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Jimshi Khalid

2026-05-08T14:00:19Z

ZitaKight7091: new

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Cinematographer
| years_active = 2016—present
| relatives = [[Shyju Khalid]] (brother) [[Khalid Rahman]] (brother)
}}
'''Jimshi Khalid''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] who predominantly works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam Film Industry]]. He made his debut through ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Cinematographer Shayju Khalid Shaped His Brother Jimshi Khalid's Journey in Malayalam Cinema |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/how-cinematographer-shayju-khalid-shaped-his-brother-jimshi-khalids-journey-in-malayalam-cinema |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=നേരം വൈകിയിട്ടും അവന്‍ തുഴഞ്ഞുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുകയാണ്, അവസാനം ഞങ്ങള്‍ തമ്മില്‍ സെറ്റില്‍ വെച്ച് പ്രശ്‌നമായി- ജിംഷി ഖാലിദ് {{!}} DoolNews |url=https://www.doolnews.com/jimshi-khalid-talks-about-khalid-rahman-151-64.html/amp |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.doolnews.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Notes !! {{refh}}
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || Debut ||<ref name="Oruthee"/>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Allu Ramendran]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trailer Of Kunchacko Boban Starrer 'Allu Ramendran' released |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/01/19/trailer-kunchacko-boban-allu-ramendran-released.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Trailer Of Kunchacko Boban Starrer 'Allu Ramendran' released |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[Kappela]]'' || ||<ref name="aviyal"/>
|-
| ''[[Love (2020 film)|Love]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Oruthee]]'' || ||<ref name="Oruthee">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-01-16 |title=Navya Nair returns in V K Prakash feature 'Oruthee' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Jan/16/navya-nair-returns-in-v-k-prakash-feature-oruthee-2090008.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aviyal (2022 film)|Aviyal]]'' || ||<ref name="aviyal">{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2020-07-03 |title=Filming of Joju George's 'Aviyal' completed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/Jul/03/filming-of-joju-georges-aviyal-completed-2164538.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thallumaala]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-04-13 |title=Tovino Thomas-Khalid Rahman's film Thallumaala completed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Apr/13/tovino-thomas-khalid-rahmans-film-thallumaala-completed-2441293.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Thundu]]'' || Also producer ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-06-29 |title=Biju Menon's next is titled Thundu |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Jun/29/biju-menons-next-is-titled-thundu-45105.html |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dange (film)|Por]]'' || Along with Presley Oscar D'Souza ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-31 |title=Arjun Das and Kalidas Jayaram's Por gets OTT premiere |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/31/arjun-das-and-kalidas-jayarams-por-gets-ott-premiere |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|Adios Amigo]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-08-09 |title='Adios Amigo' was an enjoyable challenge: Nahas Nazar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2024/Aug/09/adios-amigo-was-an-enjoyable-challenge-nahas-nazar |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-02 |title=Khalid Rahman-Naslen's Alappuzha Gymkhana gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/02/khalid-rahman-naslens-alappuzha-gymkhana-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || '' [[I'm Game]]'' ||
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb name|nm7881476}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalid, Jimshi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian cinematographers]]
{{Improve categories|date=July 2025}}

Bruno Dias Souza

2026-05-07T06:24:02Z

ZitaKight7091: Creating post!

{{Short description|Indian architect (1925–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Bruno Dias Souza
| image = Architect Bruno Dias Souza, Goa -5.jpg
| alt = At his Altinho, Panjim, residence.
| caption = Souza in 2020
* Portuguese (until 1961)
* Indian (from 1961)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|10|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|03|02|1925|10|06|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Bharne |first=Vinayak |title=Architect Bruno Dias Souza: A Mentee's Memoir |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/upfront/architect-bruno-dias-souza-a-mentees-memoir/420364 |website=Herald Goa |date=8 March 2025 |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en}}</ref>
| death_place =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|
* [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]] (BSc)
* [[Columbia University]] ([[B.Arch]], 1955)
* [[Harvard University]] ([[M.Arch]], 1957)}}
| spouse = Edna Miranda Souza
| children = 4
| awards = Sócio Honorário -- Ordem dos Arquitectos
| practice =
| significant_buildings = {{ubl|
* Government Primary Schools in Portuguese Goa
* Community Hall at [[St Estevam|Santo Estêvão]]
* Cine Alankar at [[Mapusa, Goa]]
* Sesa Goa Head Office at [[Panjim]]
* Junior Staff Quarters Embassy of Brazil at New Delhi
* Indian Social Institute at New Delhi
* Okhla Parish Church at New Delhi
* Indian Institute of Management at [[Calcutta]]
* Education Development Centre ([[UNESCO]]), [[Maldives]]}}
| significant_projects =
| significant_design =
| signature =
| website = 
}}

'''Bruno Dias Souza''' (6 October 1925 – 2 March 2025) was an Indian architect who was credited with having "belonged to a generation of architects that sought to rediscover what [[modern architecture]] meant for India"<ref name="CEPT">{{Cite web|title=Digital Archives of Goan Architect, Bruno Souza - Archives|url=https://cept.ac.in/archives/news/digital-archives-of-goan-architect-bruno-souza|access-date=5 October 2020|website=cept.ac.in}}</ref> and having had an "illustrious architectural career".<ref name="CEPT" />

==Early life==
Bruno Dias Souza was born on 6 October 1925 in [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]. He was raised in the Goan village of Badem in [[Salvador do Mundo]], building models of boats and little houses as a child. He was educated at the ''Liceu Nacional Afonso de Albuquerque'' in the then Portuguese-ruled Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2024 |title=The Journey of Architect Bruno Dias Souza from Aspirations to Achievements - Middle Height |url=https://middleheight.com/bruno-dias-souza/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=middleheight.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He moved to [[Dharwad]] and [[Mumbai|Bombay]] for inter-science and a stint in mathematics and physics as part of the B.Sc. programme at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College]].<ref name="Lisa" />

After his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in the United States, he worked for international firms in Central as well as South America—including in [[Brasília]], Brazil, before returning to Goa. In Goa, still under Portuguese rule, he designed government primary and secondary schools.<ref name="Lisa" />

== Career ==
Souza was educated at [[Columbia University]] and [[Harvard University]]. He spent his early years as a young professor and practitioner at the [[School of Planning and Architecture]] (SPA) in New Delhi. He also served as a United Nations consultant, won the national competition for the [[Goa High Court]], and received a special honour from the Government of Portugal. His acclaimed works include [[Okhla]] Parish Church and [[Loretto Convent]] in New Delhi, his own house [[Altinho]] in [[Panjim]], Goa, the [[Goa Assembly]], and other [[World Bank]]-[[UNESCO]] projects. Souza had worked on projects in Sudan, Vietnam, Liberia, Republic of Cape Verde and the Republic of Guinea.<ref name="Lisa">{{Cite web|date=11 September 2016|first=Lisa|last=Monteiro|title=For this architect, environment comes first|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/For-this-architect-environment-comes-first/articleshow/54271329.cms|access-date=5 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He served as the Director of the School of Planning and Architecture from 1983 to 1988.<ref name="Lisa" /> In Goa, Souza had been critical of bureaucratic functioning and corruption in the system, where he won two competitions but was edged out of the same.<ref name="Lisa" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bruno Dias Souza vs. State of Goa|url=http://www.the-laws.com/Encyclopedia/Browse/Case?CaseId=319002981100|access-date=5 October 2020|website=www.the-laws.com}}</ref> His contemporaries were [[Charles Correa]] and [[Raj Rewal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=Architect Bruno Dias Souza: A Mentee’s Memoir – 8 March 2025 {{!}} O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/upfront/architect-bruno-dias-souza-a-mentees-memoir/6240/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Death==
Souza died on 2 March 2025, at the age of 99.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=8 March 2025 |title=Architect Bruno Dias Souza: A Mentee's Memoir |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/upfront/architect-bruno-dias-souza-a-mentees-memoir/420364 |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The [[Ahmedabad]]-based [[CEPT University]] Archives had undertaken the archiving of Souza's collections digitally and also through Oral History Recordings. This archive included hand drawings, photographs, magazine articles and other related material from architect Souza's work.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vasavada |first=Rabindra |date=2015 |title=Architect Myrto Vitart |url=https://architexturez.net/pst/az-cf-245017-1732540637 |journal=... on Proposed Academic Building on CEPT Campus by Christopher Benninger. |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal views==
Souza argued that the [[Goan]] capital of [[Panjim]] is "forgetting its past by trying to redesign open spaces". He had argued that the scenic capital "was a space of parks...."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Panjim is forgetting its past|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=118427|access-date=5 October 2020|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Souza, Bruno Dias}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni]]
[[Category:Architects from Goa]]

Selva Magal

2026-05-05T22:11:27Z

ZitaKight7091: Created new pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Selva Magal
| image = Selva Magal.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = K. V. Srinivas
| screenplay = Subbu Arumugam
| story = Rajasri
| producer = T. S. Rajasundaresan
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[Rajasree]] [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] [[Shylashri]] [[Nagesh]] [[Major Sundarrajan]]
| cinematography = C. A. S. Mani
| editing = P. V. Narayanan
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| released = {{Film date|1967|8|20|df=yes}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| studio = Saravana Screen
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Selva Magal''''' ({{translation|Wealthy Daughter}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic action film]], directed by K. V. Srinivas and produced by T. S. Rajasundaresan. The dialogue was written by Subbu Arumugam and the story written by Rajasri. Music was by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]. It stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Rajasree]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Shylashri]], [[Nagesh]] and [[Major Sundarrajan]]. This film was a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மூன்றாவது நாயகர்கள் - பகுதி 4 {{!}} ஜெய்சங்கர் எனும் மூடிமறைக்கப்பட்ட அற்புதம்! |url=https://www.newstm.in/news/cinema/special-article/45197-third-rank-heroes-of-tamil-cinema-a-wonderful-actor-jai-shankar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330061911/https://www.newstm.in/news/cinema/special-article/45197-third-rank-heroes-of-tamil-cinema-a-wonderful-actor-jai-shankar.html |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-30 |website=Newstm |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
After a string of robberies, Balaram flees the country abandoning his wife Parvathi and son. Circumstances separate mother and child, leaving the young boy under the care of Sekar, who raises him into a well educated gentleman. Sekar falls in love with Sarada, the only daughter of a wealthy banker, Ranganathan. Meanwhile, Balaram returns to the country and, with the help of his stepson Mohan, runs a shady business under the alias, Balasundaram. He targets Ranganathan and plots to claim him, while Mohan sets his eyes on Sarada. Soon, a deadly game of deception is set in motion where everyone is left to confront their past.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Sekar
* [[Rajasree]] as Sarada
* [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] as Mohan
* [[Shylashri]]
* [[Nagesh]] as Malayali Madhavan Cooker
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Balaram
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Ranganathan
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Parvathi
* Madhavi
* [[Goundamani]] as Office Clerk
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Selvamagal |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/selvamagal_14713 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212519/https://www.saregama.com/album/selvamagal_14713 |archive-date=2 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Avan Ninaithana" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || rowspan=2|[[Kannadasan]] || 4:26
|-
| "Yae Paranthu Sillu" || rowspan=2|T. M. Soundararajan [[P. Susheela]]|| 4:41
|-
| "Kuyilaga Naan" || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 3:52
|-
| "Vennila Mugam" || T. M. Soundararajan [[L. R. Eswari]] || 3:41
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film's dialogues and fight sequences but criticised the overuse of the latter. The critic said that while the film began on a fast pace, it should have maintained that till the end.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=10 December 1967 |title=செல்வ மகள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/dec/10-12-1967/p45.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=45 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220725093616/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1967/dec/10-12-1967/p45.jpg |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5759934}}

[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960s romantic action films]]
[[Category:1967 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T09:07:41Z

ZitaKight7091: Creating stub

{{Short description|Vidhan Sabha constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Cooch Behar Dakshin
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Cooch Behar Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Rathindra Nath Bose]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| constituency_no = 4
| established = 1951
| electors = 2,13,968
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Cooch Behar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 4 Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency covers [[Cooch Behar]] municipality and Chandamari, Chilkirhat, Falimari, Ghughumari, Haribhanga, Moyamari, Patchhara, Putimari Fuleswari and [[Suktabari]] [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Cooch Behar I (Community development block)|Cooch Behar I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 20 June 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission}}</ref>

Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency is part of No. 1 [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

=== Cooch Behar ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|[[Maziruddin Ahmed]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|Jatindra Nath Singha Sarkar
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Maziruddin Ahmed]]
|-
|Satish Chandra Roy Singha
|}

=== Cooch Behar North ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sunil Dasgupta
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|M.R. Tar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bimal Kanti Basu
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Sunil Kar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Aparajita Goppi]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Bimal Kanti Basu
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Mihir Goswami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Dipak Chandra Sarkar
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|}

=== Cooch Behar South ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sunil Basunia
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Santosh Roy|Santosh Kumar Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|}

=== Cooch Behar West ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Prasenjit Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|rowspan="2"|Rajani Das
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan="3"|Bimal Kanti Basu
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Soumindra Chandra Das
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|Akshay Thakur
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|}

=== Cooch Behar Dakshin ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|Akshay Thakur
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Mihir Goswami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|2020
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Nikhil Ranjan Dey]]
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Rathindra Bose
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Cooch Behar Dakshin}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rathindra Bose]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 108,482
|percentage = 52.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Avijit De Bhowmik
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = 85,198
|percentage = 41.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nazmul Alam Sarkar
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|votes = 3,137
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Khokan Mian
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 2,971
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,770
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,284
|percentage = 11.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 20,5413
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Cooch Behar Dakshin constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2021.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2021, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=4| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527082303/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=4| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 May 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2021 |work =Cooch Behar Dakshin| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nikhil Ranjan Dey]]
|votes = 91560
|percentage = 46.83
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Avijit Dey Bhowmik
|votes = 86629
|percentage = 44.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Akshay Thakur
|votes = 10246
|percentage = 5.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 195505
|percentage = 83.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, Mihir Goswami of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] defeated his nearest rival Debasis Banik of [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Cooch Behar Dakshin constituency<ref name="vidhansabha2011">{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3469-west-bangal-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2016 |work =Cooch Behar Dakshin| publisher =Election Commission Of India |access-date = 21 April 2021}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Mihir Goswami]]
|votes = 82,849
|percentage = 46.24
|change = +1.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Debasis Banik
|votes = 64,654
|percentage = 36.08
|change = -10.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nikhil Ranjan Dey]]
|votes = 18,176
|percentage = 10.14
|change = +5.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Maya Majumder
|votes = 5,197
|percentage = 2.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Amita Das
|votes = 2,703
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 2,489
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Nazma Khandakar
|votes = 1,678
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Kamtapur People's Party (United)
|candidate = Akik Hossain Chowdhury
|votes = 1,427
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 179,173
|percentage = 84.05
|change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = All India Forward Bloc
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, Akshay Thakur of AIFB defeated his nearest rival Abdul Jalil Ahmed of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Cooch Behar Dakshin constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=4| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130527082303/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=4| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 27 May 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Cooch Behar Dakshin| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Akshay Thakur
|votes = 72,028
|percentage = 47.04
|change = -4.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Abdul Jalil Ahmed
|votes = 69,165
|percentage = 45.17
|change = +11.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gayetri Kar
|votes = 6,419
|percentage = 4.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanat Sen
|votes = 2,207
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shyamal Chandra Barman
|votes = 1,277
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prahlad Chandra Datta
|votes = 745
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishna Kanta Barman
|votes = 685
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People's Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = Chanchal Sarkar
|votes = 589
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 153,115
|percentage = 83.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Forward Bloc
|swing = -15.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977 – 2006: Cooch Behar North constituency===
Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name="vidhansabha2006">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 2001<ref name="vidhansabha2001">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> state assembly elections Dipak Chandra Sarkar of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] defeated Mihir Goswami of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Mihir Goswami representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] had defeated [[Aparajita Goppi]] of Forward Bloc in 1996.<ref name="vidhansabha1996">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Bimal Kanti Basu of Forward Bloc defeated Mihir Goswami of Congress in 1991.<ref name="vidhansabha1991">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Aparajita Goppi of Forward Bloc defeated Mihir Goswami of Congress in 1987,<ref name="vidhansabha1987">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sunil Kar of Congress in 1982<ref name="vidhansabha1982">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and Bimal Chandra Dhar of Congress in 1977.<ref name="vidhansabha1977">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp04.htm | title =4 - Cooch Behar North Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1977 – 2006: Cooch Behar West constituency===
In the 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> state assembly elections, Akshay Thakur of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won the Cooch Behar West seat defeating Abdul Jalil Ahmed and Soumendra Chandra Das (both of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]) respectively. Soumindra Chandra Das of Forward Bloc defeated Abdul Jalil Ahmed representing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> and Ramkrishna Pal of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Bimal Kanti Basu of Forward Bloc defeated Shyamal Choudhury of Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Maqsudar Rahman of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/May2006/pollupd/ac/states/s25/..%5C..%5C..%5C..%5C..%5CElectionAnalysis%5CAE%5CS25%5CPartycomp05.htm | title =5 - Cooch Behar West Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 29 August 2009}}</ref>

===1962-1972: Cooch Behar North, South and West constituencies===
Sunil Kar of Congress won the Cooch Behar North in 1972<ref name="vidhansabha1972">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name="vidhansabha1971">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Bimal Kanti Basu of Forward Bloc won it in 1969.<ref name="vidhansabha1969">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> M.R.Tar of Congress won it in 1967.<ref name="vidhansabha1967">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Sunil Dasgupta of Forward Bloc won it in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name="vidhansabha1962">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |access-date=18 June 2014 |work=Constituency-wise Data |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref> Santosh Kumar Roy of Congress won the Cooch Behar South seat in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Sunil Basunia of Forward Bloc won the seat in 1962.<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> Rajani Das of Congress won the Cooch Behar West seat in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Prasenjit Barman of Congress won it in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> The seat was not there prior to 1967.

===1951 & 1957: Cooch Behar constituency===
Cooch Behar was a joint seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name="vidhansabha1957">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> It was won by Maziruddin Ahmed and Satish Chandra Roy Singha (both of Congress). In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]],<ref name="vidhansabha1952">{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 18 June 2014}}</ref> Maziruddin Ahmed and Jatindra Nath Singha Sarkar (both of Congress) won the Cooch Behar joint seat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Cooch Behar]]

Shibnagar, Maldah

2026-05-01T20:52:10Z

ZitaKight7091: Created a entry

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shibnagar
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|10|22|N|88|02|19|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maldah district|Maldah]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ratua II]]
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 6.26
| elevation_m = 30
| population_total = 8298
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732102
| area_code = 03512
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = WB-65/WB-66
}}

'''Shibnagar''' is a village in [[Malda district|Maldah district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is located within the [[Siliguri Corridor]], 21 kilometres northwest of the district seat [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]. The village's population was 8,298 as of 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Shibnagar is located between the Mahananda river and Nagri river. It covers an area of 626 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1338/download/4366/DH_2011_1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 West Bengal District Census Handbook Maldah |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |page=290 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of the year 2011, the population of Shibnagar was 8,298, of which 4,222 were male and 4,076 were female. The working population constituted 30.81% of the total population. The average literacy rate was 49.10%, with 2,073 of the male residents and 1,959 of the female residents being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Malda district]]

Adina Beg Khan

2026-04-30T02:07:20Z

ZitaKight7091: put up a data from scratch

{{Short description|Nawab of Punjab in 1758}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adina Beg Khan
| image = Adina Beg tells his beads (6124587257) (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = ''Adina Beg tells his beads'', possibly by [[Nainsukh]], {{circa|1750}}, [[The San Diego Museum of Art]]
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Janab]]'' ''[[Indian honorifics|Zafar Jang Bahadur]]''
| honorific_suffix = ''[[Indian honorifics|Bahram Jang]]''
| birth_name = Dīnā Araīŋ
| birth_date = 1710
| birth_place = {{ubl|[[Sharaqpur]], [[Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] | {{small|(present-day
[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)}} }}
| death_cause = [[Colic]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1758|09|15|1710|||df=yes}}
| death_place = {{ubl|[[Khanpur, Hoshiarpur|Khanpur]], [[Maratha Confederacy]] |{{small|(present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India)}} }}
| resting_place = Muslim Cemetery, [[Khanpur, Hoshiarpur|Khanpur]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|31.545594|75.913260}}
| children = Sadiq Beg Khan ''a daughter''
| profession = {{hlist|Soldier|accountant|statesman|politician}}
| father = Channu Arain
| notable_works =
| title =
| office = [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Nawab of Punjab]]
| monarch = [[Alamgir II]]{{efn|For recognition}} [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]]{{efn|For tribute}}
| suboffice = 12 April 1758, [[Lahore Fort]]
| subterm = '''[[Investiture]]'''
| deputy = {{Collapsible list|title=''See list''
|Khwaja Said Khan {{small|([[Vizier|Wazir]])}}
|Sadiq Beg Khan {{small|(in [[Lahore]])}}
|Salih Muhammad Khan {{small|(in [[Multan]])}}}}
| term_start = 10 April 1758
| term_end = 15 September 1758
| predecessor = ''Office established''{{efn|Mir Momin Khan {{small|(as [[Subahdar|Mughal Governor]] of [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]])}} [[Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani|Ali Mohammad Khakwani]] {{small|(as [[Khogyani (Pashtun tribe)#Emergence in the subcontinent|Nawab of Multan]])}}}}
| successor = ''Office abolished''{{efn|Sabaji Shinde {{small|(as [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Governor]] of [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]])}} Bapuji Trimbak {{small|(as [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Governor]] of [[Subah of Multan|Multan]])}}}}
| office1 = [[Subah of Lahore|Subahdar of Lahore]]
| monarch1 = [[Alamgir II]]
| term_start1 = 9 May 1756
| term_end1 = 4 October 1756
| predecessor1 = [[Mughlani Begum]]
| successor1 = Khwaja Abdullah Khan
| deputy1 = Sayyid Jamil-ud-Din Khan
| monarch2 = [[Alamgir II]]
| term_start2 = April 1755
| term_end2 = December 1755
| predecessor2 = [[Mughlani Begum]]
| successor2 = [[Mughlani Begum]]
| deputy2 = Sadiq Beg Khan
| office3 = [[Subah of Multan|Subahdar of Multan]]
| monarch3 = [[Alamgir II]]
| term_start3 = 9 May 1756
| term_end3 = 4 October 1756 Disputed with [[Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani|Ali Mohammad Khakwani]]
| predecessor3 = [[Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani|Ali Mohammad Khakwani]]
| successor3 = [[Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani|Ali Mohammad Khakwani]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |Other political offices |titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office = [[Subahdar|Nazim]] of [[Doaba|Bist Doab]]
| governor = [[Mughlani Begum]] Jahan Khan
| term_start = May 1757
| term_end = November 1757
| monarch = [[Alamgir II]]
| predecessor = [[Mughlani Begum]]
| successor = Sarfaraz Khan
| deputy = Sadiq Beg Khan
| term_start1 = 12 April 1755
| term_end1 = November 1756
| monarch1 = [[Alamgir II]]
| predecessor1 = Shah Nawaz Khan
| successor1 = [[Mughlani Begum]]
| deputy1 = Sadiq Beg Khan
| governor2 = [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur|Zakariya Khan]]
| term_start2 = 1739
| term_end2 = 1740
| monarch2 = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = Shah Nawaz Khan
| deputy2 = Nidhan Singh
| office3 = [[Faujdar]] of [[Sirhind]]
| governor3 = [[Mughlani Begum]]
| term_start3 = 11 April 1755
| term_end3 = November 1757
| monarch3 = [[Alamgir II]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = Abdul Samad Khan
| deputy3 = Sadiq Beg Khan
| office4 = [[Naib|Naib Nazim]] of [[Doaba|Bist Doab]]
| governor4 = Shah Nawaz Khan
| monarch4 = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| term_start4 = 1740
| term_end4 = 11 January 1748
| predecessor4 = Nidhan Singh
| successor4 =
| office5 = [[Shiqdar]] of [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]]
| governor5 = Shah Nawaz Khan
| monarch5 = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| term_start5 = 1739
| term_end5 = 1740
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 = ''Office merged with the Nazim of Bist Doab''{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }}
| nickname = ''[[Nawab]] [[Sahib]]''
| relatives = Khwaja Said Khan (brother) Khwaja Mirza Khan (son-in-law)
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 = [[Sunni Islam]]{{efn|School of Thought: [[Hanafi]]}}
| awards = [[File:Imperial Seal of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] [[Farzi (coat)|Farzi]]
| signature = Signature of Adina Beg Khan (2).png
| alma_mater =
| allegiance = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|border=}} [[Mughal Empire]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border=}} [[Maratha Empire]]
| branch = {{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|border=}} [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Army]]
** [[Mansabdar]]i
{{tree list/end}}
| commands = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|[[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]] [[Jalandhar]] [[Sirhind]] [[Lahore]] [[Multan]] [[Batala]]}}
| unit =
| service_years = 1730–1758
| rank = [[Sepoy]], [[Mansabdar]], [[Faujdar]], [[Ispahsalar]]
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
*'''[[Mughal–Afghan Wars|Mughal–Afghan War]]'''
**[[Battle of Lahore (1748)]]
**[[Battle of Manupur (1748)]]
*'''[[Afghan–Sikh wars]]'''
**[[Battle of Mahilpur (1757)]]
*'''[[Afghan–Maratha War]]'''
**[[Afghan–Maratha War#Initial campaign and success|Siege of Sirhind (1758)]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
| native_name = {{nq|ادینہ بیگ خاں}}
}}

'''Adina Beg Khan'''{{efn|{{langx|pa|ادینہ بیگ خاں {{small|([[Shahmukhi]])}}, ਅਦੀਨਾ ਬੇਗ ਖਾਨ {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}|translit=Adīna Bēg Khāṅ}}}} ({{IPA|pa|ədinaː beːɡ xãː|lang}}; {{circa|1710}} – 15 September 1758)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first local governor of Punjab {{!}} Political Economy {{!}} thenews.com.pk |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/564203-first-local-governor-punjab |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-02 |title=Dina Arain: the master 'double game' player |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/617952/dina-arain-the-master-double-game-player |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> was a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]] general, statesman, and [[warlord]] who served as the [[List of monarchs of Punjab|Nawab of Punjab]] from April 1758 until his death in September of the same year.{{sfn|Beale|1894}}<ref name=K.RoyIHB>{{cite book | last=Roy |first=Kaushik |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |publisher=Permanent Black, India |pages=80–1 |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8|date=2004 }}</ref> He began his career as a [[patwari]] ([[accountant]]) and later as a [[sepoy]] after joining the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]], eventually drawing the attention of the Mughal nobles.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=25–33}} After serving through various posts, he was appointed as the [[Subahdar]] of the entirety of Punjab by [[Raghunath Rao]] on behalf of [[Rajaram II of Satara|Rajaram II]] in 1758 and had earlier been recognised as the [[Nawab]] by Emperor [[Alamgir II]] during the power vacuum.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Syed |first1=Muzaffar H. Syed|last2=Kumar |first2=Anil |last3=Usmani |first3=B. D. |last4=Gupta |first4=Pramod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=&pg=PA194 |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |date=2022|publisher=K. K. Publications|isbn= 978-8178441580|language=en|page=194}}</ref>

Though illiterate, Adina Beg served as the [[Shiqdar]] of [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur Pargana]], [[Faujdar]] of [[Sirhind|Sirhind Sarkar]], [[Naib|Naib Nazim]] and then [[Subahdar|Nazim]] of [[Doaba|Bist Doab Sarkar]] and, later, the [[Subahdar]] of the [[Subah of Lahore|Subahs of Lahore]] and [[Subah of Multan|Multan]], though his claim in Multan was disputed.<ref name="clash v common">{{cite conference|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|author-link=Rajmohan Gandhi |title=Clash versus Commonsense |conference=Fourth THAAP Conference 2013: 'Cultural Roots of Art and Architecture of the Punjab' |journal=[[Trust for History, Arts and Architecture of Pakistan]] |location=Lahore |date=6–10 December 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=49–50}} He joined hands with the Sikh leader [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] and the [[Marathas]] in defeating the Afghans.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=56}}{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=236, 260}} Despite being short, Adina Beg's reign has often been compared with that of his ideological aftercomer [[Ranjit Singh]] by modern historians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-05 |title=Indian professor goes down the 'history lane' |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1060591 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Named Dina at birth, Adina was born into a [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi Muslim]] family of the [[Arain]] tribe, in the village of [[Sharaqpur]] (now in the [[Sheikhupura district]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan]]), {{convert|20|mi|spell=in}} from [[Lahore]]. His father, Channu Arain was professionally a farmer. He was brought up as a soldier in a [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] family, later becoming collector of revenue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Mughal World |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-190-22264-2 |editor-last=Eaton |editor-first=Richard M. |editor-link=Richard M. Eaton |chapter=Warriors and Zamindars in Mughal Punjab |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190222642.013.13 |editor-last2=Sreenivasan |editor-first2=Ramya |editor-link2=Ramya Sreenivasan |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34708/chapter-abstract/296421480?redirectedFrom=fulltext}}</ref>

==Rise to power==
Beg began his career as a domestic servant{{sfnp|Gupta|1944|loc=p. 57: "Adina Beg Khan was{{nbsp}}... of low birth, unlettered, but endowed with a masterful ambition and a persevering temper. He was first employed{{nbsp}}... as a servant in the households of Mughal officers, and rose to power by patient labour and force of character, until, he ultimately became Viceroy of the Panjab and played an important part in the closing scenes of Muslim rule in the province."}} in the homes of Mughal officials. Proximity to Mughal officers inspired him to join as a soldier in the [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]].{{sfn|Beale|1894}} As a soldier, he was sent to various cities including [[Prayagraj|Illahabad]], [[Kanpur|Kanhapur]] and [[Bajwara]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. M Elliot |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281007/page/n197/mode/1up?q=Adina |title=History Of India Vol Viii |date=1877}}</ref> however becoming disillusioned with his poor prospects he took up the more lucrative position of ''[[patwari]]'' in the village of [[Kang Khurd|Kang]] near [[Sultanpur Lodhi|Sultanpur]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Husain|first=Jamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGzVAAAAMAAJ&q=|title=The Land Problem of Pakistan |magazine=The Pakistan Review |issn=0031-0077 |volume=3 |date=1955 |pages=37–38 |publisher=Ferozsons}}</ref> He soon came under the patronage of Lala Sri Nivas Dhir, a wealthy [[Hindu]] merchant from Sultanpur, and obtained the revenue contracts for all the villages in the territory of Kang.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=25}} In 1739, aiming to replace the newly deceased district officer of Sultanpur, Adina travelled to Lahore and secured an interview with the Viceroy of the Punjab, [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur]]. Impressing in his interview, the viceroy demanded security for his good behaviour, and on being guaranteed by Lala Sri Nivas, Adina was appointed [[faujdar]] of Sultanpur.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=26}}<ref name="clash v common"/> On his appointment he returned the favour by making his patron his assistant, and his patron's brother Bhwani Das, who knew Persian, his superintendent.<ref name="clash v common"/>

That same year, [[Nader Shah]] [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|invaded the Mughal Empire]]. Sultanpur, located on the road from [[Lahore]] to [[Delhi]] was ravaged by Persian troops. Adina Beg's success in restoring order, providing relief and securing the release of prisoners enhanced his reputation.<ref name="clash v common"/> Zakariya Khan, learning of his performance, appointed him [[Subahdar]] of the Doaba with instructions to restrain the lawlessness and halt the rising threat of the [[Sikh]] [[Misl]]s.<ref name="clash v common"/> Soon after his appointment Adina Beg dispatched troops against the Sikhs and carried out a massive slaughter against them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Lepel Henry |title=The Rajas Of The Punjab |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors (P) Ltd |year=1870 |isbn=9788126935413 |volume=2nd |pages=456}}</ref> Notably after restoring peace and order in the area, he ignored orders to take decisive steps to crush the Sikhs and instead pursued means of making peace with them.<ref name="auto2">Hari Ram Gupta, ''History of the Sikhs'', Vol-II</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2023}} Recognising the decline of his Mughal employers he sought to make alliances with local groups, and granted [[jagir]]s to a number of Sikhs whilst also employing many in his armed forces, notably [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]].<ref name="auto2"/><ref>Purnima Dhavan (2011). ''When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799'', Oxford University Press</ref>

==Imprisonment==
Nader Shah's invasion resulted in widespread looting, and led to Zakariya Khan being unable to pay his soldiers. After widespread protests by the soldiers, Zakariya Khan ordered his Diwan Lakhpat Rai to make the payments. The Diwan was imprisoned when he refused to do so and his brother Jaspat Rai was then ordered to demand arrears from all the nazims and faujdars in order to raise money.<ref name="clash v common"/> Adina Beg subsequently found himself imprisoned for being in arrears and was stripped of his position as governor of the Doaba.<ref name="clash v common"/>

After a year, Bhwani Das was released on the security of his brother Sri Navas and Adina escaped and fled to the hills. Bhwani Das was then re-arrested and ordered to disclose the accounts of Adina which he refused to do so. He was then placed in a large pot and half boiled.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=25}} The now released Diwan, Lakhpat Rai, was so impressed by his loyalty that he halted the punishment and granted him one request.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=29}} The latter demanded the reinstatement of Adina. Moved by the display of devotion, Zakariya awarded a robe of honour to Adina and made him Deputy Governor of the Doaba under his son Shahnawaz.{{sfn|Gupta|1944|p=63}}

==Durrani Invasions==
The death of Zakariya Khan on 1 July 1745 created a power struggle to succeed him as viceroy and six months later his son Yahiya Khan was named as his successor.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=30}} Recognising the hostility between Yahiya Khan and his younger brother Shahnawaz, Adina sought to develop relations with Yahiya whilst also maintaining the trust of Shahnawaz.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=25}} To support the Yahiya government in Lahore he assisted in Lakhpat Rai's campaign against the Sikhs between April and June 1746. In November 1746, Shahnawaz began an insurrection and forcibly occupied Lahore demanding a complete division of his father's property. This time Adina placed himself in the camp of Shahnawaz and the following March, on hearing news that Yahiya was seeking to launch an attack against Shahnawaz, Adina led an attack near the tomb of Hazrat Ishan.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=25}} Shahnawaz was victorious and marched into Lahore unopposed on 21 March 1747 to usurp the Punjab government. He subsequently appointed Adina in charge of civil and military affairs for the Doaba. Shahnawaz now lobbied the Delhi government to become subahdar of Lahore in return for the release of Yahiya. However, on Yahiya's escape from captivity in July, Shahnawaz lost his bargaining power and on the advice of Adina he invited [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] to invade the [[Mughal Empire]].{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=33}}

Adina then notified the Delhi government of Shahnawaz's treachery, and on hearing of the news, the Delhi government hurriedly acquiesced to Shahnawaz's demands. They were however too late to halt [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Durrani's invasion]]. Durrani defeated his former ally Shahnawaz at Lahore before marching on Delhi. Adina was twice injured when assisting [[Moin-ul-Mulk]] (also known as Mir Mannu) in the Mughal victory at the [[Battle of Manupur (1748)|Battle of Manupur]] which forced Durrani's retreat to [[Kabul]]. In return, the newly appointed subahdar of Lahore Mir Mannu reinstated Adina as faujdar of the Doaba. Durrani followed up his initial invasion a year later acquiring more territory to the west of the Indus River. During his third invasion, he defeated Mir Mannu at the [[Battle of Lahore (1752)|Battle of Lahore]] and established Afghan supremacy in the Punjab although he kept Mir Mannu in place as his governor at Lahore. Following the war, Adina tried to gain favour with Mir Mannu and offered his support to a campaign against the Sikhs in Jullundur as a means to dispel suspicions of his treachery during the Afghan invasions.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=42}}

In 1752, whilst travelling in [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], he found the town of [[Dina Nagar|Adinanagar]].{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=43}}

==Consolidating power==
[[File:Painting of Nawab Adina Beg Khan and Deendar Khoja.jpg|thumb|Painting of Nawab Adina Beg Khan (right) and Deendar Khoja (left), circa 18th century]]
On Mir Mannu's death on 3 November 1753, his two-year-old son was proclaimed viceroy, with his mother [[Mughlani Begum|Surayya Begum]] becoming de facto ruler.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=44}} Amid the political upheaval, Adina asserted independence from both the [[Durrani Empire]] and Mughal government at Delhi. In 1755, Adina drew the support of zamindars and an army of Sikhs to confront the threat of Qutb Khan who had seized Sirhind and on 11 April 1755, he met [[Mian Qutb Shah|Qutb Khan]] in battle, emerging victorious and extending his control of the Doaba as far as [[Sirhind]]. He used his victory to demand the new territory from the Delhi government, and the Mughal Wazir noting their military incompetence and poverty agreed.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=47}} Adina was conferred with the title Zafar Jung Bahadur and all the hill chiefs submitted to him and paid tribute. Now in control of Jullundur and Sirhind, Adina sought to acquire Lahore. Taking advantage of unrest in Lahore against the Begum's deputy Khwaja Abdullah, the son of [[Abd al-Samad Khan]],<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7QhuAAAAMAAJ&q=abdullah+saif |title= Muslim Society in Northern India During the Eighteenth Century |page= 530 |author= Muhammad Umar |date= 1998 |isbn= 9788121508308 }}</ref> he marched on the capital and installed Sadiq Beg Khan to manage state affairs. This victory was however short lived as the Begum, with the help of the Afghans, drove Sadiq Beg Khan from power and restored Khwaja Abdullah's position. In 1756, the Mughal Wazir used Adina to conduct an intrigue to dispose the Begum from government in Lahore and bring her to Delhi.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=49}} On completion of the mission, Adina was made subahdar of [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]] and [[Subah of Multan|Multan]] by the Mughal government at Delhi in return for an annual tribute of thirty lakh of rupees. The position was however short lived, as the Afghans successfully marched on Lahore to dispose Adina's deputy Sayyid Jamal-ud-Din and restore Khwaja Abdullah.

In November 1756, following advances from the Begum the Afghans launched a campaign to ransack Delhi. Adina, accompanied by Sadiq Beg and Jamal-ud-Din abandoned his positions and fled to [[Hansi]].{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=53}} The Afghans successfully sacked Delhi in 1757, and the Begum was granted the Doaba and Jammu and Kashmir as a fief. In turn the Begum invited Adina to rule the Doaba on her behalf. The new Viceroy at Lahore, Jahan Khan, then demanded the full obedience of Adina and threatened to lay waste to the Doaba if refused.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=53}} Adina agreed, however soon disagreement over the payment of tribute to Jahan Khan heightened tensions. Jahan Khan invited Adina to court to discuss ways to subdue the Sikhs, but was rebuffed by Adina who sent agents in his place. A detachment of troops was then sent to arrest Adina, however he retired to the foothills and recruited a large body of Sikh soldiers to counter the detachment. The Sikhs led by Sodhi Bharbag Singh and [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] routed the Afghans and looted their luggage. In return Adina granted the Sikhs leave to pillage the Doaba including the city of Jullundur. Amid the looting and Afghan defeat, and anarchy persisted in the Punjab between November 1757 to February 1758.{{sfn|Gupta|1940|p=56}}

==Afghan expulsion and Maratha alliance==
In early 1758, Adina sought out allies to expel the Afghans from the Punjab and restore stability. He struck a deal with Sikh leaders Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Sodhi Vadhbhag Singh, and with their help defeated the Afghans at [[Battle of Mahilpur (1757)|Mahilpur]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005}} By March 1758 he had also enlisted the support of [[Raghunathrao]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], and together they expelled the Afghans from Lahore. The Maratha and Sikh forces then gave chase to the retreating Afghans on horseback and were in quick pursuit of them in which they went on to capture [[Attock]] and then [[Peshawar]] from the Afghans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mikaberidze |first1=Alexander |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia |id=[2 volumes] |date=22 July 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-337-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C |language=en |page=43 |quote=The Marathas, assisted by Sikhs, defeated the Afghans and captured Attock, Peshwar and Multan in the spring of 1758.|quote-page=43}}</ref>{{sfn|Mehta|2005|pp=236, 260}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA198|title=The History of India|publisher=Britannica Educational|date=2010|isbn=9781615301225|page=198}}</ref><ref name="barua">{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=Pradeep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA55|title=The state at war in South Asia|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=2005|isbn=9780803213449|page=55|quote=The Marathas attacked soon after and, with some help from the Sikhs, managed to capture Attock, Peshawar, and Multan between April and May 1758.}}</ref> The Punjab now came under Maratha rule, with Adina appointed [[subahdar]] and later [[Nawab]] of the Punjab in 1758 in return for a yearly tribute of seventy five lakh of rupees. Raghunathrao and [[Malhar Rao Holkar]], the two commanders-in-chief of the Maratha forces, remained in Lahore for three months after which they retired to the [[Deccan]] leaving Adina in sole control.<ref name=K.RoyIHB/> Now in control of the entirety of the Punjab, Adina entrusted Lahore to his son-in-law Khwaja Mirza and Multan to Salih Muhammad Khan, and set up his headquarters in [[Batala]] nearer to his traditional power base in the Doaba.{{sfn|Mehta|2005}} He also appointed his brother, Khwaja Said Khan as his deputy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29082/page/414/mode/1up |title=Advanced study in History of the Punjab vol.1 |date=1960 |language=English}}</ref> To entrench his position he sought to eliminate his rivals, and declared his erstwhile allies the Sikhs, outlaws. He pursued two expeditions against the Sikhs, including an abortive siege of the mud fort Ram Rauni near [[Amritsar]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005}}

==Personal life and death==
Adina Beg married a [[tawaif]] (dancer) in the early years of his career. Despite their estranged relationship, the couple had a son, Sadiq Beg Khan and a daughter who was wed to Khwaja Mirza Khan. After becoming the Nawab, Adina Beg unknowingly married a [[Sayyid]] woman. Upon discovering her lineage, he divorced her but gave her maintenance all his life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title=A STRANGE CHARACTER WHO RAISED HIMSELF FROM ORDINARY LIFE, BY SHEER SHREWDNESS TO BE THE ACTING GOVERNOR OF THE PUNJAB DIRECT NEIGHBOUR OF MIMAR FAMILY IN MOHALLA CHABUK SAWARAN. - Chughtai's Art Blog |url=https://blog.chughtaimuseum.com/?p=11813&utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 15 September 1758, only a few months after his appointment, Adina Beg died at [[Khanpur, Hoshiarpur|Khanpur]] near [[Hoshiarpur]] after suffering from a [[Biliary colic|colic attack]].{{sfn|Beale|1894}} The Marathas appointed Sabaji Shinde to succeed him as the governor of the Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sykes |first1=Percy |title=History of Afghanistan |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-82810-7 |volume=1, 2 |pages=359 |doi=10.4324/9781315828107}}</ref> A tomb was erected at his grave in Khanpur.{{sfn|Beale|1894}} His life is described in an unpublished Persian manuscript, the ''Ahwal-i-Dina Beg Khan''.

==In popular culture==
* In the 2010 historical TV series ''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' telecasted on [[DD National]], the character of Adina Beg is portrayed by [[Rajendra Gupta]].

