census, Farakka block has a total population of 219,775, out of which 112,447 were males and 107,328 were females. Farakka block registered a population growth of 24.13 per cent during the 1991–2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 23.70 per cent.<ref name="census">{{cite web |url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=8 June 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 – Mushidabad district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205646/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_7.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url=http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/handbook_2004/murshidabad1.pdf |title=District Statistical Handbook – 2004 – Murshidabad |work=Tables 2.1, 2.2, 4.5 |publisher=Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date=22 April 2016 |archive-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918064859/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/handbook_2004/murshidabad1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref name="Census Commission of India">{{cite web |url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2012-04-12 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''<br />
{{#invoke:Chart | bar-chart<br />
| group 1 = 0 : 0 : 24.13 : 24.53<br />
| group 2 = 25.5 : 28.2 : 23.8 : 21.1<br />
| group 3 = 23.2: 24.6 : 17.84 : 13.9<br />
| colors = olive : yellow : violet<br />
| group names = Farakka CD block : Murshidabad district : West Bengal<br />
| x legends = 1971–1981 : 1981–1991: 1991–2001: 2001–2011<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Sources:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A |work=Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A |work=Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tehsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page 50 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Decadal Growth Rate" /><ref name="Census Commission of India" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm |title=Population explosion in West Bengal: a survey |work=Table 1.1 Population in West Bengal 1941–1991 |publisher=South Asian Research Society |access-date=15 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081840/http://voiceofdharma.org/books/tfst/appii1.htm |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf |title=Final Population Totals West Bengal |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |access-date=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902053520/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/PDF/census2001/Population_Decadal_Growth_Rate_Density_and_General_Sex.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The decadal growth of population in Farakka CD block in 2001–2011 was 24.57%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A |work=Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tehsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001–2011, Page |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The decadal growth rate of population in Murshidabad district was as follows: 33.5% in 1951–61, 28.6% in 1961–71, 25.5% in 1971–81, 28.2% in 1981–91, 23.8% in 1991–2001 and 21.1% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A |work=Growth Rate, Page 44 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/census2011/decadal-growth-rate.html |title=Decadal Growth Rate |publisher=Mps of India |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The decadal growth rate of population in [[Chapai Nawabganj District]], located nearby across the Ganges, in Bangladesh was 15.59% for the decade 2001–2011, down from 21.67% in the decade 1991–2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_ChapaiNawabganj.pdf |title=Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011: Zila Report – Chapai Nawabganj |work=Page 17: Table PT 02 Population and Growth Rate, 1974–2011 |publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |access-date=19 December 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928210419/http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_ChapaiNawabganj.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] entering Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html |title=Bangladeshi Infiltration: The Reality Check |publisher=The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051205225003/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050823/asp/nation/story_5136259.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 5, 2005 |title=Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz |publisher=The Telegraph, 23 August 2005 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Census towns and villages ===<br />
[[Census towns]] in Farakka CD block were (2011 figures in brackets): [[Farakka Barrage Township]] (20,126), [[Srimantapur]] (P) (4,374), [[Benia Gram]] (15,046), [[Arjunpur]] (6,042), [[Sibnagar]] (6,812), [[Mamrejpur]] (9,851), [[Pranpara]] (22,297) and [[Mahadeb Nagar]] (21,737).<ref name="census2011" /><br />
<br />
Large villages in Farakka CD block were (2011 figures in brackets): Bahadurpur (4,079), Uttar Bhabanipur (5,509), Bewa (P) (15,265), Andhua (4,090), Sri Rampur (4,848), Jafarganj (12,114), Ballalpur (7,117), Imamnagar (6,933), Kuli (28,092), Bhabanipur (11,465), Sankarpur (4,411) and Jigrikulgachhi (6,004).<ref name="census2011" /><br />
<br />
=== Literacy ===<br />
As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Farakka CD block was 134,650 (60.47% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 74,957 (65.56% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 59,693 (53.77% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 11.79%.<ref name="census2011" /><br />
<br />