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title = Depictions of Adina Beg Khan
| align =
| footer =
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| state =
| height =
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| captionstyle =
| File: Adina Beg Khan.jpg
| alt1=
| Elderly Adina Beg Khan
| File:Adina Beg tells his beads (6124587257).jpg
| alt2=
| Adina Beg with prayer beads
| File: Painting of Adina Beg Khan leaning against a bolster.jpg
| alt3=
| Painting of Adina Beg Khan leaning against a bolster
| File: Deed house Chabuk Sawaran dated to 1170 AH (1756 CE), related to the governance of Adina Beg Khan.jpg
| alt4=
| Deed house Chabuk Sawaran dated to 1170 AH (1756 CE), related to the governance of Adina Beg Khan
| File:
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| Write a caption here
}}

==See also==
*[[History of Punjab]]
*[[List of Punjabi Muslims]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite encyclopaedia |last1=Beale |first1=Thomas William |title=Adina Beg Khan |date=1894 |publisher=W. H. Allen & Co. |location=London |page=34 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.510327/page/n41/mode/2up?q=adina |encyclopaedia=An Oriental Biographical Dictionary |isbn=9781404706484 |via=Internet Archive}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=zaoYAAAAIAAJ Alternative link: via Google Books])
* {{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=Adina Beg Khan |journal=Journal of the Panjab University Historical Society and the Panjab Historical Society |date=December 1940 |volume=6 |pages=23–77 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.33392/page/n49/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab (1707-1793) |date=1944 |publisher=Minerva; Sang-e-Meel |location=Lahore |pages=56–108 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62988/page/n71/mode/2up |chapter=IV. Adina Beg Khan: The Mughal Viceroy of the Panjab}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|publisher=New Dawn Press|date=2005|isbn=9781932705546}}

==Further reading==
* Gandhi, Surjit Singh, ''Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty''. Delhi, 1980
* {{cite web |last1=Khan |first1=Sarang |title=Adina Beg: Soldier, Statesman, Diplomat, Hero |url=https://punjabiwaseb.com/2020/10/08/adina-beg-soldier-statesman-diplomat-hero/ |website=Punjabi Waseb |language=en |date=9 October 2020}}
* Bhagat Singh, ''Sikh Polity''. Delhi, 1978

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beg, Adina}}
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:1710s births]]
[[Category:1758 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Sheikhupura District]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Arain]]

Billa (2007 film)

2026-04-28T15:20:07Z

ZitaKight7091: Creating details!

{{Short description|2007 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film by Vishnuvardhan}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Billa
| image = Billa 2007 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Vishnuvardhan
| story = [[Salim–Javed]]
| starring = [[Ajith Kumar]] [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Nayanthara]] [[Namitha]]
| based_on = ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (Hindi)
| producer = L. Suresh
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Ananda Picture Circuit Nigel Wick Zepher Studio
| distributor = [[Pyramid Saimira]] [[Ayngaran International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|12|14}}{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=474}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Billa''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]. It is a remake of the [[Billa (1980 film)|1980 film of the same name]] starring [[Rajinikanth|Rajnikanth]], which itself is a remake of 1978 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'', starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] who plays a [[dual role|double role]] as an underworld don and his friendly look-alike alongside Nayanthara and [[Namitha]], while [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Adithya Menon]], and [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Citation |title=Billa (2007) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/billa |access-date=2021-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807181247/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/billa |archive-date=7 August 2021 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by L. Suresh and Abdurrahman M while featuring a score and soundtrack by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography by [[Nirav Shah]] and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

The shooting of ''Billa'' commenced in April 2007 and was released and distributed worldwide by [[Ayngaran International]] on 14 December 2007.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=475}} The film, upon release, emerged highly successful and completed 175 day run at theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2011 |title=Show Buzz |url=http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/04/17/stories/2011041750010100.htm |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=10 November 2012 |access-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110140801/http://www.hindu.com/rp/2011/04/17/stories/2011041750010100.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was selected to be screened at the [[2008 Cannes Film Festival|61st Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2008 |title='Billa' Team is not alone in Cannes – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38651.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526200117/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/38651.html |archive-date=26 May 2008 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2008 |title="Billa" selected for Cannes film festival |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/billa-selected-for-cannes-festival/15334/story.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716062806/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/tamil/billa-selected-for-cannes-festival/15334/story.htm |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=2 September 2011 |publisher=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> A prequel, ''[[Billa II]]'' was released on July 13, 2012.

==Plot==
[[Billa (character)|David Billa]] is an underworld Don who is the most wanted on [[Interpol]]'s list, hiding and operating out of [[Malaysia]]. [[Deputy Superintendent of Police|DSP]] Jayaprakash has spent the last few years looking for Billa, leaving behind a life in [[India]]. During a chase with the police, Billa is severely wounded after an accident. He somehow manages to get into Jayaprakash's car, and Jayaprakash accidentally kills him, who secretly holds a burial for Billa. Interpol officer Gokulnath is assigned to work with Jayaprakash to capture elusive Billa, as no one knows of Billa's death. Jayaprakash keeps Billa's death a secret even from his fellow officers, and tracks down a look-alike called Saravana Velu, a hotel server and small-time petty gangster. He asks Velu to infiltrate Billa's gang by pretending to be Billa. In return, he will ensure that the child Velu adopted, Karan, receives a proper education.

Jayaprakash trains Velu and sends him back to Billa's gang, disguised as an [[amnesia]]c Billa, who had been hiding at an [[apartment complex]] due to his injuries. Slowly, Velu starts to learn about Billa's gang and even speaks to Jagdish, Billa's boss, on the phone. Velu provides a pen drive with the secret information of the crime network to Jayaprakash. Still, he is about to be killed by Sasha because her brother Rajesh, as well as his fiancée Rhea, was killed by Billa earlier. At this juncture, Jayaprakash arrives and tells her that he is Velu, not Billa. Later, before a party, Velu secretly informs Jayaprakash about a meeting of Billa's network, and C.J., Billa's girlfriend, overhears his conversation. She confronts Velu, but in the struggle, he accidentally kills her.

A shootout occurs at the party, and Jayaprakash is killed by an unknown assailant, leaving his gun behind. Velu finds Jayaprakash dead and the weapon, but is taken into the custody of the police team, now headed by Gokulnath. During interrogation, he tells Gokulnath that he is Velu, not Billa. Velu mentions a piece of evidence – the pen drive, which may prove his innocence, but the pen drive is nowhere to be found. Unable to prove his innocence, Velu escapes from a police van and phones Gokulnath, where he asks him to meet at the Aero bridge, where it is revealed that Gokulnath is none other than Jagadish and was the one who killed Jayaprakash. Officer Anil Menon apparently had the pen drive all along and struck a deal with Velu to get hold of Jagdish.

Meanwhile, Sasha and Karan have been kidnapped by Jagadish, who is demanding the pen drive in return. Velu meets Ranjith and gives him a second pen drive with the same data, but it's corrupted. When Ranjith tries to kill Velu, a scuffle ensues, making Ranjith fall from the top. In a final confrontation, Jagadish fights with Velu. Jagadish, posing as Gokulnath, asks the police to arrest Velu as Billa, but gets shot by the squad of police and dies as the police have wired the entire conversation between Jagadish and Velu, thus proving his innocence. Velu finally hands over the original pen drive to Officer Menon and joins Sasha and Karan.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] in a [[double role]] as:
** David Billa / Ranga "Rangayya", a dreaded gangster and a powerful don
** Saravana Velu, a hotel server and small-time petty gangster
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as DSP Jayaprakash
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Jagadish / Gokulnath (fake)
* [[Nayanthara]] as Sasha, Velu's love interest (Voice Dubbed By Savitha J)
* [[Namitha]] as C. J., Billa's love interest
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Krishna
* [[Adithya Menon]] as Anil Menon
* [[John Vijay]] as John
* [[Yog Japee]] as Ranjith
* Master Avnish as Karan
* T. Balasubramaniam as Rajesh
* [[Hazel Keech]] as Rhea, Rajesh's fiancé
* Vidhyasakar as Sakar
* Tharany as Karany
}}

==Production==
===Development===

In an interview, Vishnuvardhan said that he had "twice missed out on the chance to direct [Ajith]. The third time when I got a chance to direct him, I made sure that I would not miss it. I was all ready to write a good script for him, but he said, he wanted me to remake ''Billa''", confirming it was Ajith's idea.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: 'It takes a lot of guts to act in a Rajnikanth remake' |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/11slid3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913043133/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/11slid3.htm |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=2 September 2011 |publisher=Specials.rediff.com}}</ref>

After the official announcement of the production company, the director and the cameraman, [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] and [[Nirav Shah]] began to select other members of the cast and the crew to be a part of the ''Billa'' team. Ajith could not assist in helping choose the other members. On 13 April 2007, the eve of [[Tamil New Year|Tamil New Year's Day]], the launch of ''Billa'' took place at the [[AVM Productions|AVM]] studios in [[Vadapalani]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2007 |title=Rajinikanth launches 'Billa' remake with Ajith in the lead |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/20/stories/2007042003050200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422102827/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/20/stories/2007042003050200.htm |archive-date=22 April 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 September 2011 }}</ref> Among the attendees were the stars of the old cast, [[Rajinikanth]], Sripriya, Suresh Balaji as well as noted directors [[Mani Ratnam]], [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], and [[Saran (director)|Saran]]. The confirmed cast until the date of the launch also were invited, among them Ajith along with his wife, [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]], [[Nayanthara]], Namitha, Thivya I. and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]].

===Filming===
[[File:Batu Caves temple.jpg|thumb|right|The song "Sevalkodi" was shot at Murugan Temple, [[Batu Caves]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].]]
Apart from the casting of Ajith in the dual lead role, previously played by [[Rajinikanth]], the rest of the cast took nearly four months to finalise. The role played by Sripriya in the original was given to Nayantara in early 2007,<ref name="SNIYA">{{Cite web |title=''Ultimate star Ajithkumar's fight at Nayan's shop'' |url=http://www.rajini-in-sivaji.com/archives/12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625201348/http://www.rajini-in-sivaji.com/archives/12 |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=rajini-in-sivaji.com}}</ref><ref name="SEIYA">{{Cite web |title=''Billa Special'' |url=http://www.tamilcinemas.com/film/tc_sivaji.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328231326/http://www.tamilcinemas.com/film/tc_sivaji.php |archive-date=28 March 2007 |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Tamilcinemas.com}}</ref> controversially after [[Bollywood]] actress, [[Isha Sharvani]], who had been in contention to act in the last few movies of Ajith, was paid the advance.<ref name="Aish">{{Cite web |title=''Isha Sherwani in Billa 2007'' |url=http://www.kollywoodtalk.com/aishwarya-rai-in-sivaji-the-boss/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427165723/http://www.kollywoodtalk.com/aishwarya-rai-in-sivaji-the-boss/ |archive-date=27 April 2007 |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Kollywoodtalk.com}}</ref> Vishnuvardhan reported that he was pleased with Nayanthara's role in ''[[E (2006 film)|E]]'' and subsequently opted for her. The other lead role in the film was initially written for [[Shriya Saran]],<ref name="SHISH">{{Cite news |date=14 October 2005 |title=Shreya to work in Billa |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/14/stories/2005101403230200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526100131/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/14/stories/2005101403230200.htm |archive-date=26 May 2006 |access-date=3 April 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> but due to her contract with ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'', she refused to accept the film. Despite other actresses such as [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]],<ref name="TRISH">{{Cite web |title=Ajith's Billa was a dream for Trisha |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News28/1-9-05/tamil-movies-news-rajini-sivaji.html |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref name="SHISH" /> [[Reema Sen]],<ref name="TAKUAYESH">{{Cite web |title=Ajith's new heroine: Reema Sen |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/downsouth/tamil/20050913-0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315161552/http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/downsouth/tamil/20050913-0.html |archive-date=15 March 2007 |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Apunkachoice.com}}</ref> [[Asin]]<ref name="RANIM">{{Cite web |title=Ajith as Billa, Asin as heroine |url=http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/g/2005090509.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526151914/http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/g/2005090509.html |archive-date=26 May 2007 |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Allindiansite.com}}</ref> and [[Muktha (actress)|Bhanu]] being considered,<ref name="SHISH" /> the role was eventually given to [[Pooja Umashankar]].<ref name="SNEHA">{{Cite web |title=Pooja's dream |url=http://www.idleburra.com/2006/09/snehas-dream-to-act-with-rajini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050624/http://www.idleburra.com/2006/09/snehas-dream-to-act-with-rajini.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Idleburra.com}}</ref> However, she refused the role, citing that she was reluctant to appear in a [[bikini]], as the role required. [[Nayanthara]] was later finalized as the female lead.<ref name="TVI">{{Cite web |title=Namitha Glore in Billa! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/feb-06-02/06-02-06-rajini.html+tv+stars+in+sivaji&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=uk |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Behindwoods.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="TVA">{{Cite web |title=My Name is Billa! |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/feb-06-02/06-02-06-rajini.html+tv+stars+in+sivaji&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=uk |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Behindwoods.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The remaining members of the cast were selected after the launch, which was held on 13 April 2007. Despite early reports of [[Prakash Raj]] playing the role enacted by [[K. Balaji]] of an inspector in the original,<ref name="PRAJ">{{Cite web |title=Prakash Raj in Billa |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/17511.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051214174318/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/17511.html |archive-date=14 December 2005 |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref> the role was eventually secured by [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]].<ref name="XCA">{{Cite web |title=Latest addition in Billa! |url=http://google.com/www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/feb-06-02/02-02-06-rajini.html+livingston+in+sivaji&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=uk |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Behindwoods.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The role of the comedian was tipped to go [[Vadivelu]],<ref name="VELU">{{Cite web |title=''Billa: 2007'' |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/film/slideshow1.asp?movieNo=2921 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405213439/http://www.nowrunning.com/film/slideshow1.asp?movieNo=2921 |archive-date=5 April 2007 |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> after he received rave reviews for his comic chemistry in ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' with Rajinikanth. However, despite the reviews, Vishnuvardhan's regular pattern meant that the spotlight for a comedian would be limited. Santhanam replaced him.<ref name="XTA">{{Cite web |title=Santhanam in Billa! |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news/feb-06-02/02-02-06-rajini.html+livingston+in+sivaji&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=uk |access-date=3 April 2007 |website=Behindwoods.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Another character artiste, [[Adithya (actor)|Adithya]], also signed up to be one of the members of the police troupe, as did [[Malayalam]] actor Rahman, who with ''Billa'' made his comeback into Tamil cinema. The [[item number]] danced by [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] in the original was originally given to [[Mumaith Khan]],<ref name="XTA" /> but was later changed to newcomer [[Rose Dawn]], for unknown reasons.

For his crew, Vishnuvardhan picked his preferred technicians, with Rajkannan as the dialogue writer, [[Nirav Shah]] as the cinematographer, William Ong as the stunt master, [[Thota Tharani]] as the art director, [[Pa. Vijay]] as the chief lyricist and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] as the editor. Vishnuvardhan's orthodox music composer, [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], was chosen, creating great expectations for the project, while Vishnuvardhan's wife, [[Anu Vardhan]], worked as a costume designer.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=475}} Majority of the film was shot in [[Malaysia]] at locations including [[Langkawi]], [[Kuala Lumpur]] overlooking the [[Petronas Towers]] and other parts, while a few scenes were shot at the Binny Mills in [[Chennai]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Further|Billa (soundtrack)}}

For the film's music and soundtrack, Vishnuvardhan renewed his previous association (''[[Kurumbu]]'', ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' and ''[[Pattiyal]]'') with [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]. The soundtrack has six songs, and the lyrics were penned by [[Pa. Vijay]]. Since the film was a remake, two songs from the original soundtrack, composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], were remixed and included in the soundtrack.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=475}} The formal release of the soundtrack was held on 21 November 2007 at Hotel Residence Towers in [[Chennai]].<ref name="Launch">{{Cite web |title=Billa Audio Launch |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/13817.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128014936/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/Events/13817.html |archive-date=28 November 2007 |access-date=27 November 2009 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Yuvan Shankar Raja reused some of the background music of his previous ventures ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]'' and ''[[Vallavan]]'' in ''Billa''. The album achieved record audio sales.<ref name="sify.com">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2007 |title=Billa audio – Super Opening! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-audio-super-opening-news-tamil-kkfurcajdae.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022120840/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-audio-super-opening-news-tamil-kkfurcajdae.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Home media==
The satellite rights of the film were bought by [[Kalaignar TV]]. Its television premiere occurred on the occasion of Diwali on 27 October 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=24 October 2008 |title=Diwali dampeners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/diwali-dampeners/articleshow/3633172.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125131545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/diwali-dampeners/articleshow/3633172.cms |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film was released in over 200 screens in Tamil Nadu and 50 screens overseas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110228043916/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-what-an-opening-news-tamil-kkfunfhcggg.html Billa – what an opening!]. Sify.com (15 December 2007). Retrieved on 1 June 2015.</ref> The film was made on a budget of ₹15 crore (worth ₹61 crore in 2021 prices) and sold to [[Ayngaran International]] for ₹25 crore.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=475}} In Chennai alone it collected ₹5.2 crore. The film completed a 175-day run at theatres and was declared a [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101028103014/http://sify.com/movies/billa-hits-a-century-news-tamil-kkftJhhddhe.html "Billa hits a century".] Sify Moviebuzz. 22 March 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2008 |title=Billa breaks record in Kerala |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550251000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128175105/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/01/25/stories/2008012550251000.htm |archive-date=28 January 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}.</ref> '''''Billa''''' became the third highest-grossing film for the year 2007. It was the highest grosser of [[Ajith Kumar]] until the release of ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011).

===Critical response===
''Billa'' opened to primarily positive critical response.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=476}} ''[[Sify]]'' lauded the film, writing: ''Billa'' delivers the goods with its great star cast, a designer look, technical glitz, perfect chemistry making it an entertainment extravaganza". The reviewer claimed that it was the "first designer-look Kollywood film with classy action cuts" and a "technically chic, racy, engrossing entertainer with a Hollywood look", going on to call it "racy & rocking". The critic also heaped praise on the lead actor: "Ajith looks sensational and clearly he is at home, playing dual roles of Billa and Velu. He is suave, dashing, and debonair and has a terrific screen presence which makes the film work big time. You just cannot think of any other actor in Tamil donning the role made memorable by Rajinikanth".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Billa |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-review-tamil-14575572.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128161433/http://www.sify.com/movies/billa-review-tamil-14575572.html |archive-date=2013-11-28 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Revathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the star cast, cinematography, Yuvan's background score but felt dialogues were inaudible and the film struggles after the suspense around Jagadish is revealed and humorous portions were weak nevertheless Vishnuvardhan should be praised for making ''Billa'' on par with Hollywood films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ரேவதி |date=6 January 2008 |title=பில்லா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2008-01-06/page/n61/mode/2up |access-date=3 June 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=62 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "It's clearly a film targeted at today's generation. Contemporary, stylish and sleek, it could compete with the standard of any international action flick. After the promise he had revealed in 'Arinthum Ariyamalum' and 'Pattiyal', Vishnu Vardhan proves yet again, that he is a maker to watch out for. 'Billa' couldn't have been remade any better today than what Vishnu has done. It's worth a watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=24 December 2007 |title=Billa |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/Dec07/12billa.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226122212/http://www.chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/Dec07/12billa.asp |archive-date=26 December 2007 |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' wrote "Though it lives up to the pre-release hype about its chic factor and has a handsome hero to boot, this remake extravaganza isn’t at its appealing best mainly because it is faithful to the Tamil original to a fault. Yet you have to give it to Vishnu — flamboyance spells class in Ajith’s ‘Billa.’".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=21 December 2007 |title=Chic factor dominates |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/21/stories/2007122151030200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223103630/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/12/21/stories/2007122151030200.htm |archive-date=23 December 2007 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

In contrast, TSV Hari from ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote that the film "disappoints" and gave it 2.5 out of 5, further claiming: "Director Vishnuvardhan seems to have been in a dilemma as to whether to focus on Ajith or give the film well-etched characters. There are too many diversions in the form of female cleavages in the rain forests of Malaysia and garish sets".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2007 |title=Billa disappoints |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/14ssbilla.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Balaji, who produced and portrayed the DSP in the 1980 film, praised the 2007 film for being "very stylish and looking grand", but expressed his dismay over the absence of the characters previously played by [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[S. A. Ashokan]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=By: Settu |date=19 December 2007 |title=Balaji disappointed with Billa-2007! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2007/billa-balaji-disappointed-191207.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722052903/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2007/billa-balaji-disappointed-191207.html |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]}}</ref>

==Prequel {{Anchor|Prequel}}==
{{Main|Billa II}}

In 2008, reports claimed that, following the film's commercial success, [[Soundarya Rajinikanth]] was planning to make a sequel, to be produced by [[Ocher Studios]] in association with [[Warner Bros.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=BILLA II hot stills picture image gallery |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-08-01/billa-07-05-08.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028171415/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-08-01/billa-07-05-08.html |archive-date=28 October 2011 |access-date=7 August 2010 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Social Post |date=19 May 2008 |title=Soundarya Rajini confirms Billa-2 |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/soundarya-rajinikanth-billa-2-190508.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708134339/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2008/soundarya-rajinikanth-billa-2-190508.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=7 August 2010 |publisher=One India}}</ref> However, the sequel did not materialise, and the idea was dropped, with Ajith Kumar, Vishnuvardhan and Soundarya getting busy with other projects.

In mid-2010, sources confirmed that Vishnuvardhan had finished penning the script for a prequel and that Ajith Kumar would reprise the titular character.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=BREAKING NEWS: AJITH'S BILLA 2 |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jul-10-05/ajith-vishnuvardhan-billa-28-07-10.html |access-date=28 July 2010 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |year=2010 |title=Vishnuvardhan to make Billa prequel! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14951341 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801210130/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14951341 |archive-date=1 August 2010 |access-date=29 July 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The project became officially announced in late 2010, after Ajith Kumar signed up and first production poster were published to the media.<ref name="Billa2sify11">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=It's official: Ajith signs 'Billa II' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/61364.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107192050/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/61364.html |archive-date=7 November 2010 |access-date=4 November 2010 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref name="Billa2sify">{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |year=2010 |title=Breaking News- Billa 2 confirmed |url=http://sify.com/movies/breaking-news-billa-2-confirmed-news-tamil-klel6kcbgfc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106004057/http://sify.com/movies/breaking-news-billa-2-confirmed-news-tamil-klel6kcbgfc.html |archive-date=6 November 2010 |access-date=4 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Suresh Balaje, son of producer and actor K. Balaje, who produced the original ''Billa'' with [[Rajinikanth]], and George Pius from Wide Angle Creations banner, were confirmed as the producer,<ref name="Billa2sify11" /> who associated with Mumbai-based IN Entertainment Limited, a [[Hinduja Group|Hinduja group company]].<ref name="Billa2sify" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2011 |title=IN Entertainment ties up with Wide Angle Creations |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/IN-Entertainment-ties-up-with-Wide-Angle-Creations/5071125059 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713024938/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/IN-Entertainment-ties-up-with-Wide-Angle-Creations/5071125059 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=1 February 2011 |publisher=Indiainfoline.com}}</ref> However, in a turn of events, Vishnuvardhan was replaced by [[Chakri Toleti]],{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=475}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 February 2011 |title=Vishnu cancels billa date |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/news-interviews/28614918_1_director-vishnuvardhan-venkat-prabhu-directed-mankatha-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109043026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-18/news-interviews/28614918_1_director-vishnuvardhan-venkat-prabhu-directed-mankatha-film |archive-date=9 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and a new script was written by Toleti and his assistants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2011 |title=Ajith gets new script, director for Billa 2 |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/news-interviews/28624795_1_ajith-billa-thala |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116204729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/news-interviews/28624795_1_ajith-billa-thala |archive-date=16 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The prequel was released at 13 July 2012 to positive reviews, eventually becoming as a box office success.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=475}}<ref name="BILLA 2">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2012 |title='Billa 2' from July 13 – Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83166.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628112606/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/83166.html |archive-date=28 June 2012 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.billathefilm.com}}
* {{IMDb title|0920457|Billa}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |date=2014 |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers}}

{{Don And Remakes|state=expanded}}
{{Vishnuvardhan (director)}}
{{Salim-Javed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000s gangster films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about Interpol]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about organized crime]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishnuvardhan (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Films set in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Reboot films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]

Syed Abdul Karim Tunda

2026-04-27T17:58:59Z

ZitaKight7091: Created new info

{{Short description|Alleged terrorist}}
{{cleanup|reason=rewrite, repeated info, not continued timeline|date=August 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syed Abdul Karim ''Tunda''
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Syed Abdul Karim
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1943}}
| birth_place = Daryaganj, Delhi, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Tunda
| occupation = Carpentry and scrap business in past
| known_for = Alleged involvement in over 40 bombings in India
|spouse= Mumtaz and two others
| children = 7
}}

'''Syed Abdul Karim''', alias '''Tunda''' (born 1943) is an accused of masterminding over 40 bombings in India supported by Pakistani terrorists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Who-is-Abdul-Karim-Tunda/articleshow/21877163.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820111414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/india/41420067_1_jammu-and-kashmir-terror-outfit-major-terror-attacks |url-status=live |archive-date=20 August 2013 |date=8 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Jammu and Kashmir terror outfit major attacks}}Who is Abdul Karim Tunda?</ref> He was arrested by Indian authorities on 16 August 2013 from the India-Nepal border at Banbasa. However, the exact timings of this arrest is disputed with various versions being reported.<ref>[http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/the-controversy-over-arrest-of-abdul-karim-tunda/ The Controversy over Arrest of Abdul Karim Tunda]</ref><references group="News" /> Later, he received a clean chit by a Delhi court in all four cases against him,<ref>{{cite news|title=Abdul Karim Tunda gets clean chit in all four cases|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-court-discharges-let-bomb-expert-abdul-karim-tunda/article8318199.ece|accessdate=7 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2016}}</ref> although he was sentenced to life imprisonment for bomb blasts in [[Sonipat]], Haryana.<ref name=TheHindu>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Devesh K. |date=2021-08-19 |title=NIA to grill LeT terrorist Abdul Karim Tunda in Darbhanga blast case |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-to-grill-let-terrorist-abdul-karim-tunda-in-darbhanga-blast-case/article35990542.ece |access-date=2022-07-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in 1943 at Chatta Lal Miya area in central Delhi's Dariyaganj area, he started his career as a carpenter at his native village in Bazaar Khurd area in [[Pilkhuwa]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]'s [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad district]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Tripathi|first=Rahul|title=Syed Abdul Karim Tunda: The story from Pilkhuwa to Pakistan|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-tunda-story-from-pilkhuwa-to-pakistan/1158864/|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=23 August 2013}}</ref> He married for the first time here in Uttar Pradesh. He came to Behrampura, [[Ahmedabad]] in 1982 and started carpentry and scrap business. He looked after a mosque and taught holy books to children. He married for the second time, Mumtaz and had a son, Irshaan after a year of a marriage. He returned to Delhi in 1989.<ref name=abad>{{cite news|last=Shastri|first=Parth|title=Seven years in Ahmedabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Seven-years-in-Ahmedabad/articleshow/22041103.cms|access-date=26 August 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 August 2013}}</ref> He married for the third time an 18-year-old girl, at the age of 65 in Pakistan.<ref name=abad/> He has 6 children.

==Later life==
He came under the police radar after the [[1993 Bombay Bombings|Mumbai serial bombings]] in 1993. He got the moniker ''Tunda'' – Hindi/ Bengali (Bangla) for without a hand or physically handicapped- after his left hand got severed in an accident while preparing a bomb in 1985 in Mumbai. His younger brother Abdul Malik, who still is a carpenter, is reportedly the only immediate family member alive in India. He also stayed in Pakistan where he is known to have imparted training on the fabrication of IED and other explosives to [[Mujahideen|mujahids]] who were sent to India from Pakistan for [[jihad]].<ref>{{cite news|last=PTI|title=Tunda's fascination with explosives began at the age of 12|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/civil-disservice/1156820/|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=18 August 2013}}</ref> During his stay in Pakistan, he had been in touch with organisations like [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], [[LeT]], [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], [[Indian Mujahideen]] and [[Babbar Khalsa]] and had been meeting people like [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]], [[Maulana Masood Azhar]], [[Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi]], [[Dawood Ibrahim]] and several others wanted by India. He used an elaborate network of human traffickers and fake currency suppliers active in Bangladesh. Tunda has also been associated with [[Rohingya]] operatives in the past. His association with LeT commanders Rehan alias Zafar and [[Azam Cheema]] alias Babajee is well known.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freenewspos.com/news/article/a/653069/today/abdul-karim-tunda-39-s-journey-from-a-carpenter-to-terrorist |publisher=Free News Post |title=Abdul Karim Tunda's journey from a carpenter to terrorist}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2016}}

==Role in terrorism==

After being indoctrinated by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in the 1980s, Tunda became a jihadi at the age of 40.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} After allegedly masterminding 1993 Mumbai serial blasts, in 1994, he fled to Bangladesh where he taught making bombs to jihadi elements and in 1998, he acted as 'mentor' to give training to younger generation of Lashkar operatives in terror camps in Pakistan. In 1994, Tunda's name surfaced in Chhattisgarh Express bomb blast near Ghaziabad railway station that claimed 19 lives.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Devesh|title='LeT ideologue' Tunda in police custody|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/let-ideologue-tunda-in-police-custody/article5031691.ece|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

In 1994, Delhi Police and the intelligence bureau raided a home in the Ashok Nagar area after receiving a tip-off from sources but Tunda managed to escape before being nabbed. Security agencies found explosives, detonators, Pak made weapons and objectionable documents written in Urdu from his hideout in huge quantity. In 1996, an [[Interpol Red Corner notice]] was issued against Tunda. In 1997, after returning to India, he was involved in a bomb blast that took place near Punjabi Bagh in west Delhi in a Blueline bus that killed at least four people and injured around 24 people. It is believed that he died in a blast in Bangladesh in 2000 but Abdul Razzaq, an LeT operative arrested by the Delhi police in 2005, revealed about his presence in Pakistan.<ref name=abad/>
Tunda's name was on number 15 in a dossier of "most wanted terrorists" that India handed over to Pakistan after [[26/11]] Mumbai terror attacks. He is also believed to be guiding the banned Students Islamic Movement of India ([[Students Islamic Movement of India|SIMI]]), which later turned into Indian Mujahideen. Besides that, he was planning to 'recruit' [[Rohingyas]] from Myanmar to target Buddhists there.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}}

He had tried to carry out serial explosions in Delhi just before the [[Commonwealth Games]] in 2010 but the plan was foiled as his accomplices were arrested. According to reports, it emerged that Tunda aims at carrying out blasts at crowded places and inflict maximum casualties. A close aide of underworld don Dawood Ibrahim, [[Jamaat-ud-Dawa]] chief [[Hafiz Mohammad Saeed]] and top LeT commander [[Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi]], an "expert bomb maker", Tunda was accused of masterminding over 40 cases of bomb blasts in Mumbai, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Hyderabad and Surat. Tunda was a prized catch by the Delhi police in the war against terror, who took shelter in various countries after fleeing India 20 years back. He had a major hand in spreading Laskhar-e-Taiba's network outside Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2013/08/19/know-all-about-bomb-expert-abdul-karim-tunda-1286364.html |title=Know all about Karim Tunda |publisher=One India}}</ref>

===Arrest===
The Special Cell of Delhi Police arrested 70 years old Tunda on 16 August 2013 in Uttarakhand's Banbasa area close to the Nepal border on the basis of an information provided by R&AW. He possessed a Pakistani passport issued on 23 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/india/41420250_1_delhi-police-indo-nepal-border-let-terrorists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820031855/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-17/india/41420250_1_delhi-police-indo-nepal-border-let-terrorists |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-20 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Arrested Lashkar terrorist Abdul Karim Tunda was carrying Pakistani passport: Delhi Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/delhi-police-arrest-lashkar-e-toibas-bomb-expert-abdul-tunda_869597.html |title=Delhi police arrest Lashkar-e-Toiba's 'bomb expert' Abdul Karim Tunda}}</ref> Arrested in 2013,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/syed-abdul-karim-tunda-one-of-indias-most-wanted-terrorist-arrested-by-delhi-police/articleshow/21875912.cms|title=Syed Abdul Karim Tunda: One of India's most wanted terrorist, arrested by Delhi Police|date=2013-08-18|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> he was taken to court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com|title=Release|date=5 March 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Tunda was sentenced to life imprisonment by a trial court in October 2017 for his involvement in the 1996 Sonepat bomb blasts in Haryana.<ref name=TheHindu />

===Health===
He was admitted to [[AIIMS, New Delhi]] with health complications in August 2013. An [[angiography]] revealed blockages in vessels in his heart. Doctors implanted a [[pacemaker]].<ref>[http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/08/terrorist-abdul-karim-tunda-gets-a-pacemaker-at-aiims/ Terrorist Abdul Karim Tunda gets a Pacemaker at AIIMS], biharprabha.com. Accessed 30 August 2024.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of terrorist incidents in India]]
*[[Pakistan and state sponsored terrorism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Fugitives wanted by India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tunda, Syed Abdul Karim}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:1993 Bombay bombings]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by India]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]

Nabam Vivek

2026-04-24T13:29:29Z

ZitaKight7091: started post.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = President [[People's Party of Arunachal]]
| term_start = 7 December 2024
| predecessor = Kahfa Bengia
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Doimukh Assembly constituency|Doimukh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Tana Hali Tara]]
| party = [[People's Party of Arunachal]]
}}

'''Nabam Vivek''' is an Indian politician from [[Arunachal Pradesh]] belonging to the [[People's Party of Arunachal]]. He is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly|11th Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results: BJP Wins 46 Out Of 60 Seats, Congress Secures 1 {{!}} Full List Of Winners">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results: BJP Wins 46 Out Of 60 Seats, Congress Secures 1 {{!}} Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-bjp-wins-46-out-of-60-seats-congress-secures-1-full-list-of-winners |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519172053/https://www.outlookindia.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-bjp-wins-46-out-of-60-seats-congress-secures-1-full-list-of-winners |archivedate=19 May 2025 |accessdate=19 May 2025 |publisher=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Doimukh, Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/doimukh-arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2546654-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Doimukh Assembly Election Result 2024: PPA's Nabam Vivek wins">{{cite news |date=2 June 2024 |title=Doimukh Assembly Election Result 2024: PPA's Nabam Vivek wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/doimukh-assembly-election-results-2024-doimukh-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110636042.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519172853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/doimukh-assembly-election-results-2024-doimukh-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110636042.cms |archivedate=19 May 2025 |accessdate=19 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Doimukh">{{cite news|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Doimukh|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0214.htm|accessdate=19 May 2025|work=|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=2 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519170825/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0214.htm|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Doimukh (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news|title=Doimukh (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/doimukh|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=2 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519170812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/doimukh|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Elections 2024: Two PPA MLAs to support Pema Khandu govt">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Elections 2024: Two PPA MLAs to support Pema Khandu govt |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024-two-ppa-mlas-to-support-pema-khandu-govt-3070823 |access-date=19 May 2025 |publisher=Deccan Herald |date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519171932/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2024-two-ppa-mlas-to-support-pema-khandu-govt-3070823 |archive-date=19 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Nabam Vivek elected as president of People's Party of Arunachal on 7 December 2024.<ref name="Nabam Vivek elected PPA president">{{cite news |title=Nabam Vivek elected PPA president |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/12/07/nabam-vivek-elected-ppa-president-to-seek-371-h-modification/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |publisher=The Arunachal Times |date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519171237/https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/12/07/nabam-vivek-elected-ppa-president-to-seek-371-h-modification/ |archive-date=19 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="MLA Nabam Vivek elected as new president of People’s Party of Arunachal">{{cite news |title=MLA Nabam Vivek elected as new president of People's Party of Arunachal |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/mla-nabam-vivek-elected-as-new-president-of-peoples-party-of-arunachal-1134145-2024-12-07 |access-date=19 May 2025 |publisher=India Today NE |date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519171426/https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/video/mla-nabam-vivek-elected-as-new-president-of-peoples-party-of-arunachal-1134145-2024-12-07 |archive-date=19 May 2025 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Education ==
He did Bachelor of Arts in English from Hindu College, Delhi university. He graduated from [[Rajiv Gandhi University]] with a [[Master's degree|master's]] in [[English literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nabam Vivek(Peoples Party of Arunachal):Constituency- DOIMUKH (ST)(PAPUM PARE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ArunachalPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=88 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vivek, Nabam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People's Party of Arunachal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-politician-stub}}

Sanjay Kumar Jatav

2026-04-21T04:20:03Z

ZitaKight7091: Created bio

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Kumar Jatav
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Khiladi Lal Bairwa]]
| constituency = [[Baseri Assembly constituency|Baseri]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|1|18}}
| birth_place = [[Dholpur district,Sarmathura]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| parents = Sualal Jatav (father) Draupati Devi (mother)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Anuradha Devi
| children = 1 son
[[Dholpur District]] [[Rajasthan]]
| alma_mater = [[Rajasthan Technical University]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Technology|ECE]]
| profession = [[Self-employment]]
}}

'''Sanjay Kumar Jatav''' (born 18 January 1988) is an Indian politician currently serving as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Baseri Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He previously contested the [[17th Lok Sabha|17th Lok Sabha election]] in 2019 from the [[Karauli-Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency]] but was defeated by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate [[Manoj Rajoria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baseri Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Sanjay Kumar defeats BJP's Sukhram with 27110 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/baseri-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470690-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Baseri SC Chunav Result: राजस्‍थान की बसेड़ी सीट पर कांग्रेस की बड़ी जीत, संजय कुमार बने विधायक |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/dholpur-rajasthan-assembly-election-baseri-sc-vidhan-sabha-seat-profile-statistical-data-chunav-aayog-7868272.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of Congress winning candidates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-congress-winning-candidates-101701580328245.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatav, Sanjay Kumar}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:People from Dholpur district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}

Jhow Island

2026-04-20T01:06:54Z

ZitaKight7091: new

{{Short description|Island in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Jhow Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
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| coordinates = {{coord|19|29|56|N|72|49|00|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Arabian Sea]]
| grid_reference =
| archipelago =
| waterbody =
| total_islands =
| major_islands =
| area_km2 = 1.23002
| area_footnotes =
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| coastline_km = 6.10
| coastline_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1
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| country = India
| country_admin_divisions_title = State
| country_admin_divisions = [[Maharashtra]]
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}}
'''Jhow Island''' is a [[continental island]] located at the mouth of [[Vasai Creek]] of the [[Vaitarna River]] in the [[Arabian Sea]], near the [[Palghar district]] in [[Maharashtra]], India. It has villages such as Chikhaldongri and Naringi.<ref name="dwiep">{{cite web | title=Jhow Island | url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/Island/IslandDetails/INMH004 | website=DWIEP |publisher=[[National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management]] |date=2024}}</ref>

== Geography ==
It spans an area of approximately 1.23 square kilometers with an elevation of about 1 meter.<ref name = "gn1268945">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=1268945|name=jhow%20island}} Jhow Island] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2003-02-11; database download sa 2016-08-15</ref><ref name = "nasa">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|publisher= NASA|access-date= 2024-07-30|archive-date= 2020-05-10|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200510015442/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name = "nasarain">{{Cite web|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|access-date= 2024-07-30|archive-date= 2019-04-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190419091014/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&year=2014|url-status= dead}}</ref> The island's margins are covered with mangroves, while the interior is used for cultivation. The flora includes mangrove species and associated plants, while the fauna comprises crustaceans, marine invertebrates, fish, and seabirds.<ref name="dwiep"/>

The primary economic activities on Jhow Island include agriculture and fishing. The shortest distance from the mainland is 2 km from [[Khardi]] and 3 km from Vihar villages. The nearest airport is [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] in [[Mumbai]], 55 km away.<ref name="dwiep"/>

== Climate ==
The climate of Jhow Island is classified as tropical wet and dry ('Aw') according to the [[Köppen-Geiger]] system. The average annual temperature is 26.5 °C, with May being the warmest month (29.8 °C) and January the coldest (22.6 °C). The island receives an annual precipitation of 2101 mm, with the highest rainfall occurring in July (831 mm).<ref name="dwiep"/>

== Sand mining ==
In 2018, a [[public interest litigation]] (PIL) was filed by Julie Kharbhumi Labharthi Shetkari Sahkari Sanstha, addressing concerns about illegal sand mining in the [[Vaitarna River]], which posed a threat to the livelihoods of approximately 100 farmer families on Jhow Island. Responding to the case, the [[Bombay High Court]] instructed the [[Indian Railways]] to install iron girders under two railway bridges and set up [[CCTV cameras]] powered by [[solar panel]]s to monitor and curb illegal sand mining activities. The court also directed the [[Government of Maharashtra]] to formulate a policy within one month to ensure that illegally excavated sand is returned to its original location to mitigate ecological damage.<ref>{{cite news |title=HC comes to the rescue of island of 100 families in Maharashtra |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/hc-comes-to-the-rescue-of-island-of-100-families-in-maharashtra/story-zTQLcdtQQZWPaZowabidRN.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2018-10-05}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Geography of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Islands of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Islands of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Palghar district]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Kailana Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:55Z

ZitaKight7091: adding

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kailana Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,28,649
|mla = Jitender Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Kailana Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Rajinder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || {{Full party name with color|Vishal Haryana Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Partap Singh Tyagi || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Shanti Devi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Rajinder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Ved Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Shanti Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Ramesh Chander || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || rowspan=2 | Jitender Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,787 |percentage=35.57% |change={{decrease}}7.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Rani |party=Independent politician |votes=28,596 |percentage=30.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=15,573 |percentage=16.39% |change={{decrease}}25.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telu Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,517 |percentage=8.97% |change={{increase}}7.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seth Pal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,109 |percentage=4.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=1,104 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surat Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=997 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daryav Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=827 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender |party=Independent politician |votes=447 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,191 |percentage=5.46% |change= {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,990 |percentage=73.84% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,649 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,653 |percentage=42.79% |change={{increase}}39.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=34,913 |percentage=41.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Rani |party=Independent politician |votes=10,145 |percentage=12.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahabir Singh Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,030 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Nand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=953 |percentage=1.14% |change={{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirpal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=621 |percentage=0.75% |change={{decrease}}29.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=740 |percentage=0.89% |change= {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,315 |percentage=72.02% |change= {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,16,137 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}12.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=24,390 |percentage=30.47% |change={{increase}}14.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=22,724 |percentage=28.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=18,446 |percentage=23.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,147 |percentage=3.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Bhagwan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,913 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,751 |percentage=3.44% |change={{decrease}}41.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amarnath |party=Janata Dal |votes=991 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanhi |party=Janhit Morcha |votes=734 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranbir S/O Ram Sarup |party=Independent politician |votes=714 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,666 |percentage=2.08% |change= {{decrease}}9.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,059 |percentage=71.73% |change= {{increase}}4.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,15,505 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,782 |percentage=45.12% |change={{increase}}26.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bed Singh Malik |party=Janata Party |votes=22,609 |percentage=33.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chander |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=11,163 |percentage=16.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Dayal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,914 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=463 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,173 |percentage=11.98% |change= {{decrease}}13.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,219 |percentage=66.76% |change= {{decrease}}8.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,06,033 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.74 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}0.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=31,113 |percentage=45.14% |change={{increase}}15.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,499 |percentage=19.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,611 |percentage=18.30% |change={{decrease}}9.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=9,735 |percentage=14.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithi Singh S/O Jage Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=904 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,614 |percentage=25.56% |change= {{increase}}20.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,921 |percentage=73.65% |change= {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,896 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=19,395 |percentage=34.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=16,577 |percentage=29.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdeep Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,686 |percentage=27.65% |change={{increase}}23.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanak Gir |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,954 |percentage=3.44% |change={{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moji Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,431 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kanwar |party=Independent politician |votes=530 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash |party=Independent politician |votes=429 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,818 |percentage=4.97% |change= {{decrease}}6.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,724 |percentage=72.23% |change= {{increase}}4.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Devi |party=Janata Party |votes=19,299 |percentage=43.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=14,449 |percentage=32.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh Tyagi |party=Independent politician |votes=5,636 |percentage=12.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fateh Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,985 |percentage=4.51% |change={{decrease}}43.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanak Gir |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,396 |percentage=3.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh Gulia |party=Independent politician |votes=541 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramdiya |party=Independent politician |votes=297 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,850 |percentage=11.03% |change= {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,990 |percentage=66.65% |change= {{decrease}}8.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,815 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}6.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh Tyagi |party=Independent politician |votes=22,353 |percentage=49.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,283 |percentage=47.60% |change={{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh Gulia |party=Independent politician |votes=1,080 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,070 |percentage=2.39% |change= {{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,716 |percentage=76.15% |change= {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,954 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Vishal Haryana Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968 |archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=17,026 |percentage=49.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Partap Singh Tyagi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,078 |percentage=44.17% |change={{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,430 |percentage=4.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=602 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,948 |percentage=5.71% |change= {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,136 |percentage=62.69% |change= {{decrease}}14.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,670 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Vishal Haryana Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kailana}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,847 |percentage=48.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=17,436 |percentage=44.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,126 |percentage=2.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=807 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=463 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,411 |percentage=3.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,798 |percentage=78.43% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,395 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coords|29.11|76.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Kondapi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:27Z

ZitaKight7091: adding

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kondapi
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (110-Kondapi highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Kondapi Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| mla = [[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]
| district = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1955
| electors = 231,547
| constituency_no = 110
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| type = SLA
| incumbent_image = DOCTOR DOLA SREE BALA VEERANJANEYA SWAMY-2019.png
}}

'''Kondapi Assembly constituency''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Prakasam district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=loksabha>{{cite web |title= TABLE B - Parliamentary Constituencies |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. As of 2019, there are a total of 231,547 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
!Population (2011)
|-
| Singarayakonda
|65,790
|-
| Kondapi
|43,054
|-
| Tangutur
|62,690
|-
| Zarugumilli
|42,983
|-
| Ponnaluru
|43,500
|-
| Marripudi
|38,848
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Nallamothu Chenchuramana Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=2 |Changanti Rosaiah Naidu
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Divi Sankaraiah
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Gundapaneni Pattabhi Ramaswamy
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Maruboina Mala Kondaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2 |Achyuth Kumar Gundapaneni
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |Aanjaneyulu Damacharla
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Pothula Rama Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Gurrala Venkata Seshu
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]
|votes = 1,16,674
|percentage = 54.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Audimulapu Suresh]]
|votes = 91,918
|percentage = 42.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pasumarthi Sudhakara Rao
|votes = 1,666
|percentage = 0.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,612
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,756
|percentage = 11.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,13,944
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]|votes=98142|percentage=48.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Madasi Venkaiah|votes=96718|percentage=47.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Kaki Veera Chandra Sekhara Prasad|votes=2983|percentage=1.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1024|percentage=0.51|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=201678|percentage=87.09|change=+1.8%}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]|votes=91,230|percentage=50.33|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Jupudi Prabhakara Rao]]|votes=86,794|percentage=47.36|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,440|percentage=2.97|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=183,225|percentage=85.31|change=+8.63}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gurrala Venkata Seshu]]|votes=72,075|percentage=46.56|change=-5.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Dola Sree Bala Veeranjaneya Swamy]]|votes=66,911|percentage=43.22|change=-2.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Sujatha Gangada]]|votes=9,196|percentage=5.94|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,164|percentage=3.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=154,814|percentage=76.68|change=-6.38}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Pothula Rama Rao]]|votes=64,074|percentage=52.48|change=+8.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Anjaneyulu Damacharla]]|votes=55,202|percentage=45.22|change=-7.65}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,872|percentage=7.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=187458|percentage=83.06|change=+13.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anjaneyulu Damacharla]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=71,824|percentage=52.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pothula Rama Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=50,872|percentage=43.50%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,952 |percentage=9.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=129,725|percentage=70.72%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,302|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Anjaneyulu Damacharla]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=55,913 |percentage=59.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Achyuthkumar Gundapaneni]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34,958|percentage=36.95%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,955 |percentage=22.15% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=96,470|percentage=69.72%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,371 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Achyuthkumar Gundapaneni]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=47,350|percentage=51.50%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Sankaraiah Divi]]|votes=43,023|percentage=46.80%|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=4,327|percentage=4.71%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=95,495|percentage=63.33%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=150,795|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Achyuthkumar Gundapaneni]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=38,404|percentage=48.38%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Maruboina Mala Kondaiah ]]|votes=37,133|percentage=46.78%|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=1,271|percentage=1.60%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=80,501|percentage=64.87%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=124,091|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Telugu Desam Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Maruboina Mala Kondaiah]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=50,394|percentage=70.64%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[ Thatiparthy Subba Reddy]]|votes=20,546|percentage=28.80%|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=29,848|percentage=41.84%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=72,619|percentage=63.03%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=115,208|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Telugu Desam Party|loser=Indian National Congress (I)|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Gundapaneni Pattabhi Ramaswamy]]|party=Indian National Congress (I)|votes=37,785|percentage=51.18%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janata Party|candidate=[[Chaganti Rosaiah Naidu]]|votes=19,494|percentage=26.40%|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=18,291|percentage=24.78%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=75,601|percentage=71.92%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=105,118|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Indian National Congress (I)|loser=Communist Party of India|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Divi Sankaraiah]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=21,020|percentage=41.36%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=[[Divi Kondaiah Chowdary]]|votes=20,790|percentage=40.90%|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=230|percentage=0.45%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=51,907|percentage=58.00%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=89,495|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Chaganti Rosaiah Naidu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,218|percentage=48.83%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[G.Y.Reddy]]|votes=23,970|percentage=46.41%|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=1,248|percentage=2.42%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=54,586|percentage=65.35%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=82,274|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Chaganti Rosaiah Naidu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=22,682|percentage=55.52%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[ Ravi Chenchaiah]]|votes=14,977|percentage=36.66%|change=|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=7,705|percentage=18.86%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=42,777|percentage=67.31%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=63,548|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Kondapi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Nallamothu Chenchuramana Naidu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=21,078|percentage=55.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Guntupalli Venkata Subbaiah]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=16,671|percentage=44.16%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,407 |percentage=11.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=37,749|percentage=68.18%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,364 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|15.41|79.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Valsad Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:14:26Z

ZitaKight7091: Created a pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Valsad
| mla = [[Bharatbhai Kikubhai Patel|Bharatbhai Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Valsad district|Valsad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:264457}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 179
}}

The '''Valsad''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail – Draft Roll – 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Valsad district|Valsad]] [[List of districts of Gujarat|district]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Valsad Taluka (Part) Villages – Malvan, Kakwadi Danti, Untdi, Jeshpor, Olgam, Vasan, Vaghaldhara, Rola, Dungri, Dharasna, Dandi, Bhagal, Chharvada, Umarsadi, Shanker Talav, Kundi, Sarodhi, Chikhla, Bhadeli Jagalala, Bhadeli Desai Party, Lilapore, Saron, Kewada, Nandawala, Vejalpore, Gundlav, Gorwada, Jujwa, Ghadoi, Dhamdachi, Tithal, Surwada, Segvi, Vashiyar, Pardi Parnera, Atak Pardi, Pathri, Chanvai, Chichwada, Dived, Magod, Magod Dungri, Atar, Meh, Bhagod, Pardi Hariya, Hariya, Binwada, Kosamba, Pardi Sondhpur, Bhagdawada, Bhomaparadi, Ronvel, Dadari, Valsad (M), Valsad (INA), Mogarwadi (CT), Nanakwada (CT), Abrama (CT), Parnera (CT), Atul (CT)

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |''[[Bombay Legislative Assembly]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Morarji Desai]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Desai Amul Maganlal
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Desai Gopalji Dahyabhai
|-
|Rathod Naranbhai Madhavbhai
|-
| colspan="4" |[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| 1962
| Suvasben Majmudar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1967
| K. R. Patel
|-
| 1972
| rowspan="2" |Keshavbhai Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organization)| rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1975
|-
| 1980
| Dolatbhai Desai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| 1985
| Barjorji Pardiwala
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1990
| rowspan="5" |Dolatbhai Desai
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=8}}
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1998
|-
| 2002
|-
| 2007
|-
| 2012
| rowspan="3" |Bharatbhai Patel
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2022]]: Valsad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharatbhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 126323
|percentage = 71.75
|change = +11.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kamalbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 21522
|percentage = 12.23
|change = -22.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajeshbhai Patel
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 22547
|percentage = 12.81
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 103776
|percentage = 58.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 176048
|percentage = 66.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:260425}}

}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Valsad<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharatbhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,01,736
|percentage = 60.49
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narendrakumar Tandel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 58,644
|percentage = 34.87
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 43,092
|percentage = 25.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,68,175
|percentage = 68.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord|20.61|72.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Valsad district]]
[[Category:Valsad]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Hum Paanch (TV series)

2026-04-13T09:20:02Z

ZitaKight7091:

{{Short description|Television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hum Paanch.jpg
| caption =
| creator =
| director = {{ubl|Kapil Kapoor|[[Rajat Rawail]]|Sameer Kulkarni|Raju Parsekar|Rajan Waghdhare}}
| writer = Imtiaz Patel
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ekta Kapoor]]|[[Shobha Kapoor]]}}
| editor = {{ubl|Ajay Bhave|Vikas Sharma|Ranie Singh}}
| open_theme = "Hum Paanch"
| composer = {{ubl|Shreerang Aras|Lalit Sen}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|1995|03|01|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2006}}
| runtime = Approximately 30 minutes
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 345
}}
'''''Hum Paanch''''' ({{Translation|''The Five of Us''}}) is an Indian [[sitcom]] that first aired from 1995 to 1999.<ref name='Hum Paanch first airdate'>{{Cite web|first=Surabhi|last=Khosla|date=July 19, 2001|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010719/main8.htm|work=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh |title=She is the queen of primetime}}</ref> The series returned for a second season in 2005<ref name='Hum Paanch to be back'>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantnews.com/indian-tv-news/index.php?newsid=32|title=Hum Paanch to be back on Zee TV from November 5|website=IndianTNews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219214106/http://www.indiantnews.com/indian-tv-news/index.php?newsid=32 |archive-date=19 Feb 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and 2006.<ref name='Bhairavi Raichura, TV Actor on Hum Paanch going off air'>{{Cite web|first=Roshni|last=Olivera|date=Apr 5, 2006|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Straight-Answers/articleshow/1479592.cms|title=Straight Answers |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name='Hum Paanch first airdate' /><ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" /> The show starred [[Ashok Saraf]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Rakhee Tandon (actress)|Rakhee Tandon]], [[Bhairavi Raichura]], and [[Vandana Pathak]].

== Plot ==
Anand Mathur is in a [[white-collar job]] who always finds himself in trouble because of his five daughters — Meenakshi, Radhika, Sweety, Kajal, and Chhoti. The three elder daughters are by his first wife. The younger two are by his second wife Bina, whom he married upon becoming a widower.

Together, the five girls plan to do something new in every episode. Anand's first wife speaks to him through her portrait on the living room wall; Bina generally supports the daughters' ideas. The show was a runaway success, helping to establish [[Zee TV]].

When the show returned for a second season, Anand had returned from a long stay in the United States. Meenakshi was married to Purush whom she treats like a servant and shouts at. Radhika is married to Daljeet Singh whom her sisters call 'Pape'. He is a scientist and invents many things which get the girls into trouble. He is forgetful — he forgets people's names and basic things. Meenakshi's daughter is Damini, and Radhika's daughter is Gudiya.<ref name='Synopsis from Zee TV'>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zee-tv.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=57 |title= Hum Paanch - Ab Tadkah Maar Ke |access-date=28 March 2007 |website=Zee TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063449/http://www.zee-tv.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=57 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Characters==
* Anand Mathur attended Kallubhai Lallubhai Koylawala Municipal School in his childhood and later on received his B.A. with excellent scores (first class). He works as a sales representative in a medicine factory. Anand Mathur married his second wife, Bina Mathur, on 17 January.
* Bina Mathur is from a village called [[Baliya]]. Her complete name is Binadevi Anandkumar Janardhan Prasad Mathur. When Anand Mathur went to Bina's house for her hand in marriage, his three elder daughters were with him. According to Bina, she married Anand because the three daughters hurt her ego and she wanted to exact revenge on them.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" /> Upon seeing her for the first time, Meenakshi compared Bina to a loudspeaker who would create sound pollution in their lives. Radhika saw Bina as an actress [[Mala Sinha]] portraying an illiterate woman in a movie. Sweety said that Bina would lose the title of Miss Uttar Pradesh, even if Bina was the only contestant. After marrying Anand, Bina fell in love with her stepdaughters and forgot her woes. Later, Bina reveals to her daughters that her first love was Abhi who left her to go work in a diamond mine in Africa which is another reason she married Anand.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" />
* Anand Mathur's first wife would communicate with him through her portrait. She took great effort to make her husband's life difficult, despite being a spirit herself. However, she always helped him establish peace and gave him the best advice.
* Meenakshi, the eldest daughter, is a feminist and often dream big of bringing a change in the society. Her husband Purush is a [[gharjamai]].<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" />
* Radhika is intelligent, nerdy and geeky. She uses a hearing aid and has a habit of bumping into doors, walls, statues, people, etc. due to her poor vision.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" />
* Sweety is beauty without brains, whose sole purpose in life is to marry [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] and become an actress or a model. She feels that it is only ''her'' duty to open the house door whenever the doorbell rings.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" /> Sweety has a disciple, Babli, who adores and worships her. Babli is Anand Mathur's boss, Popatlal's daughter. Sweety authored the novel ''Goddess of Big Things'' with the help of Babli.
* Kajal is a [[tomboy]] who dresses up as a boy and gets into fistfights with thugs and goons.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" />
* Chhoti, the youngest, is a gossip-monger. She is hailed as an incarnation of actress [[Meena Kumari]] by the people of [[Baliya]] and has a temple dedicated to her.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" />
* Pooja aunty is a nosy neighbour who responds with, "Aunty mat kaho na" ({{Translation|Don't call me aunty}}) on being referred to as 'aunty'.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" />

==Cast==
===Season one===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Anand Mathur
* [[Priya Tendulkar]] as Anand's first wife
* [[Shoma Anand]] as Bina Mathur
* [[Vandana Pathak]] as Meenakshi Mathur
** Kavita Rathod as Meenakshi Mathur: Rathod replaced Pathak
** Ritu Deepak as Meenakshi Mathur: Deepak replaced Kavita Rathod
** Neelam Sagar as Meenakshi Mathur: Sagar replaced Ritu Deepak
* [[Amita Nangia]] as Radhika Mathur
** [[Vidya Balan]] as Radhika Mathur: Balan replaced [[Amita Nangia]]
** Sujata Sanghamitra as Radhika Mathur: Sanghamitra replaced Vidya Balan
* [[Rakhee Tandon (actress)|Rakhi Vijan]] as Sweety Mathur
* [[Bhairavi Raichura]] as Kajal Mathur aka Kajal Bhai
* Priyanka Mehra as Chhoti
** Aishwarya Duggal as Chhoti: Duggal replaced Priyanka Mehra
* Anna Khan as Chotti: Khan replaced Aishwarya Duggal
* Aruna Sangal as Pooja
*[[Sharad Sharma]] as Kadar Bhai
* [[Jatin Kanakia]] as Sunil
* Suchitra Bandekar as Babli
* [[Rajendra Nath]] / Jeetendra Bharadwaj as Popatlal, Aanand's boss
{{div col end}}

===Season Two===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ashok Saraf]] as Anand Mathur
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Ramola Anand's first wife
* [[Shoma Anand]] as Bina Mathur
* [[Vandana Pathak]] as Meenakshi Mathur (Gaura Suryanshi)
* Pamela Mukherjee as Radhika Mathur
* [[Rakhee Tandon (actress)|Rakhi Vijan]] as Sweety Tina Mathur Twins
* [[Bhairavi Raichura]] as Kajal Mathur aka Ragini Bhai
* [[Pushtiie Shakti]] as Chhoti
*[[Suchitra Bandekar]] as Babli
* Aruna Sangal as Pooja
* [[Sharad Sharma]] as Kadar Bhai
* Javed Pathan as Khaliya
* [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asghar]] as Purush, Meenakshi's husband
* [[Dheeraj Sarna]] as Daljeet Singh, Radhika's husband
* [[Naman Shaw]] as Aditya Adit Samoosa
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development===
The series was [[Balaji Telefilms]]' first, back when its office was in a garage.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" /> The show thus marked the debut of [[Ekta Kapoor]] as a producer, at the age of 16. She personally made sure that the actors did their rehearsals and improvisations.<ref name="Mirror-Choudhary-BetterTime-2020">{{Cite web|date=Apr 10, 2020|first=Sagarika|last=Choudhary|title=Rakhi Vijan: There could not have been a better time to bring back Hum Paanch|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/rakhi-vijan-there-could-not-have-been-a-better-time-to-bring-back-hum-paanch/articleshow/75077217.cms|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> The script of the first season was written by Imtiaz Patel.<ref>{{Cite web|editor-first=Aakanksha|editor-last=Raghuvanshi|date=April 10, 2020|title=Hum Paanch Star Ashok Saraf "Didn't Even Know" The Show Is Being Rerun|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hum-paanch-star-ashok-saraf-didnt-even-know-the-show-is-being-rerun-2209349|access-date=2021-03-26|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> According to Ashok Saraf, who played the lead role of Anand Mathur in the series, "He has written the characters so well, people got hooked with each of them. Imtiaz's work was the height of improvisation. Imtiaz Patel was so talented that he could write one episode on a single line that he read in a newspaper."<ref name="Mirror-Chakravorty-Rerun-2020">{{Cite web|date=Apr 8, 2020|first=Trisha|last=Chakravorty|title=Hum Paanch to re-run amid lockdown, Ashok Saraf remembers the good old days|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/hum-paanch-to-re-run-amid-lockdown-ashok-saraf-remembers-the-good-old-days/articleshow/75051535.cms|access-date=2021-03-26|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref> The show was mainly shot in Mumbai, with huge crowds assembling whenever there were scenes shot on the streets.<ref name="Mirror-Choudhary-BetterTime-2020" />

===Casting===
The series was the debut for many of the actors, including [[Vandana Pathak]], [[Vidya Balan]],<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019" /> and [[Rakhi Vijan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-11|title=Are You Ready for 'Hum Paanch' to Be Back?|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/sitcom-hum-paanch-to-be-re-televised-on-zee-tv|access-date=2021-03-26|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> The show was the first comedy role of [[Shoma Anand]].<ref name="Mirror-Chakravorty-Rerun-2020" />

==Release==
It was aired on [[Zee TV]] every Tuesdays 8pm, leading to its success as a series loved by the whole family. The first season ran from 1995 to 1999, while the second from 2005 to 2006.<ref name="IndianExpress-Farzeen-Where-2019">{{Cite web|first=Sana|last=Farzeen|date=2019-12-26|title=The actors of Hum Paanch: Where are they now?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hum-paanch-cast-then-and-now-5712218/|access-date=2021-03-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Reboot==
A reboot, ''Hum Paanch Phir Se'', aired on [[Big Magic]] from 19 June 2017 to 1 March 2018 with a new cast and produced by [[Essel Vision Productions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hum-paanch-is-returning-and-here-is-the-look-at-his-new-cast-see-photos-4713635/|title=Hum Paanch is returning and here's the look at his new cast, see photos|date=20 June 2017|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Sana|last=Farzeen|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hum-paanch-phir-se-to-go-off-air-5067787/|title=Exclusive: Hum Paanch Phir Se to go off air|date=17 February 2018|work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The cast includes:
* [[Sooraj Thapar]] as Anand Mathur
* Seema Pandey as Bina Mathur
* [[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as Priya
* [[Jayashree Venketaramanan]] as Kajal
* Ambalika Sapra as Radhika
* Sylvia Chadha as Sweety
* Ruchi Tripathi as Meeenakshi
* Rimmi Srivastava as Chhoti

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0816382}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/hum-paanch-adventures-of-the-five-mathur-sisters/0-6-250 Hum Paanch] Streaming on [[ZEE5]]

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hum Paanch (Sitcom)}}
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:1995 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television sitcoms]]

Yeola Nandgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:30:19Z

ZitaKight7091: Created pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yeola Nandgaon
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52–124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 61,916
| mla = Shinde (Patil) Madhavrao Trimbak
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}

'''Yeola Nandgaon Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After 1955 Delimitation act, Yeola split in to [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yeola]] and [[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shinde (Patil) Madhavrao Trimbak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yeola Nandgaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde (Patil) Madhavrao Trimbak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,496 |percentage = 62.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maru Shivram Palaji |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 8,260 |percentage = 25.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gujarathi Ghanshyamdas Vallabhdas |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,957 |percentage = 12.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,236 |percentage = 37.40% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,713 |percentage = 52.83% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,713}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,916 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Peace Party (India)

2026-04-08T16:49:56Z

ZitaKight7091:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|abbreviation =PECP
|party_name = Peace Party
| party_logo =
|colorcode = {{party color|Peace Party of India}}
|chairman =
|secretary =Farooq Ahmad
|foundation = February 2008|
eci = [[List of political parties in India|State Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
|ideology = [[Islam in India|Muslim]] [[Political parties of minorities|minority interests]]
|alliance =
|state_seats_name = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|403|{{party color|Peace Party of India}}}}

|headquarters =Johra Complex, Barhalganj, Gorakhpur - 273402 (U.P.)
|president=[[Mohamed Ayub]]|website=|symbol=[[File:Indian election symbol glass tumbler.svg|70px]]|flag=[[File:Peace Party Of India Flag.jpg|150px]]}}

{{tocright}}

The '''Peace Party''' ('''PECP''') is a political party in [[India]]. It became the sixth largest political party of India's most populous state, [[Uttar Pradesh]], following the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|state legislative assembly elections of 2012]]. It won three seats in those elections. But failed to retain any of them in the 2017 Elections. Ahead of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Peace Party formed an alliance with [[Rashtriya Ulama Council]].

The party was founded in February 2008 by [[Mohamed Ayub]], who is a surgeon by profession and philanthropist.

It claims to fight for the rights of only Muslims. It has organized many protest against [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests in Uttar Pradesh]]. Many leaders of PECP are facing NSA charges over incitement to communal riots in name of protest and posting communal ad which can lead to communal tensions.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/nsa-slapped-on-peace-party-president-for-stoking-tension/articleshow/77473165.cms|title=NSA slapped on Peace Party president for stoking tension | Lucknow News|website=The Times of India|date=11 August 2020|access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>

==2012 UP Assembly Elections==
The PECP contested around 208 Assembly seats in the 2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, where it obtained 2.35 per cent of the vote and so ranked fifth by percentage of votes gained. Four candidates were successful in being elected:
[[Aneesurrehman]], [[Kanth (Assembly constituency)|Kanth]];
[[Mohamed Ayub]]-
Khalilabad
[[Kamal Yusuf Mallik]] - Domariyaganj
[[Akhilesh kumar singh]]- Raebareli
The Party is officially recognized as a State Party

==2017 UP Assembly Elections==
The Party did not regain any of its seat which it won in last elections.

==2022 UP Assembly Elections==
The Peace Party and the [[Rashtriya Ulama Council]] (RUC) decided to contest the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections together under the banner of the United Democratic Alliance.

During the announcement of the decision at a press conference, Peace Party chief Dr Ayub said that even after 74 years of Independence, Muslims had continued to be the “slaves” of secular parties.

== Strategy ==

The strategy of the PECP is to bring together other like-minded parties and groups, such as the, [[Bhartiya Samaj Party]], [[Janvadi Party]] and [[National Lok Hit Party]] into one. It plants to expand its activities to other regions of India, including [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Uttrakhand]], [[Delhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], and [[Chhattisgarh]]. In 2015, the [[Delhi]] state unit of the party merged with the [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]], shortly before the 2015 Delhi polls.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-peace-party-merges-with-aap-2056919|title=Peace Party merges with AAP|publisher=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=30 January 2015|access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref> They have some presence in Muslim dominated areas of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Election symbol ==
The party has been officially assigned the "glass of water" for its symbol for contesting elections.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Allotment_Symbol_up.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 March 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224125340/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/Allotment_Symbol_up.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://online3.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5143047147152926496&SectionId=11&SectionName=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%88&NewsDate=20140327&Provider=-&NewsTitle=%27%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4 |title='पीस पार्टी'ही उतरली लोकसभा रिंगणात | सकाळ |access-date=27 March 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045338/http://online3.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5143047147152926496&SectionId=11&SectionName=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%88&NewsDate=20140327&Provider=-&NewsTitle=%27%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%27%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%20%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Leadership ==
*Dr. [[Abdul Rasheed Ansari]] (National Vice President)
*[[Arvind Nishad]] (President Of Uttar Pradesh )
*Er [[Mohammad irfan]]
*'''[[Maulana Kalimullah Faizi|Maulana Kalimullah Faizi]]''' (National General Secretary And President of Ulma Group)
*[[Afroz Badal]] Jharkhand Co-Ordinator and
*National General Secretary
*[[Riyaz khan]] National Secretary, Domariaganj
*[[Mohd Akmal]] State Official Lucknow
*[[Azlal Khan]], General Secretary, Maharashtra
*Dr. [[Jahangir Alvi]], General Secretary of Uttar Pradesh
*Dr. [[Shamim Aabdi]]
*[[Molana Safqat Taqi]] (General Secretary, Maharashtra Prabhari and spokesperson)
*[[Abdur Rahman Chaudhary]]; (president Maharashtra state)
*[[Maulana Gulzar Ahmad]] (National Spokesperson)
*[[Sayyed Mohammad Ahmad]] '''(Communication Cell of Siddharth Nagar)'''
*Masroor Ahmad Khan, National Secretary, Balrampur
* [[Mohammad Mohsin Shaikh]] (President Mumbai)
* [[Faizan Ahmed Shaikh]] (Vice-president Mumbai)
* [[Hafiz Gulam Sarwar]] (President Delhi)
* [[Jahangir Naimi]] (State Vice President)
* [[Mohammad Shafeeq Khan]] (State General Secretary)
* [[Ansar Ahmd Khan]] (District Vice President Siddharth Nagar)

==Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; background:ivory;"
|-
! Year
! Seats Contested
! Seats Won
! Vote Share
! Seat change
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| 208
| 4
| 2.35%
| +4
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| 150
|0
|0.35%
| -4
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Islamic political parties]]
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Official website}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{United Progressive Alliance |state=collapsed}}


*

[[Category:Peace Party of India| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political parties of minorities in India]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in India]]

Attaullah Sohrawardi

2026-04-04T03:32:47Z

ZitaKight7091: put up some post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Attaullah Sohrawardi
| honorific_prefix = Maulana
| office = Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
| constituency = Doda
| term_start = 1987
| term_end = 1996
| predecessor = Position vacant (results withheld in 1983 elections)
| successor = Abdul Majid Wani
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}

'''Attaullah Sohrawardi''' was an Indian politician and a prominent member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (NC). He served as the member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the Doda constituency in the erstwhile state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 1987 to 1996.<ref name="t630">{{cite web | title=Vidhan Sabha / 1987 / Jammu & Kashmir / Doda | website=IndiaVotes | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1987/jammu-&-kashmir/doda/32/11052/72 | access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987 elections]], Sohrawardi contested as a candidate of the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference. He achieved a landslide victory, securing 92.46% of the total votes cast in the Doda constituency. He received 29,232 votes, while his nearest rival, Chuni Lal of the [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]], managed only 1,395 votes. This significant margin reflected strong support for Sohrawardi and his party in the region.<ref name="resultuniversity">{{cite web |title=Doda Assembly Constituency Election Result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/doda-jammu-kashmir-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-11-28}}</ref><ref name="b108">{{cite web | title=🗳️ Attaullah Sohrawardi winner in Doda, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 1987: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates | website=LatestLY | url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/jammu-and-kashmir/1987/doda/ | access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Party !! Votes !! Percentage !! Opponent !! Opponent's Votes !! Margin
|-
| 1987 || Jammu & Kashmir National Conference || 29,232 || 92.46% || Chuni Lal ([[Lokdal]]) || 1,395 || 27,837
|}
<ref name="resultuniversity"/>
== See also ==
* [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
== References ==
<references/>

* [[Doda Assembly constituency]]
* [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1987–1996]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:People from Doda district]]
{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

First Day First Show

2026-04-02T01:09:06Z

ZitaKight7091: Creating a entry!

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = First Day First Show
| image = First Day First Show.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = {{Ubl| Vamshidhar Goud
| Lakshminarayana Puttamchetty}}
| producer = {{Ubl| Srija Edida
| Sriram Edida}}
| story = [[K. V. Anudeep]]
| starring = {{plainlist|* Srikanth Reddy
* Sanchita Bashu
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Vennela Kishore]]
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]]}}
| music = [[Radhan]]
| cinematography = Prasanth Ankireddy
| editing = Gullapalli Sambasivarao
| studio = {{Ubl| Poornodaya Pictures
| Srija Entertainments
| Mitravinda Movies}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2022|9|2|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''First Day First Show''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Vamshidhar Goud and Lakshminarayana Puttamchetty. The story was written by [[K. V. Anudeep]].<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show is a fond tribute to Pawan Kalyan's Kushi, Trivikram launches teaser |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/first-day-first-show-is-a-fond-tribute-to-pawan-kalyans-kushi-trivikram-launches-teaser/758e934b99472 |work=OTTPlay |date=11 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show movie has a Pawan Kalyan and Kushi link! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-day-first-show-movie-has-a-pawan-kalyan-and-kushi-link/articleshow/92798028.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |access-date=7 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714163433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/first-day-first-show-movie-has-a-pawan-kalyan-and-kushi-link/articleshow/92798028.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars Srikanth Reddy, Sanchita Bashu, [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Srinivasa Reddy]], [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]], [[Prabhas Sreenu]], Mahesh Achanta, Vamshidhar Goud, and Sai Charan Bojja.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=June 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Srikanth Reddy as Srinu
* Sanchita Bashu as Laya
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
* [[Vennela Kishore]]
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]]
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]]
* Mahesh Achanta
* Vamshidhar Goud
* Sai Charan Bojja
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = First Day First Show
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Radhan]]
| released = 2022
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:08
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|oNykX5aGmdY|''First Day First Show'' – Jukebox}}}}
| prev_title = [[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal (2022 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Miss Shetty Mr Polishetty]]
| next_year = 2023
}}
The music was composed by [[Radhan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=First Day First Show - All Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/first-day-first-show/yGUIUDaSgJw_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=7 June 2025 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830062551/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/first-day-first-show/yGUIUDaSgJw_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mazza Mazza
| length1 = 4:20
| lyrics1 = Vamshidhar Goud, Vasu Valaboju
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Sarath Santosh
| title2 = Nee Navvey
| length2 = 3:25
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title3 = O Laya
| length3 = 2:32
| lyrics3 = Vamshidhar Goud
| extra3 = Sarath Santosh
| title4 = Maro Masthi Maro
| length4 = 1:30
| lyrics4 = Vamshidhar Goud
| extra4 = Sarath Santosh
| title5 = Ode To Cinema
| length5 = 2:21
| lyrics5 = Vamshidhar Goud
| extra5 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| total_length = 14:08
}}

== Release ==
''First Day First Show'' was released theatrically on 2 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vamsidhar Goud And Lakshmi Narayana Interesting Comments On First Day First Show Movie - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/vamsidhar-goud-lakshmi-narayana-talk-about-first-day-first-show-movie-1479155 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=17 August 2022 |language=te}}</ref> The digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]], and the film premiered on 23 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title='First Day First Show' gets OTT release. When and where to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/buzz/first-day-first-show-gets-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch/articleshow/94230463.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='First Day First Show' movie on OTT platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/first-day-first-show-movie-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-2002406-2022-09-20 |work=India Today |date=20 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film received negative reviews.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jathi Ratnalu Anudeep gets a big jolt |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/jathi-ratnalu-anudeep-gets-a-big-jolt |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>

Banda Kalyan of ''[[Samayam Telugu]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news |title=ఫస్ట్ డే ఫస్ట్ షో |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/movie-review/anudeep-kv-first-day-first-show-movie-review-and-rating/moviereview/93947832.cms |work=Samayam Telugu |date=2 September 2022 |language=te}}</ref> Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "''First Day First Show'', which opened to high expectations, feels like an overstretch of a thin storyline. It invokes nostalgia from the 90s and early Y2K and might appeal to hardcore Pawan Kalyan fans but otherwise fails to deliver."<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show Movie Review: This romantic comedy is an ode to PSPK but fails to deliver |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/first-day-first-show/movie-review/93949578.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=7 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902133638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/first-day-first-show/movie-review/93949578.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' rated the film 1/5 and wrote, "''First Day First Show'' begins bland and stays bland with no logic and rhyme. You cannot sit through it after the interval."<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show Review: Bland writing, banal jokes |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/first-day-first-show-review-bland-writing-banal-jokes |work=[[Telugucinema.com]] |date=2 September 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |access-date=7 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529015536/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/first-day-first-show-review-bland-writing-banal-jokes |url-status=live }}</ref> G. Gowtham of ''India Herald'' wrote, "The editing and writing are poor. What happens when a concept good for a short film is expanded into a full film lasting two hours? ''First Day First Show'' is the response."<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show Review: Lousy Attempt |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994530399/First-Day-First-Show-Review-Lousy-Attempt |work=indiaherald.com |date=3 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Eenadu]]'' noted the film's stretchy narrative was a drawback, though it had some funny moments.<ref>{{cite news |title=First Day First Show Review: రివ్యూ: ఫ‌స్ట్ డే ఫ‌స్ట్ షో |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/first-first-show-movie-review/0203/122167479 |work=Eenadu |date=2 September 2022 |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21289480}}

[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Nykaa

2026-03-31T05:33:35Z

ZitaKight7091: creating a page!

{{Short description|Indian online beauty retailer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nykaa
| logo = Nykaa_New_Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot =
| screenshot_size =
| screenshot_alt =
| collapsible = 
| collapsetext = 
| background = 
| caption =
| company_type = [[Publicly held company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{NSE|NYKAA}}|{{BSE|543384}}}}
| founded = {{start date and age|2012|04}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = India
| founder = [[Falguni Nayar]]
| key_people = Falguni Nayar {{small|(Executive Chairperson, Managing Director & CEO)}} Anchit Nayar {{small|(Executive Director & CEO, Nykaa Beauty)}} Adwaita Nayar {{small|(Co-founder and Executive Director of Nykaa, and the CEO of House of Nykaa and Nykaa Fashion)<ref>{{cite news |title=Anchit And Adwaita Nayar: Grooming For Glory |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/tycoons-of-tomorrow-2021/anchit-and-adwaita-nayar-grooming-for-glory/72365/1 |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>}}
| industry = [[Fast-moving consumer goods|Consumer goods]]
| products = {{hlist|[[Cosmetics]]|[[skin care]]|[[perfume]]|[[Hair coloring|hair color]]|[[personal care]]}}
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|7950|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|474|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|72|c}} (2025)
| international = 
| num_employees = 2,000+ (2021)
| parent =
| owner = [[Falguni Nayar#Personal life|Nayar family]] (53.5%)<ref name = "CNBC">{{cite web |title=Nykaa IPO: Alia Bhatt, Katrina Kaif earn 10X returns from investments |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/nykaa-ipo-alia-bhatt-katrina-kaif-earn-10x-returns-from-investments-11427732.htm |website=cnbctv18.com |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en |date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.nykaa.com/}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Investor Presentation Quarter and Full year ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://www.nykaa.com/media/wysiwyg/uiTools/2025-5/Investor-Presentation-Q4-and-FY25.pdf |publisher=FSN E -Commerce Ventures Limited |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''FSN E-Commerce Ventures Ltd''', [[doing business as]] '''Nykaa''', is an Indian retail company, headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. It sells [[beauty]], [[Wellness (alternative medicine)|wellness]] and [[fashion]] products online and through physical stores.<ref name='toi'>{{cite web |title=Nykaa Q2 results: Net profit surges to Rs 34.4 crore; revenue jumps 25% |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nykaa-q2-results-net-profit-surges-to-rs-34-4-crore-revenue-jumps-25/articleshow/125162130.cms |website=The Times of India |date=7 November 2025}}</ref> It also operates an eB2B distribution business called Superstore by Nykaa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa eyes Rs 6,000 crore GMV from in-house brands by FY30, ramps up fashion and AI bets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/nykaa-eyes-rs-6000-crore-gmv-from-in-house-brands-by-fy30-ramps-up-fashion-and-ai-bets/articleshow/122096154.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=26 June 2025}}</ref>

In 2020, it became the first Indian [[unicorn (finance)|unicorn startup]] headed by a woman.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 28, 2021|title=Falguni Nayar, Founder Of India's First Woman-Led Unicorn Nykaa: Profile|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/falguni-nayar-founder-of-indias-first-woman-led-unicorn-nykaa-profile-2590610|access-date=2021-11-05|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Nykaa was listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] in November 2021 following its initial public offering.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa IPO to open for public subscription on October 28, sets price band of ₹1,085-1,125 a share |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/markets/nykaa-ipo-to-open-for-public-subscription-on-october-28/article37121578.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=22 October 2021}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:NYKAA.COM LOGO.jpg|thumb|Logo used in the initial years.]]