See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br />
<br />
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Murshidabad district|collapsible=y}}<br />
<br />
=== Language and religion ===<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
| title=Religion in Farakka CD block (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
| titlebar=#FCD116<br />
| left1=<br />
| float=right<br />
| bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|67.15}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|32.23}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in West Bengal|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.44}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.18}}<br />
}}<br />
In the 2011 census, Muslims numbered 184,074 and formed 67.15% of the population in Farakka CD block. Hindus numbered 88,353 and formed 32.23% of the population. Others numbered 1,684 and formed 0.62% of the population. While the proportion of Muslims increased from 59.34% in 1991 to 62.76% in 2001, the proportion of Hindus declined from 40.36% in 1991 to 36.65% in 2001.<ref name="censusreligion2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title=C1 Population by Religious Community |work=West Bengal |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |section=Table 17.1, Population by religion in the blocks of Murshidabad |publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Murshidabad district had 4,707,573 Muslims who formed 66.27% of the population, 2,359,061 Hindus who formed 33.21% of the population, and 37, 173 persons belonging to other religions who formed 0.52% of the population, in the 2011 census. While the proportion of Muslim population in the district increased from 61.40% in 1991 to 63.67% in 2001, the proportion of Hindu population declined from 38.39% in 1991 to 35.92% in 2001.<ref name="censusreligion2011" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |work=Table 2.10, Population by religion in the district of Murshidabad, 1991 and 2001 |publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bengal-beats-India-in-Muslim-growth-rate/articleshow/48675987.cms |title=Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate |publisher=The Times of India, 26 August 2015 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Murshidabad was the only Muslim majority district in West Bengal at the time of [[partition of India]] in 1947. The proportion of Muslims in the population of Murshidabad district in 1951 was 55.24%.<ref name="telegraph" /> The [[Radcliffe Line]] had placed Muslim majority Murshidabad in India and the Hindu majority [[Khulna District|Khulna]] in Pakistan, in order to maintain the integrity of the Ganges river system in India.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjQ0iWSq2R0C&q=murshidabad+khulna&pg=PA45 |title=The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967 |last=Chatterji |first=Joya |work=pages 42-60 |date=15 November 2007 |publisher=University of Cambridge, first published 2007 |isbn=978-0-521-87536-3 |access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Farakka CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 96.78 |color1 = orchid<br />
|label2 = [[Khotta Bhasha|Khotta]] |value2 = 1.08 |color2 = purple<br />
|label3 = Others |value3 = 2.14 |color3 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 96.78% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.08% [[Khotta Bhasha|Khotta]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
== Rural poverty ==<br />
As per the Human Development Report 2004 for West Bengal, the rural poverty ratio in Murshidabad district was 46.12%. Purulia, Bankura and Birbhum districts had higher rural poverty ratios. These estimates were based on Central Sample data of NSS 55th round 1999–2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_wb04.pdf |title=West Bengal Human Development Report 2004 |work=Page 80: Table 4.5 Per capita consumption in rural and urban areas by district |publisher=Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal |access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
=== Livelihood ===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
| caption= '''Livelihood<br />in Farakka CD block'''<br />
| value1 = 4.20<br />
| label1 = Cultivators<br />
| value2 = 12.29<br />
| label2 = Agricultural labourers<br />
| value3 = 40.15<br />
| label3 = Household industries<br />
| value4 = 43.36<br />
| label4 = Other Workers}}<br />
<br />
In Farakka CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 5,082 and formed 4.20%, agricultural labourers numbered 14,864 and formed 12.29%, household industry workers numbered 48,561 and formed 40.15% and other workers numbered 52,439 and formed 43.36%.<ref name="handbook2014">{{cite web |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |work=Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use |publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Infrastructure ===<br />
There are 56 inhabited villages in Farakka CD block. 100% villages have power supply and drinking water supply. 13 villages (23.21%) have post offices. 50 villages (89.29%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 21 villages (37.50%) have a pucca approach road and 14 villages (25.00%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (5.36%) have agricultural credit societies and 5 villages (8.93%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work=Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Farakka Barrage ===<br />