Nykaa was founded in April 2012 by Falguni Nayar, a former investment banker and Managing Director at [[Kotak Mahindra]] Capital.<ref name = "iDiva">{{cite web |title=Get A Glimpse Into The Mind Of Falguni Nayar, The Woman Behind The Force That Is Nykaa |url=https://www.idiva.com/career/advice/get-a-glimpse-into-the-mind-of-falguni-nayar-the-woman-behind-the-force-that-is-nykaa/17030893 |website=iDiva |access-date=14 November 2021 |language=en-IN |date=8 March 2017}}</ref> The company launched as an online beauty retailer in 2012 and began commercial operations in 2013. Its first offline store opened in the Delhi airport in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kapur|first=Mallika|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/EMOmjllb5hPv8Se8T62ZaK/Falguni-Nayar-The-beauty-entrepreneur.html|title=Falguni Nayar: The beauty entrepreneur|date=24 March 2017|work=Live Mint|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shades in Beauty Space: Falguni Nayar|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/biz-entrepreneurship/meet-five-ex-bankers-who-broke-free-with-radically-different-ventures/slideshow/18842074.cms|website=Economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, Nykaa launched its own brands with Nykaa Cosmetics. Its owned brands would later develop into its House of Nykaa business.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/nykaa-reveales-its-omni-channel-content-and-guided-selling-strategy/70841130|title=Nykaa reveales its omni-channel content and guided selling strategy|website=ETBrandEquity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nykaa-bets-big-on-fashion-offline-stores-with-eye-on-unicorn-tag-119041900920_1.html|title=Nykaa bets big on fashion, offline stores with eye on Unicorn tag|first=Pavan|last=Lall|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=19 April 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref>

In 2018, Nykaa expanded into fashion with the launch of Nykaa Fashion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nykaa launches Nykaa Network to boost interactivity |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/nykaa-launches-nykaa-network-to-boost-interactivity,999565.html |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From startup to beauty giant- How Falguni Nayar built a $5.39 billion empire - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/from-startup-to-beauty-giant-how-falguni-nayar-built-a-5-39-billion-empire-19565306.htm |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |date=3 March 2025}}</ref>

In 2020, it became the first Indian [[unicorn (finance)|unicorn]] startup headed by a woman.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sai|first=Ishwar|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/nykaa-raises-rs-100-crore-from-existing-investor-steadview-capital-120040100062_1.html|title=Nykaa raises Rs 100 crore from existing investor Steadview Capital|date=1 April 2020|work=Business Standard|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Max Ventures and Industries acquires 2% stake in Nykaa|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/deals/-ma/max-acquires-2pc-stake-in-Nykaa/articleshow/55897360.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 December 2016 }}</ref> In November 2020, global asset management firm [[Fidelity Investments|Fidelity]] invested in the company through a secondary sale of shares from multiple equity sellers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fidelity invests in Nykaa via secondary shares |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/fidelity-invests-in-nykaa-via-secondary-shares-6160801.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

In 2020, the company announced the launch of Nykaa Man the same year, targeting men’s grooming and fashion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-05|title=Ahead Of Festive Season, Nykaa Offers Men's Fashion, Grooming Products|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/ahead-of-festive-season-nykaa-offers-mens-fashion-grooming-products/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Supraja|title=Nykaa joins party in men's grooming|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/nykaa-joins-party-in-mens-grooming/articleshow/64877812.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref>

Nykaa opened its [[initial public offering]] (IPO) in late October 2021 and was listed on the NSE and BSE on 10 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nykaa IPO to open on October 28; priced at Rs 1,085-1,125 apiece|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=22 October 2021 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/nykaa-ipo-opens-oct-28-price-band-at-rs-1-085-1-125-per-share-121102200917_1.html |access-date=13 November 2021|last1=Modak |first1=Samie }}</ref> The IPO raised {{INRconvert|5352|c|mode=historical|year=2021}} at a valuation of {{USD}}7.4 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nykaa surges to near $13 billion valuation in debut |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/indian-beauty-startup-nykaa-surges-to-near-13-billion-valuation-in-debut/articleshow/87620578.cms |access-date=14 December 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Following the listing, founder Falguni Nayar became India’s wealthiest self-made female billionaire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa founder Falguni Nayar is now India's wealthiest self-made female billionaire |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/nykaa-founder-falguni-nayar-becomes-india-s-wealthiest-self-made-female-billionaire-101636525035358.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 November 2021 |language=en |date=10 November 2021}}</ref>

In 2022, Nykaa partnered with [[Apparel Group]] to sell beauty products in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait and Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Falguni Nayar optimistic about Nykaa's global expansion, sets sights on GCC market |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/falguni-nayar-optimistic-about-nykaas-global-expansion-sets-sights-on-gcc-market/articleshow/118138207.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=11 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How Nykaa became the go-to launchpad for global brands |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-how-nykaa-became-the-go-to-launchpad-for-global-brands-3841100/ |website=The Financial Express |language=en |date=13 May 2025}}</ref> In 2024, Nykaa and the Apparel Group entered a 55:45 joint venture to launch Nysaa in Gulf countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa & Apparel Group Agreement {{!}} APPAREL GROUP |url=https://www.apparelgroup.com/en/news/nykaa-enters-into-a-strategic-alliance-with-middle-east-based-apparel-group-to-recreate-omnichannel-beauty-retail-platform-in-the-gcc/ |website=Apparelgroup.com |date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa Penetrates The Gulf Countries. Through Its First International Corporation With An Apparel Group |url=https://www.inventiva.co.in/trends/nykaa-penetrates-the-gulf-countries/ |website=Inventiva.co.in |date=8 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apparel Group and Nyka forge alliance |url=https://gulfnews.com/friday/apparel-group-and-nyka-forge-alliance-1.91108156 |website=Gulf News |language=en |date=7 October 2022}}</ref>

==Operations==
Nykaa operates a hybrid model, with an inventory-led approach for beauty and personal care products and a marketplace model for fashion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/nykaa-fashion-starts-offline-expansion-first-store-to-open-in-delhi-ambience-mall/story/423921.html|title=Nykaa Fashion starts offline expansion, first store to open in Delhi's Ambience Mall|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=4 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/nykaa-decks-up-to-woo-indian-beauty-market-with-more-products-and-services/articleshow/52825419.cms|title=Nykaa decks up to woo Indian beauty market with more products and services |newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Ganguly |first1=Payal }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/health-and-beauty/beauty-startup-nykaa-plans-3-billion-ipo-this-year/80116523|title=Beauty startup Nykaa plans $3 billion IPO this year – ET Retail|website=ETRetail.com}}</ref>

It has three offline store formats called Nykaa Luxe, Nykaa On Trend and Nykaa beauty kiosks. The Luxe format features international luxury beauty brands such as [[Huda Beauty]], MAC, [[Dior]], and [[Givenchy]], along with Nykaa Beauty, the in-house collection of beauty products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/beauty/content/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-nykaa-luxe-store-in-mumbai|title=Everything you need to know about the new Nykaa Luxe store in Mumbai|first=Avanti|last=Dalal|website=Vogue India|date=29 January 2021}}</ref> The Nykaa On Trend sells curated products.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nykaa to expand offline presence|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/619105/nykaa-expand-offline-presence.html|website=Deccanherald.com|date=25 June 2017}}</ref>

Nykaa has retail and distribution subsidiaries in the [[Gulf region]], including Nysaa Cosmetics Trading in Qatar for the export and retail sale of beauty and personal care products, and Nysaa Trading LLC in Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa, Apparel Group to open 70 Nysaa stores in 5 years: CEO Falguni Nayar |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-nykaa-apparel-group-to-open-70-nyssa-stores-in-5-years-ceo-falguni-nayyar-3429514/ |website=The Financial Express |language=en |date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

===House of Nykaa===
Nykaa has in-house brands within beauty and fashion. Some of them include:

* Beauty Brands – Dot & Key, Nykaa Naturals, Nykaa Cosmetics, Kay Beauty
* Nykaa Fashion – Nykd by Nykaa, 20 Dresses, RSVP, Mondano, Likha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnnews.com/nykaa-launches-new-category-nykd-all-day-featuring-athleisure-leisure-activewear-exclusively-on-nykaa-fashion/|title=Nykaa launches new category Nykd All Day – Featuring Athleisure, Leisure & Activewear exclusively on Nykaa Fashion|date=15 April 2021 }}</ref> Pipa Bella<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nykaa Fashion acquires Pipa Bella to strengthen jewellery category|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/nykaa-fashion-acquires-pipa-bella-to-strengthen-jewellery-category/articleshow/82034659.cms|access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=2021-04-12|title=Nykaa Fashion acquires online jewellery retailer Pipa Bella|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/nykaa-fashion-acquires-online-jewellery-retailer-pipa-bella-11618209976044.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

In 2015, Nykaa launched its collection of in-house beauty products via Nykaa Cosmetics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nykaa expects private label revenue contribution to double in 2017–18|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/GmnyDEcjxafpbxQoiEJpGK/Nykaa-expects-private-label-revenue-contribution-to-double-i.html|website=Livemint.com|date=16 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/LM5XPiYTUKunXMlskVrjML/Nykaa-looks-to-raise-Rs-100-crore-expand-private-label-offe.html|title=Nykaa looks to raise Rs 100 crore, expand private label offerings|first=Shrutika|last=Verma|date=9 March 2016|website=Livemint.com|access-date=29 June 2018}}</ref> Nykaa Naturals sells skincare and personal care products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2021/02/03/beauty-and-wellness/nykaa-naturals-branches-out-into-a-new-category-launches-hair-care-range/|title=Nykaa Naturals branches out into a new category, launches hair care range|first=Indiaretailing|last=Bureau|date=3 February 2021}}</ref> In early 2019, the brand launched its Wanderlust Bath & Body collection, and later in the year introduced a beauty line with designer [[Masaba Gupta]], Masaba by Nykaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/jul/07/nykaa-beauty-enters-the-essentials-category-2166464.html|title=Nykaa Beauty enters the essentials category|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/jun/21/scent-and-sensibility-2158336.html|title=Masaba Gupta collaborates with Nykaa to launch fragrance collection|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 June 2020 }}</ref> The same year, it launched its first celebrity partnership brand, Kay Beauty, with actress [[Katrina Kaif]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1733852/nykaas-falguni-nayar-on-katrina-kaif-partnership-and-more/|title=Nykaa was an obvious choice for Katrina Kaif over Amazon and Flipkart|first=Ananya|last=Bhattacharya|website=Quartz India|date=24 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/beauty/content/katrina-kaif-launches-new-makeup-line-kay-beauty-on-nykaa|title=Katrina Kaif finally reveals her much-awaited makeup line on Instagram|website=Vogue India|date=16 October 2019}}</ref> Kay beauty also retails in UK through a partnership with luxury beauty retailer Space NK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa debuts in UK with Kay Beauty launch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/nykaa-expands-to-the-uk-with-kay-beauty/articleshow/123825946.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=12 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Acquisitions ===
In May 2019, Nykaa acquired 20Dresses.com, a private women's styling platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techcircle.in/2019/03/22/exclusive-beauty-e-tailer-nykaa-acquires-women-styling-platform-20dresses-com|title=Exclusive: Beauty e-tailer Nykaa acquires women styling platform 20Dresses.com|date=22 March 2019|website=Techcircle}}</ref>

In 2021, Nykaa Fashion acquired the India fashion jewellery brand, Pipa Bella,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nykaa Fashion acquires jewellery brand Pipa Bella|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/retail/nykaa-fashion-acquires-jewellery-brand-pipa-bella-8900511.htm|access-date=2021-05-24|website=cnbctv18.com|date=12 April 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> and 51% stake in the Indian skincare brand, Dot & Key (additional 39% acquired in 2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa raises stake in Dot & Key, to acquire Earth Rhythm for Rs 44.5 crore |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/nykaa-raises-stake-in-dot-key-to-acquire-earth-rhythm-for-rs-44-5-crore-124081301544_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Oct 23, 2021 |title=nykaa: Nykaa buys skincare co Dot & Key {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/nykaa-buys-skincare-co-dot-key/articleshow/87215397.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, Nykaa acquired an 18.51% stake in Indian [[skincare]] brand Earth Rhythm (majority stake acquired in 2024).<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa acquires majority stake in clean beauty brand Earth Rhythm |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/nykaa-acquires-majority-stake-in-clean-beauty-brand-earth-rhythm-124112700944_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nykaa acquires 18.51% stake in beauty brand Earth Rhythm for Rs 41.65 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mergers-acquisitions/nykaa-buys-stake-in-homegrown-d2c-brand-earth-rhythm-8395781.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=Moneycontrol |date=22 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It then completed the 100% acquisition of lifestyle content platform Little Black Book (LBB).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thathoo |first1=Chetan |title=Nykaa Completes 100% Acquisition Of Digital Content Platform Little Black Book |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/nykaa-completes-100-acquisition-of-digital-content-platform-little-black-book/ |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=Inc42 Media |date=10 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, it acquired 60% stake in dietary supplements and nutricosmetics brand Nudge Wellness (100% acquired in 2025) and 100% stake in [[athleisure]] brand KICA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa to acquire balance 40% stake in Nudge Wellness for Rs 15 lakh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/nykaa-to-bag-balance-40-stake-in-nudge-wellness-for-rs-15-lakh/articleshow/123259274.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |date=12 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa acquires stakes in Earth Rhythm, KICA and Nudge Wellness {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/nykaa-acquires-stakes-in-earth-rhythm-kica-and-nudge-wellness-11650625945344.html |website=mint |language=en |date=22 April 2022}}</ref>

==Awards and Recognitions==
*Featured in TIME 100 Most Influential Companies (2022)<ref>{{cite web |title=Time 100 most influential companies of 2022 |url=https://time.com/collection/time100-companies-2022/6159434/nykaa/ |website=Time.com}}</ref>
*The Disruptor of the Year at 17th India Business Leader Awards, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Nykaa awarded The Disruptor of the Year at 17th India Business Leader Awards |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/nykaa-awarded-the-disruptor-of-the-year-at-17th-india-business-leader-awards-8306521.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
*Featured on Kantar BrandZ 2022 list as one of India’s most valuable brands<ref>{{cite web |title=Kantar BrandZ India Top 75 brands rebound from the pandemic with world-leading brand value growth |url=https://www.kantar.com/inspiration/brands/tata-consultancy-services-becomes-indias-most-valuable-brand |website=www.kantar.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Content platforms ==
Nykaa hosts beauty and fashion content its YouTube channel, Nykaa TV. It contains informational videos about beauty, cosmetics, and styling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/why-nykaa-has-chosen-to-largely-market-products-via-influencers-6191331.html|title=Nykaa Adopts 360-degree Marketing Strategy To Promote Products; But Influencers Play A Vital Role|website=Moneycontrol|date=4 December 2020 }}</ref>

Since 2018, it has been hosting an online community of beauty and fashion enthusiasts via its Nykaa Network. In 2020, it launched a web miniseries called The Beauty Bar. Nykaa also hosts Beauty Book, a beauty and fashion magazine.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

== Other activities ==
Since 2015, Nykaa has hosted the ‘Nykaa Femina Beauty Awards’ in partnership with women's lifestyle magazine ''[[Femina (India)]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title= Nykaa and Femina host the Nykaa Femina Beauty Awards in Mumbai |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Nykaa-com-and-Femina-host-the-Nykaa-Femina-Beauty-Awards-in-Mumbai/articleshow/50889774.cms|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

In 2019, Nykaa Fashion launched ‘The Power List’ in partnership with ''[[Vogue India]]''.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

==Criticism==
===Security issues===
On 18 November 2019, an [[Application programming interface|API]] flaw was detected in Nykaa Fashion's internal systems that allowed a potential attacker to log in to any user account if the attacker had access to the user's email ID.<ref name="Nykaa fixes a data security bug">{{cite news |title=Nykaa fixes a data security bug |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/nykaa-fixes-a-data-security-bug/articleshow/72101784.cms |website=Economic Times |access-date=3 December 2019|last1=Kar |first1=Sanghamitra }}</ref><ref name="Flaws in code put customer data of four consumer internet platforms at risk">{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/security-expert-pokes-holes-in-consumer-internet-platforms-11573963913626.html |title=Flaws in code put customer data of four consumer internet platforms at risk |website=Live Mint |date=17 November 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref> Consequently, the company fixed the security vulnerability.<ref name="Nykaa fixes a data security bug"/>

===Corporate governance===
In November 2022, Nykaa issued 5:1 [[bonus shares]] to coincide with the expiry date of pre-IPO shareholders' lock-in period. The bonus issue resulted in the company's [[corporate governance]] practices receiving heavy criticism, with questions raised over the timing and motive of the issuance along with concerns of [[market manipulation]] and [[tax avoidance]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nykaa's bonus issue {{!}} What does it mean for the company's corporate governance record? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/nykaas-bonus-issue-what-does-it-mean-for-the-companys-corporate-governance-record-9499681.html |access-date=23 January 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nykaa's bonus issue {{!}} Independent directors' failure is galling: Fraud-investigation expert |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/nykaas-bonus-issue-independent-directors-failure-is-galling-fraud-investigation-expert-9561221.html |access-date=23 January 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> Later that month, [[CFO]] Arvind Agarwal resigned from the company,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rudra |first1=Tapanjana |title=Nykaa's Chief Financial Officer Arvind Agarwal Resigns |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/nykaas-chief-financial-officer-arvind-agarwal-resigns/ |access-date=23 January 2023 |work=Inc42 Media |date=22 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> even as the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] began scrutinizing the allotment of bonus shares.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nykaa, Easemytrip bonus shares' issue under Sebi scanner: Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/markets/stocks/story/nykaa-easemytrip-bonus-shares-issue-under-sebi-scanner-report-354125-2022-11-24 |access-date=23 January 2023 |work=Business Today |date=24 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2023, defending the bonus share issuance, CEO Falguni Nayar, a former investment banker, claimed that the company had "assumed shareholders would be able to start trading the bonus shares within 4-5 days of the shareholder voting on the issue."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nykaa chief Falguni Nayar stands by bonus issue, but admits error in trading strategy |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/nykaa-chief-falguni-nayar-stands-by-bonus-issue-but-concedes-one-point-where-company-erred-10071401.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ecommerce in India]]
*[[Meesho]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Beauty organisations]]
[[Category:Online retailers of India]]
[[Category:2021 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Lakshmi (2013 film)

2026-03-29T06:03:41Z

ZitaKight7091: update page as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lakshmi
| image = Lakshmi 2013 poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Raghava Loki
| producer = Bhaskar
| writer = Raghava Loki M. S. Ramesh
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Priyamani]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = K. S. Chandrashekar
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Bharani Minerals
| distributor = Vajreshwari Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|01|18|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/lakshmi-loses-theatres-to-varadanayaka/articleshow/18161870.cms|title=Lakshmi loses theatres to Varadanayaka|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 January 2013}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lakshmi''''' is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language [[action film]] directed by Raghava Loki starring [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Priyamani]]. The film marks Shivarajkumar's 102nd venture, and is produced by Bhaskar of Bharani Minerals. [[Gurukiran]] has composed the music and K. S. Chandrashekar is the cinematographer. Stunts are by [[Thriller Manju]].

== Plot ==
Lakshmi Narayan is a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer, who is assigned to investigate [[human trafficking]] and embezzlement by a dreaded terrorist Khan. He leads a happy life with his dutiful and loving wife Priya. One day, Priya goes missing after she discovers that her husband has secret weapons stashed in their bedroom. Priya becomes an object of suspicion and Lakshmi learns that she has fled with a terrorist. Lakshmi searches for Priya and learns that she is in [[Hong Kong]] and find his 5-yr old daughter DashaLakshmi. [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] Prakash is in search of Lakshmi, who is responsible for kidnapping of an international dancer and murder of a rich boy (The dancer was actually a disguised terrorist Yusuf Khan and the rich boy is actually a specialist, who are working for Khan).

Prakash finds that Lakshmi is in Hong Kong and heads their to find him. He reaches Priya's house and tries to arrest him, but is attacked by Khan's associates when Lakshmi, along with his airport taxi driver Raj aka ''Deal Raj'' had gone to Khan's casino to search for Priya. They escape in hidden basement where Priya has stored secret weapons and photos of the terrorist and criminals. Prakash finds Lakshmi's true identity and regrets his actions. Raj identifies one of the men and Lakshmi, along with Prakash and Raj learn that Priya is living under a fake identity as Reshma, who is now a part of Khan's terrorist organization. Khan finds that the CBI planted a mole in his gang and finds that Priya is the mole. Khan tortures Priya to extract information, but doesn't divulge.

Lakshmi barges into the basement and kills the bodyguards. Lakshmi finds Priya and attempts to kill her for the treachery, but is interrupted by his senior CBI officer, who reveals that Priya is part of the CBI's [[covert operation]] and is assigned to bust down Khan and the terrorists organizations. Realizing his mistake, Lakshmi reconciles with Priya and leaves for Khan's headquarters where he confronts Khan where he learns the latter's plan of destroying the city with nuclear bombs. Lakshmi tortures Khan's family with Prakash's help and manages to deactivate the bomb where he also cracks the code and extracts the [[black money]], along with politician and terrorist's names involved in the scam. Lakshmi kills Khan and the politicians are arrested. Later, Lakshmi, along with Dashu and Priya leave for [[Bangalore]] and Raj is appointed as a CBI officer.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officer Lakshmi Narayan
* [[Priyamani]] as Priya Lakshmi Narayan
* [[Saloni Aswani]] as Lakshmi's junior officer
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Khan, a dreaded terrorist and businessman
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as ''Deal'' Raj
* [[Komal Kumar]]
* [[Avinash (Kannada actor)|Avinash]] as Lakshmi's senior CBI officer
* [[Vincent Asokan]]
* Rukmini
* [[Dileep Raj (Actor)|Dilip Raj]]
* [[Ravi Kale]] as [[Assistant Commissioner|ACP]] Prakash
* Yathiraj
* Mohan Juneja
* Mico Shivu
* Bus Kumar
* ''Gym'' Ravi as Police Constable
* [[Sakshi Pradhan]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Lakshmi No One Can Touch Me"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/sakshi-pradhan-hot-item-song-in-lakshmi.html |title=Sakshi Pradhan at Times of AP|access-date=20 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123091656/http://timesofap.com/cinema/sakshi-pradhan-hot-item-song-in-lakshmi.html |archive-date=23 November 2012 }}</ref>
}}

==Production==
The official announcement for the movie was made on 30 December 2011. Held at Freedom Park in Bangalore, the event was attended by many film personalities. Director [[Duniya Soori]] shot the first clap, while Parvathamma Rajkumar, [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] among others were present for the event. The first schedule of the film was held, Theschedule was shot entirely Bore at [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lakshmi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 20:40
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| Owb5b3vMvEc| Lakshmi - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:40
| title1 = Come Come
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Shamita Malnad]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Naanu Footpathnalli
| extra2 = [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Neenene Neenene
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = Pusy Cat
| extra4 = Chaitra H. G.
| length4 = 3:58
| title5 = Lakshmi No One Can Touch Me
| extra5 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| length5 = 4:06
}}

==Critical reception==

A critic from [[Rediff.com]] wrote that "The film has nothing much to offer except some stunning images of Hong Kong. Go for it if you want to see the locales of Hong Kong and its skyline".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-lakshmi-is-a-mediocre-film/20130118.htm|title=Review: Lakshmi is a mediocre film|work=rediff.com|access-date=22 June 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910193528/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-lakshmi-is-a-mediocre-film/20130118.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Shivrajkumar steals the show. Priya Mani is impressive. Ashish Vidyarthi has done a wonderful job as a terrorist. KS Chandrasehar’s cinematography is brilliant. Music by Gurukiran has some catchy tunes. But it is MS Ramesh’s dialogues that give life to each and every sequence".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/lakshmi/movie-review/18085155.cms?from=mdr|title=LAKSHMI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615064826/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/lakshmi/movie-review/18085155.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Shruti I.L from [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] scored the film at 1 out of 2 stars and says "Just like the film scenes, even the music is generously borrowed. You could do without watching this film if you are not a die hard Shivarajkumar fan. The posters say that the film is high voltage drama, we say it’s just a shock — an unpleasant one!".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-lakshmi-kannada-1790452/amp|title=Review: 'Lakshmi' (Kannada)|publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615065746/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-lakshmi-kannada-1790452/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "Guru Kiran provides good background score, but his compositions could have been better. The work of art department is very good. 'Lakshmi' is tailor-made for Shivakumar fans, but still it has many engaging elements to keep family audience happy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/lakshmi-review-it-is-strictly-for-shivakumars-fans-532591.html|title='Lakshmi' Review: It is strictly for Shivakumar's fans|work=[[News18 India]]|date=20 January 2013|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929171747/https://www.news18.com/news/india/lakshmi-review-it-is-strictly-for-shivakumars-fans-532591.html|url-status=live}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Song conception is nice, so are the sets and the amount of CGI work gone behind the scenes. Climax brings Sippy’s post- Sholay work Shaan to mind. Much better than “Shiva,” Lakshmi is definitely worth a watch".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/306323/love-patriotism-go-hand-hand.html|title=Love and patriotism go hand in hand|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=18 January 2013|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929173652/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/306323/love-patriotism-go-hand-hand.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A Shardhaa from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Cinematographer KS Chandrashekar has given a visual treat making good use of the locations. Songs from Gurukiran is a mix of melodious and peppy numbers. But the rhythm and background seems to have been inspired by Bollywood films. The Verdict: If you are looking for some action, here you go".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/review/2013/jan/19/lakshmi-kannada-444368.html|title=Lakshmi (Kannada)|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=19 January 2013|access-date=29 September 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929173705/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/jan/19/lakshmi-kannada-444368.amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3185114|Lakshmi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmi}}
[[Category:2013 action films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 masala films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films set in Macau]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

Netflix

2026-03-29T02:11:17Z

ZitaKight7091: slightly cleanup citations after review further

{{Short description|American video streaming service}}
{{About|the streaming service|the company|Netflix, Inc.|other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Netflix
| logo = Netflix 2015 logo.svg
| logo_upright = 1.05
| logo_alt = Logo for the Netflix service.
| logo_caption = Netflix's logo used since June 2014
| screenshot = Netflix UI for Web.png
| collapsible = yes
| collapsetext = Screenshot
| caption = Screenshot of Netflix's English website in September 2025
| type = [[Over-the-top media service|OTT streaming platform]]
| language = {{plainlist|
* Arabic (Egyptian and Standard)
* Basque (content only)
* Bengali (content only)
* Bulgarian (content only)
* Catalan (content only)
* Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin)
* Croatian
* Czech
* Danish
* Dutch
* English
* Estonian (content only)
* Filipino
* Finnish
* Flemish (content only)
* French
* Galician (content only)
* Georgian (content only)
* German
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Hindi<ref>{{cite press release |title=Netflix is now available in Hindi |url=https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/netflix-is-now-available-in-hindi |website=Netflix |date=August 9, 2020 |access-date=August 21, 2020 |archive-date=March 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305141424/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-is-now-available-in-hindi |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Hungarian
* Indonesian<ref>{{cite press release |title=APA KABAR INDONESIA? NETFLIX CAN NOW SPEAK BAHASA INDONESIA |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/apa-kabar-indonesia-netflix-can-now-speak-bahasa-indonesia |website=Netflix |date=October 18, 2018 |access-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411123546/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/apa-kabar-indonesia-netflix-can-now-speak-bahasa-indonesia |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Icelandic (content only)
* Irish (content only)
* Italian
* Japanese
* Kannada
* Korean
* Latvian (content only)
* Lithuanian (content only)
* Malay
* Malayalam
* Marathi (content only)
* Mongolian (content only)
* Norwegian (Bokmål)
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Russian
* Serbian (content only)
* Slovak (content only)
* Slovene (content only)
* Spanish
* Swedish
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Thai
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Urdu (content only)
* Vietnamese
* Welsh (content only)}}
| language_count = 56
| location = [[Los Gatos, California]], US
| country_of_origin = United States
| area_served = Worldwide (except China, Crimea, North Korea, Russia, and Syria)<ref>{{cite web |title=Where is Netflix available? |url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/14164 |publisher=Netflix |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707184542/https://help.netflix.com/en/node/14164 |archive-date=July 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Russia suspension" />
| industry = {{hlist|[[Entertainment]]|[[mass media]]}}
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Streaming media]]
* [[video on demand]]
* [[digital distribution]]
}}
| services = {{flatlist|
* Film production
* film distribution
* television production
* television distribution
}}
| parent = [[Netflix, Inc.]]
| url = {{Official URL}}
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Required
| num_users = {{increase}} 325 million ({{As of|2026|1|20|lc=y|df=US}})<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chmielewski |first1=Dawn |title=Netflix slightly beats revenue estimates in holiday quarter; shares slide amid bidding war for Warner Bros |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/netflix-beats-revenue-estimates-subscribers-reach-325-million-2026-01-20/ }}</ref>
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1997|08|29}} (as a DVD e-commerce) {{start date and age|2007|01|16}} (as a streaming service)
| current_status = Active
| module = {{Infobox network service provider|child=yes|asn=2906}}
}}
'''Netflix''' is an American [[subscription video on-demand]] [[over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] [[streaming]] service. The service primarily distributes original and [[Mergers and acquisitions|acquired]] [[film]]s and [[television show]]s from various genres. It is available internationally in multiple languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix - Overview - Profile |url=https://ir.netflix.net/ir-overview/profile/default.aspx |access-date=June 1, 2023 |website=ir.netflix.net |archive-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203211052/https://ir.netflix.net/ir-overview/profile/default.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

Launched in 2007, nearly a decade after [[Netflix, Inc.]] began its pioneering [[DVD-by-mail]] [[movie rental]] service, Netflix is the [[List of streaming media services#Streaming video on demand|most-subscribed video on demand]] [[streaming media]] service, with 325 million paid memberships in more than 190 countries as of 2026.<ref name="300million"/><ref name=whitten>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/10/17/netflix-nflx-earnings-q3-2024.html |title=Netflix third-quarter subscribers barely beat estimates as ad-tier members jump 35% |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=October 17, 2024 |access-date=October 20, 2024 }}</ref> By 2022, "Netflix Original" productions accounted for half of its library in the [[United States]] and the namesake company had ventured into other categories, such as [[video game publishing]] of [[mobile game]]s through its flagship service. As of 2025, Netflix is the [[list of most-visited websites|18th most-visited website in the world]], with 21.18% of its traffic coming from the US, followed by the [[United Kingdom]] at 6.01%, [[Canada]] at 4.94%, and [[Brazil]] at 4.24%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |website=Similarweb |access-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/netflix.com/#geography |title=netflix.com |website=[[Similarweb|similarweb.com]] |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002203350/https://www.similarweb.com/website/netflix.com/#geography |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{anchor|Founding and establishment}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Netflix}}

=== Launch as a mail-based rental business (1997–2006) ===

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = left
| image1 = Marc Randolph by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| caption1 = [[Marc Randolph]], co-founder of Netflix and the first CEO of the company
| image2 = Reed Hastings, Web 2.0 Conference.jpg
| caption2 = [[Reed Hastings]], co-founder and executive chairman
}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| header = Netflix logo history
| align = right
| image1 = Netflix first logo.svg
| caption1 = Logo used from 1997 to 2000
| image2 = Netflix (2000).svg
| caption2 = Logo used from 2000 to 2001
| image3 = Netflix logo.svg
| caption3 = Logo used from 2001 to 2014
}}

Netflix was founded by [[Marc Randolph]] and [[Reed Hastings]] on August 29, 1997, in [[Scotts Valley, California]]. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, was a co-founder of [[Pure Software]], which was acquired by [[Rational Software]] that year for $750 million, the then-biggest acquisition in [[Silicon Valley]] history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.inc.com/magazine/20051201/qa-hastings.html |title=How I Did It: Reed Hastings, Netflix |first=Reed |last=Hastings |author-link=Reed Hastings |work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] |date=December 1, 2005 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619014719/https://www.inc.com/magazine/20051201/qa-hastings.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Randolph had worked as a marketing director for Pure Software after Pure Atria acquired a company where Randolph worked. He was previously a co-founder of [[MicroWarehouse]], a computer mail-order company, as well as vice president of marketing for [[Borland]].<ref name="started">{{cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2014/01/08/netflixs-first-ceo-on-reed-hastings.html |title=Netflix's first CEO on Reed Hastings and how the company really got started Executive of the Year 2013 |first=Jon |last=Xavier |work=[[American City Business Journals]] |date=January 9, 2014 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114192703/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2014/01/08/netflixs-first-ceo-on-reed-hastings.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/15/business/media/netflix-chief-executive-reed-hastings-marc-randolph.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915210802/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/15/business/media/netflix-chief-executive-reed-hastings-marc-randolph.html |archive-date=September 15, 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Long Before 'Netflix and Chill,' He Was the Netflix C.E.O. |first=Nicole |last=Sperling |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 15, 2019}}</ref>

Hastings and Randolph came up with the idea for Netflix while [[carpool]]ing between their homes in [[Santa Cruz, California]], and Pure Atria's headquarters in Sunnyvale.<ref name="Netflixed">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sodDcL2yhsIC |title=Netflixed: The Epic Battle for America's Eyeballs |last=Keating |first=Gina |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |date=October 11, 2012 |isbn=978-1-101-60143-3 |access-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-date=December 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218083417/https://books.google.com/books?id=sodDcL2yhsIC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Patty McCord]], later head of [[human resources]] at Netflix, was also in the carpool group.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/23/netflix-ceo-reed-hastings-on-how-the-company-was-born.html |title=Reed Hastings' story about the founding of Netflix has changed several times |first=Michelle |last=Castillo |date=May 23, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102211235/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/23/netflix-ceo-reed-hastings-on-how-the-company-was-born.html |archive-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> Randolph admired [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] and wanted to find a large category of portable items to sell over the [[Internet]] using a similar model. Hastings and Randolph considered and rejected selling and renting [[VHS]], as they were too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship.<ref name="started" /> When they heard about DVDs, first introduced in the US in early 1997, they tested the concept of [[DVD-by-mail|online DVD rental]] or sales by mail, by mailing a [[compact disc]] to Hastings's house in Santa Cruz.<ref name="started" /> When the CD arrived intact, they decided to enter the $16 billion [[home-video]] sales and rental industry.<ref name="started" /><ref name="Netflixed" />{{efn|Hastings is often quoted saying that he decided to start Netflix after being fined $40 at a [[Blockbuster (retailer)|Blockbuster]] store for returning late a copy of [[Apollo 13 (film)|''Apollo 13'']], but Randolph later said that Hastings invented the anecdote. Blockbuster reportedly ordered Hastings in the mid-2000s to stop telling the story, after it could not find such a transaction in its records.<ref name="Netflixed" />{{r|tavlin2025winter}}}} Hastings invested $2.5 million into Netflix from the sale of Pure Atria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/W12918-PDF-ENG?activeTab=overview|title=Netflix: The Public Relations Box Office Flop|author=Jana Seijts, Paul Bigus|date= April 24, 2012
|website=hbsp.harvard.edu|publisher=Harvard Business School|access-date=September 25, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925022427/https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/W12918-PDF-ENG?activeTab=overview|archive-date=September 25, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="Netflixed" /> Netflix launched as the first DVD rental and sales website with 30 employees and 925 titles available—nearly all DVDs published.<ref name="Netflixed" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://qz.com/1248806/early-images-of-netflix-com-show-how-far-the-service-has-come-in-its-20-years/ |title=Early images of Netflix.com show how far the service has come in its 20 years |first=Ashley |last=Rodriguez |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |date=April 14, 2018 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=May 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525163354/https://qz.com/1248806/early-images-of-netflix-com-show-how-far-the-service-has-come-in-its-20-years |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/story/netflix-20th-anniversary/ |title=Netflix Is Turning 20—But Its Birthday Doesn't Matter |first1=Brian |last1=Barrett |first2=Jason |last2=Parham |first3=Brian |last3=Raftery |first4=Peter |last4=Rubin |first5=Angela |last5=Watercutter |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=August 29, 2017 |url-access=limited |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125053447/https://www.wired.com/story/netflix-20th-anniversary/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Randolph and Hastings met with [[Jeff Bezos]], whose Amazon offered to acquire Netflix for between $14 and $16 million. Fearing competition from Amazon, Randolph thought the offer was fair, but Hastings, who owned 70% of the company, turned it down.<ref name="chaos">{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2019/09/17/netflix-cofounder-marc-randolph-memoir/ |title=Netflix Cofounder Marc Randolph On Why He Left, Becoming A Mentor And His Love Of Chaos |first=Hayley C. |last=Cuccinello |work=[[Forbes]] |date=September 17, 2019 |url-access=limited |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601140103/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2019/09/17/netflix-cofounder-marc-randolph-memoir/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/21/why-netflix-co-founders-turned-down-jeff-bezos-to-buy-it.html |title=Why Netflix co-founders turned down Jeff Bezos' offer to buy the company |first=Jade |last=Scipioni |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=September 21, 2019 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425235637/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/21/why-netflix-co-founders-turned-down-jeff-bezos-to-buy-it.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Not restricted to the size of a retail store, Netflix could offer hundreds of thousands of DVDs to customers in a [[long tail]] business model. Early employee Cindy Holland compared the company acquiring DVDs to "shoveling coal in the side door of the house".{{r|tavlin2025winter}} Initially, Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription concept in September 1999.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeffrey M. |last=O'Brien |url=https://www.wired.com/2002/12/netflix-6/ |title=The Netflix Effect |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=December 1, 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905045540/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/10.12/netflix.html |archive-date=September 5, 2013 |url-access=limited}}</ref> The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/22/how-netflix-almost-lost-the-movie-rental-wars-to-blockbuster.html |title=Netflix didn't kill Blockbuster — how Netflix almost lost the movie rental wars |first=Tom |last=Huddleston Jr. |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524072116/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/22/how-netflix-almost-lost-the-movie-rental-wars-to-blockbuster.html |url-status=live}}</ref> While customers enjoyed the convenience, more important to Netflix was that it did not have to store or ship DVDs; subscribers' homes acted as warehouses. The company secretly slowed deliveries to heavy users ("pigs"), to discourage them from quickly returning DVDs.<ref name="tavlin2025winter">{{Cite magazine |last=Tavlin |first=Will |date=Winter 2025 |title=Casual Viewing |url=https://www.nplusonemag.com/issue-49/essays/casual-viewing/ |access-date=February 1, 2025 |magazine=n+1 |language=en-US |issue=49}}</ref>

In September 2000, during the [[dot-com bubble]], while Netflix was suffering losses, Hastings and Randolph offered to sell the company to [[Blockbuster (retailer)|Blockbuster]] for $50 million. [[John Antioco]], CEO of Blockbuster, thought the offer was a joke and declined, saying, "The dot-com hysteria is completely overblown."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/blockbuster-ceo-passed-up-chance-to-buy-netflix-for-50-million-2015-7 |title=Blockbuster's CEO once passed up a chance to buy Netflix for only $50 million |first=Celena |last=Chong |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=July 17, 2015 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627005503/https://www.businessinsider.com/blockbuster-ceo-passed-up-chance-to-buy-netflix-for-50-million-2015-7 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.inc.com/minda-zetlin/netflix-blockbuster-meeting-marc-randolph-reed-hastings-john-antioco.html |title=Blockbuster Could Have Bought Netflix for $50 Million, but the CEO Thought It Was a Joke |first=MINDA |last=ZETLIN |work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] |date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116111041/https://www.inc.com/minda-zetlin/netflix-blockbuster-meeting-marc-randolph-reed-hastings-john-antioco.html |url-status=live}}</ref> While Netflix experienced fast growth in early 2001, the continued effects of the dot-com bubble collapse and the [[September 11 attacks]] caused the company to delay plans for its [[initial public offering]] (IPO) and to lay off one-third of its 120 employees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3056662/she-created-netflixs-culture-and-it-ultimately-got-her-fired |title=She Created Netflix's Culture And It Ultimately Got Her Fired |first=Vivian |last=Giang |work=[[Fast Company]] |date=February 17, 2016 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712123010/https://www.fastcompany.com/3056662/she-created-netflixs-culture-and-it-ultimately-got-her-fired |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Netflixenvelope.jpg|thumb|left|Opened Netflix rental envelope containing a DVD copy of ''[[Coach Carter]]'' (2005)]]

DVD players were a popular gift for holiday sales in late 2001, and demand for DVD subscription services were "growing like crazy", according to chief talent officer McCord.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://hbr.org/2014/01/how-netflix-reinvented-hr |title=How Netflix Reinvented HR |first=Patty |last=McCord |author-link=Patty McCord |work=[[Harvard Business Review]] |date=September 2014 |access-date=March 28, 2018 |archive-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504235956/https://hbr.org/2014/01/how-netflix-reinvented-hr |url-status=live}}</ref> The company went [[public company|public]] on May 23, 2002, opening on [[NASDAQ]] at $15.00 per share with a sale of 5.5 million shares of [[common stock]].<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://ir.netflix.net/investor-news-and-events/financial-releases/press-release-details/2002/Netflix-Announces-Initial-Public-Offering/default.aspx |title=Netflix Announces Initial Public Offering |date=May 22, 2002 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909005749/https://ir.netflix.net/investor-news-and-events/financial-releases/press-release-details/2002/Netflix-Announces-Initial-Public-Offering/default.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, Netflix was issued a patent by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|US Patent and Trademark Office]] to cover its subscription rental service and several extensions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/netflix-sews-up-rental-patent/ |title=Netflix sews up rental patent |first=Jim |last=Hu |publisher=CNET |date=June 24, 2003 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=August 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814075206/https://www.cnet.com/culture/netflix-sews-up-rental-patent/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The company posted its first profit in 2003, earning $6.5 million on revenues of $272 million; by 2004, profit had increased to $49 million on over $500 million in revenues.<ref name="nbcnews lowersubs 2007">{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19902836 |title=Netflix lowers its online DVD rental fees |agency=[[Associated Press]] |via=[[NBC News]] |date=July 22, 2007 |access-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026120159/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19902836 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005, 35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2005/07/07/movies-to-go |title=Movies to go |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=July 7, 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206232113/http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=4149765 |archive-date=December 6, 2008}}</ref>

In 2004, Blockbuster introduced a DVD rental service that allowed users to check out titles through online sites and return them at [[brick-and-mortar]] stores.<ref name="cnbc blockbuster war" /> By 2006, Blockbuster's service reached two million users, and while trailing Netflix's subscriber count, was drawing business away from Netflix. Netflix lowered fees in 2007.<ref name="nbcnews lowersubs 2007" /> While it was an [[urban legend]] that Netflix ultimately "killed" Blockbuster in the DVD rental market, Blockbuster's debt load and internal disagreements hurt the company.<ref name="cnbc blockbuster war">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/22/how-netflix-almost-lost-the-movie-rental-wars-to-blockbuster.html |title=Netflix didn't kill Blockbuster — how Netflix almost lost the movie rental wars |first=Tom |last=Huddleston Jr. |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=September 22, 2020 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524072116/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/22/how-netflix-almost-lost-the-movie-rental-wars-to-blockbuster.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2006, Netflix filed a [[patent infringement]] lawsuit in which it demanded a [[jury trial]] in the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]], alleging that Blockbuster's online DVD rental subscription program violated two patents held by Netflix. The first [[cause of action]] alleged Blockbuster's infringement of copying the "dynamic queue" of DVDs available for each customer, Netflix's method of using the ranked preferences in the queue to send DVDs to subscribers, and Netflix's method permitting the queue to be updated and reordered.<ref>{{US patent reference|number=7024381|y=2006|m=04|d=04|inventor=Hastings; W. Reed (Santa Cruz, CA), Randolph; Marc B. (Santa Cruz, CA), Hunt; Neil Duncan |title=Approach for renting items to customers}}</ref> The second cause of action alleged infringement of the subscription rental service as well as Netflix's methods of communication and delivery.<ref>{{US patent reference|number=6584450|y=2003|m=06|d=24|inventor=Hastings; W. Reed (Santa Cruz, CA), Randolph; Marc B. (Santa Cruz, CA), Hunt; Neil Duncan (Mountain View, CA) |title=Method and apparatus for renting items}}</ref> The companies settled their dispute in June 2007; terms were not disclosed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/blockbuster-shutter-282-stores-year-141125/ |title=Blockbuster to shutter 282 stores this year |last=Bond |first=Paul |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 29, 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221131431/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/business/news/e3ia59ea0b884067a222dbb829223af9832 |archive-date=February 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/technology/28video.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701093734/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/technology/28video.html |archive-date=July 1, 2007 |url-status=live |title=Blockbuster Settles Fight With Netflix |agency=[[Reuters]] |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 28, 2007 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007-06-27-netflix-blockbuster-settle-patent-dispute.html |title=Netflix, Blockbuster settle patent dispute |first=Nilay |last=Patel |work=[[Engadget]] |date=June 27, 2007 |access-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101055257/https://www.engadget.com/2007-06-27-netflix-blockbuster-settle-patent-dispute.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2007/06/blockbuster-and-netflix-settle-patent-battle/ |title=Blockbuster and Netflix settle patent battle |first=JACQUI |last=CHENG |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=June 27, 2007 |access-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101055258/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2007/06/blockbuster-and-netflix-settle-patent-battle/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2006,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix Prize: Review Rules |url=http://www.netflixprize.com/rules |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210013714/http://www.netflixprize.com/rules |archive-date=2006-12-10 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.netflixprize.com}}</ref> Netflix announced the [[Netflix Prize]]: $1million to the first developer of a video-recommendation [[algorithm]] that could beat its existing algorithm,<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |last=Johnston |first=Casey |title=Netflix Never Used Its $1 Million Algorithm Due To Engineering Costs |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/04/netflix-prize-costs/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Cinematch, at predicting customer ratings by more than 10%. In September 2009, it awarded the $1 million prize to a seven-person team, "BellKor's Pragmatic Chaos".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=2009-09-21 |title=Netflix Awards $1 Million Prize and Starts a New Contest |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/netflix-awards-1-million-prize-and-starts-a-new-contest/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Bits Blog |language=en}}</ref> Cinematch, launched in 2000, was a system that recommended movies to its users, many of which might have been entirely new to the user.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/the-netflix-prize |title=The Netflix Prize: How a $1 Million Contest Changed Binge-Watching Forever |first=Dan |last=Jackson |work=[[Thrillist]] |date=July 7, 2017 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901150944/https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/the-netflix-prize |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/09/how-the-netflix-prize-was-won/ |title=How the Netflix Prize Was Won |first=Elliott |last=Van Buskirk |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=September 22, 2009 |url-access=limited |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928221357/https://www.wired.com/2009/09/how-the-netflix-prize-was-won/ |url-status=live}}</ref> As of April 2012, Netflix had not used the $1 million algorithm and did not have plans to implement it due to engineering costs.<ref name="auto1"/>

Through its [[Red Envelope Entertainment]] division, Netflix licensed and distributed independent films such as ''[[Born into Brothels]]'' (2004) and ''[[Sherrybaby]]'' (2006). In late 2006, Red Envelope Entertainment also expanded into producing original content with filmmakers such as [[John Waters]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.marketplace.org/2006/12/08/netflix-expands-indie-film-biz/ |title=Netflix expands indie film biz |last=Dornhelm |first=Rachel |date=December 8, 2006 |work=[[Marketplace (radio program)|Marketplace]] |publisher=[[American Public Media]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210040727/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/12/08/AM200612081.html |archive-date=December 10, 2006}}</ref> Netflix closed Red Envelope Entertainment in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/netflix-shuts-movie-financing-arm-to-focus-on-core-20080724-3k3b.html |title=Netflix shuts movie financing arm to focus on core |last=Jesdanun |first=Anick |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=July 23, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726232337/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iKwZUPaTeYqpyM5ombXf-AXxTVoAD923Q2G01 |archive-date=July 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-closing-red-envelope-116138/ |title=Netflix closing Red Envelope |last=Goldstein |first=Gregg |date=July 22, 2008 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026212257/http://securethoughts.com/netflix-closing-the-red-envelope/ |archive-date=October 26, 2014 }}</ref>