Construction of the [[Farakka Barrage]] commenced in 1961 and it was commissioned in 1975. There is a 38.38&nbsp;km long [[Feeder Canal (Farakka)|feeder canal]] that takes off upstream of the Farakka Barrage and links with the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fbp.gov.in/ |title=Farakka Barrage Project |publisher=FBP |access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref> The feeder canal was constructed across the flow of the small flashy rivers such as Gumani, Trimohini and Kanloi. The discharges of the Trimohini and Kanloi were designed to flow into the feeder canal, and whenever the discharges of these rivers exceed the design capacity, they cause problems. The discharge of the Bagmari was designed to flow into the Ganga along its course through a siphone across the feeder canal. With the choking of the outlet to the Ganges, the flood discharge spills over to the basins of the Pagla and the Bansloi and floods around 100&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><ref name="river" /><br />
<br />
As per the treaty between India and Bangladesh, signed in 1996, for [[Sharing the water of the Ganges|sharing of the Ganges water]] at Farakka, the division is as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssvk.org/koshi/reports/treaty_on_farakka_india_bangladesh_4_ganga_river_water.pdf |title=Treaty between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh on sharing of the Ganga/ Ganges waters at Farakka |publisher=ssvk |access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Availability at Farakka || Share of India || Share of Bangladesh<br />
|-<br />
| 70,000 cusecs or less || 50% || 50%<br />
|-<br />
| 70,000 – 75,000 cusecs || Balance of the flow || 35,000 cusecs<br />
|-<br />
| 75,000 cusecs or more || 40,000 cusecs || Balance of the flow<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Power station ===<br />
The 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] of [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] at [[Nabarun]] was commissioned between 1986 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka |title=Power Generation |work=Farakka |publisher=NTPC |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030030445/http://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Farakka Port ===<br />
[[Farakka Port]] is a minor river port that handles coal imported for Farakka Super Thermal Power Station.<ref>{{cite news |title=তৈরি ৩ জেটি আর রেলে নয়, জলপথে কয়লা পৌঁছবে ফরাক্কায় |url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1130330/30raj5.html |access-date=26 July 2016 |newspaper=আনন্দবাজার প্রত্রিকা }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Agriculture ===<br />
From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm |title=District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas |work=(1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 |publisher=Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Farakka CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 1,055 (3.51%,) patta (document) holders 5,377 (17.89%), small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1,003 (3.34%), marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 7,764 (25.83%) and agricultural labourers 14,864 (49.44%).<ref name="handbook2014" /><br />
<br />
Farakka CD block had 25 fertiliser depots, 1 seed store and 42 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013–14.<ref name="handbook2014" /><br />
<br />
In 2013–14, Farakka CD block produced 1,729 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 851 hectares, 195 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 68 hectares, 189 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 138 hectares, 1,982 tonnes of wheat from 763 hectares, 31,799 tonnes of jute from 2,041 hectares, 5,140 tonnes of potatoes from 284 hectares and 25,824 tonnes of sugar cane from 400 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name="handbook2014" /><br />
<br />
In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Farakka CD block was 1,330 hectares, out of which 450 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 380 hectares with tank water, and 500 hectares by other means.<ref name="handbook2014" /><br />
<br />
=== Beedi industry ===<br />
As of 2003, around 400,000 workers were engaged in the prime area locations of [[beedi]] making, a household industry, in Farakka, Samserganj, Suti I, Suti II, Raghunathganj I and Raghunathganj II CD blocks. The majority of those working are women and children. Almost all households are engaged in this activity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf |title=Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal |first=Sunirmal |last=Kar |work=Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 |publisher=Shodhganga |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html |title=The 'Poor man's cigarette' |work=Gurvinder Singh |publisher=The Statesman, 22 January 2017 |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! |title=Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key |work=Indrani Dutta |publisher=The Hindu, 1 May 2009 |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
See also – [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOHuosSJEUo Beedi Workers of Murshidabad (in Hindi). Lok Sabha TV feature]<br />
<br />
=== Silk and handicrafts ===<br />
Murshidabad is famous for its silk industry since the Middle Ages. There are three distinct categories in this industry, namely (i) [[Mulberry]] cultivation and silkworm rearing (ii) Peeling of raw silk (iii) Weaving of silk fabrics.<ref name="handicrafts">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work=Pages 22-23: Industry |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ivory carving is an important cottage industry from the era of the Nawabs. The main areas where this industry has flourished are Khagra and Jiaganj. 99% of ivory craft production is exported. In more recent years sandalwood etching has become more popular than ivory carving. Bell metal and Brass utensils are manufactured in large quantities at Khagra, Berhampore, Kandi and Jangipur.<ref name="handicrafts" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#4 |title=Egiye Bangla Murshidabad district |work=Handicrafts and Silk Industry |publisher=Murshidabad district administration |access-date=17 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Banking ===<br />