=== Transition to streaming services (2007–2012) ===
Hastings reportedly told [[Mynette Louie]] in the late-1990s that his goal was always [[streaming media]], and that Netflix rented DVDs only to grow its customer base for streaming.{{r|tavlin2025winter}} By the mid-2000s, data speeds and bandwidth costs improved sufficiently, allowing customers to download movies from the internet. The original idea was a "Netflix box" that could download movies overnight and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, Netflix had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service. But after witnessing how popular streaming services such as [[YouTube]] were despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/2017/9/13/16288364/streampunks-book-excerpt-youtube-netflix-pivot-video |title=The inside story of how Netflix transitioned to digital video after seeing the power of YouTube |first=Robert |last=Kyncl |work=[[Vox Media]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223044036/https://www.recode.net/2017/9/13/16288364/streampunks-book-excerpt-youtube-netflix-pivot-video |archive-date=December 23, 2017 |date=September 13, 2017}}</ref> In January 2007, the company launched a streaming media service, introducing [[video on demand]] via the Internet. However, at that time, it only had 1,000 films available for streaming, compared to 70,000 available on DVD.<ref name="netfx">{{cite magazine |last1=Gilbertson |first1=Scott |title=Netflix Debuts Streaming Service |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/01/netflix-debuts-streaming-service/?_sp=3cf52c69-9e14-44f8-87db-86479a2302bf.1758736034788#_=_ |access-date=September 24, 2025 |magazine=Wired |date=January 16, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2007/01/8627/ |title=Netflix offers streaming movies to subscribers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902141413/https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2007/01/8627/ |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |date=January 16, 2007}}</ref> The service, then called "Watch Now", at first required [[Internet Explorer]] on a computer. Hollywood studios (including [[20th Century Fox]], [[Sony Pictures]], [[MGM]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Universal Pictures]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[New Line Cinema]], and [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]]) licensed [[second-run]] content to the service, not expecting it to threaten their existing lucrative relationships with [[cable television]].{{r|tavlin2025winter}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix launches 1,000-title online movie feature |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyle/netflix-launches-1000-title-online-movie-feature-idUSN11457284/ |access-date=September 24, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=January 21, 2007}}</ref>

In February 2007, Netflix delivered its billionth DVD, a copy of ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006) to a customer in Texas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17331123 |title=Netflix delivers 1 billionth DVD |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=February 25, 2007 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909162614/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17331123 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/netflix-billion-idUSN2333114720070226 |title=Texas woman takes one-billionth Netflix delivery |work=[[Reuters]] |date=February 26, 2007 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909162614/https://www.reuters.com/article/netflix-billion-idUSN2333114720070226 |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2007, Netflix recruited [[ReplayTV]] founder [[Anthony Wood (businessman)|Anthony Wood]], to build a "Netflix Player" that would allow streaming content to be played directly on a television rather than a desktop or laptop.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/netflix-appoints-vp-of-internet-tv/ |title=Netflix appoints VP of Internet TV |first=Erica |last=Ogg |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=April 16, 2007 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911215439/https://www.cnet.com/news/netflix-appoints-vp-of-internet-tv/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Hastings eventually shut down the project to help encourage other hardware manufacturers to include built-in Netflix support, which would be spun off as the [[digital media player]] product [[Roku]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://fortune.com/2012/11/01/rokus-anthony-wood-looks-beyond-the-box/ |title=Roku's Anthony Wood looks beyond the box |first=JP |last=Mangalindan |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=November 1, 2012 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911215456/https://fortune.com/2012/11/01/rokus-anthony-wood-looks-beyond-the-box/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2019/12/16/how-billionaire-anthony-wood-quit-his-netflix-job-founded-roku-and-then-quadrupled-his-fortune-in-the-past-year/ |title=How Billionaire Anthony Wood Quit His Netflix Job, Founded Roku—And Then Quadrupled His Fortune In The Past Year |first=Angel |last=Au-Yeung |work=[[Forbes]] |date=December 31, 2019 |url-access=limited |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911215431/https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2019/12/16/how-billionaire-anthony-wood-quit-his-netflix-job-founded-roku-and-then-quadrupled-his-fortune-in-the-past-year/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fastcompany">{{cite web |last=Carr |first=Austin |date=January 23, 2013 |title=Inside Netflix's Project Griffin: The Forgotten History Of Roku Under Reed Hastings |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3004709/inside-netflixs-project-griffin-forgotten-history-roku-under-reed-hastings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123131157/https://www.fastcompany.com/3004709/inside-netflixs-project-griffin-forgotten-history-roku-under-reed-hastings |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=June 21, 2020 |website=Fast Company}}</ref>

In January 2008, all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost. This change came in response to the introduction of [[Hulu]] and to [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s new video-rental services.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/netflix-expands-internet-viewing-option-20080114-1lrq.html |title=Netflix Expands Internet Viewing Option |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115195018/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2008%2F01%2F13%2Ffinancial%2Ff090113S93.DTL |archive-date=January 15, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix to lift limits on streaming movies |url=https://www.dailynews.com/2008/01/14/netflix-to-lift-limits-on-streaming-movies/ |publisher=[[Los Angeles Daily News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=January 14, 2008 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905212459/http://www.dailynews.com/20080114/netflix-to-lift-limits-on-streaming-movies |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2022}} In August 2008, the Netflix database was corrupted and the company was unable to ship DVDs to customers for three days, leading the company to move all its data to the [[Amazon Web Services]] cloud.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/completing-the-netflix-cloud-migration |title=Completing the Netflix Cloud Migration |work=Netflix |date=February 11, 2016 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930145503/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/completing-the-netflix-cloud-migration |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2008, Netflix began offering subscribers rentals on [[Blu-ray]] and discontinued its sale of used DVDs.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/04/AR2008110401495.html |title=Netflix Stops Selling DVDs |first=Ian |last=Paul |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 5, 2008 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814224319/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/04/AR2008110401495.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, Netflix streams overtook their DVD shipments.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://venturebeat.com/2009/02/24/netflix-streams-already-rushing-past-dvds-in-2009/ |title=Netflix streams already rushing past DVDs in 2009? |first=MG |last=Siegler |work=[[VentureBeat]] |date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154103/https://venturebeat.com/2009/02/24/netflix-streams-already-rushing-past-dvds-in-2009/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{dubious|date=March 2026|reason=The source says "Now, this data could be a bit misleading because it’s only from a sample of FeedFlix users, as the blog Hacking Netflix points out. And these users are undoubtedly more internet-savvy and thus more likely to stream movies through Netflix’s Watch Instantly service."}}

In January 2010, Netflix agreed with [[Warner Bros.]] to delay new release rentals to 28 days after the DVDs became available for sale, in an attempt to help studios sell physical copies, and similar deals involving [[Universal Pictures]] and [[20th Century Fox]] were reached on April 9.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.warnerbros.com/news/press-releases/warner-bros-home-entertainment-and-netflix-announce-new-agreements-covering-availability |title=Warner Bros. Home Entertainment and Netflix Announce New Agreements Covering Availability of DVDs, Blu-ray and Streaming Content |publisher=[[Warner Bros.]] |date=January 6, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223063826/https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/warner-bros-home-entertainment-and-netflix-announce-new-agreements-covering-availability-of-dvds-blu-ray-and-streaming-content-migration-1 |archive-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/universal-studios-home-entertainment-and-netflix-announce-new-distribution-deals-for-dvds-blu-ray-and-streaming-content-90333639.html |title=Universal Studios Home Entertainment and Netflix Announce New Distribution Deals for DVDs, Blu-ray, Disney and Streaming Content |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |date=April 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714065342/http://netflix.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=352 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/twentieth-century-fox-and-netflix-announce-comprehensive-strategic-agreement-that-includes-physical-and-digital-distribution-90333649.html |title=Twentieth Century Fox and Netflix Announce Comprehensive Strategic Agreement That Includes Physical and Digital Distribution |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |date=April 9, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223071100/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/twentieth-century-fox-and-netflix-announce-comprehensive-strategic-agreement-that-includes-physical-and-digital-distribution-90333649.html |archive-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref> In February 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream 300 indie movie titles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wauters |first1=Robin |title=Netflix Adds About 300 Indie Films For On-Demand Streaming |url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/02/01/netflix-adds-about-300-indie-films-for-on-demand-streaming/ |access-date=January 17, 2026 |work=TechCrunch |date=February 1, 2010}}</ref> In July 2010, Netflix signed a deal to stream movies of [[Relativity Media]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netflix-idUSTRE6650Y220100706 |title=Netflix signs movie deal with Relativity Media |first=Sue |last=Zeidler |work=[[Reuters]] |date=July 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002443/https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/07/06/us-netflix-idUSTRE6650Y220100706 |archive-date=January 9, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> It also announced an expansion of its deal with [[Warner Bros. Television]] adding more shows, including ''[[Veronica Mars]]'' and ''[[Nip/Tuck]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wauters |first1=Robin |title=More Warner Catalog TV Shows Come To Netflix: Nip/Tuck, Veronica Mars And More |url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/07/15/warner-netflix/ |access-date=January 17, 2026 |work=TechCrunch |date=July 15, 2010}}</ref> In August 2010, Netflix reached a five-year deal worth nearly $1 billion to stream films from [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]], and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]. The deal increased Netflix's annual spending fees, adding roughly $200 million per year. It spent $117 million in the first six months of 2010 on streaming, up from $31 million in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netflix to Stream Films From Paramount, Lions Gate, MGM |first=Brian |last=Stelter |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 10, 2010 |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/netflix-to-stream-films-from-paramount-lionsgate-mgm/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811224716/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/netflix-to-stream-films-from-paramount-lionsgate-mgm/ |archive-date=August 11, 2010}}</ref> In September 2010, Netflix launched in Canada, its first international market.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix stumbles as it launches in Canada |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2010/09/22/netflix_stumbles_as_it_launches_in_canada.html |work=[[Toronto Star]] |date=September 10, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209182028/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2010/09/22/netflix_stumbles_as_it_launches_in_canada.html |archive-date=December 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix launches Canadian movie service |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/netflix-launches-canadian-movie-service-1.872505 |first=Peter |last=Nowak |publisher=[[CBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213070840/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/netflix-launches-canadian-movie-service-1.872505 |archive-date=February 13, 2016}}</ref> In November 2010, Netflix began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/business/25netflix.html |title=Netflix's Move Onto the Web Stirs Rivalries |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 25, 2010 |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |last2=Carr |first2=David |pages=A1 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723064040/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/business/25netflix.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=July 23, 2013 }}</ref>

In 2010, Netflix acquired the rights to ''[[Breaking Bad]]'', produced by Sony Pictures Television, after the show's third season, at a point where original broadcaster [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] had expressed the possibility of canceling the show. Sony pushed Netflix to release ''Breaking Bad'' in time for the fourth season, which as a result, greatly expanded the show's audience on AMC due to new viewers binging on past episodes via Netflix, and doubling its viewership by the time of the fifth season. ''Breaking Bad'' is considered the first show to have this "Netflix effect".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/breaking-bad-movie-aaron-paul-series-creator-revisiting-amc-show-1240406 |title='Breaking Bad' Returns: Aaron Paul and Vince Gilligan Take a TV Classic for a Spin in 'El Camino' |first=Rebecca |last=Keegan |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=September 18, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415003736/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/breaking-bad-movie-aaron-paul-series-creator-revisiting-amc-show-1240406 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2011, Netflix announced agreements with several manufacturers to include [[Netflix button|branded Netflix buttons]] on the [[remote control]]s of devices compatible with the service, such as [[Blu-ray|Blu-ray players]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/remote-controls-to-get-a-netflix-button/ |title=Remote controls to get a Netflix button |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=January 4, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314065730/https://www.cnet.com/news/remote-controls-to-get-a-netflix-button/ |archive-date=March 14, 2017}}</ref> By May 2011, Netflix had become the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America, accounting for 30% of traffic during peak hours.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/17/netflix-largest-internet-traffic/ |title=Netflix Now The Largest Single Source of Internet Traffic In North America |first=Erick |last=Schonfeld |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154101/https://techcrunch.com/2011/05/17/netflix-largest-internet-traffic/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011-05-17-study-finds-netflix-is-the-largest-source-of-internet-traffic-in.html |title=Study finds Netflix is the largest source of internet traffic in North America |first=Richard |last=Lawler |work=[[Engadget]] |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154104/https://www.engadget.com/2011-05-17-study-finds-netflix-is-the-largest-source-of-internet-traffic-in.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-tech/post/netflix-biggest-driver-of-us-internet-traffic-puts-spotlight-on-broadband-pricing/2011/05/16/AFg3yg5G_blog.html |title=Netflix biggest driver of U.S. Internet traffic, puts spotlight on broadband pricing |first=Cecilia |last=Kang |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 17, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005175312/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-tech/post/netflix-biggest-driver-of-us-internet-traffic-puts-spotlight-on-broadband-pricing/2011/05/16/AFg3yg5G_blog.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/marketbeat/2011/05/04/time-warner-chief-things-like-netflix-are-welcome-additions/ |title=Time Warner Chief: 'Things Like Netflix are Welcome Additions' |last=Phillips |first=Matt |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=May 4, 2011 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907123433/http://blogs.wsj.com/marketbeat/2011/05/04/time-warner-chief-things-like-netflix-are-welcome-additions/ |archive-date=September 7, 2011}}</ref>

In July 2011, Netflix announced it would be separating its existing subscription plans into two: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.techhive.com/article/236576/netflix_price_hike_backlash_wont_last.html |title=Netflix: Price Hike Backlash Won't Last |first=Jared |last=Newman |work=[[International Data Group]] |date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=August 13, 2018 |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813175049/https://www.techhive.com/article/236576/netflix_price_hike_backlash_wont_last.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="hikes">{{cite news |last=Reisinger |first=Don |url=https://www.cnet.com/home/smart-home/netflix-hikes-prices-adds-dvd-only-plan/ |title=Netflix hikes prices, adds DVD-only plan |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=July 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503014400/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20078765-17/netflix-hikes-prices-adds-dvd-only-plan/ |archive-date=May 3, 2012}}</ref> The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price.<ref name="fire">{{cite news |last=Mack |first=Eric |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/dear-netflix-price-hike-ignites-social-media-fire/ |title='Dear Netflix': Price hike ignites social-media fire |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=July 12, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503014001/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-20078960-93/dear-netflix-price-hike-ignites-social-media-fire/ |archive-date=May 3, 2012 }}</ref> In September 2011, Netflix expanded to countries in Latin America.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011-09-05-netflix-lands-in-brazil-43-other-latin-american-countries-withi.html |title=Netflix lands in Brazil, 43 other Latin American countries within the week |first=T. |last=O'Brien |work=[[Engadget]] |date=September 5, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912020747/https://www.engadget.com/2011-09-05-netflix-lands-in-brazil-43-other-latin-american-countries-withi.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/09/05/netflix-starts-rolling-out-movie-and-tv-show-streaming-service-to-mexico-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/ |title=Netflix Starts Rolling Out Streaming Service To Mexico, Latin America |first=Leena |last=Rao |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=September 5, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912020747/https://techcrunch.com/2011/09/05/netflix-starts-rolling-out-movie-and-tv-show-streaming-service-to-mexico-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/netflix-launches-streaming-service-in-latin-america/ |title=Netflix launches streaming service in Latin America |first=Steven |last=Musil |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=September 5, 2011 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912020751/https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/netflix-launches-streaming-service-in-latin-america/ |url-status=live}}</ref> That same month, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/09/19/netflix-spins-dvd-by-mail-service-off-into-qwikster-says-its/ |title=Netflix spins DVD-by-mail service off into Qwikster, says it's 'done' with price changes (video) |first=Richard |last=Lawler |work=[[Engadget]] |date=September 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308083616/http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/19/netflix-spins-dvd-by-mail-service-off-into-qwikster-says-its/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/09/19/editorial-reed-hastings-netflix-spinoff-isnt-about-dvd-succes/ |title=Editorial: Reed Hastings' Netflix spinoff isn't about DVD success, it's about hedging the stream |first=Darren |last=Murph |work=[[Engadget]] |date=September 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308083906/http://www.engadget.com/2011/09/19/editorial-reed-hastings-netflix-spinoff-isnt-about-dvd-succes/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/19/tech/web/netflix-qwikster/ |title=Netflix renames DVD-by-mail service, adds video games |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919084932/http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/19/tech/web/netflix-qwikster/ |archive-date=September 19, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix Splits DVD-Streaming Business, Rebrands With Qwikster, Adds Video Games |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1781145/netflix-splits-dvd-streaming-business-rebrands-qwikster-adds-video-games |first=AUSTIN |last=CARR |work=[[Fast Company]] |date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009194746/https://www.fastcompany.com/1781145/netflix-splits-dvd-streaming-business-rebrands-qwikster-adds-video-games |archive-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Remember When Netflix Wanted To Rent DVDs on a Different Website? Yeah, That Was A Fun Week |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/10/remember-when-netflix-wanted-to-rent-dvds-on-a-different-website-yeah-that-was-a-fun-week/ |first=John |last=Biggs |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009175540/https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/10/remember-when-netflix-wanted-to-rent-dvds-on-a-different-website-yeah-that-was-a-fun-week/ |archive-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref> Customers reacted negatively, seeing this as a price increase and a betrayal of customer loyalty. Netflix's stock value dropped, and 800,000 of its 12 million customers cancelled their subscriptions. Netflix quickly apologized, and in October 2011, announced it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and that its streaming and DVD-rental plans would remain branded together.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stelter |first=Brian |date=October 10, 2011 |title=Netflix, in Reversal, Will Keep Its Services Together |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/netflix-abandons-plan-to-rent-dvds-on-qwikster/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613141313/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/netflix-abandons-plan-to-rent-dvds-on-qwikster/ |archive-date=June 13, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=October 10, 2011 |title=Netflix backtracks on Qwikster, will keep DVDs and streaming under the same URL |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/10/10/netflix-backtracks-on-qwikster-will-keep-dvds-and-streaming-und/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308084347/http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/10/netflix-backtracks-on-qwikster-will-keep-dvds-and-streaming-und/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariely |first=Dan |title=Amazing Decisions |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-374-10376-7 |edition=Hill and Wang |location=New York, New York |pages=128–129}}</ref>

On September 26, 2011, Netflix announced a content deal with [[DreamWorks Animation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix, DreamWorks Announce Content Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/business/media/netflix-secures-streaming-deal-with-dreamworks.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 26, 2011 |first1=Brooks |last1=Barnes |first2=Brian |last2=Stelter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926235135/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/business/media/netflix-secures-streaming-deal-with-dreamworks.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=September 26, 2011}}</ref>

In October 2011, Netflix and [[The CW]] signed a multi-year output deal for its television shows.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flint |first=Joe |date=October 13, 2011 |title=Netflix deal makes CW pay off for CBS and Warner Bros. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/company-town-blog/story/2011-10-13/netflix-deal-makes-cw-pay-off-for-cbs-and-warner-bros |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200944/https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/company-town-blog/story/2011-10-13/netflix-deal-makes-cw-pay-off-for-cbs-and-warner-bros |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2012, Netflix started its expansion to Europe, launching in the UK and Ireland.<ref>{{cite magazine| title = Netflix Launches In the UK, Ireland as Amazon's Lovefilm Battles Back| date = January 9, 2012| url = https://www.wired.com/2012/01/netflix-launches-in-the-uk-ireland-as-amazons-lovefilm-battles-back/| access-date = June 20, 2024|magazine=Wired}}</ref> In February 2012, Netflix reached a multi-year agreement with [[The Weinstein Company]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2012/02/nextflix-lands-pay-tv-rights-to-the-artist-as-part-of-weinstein-co-deal-233952/ |title=Weinstein Co. and Netflix sign a multi-year licensing agreement |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 21, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222130448/http://www.deadline.com/2012/02/nextflix-lands-pay-tv-rights-to-the-artist-as-part-of-weinstein-co-deal/ |archive-date=February 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2013/08/netflix-weinstein-co-to-reinvent-pay-tv-experience-with-new-multi-year-pact-567620/ |title=Netflix, Weinstein Co To "Reinvent" Pay-TV Experience With New Multi-Year Pact |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=August 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821082715/http://www.deadline.com/2013/08/netflix-weinstein-co-to-reinvent-pay-tv-experience-with-new-multi-year-pact/ |archive-date=August 21, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2012, Netflix acquired the [[domain name]] DVD.com.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix Sharpens Focus On DVDs With DVD.com, But Don't Cry Qwikster. (It's Staying) |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/netflix-sharpens-focus-on-dvds-with-dvd-com-but-dont-cry-qwikster-its-staying/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=March 30, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009163626/https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/netflix-sharpens-focus-on-dvds-with-dvd-com-but-dont-cry-qwikster-its-staying/ |archive-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref> By 2016, Netflix rebranded its DVD-by-mail service under the name ''DVD.com, A Netflix Company''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Netflix About to Copy Amazon? |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/06/25/is-netflix-about-to-copy-amazon.aspx |first=Rick |last=Munarriz |work=[[The Motley Fool]] |date=June 25, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009210235/http://www.fool.com/investing/2016/06/25/is-netflix-about-to-copy-amazon.aspx |archive-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Here's How Netflix's DVD Envelope Designs Have Changed Since 2012 |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/design/netflix/heres-how-netflixs-dvd-envelopes-have-changed-sinc/ |first=Cameron |last=Wade |work=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |date=September 15, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009143551/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/09/heres-how-netflixs-dvd-envelopes-have-changed-sinc.html |archive-date=October 9, 2016}}</ref> In April 2012, Netflix filed with the [[Federal Election Commission]] (FEC) to form a [[political action committee]] (PAC) called FLIXPAC.<ref name="FLIXPAC">{{cite news |last=Levinthal |first=Dave |title=Netflix forms PAC |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2012/04/netflix-forms-pac-074929 |work=[[Politico]] |date=April 7, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316152635/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0412/74929.html |archive-date=March 16, 2015}}</ref> Netflix spokesperson Joris Evers tweeted that the intent was to "engage on issues like [[net neutrality]], [[bandwidth cap]]s, [[Usage-based billing|UBB]] and [[VPPA]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rashid |first=Fahmida Y. |title=Netflix Isn't Pro-CISPA, Facebook Is |url=https://www.pcmag.com/archive/netflix-isnt-pro-cispa-facebook-is-296445 |work=[[PC Magazine]] |date=April 10, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123205737/http://securitywatch.pcmag.com/security/296445-netflix-isn-t-pro-cispa-facebook-is |archive-date=January 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Thier |first=Dave |title=Netflix Has NOT Formed a Pro-Sopa Super-PAC |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2012/04/09/netflix-has-not-formed-a-pro-sopa-super-pac/ |work=[[Forbes]] |date=April 10, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102061012/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2012/04/09/netflix-has-not-formed-a-pro-sopa-super-pac/ |archive-date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> In June 2012, Netflix signed a deal with [[Open Road Films]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/06/open-road-films-signs-pay-tv-deal-with-netflix.html |date=June 28, 2012 |first=Ben |last=Fritz |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=Company Town |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211211227/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2011/06/open-road-films-signs-pay-tv-deal-with-netflix.html |archive-date=February 11, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/23/netflix-adds-warner-bros-exec-as-its-new-chief-marketing-officer/ |title=Netflix Adds Warner Bros. Exec as its New Chief Marketing Officer |last=Lawler |first=Ryan |date=July 24, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507072004/http://techcrunch.com/2012/07/23/netflix-adds-warner-bros-exec-as-its-new-chief-marketing-officer/ |archive-date=May 7, 2016}}</ref>

In August 2012, Netflix and [[The Weinstein Company]] signed a multi-year output deal for RADiUS-TWC films.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/netflix-and-radius-twc-announce-multi-year-output-deal-in-the-united-states-to-bring-diverse-slate-to-widest-possible-audience-167159025.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826120807/http://www.heraldonline.com/2012/08/23/4208027/netflix-and-radius-twc-announce.html |url-status=live |archive-date=August 26, 2012 |title=Netflix And RADiUS-TWC Announce Multi-Year Output Deal in the United States To Bring Diverse Slate To Widest Possible Audience |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |date=August 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2012-08-23-netflix-inks-deal-with-weinstein-co-owned-radius-twc-films-com.html |title=Netflix inks deal with Weinstein Co.-owned Radius-TWC, films coming to watch instantly next year |first=Brian |last=Heater |work=[[Engadget]] |date=August 23, 2012 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154103/https://www.engadget.com/2012-08-23-netflix-inks-deal-with-weinstein-co-owned-radius-twc-films-com.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2012, [[Epix]] signed a five-year streaming deal with Netflix. For the initial two years of this agreement, first-run and back-catalog content from Epix was exclusive to Netflix. Epix films came to Netflix 90 days after premiering on Epix.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://adage.com/article/media/amazon-adds-epix-movies-streaming-service/237003 |title=Amazon Adds Movies to Streaming Service in New Challenge to Netflix |work=[[Advertising Age]] |date=September 4, 2012 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308085929/http://adage.com/article/media/amazon-adds-epix-movies-streaming-service/237003/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> These included films from Paramount, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and Lionsgate.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2010/08/epix-netflix-announce-deal-to-stream-movies-/1?csp=34tech |title=Epix, Netflix announce deal to stream movies |first=Nancy |last=Blair |work=[[USA Today]] |date=August 10, 2010 |issn=0734-7456 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308091117/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2010/08/epix-netflix-announce-deal-to-stream-movies-/1?csp=34tech |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-viacom-idUSBRE8420KJ20120503 |title=Viacom profit beats, but Nickelodeon worries loom |work=[[Reuters]] |date=May 3, 2012 |editor1-first=Gerald E. |editor1-last=McCormick |editor2-first=Lisa |editor2-last=Von Ahn |first=Yinka |last=Adegoke |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308105003/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/03/us-viacom-idUSBRE8420KJ20120503 |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2012, Netflix launched in [[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Netflix Launches in Sweden, Denmark, Norway And Finland |date=October 18, 2012 |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/netflix-launches-in-sweden-denmark-norway-and-finland-174749581.html |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127211314/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/netflix-launches-in-sweden-denmark-norway-and-finland-174749581.html |archive-date=November 27, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thenextweb.com/news/as-promised-netflix-launches-in-denmark-norway-and-finland-in-addition-to-sweden |title=Netflix launches in Norway today and Finland tomorrow following Sweden and Denmark |first=Emil |last=Protalinski |work=[[The Next Web]] |date=October 17, 2012 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909162616/https://thenextweb.com/news/as-promised-netflix-launches-in-denmark-norway-and-finland-in-addition-to-sweden |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2012, Netflix and Disney announced an exclusive multi-year agreement for first-run US subscription television rights to [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]]' animated and live-action films, with classics such as ''[[Dumbo]]'' (1941), ''[[Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]'' (1951)'','' and ''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Pocahontas]]'' (1995) available immediately and others available on Netflix beginning in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/netflix-outbids-premium-tv-for-rights-to-disney-movies/ |title=Netflix outbids premium TV for rights to Disney movies |agency=[[Associated Press]] |publisher=[[CBS News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524050100/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505124_162-57557111/netflix-outbids-premium-tv-for-rights-to-disney-movies/ |archive-date=May 24, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Direct-to-video]] releases were made available in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/disney-inks-exclusive-deal-with-netflix-1118063070/ |title=Disney inks exclusive licensing deal with Netflix |date=December 4, 2012 |first=Marc |last=Graser |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209062000/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118063070 |archive-date=February 9, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/19/disney-movies-online-shutting-down_n_2160631.html |title='Disney Movies Online' Store, Site Shutting Down |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122145832/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/19/disney-movies-online-shutting-down_n_2160631.html |archive-date=January 22, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2013, Netflix signed an agreement with [[WarnerMedia|Time Warner]]'s [[Turner Broadcasting System]] and Warner Bros. Television to distribute [[Cartoon Network]], [[Warner Bros. Animation]], and [[Adult Swim]] content, as well as [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]]'s ''[[Dallas (2012 TV series)|Dallas]]'', beginning in March 2013. The rights to these programs were given to Netflix shortly after deals with [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] to stream [[Nickelodeon]] and [[Nick Jr. Channel]] programs expired.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/netflix-scores-deals-with-turner-warner-bros/ |title=Netflix scores deals with Turner, Warner Bros. |first=Lance |last=Whitney |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=January 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116092658/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57563850-93/netflix-scores-deals-with-turner-warner-bros/ |archive-date=January 16, 2013}}</ref>

For cost reasons, Netflix stated it would limit its expansion in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |last=Wallenstein |first=Andrew |title=Netflix 2014 European Expansion: A Look Ahead |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2014/digital/news/netflix-makes-plans-to-move-into-europe-but-it-faces-fights-from-local-competitors-1201125910/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219234633/http://variety.com/2014/digital/news/netflix-makes-plans-to-move-into-europe-but-it-faces-fights-from-local-competitors-1201125910/ |archive-date=December 19, 2014}}</ref> adding only one new market—the Netherlands—in September of that year. This expanded its availability to 40 territories.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/technology/netflix-launches-video-streaming-service-in-the-netherlands-idUSBRE98A06S/ | title=Netflix launches video streaming service in The Netherlands | first=Lisa | last=Richwine | work=[[Reuters]] | date=September 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=ROXBOROUGH |first=SCOTT |date=September 11, 2013 |title=Netflix Launches in the Netherlands |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-launches-netherlands-625952/ |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154101/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-launches-netherlands-625952/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Development of original programming and distribution expansion (2013–2017) ===
Netflix had long closely analyzed its customers' preferences. Watch Now gave the company real-time data on their behavior, such as scenes that customers replayed or skipped, or when they stopped watching a show.{{r|tavlin2025winter}} In 2011, Netflix began its efforts into original content development. In March, it made a straight-to-series order from [[MRC (company)|MRC]] for the political drama [[House of Cards (American TV series)|''House of Cards'']], led by [[Kevin Spacey]], outbidding US cable networks. This marked the first instance of a first-run television series being specifically commissioned by the service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=March 15, 2011 |title=Netflix To Enter Original Programming With Mega Deal For David Fincher-Kevin Spacey Series 'House Of Cards' |url=https://deadline.com/2011/03/netflix-to-enter-original-programming-with-mega-deal-for-david-fincher-kevin-spacey-drama-series-house-of-cards-114184/ |access-date=March 17, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151949/https://deadline.com/2011/03/netflix-to-enter-original-programming-with-mega-deal-for-david-fincher-kevin-spacey-drama-series-house-of-cards-114184/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Netflix executives said that its customers' love of films by Spacey and show director [[David Fincher]] caused the company to acquire the show. Customers' tendency to [[binge watch]] many episodes without stopping caused it to release all 13 episodes of the show's first season at the same time.{{r|tavlin2025winter}} In November the same year, Netflix added two more significant productions to its roster: the comedy-drama ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' (''OITNB''), adapted from [[Piper Kerman]]'s [[Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison|memoir]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=November 11, 2011 |title=Netflix, Lionsgate TV Closing Deal For Jenji Kohan's 'Orange Is The New Black' Comedy |url=https://deadline.com/2011/11/netflix-lionsgate-tv-closing-deal-for-jenji-kohans-orange-is-the-new-black-comedy-194098/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107234421/http://www.deadline.com/2011/11/netflix-lionsgate-tv-closing-deal-for-jenji-kohans-orange-is-the-new-black-comedy/ |archive-date=November 7, 2013 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> and a new season of the previously canceled Fox sitcom ''[[Arrested Development]]''.<ref name="netflix revival">{{Cite magazine |last=Hibberd |first=James |date=November 18, 2011 |title='Arrested Development' officially back! Revived series coming to Netflix |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/11/18/arrested-development-netflix/ |url-status=live |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212122125/http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/11/18/arrested-development-netflix/ |archive-date=February 12, 2012 |access-date=February 29, 2012}}</ref> Netflix acquired the US rights to the Norwegian drama ''[[Lilyhammer]]'' after its television premiere on Norway's [[NRK1]] in January 2012. Notably departing from the traditional broadcast television model of weekly episode premieres, Netflix chose to release the entire first season on February 8 of the same year.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 9, 2011 |title=Netflix 'Lilyhammer' to tv lineup |url=https://www.deadline.com/2011/10/netflix-adds-%E2%80%98lilyhammer%E2%80%99-to-tv-line-up/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019161732/http://www.deadline.com/2011/10/netflix-adds-%E2%80%98lilyhammer%E2%80%99-to-tv-line-up/ |archive-date=October 19, 2011 |access-date=October 25, 2011 |work=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref name="Greene, Andy">{{cite magazine |last1=Andy |first1=Greene |date=December 5, 2013 |title=How 'Lilyhammer' Changed the TV World |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/how-lilyhammer-changed-the-tv-world-203682/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317182532/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/how-lilyhammer-changed-the-tv-world-203682/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

''House of Cards'' was released by Netflix on February 1, 2013, marketed as the first "Netflix Original" production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connell |first=Mikey |date=October 4, 2012 |title=Netflix Launching Entire Run of David Fincher's 'House of Cards' in One Day |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/house-of-cards-premiere-date-netflix-kevin-spacey-david-fincher-376355/ |access-date=March 17, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317151950/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/house-of-cards-premiere-date-netflix-kevin-spacey-david-fincher-376355/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, Netflix announced an agreement with [[DreamWorks Animation]] to commission children's television series based on its properties, beginning with ''[[Turbo: F.A.S.T.]]'', a spin-off of its film ''[[Turbo (2013 film)|Turbo]]'' (2013)''.''<ref>{{cite news |last=Lieberman |first=David |date=February 12, 2013 |title=DreamWorks Animation To Produce First Netflix Original Series For Kids |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2013/02/dreamworks-animation-netflix-turbo-kids-original-series-428372/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308084643/http://www.deadline.com/2013/02/dreamworks-animation-netflix-turbo-kids-original-series/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lieberman |first=David |date=June 17, 2013 |title=DreamWorks Animation To Produce TV Shows Based On Its Characters For Netflix |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2013/06/dreamworks-animation-produce-tv-shows-netflix-522497/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308085025/http://www.deadline.com/2013/06/dreamworks-animation-produce-tv-shows-netflix/ |archive-date=March 8, 2014}}</ref> ''OITNB'' would premiere in July 2013; Netflix stated that ''OITNB'' had been its most-watched original series so far, with all of them having "an audience comparable with successful shows on cable and broadcast TV."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=October 21, 2013 |title=Netflix: 'Orange Is The New Black' Is Our Most-Watched Original, But Our TV Exclusives Are Even Bigger |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/10/21/netflix-orange-is-the-new-black-most-watched/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215171943/http://techcrunch.com/2013/10/21/netflix-orange-is-the-new-black-most-watched/ |archive-date=February 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=February 5, 2016 |title='Orange Is the New Black' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/orange-is-the-new-black-renewed-3-seasons-netflix-1201698227/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205161246/http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/orange-is-the-new-black-renewed-3-seasons-netflix-1201698227/ |archive-date=February 5, 2016}}</ref>

In March 2013, Netflix added a [[Facebook]] sharing feature, letting US subscribers access "Watched by your friends" and "Friends' Favorites" by agreeing.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/03/13/technology/social/netflix-facebook/index.html |title=New Netflix Facebook app lets users share viewing history |first=Julianne |last=Pepitone |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=March 13, 2013 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912172847/https://money.cnn.com/2013/03/13/technology/social/netflix-facebook/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> This was not legal until the [[Video Privacy Protection Act]] was modified in early 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/12/congress-tweaks-us-video-privacy-law-so-netflix-can-get-on-facebook/ |title=Congress tweaks US video-privacy law so Netflix can get on Facebook |first=JOE |last=MULLIN |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=December 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408180014/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/12/congress-tweaks-us-video-privacy-law-so-netflix-can-get-on-facebook/ |archive-date=April 8, 2016}}</ref> In August 2013, Netflix reintroduced the "Profiles" feature that permits accounts to house up to five user profiles.<ref>{{cite news |work=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/netflix-profiles_n_3685876 |date=August 1, 2013 |last=Stenovec |first=Timothy |title=Netflix Launches Profiles, Finally Realizing How People Really Watch Movies On It |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051341/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/01/netflix-profiles_n_3685876.html |archive-date=March 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=Netflix launches user profiles for individual recommendations |last=Pepitone |first=Julianne |date=August 1, 2013 |url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/08/01/technology/innovation/netflix-profiles/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114741/http://money.cnn.com/2013/08/01/technology/innovation/netflix-profiles/index.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=August 1, 2013 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/01/netflix-user-profiles/ |title=Netflix Makes Recommendations More Personalized By Adding Individual User Profiles |last=Lawler |first=Ryan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002549/https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/01/netflix-user-profiles/ |archive-date=November 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rogowsky |first=Mark |work=[[Forbes]] |date=August 2, 2013 |title=Netflix Profiles: One Step Up, Two Steps Back |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markrogowsky/2013/08/02/netflix-profiles-one-step-up-two-steps-back/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017170142/https://www.forbes.com/sites/markrogowsky/2013/08/02/netflix-profiles-one-step-up-two-steps-back/ |archive-date=October 17, 2017}}</ref>

In November 2013, [[Marvel Television]] and [[ABC Studios]] announced Netflix had ordered a slate of [[Marvel's Netflix television series|four television series]] based on the [[Marvel Comics]] characters [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)|Daredevil]], [[Jessica Jones]], [[Iron Fist (character)|Iron Fist]], and [[Luke Cage]]. Each of the four series received an initial order of 13 episodes, and Netflix also ordered a [[Defenders (comics)|Defenders]] miniseries that would tie them together. [[Daredevil (TV series)|''Daredevil'']] and [[Jessica Jones (TV series)|''Jessica Jones'']] premiered in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marvel TV shows to debut on Netflix |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24864631 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=November 8, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111053658/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-24864631 |archive-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Netflix">{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2013/11/disney-netflix-marvel-series-629696/ |title=Disney To Provide Netflix With Four Series Based On Marvel Characters |last=Lieberman |first=David |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 7, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414000453/http://www.deadline.com/2013/11/disney-netflix-marvel-series/ |archive-date=April 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |title=Netflix Orders Four Marvel Live-Action Series |url=https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/netflix-orders-four-marvel-live-action-series-1200804887/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=November 7, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110023051/http://variety.com/2013/digital/news/netflix-orders-four-marvel-live-action-series-1200804887/ |archive-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> The ''[[Luke Cage (TV series)|Luke Cage]]'' series premiered in September 2016, followed by ''[[Iron Fist (TV series)|Iron Fist]]'' in March 2017, and ''[[The Defenders (miniseries)|The Defenders]]'' in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/iron-fist/250774/marvels-iron-fist-release-date-trailer-review-cast-and-more |title=Marvel's Iron Fist Release Date, Trailer, Review, Cast, and More |work=Den of Geek |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914221410/http://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/iron-fist/250774/marvels-iron-fist-release-date-trailer-review-cast-and-more |archive-date=September 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2017/07/22/comic-con-2017-the-defenders-we-just-saw-the-first-episode |title=Comic-Con 2017: The Defenders – We Just Saw the First Episode |last=Collura |first=Scott |date=July 21, 2017 |work=[[IGN]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722053637/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/07/22/comic-con-2017-the-defenders-we-just-saw-the-first-episode |archive-date=July 22, 2017}}</ref> Marvel owner [[Disney]] later entered into other content agreements with Netflix, including acquiring its animated ''[[Star Wars]]'' series ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'', and a new sixth season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Itzkoff |first=Dave |date=February 13, 2014 |title='Clone Wars' Moves to Netflix |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/clone-wars-moves-to-netflix/ |access-date=March 17, 2023 |website=ArtsBeat |language=en |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317182533/https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/13/clone-wars-moves-to-netflix/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Listen
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In February 2014, Netflix began to enter into agreements with US internet service providers, beginning with [[Comcast]] (whose customers had repeatedly complained of frequent [[Data buffer|buffering]] when streaming Netflix), to provide the service a direct connection to their networks.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://consumerist.com/2014/02/23/netflix-agrees-to-pay-comcast-to-end-slowdown/ |title=Netflix Agrees To Pay Comcast To End Slowdown |first=Chris |last=Morran |work=[[Consumerist]] |date=February 23, 2014 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127082826/https://consumerist.com/2014/02/23/netflix-agrees-to-pay-comcast-to-end-slowdown/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/29/technology/netflix-comcast/index.html |title=Slow Comcast speeds were costing Netflix customers |first=David |last=Goldman |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=August 29, 2014 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154101/https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/29/technology/netflix-comcast/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/02/23/technology/netflix-comcast-streaming-deal/ |title=Netflix and Comcast strike deal to allow faster speeds |first=Gregory |last=Wallace |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=February 23, 2014 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154103/https://money.cnn.com/2014/02/23/technology/netflix-comcast-streaming-deal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2014, Netflix signed ''[[Arrested Development]]'' creator [[Mitchell Hurwitz]] and his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2014/04/mitch-hurwitz-to-create-new-series-for-netflix-under-multi-year-deal-718382/ |title=Mitch Hurwitz Inks Multi-Year Deal With Netflix For New Series |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 22, 2014 |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423233403/http://www.deadline.com/2014/04/mitch-hurwitz-to-create-new-series-for-netflix-under-multi-year-deal/ |archive-date=April 23, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2014, Netflix and [[Sony Pictures Animation]] had a major multi-deal to acquire streaming rights to produce films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/netflix-gets-rights-sony-animation-707134/ |first=Georg |last=Szalai |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |title=Netflix Gets Rights to Sony Animation Films |date=May 27, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193637/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-gets-rights-sony-animation-707134 |archive-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> It also began to introduce an updated logo, with a flatter appearance and updated typography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2014 |title=Meet Netflix's stealthy new logo |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/tech/web/netflix-logo/index.html |access-date=March 17, 2023 |website=CNN Business |language=en |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317182532/https://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/tech/web/netflix-logo/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2014, Netflix expanded into six new European markets, including [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Luxembourg]], and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Netflix now in France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium and Luxembourg |date=September 18, 2014 |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/netflix-now-in-france-germany-austria-switzerland-belgium-and-luxembourg-275696061.html |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919042118/https://pr.netflix.com/WebClient/getNewsSummary.do?newsId=1593 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 19, 2014}}</ref> On September 10, 2014, Netflix participated in [[Internet Slowdown Day]] by deliberately slowing down its speed in support of [[net neutrality]] regulations in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/09/todays-net-neutrality-campaign-explained/379973/ |title=Why Netflix Is 'Slowing Down' Its Website Today |first=Rose |last=Eveleth |author-link=Rose Eveleth |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=September 10, 2014 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130234919/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/09/todays-net-neutrality-campaign-explained/379973/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2014, Netflix announced a four-film deal with [[Adam Sandler]] and his [[Happy Madison Productions]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=With Four New Adam Sandler Films, Netflix Takes Aim at Theaters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/02/business/media/with-four-new-adam-sandler-films-netflix-takes-aim-at-theaters.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003090325/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/02/business/media/with-four-new-adam-sandler-films-netflix-takes-aim-at-theaters.html |archive-date=October 3, 2014 |url-status=live |last=Steel |first=Emily |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 2, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

In April 2015, following the launch of ''[[Daredevil (TV series)|Daredevil]]'', Netflix director of content operations Tracy Wright announced that Netflix had added support for [[audio description]], and had begun to work with its partners to add descriptions to its other original series over time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix makes a blind superhero accessible to blind audiences |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/04/14/netflix-makes-a-blind-superhero-accessible-to-blind-viewers/ |first=Alyssa |last=Rosenberg |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 14, 2015 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415205708/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/04/14/netflix-makes-a-blind-superhero-accessible-to-blind-viewers/ |archive-date=April 15, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix Adding Audio Description Tracks for Visually Impaired, Starting with 'Marvel's Daredevil' |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/netflix-adding-audio-description-tracks-for-visually-impaired-starting-with-marvels-daredevil-1201472372/ |first=Todd |last=Spangler |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 14, 2015 |access-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-date=November 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122070455/https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/netflix-adding-audio-description-tracks-for-visually-impaired-starting-with-marvels-daredevil-1201472372/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, as part of a settlement with the [[American Council of the Blind]], Netflix agreed to provide descriptions for its original series within 30 days of their premiere, and add [[screen reader]] support and the ability to browse content by availability of descriptions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/netflix-audio-descriptions-blind-settlement-1201753569/ |title=Netflix to Expand Audio Descriptions for Blind Subscribers |last=Spangler |first=Todd |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 14, 2016 |access-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-date=April 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430112257/https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/netflix-audio-descriptions-blind-settlement-1201753569/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2015, Netflix expanded to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=Netflix to launch in Australia and New Zealand in March 2015 |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/netflix-to-launch-in-australia-and-new-zealand-in-march-2015-283111031.html |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |date=November 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032333/https://pr.netflix.com/WebClient/getNewsSummary.do?newsId=1751 |url-status=live |archive-date=November 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/how-the-australian-netflix-differs-from-the-us-service-20150324-1m60g8.html |title=How the Australian Netflix differs from the US service |first=Ben |last=Grubb |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=March 24, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324032158/http://www.smh.com.au/digital-life/hometech/how-the-australian-netflix-differs-from-the-us-service-20150323-1m60g8.html |archive-date=March 24, 2015}}</ref> In September 2015, Netflix launched in [[Japan]], its first country in Asia.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Netflix to launch in Japan this fall |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/netflix-to-launch-in-japan-this-fall-300030504.html |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |date=February 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205005245/https://pr.netflix.com/WebClient/getNewsSummary.do?newsId=1871 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/4/9095939/netflix-japan-launch-september-global-expansion |title=Netflix is coming to Japan on September 2nd |first=Jamieson |last=Cox |work=[[The Verge]] |date=August 4, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154103/https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/4/9095939/netflix-japan-launch-september-global-expansion |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/netflix-expanding-to-japan-2015-8 |title=Netflix is finally launching in Asia, and it's starting in Japan |first=Paul |last=Sawers |work=[[Business Insider]] |agency=[[VentureBeat]] |date=August 4, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154102/https://www.businessinsider.com/netflix-expanding-to-japan-2015-8 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2015, Netflix launched in [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], and [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/global/netflix-italy-spain-portugal-launch-1201513878/ |title=Netflix to Stream Into Italy, Spain and Portugal in October |first=Todd |last=Spangler |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 6, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912154101/https://variety.com/2015/digital/global/netflix-italy-spain-portugal-launch-1201513878/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2016, at the [[Consumer Electronics Show]], Netflix announced a major international expansion of its service into 130 additional countries, making it available worldwide except in [[China]], [[Syria]], [[North Korea]], [[Kosovo]], and [[Crimea]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netflix Expands to 190 Countries |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/netflix-expands-to-190-countries-1452106429 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |issn=0099-9660 |first1=Ezequiel |last1=Minaya |first2=Amol |last2=Sharma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207005329/http://www.wsj.com/articles/netflix-expands-to-190-countries-1452106429 |archive-date=February 7, 2016}}</ref> As part of this expansion, Netflix officially launched its services in Africa, with a focus on [[South Africa]], [[Kenya]], and [[Nigeria]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Agbetiloye |first=Adekunle |date=December 4, 2024 |title=African countries by Netflix' contribution to their GDP |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/african-countries-by-netflix-contribution-to-their-gdp/w10lkmm |access-date=May 28, 2025 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2020, Netflix had started making significant investments in African storytelling, and hired [[Dorothy Ghettuba]], a Kenyan media entrepreneur, as head of African Originals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2019 |title=Tv Producer Dorothy Ghettuba To Succeed Chris Foot As Chairperson Film Commission |url=https://www.kenyaforum.net/arts-sports-culture/tv-producer-dorothy-ghettuba-to-succeed-chris-foot-as-chairperson-film-commission/ |access-date=May 28, 2025 |website=The Kenya Forum |language=en}}</ref> According to the company, it has invested the equivalent of €160 million in film content production in Africa since it began working on the continent in 2016, with over 12,000 jobs created across Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa.<ref name="auto"/>

In April 2016, Hastings stated that the company planned to expand its in-house, Los Angeles-based Netflix Studios to grow its output; Hastings ruled out any potential acquisitions of existing studios.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix to boost in-house production arm |url=https://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/broadcasters/netflix-to-boost-in-house-production-arm/5102756.article |work=[[Broadcast (magazine)|Broadcast]] |date=April 19, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031090520/http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/netflix-to-boost-in-house-production-arm/5102756.article |archive-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> In May 2016, Netflix created a tool called Fast.com to determine the speed of an Internet connection.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-netflix-tool-fastcom-shows-you-how-fast-your-internet-is-2016-5# |title=Netflix releases tool to determine internet speed |last=McAlone |first=Nathan |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=May 18, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911070634/https://www.yahoo.com/tech/netflix-launched-tool-show-fast-152135686.html |archive-date=September 11, 2016}}</ref> It received praise for being "simple" and "easy to use", and does not include [[online advertising]], unlike competitors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perez |first=Sarah |title=Netflix launches its own speed test website, Fast.com |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/18/netflix-launches-its-own-speed-test-website-fast-com/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=May 18, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919033224/https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/18/netflix-launches-its-own-speed-test-website-fast-com/ |archive-date=September 19, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lopez |first=Napier |title=Netflix launches Fast.com, the simplest internet speed test ever |url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2016/05/18/netflix-just-created-simplest-internet-speed-test-ever/ |work=[[The Next Web]] |date=May 18, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809030644/https://thenextweb.com/apps/2016/05/18/netflix-just-created-simplest-internet-speed-test-ever/ |archive-date=August 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Netflix Launches Fast.com, New Tool To Check Your Internet Speed |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/shelbycarpenter/2016/05/18/netflix-fast-com-internet-speed-download-video-streaming/ |last=Carpenter |first=Shelby |work=[[Forbes]] |date=May 18, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194028/https://www.forbes.com/sites/shelbycarpenter/2016/05/18/netflix-fast-com-internet-speed-download-video-streaming/ |archive-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> In November 2016, Netflix launched an offline playback feature, allowing users of the Netflix mobile apps on [[Android (operating system)|Android]] or [[iOS]] to [[Cache (computing)|cache]] content on their devices in standard or high quality for viewing offline, without an Internet connection.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/11/30/netflix-is-finally-letting-you-download-videos-for-offline-viewing/ |title=Netflix is finally letting you download videos for offline viewing |last=Fung |first=Brian |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201015959/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/11/30/netflix-is-finally-letting-you-download-videos-for-offline-viewing/ |archive-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/technology/ct-netflix-download-offline-binge-watching-blm-bsi-20161130-story.html |title=Netflix unveils download feature for offline binge-watching |last=Shaw |first=Lucas |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201013555/http://www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/technology/ct-netflix-download-offline-binge-watching-blm-bsi-20161130-story.html |archive-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix finally lets you download shows and movies to watch offline |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13792376/netflix-offline-downloads-now-available |website=[[The Verge]] |date=November 30, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128195409/http://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13792376/netflix-offline-downloads-now-available |archive-date=January 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Han |first=Angie |title=Netflix Offline Playback Is Finally Here |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/netflix-offline/ |work=[[/Film]] |date=November 30, 2016 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616135126/https://www.slashfilm.com/netflix-offline/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Netflix released an estimated 30 original series or films over that year, more than any network or cable channel.<ref name="Backlash">{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/netflix-backlash-why-hollywood-fears-928428 |title=The Netflix Backlash: Why Hollywood Fears a Content Monopoly |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=September 14, 2016 |last=Masters |first=Kim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917022652/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/netflix-backlash-why-hollywood-fears-928428 |archive-date=September 17, 2016 }}</ref>

In February 2017, Netflix signed a [[music publishing]] deal with [[BMG Rights Management]], whereby BMG would oversee rights outside of the US for music associated with Netflix Original content. Netflix continues to handle these tasks in-house in the US.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://variety.com/2017/digital/news/netflix-bmg-music-rights-1201976506 |title=Netflix Inks BMG Deal to Manage Music Rights Outside U.S. |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=February 2, 2017 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807194257/http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/netflix-bmg-music-rights-1201976506/ |archive-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> In April 2017, Netflix signed a licensing deal with [[IQIYI]], a Chinese video streaming platform owned by [[Baidu]], to allow selected Netflix Original content to be distributed in China on the platform.<ref name="iQiyi">{{cite news |title=Netflix Signs Licensing Deal With China's iQiyi |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-signs-licensing-deal-chinas-iqiyi-997071/ |first=PATRICK |last=BRZESKI |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=April 24, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426002956/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-signs-licensing-deal-chinas-iqiyi-997071 |archive-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/25/netflix-china-iqiyi/ |title=Netflix enters China via licensing deal with top video streaming service iQiyi |last=Russell |first=Jon |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=April 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426023043/https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/25/netflix-china-iqiyi/ |archive-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref>

In August 2017, Netflix acquired [[Millarworld]], the creator-owned publishing company of comic book writer [[Mark Millar]]. The purchase marked the first corporate acquisition to have been made by Netflix.<ref name="Millarworld">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-40849525 |title=Netflix buys Scots comic book firm Millarworld |date=August 7, 2017 |work=[[BBC News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808012529/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-40849525 |archive-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> That same month, Netflix entered into an exclusive development deal with [[Shonda Rhimes]] and her production company [[Shondaland]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/business/media/shonda-rhimes-netflix-deal.html |title=Netflix Signs Shonda Rhimes in Counterpunch to ABC and Disney |last=Koblin |first=John |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 14, 2017 |url-access=limited |issn=0362-4331 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814191551/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/14/business/media/shonda-rhimes-netflix-deal.html |archive-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref>

In September 2017, Netflix announced it would offer its low-broadband mobile technology to airlines to provide better in-flight Wi-Fi so passengers could watch movies on Netflix while on planes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix wants to make it easier to binge-watch on planes |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/25/technology/business/netflix-airline-streaming/index.html |last=O'Brien |first=Sara Ashley |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=September 25, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216043200/http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/25/technology/business/netflix-airline-streaming/index.html |archive-date=December 16, 2017}}</ref> That same month, [[Minister of Heritage]] [[Mélanie Joly]] announced that Netflix had agreed to make a {{CAD|500 million|link=yes}} (US$400 million) investment over the next five years in producing content in Canada. The company denied that the deal was intended to result in a [[tax break]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/netflix-launches-pr-campaign-to-set-record-straight-on-500-million-pledge/article36528636/ |title=Netflix in campaign to 'set record straight' on $500-million pledge for Canadian productions |first=DANIEL |last=LEBLANC |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=October 9, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220092534/https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/netflix-launches-pr-campaign-to-set-record-straight-on-500-million-pledge/article36528636/?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com& |archive-date=February 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2017/10/netflix-defends-500-million-canada-investment-no-special-treatment-1202185388/ |title=Netflix Defends $500 Million Canadian Investment: "No Tax Deals Were Part Of The Approval" |last=Hayes |first=Dade |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 10, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019003902/http://deadline.com/2017/10/netflix-defends-500-million-canada-investment-no-special-treatment-1202185388/ |archive-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> Netflix realized this goal by December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/netflix-reaches-tipping-point-as-originals-now-outpace-acquired-titles-study-1202579260/ |title=Netflix Reaches Tipping Point As Originals Now Outpace Acquired Titles – Study |last=Hayes |first=Dade |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=March 21, 2019 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174643/https://deadline.com/2019/03/netflix-reaches-tipping-point-as-originals-now-outpace-acquired-titles-study-1202579260/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2017, Netflix iterated a goal of having half of its library consist of original content by 2019, announcing a plan to invest $8 billion on original content in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/16/16486436/netflix-original-content-8-billion-dollars-anime-films |title=Netflix plans to spend $8 billion to make its library 50 percent original by 2018 |last=Statt |first=Nick |work=[[The Verge]] |date=October 16, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017042303/https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/16/16486436/netflix-original-content-8-billion-dollars-anime-films |archive-date=October 17, 2017}}</ref> In October 2017, Netflix introduced the "Skip Intro" feature, which allows customers to skip the intros to shows on its platform through a variety of techniques including manual reviewing, audio tagging, and [[machine learning]].<ref>{{cite web |title=How does the Skip Intro feature work on TV shows |url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/63402 |publisher=Netflix |access-date=September 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807004614/https://help.netflix.com/en/node/63402 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/10/netflixs-skip-intro-button-makes-tv-ever-more-like-an-app/544427/ |title=Netflix's 'Skip Intro' Button Makes TV Ever More Like an App |first=Ian |last=Bogost |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=October 31, 2017 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909162615/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/10/netflixs-skip-intro-button-makes-tv-ever-more-like-an-app/544427/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2017, Netflix signed an exclusive multi-year deal with ''Orange Is the New Black'' creator [[Jenji Kohan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/jenji-kohan-deal-with-netflix-1202210938/ |title=Jenji Kohan Inks Overall Deal With Netflix |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 17, 2017 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712121928/https://deadline.com/2017/11/jenji-kohan-deal-with-netflix-1202210938/ |url-status=live}}</ref> That same month, Netflix withdrew from co-hosting a party at the [[75th Golden Globe Awards]] with [[The Weinstein Company]] due to the [[Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/awards/netflix-weinstein-golden-globes-1202621699/ |title=Netflix Won't Host Golden Globes Party With Weinstein Company |date=November 22, 2017 |first=Daniel |last=Holloway |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091738/https://variety.com/2017/film/awards/netflix-weinstein-golden-globes-1202621699/ |archive-date=January 30, 2018}}</ref>

=== Expansion into international productions and new productions, Co-CEOs (2017–2020) ===
{{See also|International expansion of Netflix}}
[[File:Netflix 2016 N logo.svg|right|thumb|upright=0.5|Icon used since 2016]]
[[File:Netflix at Thong Lor.jpg|right|thumb|Netflix advertising at [[Thong Lo BTS station]], Bangkok]]
[[File:Netflix booth (36079051696).jpg|right|thumb|Netflix's booth at the 2017 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]

In November 2017, Netflix announced it would be making its first original Colombian series, to be executive produced by [[Ciro Guerra]].<ref name="de la Fuente">{{Cite news |last=de la Fuente |first=Anna Marie |date=November 22, 2017 |title=Netflix to Make its First Original Colombian Series |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/netflix-to-make-first-original-colombian-series-1202621537/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122180241/http://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/netflix-to-make-first-original-colombian-series-1202621537/ |archive-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> In December 2017, Netflix signed ''[[Stranger Things]]'' director-producer [[Shawn Levy]] and his production company [[21 Laps Entertainment]] to what sources say is a four-year deal.<ref name="SANDBERG">{{Cite news |last=SANDBERG |first=BRYN |date=December 6, 2017 |title='Stranger Things' Producer Inks Massive Overall Deal With Netflix |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/netflix-inks-deal-shawn-levys-21-laps-1064839 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126132828/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/netflix-inks-deal-shawn-levys-21-laps-1064839 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Netflix invested in distributing exclusive stand-up comedy specials from [[Dave Chappelle]], [[Louis C.K.]], [[Chris Rock]], [[Jim Gaffigan]], [[Bill Burr]], and [[Jerry Seinfeld]].<ref name="Luckerson">{{Cite news |last=Luckerson |first=Victor |date=March 20, 2017 |title=Laughing All the Way to the Bank |work=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]] |url=https://www.theringer.com/2017/3/20/16040460/netflix-stand-up-comedy-specials-market-chris-rock-dave-chappelle-amy-schumer-mike-birb-f3f000772c61 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915023036/https://www.theringer.com/2017/3/20/16040460/netflix-stand-up-comedy-specials-market-chris-rock-dave-chappelle-amy-schumer-mike-birb-f3f000772c61#.ubp1jaf7c |archive-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>

In February 2018, Netflix acquired the rights to ''[[The Cloverfield Paradox]]'' (2018) from [[Paramount Pictures]] for $50 million and launched it on February 4, 2018, shortly after airing its first trailer during [[Super Bowl LII]]. Analysts believed that Netflix's purchase of the film helped to make the film instantly profitable for Paramount compared to a more traditional theatrical release, while Netflix benefited from the surprise reveal.<ref name="hollywoodreporter1">{{cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=January 23, 2018 |title=Netflix in Talks to Acquire 'Cloverfield' Sequel From Paramount |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/netflix-talks-acquire-cloverfield-sequel-paramount-1077752 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124064614/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/netflix-talks-acquire-cloverfield-sequel-paramount-1077752 |archive-date=January 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="thr cloverfield">{{cite web |last1=Kit |first1=Borys |last2=McClintonk |first2=Pamela |date=February 6, 2018 |title=Sources: Netflix Paid Paramount More Than $50 Million for 'Cloverfield Paradox' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/netflix-paid-paramount-more-50-million-cloverfield-paradox-1082305 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207021339/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/netflix-paid-paramount-more-50-million-cloverfield-paradox-1082305 |archive-date=February 7, 2018 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Other films acquired by Netflix include international distribution for Paramount's ''[[Annihilation (film)|Annihilation]]'' (2018)<ref name="thr cloverfield" /> and Universal's ''[[News of the World (film)|News of the World]]'' (2020) and worldwide distribution of Universal's ''[[Extinction (2018 film)|Extinction]]'' (2018),<ref name="McNary">{{cite news |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Netflix Buys Michael Pena-Lizzy Caplan Thriller 'Extinction' From Universal |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/netflix-buys-michael-pena-lizzy-caplan-thriller-extinction-1202692114/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208205735/http://variety.com/2018/film/news/netflix-buys-michael-pena-lizzy-caplan-thriller-extinction-1202692114/ |archive-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> Warner Bros.' ''[[Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle]]'' (2018),<ref name="MowgliNetflix">{{cite news |last1=Fleming |first1=Mike Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=Netflix Acquires Andy Serkis-Directed 'Mowgli' From Warner Bros & Plans 2019 Global Streaming Release |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/netflix-mowgli-deal-andy-serkis-jungle-book-warner-bros-christian-bale-cate-blanchett-benedict-cumberbatch-1202434903/ |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727184249/https://deadline.com/2018/07/netflix-mowgli-deal-andy-serkis-jungle-book-warner-bros-christian-bale-cate-blanchett-benedict-cumberbatch-1202434903/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Paramount's ''[[The Lovebirds (2020 film)|The Lovebirds]]'' (2020)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/paramount-sends-lovebirds-netflix-1285470 |title=Netflix Picks Up Kumail Nanjiani and Issa Rae's 'The Lovebirds' |first1=Mia |last1=Galuppo |first2=Borys |last2=Kit |date=March 20, 2020 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407195358/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/paramount-sends-lovebirds-netflix-1285470 |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=June 3, 2022}}</ref> and 20th Century Studios' ''[[The Woman in the Window (2021 film)|The Woman in the Window]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fleming |first1=Mike Jr. |title=Netflix Negotiating For 'The Woman In The Window' With Amy Adams; Last Fox 2000 Elizabeth Gabler Project Will Be Let Go By Disney |url=https://deadline.com/2020/08/netflix-acquiring-the-woman-in-the-window-amy-adams-disney-fox-2000-elizabeth-gabler-project-joe-wright-1203002581/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=August 3, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211162227/https://deadline.com/2020/08/netflix-acquiring-the-woman-in-the-window-amy-adams-disney-fox-2000-elizabeth-gabler-project-joe-wright-1203002581/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In March, the service ordered ''[[Formula 1: Drive to Survive]]'', a racing docuseries following teams in the [[Formula One]] world championship.<ref name="motorsportweek">{{cite web |last1=Horton |first1=Phillip |date=February 20, 2019 |title=Formula 1: Release date confirmed for F1's Netflix series |url=https://www.motorsportweek.com/2019/02/20/21649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217113632/https://www.motorsportweek.com/2019/02/20/21649/ |archive-date=February 17, 2020 |access-date=February 17, 2020 |website=Motorsport Week |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2018, [[Sky UK]] announced an agreement with Netflix to integrate Netflix's subscription VOD offering into its pay-TV service. Customers with its high-end Sky Q set-top box and service will be able to see Netflix titles alongside their regular Sky channels.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/netflix-stock-all-time-high-market-valuation-1202716101/ |title=Netflix Stock Pops to New All-Time High, Company Now Worth More Than $130 Billion |first=Todd |last=Spangler |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=March 2, 2018 |access-date=March 22, 2018 |archive-date=March 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322183528/http://variety.com/2018/digital/news/netflix-stock-all-time-high-market-valuation-1202716101/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2022, Netflix revealed that its annual revenue from the UK subscribers in 2021 was £1.4bn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2022 |title=Netflix reports £1.4bn revenue last year from UK subscribers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/oct/10/netflix-revenue-uk-subscribers-corporation-tax |access-date=October 11, 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010201217/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/oct/10/netflix-revenue-uk-subscribers-corporation-tax |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2018, Netflix pulled out of the [[Cannes Film Festival]], in response to new rules requiring competition films to have been released in [[France|French]] theaters. The Cannes premiere of ''[[Okja]]'' in 2017 was controversial, and led to discussions over the appropriateness of films with simultaneous digital releases being screened at an event showcasing theatrical film; audience members also booed the Netflix [[production logo]] at the screening. Netflix's attempts to negotiate to allow a limited release in France were curtailed by organizers, as well as French [[cultural exception]] law—where theatrically screened films are legally forbidden from being made available via video-on-demand services until at least 36 months after their release.<ref name="Statt">{{Cite news |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=April 11, 2018 |title=Netflix pulls out of Cannes Film Festival following competition ban |website=[[The Verge]] |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/11/17225898/netflix-cannes-film-festival-competition-ban-streaming-services |access-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708192348/https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/11/17225898/netflix-cannes-film-festival-competition-ban-streaming-services |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tiffany">{{Cite news |last=Tiffany |first=Kaitlyn |date=May 19, 2017 |title=Netflix booed at Okja's Cannes premiere |website=[[The Verge]] |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/19/15662542/netflix-cannes-film-festival-booed-okja-premiere |access-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708192350/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/19/15662542/netflix-cannes-film-festival-booed-okja-premiere |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theverge.com">{{Cite news |last=Tiffany |first=Kaitlyn |date=May 10, 2017 |title=Netflix's first two films at Cannes could be its last |website=[[The Verge]] |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/10/15608978/netflix-cannes-film-festival-new-rule-theater-release-france |access-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708192349/https://www.theverge.com/2017/5/10/15608978/netflix-cannes-film-festival-new-rule-theater-release-france |url-status=live}}</ref> Besides traditional Hollywood markets as well as from partners like the [[BBC]], Sarandos said the company was also looking to expand investments in non-traditional foreign markets due to the growth of viewers outside of North America. At the time, this included programs such as ''[[Dark (TV series)|Dark]]'' from Germany, ''[[Ingobernable]]'' from [[Mexico]], and ''[[3%]]'' from [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/netflix-original-spending-85-percent-1202809623/ |title=Netflix Content Chief Says 85% of New Spending Is on Originals |last=Spangler |first=Todd |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=May 14, 2018 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403180030/https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/netflix-original-spending-85-percent-1202809623/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/how-netflix-swallowed-tv-industry.html |title=Inside the Binge Factory |first=Josef |last=Adalian |date=June 11, 2018 |work=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]] |access-date=October 11, 2021 |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006183721/https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/how-netflix-swallowed-tv-industry.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="vulture squid game">{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/planet-squid-game-netflix-biggest-show.html |title=Planet Squid Game |first=Josef |last=Adalain |date=September 30, 2021 |archive-date=October 3, 2021 |work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003193656/https://www.vulture.com/article/planet-squid-game-netflix-biggest-show.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2018, former [[President of the United States|president]], [[Barack Obama]], and his wife, [[Michelle Obama]], signed a deal to produce docuseries, documentaries, and features for Netflix under the Obamas' newly formed production company, [[Higher Ground Productions]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Obamas Sign Deal With Netflix, Form 'Higher Ground Productions' |first=Scott |last=Neuman |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/22/613246456/obamas-sign-content-deal-with-netlfix-form-higher-ground-productions |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=May 22, 2018 |access-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918012121/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/22/613246456/obamas-sign-content-deal-with-netlfix-form-higher-ground-productions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Obamas Will Produce Movies and Shows for Netflix |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-obamas-will-produce-movies-and-shows-for-netflix.html |last=Harris |first=Hunter |website=[[Vulture.com]] |date=May 21, 2018 |access-date=September 24, 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503114242/https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/the-obamas-will-produce-movies-and-shows-for-netflix.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2018, Netflix announced a partnership with [[Telltale Games]] to port its [[adventure game]]s to the service in a streaming video format, allowing simple controls through a television remote.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/netflix-to-add-games-to-its-service-including-stranger-things-and-minecraft |title=Exclusive: Netflix to add games to its service, including Minecraft: Story Mode |first=Nick |last=Pino |work=[[TechRadar]] |date=June 13, 2018 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234210/https://www.techradar.com/news/netflix-to-add-games-to-its-service-including-stranger-things-and-minecraft |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/netflix-partners-with-telltale-games-for-interactive-adventures/ |title=No, Netflix isn't going to stream Minecraft video games |first1=Joan |last1=Solsman |first2=Lori |last2=Grunin |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=June 13, 2018 |access-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234154/https://www.cnet.com/news/netflix-partners-with-telltale-games-for-interactive-adventures/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The first game, ''[[Minecraft: Story Mode]]'', was released in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/11/27/telltales-minecraft-story-mode-launches-on-netflix |title=Telltale's Minecraft: Story Mode Launches on Netflix |first=Colin |last=Stevens |work=[[IGN]] |date=November 27, 2018 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=November 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234559/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/11/27/telltales-minecraft-story-mode-launches-on-netflix |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2018, Netflix earned the most [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] nominations of any network for the first time with 112 nods.<ref name=":0" /> In August 2018, the company signed a five-year exclusive overall deal with international best-selling author [[Harlan Coben]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/harlan-coben-overall-deal-with-netflix-tv-series-movie-adaptations-books-1202452628/ |title=Harlan Coben Inks Overall Deal With Netflix For TV Series & Movie Adaptations Of His Books |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=August 27, 2018 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131155/https://deadline.com/2018/08/harlan-coben-overall-deal-with-netflix-tv-series-movie-adaptations-books-1202452628/ |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, the company signed an overall deal with ''[[Gravity Falls]]'' creator [[Alex Hirsch]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/gravity-falls-creator-alex-hirsch-netflix-overall-deal-1202453142/ |title='Gravity Falls' Creator Alex Hirsch Inks Overall Deal With Netflix |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=August 27, 2018 |access-date=August 28, 2018 |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035019/https://deadline.com/2018/08/gravity-falls-creator-alex-hirsch-netflix-overall-deal-1202453142/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2018, Netflix paid under $30 million to acquire [[Albuquerque Studios]] (ABQ Studios), a $91 million film and TV production facility with eight sound stages in [[Albuquerque]], [[New Mexico]], for its first US production hub, pledging to spend over $1 billion over the next decade to create one of the largest film studios in North America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix to expand production hub in New Mexico |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/netflix-expand-production-hub-mexico-74370484 |access-date=August 8, 2021 |website=ABC News |language=en |archive-date=August 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808033941/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/netflix-expand-production-hub-mexico-74370484 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/netflix-albuquerque-studios-deal-terms-30-million-1202981274/ |title=Netflix Is Paying Less Than $30 Million for Albuquerque Studios, Which Cost $91 Million to Build |last=Spangler |first=Todd |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=October 16, 2018 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709141939/https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/netflix-albuquerque-studios-deal-terms-30-million-1202981274/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2018, [[Paramount Pictures]] signed a multi-picture film deal with Netflix, making Paramount the first major film studio to do so.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paramount and Netflix Set Multi-Picture Film Deal |url=https://www.deadline.com/2018/11/paramount-and-netflix-multi-picture-film-deal-1202503315 |last=Hayes |first=Dade |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 16, 2018 |access-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154133/https://deadline.com/2018/11/paramount-and-netflix-multi-picture-film-deal-1202503315/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A sequel to [[AwesomenessTV]]'s ''[[To All the Boys I've Loved Before (film)|To All the Boys I've Loved Before]]'' (2018) was released on Netflix under the title ''[[To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You]]'' (2020) as part of the agreement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hagey |first1=Keach |last2=Flint |first2=Joe |title=Viacom Plans 'To All the Boys' Sequel for Netflix in Push to Create More Content for Rivals |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/mtv-owners-streaming-strategy-if-you-cant-beat-them-feed-them-1540044000 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 20, 2018 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 25, 2018 |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121214316/https://www.wsj.com/articles/mtv-owners-streaming-strategy-if-you-cant-beat-them-feed-them-1540044000 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2018, the company announced a partnership with [[ESPN Films]] on a [[television documentary]] chronicling Michael Jordan and the [[1997–98 Chicago Bulls season]] titled ''[[The Last Dance (miniseries)|The Last Dance]]''. It was released internationally on Netflix and became available for streaming in the US three months after a broadcast airing on [[ESPN]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's the Thrilling New Trailer for ESPN's Michael Jordan Documentary 'The Last Dance' |url=https://www.complex.com/sports/2018/12/michael-jordan-last-dance-documentary-trailer |first=Joshua |last=Espinoza |work=[[Complex Networks]] |date=December 25, 2018 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=December 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227131640/https://www.complex.com/sports/2018/12/michael-jordan-last-dance-documentary-trailer |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Spangler |first=Todd |title=Netflix to Premiere ESPN's 'The Last Dance' for U.S. Subscribers in July |url=https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/netflix-premiere-last-dance-us-1234586940/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 22, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404001813/https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/netflix-premiere-last-dance-us-1234586940/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2019, ''[[Sex Education (TV series)|Sex Education]]'' made its debut as a Netflix Original series, receiving much critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/01/netflix-sex-education-review/579487/ |title=The Thoughtful Raunch of Sex Education |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=January 9, 2019 |access-date=May 31, 2020 |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423202007/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/01/netflix-sex-education-review/579487/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On January 22, 2019, Netflix sought and was approved for membership into the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA), making it the first streaming service to join the association.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-advanced-talks-join-mpaa-1177926 |title=Netflix Becomes First Streamer to Join the Motion Picture Association of America |first=Pamela |last=McClintock |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 22, 2019 |access-date=January 22, 2019 |archive-date=January 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122213621/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-advanced-talks-join-mpaa-1177926 |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2019, ''[[The Haunting (TV series)|The Haunting]]'' creator [[Mike Flanagan (filmmaker)|Mike Flanagan]] joined frequent collaborator Trevor Macy as a partner in [[Intrepid Pictures]] ,and the duo signed an exclusive deal with Netflix to produce television content.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2019/02/the-haunting-renewed-season-2-mike-flanagan-trevor-macy-partner-intrepid-pictures-netflix-overall-deal-the-haunting-of-hill-house-1202561592/ |title='The Haunting' Renewed For Season 2 as Mike Flanagan & Trevor Macy Partner in Intrepid Pictures & Ink Netflix Overall Deal |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 21, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816232616/https://deadline.com/2019/02/the-haunting-renewed-season-2-mike-flanagan-trevor-macy-partner-intrepid-pictures-netflix-overall-deal-the-haunting-of-hill-house-1202561592/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2019, Netflix contracted with [[Dark Horse Entertainment]] to make television series and films based on comics from [[Dark Horse Comics]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thewrap.com/netflix-signs-umbrella-academy-publisher-dark-horse-comics-to-first-look-deal/ |title=Netflix Signs 'Umbrella Academy' Producer Dark Horse Entertainment to First-Look Deal |first=Tim |last=Baysinger |work=[[The Wrap]] |date=May 9, 2019 |access-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602213519/https://www.thewrap.com/netflix-signs-umbrella-academy-publisher-dark-horse-comics-to-first-look-deal/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2019, Netflix announced it would be opening a hub at [[Shepperton Studios]] as part of a deal with [[Pinewood Group]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/jul/03/netflix-strikes-production-deal-with-shepperton-studios |title=Netflix strikes production deal with Shepperton Studios |last=Sweney |first=Mark |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 3, 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623170818/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/jul/03/netflix-strikes-production-deal-with-shepperton-studios |url-status=live}}</ref> In early-August 2019, Netflix negotiated an exclusive multi-year film and television deal with ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' creators and showrunners [[David Benioff]] and [[D.B. Weiss]].<ref>{{cite news |title=What Will David Benioff and D.B. Weiss Bring to Netflix For $200 Million? |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/david-benioff-db-weiss-netflix-deal |last=Munzenrieder |first=Kyle |work=[[W (magazine)|W]] |date=August 8, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712115334/https://www.wmagazine.com/story/david-benioff-db-weiss-netflix-deal |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Game of Thrones creators sign $200 million Netflix deal to make exclusive shows and films |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/7/20761099/game-of-thrones-david-benioff-db-weiss-netflix-deal-200-million-disney-stars |last=Statt |first=Nick |work=[[The Verge]] |date=August 7, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712121503/https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/7/20761099/game-of-thrones-david-benioff-db-weiss-netflix-deal-200-million-disney-stars |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/10/star-wars-setback-game-of-thrones-duo-david-benioff-d-b-weiss-exit-trilogy-1202771184/ |title='Star Wars' Setback: 'Game Of Thrones' Duo David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Exit Trilogy |last=Boucher |first=Geoff |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721195000/https://deadline.com/2019/10/star-wars-setback-game-of-thrones-duo-david-benioff-d-b-weiss-exit-trilogy-1202771184/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/oct/29/game-of-thrones-creators-benioff-and-weiss-drop-star-wars-movies-for-netflix |title=Game of Thrones creators Benioff and Weiss drop Star Wars movies for Netflix |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123203745/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/oct/29/game-of-thrones-creators-benioff-and-weiss-drop-star-wars-movies-for-netflix |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Game of Thrones showrunners quit Star Wars trilogy to work on Netflix projects |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/29/20937689/benioff-weiss-star-wars-trilogy-cancelled-netflix |last=Byford |first=Sam |work=[[The Verge]] |date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425084311/https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/29/20937689/benioff-weiss-star-wars-trilogy-cancelled-netflix |url-status=live}}</ref> The first Netflix production created by Benioff and Weiss was planned as an adaptation of [[Liu Cixin]]'s science fiction novel ''[[The Three-Body Problem (novel)|The Three-Body Problem]]'', part of the ''[[Remembrance of Earth's Past]]'' trilogy.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/1/21410210/netflix-the-three-body-problem-benioff-weiss-adapation |title=Game of Thrones showrunners are adapting The Three-Body Problem as first major Netflix project |first=Nick |last=Statt |work=[[The Verge]] |date=September 1, 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909005739/https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/1/21410210/netflix-the-three-body-problem-benioff-weiss-adapation |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2019, in addition to renewing ''Stranger Things'' for a [[Stranger Things (season 4)|fourth season]], Netflix signed [[The Duffer Brothers]] to an [[overall deal]] covering future film and television projects for the service.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/stranger-things-renewed-season-4-at-netflix-duffer-brothers-ink-rich-netflix-deal-1222143 |title=''Stranger Things'' Renewed for Season 4 as Creators Ink Nine-Figure Netflix Deal |first=Leslie |last=Goldberg |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=September 30, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930180138/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/stranger-things-renewed-season-4-at-netflix-duffer-brothers-ink-rich-netflix-deal-1222143 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2019, Netflix and [[Nickelodeon]] entered into a multi-year agreement to produce several original animated feature films and television series based on Nickelodeon's library of characters. This agreement expanded on their existing relationship, in which new specials based on the past Nickelodeon series ''[[Invader Zim]]'' and ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'' (''[[Invader Zim: Enter the Florpus]]'' and ''[[Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling]],'' respectively) were released by Netflix. Other new projects planned under the team-up include a music project featuring [[Squidward Tentacles]] from the animated television series ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', and films based on ''[[The Loud House]]'' and ''[[Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]''.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Netflix and Nickelodeon form multi-year output deal to produce original animated films and series for kids & families around the world |url=https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/netflix-and-nickelodeon-form-multi-year-output-deal-to-produce-original-animated-films-and-series-for-kids-families-around-the-world |publisher=Netflix |date=November 13, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620105941/https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/netflix-and-nickelodeon-form-multi-year-output-deal-to-produce-original-animated-films-and-series-for-kids-families-around-the-world |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Barnes |first=Brookes |title='SpongeBob' Spinoff Highlights Netflix-Nickelodeon Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/13/business/media/netflix-nickelodeon-spongebob-squarepants.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113184007/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/13/business/media/netflix-nickelodeon-spongebob-squarepants.html |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |url-status=live |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 13, 2019 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Slater |first=Georgina |title=Netflix and Nickelodeon Team Up as Disney+ Lands 10 Million Subscribers One Day After Launch |url=https://people.com/movies/netflix-nickelodeon-team-disney-lands-10-million-subscribers/ |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=November 15, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516164631/https://people.com/movies/netflix-nickelodeon-team-disney-lands-10-million-subscribers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The agreement with Disney ended in 2019 due to the launch of [[Disney+]], with its Marvel productions moving exclusively to the service in 2022.<ref name="ditch">{{Cite news |last=Gebhart |first=Andrew |title=Marvel and Star Wars films will ditch Netflix for Disney's own service |publisher=[[CNET]] |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/marvel-and-star-wars-films-will-ditch-netflix-for-disney/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907190259/https://www.cnet.com/news/marvel-and-star-wars-films-will-ditch-netflix-for-disney/ |archive-date=September 7, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Disney+ConfirmDeadline">{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=March 1, 2022 |title=Disney+ Expands Into TV-MA Fare As It Adds Marvel's 'Defenders' Franchise & 'Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D.' From Netflix |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/disney-plus-tvma-rating-marvel-the-defenders-franchise-jessica-jones-daredevil-luke-cage-agents-of-shield-netflix-1234962137/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301211328/https://deadline.com/2022/03/disney-plus-tvma-rating-marvel-the-defenders-franchise-jessica-jones-daredevil-luke-cage-agents-of-shield-netflix-1234962137/ |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Also in November 2019, Netflix announced it had signed a long-term lease to save the [[Paris Theater (Manhattan)|Paris Theatre]], the last single-screen movie theater in [[Manhattan]]. The company oversaw several renovations at the theater, including new seats and a concession stand.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/paris-theatre-longerm-lease-netflix-marriage-story-the-irishman-robert-solow-1202794519/ |title=We'll Always Have Paris: Netflix Seals Long Term Deal To Keep Gotham's Last Single-Screen Picture Palace Alive |date=November 25, 2019 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217183428/https://deadline.com/2019/11/paris-theatre-longerm-lease-netflix-marriage-story-the-irishman-robert-solow-1202794519/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2020/01/netflix-paris-office-france-series-reed-hastings-1202833735/ |title=Netflix Opens Vast Paris Office, Reveals New Content & Partnerships In France |first=Andreas |last=Wiseman |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 17, 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009235604/https://deadline.com/2020/01/netflix-paris-office-france-series-reed-hastings-1202833735/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-netflix/netflix-opens-paris-office-plans-new-french-language-series-idUSKBN1ZG1W2 |title=Netflix opens Paris office, plans new French-language series |first1=Mathieu |last1=Rosemain |first2=Geert |last2=De Clercq |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 17, 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909005739/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-netflix/netflix-opens-paris-office-plans-new-french-language-series-idUSKBN1ZG1W2 |url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:SXSW 2016 - Ted Sarandos (25752599662).jpg|thumb|Ted Sarandos, longtime CCO and named co-CEO in 2020]]