In 2013–14, Farakka CD block had offices of 7 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name="handbook2014" /><br />
<br />
=== Backward Regions Grant Fund ===<br />
Murshidabad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf |title=Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India |access-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 |title=Backward Regions Grant Fund |work=Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
{{Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop|collapse=yes}}<br />
{{Howrah-New Jalpaiguri line|collapse=yes}}<br />
Farakka CD block has 4 ferry services and 4 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name="handbook2014" /><br />
<br />
The [[Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop]] line passes through this block and there are stations at Tildanga and [[Ballalpur railway station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/azimganj-barharwa-passenger-53433/16075/1801/1381#st |title=53433 Azimganj Barharwa Passenger |work=Time Table |publisher=indiarailinfo |access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[New Farakka Junction railway station]] is on the [[Howrah-New Jalpaiguri line]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/367/325/444 |title=3143 => 2343 Darjeeling Mail (PT) |work=Time Table |publisher=indiarailinfo |access-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34) passes through this block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web |url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways |publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]] |access-date=10 February 2017 |location=New Delhi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
In 2013–14, Farakka CD block had 92 primary schools with 20,970 students, 11 middle schools with 3,360 students, 2 high school with 2,094 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 3,0572 students. Farakka CD block had 1 general college with 2,242 students and 391 institutions special and non-formal education with 15,450 students.<ref name="handbook2014" /><br />
<br />
[[Prof. Sayed Nurul Hasan College]] was established in 1994 at [[Farakka]], It is named after [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]], historian and former governor of West Bengal. Affiliated to the [[University of Kalyani]] it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Arabic, history, political science, sociology, education, economics and geography.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://profsnhcollegefarakka.in/index |title=Prof. Syed Nurul Hasan College |publisher=Prof SNHC |access-date=12 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160410/http://profsnhcollegefarakka.in/index |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In Farakka CD block, amongst the 56 inhabited villages, 11 villages did not have a school, 15 villages have more than 1 primary school, 12 villages have at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 9 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title=District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work=Pages 901-902, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools, 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Healthcare ==<br />
In 2014, Farakka CD block had 1 block primary health centre, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 1 central PSU medical centre with total 37 beds and 4 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 35 family welfare subcentres. 898 patients were treated indoor and 42,134 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name="handbook2014" /><br />
<br />
Farakka CD block has Farakka Barrage Hospital (with 50 beds), Farakka Block Primary Health Centre at [[Farakka]] (with 10 beds), [[Benia Gram]] [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (working as BPHC) (with 15 beds), [[Arjunpur]] PHC (with 10 beds) and Kendua PHC at [[Srimantapur]] (with 2 beds).<ref name="medical">{{cite web |url=https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ |title=Health & Family Welfare Department |work=Health Statistics |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=19 September 2017 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Farakka CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10&nbsp;mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50&nbsp;mg/ litre. All but one of the 26 blocks of Murshidabad district have arsenic contamination above the WHO level, all but two of the blocks have arsenic concentration above the Indian Standard value and 17 blocks have arsenic concentration above 300&nbsp;mg/litre. The maximum concentration in Farakka CD Block is 150&nbsp;mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm |title=Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study ) |publisher=SOES |work=Murshidabad |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Murshidabad}}<br />
<br />
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br />
{{Murshidabad topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Community development blocks in Murshidabad district]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palapatti_Sadaya_Goundar_Kailasam&diff=523862Palapatti Sadaya Goundar Kailasam2025-07-20T07:00:43Z<p>Zoyeford: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Judge}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