In January 2020, Netflix announced a new four-film deal with Adam Sandler worth up to $275 million.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/adam-sandler-netflix-deal-extended-four-movies-1202207433/ |title=Adam Sandler Extends Deal With Netflix, Will Make Four More Movies for the Streamer |first=Chris |last=Lindahl |work=[[IndieWire]] |date=January 31, 2020 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920222812/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/adam-sandler-netflix-deal-extended-four-movies-1202207433/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2020, Netflix formed partnerships with six Japanese creators to produce an original Japanese anime project. This partnership includes manga creator group CLAMP, manga creator [[Shin Kibayashi]], manga creator Yasuo Ohtagaki, novelist and film director [[Otsuichi]], novelist [[Tow Ubukata]], and manga creator [[Mari Yamazaki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-25/netflix-partners-with-clamp-and-kindaichi-gundam-thunderbolt-goth-mardock-scramble-thermae-romae-creators-for-new-anime/.156820 |title=Netflix Partners With CLAMP & Kindaichi, Gundam Thunderbolt, Goth, Mardock Scramble, Thermae Romae Creators for New Anime |website=Anime News Network |date=February 25, 2020 |access-date=February 25, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225082330/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-02-25/netflix-partners-with-clamp-and-kindaichi-gundam-thunderbolt-goth-mardock-scramble-thermae-romae-creators-for-new-anime/.156820 |url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2020, [[ViacomCBS]] announced it will be producing two spin-off films based on ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' for Netflix.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/its-a-spongebob-squarepants-vision-at-viacomcbs/ |title=It's a ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' World at ViacomCBS |work=[[Home Media Magazine]] |first=Erik |last=Gruenwedel |date=March 4, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724023652/https://www.mediaplaynews.com/its-a-spongebob-squarepants-vision-at-viacomcbs/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2020, [[Peter Chernin]]'s [[Chernin Entertainment]] made a multi-year [[first-look deal]] with Netflix to make films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thewrap.com/chernin-entertainment-netflix-sign-first-look-deal-for-film/ |title=Chernin Entertainment, Netflix Sign First-Look Deal for Film |work=[[TheWrap]] |date=April 8, 2020 |access-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414104654/https://www.thewrap.com/chernin-entertainment-netflix-sign-first-look-deal-for-film/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, Netflix announced the acquisition of [[Grauman's Egyptian Theatre]] from the [[American Cinematheque]] to use as a special events venue.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2020/05/netflix-closes-deal-american-cinematheque-egyptian-theatre-1202946525/ |title=Netflix closes deal of egyptian theater; joining forces with American Cinematheque |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=May 29, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029083627/https://deadline.com/2020/05/netflix-closes-deal-american-cinematheque-egyptian-theatre-1202946525/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=egyptian>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/netflix-hollywood-egyptian-theatre-1234619985/ |title=Netflix Closes Deal to Buy Hollywood's Egyptian Theatre |last=McNary |first=Dave |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=May 29, 2020 |access-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530002033/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/netflix-hollywood-egyptian-theatre-1234619985/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/05/netflix-buys-egyptian-theatre-1202234279/ |title=Netflix Finally Sealed the Deal on Hollywood's Egyptian Theatre, but Not Everyone Is Happy |first=Chris |last=Lindahl |work=[[IndieWire]] |date=May 29, 2020 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920222826/https://www.indiewire.com/2020/05/netflix-buys-egyptian-theatre-1202234279/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2020, Netflix appointed Sarandos as co-CEO.<ref name="co-CEO 2020">{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Edmund |title=Netflix Appoints Ted Sarandos as Co-Chief Executive |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/16/business/netflix-subscriptions-earnings-sarandos.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716220043/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/16/business/netflix-subscriptions-earnings-sarandos.html |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |url-status=live |date=July 16, 2020 |url-access=limited |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bursztynsky |first=Jessica |title=Netflix promotes Ted Sarandos to co-CEO |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/16/netflix-names-ted-sarandos-co-ceo.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404045609/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/16/netflix-names-ted-sarandos-co-ceo.html |url-status=live}}</ref> That same month, Netflix invested in ''[[Black Mirror]]'' creators [[Charlie Brooker]] and [[Annabel Jones]]' new production outfit Broke And Bones.<ref name=Brooker>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2020/07/charlie-brooker-annabel-jones-netflix-broke-and-bones-1202996292/ |title=Netflix Quietly Strikes Landmark Investment Deal With 'Black Mirror' Creators Charlie Brooker & Annabel Jones |first=Jake |last=Kanter |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=July 30, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606131619/https://deadline.com/2020/07/charlie-brooker-annabel-jones-netflix-broke-and-bones-1202996292/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2020, Netflix signed a multi-million dollar deal with the [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Duke]] and [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Duchess]] of Sussex. Harry and Meghan agreed to a multi-year deal promising to create TV shows, films, and children's content as part of their commitment to stepping away from the duties of the royal family.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sweney |first1=Mark |last2=Lee |first2=Benjamin |title=Harry and Meghan sign multi-year Netflix deal |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/sep/02/prince-harry-meghan-markle-netflix-deal |date=September 2, 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103155724/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/sep/02/prince-harry-meghan-markle-netflix-deal |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/02/business/media/harry-meghan-netflix.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902151003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/02/business/media/harry-meghan-netflix.html |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |url-status=live |title=Prince Harry and Meghan Sign Megawatt Netflix Deal |first=Brooks |last=Barnes |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 2, 2020 |url-access=limited}}</ref> That same month, Hastings released a book about Netflix culture titled ''No Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention'', which was coauthored by [[Erin Meyer]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |title=Reed Hastings' Book on Netflix's 'No Rules Rules': Five Key Takeaways |url=https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/netflix-reed-hastings-book-five-takeaways-no-rules-rules-1234752550/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=September 7, 2020 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712121034/https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/netflix-reed-hastings-book-five-takeaways-no-rules-rules-1234752550/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2020, Netflix signed a first-look deal with [[Millie Bobby Brown]] to develop and star in several projects, including a potential action franchise.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/millie-bobby-brown-to-star-in-executive-produce-netflix-fantasy-movie-damsel-1234612845/ |title=Millie Bobby Brown To Star In & Executive Produce Netflix Fantasy Movie 'Damsel' |first=Anthony |last=D'Alessandro |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 11, 2020 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129132624/https://deadline.com/2020/11/millie-bobby-brown-to-star-in-executive-produce-netflix-fantasy-movie-damsel-1234612845/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Expansion into gaming, ''Squid Game'', new programing, and new initiatives (2021–2022) ===
In March 2021, Netflix earned the most [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominations of any studio, with 36 nods. Netflix won seven Academy Awards, which was the most by any studio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 15, 2021 |title=Oscar Nominations Scorecard By Studio: How Netflix's Haul Ranks Among The Records |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/oscar-nominations-2021-scorecard-movies-studio-chart-netflix-record-1234714785/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Later that year, Netflix also won more Emmys than any other network or studio with 44 wins, tying the record for most Emmys won in a single year set by CBS in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Andreeva |first1=Dade Hayes,Nellie |last2=Hayes |first2=Dade |last3=Andreeva |first3=Nellie |date=September 20, 2021 |title=Netflix Ties Emmy Record With 44 Wins In Single Year, Capped By One-Two Series Punch |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/netflix-2021-emmy-awards-1234839569/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2021, [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] announced an agreement for Netflix to hold the US pay television window rights to its releases beginning in 2022, replacing [[Starz]] and expanding upon an existing agreement with [[Sony Pictures Animation]]. The agreement also includes a first-look deal for any future direct-to-streaming films being produced by [[Sony Pictures]], with Netflix required to commit to a minimum number of them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hayes |first=Dade |title=Netflix And Sony Break Ground With Film Licensing Deal Replacing Starz Pact, Including First Look At New Direct-To-Streaming Titles |url=https://deadline.com/2021/04/netflix-sony-pictures-licensing-deal-streaming-starz-spider-man-1234730124/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 8, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423010117/https://deadline.com/2021/04/netflix-sony-pictures-licensing-deal-streaming-starz-spider-man-1234730124/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first1=Matt |last1=Donnelly |first2=Cynthia |last2=Littleton |title=Sony Pictures Moves Movie Output Deal From Starz to Netflix in Rich Pact |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-sony-pictures-pay-1-starz-output-1234946413/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 8, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408170225/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-sony-pictures-pay-1-starz-output-1234946413/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lindahl |first=Chris |title=Netflix Will Become the Post-Theatrical Streaming Home for Sony Pictures |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/04/netflix-sony-deal-spider-man-1234628923/ |work=[[IndieWire]] |date=April 8, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424151421/https://www.indiewire.com/2021/04/netflix-sony-deal-spider-man-1234628923/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On April 27, Netflix announced it was opening its first [[Canada|Canadian]] headquarters in [[Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/netflix-canada-toronto-headquarters |title=Netflix Canada to officially open new headquarters in Toronto |first=Karen |last=Doradea |work=[[Daily Hive]] |date=April 27, 2021 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912172848/https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/netflix-canada-toronto-headquarters |url-status=live}}</ref> The company also announced that it would open an office in [[Sweden]], [[Rome]], and [[Istanbul]] to increase its original content in those regions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/global/netflix-nordic-office-sweden-1234962502/ |title=Netflix Launches Nordic Office in Sweden |first=Elsa |last=Keslassy |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 28, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712121151/https://variety.com/2021/digital/global/netflix-nordic-office-sweden-1234962502/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In early-June, Netflix hosted a first-ever week-long virtual event called "Geeked Week", where it shared exclusive news, new trailers, cast appearances, and more about upcoming genre titles like ''[[The Witcher (TV series)|The Witcher]]'', ''[[The Cuphead Show!]]'', and ''[[The Sandman (TV series)|The Sandman]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/24/22448313/netflix-geeked-week-event-the-witcher-sandman-cuphead-resident-evil |title=Netflix is holding a week-long 'geek' event in June about The Witcher, The Sandman, and more |website=Verge |date=May 24, 2021 |author=Jay Peters |access-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209221749/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/24/22448313/netflix-geeked-week-event-the-witcher-sandman-cuphead-resident-evil |url-status=live}}</ref> On June 7, [[Jennifer Lopez]]'s [[Nuyorican Productions]] signed a multi-year first-look deal with Netflix spanning feature films, TV series, and unscripted content, with an emphasis on projects that support diverse female actors, writers, and filmmakers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/jennifer-lopez-nuyorican-netflix-production-deal-1234770575/ |title=Jennifer Lopez Inks Multi-Year First-Look Production Deal With Netflix |first=Anthony |last=D'Alessandro |date=June 7, 2021 |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613205909/https://deadline.com/2021/06/jennifer-lopez-nuyorican-netflix-production-deal-1234770575/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On June 10, Netflix announced it was launching an online store for curated products tied to the Netflix brand and shows such as ''Stranger Things'' and ''The Witcher''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/netflix-shop-branded-merchandise-lupin-bridgerton-stranger-things-1234773042/ |title=Netflix Launches Branded Merchandise Site, Exploring New Revenue Frontier |first1=Dade |last1=Hayes |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=June 10, 2021 |access-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611233338/https://deadline.com/2021/06/netflix-shop-branded-merchandise-lupin-bridgerton-stranger-things-1234773042/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/business/media/netflix-shop.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/business/media/netflix-shop.html |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |title=Netflix: The Store! |last1=Koblin |first1=John |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Sapna |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 10, 2021 |url-access=limited}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On June 21, [[Steven Spielberg]]'s [[Amblin Partners]] signed a deal with Netflix to release multiple new feature films for the streaming service.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lang |first=Brent |title=Steven Spielberg's Amblin Partners, Netflix Forge Film Deal in Sign of Changing Hollywood |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/steven-spielberg-netflix-amblin-deal-1235001513/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 21, 2021 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621160323/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/steven-spielberg-netflix-amblin-deal-1235001513/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Spielberg's Amblin inks multiyear feature film deal with Netflix |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/21/spielbergs-amblin-inks-multi-year-feature-film-deal-with-netflix/ |first=Devin |last=Coldewey |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=June 21, 2021 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211133932/https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/21/spielbergs-amblin-inks-multi-year-feature-film-deal-with-netflix/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On June 30, [[Powerhouse Animation Studios]] (the studio behind Netflix's ''[[Castlevania (TV series)|Castlevania]]'') announced signing a first-look deal with the streamer to produce more animated series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/powerhouse-animation-first-look-deal-netflix-castlevania-masters-of-the-universe-1234784152/ |title='Castlevania' Animation Studio Powerhouse Inks First-Look Deal With Netflix |first=Nellie |last=Andreeva |date=June 30, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=September 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905023523/https://deadline.com/2021/06/powerhouse-animation-first-look-deal-netflix-castlevania-masters-of-the-universe-1234784152/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2021, Netflix hired [[Mike Verdu]], a former executive from [[Electronic Arts]] and [[Facebook]], as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-14/netflix-plans-to-offer-video-games-in-expansion-beyond-films-tv |title=Netflix Plans to Offer Video Games in Push Beyond Films, TV |first1=Lucas |last1=Shaw |first2=Mark |last2=Gurman |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=July 14, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929100753/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-14/netflix-plans-to-offer-video-games-in-expansion-beyond-films-tv |url-status=live}}</ref> Netflix announced plans to release [[mobile games]] that would be included in subscribers' service plans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/20/22585802/netflix-gaming-mobile-subscription-earnings |title=Netflix's gaming expansion starts with mobile |first=Jay |last=Peters |work=[[The Verge]] |date=July 20, 2021 |access-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720210048/https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/20/22585802/netflix-gaming-mobile-subscription-earnings |url-status=live}}</ref> Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based on ''Stranger Things,'' including ''[[Stranger Things 3: The Game]]'', for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/netflix-mobile-games-app-subscription-test-android-poland-stranger-things-155325550.html |title=Netflix starts testing Stranger Things games in its Android app |first=Kris |last=Holt |work=[[Engadget]] |date=August 26, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=September 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922051508/https://www.engadget.com/netflix-mobile-games-app-subscription-test-android-poland-stranger-things-155325550.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On July 14, 2021, Netflix signed a first-look deal with [[Joey King]], star of ''[[The Kissing Booth (film series)|The Kissing Booth]]'' franchise, in which King would produce and develop films for Netflix via her All The King's Horses production company.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/kissing-booth-joey-king-first-look-deal-netflix-1234790906/ |title='Kissing Booth' Star Joey King Inks First-Look Deal With Netflix |first1=Denise |last1=Petski |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=July 14, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715152043/https://deadline.com/2021/07/kissing-booth-joey-king-first-look-deal-netflix-1234790906/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On July 21, [[Zack Snyder]], director of Netflix's ''[[Army of the Dead]]'', announced he had signed his production company [[The Stone Quarry]] to a first-look deal with Netflix; his upcoming projects included a sequel to ''Army of the Dead'' and a sci-fi adventure film titled ''[[Rebel Moon]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zack Snyder's Stone Quarry Productions Signs First-Look Film Deal With Netflix (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/zack-snyder-stone-quarry-productions-signs-first-look-film-deal-netflix-1234986047/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=July 22, 2021 |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721204056/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/zack-snyder-stone-quarry-productions-signs-first-look-film-deal-netflix-1234986047/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zack Snyder Signs First-Look Deal With Netflix |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/zack-snyder-first-look-deal-netflix-army-of-the-dead/ |first=JENNA |last=ANDERSON |website=[[ComicBook.com]] |date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=July 22, 2021 |archive-date=July 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000127/https://comicbook.com/movies/news/zack-snyder-first-look-deal-netflix-army-of-the-dead/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zack Snyder Sets Next Movie, Sci-Fi Adventure 'Rebel Moon', at Netflix (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/zack-snyder-sets-next-movie-sci-fi-adventure-rebel-moon-at-netflix-exclusive-1234978201/ |last=Kit |first=Borys |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 6, 2021 |access-date=July 22, 2021 |archive-date=February 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212062146/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/zack-snyder-sets-next-movie-sci-fi-adventure-rebel-moon-at-netflix-exclusive-1234978201/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zack Snyder Signs First-Look Deal With Netflix}}</ref> In 2019, he had agreed to produce an [[Anime-influenced animation|anime-style]] [[web series]] inspired by [[Norse mythology]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Zack Snyder Set to Produce a Netflix Anime Series About Norse Mythology |url=https://collider.com/zack-snyder-netflix-anime-series/ |last=Gemmill |first=Allie |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=July 22, 2021 |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026115212/https://collider.com/zack-snyder-netflix-anime-series/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zack Snyder Sets Norse Mythology Anime Series at Netflix |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/zack-snyder-sets-norse-mythology-anime-series-at-netflix-1223698/ |last=GOLDBERG |first=LESLEY |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 11, 2019 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911215431/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/zack-snyder-sets-norse-mythology-anime-series-at-netflix-1223698/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

As of August 2021, [[Netflix Originals]] made up 40% of Netflix's overall library in the US.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://collider.com/netflix-originals-40-percent-library-us/ |title=Netflix Originals Now Make Up 40% of Streamer's Library in the U.S. |first=MAGGIE |last=BOCCELLA |work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=August 16, 2021 |access-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911215438/https://collider.com/netflix-originals-40-percent-library-us/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The company announced that "[[Tudum|TUDUM: A Netflix Global Fan Event]]", a three-hour virtual behind the scenes featuring first-look reveals for 100 of the streamer's series, films, and specials, would have its inaugural show in late September 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-tudum-global-fan-event-stranger-things-the-harder-they-fall-1235048463 |title=Netflix Sets 'Tudum' Global Fan Event, With Stars From 70 Movies and Shows Including 'Stranger Things' and 'The Harder They Fall' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919020945/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-tudum-global-fan-event-stranger-things-the-harder-they-fall-1235048463/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://people.com/tv/netflix-tudum-first-ever-global-fan-event-bridgerton-stranger-things-the-crown-more/ |title=Bridgerton, Stranger Things, The Crown and More to Join Netflix's First-Ever Global Fan Event |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |last=Puhak |first=Janine |date=August 25, 2021 |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913163611/https://people.com/tv/netflix-tudum-first-ever-global-fan-event-bridgerton-stranger-things-the-crown-more/ |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Netflix, the show garnered 25.7 million views across Netflix's 29 Netflix YouTube channels, Twitter, Twitch, Facebook, TikTok, and Tudum.com.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-tudum-fan-event-views-1235077538/ |title=Netflix Says Its Tudum Fan Event Garnered More Than 25 Million Views |website=Variety |date=September 29, 2021 |author=Jennifer Yuma |access-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209215337/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-tudum-fan-event-views-1235077538/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Also in September, the company announced The Queen's Ball: A Bridgerton Experience, an immersive, Regency-era ball, launching in 2022 in [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[Montreal]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/shop/bridgerton-experience-the-queens-ball-1234664856/ |title='Bridgerton' Live: Here's How You Can Get Tickets to 'The Queen's Ball' Before They're Gone |website=IndieWire |date=September 16, 2021 |author=Angel Saunders |access-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209221746/https://www.indiewire.com/shop/bridgerton-experience-the-queens-ball-1234664856/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Then ''[[Squid Game]]'', a South Korean survival drama created and produced by [[Hwang Dong-hyuk]], rapidly became the service's most-watched show within a week of its launch in many markets on September 17, 2021, including Korea, the US, and the UK.<ref name="vulture squid game" /> Within its first 28 days on the service, ''Squid Game'' drew more than 111 million viewers, surpassing ''[[Bridgerton]]'' and becoming Netflix's most-watched show.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/squid-game-111-million-views-in-first-month-cruising-past-bridgerton-top-all-time-netflix-original-1234854955/ |title='Squid Game' Draws 111M Views In First Month, Per Netflix, Besting 'Bridgerton' To Become Top All-Time Series Launch |first=Dade |last=Hayes |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 12, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=October 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012223412/https://deadline.com/2021/10/squid-game-111-million-views-in-first-month-cruising-past-bridgerton-top-all-time-netflix-original-1234854955/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On September 20, Netflix signed a long-term lease with [[Aviva Investors]] to operate and expand the [[Longcross Studios]] in [[Surrey]], UK.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/netflix-longcross-deal-uk-one-billion-content-spend-1234840407/ |title=Netflix Increases UK Studio Footprint With Long-Term Longcross Deal; Streamer Re-Confirms $1BN UK Content Spend In 2021 |first=Andreas |last=Wiseman |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=September 20, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712123007/https://deadline.com/2021/09/netflix-longcross-deal-uk-one-billion-content-spend-1234840407/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On September 21, Netflix announced it would acquire the Roald Dahl Story Company, which manages the rights to [[Roald Dahl]]'s [[Roald Dahl bibliography|stories and characters]], for an undisclosed price and would operate it as an independent company.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-acquires-iconic-roald-dahl-story-company |title=Netflix Acquires Iconic Roald Dahl Story Company |publisher=Netflix |date=September 21, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430033642/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-acquires-iconic-roald-dahl-story-company |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/netflix-roald-dahl-story-company-1234842004/ |title=Netflix Acquires Roald Dahl Story Company |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Tom |last=Grater |date=September 21, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107184557/https://deadline.com/2021/09/netflix-roald-dahl-story-company-1234842004/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shaw |first=Lucas |title=Netflix Agrees to Buy 'Matilda' Author Roald Dahl Story Catalog |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-22/netflix-agrees-to-buy-matilda-author-roald-dahl-story-catalog-ktv8ispt?sref=CIpmV6x8 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=September 22, 2021 |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415052514/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-22/netflix-agrees-to-buy-matilda-author-roald-dahl-story-catalog-ktv8ispt?sref=CIpmV6x8 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix Acquires Roald Dahl Story Company, Plans Extensive Universe |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/roald-dahl-netflix-deal-1235071043/ |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=September 22, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616150414/https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/roald-dahl-netflix-deal-1235071043/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The company acquired [[Night School Studio]], an independent video game developer, on September 28.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2021/09/28/netflix-acquires-its-first-game-studio-in-deal-with-oxenfree-creator-night-school-studio/ |title=Netflix acquires its first game studio in deal with Oxenfree creator Night School Studio |first=Dean |last=Takahashi |work=[[Venture Beat]] |date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531095129/https://venturebeat.com/2021/09/28/netflix-acquires-its-first-game-studio-in-deal-with-oxenfree-creator-night-school-studio/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On October 13, 2021, Netflix announced the launch of the Netflix Book Club, partnering with [[Starbucks]] for a social series called ''But Have You Read the Book?''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starbucks, Netflix partner on book club-inspired content series |url=https://www.marketingdive.com/news/starbucks-netflix-partner-on-book-club-inspired-content-series/608132/ |access-date=July 18, 2024 |website=Marketing Dive |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Uzo Aduba]] became inaugural host of the series and announced monthly book selections set to be adapted by the streamer. Aduba speaks with the cast, creators, and authors about the book adaptation process over a cup of coffee at Starbucks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Announcing Netflix Book Club with Host Uzo Aduba and New Social Series with Starbucks |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-book-club-host-uzo-aduba-partner-starbucks-passing-tessa-thompson |access-date=October 16, 2021 |website=About Netflix |language=en |archive-date=October 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017064424/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-book-club-host-uzo-aduba-partner-starbucks-passing-tessa-thompson |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perez |first=Lexy |title=Uzo Aduba to Host Netflix Book Club Series |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/uzo-aduba-netflix-book-club-starbucks-1235030456/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=October 13, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712123007/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/uzo-aduba-netflix-book-club-starbucks-1235030456/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Through October 2021, Netflix commonly reported viewership for its programming based on the number of viewers or households that watched a show in a given period (such as the first 28 days from its premiere) for at least two minutes. On the announcement of its quarterly earnings in October 2021, the company stated that it would switch its viewership metrics to measuring the number of hours that a show was watched, including rewatches, which the company said was closer to the measurements used in linear broadcast television, and thus "our members and the industry can better measure success in the streaming world."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/netflix-set-to-shake-up-ratings-strategy-plans-to-release-more-viewing-figures-in-future-1234858561/ |title=Netflix Set To Shake Up Ratings Strategy & Plans To Release More Viewing Figures In Future |first=Peter |last=White |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712121929/https://deadline.com/2021/10/netflix-set-to-shake-up-ratings-strategy-plans-to-release-more-viewing-figures-in-future-1234858561/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously made ''[[Stranger Things]]'' titles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.polygon.com/22759722/netflix-games-on-android |title=Netflix officially has games now |first=Joshua |last=Rivera |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=November 2, 2021 |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220211903/https://www.polygon.com/22759722/netflix-games-on-android |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 9, the collection launched for [[iOS]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/09/netflix-launches-games-to-iphone-and-ipad-users-worldwide/ |title=Netflix launches games to iPhone and iPad users worldwide |first=Sarah |last=Perez |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=November 9, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712121151/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/09/netflix-launches-games-to-iphone-and-ipad-users-worldwide/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some games in the collection require an active internet connection to play, while others will be available offline. Netflix Kids' accounts will not have games available.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/netflix-launches-games-mobile-1235102924/ |title=Netflix Sets Launch of Games in Mobile App Worldwide, Including 'Stranger Things' Titles |first=Todd |last=Spangler |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404045715/https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/netflix-launches-games-mobile-1235102924/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 16, Netflix announced the launch of "Top10 on Netflix.com", a new website with weekly global and country lists of the most popular titles on their service based on their new viewership metrics.<ref name=spring_tribune>{{cite news |title=Netflix Launches New 'Top10 on Netflix' Website |url=https://springtribune.com/2021/11/16/netflix-launches-new-weekly-top-10-on-netflix-website/ |last=Keith |first=Chantel |website=Spring Tribune |date=November 16, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206003400/https://springtribune.com/2021/11/16/netflix-launches-new-weekly-top-10-on-netflix-website/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On November 22, Netflix announced that it would acquire [[Scanline VFX]], the visual effects and animation company behind ''[[Cowboy Bebop (2021 TV series)|Cowboy Bebop]]'' and ''Stranger Things''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |title=Netflix Acquiring Scanline VFX, Which Worked On 'Cowboy Bebop' & 'Stranger Things' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/netflix-acquiring-scanline-vfx-which-worked-on-cowboy-bebop-stranger-things-1234878861/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 22, 2021 |access-date=November 22, 2021 |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122194636/https://deadline.com/2021/11/netflix-acquiring-scanline-vfx-which-worked-on-cowboy-bebop-stranger-things-1234878861/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, [[Roberto Patino]] signed a deal with Netflix and established his production banner, Analog Inc., in partnership with the company. Patino's first project under the deal is a series adaptation of [[Image Comics]]' ''Nocterra''.<ref>{{cite news |last=White |first=Peter |title=Roberto Patino Strikes Overall Deal With Netflix, Developing Comic Series Adaptation ''Nocterra'' |url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/roberto-patino-overall-deal-netflix-comic-adaptation-nocterra-1234878978/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 22, 2021 |access-date=November 22, 2021 |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122194638/https://deadline.com/2021/11/roberto-patino-overall-deal-netflix-comic-adaptation-nocterra-1234878978/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 6, 2021, Netflix and [[Stage 32]] announced that they have teamed up the workshops at the Creating Content for the Global Marketplace program.<ref>{{cite news |title='Black-ish', 'Jack Ryan' Talents to Present at Netflix, Stage 32 Content Creation Program |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/netflix-stage-32-content-program-1235127096/ |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 6, 2021 |access-date=December 6, 2021 |archive-date=December 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206163443/https://variety.com/2021/tv/global/netflix-stage-32-content-program-1235127096/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 7, 2021, Netflix partnered with IllumiNative, a woman-led non-profit organization, for the Indigenous Producers Training Program.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix Teams With IllumiNative for Indigenous Producers Training Program |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/netflix-illuminative-producers-program-1235058195/ |last=Sun |first=Rebecca |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712120122/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/netflix-illuminative-producers-program-1235058195/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-partners-illuminative-train-indigenous-producers-1235127692/ |title=Netflix Partners with Illuminative to Train Indigenous TV and Film Producers |first=Selome |last=Hailu |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2022 |archive-date=January 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108065345/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-partners-illuminative-train-indigenous-producers-1235127692/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 9, Netflix announced the launch of "[[Tudum#Tudum (website)|Tudum]]", an official companion website that offers news, exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes videos for its original television shows and films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix Wants to Own Online News About Its Content, Too |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/netflix-launches-news-site-tudum-1235059676/ |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=December 9, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712125348/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/netflix-launches-news-site-tudum-1235059676/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 13, Netflix signed a multi-year overall deal with [[Kalinda Vazquez]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix Inks Overall Deal With 'Fear the Walking Dead' Writer and Producer Kalinda Vazquez |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/netflix-kalinda-vazquez-deal-1235132278/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |last=Hailu |first=Selome |date=December 13, 2021 |access-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214105532/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/netflix-kalinda-vazquez-deal-1235132278/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 16, Netflix signed a multi-year creative partnership with [[Spike Lee]] and his production company [[40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks]] to develop film and television projects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spike Lee Signs Multiyear Film Deal With Netflix to Direct and Produce |url=https://www.thewrap.com/spike-lee-netflix-multiyear-film-deal/ |work=[[TheWrap]] |last=Welk |first=Brian |date=December 16, 2021 |access-date=December 22, 2021 |archive-date=December 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222005840/https://www.thewrap.com/spike-lee-netflix-multiyear-film-deal/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In compliance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive and its implementation in [[France]], Netflix reached commitments with French broadcasting authorities and film guilds, as required by law, to invest a specific amount of its annual revenue into original French films and series. These films must be theatrically released and would not be allowed to be carried on Netflix until 15 months after their release.<ref>{{cite web |last=Keslassy |first=Elsa |date=December 9, 2021 |title=Netflix, Amazon.com, Disney Plus, Apple TV Plus to Invest as Much as $330 Million in French Content Annually |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/netflix-amazon-disney-plus-apple-tv-plus-avms-france-1235130056/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426155807/https://variety.com/2021/film/global/netflix-amazon-disney-plus-apple-tv-plus-avms-france-1235130056/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roxborough |first1=Scott |date=February 22, 2022 |title=Netflix to Invest $45M in French, European Films in Deal That Could Pave Return to Cannes |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-french-european-movies-invest-cannes-festival-return-1235097349/ |access-date=February 22, 2022 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=February 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222131213/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-french-european-movies-invest-cannes-festival-return-1235097349/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2022, Netflix ordered additional sports docuseries from ''Drive to Survive'' producers Box to Box Films, including a series that would follow [[PGA Tour]] golfers (''[[Full Swing (2023 TV series)|Full Swing]]''), and another that would follow professional tennis players (''[[Break Point (2023 TV series)|Break Point]]'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Behind the scenes of the new PGA Tour/Netflix docuseries |url=https://www.golfdigest.com/story/local-knowledge-podcast-pga-tour-netflix-docuseries |access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=Golf Digest |language=en |archive-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426155807/https://www.golfdigest.com/story/local-knowledge-podcast-pga-tour-netflix-docuseries |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Peter |date=2023-03-07 |title=‘Full Swing’ & ‘Break Point’ Sports Docuseries Renewed For Season 2 At Netflix |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/full-swing-break-point-renewed-season-2-netflix-1235281104/ |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=January 14, 2022 |title=Netflix Orders Tennis Docuseries From 'Formula 1: Drive To Survive' Producer |url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/netflix-tennis-docuseries-formula-1-drive-to-survive-producer-1234912959/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114220308/https://deadline.com/2022/01/netflix-tennis-docuseries-formula-1-drive-to-survive-producer-1234912959/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The company announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for €65 million as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile title ''Stranger Things: Puzzle Tales'' as well as two ''The Walking Dead'' mobile games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/2/22957953/netflix-next-games-acquisition-stranger-things-mobile-puzzle-rpg |title=Netflix acquires another developer to build 'world class games' |first=Jon |last=Porter |date=March 2, 2022 |access-date=March 2, 2022 |work=[[The Verge]] |archive-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302131702/https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/2/22957953/netflix-next-games-acquisition-stranger-things-mobile-puzzle-rpg |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, Netflix also acquired the [[Texas]]-based mobile game developer, [[Boss Fight Entertainment]], for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="variety.com">{{cite web |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |date=March 24, 2022 |title=Netflix Acquires Its Third Game Studio, Boss Fight Entertainment |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-acquires-boss-fight-game-studio-1235214156/ |access-date=March 25, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=March 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324221130/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-acquires-boss-fight-game-studio-1235214156/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, Netflix announced a partnership with [[Dr. Seuss]] Enterprises to produce five new series and specials based on Seuss [[Dr. Seuss bibliography|properties]] following the success of ''[[Green Eggs and Ham (TV series)|Green Eggs and Ham]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-and-dr-seuss-enterprises-five-animated-series-specials |title=Netflix and Dr. Seuss Enterprises to Bring the Whimsical World of Dr. Seuss to Life With Five New Animated Preschool Series and Specials |website=About Netflix |access-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323074956/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-and-dr-seuss-enterprises-five-animated-series-specials |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/netflix-orders-five-dr-seuss-inspired-animated-preschool-series-specials-1234978854/ |title=Netflix Orders Five Dr. Seuss-Inspired Animated Preschool Series & Specials |date=March 15, 2022 |access-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-date=March 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315170933/https://deadline.com/2022/03/netflix-orders-five-dr-seuss-inspired-animated-preschool-series-specials-1234978854/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On March 29, Netflix announced it would open an office in [[Poland]] to serve as a hub for its original productions across [[Central and Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix opens Poland office as CEE hub |url=https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2022/03/29/netflix-opens-poland-office-as-cee-hub/ |work=Digital TV Europe |first=Richard |last=Middleton |date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712121511/https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2022/03/29/netflix-opens-poland-office-as-cee-hub/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On March 30, Netflix extended its lease agreement with Martini Film Studios, just outside [[Vancouver]], [[Canada]], for another five years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |title=Netflix Signs Five-Year Lease Extension at Vancouver Production Hub |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-signs-five-year-lease-extension-at-vancouver-production-hub-1235122498/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=April 6, 2022 |date=March 30, 2022 |archive-date=April 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406133653/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-signs-five-year-lease-extension-at-vancouver-production-hub-1235122498/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On March 31, Netflix ordered a docuseries that would follow teams in the [[2022 Tour de France]], which would also be co-produced by Box to Box Films''.''<ref>{{cite news |last=Hood |first=Andrew |date=March 31, 2022 |title=ASO confirms new details of Netflix-Tour de France deal with eight major teams |work=[[VeloNews]] |url=https://www.velonews.com/news/road/aso-confirms-new-details-of-netflix-tour-de-france-deal-with-eight-major-teams/ |access-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128000949/https://www.velonews.com/news/road/aso-confirms-new-details-of-netflix-tour-de-france-deal-with-eight-major-teams/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Netflix suspended its operations and future projects in Russia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 2, 2022 |title=Netflix pauses future projects in Russia |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60596699 |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309052245/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60596699 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Russia suspension">{{cite news |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=March 6, 2022 |title=Netflix Suspends Service in Russia Amid Invasion of Ukraine |work=Variety |publisher=Penske Media Corporation |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-suspends-service-russia-ukraine-invasion-1235197390/ |access-date=March 6, 2022 |archive-date=March 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309074428/https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-suspends-service-russia-ukraine-invasion-1235197390/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It also announced that it would not comply with a proposed directive by [[Roskomnadzor]] requiring all internet streaming services with more than 100,000 subscribers to integrate the major free-to-air channels (which are primarily state-owned).<ref>{{cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=February 28, 2022 |title=Netflix Declines to Carry Russian Propaganda Channels |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/netflix-russian-propaganda-channels-1235192082/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304082651/https://variety.com/2022/tv/global/netflix-russian-propaganda-channels-1235192082/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A month later, ex-Russian subscribers filed a class action lawsuit against Netflix.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian subscribers sue Netflix for pulling service over Ukraine war |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2022/04/13/russia-ukraine-netflix-lawsuit/9871649856238/ |agency=[[United Press International]] |last=Hughes |first=Clyde |date=April 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russian Netflix users sue streaming giant for leaving market -RIA |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/russian-netflix-users-sue-streaming-giant-leaving-market-ria-2022-04-13/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=April 13, 2022}}</ref>

In April 2022, Netflix stated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others, and that Canada and the US accounted for 30 million of them. Following these announcements, Netflix's stock price fell by 35%.<ref name="Kit2022">{{cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=June 1, 2022 |title=Behind Netflix's Leaner Movie Mandate: Bigger, Fewer and Better |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-movies-knives-out-gray-man-red-notice-1235156868/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="FlintJacob2022">{{cite web |last1=Flint |first1=Joe |last2=Jacob |first2=Denny |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Netflix Explores a Version With Ads as Subscriber Base Shrinks |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/netflix-earnings-q1-2022-11650325682 |access-date=April 20, 2022 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref name="BursztynskyAlessandrini2022">{{cite web |last1=Bursztynsky |first1=Jessica |last2=Alessandrini |first2=Sarah |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Netflix closes down 35% wiping more than $50 billion off market cap |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/20/netflix-plunges-trading-subscriber-loss.html |access-date=April 26, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sherman2022">{{cite news |last=Sherman |first=Alex |date=April 20, 2022 |title=Netflix estimates 100 million households are sharing passwords and suggests a global crackdown is coming |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/19/netflix-warns-password-sharing-crackdown-is-coming.html |access-date=April 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rubin |first1=Rebecca |title=Netflix Scraps Several Animated Projects, Including Ava DuVernay's 'Wings of Fire' and 'Antiracist Baby' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/netflix-animated-series-wings-of-fire-antiracist-baby-1235269747/ |work=Variety |date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> By June 2022, Netflix had laid off 450 full-time and contract employees as part of the company's plan to trim costs amid lower than expected subscriber growth.<ref>{{cite web |last=Oganesyan |first=Natalie |date=April 28, 2022 |title=Netflix Begins Layoffs at Tudum Site, Marketing Department |url=https://www.thewrap.com/netflix-layoffs-tudum-site-marketing-department/ |work=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/netflix-layoffs-us-employees-1235026085/ |title=Netflix Hit By Layoffs; About 150 Mostly U.S.-Based Employees Affected |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Niasse |first1=Amina |last2=Shaw |first2=Lucas |last3=Bloomberg |first3=Writer |url=https://fortune.com/2022/06/23/netflix-latest-layoffs-300-employees-2022 |title=Netflix lays off another 300 employees in latest round of cuts |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=June 24, 2022 |access-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=White |first1=Peter |title=Netflix Axes Another 300 Staff, Taking Total Layoffs To More Than 450 |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/netflix-axes-another-300-staff-taking-total-layoffs-to-around-450-1235050799/ |website=Deadline Hollywood |date=June 23, 2022}}</ref>

On April 13, 2022, Netflix released the series ''[[Our Great National Parks]]'', which was hosted and narrated by former US President Barack Obama.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manske |first1=Laura |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lauramanske/2022/04/07/barack-obama-narrates-a-gorgeous-new-netflix-series-our-great-national-parks/?sh=731040434fed |title=Barack Obama Narrates A Gorgeous New Netflix Series: 'Our Great National Parks' |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> It also partnered with Group Effort Initiative, a company founded by [[Ryan Reynolds]] and [[Blake Lively]], to provide opportunities behind the camera for those in underrepresented communities.<ref>{{cite web |last=Horseh |first=Aysha Ashley |title=Ryan Reynolds and Blake Lively team with Netflix to bring representation behind the scenes |url=https://netflixlife.com/2022/04/18/ryan-reynolds-blake-lively-team-netflix-representation/ |work=Netflix Life |date=April 18, 2022 |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-date=July 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712121938/https://netflixlife.com/2022/04/18/ryan-reynolds-blake-lively-team-netflix-representation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> On the same day, Netflix partnered with Lebanon-based [[Arab Fund for Arts and Culture (AFAC)|Arab Fund For Arts And Culture]] for supporting the Arab female filmmakers. It would provide a one-time grant of $250,000 to female producers and directors in the Arab world through the company's Fund for Creative Equity.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ritman |first=Alex |title=Netflix Teaming With Arab Fund for Arts and Culture on $250,000 Grant for Arab Female Filmmakers |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/netflix-grant-afac-arab-female-filmmakers-1235131374/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=April 18, 2022}}</ref> Also on the same day, Netflix announced an ''[[Exploding Kittens]]'' mobile card game tied to a new animated TV series, which would launch in May.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix to launch an 'Exploding Kittens' mobile game tied to a new animated TV series |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/18/netflix-to-launch-an-exploding-kittens-mobile-game-tied-to-an-new-animated-tv-series/ |access-date=April 19, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |date=April 18, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Netflix formed a creative partnership with [[J. Miles Dale]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title='Nightmare Alley' Producer J. Miles Dale Strikes Creative Partnership With Netflix |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/nightmare-alley-producer-j-miles-dale-netflix-creative-partnership-the-shape-of-water-1235005617/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=April 19, 2022}}</ref> The company also formed a partnership with Japan's [[Studio Colorido]], signing a multi-film deal to boost their anime content in Asia. The streaming giant is said to co-produce three feature films with the studio, the first of which would premiere in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chmielewski |first1=Dawn |last2=Nussey |first2=Sam |date=April 27, 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE Netflix inks Japan studio deal in anime push |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/exclusive-netflix-inks-japan-studio-deal-anime-push-2022-04-26/ |access-date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> On April 28, the company launched its inaugural [[Netflix Is A Joke|Netflix Is a Joke]] comedy festival, featuring more than 250 shows over 12 nights at 30-plus locations across Los Angeles, including the first-ever stand-up show at [[Dodger Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-04-24/netflix-is-a-joke-festival-los-angeles-31-acts-to-see |title=31 must-see acts to catch during Netflix's major L.A. comedy festival |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=April 24, 2022 |access-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/netflix-is-a-joke-festival-gabriel-fluffy-iglesias-1235243209/ |title=Netflix's Massive Comedy Festival Is No Joke: Here's Why the Streamer Is Doing It Now |website=Variety |date=April 28, 2022 |author=Michael Schneider |access-date=December 9, 2022}}</ref>

The first volume of ''[[Stranger Things 4]]'' logged Netflix's biggest premiere weekend ever for an original series with 286.79 million hours viewed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/stranger-things-4-netflix-opening-weekend-record-1235156640/ |title='Stranger Things' Smashes Netflix's Opening Weekend Viewing Record |author=Porter, Rick |date=May 31, 2022 |work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> This was preceded by a new ''Stranger Things'' interactive experience hosted in New York City that was developed by the show's creators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/11/stranger-things-fans-can-explore-the-upside-down-in-new-nyc-experience/ |title='Stranger Things' fans can explore the Upside Down in new NYC experience |author=Forristal, Lauren |date=April 11, 2022 |work=TechCrunch}}</ref> After the release of the second volume of ''Stranger Things 4'' on July 1, 2022, it became Netflix's second title to receive more than one billion hours viewed.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hailu |first=Selome |date=July 5, 2022 |title=Netflix Top 10: 'Stranger Things 4' Becomes Second Title Ever to Cross 1 Billion Hours Viewed |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/netflix-top-10-stranger-things-season-4-volume-2-billion-hours-1235309293/ |access-date=July 7, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> On July 19, 2022, Netflix announced plans to acquire Australian animation studio [[Animal Logic]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |title=Netflix Acquires Animation Studio Animal Logic |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/netflix-acquires-animation-animal-logic-1235183045/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-acquires-animal-logic-1235320223/ |title=Netflix to Acquire Animation Studio Animal Logic in All-Cash Deal |author=Todd Spangler |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=July 19, 2022}}</ref> Also that month, in collaboration with [[Sennheiser]], Netflix began to add Ambeo 2-channel audio mixes (referred to as "[[spatial audio]]") to selected original productions, which allows simulated [[surround sound]] on stereo speakers and headphones.<ref name="Weatherbed2023">{{Cite web |last=Weatherbed |first=Jess |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Netflix brings spatial audio to a lot more movies and shows |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/1/23577439/netflix-spatial-audio-premium-subscribers-download-devices |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Welch2022">{{Cite web |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Netflix introduces spatial audio for Stranger Things and other originals |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/7/7/23198333/netflix-spatial-audio-stranger-things-sennheiser |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2022, Netflix opened an office in [[Warsaw]], Poland, responsible for the service's operations in 28 markets in Central and Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix uruchomił biuro w Polsce i szuka pracowników |url=https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/biuro-netflix-polska-warszawa-europa-praca-warunki |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=wirtualnemedia.pl |date=September 6, 2022 |language=pl}}</ref>

In October 2022, Netflix signed a creative partnership with [[Andrea Berloff]] and [[John Gatins]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lang |first1=Brent |title=Oscar-Nominated Screenwriters Andrea Berloff, John Gatins Form Creative Partnership With Netflix (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/oscar-nominated-screenwriter-andrea-berloff-john-gatins-netflix-deal-straight-outta-compton-1235392050/ |website=Variety |date=October 4, 2022}}</ref> On October 11, Netflix signed up with the [[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]] for external measurement of viewership in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix agrees to have viewer numbers measured externally by Barb |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/netflix-reed-hastings-tv-ratings-bbc-itv-b2200759.html |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Alex |last=Green |date=October 11, 2022}}</ref> On October 12, Netflix signed to build a production complex at [[Fort Monmouth]] in [[Eatontown, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Jill |title=Netflix Is A Big Step Closer To Building Major New Jersey Production Studio |url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/netflix-new-jersey-fort-monmouth-production-studio-1235142616/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=October 12, 2022}}</ref> On October 18, Netflix began exploring a cloud gaming offering and opened a new gaming studio in Southern California.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silberling |first=Amanda |date=October 18, 2022 |title=Netflix to expand into cloud gaming, opens new studio in Southern California |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/18/netflix-to-expand-into-cloud-gaming-opens-new-studio-in-southern-california/ |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2022, Netflix announced a strategic partnership with The Seven, a Japanese production company owned by [[TBS Holdings]], to produce multiple original live-action titles over the next five years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |title=Netflix Teams With TBS Production Outfit The Seven To Boost Japanese Live-Action Slate |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/netflix-tbs-holdings-the-seven-japanese-live-action-slate-1235165345/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=December 18, 2023 |date=November 7, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |title=Netflix Pacts With The Seven for More Japanese Live-Action Originals |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-the-seven-japan-1235257543/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=December 18, 2023 |date=November 8, 2022}}</ref> In December 2022, Netflix announced that 60% of its subscribers had watched a [[Korean drama]].<ref name="Gruenwedel">{{cite news |last1=Gruenwedel |first1=Erik |title=Netflix Says Subscribers Love Korean Content |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/netflix-says-its-subscribers-love-korean-content/ |work=[[Media Play News]] |date=December 12, 2022 |access-date=July 1, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Yonhap |title=60% of Netflix subscribers watched at least one K-drama in 2022 |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20221229000283 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |work=[[The Korea Herald]] |date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> CEO Ted Sarandos attributed the increase in viewership of Korean content among Americans to Korean films and dramas being "often unpredictable" and catching "the American audience by surprise".<ref name="Souw">{{cite magazine |last1=Souw |first1=Rebecca |title=Ted Sarandos Calls Korean Content 'Surprising and Unpredictable' as Netflix Prepares to Double Investment in Shows, Industry Development |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/asia/ted-sarandos-netflix-korean-content-surprising-unpredictable-1235651754/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=June 22, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Park">{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Soomee |title=Netflix's Ted Sarandos Touts the "Power of Korean Storytelling," Says K-Content Views Are Up Sixfold |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/netflix-ted-sarandos-korean-content-success-challenges-1235521499/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 22, 2023 |access-date=July 1, 2023}}</ref>