'''Palapatti Sadaya Goundar Kailasam''' (12 September 1915 – 10 August 1986) was a former Chief Justice of [[Madras High Court]] and judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-09-13|title=Stamp released in memory of P S Kailasam, former judge of Supreme Court of India|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150913/nation-current-affairs/article/stamp-released-memory-p-s-kailasamformer-judge-supreme-court|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kailasam was born in the Palapatti Zamindar family of the undivided [[Salem district]], now in the [[Namakkal district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He passed B.Sc. in [[Botany]] from [[Presidency College, Madras]] in 1935. In 1937, he completed his law degree from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]]. He was appointed public prosecutor of Madras High Court in 1960 and also worked as acting [[Advocate general]] for a few days. Kailasam became a permanent judge of this High Court on 20 October 1960 and was elevated to the post of Chief Justice on 8 April 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madras High Court {{!}} Former Chief Justices|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjlist.html|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in}}</ref> Justice Kailasam was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court in 1977 as the first Chief Justice of Madras who accepted the appointment to Supreme Court of India. He retired on 12 September 1980.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gadbois|first=George H. Jr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=Palapatti+Sadaya+Goundar+Kailasam+born&pg=PT221|title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989|date=2011-05-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908838-6|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Family==<br />
Justice Kailasam married the Tamil poet Soundra Kailasam. Their daughter's name is Nalini Chidambaram, wife of [[P. Chidambaram]], former Union Minister of India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-10-16|title=Tamil poet, orator Soundara Kailasam passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Tamil-poet-orator-Soundara-Kailasam-passes-away/article15788026.ece|access-date=2021-06-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Poet Soundara Kailasam is no more|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/oct/18/poet-soundara-kailasam-is-no-more-196086.html|access-date=2021-06-01|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kailasam, Palapatti Sadaya Goundar}}<br />
[[Category:1915 births]]<br />
[[Category:1986 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Salem district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadar_Sub-division&diff=531669Sadar Sub-division2025-06-18T01:48:02Z<p>Zoyeford: Adding New Details</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Sub division in Tripura, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sadar<br />
| settlement_type = Sub division<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| leader_title = [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub Divisional Magistrate]]<br />
| leader_name = Arup Deb<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://westtripura.nic.in/divisions/sdm/| title=SDMs}}</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 = 1506<br />
| population_total = 472729<br />
| population_density_km2 = 314<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tripura]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Tripura|District]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sadar''' is the headquarter and a Sub division of West Tripura district in the Indian state of Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripura At Glance |url=http://trpenvis.nic.in/test/doc_files/TripuraAtAGlance.pdf}}</ref> Agartala Municipal corporation comes under this Subdivision and had only one block name, Dukli. Sadar sub division has total three revenue circles, Agartala East, Agartala and Dukli. Along with this, there are a total of 13 tehsils and 19 Panchayats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} West District, Government of Tripura {{!}} India |url=https://westtripura.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tehsil {{!}} West District, Government of Tripura {{!}} India |url=https://westtripura.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As per 2011 census, the total population of Sadar sub division is 472,729 out of which males are 242,948 and females are 229,181.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISI.gov.in |url=http://www.lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5448/1/48094_1971_GPT.pdf}}</ref><br />
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== Divisions ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Tehsils of Sadar<ref name=":0" /><br />
!Sub division<br />
!Revenue Circle<br />
!Tehsil<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" |Sadar<br />
|Agartala East<br />
|Agartala East, Indranagar, Abhaynagar, Yogendranagar<br />
|-<br />
|Agartala<br />
|Agartala west, Barjala, Ramnagar, Bordowali<br />
|-<br />
|Dukli<br />
|Bikramnagar, Suryamaninagar, Badharghat, Dukli, Srinagar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:West Tripura district]]</div>Zoyefordhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=AH45&diff=454681AH452025-06-12T17:20:19Z<p>Zoyeford: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Road in India}}<br />
{{About|the road|the Finnish military truck|Sisu AH-45}}<br />
{{infobox road<br />
| country = IND<br />
| type = AH<br />
| route = 45<br />
| length_km = 2116.00<br />
| ahn = <br />
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3<br />
| id= Q4651735|title=Asian Highway AH45|zoom = 4 |frame-lat=17.65|frame-long=83.26 |text= Map of Asian Highway '''AH45''' in red }}<br />
| photo = <br />
| photo_alt = Photo of asian highway 45 near Mangalgiri city<br />
| photo_notes = AH45 near [[Mangalagiri]]<br />
| map_custom = yes<br />
| direction_a = North<br />
| terminus_a = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| destinations = <br />
| direction_b = South<br />
| terminus_b = [[Krishnagiri]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| junction = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|46}} [[Kharagpur]], Vishakhapatnam, Bhubaneswar, Bhadrak, Kolkata<br />
| length_notes = {{Unbulleted list}}<br />
[[West Bengal]]: {{convert|206|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
[[Odisha]]: {{convert|523|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br/><br />
[[Andhra Pradesh]]: {{convert|992.25|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
[[Tamil Nadu]]: {{convert|394.75|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
| previous_type = AH<br />
| previous_route = 44<br />
| next_type = AH<br />
| next_route = 46<br />
}}<br />
'''AH45''' is a route of the [[National Highway (India)|National Highway Network]] of India, running {{convert|2116|km}} from in [[Kolkata]] to [[Krishnagiri]]. This route is composed of [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] and part of [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] from Chennai to Krishnagiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/Full%20version.pdf|title=Asian Highway Handbook|year=2003|location=New York|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414184019/http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TIS_pubs/pub_2303/Full%20version.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2012|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/AH-map_2018-2.pdf|title=Asian Highway Route Map|website=[[Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]]|access-date=4 Nov 2018}}</ref><br />
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== Route ==<br />
The route shares a large portion of various [[National highways of India|Indian National Highways]]; namely [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] and [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unescap.org/our-work/transport/asian-highway/database|title=Asian Highway Database - Country wise|website=[[UNESCAP]]|access-date=4 Nov 2018}}</ref><br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = center<br />
| image1 = National Highway 16 (old NH 5) at Visakhapatnam.jpg<br />
| width1 = 255<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| caption1 = <br />
| image2 = NH5.jpg<br />
| width2 = 235<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| caption2 = <br />
| footer = Left: NH 16 a part of Asian Highway 45 at [[Visakhapatnam]];<br>Right: NH 16 a part of Asian Highway 45 in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
}}It passes through [[Berhampur]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Cuttack]], [[Jajpur]], [[Bhadrak]], [[Balasore]], [[Baripada]] and ends at [[Jharpokharia]], where it meets [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] in Odisha. In Andhra Pradesh, it passes through most of the coastal towns in ten coastal districts and covers the cities of [[Srikakulam]], [[Vizianagaram]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Tuni]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Kovvur]], [[Eluru]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Mangalagiri]], [[Guntur]], [[Chilakaluripet]], [[Ongole]] and [[Nellore]]. In [[Tamil Nadu]], it passes through [[Gummidipundi]] in [[Tiruvallur district]] and enters [[Chennai]].<br />
<br />
NH 16 has a total length of {{convert|1764|km|mi|abbr=on}} and passes through the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
Route length in states:<ref name="lengthNHAI">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/doc/23june12/nh_nh%20wise.pdf |title=National Highways and their length |access-date=8 July 2016 |work=report |format=pdf |publisher=National Highway Authority of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514123311/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[West Bengal]]: {{convert|206|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
* [[Odisha]]: {{convert|523|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]: {{convert|992.25|km|mi|abbr=on}}<br />
* [[Tamil Nadu]]: {{convert|42.75|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="length">{{cite web |title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State |url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33 |website=Roads and Buildings Department |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33 |archive-date=2016-03-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
NH 48 has a total length of {{convert|352|km|mi|abbr=on}} and passes through the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] connecting [[Chennai]] & [[Krishnagiri]] near [[Karnataka]] Border.<ref name="lengthNHAI">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhai.org/doc/23june12/nh_nh%20wise.pdf |title=National Highways and their length |access-date=8 July 2016 |work=report |format=pdf |publisher=National Highway Authority of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514123311/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/23june12/NH_NH%20wise.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{AHN}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ah45}}<br />
[[Category:Asian Highway Network]]<br />
[[Category:Roads in India]]</div>Zoyeford