Inn January 2023, Netflix announced plans to open an engineering hub in its Warsaw office to provide Netflix's creative partners with software solutions for the production of films and series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix to Open New Engineering Hub in Poland |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-to-open-new-engineering-hub-in-poland |access-date=January 15, 2023 |website=About Netflix |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023, Netflix launched a wider rollout of spatial audio, and began allowing Premium subscribers to download content for offline playback on up to six devices (expanded from four).<ref name="Weatherbed2023" /><ref name="Welch2022" />

In March 2023, Netflix broadcast its first-ever global live-streaming event, the stand-up comedy special ''[[Chris Rock]]: Selective Outrage''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/04/entertainment/chris-rock-netflix-live-special/index.html |title=Chris Rock tackles 'selective outrage' and Oscars slap in live Netflix special |first=Marianne |last=Garvey |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=March 5, 2023}}</ref>

Netflix reworked its viewership metrics again in June 2023. Viewership of shows was measured during the first 91 days of availability, instead of the first 28 days, and are now based on the total viewership hours divided by the total hours of the show itself. This provided more equal considerations for shorter shows and movies compared to longer ones.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/netflix-changes-viewership-ratings-shakeup-all-time-most-popular-tv-wednesday-stranger-things-4-queen-charlotte-1235420897/ |title=Netflix Adjusts Viewership Metric, Prompting Shakeups Among All-Time Most Popular Lists; 'Wednesday' Overtakes 'Stranger Things 4' & 'Queen Charlotte' Remains In Play For TV |first=Katie |last=Campione |date=June 20, 2023 |access-date=June 20, 2023 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

In August 2023, the company announced Netflix Stories, a collection of interactive narrative games from Netflix series and movies such as ''[[Love Is Blind (American TV series)|Love is Blind]]'', ''[[Money Heist]],'' and ''[[Virgin River (TV series)|Virgin River]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vilas-Boas |first=Eric |title=Welcome the Love Is Blind Video Game to the Pods |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/love-is-blind-video-game-netflix-stories.html |website=Vulture |date=August 22, 2023}}</ref>

=== Discontinuation of DVDs, expansion of live events and venues, WWE (2023–present) ===
In January 2023, Hastings stepped down from his role as co-CEO and assumed the role of executive chairman. He was replaced by [[Greg Peters (businessman)|Greg Peters]], who joined [[Ted Sarandos]] as co-CEOs of Netflix.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Confino |first1=Paolo |title=Meet the Netflix co-CEO taking over from Reed Hastings |url=https://fortune.com/2023/01/20/reed-hastings-netflix-ceo-greg-peters-coo/ |website=Fortune |access-date=November 25, 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chapman |first1=Wilson |title=Reed Hastings Steps Down as Netflix Co-CEO, Greg Peters Takes Over |url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/netflix-reed-hastings-steps-down-ted-sarandos-1234801768/ |website=IndieWire |access-date=November 25, 2024 |date=January 19, 2023}}</ref> Peters previously served as Chief Operating Officer (COO) and Chief Product Officer (CPO), while Sarandos served as Chief Content Officer (CCO).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Ben |date=January 25, 2024 |title=An Interview with Netflix co-CEO Greg Peters About Strategy and Execution |url=https://stratechery.com/2024/an-interview-with-netflix-co-ceo-greg-peters-about-strategy-and-execution/ |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=Stratechery by Ben Thompson |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Jason |title=Netflix's co-CEO shares how a video store job helped launch his career—and this lesson from Tony Bennett |url=https://fortune.com/2024/09/28/netflix-co-ceo-ted-sarandos-video-store-clerk-entertainment-career-lesson-tony-bennett/ |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2023, Netflix announced it would discontinue its [[DVD-by-mail]] service on September 29.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Netflix will end its DVD-by-mail service |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/18/1170740799/netflix-ends-dvd-by-mail-service |publisher=[[NPR]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Users of the service were able to keep the DVDs they had received. Over its lifetime, the service had sent out over 5 billion shipments.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nickinson |first=Phil |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Netflix will ship its final DVDs in September 2023 |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/netflix-ending-dvd-service/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[Digital Trends]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=September 29, 2023 |title=Netflix Sends Fond Video Farewell To Its DVD-Shipping Past |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/netflix-ends-dvd-shipping-streaming-1235559642/ |access-date=September 29, 2023 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

In October 2023, Eunice Kim was promoted to CPO and Elizabeth Stone was promoted to Chief Technology Officer (CTO).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Donnelly |first1=Matt |date=October 3, 2023 |title=Netflix Names Eunice Kim as Chief Product Officer, Elizabeth Stone as Chief Technology Officer (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/netflix-eunice-kim-chief-product-elizabeth-stone-tech-1235743397/ |work=Variety}}</ref> That same month, amid a restructuring of its animation division, Netflix announced a multi-film agreement with [[Skydance Animation]] beginning with ''[[Spellbound (2024 film)|Spellbound]]'' (2024). The agreement partially replaces one it had with [[Apple TV+]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Mia Galuppo |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Skydance Animation Leaves Apple for Netflix Pact |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/skydance-animation-leaves-apple-for-netflix-pact-1235621915/ |access-date=October 18, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Netflix Sets Skydance Animation In Multi-Year Deal, First Up Is Alan Menken Musical 'Spellbound'; Rachel Zegler, Nicole Kidman, Javier Bardem Star |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/netflix-pacts-skydance-animation-in-multi-year-deal-alan-menken-musical-spellbound-rachel-zegler-nicole-kidman-javier-bardem-star-1235577207/ |access-date=October 18, 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

In December 2023, Netflix released its first "What We Watched: A Netflix Engagement Report", a look at viewership for every original and licensed title watched more than 50,000 hours from January to June 2023. The company also announced plans to publish the report twice a year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Maas |first=Jennifer |date=December 12, 2023 |title=Netflix Releases First Biannual Viewing Report With Massive Trove of Data, Including for Licensed Titles |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/netflix-biannual-viewership-data-report-licensed-content-1235834922/ |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 12, 2023 |title=What We Watched: A Netflix Engagement Report |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/what-we-watched-a-netflix-engagement-report |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=Netflix}}</ref> In its first report for the first six months of 2023, it revealed that ''[[The Night Agent]]'' was the most watched show globally during that period.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netflix reveals viewing data across entire catalogue for the first time |url=https://www.ft.com/content/87f3dcec-ec8b-4c6c-9555-8d350e9625d8 |access-date=December 15, 2023 |newspaper=Financial Times|date=December 12, 2023 |last1=Grimes |first1=Christopher }}</ref>

In January 2024, Netflix announced a major agreement with [[professional wrestling]] promotion [[WWE]], under which it would acquire the rights to its live weekly program [[WWE Raw|''Raw'']] beginning January{{nbsp}}6, 2025; the rights would initially cover the US, Canada, the UK, and Latin America, and expand to other territories over time. As part of the agreement, Netflix also acquired the international rights to WWE's main weekly programs (''Raw'', ''[[SmackDown]]'', and ''[[WWE NXT|NXT]]'') and [[List of WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming supercards|pay-per-view events]] outside of the US, and the former [[WWE Network]] library of supplemental and archive content. The agreement was reported to be valued at $500 million per-year over ten years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=January 23, 2024 |title=Netflix Gets In The Ring, Locking Up WWE's 'Monday Night Raw' In 10-Year, $5B-Plus Deal For Longtime TV Staple |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/netflix-wwe-monday-night-raw-streaming-tv-1235801673/ |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sherman |first1=Alex |last2=Pramuk |first2=Jacob |date=January 23, 2024 |title=Netflix to stream WWE's Raw starting next year in its biggest jump into live entertainment |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/23/netflix-to-stream-wwes-raw-starting-next-year.html |access-date=January 23, 2024 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=January 23, 2024 |title=Netflix, WWE Strike Deal to Move 'Monday Night Raw' to Streamer Beginning in 2025 for $500 Million per Year |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/netflix-wwe-monday-night-raw-deal-january-2025-1235882820/ |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Netflix would later acquire the library rights in the US under a separate deal, replacing an agreement with [[Peacock (streaming service)|Peacock]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Szalai |first=Georg |date=January 6, 2026 |title=Netflix Becomes Home of WWE Library in U.S. as Peacock Deal Ends |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-wwe-library-us-home-deal-after-peacock-ends-1236465404/ |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2024, Netflix joined with [[Peter Morgan]], creator of Netflix series [[The Crown (TV series)|''The Crown'']], to produce the play [[Patriots (play)|''Patriots'']] on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]. The venture is the first Broadway credit for the company but not its first stage project. It was actively involved as a producer of ''[[Stranger Things: The First Shadow]]'' in London. Both productions share a lead producer, [[Sonia Friedman]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paulson |first=Michael |date=February 27, 2024 |title=Netflix Becomes a Broadway Producer With Peter Morgan's 'Patriots' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/27/theater/netflix-patriots-broadway.html |access-date=March 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In May 2024, the company hosted its second Netflix Is a Joke festival in Los Angeles. It streamed several specials from the festival live, including [[Katt Williams]]'s ''Woke Folk'' and ''[[The Roast of Tom Brady]]'', both of which ranked on Netflix's global top 10 the following two weeks.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hailu |first1=Selome |title=Netflix Top 10: 'Baby Reindeer' Becomes No. 10 Biggest English-Language Series Ever, 'Under Paris' Scores Massive Debut |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/netflix-top-10-streaming-ratings-1235697082/ |website=Variety |date=June 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Campione |first1=Katie |title=Tom Brady Roast Tops Netflix TV Charts; Brooke Shields Comedy 'Mother Of The Bride' Is Week's Most-Watched Title |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/tom-brady-roast-viewership-netflix-mother-of-the-bride-1235916043/ |website=Deadline |date=May 14, 2024}}</ref> That same month, Netflix announced it would stream both [[National Football League]] [[NFL on Christmas Day|Christmas games]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=September 20, 2024 |title=Netflix Co-CEO Greg Peters Says the Streamer Wants "Netflix-ify" the NFL, "Never Say Never" to Other Sports Rights |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-ceo-greg-peters-ai-advertising-nfl-1236007978/ |access-date=November 15, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> For 2025 and 2026, the streamer would have exclusive rights to at least one NFL Christmas game each year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weprin |first1=Alex |title=Netflix Gets NFL Christmas Day Games In Major Sports Expansion |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-nfl-games-christmas-day-2024-1235895630/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=May 15, 2024}}</ref>

In June 2024, Netflix announced it would develop new entertainment venues known as "Netflix House" at the [[King of Prussia Mall]] in Pennsylvania and [[Galleria Dallas]] in Texas. The spaces would feature retail shops, restaurants, and other interactive experiences related to Netflix Original content, building upon other "[[Pop-up retail|pop-up]]" initiatives to promote individual programs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=June 18, 2024 |title=Netflix to Open Massive Entertainment, Dining and Shopping Complexes in Two Cities in 2025 |url=https://variety.com/2024/digital/news/netflix-house-entertainment-dining-shopping-complexes-cities-2025-1236040989/ |access-date=December 20, 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref> Netflix House Philadelphia would feature immersive experiences for ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'' and ''[[One Piece (2023 TV series)|One Piece]]'', while Netflix House Dallas will feature ''Stranger Things: Escape the Dark'' and ''Squid Game: Survive the Trials''.<ref name="deadline/1236435263"/> Netflix House Las Vegas Strip will open in 2027.<ref name="deadline/1236435263">{{cite news |last1=Petski |first1=Denise |title=Third Netflix House Planned For Las Vegas As First 2 Set To Open In Philadelphia & Dallas |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/netflix-house-las-vegas-philadelphia-dallas-1236435263/ |access-date=June 25, 2025 |work=Deadline |date=June 17, 2025}}</ref>

In November 2024, Netflix announced it would discontinue further work on interactive specials and remove all but four of them from the platform, citing a desire to focus on "technological efforts in other areas".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Jay |date=November 4, 2024 |title=Netflix is removing nearly all of its interactive titles |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/11/4/24287857/netflix-removing-interactive-titles-games |access-date=November 17, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> On November 15, Netflix streamed a boxing event from [[AT&T Stadium]] in [[Arlington, Texas]], featuring as co-main events an exhibition match between [[Jake Paul vs. Mike Tyson|Jake Paul and Mike Tyson]], and [[Katie Taylor]] versus [[Amanda Serrano]] for the [[List of WBA female world champions#Lightweight|WBA]], [[List of WBC female world champions#Lightweight|WBC]], [[List of IBF female world champions#Lightweight|IBF]], [[List of WBO female world champions#Lightweight|WBO]], and [[List of The Ring female world champions#Lightweight|''The Ring'']] lightweight titles. While afflicted by technical issues, Paul's promoter reported that the stream had a peak concurrent viewership of 65 million viewers, surpassing the [[2023 Cricket World Cup final|2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup final]] (which had a reported 57 million concurrent streams on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]) as the most live-streamed sporting event.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Otterson |first1=Joe |title=Jake Paul, Mike Tyson Fight Viewed by 60 Million Households, Netflix Says |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/jake-paul-mike-tyson-ratings-views-netflix-1236212130/ |website=Variety |access-date=November 25, 2024 |date=November 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mastrangelo |first1=Dominick |title=Netflix says 60 million watched Tyson, Paul fight |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/4995970-netflix-tyson-paul-boxing-event-viewers/ |website=The Hill |access-date=November 25, 2024 |date=November 18, 2024}}</ref> Netflix stated that the event had an "average minute audience" (AMA) of 108 million worldwide, and that the AMA of 47 million in the US made the Taylor versus Serrano bout the most-watched women's professional sporting event in US history.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Seitz |first1=Jose Alejandro Bastidas and Loree |title=Jake Paul-Mike Tyson Fight Scores Over 108 Million Viewers Worldwide, Netflix Says |url=https://www.thewrap.com/jake-paul-mike-tyson-fight-viewership-worldwide-netflix/ |website=TheWrap |access-date=November 25, 2024 |date=November 19, 2024}}</ref>

In December 2024, [[FIFA]] announced that Netflix would be the exclusive US broadcaster of the [[2027 FIFA Women's World Cup|2027]] and [[2031 FIFA Women's World Cup|2031]] [[FIFA Women's World Cup]], in what was deemed the platform's most significant push into sports content.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 2024 |title=Netflix, FIFA sign deal to show Women's World Cup |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/43075385/netflix-fifa-agree-deal-women-world-cup-2027-2031 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> On December{{nbsp}}25, Netflix aired its first-ever [[NFL]] games: the [[Kansas City Chiefs]] versus the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], and the [[Baltimore Ravens]] versus the [[Houston Texans]]. The games both averaged over 30{{nbsp}}million global viewers and became the two most-streamed NFL games in US history, while simultaneously creating Netflix's most-watched Christmas Day ever in the US.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reedy |first1=Joe |title=Netflix averages more than 30 million viewers globally for its NFL Christmas Day doubleheader |url=https://apnews.com/article/nfl-netflix-christmas-b438221c22de046d9417e5a668f6f659 |website=AP News |date=December 31, 2024}}</ref>

In January 2025, Netflix announced it had exceeded 300{{nbsp}}million subscribers worldwide after adding a record 18.9{{nbsp}}million in Q4 of 2024, amounting to 41 million for the full year.<ref name="300million">{{Cite web |last=Manfredi |first=Lucas |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Netflix Tops 300 Million Subscribers Globally, Adds Record-Breaking 19 Million in Q4 |url=https://www.thewrap.com/netflix-earnings-q4-2024/ |access-date=January 21, 2025 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2025, Netflix announced a redesign of its home screen for the first time since 2013, which has a simplified appearance with more prominent metadata, and replaces the sidebar menu with a streamlined section of tabs along the top of the screen. Netflix stated that the redesign was meant to allow users to "have an easier time figuring out if a title is right for them", and be more reflective of new types of content offerings such as sports and other live events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=June 6, 2024 |title=Netflix's latest redesign aims to simplify your homepage |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/6/24172351/netflix-redesign-homepage-experience-test |access-date=July 11, 2025 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix debuts new home screen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/07/business/media/netflix-new-home-screen.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |last1=Koblin |first1=John }}</ref>

In August 2025, Netflix announced an exclusivity deal to stream the [[World Baseball Classic]] in Japan starting in 2026. The 2026 edition marks the first time it will stream a live event in Japan. Through this agreement, Netflix will stream all 47{{nbsp}}games of the 2026 World Baseball Classic live and on-demand for its users in Japan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/netflix-major-league-baseball-2026-world-baseball-classic-1236498061/ |title=Netflix Takes New Swing With Japanese Rights to 2026 World Baseball Classic |last1=Steinberg |first1=Brian |date=August 25, 2025 |website=Variety |access-date=August 25, 2025}}</ref> The animated musical ''[[KPop Demon Hunters]]'' (2025) became Netflix's most popular film of all time later that month.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/kpop-demon-hunters-netflix-no-1-movie-all-time-1236353877/ |title='KPop Demon Hunters' Becomes Netflix's Most Watched Movie Ever |last1=Porter |first1=Rick |date=August 26, 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref>

In November 2025, Netflix acquired rights to selected [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) games for the 2026 to 2028 seasons, including [[Opening Day|Opening Night]], the [[Home Run Derby]], and an additional special event matchup each season, including the 2026 season [[MLB at Field of Dreams|Field of Dreams game]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLB announces new 3-year rights deals with ESPN, NBC, Netflix |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-announces-media-rights-deals-with-espn-nbc-netflix |access-date=November 21, 2025 |publisher=Major League Baseball |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2026, it was announced that two Netflix movies, [[Guillermo del Toro]]’s ''[[Frankenstein (2025 film)|Frankenstein]]'' (2025) and ''KPop Demon Hunters,'' were being adding to the [[The Criterion Collection|Criterion Collection]], giving the films physical releases.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=2026-02-23 |title=‘KPop Demon Hunters,’ Guillermo del Toro’s ‘Frankenstein’ Joining Criterion Collection (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/kpop-demon-hunters-frankenstein-criterion-collection-1236670172/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> This first happened in 2020 with[[Alfonso Cuarón]]'s ''[[Roma (2018 film)|Roma]]'' (2018),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evangelista |first=Chris |date=2019-11-19 |title='Roma' Becomes The First Netflix Film To Join The Criterion Collection |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/570558/roma-blu-ray/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=SlashFilm |language=en-US}}</ref> followed by [[Noah Baumbach]]'s ''[[Marriage Story]]'' (2019), [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[The Irishman]]'' (2019), and a few others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=All 10 Netflix Movies and Documentaries in the Criterion Collection |url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/every-netflix-original-movie-released-in-the-criterion-collection/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=What's on Netflix |language=en}}</ref>

===Attempted acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery===
{{further|Proposed acquisition of Warner Bros. Discovery}}
In October 2025, Netflix, Inc. was reported to be actively exploring a bid for the studios and streaming assets of [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] (WBD). According to the report, Netflix retained investment bank [[Moelis & Co]]. to evaluate a potential offer and had been granted access to WBD's financial data room as part of its preparatory due-diligence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garner |first=Glenn |date=2025-10-31 |title=Netflix Exploring Warner Bros Bid, Taps Investment Bank That Handled Paramount-Skydance |url=https://deadline.com/2025/10/netflix-exploring-warner-bros-bid-1236603687/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> The acquisition would give Netflix control over major IP such as [[DC Comics]] and rights to the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' franchise, along with [[HBO]]'s premium dramas,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> and Warner Bros.' distribution rights of several foreign-produced movies such as ''[[Under Parallel Skies]]'' (2024) and ''[[Ex Ex Lovers]]'' (2025)'','' which were already available on Netflix prior these acquisition deals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Push |date=September 26, 2024 |title='Under Parallel Skies' to stream on Netflix worldwide starting October 24 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/2024/9/26/-under-parallel-skies-to-stream-on-netflix-worldwide-starting-october-24-1624 |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=[[ABS-CBN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Push Team |first=Toff C. |date=May 3, 2025 |title=Marvin Agustin and Jolina Magdangal's comeback film 'Ex Ex Lovers' to stream on Netflix this May |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/showbiz/movies-series/2025/5/3/marvin-agustin-and-jolina-magdangal-s-comeback-film-ex-ex-lovers-to-stream-on-netflix-this-may-1029 |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=[[ABS-CBN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Roque|first=Nika|title=Jolina Magdangal and Marvin Agustin's reunion movie 'Ex Ex Lovers' is coming to Netflix this month|website=[[GMA News]]|date=May 15, 2025|access-date=December 6, 2025|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/946265/jolina-magdangal-and-marvin-agustin-s-reunion-movie-ex-ex-lovers-is-coming-to-netflix-this-month/story/|language=en}}</ref> Netflix stressed that it remains "predominantly focused on growing organically" and is not interested in owning legacy [[linear television]] networks such as [[CNN]], [[TBS (American TV channel)|TBS]], and [[TNT (American TV network)|TNT]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Netflix taps bank to explore bid for Warner Bros Discovery |website=[[Reuters]] |date=October 30, 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/netflix-taps-bank-explore-bid-warner-bros-discovery-2025-10-30/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Netflix taps bank to explore bid for Warner Bros Discovery |website=Yahoo Finance |date=October 30, 2025 |agency=Reuters |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-netflix-taps-bank-explore-225139210.html}}</ref>

On December{{nbsp}}4, 2025, Netflix won the bidding war for Warner Bros. Discovery, to be followed by exclusive talks to finalize a deal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |last2=Goldsmith |first2=Jill |date=December 4, 2025 |title=Netflix Wins Bidding War For Warner Bros. Discovery, Will Start Exclusive Deal Talks |url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/netflix-wins-bidding-for-warner-bros-discovery-1236637057/ |access-date=December 4, 2025 |website=Deadline}}</ref> On December{{nbsp}}5, Netflix announced they would be buying the Warner Bros. assets for $72{{nbsp}}billion, valuing the entirety of WBD at $82.7{{nbsp}}billion. The deal would include the Warner Bros. [[Warner Bros. Motion Picture Group|film]], [[Warner Bros. Television Studios|television]], and [[Warner Bros. Games|video game]] studios, HBO/HBO Max and their respective libraries, [[DC Entertainment]]/[[DC Studios]], and WBD's distribution and licensing divisions. It would exclude Discovery Global—the planned spin-off of WBD's legacy linear television businesses (including the [[Discovery+]] streaming service); pending regulatory approval, the sale and spin-off were expected to both be completed in Q3 of 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=December 5, 2025 |title=Netflix & Warner Bros. Discovery Confirm $82.7B Mega-Deal That Reshapes The Industry |url=https://deadline.com/2025/12/netflix-warner-bros-discovery-deal-official-1236637290/ |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

On December 8, 2025, [[Paramount Skydance|Paramount]] launched a $77.9 billion [[hostile takeover]] of Warner Bros. Paramount argued for its $30 per share all cash offer (versus Netflix's $27.75) and alleged lower regulatory hurdles were better for shareholders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Lauren |date=December 8, 2025 |title=Paramount Makes $77.9 Billion Hostile Bid for Warner After Netflix Struck Deal |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/media/paramount-skydance-warner-bros-hostile-takeover-bid-f03c6f3f |access-date=December 8, 2025 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> On December 17, WBD told its shareholders to reject Paramount's bid, instead proceeding with the Netflix acquisition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chia |first1=Osmond |last2=Josephs |first2=Jonathan |last3=Kaye |first3=Danielle |date=December 18, 2025 |title=Warner Bros favours Netflix offer over $108bn Paramount bid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cz687wv9vqxo |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=December 18, 2025}}</ref>

On January 20, 2026, Netflix and Warner Bros. Discovery said they amended the proposed takeover to a new all-cash deal, which removed any uncertainty related to Netflix share price volatility. Warner shareholders were expected to vote on the deal by April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Flint |first=Joe |date=January 20, 2026 |title=Warner Strikes New All-Cash Deal With Netflix |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/media/warner-strikes-new-all-cash-deal-with-netflix-85e29099 |access-date=January 21, 2026 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> On February 26, WBD confirmed it considered Paramount's increased bid to be superior to Netflix's current offer, triggering a four-business-day period during which Netflix could improve its offer. Paramount's latest acquisition bid was reported to be approximately $111 billion for the entirety of WBD, including its linear cable channels, for $31 per share.<ref>{{cite web |title=Warner Bros. Discovery deems Paramount's takeover bid superior to Netflix deal |url=https://www.local10.com/news/2026/02/26/warner-bros-discovery-deems-paramounts-takeover-bid-superior-to-netflix-deal/ |website=WPLG Local 10 |date=February 26, 2026 |access-date=February 28, 2026}}</ref><ref name="NetflixBowsOut-Variety">{{cite news |last1=Maas |first1=Jennifer |last2=Littlejohn |first2=Cynthia |url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/netflix-declines-raise-bid-warner-bros-discovery-1236674149/ |title=Paramount Skydance Poised to Acquire Warner Bros. Discovery After Netflix Bows Out of Bidding War |work=Variety |date=February 26, 2026 |access-date=February 28, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226232001/https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/netflix-declines-raise-bid-warner-bros-discovery-1236674149/ |archive-date=February 26, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NetflixBacksOut-THR">{{cite news |last=Weprin |first=Alex |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-backs-out-warners-deal-paramount-win-1236516763/ |title=Netflix Backs Out of Warner Bros. Bidding, Paramount Set to Win |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=February 26, 2026 |access-date=February 28, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227000733/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-backs-out-warners-deal-paramount-win-1236516763/ |archive-date=February 27, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> Netflix subsequently declined to increase its bid, in which Sarandos and Greg Peters released a statement saying the deal was "no longer financially attractive."<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix Declines to Raise Offer for Warner Bros. |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-declines-to-raise-offer-for-warner-bros |website=Netflix |date=February 26, 2026 |access-date=February 28, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226230236/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/netflix-declines-to-raise-offer-for-warner-bros |archive-date=February 26, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |url=https://deadline.com/2026/02/netflix-declines-to-raise-offer-for-warner-bros-1236738005/ |title=That's All, Folks: Netflix Walks Away From Warner Bros., Refusing To Raise Offer |work=Deadline Hollywood |date=February 26, 2026 |access-date=February 28, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260227004857/https://deadline.com/2026/02/netflix-declines-to-raise-offer-for-warner-bros-1236738005/ |archive-date=February 27, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> This cleared the way for Paramount to pursue its deal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2026 |title=Netflix declines to raise offer for warner Bros |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/netflix-declines-raise-offer-warner-bros-2026-02-26/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> When asked about a potential acquisition of [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] in the future on Bloomberg, Ted Sarandos said "Possibly. If you look at the History of Warner Bros."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-01/netflix-s-co-ceo-explains-why-he-quit-the-warner-bros-fight|title=Netflix’s Co-CEO Explains Why He Quit the Warner Bros. Fight}}</ref>

=== Acquisition of InterPositive ===

On March 5, 2026, it was announced that Netflix was acquiring [[Ben Affleck]]'s AI firm, InterPositive, which makes tools developed and intended for filmmaking. The purchase stems from the relationship between the two, with a first-look deal from Artists Equity, the new-model production company led by Affleck and [[Matt Damon]]. In January, the streaming giant released ''[[The Rip (film)|The Rip]]'', an action movie co-starring Affleck and Damon. Affleck first mentioned his AI venture to Netflix execs in the fall of 2025, initiating months of dialogue that culminated in the acquisition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Dade |date=2026-03-05 |title=Netflix Gets Back In The M&A Game, Acquiring Ben Affleck-Founded AI Firm InterPositive |url=https://deadline.com/2026/03/netflix-ben-affleck-ai-company-acquisition-1236744357/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

The firm will seek to create tools "purpose-built to represent and protect all the qualities that make a great story: the nuances of filmmaking, the predictable – and unpredictable – challenges of production environments, the distortion of a lens or the way light shape-shifts across a scene," Affleck said. "We also need to preserve what makes storytelling human, which is judgment." Affleck will take on the role of senior advisor.<ref name=":3" />

Netflix CCO Bela Bajaria said, "We believe new tools should expand creative freedom, not constrain it or replace the work of writers, directors, actors, and crews. Ben and his team at InterPositive are part of a long tradition in our industry of artists leading the way in how innovation is used in storytelling."<ref name=":3" />

=== Expansion into podcasts ===
Netflix announced it would expand its catalog to include video podcasts in early 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silberling |first=Amanda |date=December 19, 2025 |title=Netflix is betting on podcasts to become the new daytime talk show |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/12/19/netflix-is-betting-on-podcasts-to-become-the-new-daytime-talk-show/ |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> It acquired the exclusive video podcasting rights from several podcast companies including [[IHeartMedia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix and iHeartMedia Announce Exclusive Video Podcast Partnership for Top iHeartPodcasts |url=https://www.iheartmedia.com/press/netflix-and-iheartmedia-announce-exclusive-video-podcast-partnership-top-iheartpodcasts |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=iheartmedia.com |language=en}}</ref> [[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]], and [[Barstool Sports]]. The shows include [[The Breakfast Club (radio show)|The Breakfast Club]], [[Dissect (podcast)|Dissect]] and [[Pardon My Take]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Shikhar |date=December 20, 2025 |title=Netflix is adding more video podcasts for your eyes (and ears) |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/home-theater/netflix-is-adding-more-video-podcasts-for-your-eyes-and-ears/ |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=Yahoo Tech |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Neumann |first=Sam |date=December 18, 2025 |title=Barstool Sports reportedly landing eight-figure annual payday in Netflix podcast deal |url=https://awfulannouncing.com/podcasts/netflix-barstool-eight-figures-annually.html |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=Awful Announcing |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Availability and access ==
=== Global availability ===
{{Further|International expansion of Netflix}}
[[File:Netflix area.svg|thumb|upright=2|Countries where Netflix is available ({{as of|2022|3|lc=on}}):{{legend|#B00000|Available}}{{legend|#000000|Unavailable ([[China]],<ref>The ban does not include [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].</ref> [[Iran]], [[North Korea]], [[Russia]],<ref>The ban also includes [[Crimea peninsula]].</ref> and [[Syria]].)}}]]

Netflix is available in every country and territory except for [[China]], [[Iran]], [[North Korea]], [[Syria]], and [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ma |first=Wenlei |date=September 8, 2022 |title=Gulf nations and Egypt demand Netflix remove 'offensive' titles |url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/streaming/gulf-nations-and-egypt-demand-netflix-remove-offensive-titles/news-story/68bca5ad9331dace30cf747f7215d0af |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=News.com.au}}</ref>

In January 2016, Netflix announced it would begin [[VPN blocking]] since it can be used to watch videos from a country where they are unavailable.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Julia |date=March 7, 2016 |title=For Netflix, Discontent Over Blocked VPNs Is Boiling |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/03/netflix-discontent-blocked-vpns-boiling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215021921/https://www.wired.com/2016/03/netflix-discontent-blocked-vpns-boiling/ |archive-date=February 15, 2017}}</ref> The result of the VPN block is that people can only watch videos available worldwide and other videos are hidden from search results.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bi |first=Frank |date=January 25, 2016 |title=Unofficial Netflix catalog helps you find a movie not available in your area |website=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/1/25/10826654/netflix-unofficial-vpn-database-unogs}}</ref> Variety is present on Netflix.{{clarify|date=February 2025}} Hebrew and Arabic's right-to-left interface orientation, which is a common localization strategy in many markets, are what define the Middle Eastern user interface's localization, and in some regions, Netflix offers a more affordable mobile-only subscription.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lotz |first1=Amanda D |last2=Eklund |first2=Oliver |last3=Soroka |first3=Stuart |date=August 3, 2022 |title=Netflix, library analysis, and globalization: rethinking mass media flows |url=https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/72/4/511/6605780 |journal=Journal of Communication |language=en |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=511–521 |doi=10.1093/joc/jqac020 |issn=0021-9916|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Subscriptions===
Customers can subscribe to one of three plans; the difference in plans relates to video resolution, the number of simultaneous streams, and the number of devices to which content can be downloaded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2022 |title=Netflix sets November Australian launch for advertising, claims report |url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/streaming/netflix-sets-november-australian-launch-for-advertising-claims-report/news-story/927b936e540f946b2c8efe293e69e45d |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=News.com.au}}</ref>

At the end of Q1 2022, Netflix estimated that 100 million households globally were sharing passwords to their account with others.<ref name="Sherman2022" /> In March 2022, Netflix began to charge a fee for additional users in Chile, Peru, and Costa Rica to attempt to control [[account sharing]].<ref name="FlintJacob2022" /><ref name="BursztynskyAlessandrini2022" /><ref name="Sherman2022" /> On July 18, 2022, Netflix announced that it would test the account sharing feature in more countries, including Argentina, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 18, 2022 |title=Netflix to test a new 'add a home' option to charge for password sharing |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/18/netflix-test-add-home-option-charge-password-sharing/ |access-date=July 19, 2022 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> On October 17, Netflix launched Profile Transfer to help end account sharing.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |date=October 17, 2022 |title=Netflix Launches Profile-Transfer Feature — Making It Easier for Password Freeloaders to Set Up Their Own Paid Accounts |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-profile-transfer-feature-password-sharing-paid-account-1235405871/ |access-date=October 17, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

On July 13, 2022, Netflix announced plans to launch an advertising-supported subscription option.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frank |first1=Pallotta |date=July 13, 2022 |title= Netflix with ads is coming but it's 'early days'|language=en |publisher=[[CNN]] |url= https://www.cnn.com/cnn/2022/07/13/media/netflix-ads-microsoft}}</ref> Netflix's planned advertising tier would not allow subscribers to download content like the existing ad-free platform.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gurman |first1=Mark |date=August 17, 2022 |title=Netflix's Ad-Supported Plan Will Block Downloads of Shows, Films |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-17/netflix-s-ad-supported-plan-will-block-downloads-of-shows-films?sref=CY7BpvSE |access-date=August 18, 2022 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> On July 20, 2022, it was announced that the advertising-supported tier would be coming to Netflix in 2023 but it would not feature the full library of content.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Netflix's free tier will have one huge drawback, chief executive says |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/netflix-ad-free-tier-drawback-b2127320.html |access-date=July 30, 2022 |work=The Independent}}</ref> In October, the launch date was announced as November 3, 2022, and was launched in 12 countries: US, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, UK, France, Germany, [[Italy]], Spain, Australia, Japan and [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Netflix Ad Tier Launch Moved up to November to Get Ahead of Disney+, Streamer Tells Ad Buyers |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-ad-tier-launch-november-1235357465/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vranica |first1=Suzanne |date=August 31, 2022 |title=Netflix Seeking Top Dollar for Brands to Advertise on Its Service |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/netflix-seeking-top-dollar-for-brands-to-advertise-on-its-service-11661980078}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/digital/news/netflix-ad-supported-plan-launch-date-pricing-1235402196/ |title= Netflix Confirms Ad Tier to Launch in November, Reveals Pricing for Cheaper Basic Plan |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |date=October 13, 2022 |website=Variety}}</ref> The ad-supported plan was called "Basic with Ads" and it cost $6.99 per month in the US at launch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulliam-Moore |first=Charles |date=October 13, 2022 |title=Netflix's ad tier will cost $6.99 a month and launch in November |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/13/23402725/netflix-basic-with-ads |access-date=October 17, 2022 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

On February 24, 2023, Netflix cut subscription prices in more than 30 countries around the world to attract more subscribers from those countries. [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Thailand]], [[the Philippines]], [[Croatia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Kenya]], and [[Iran]] are on the list of countries where the cost for a subscription will be reduced.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 24, 2023 |title=Netflix cuts prices for subscribers in more than 30 countries |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64753499 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}</ref> In the same month stronger anti-password-sharing rules were expanded to Canada, New Zealand, [[Portugal]], and [[Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/18/23687853/netflix-earnings-password-sharing-delay-q1-2023 |title=Netflix delays its password-sharing crackdown to sometime before July |first=Emma |last=Roth |date=April 18, 2023 |website=The Verge}}</ref> In May 2023, these measures were further expanded to US and Brazil subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix to charge an additional $8 month for viewers living outside US subscribers' households |url=https://apnews.com/article/netflix-account-sharing-crackdown-united-states-streaming-b8df82a227b74e50ae4e44ba63f29df2 |work=Associated Press News |date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |author=Michael Liedtke}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix Launches Paid Sharing in U.S., Will Start Blocking Users With Unauthorized Passwords |url=https://variety.com/2023/digital/news/netflix-us-password-crackdown-paid-sharing-block-devices-1235607517/ |website=Variety |date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |author=Todd Spangler}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix vai cobrar R$ 12,90 por compartilhamento de senhas no Brasil |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/negocios/noticia/2023/05/netflix-vai-cobrar-r-1290-por-compartilhamento-de-senhas-no-brasil.ghtml |website=o Globo |date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=May 25, 2023 |language=PT}}</ref>

In July 2023, Netflix added 5.9 million subscribers for the second quarter of the year for a total of 238.39 million subscribers overall. The US and Canada accounted for 1.2 million subscribers which was the largest regional quarterly gain since 2021.<ref name=techcrunch723>{{Cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/19/netflix-gains-nearly-6m-subscribers-as-paid-sharing-soars/ |title=Netflix gains nearly 6M subscribers as paid sharing soars |publisher=TechCrunch |access-date=July 19, 2023 |date=July 19, 2023 |author=Lauren Forristal |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901135120/https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/19/netflix-gains-nearly-6m-subscribers-as-paid-sharing-soars/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/19/netflix-earnings-show-strength-amid-media-chaos.html |title=Netflix earnings showcase strength as the rest of the media industry struggles |publisher=CNBC |access-date=July 19, 2023 |date=July 19, 2023 |author=Alex Sherman}}</ref>

In February, Netflix announced it would enforce stricter regulations on password sharing, and by May 2023 it began cracking down in the US, UK, and Australia. Under these new rules, multiple people can use and share one account, but they have to be under the same household. Netflix defines a household as people who live in the same location as the owner of the account. Users are asked to set a primary location based on the device's IP address.<ref name="password sharing" />

Netflix reported 8.05 million new subscribers in Q2 2024, up from 5.9 million subscribers added in Q2 2023.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Wall Street Journal|title=Netflix Keeps Streaming Crown With Continued Subscriber, Revenue Growth|author=Jessica Toonkel|date=July 18, 2024|url=https://www.wsj.com/business/media/netflix-nflx-q2-earnings-report-2024-42d1eaad}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=CNBC|title=Netflix subscriptions jump 8%, revenue climbs as password sharing crackdown takes hold|author=Lillian Rizzo|date=July 19, 2024|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/19/netflix-nflx-earnings-2q-2023.html}}</ref>

In July 2024, Netflix started phasing out its cheapest subscription plan for users in France and the US, a year after the plan was removed for Canada and the UK. Members in these countries have the option to sign up for either the standard ad-free plan or the ad plan.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murti |first1=Lola |title=Netflix ends its cheapest ad-free subscription |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/07/19/nx-s1-5046733/netflix-ends-its-cheapest-ad-free-subscription |publisher=NPR|date=July 19, 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=The Verge|title=Netflix is starting to phase out its cheapest ad-free plan|author=Emma Roth|date=July 2, 2024|url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/7/2/24190632/netflix-ad-free-basic-plan-discontinued}}</ref>

=== Device support ===
Netflix can be accessed via a [[web browser]], while Netflix apps are available on various platforms, including [[Blu-ray]] players, [[tablet computer]]s, mobile phones, [[smart TV]]s, [[digital media player]]s, and [[video game console]]s. Currently supported game consoles include:
* Microsoft [[Xbox 360]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2023 |title=Using Netflix on your Xbox |url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/23889 |website=Netflix}}</ref> [[Xbox One]] and [[Xbox Series X/S]]
* Sony [[PlayStation 3]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2023 |title=How to use Netflix on your PlayStation |url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/23888 |website=Netflix}}</ref> [[PlayStation 4]] and [[PlayStation 5]]
[[File:Google ATV Reference RCU G10 - Netflix button.jpg|thumb|An [[Android TV]]-powered [[remote control]] with a [[Netflix button]]]]
Several older devices no longer support Netflix. For home gaming consoles, this includes the [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation TV]], [[Wii]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://devices.netflix.com/en/game-consoles/wii/ |title=Wii is no longer supported |access-date=October 19, 2023 |publisher=Netflix}}</ref> and [[Wii U]].<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116023611/https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/netflix-wii-u/ |access-date=October 19, 2023 |publisher=[[Nintendo of America]] |title=Netflix |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |url=https://www.nintendo.com/games/detail/netflix-wii-u/}}</ref> For handheld gaming consoles, this includes the [[Nintendo 3DS]] family of systems and the [[PlayStation Vita]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/netflix-discontinues-support-for-more-older-devices-on-october-16th/ |title=Netflix Discontinues Support for More Older Devices on October 16th, 2023 |date=October 16, 2023 |access-date=October 19, 2023 |publisher=How-To Geek}}</ref> The second and third generation [[Apple TV (device)|Apple TV]] previously supported Netflix with an ad-free plan, but the app was automatically removed on these devices on July 31, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hardwick |first1=Tim |title=Netflix to End Support for 2nd and 3rd Generation Apple TV |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2024/06/04/netflix-end-support-2nd-3rd-gen-apple-tv/ |website=MacRumors |access-date=August 3, 2024 |date=June 4, 2024}}</ref>

In addition, a growing number of [[multichannel television]] providers, including cable television and [[IPTV]] services, have added Netflix apps accessible within their own [[set-top box]]es, sometimes with the ability for its content (along with those of other online video services) to be presented within a unified search interface alongside linear television programming as an "all-in-one" solution.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McMillan |first=Graeme |date=October 17, 2013 |title=Netflix Is Coming Soon to Your TV Through Your Cable Box |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/10/netflix-cable-box/ |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lapowsky |first=Issie |date=April 25, 2014 |title=Netflix Is Getting Its Own Cable Channel |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/netflix-cable/ |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=December 7, 2017 |title=Verizon Fios quietly adds Netflix integration to three set-top box models |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/7/16747918/verizon-fios-netflix-set-top-cable-box-integration-test |access-date=April 28, 2019 |website=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 27, 2017 |title=How Cable Companies Learned to Love Netflix (or Hulu) and Chill Out |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-27/how-cable-companies-learned-to-love-netflix-or-hulu-and-chill |access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref>

The maximum video resolution supported on computers is dependent on the [[Digital rights management|DRM]] systems available on a particular operating system and web browser.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/30081|title=Netflix supported browsers and system requirements|website=Help Center}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! style="width: 250px;" | Operating System !! Web Browser !! DRM system !! Maximum allowed video resolution
|-
| Microsoft [[Windows 7]] or later [[MacOS 10.11]] or later [[Linux]] (dependent on [[Linux distribution|distribution variant]]) || Google Chrome, Firefox, Opera || [[Widevine]] || data-sort-value="720" {{partial|720p (with Widevine L1)}}
|-
| Microsoft [[Windows 10]] or later || Microsoft Edge, Desktop app || [[PlayReady]] || data-sort-value="2160" {{yes|4K (device must fulfill hardware requirements)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/23931|title=How to use Netflix on your Windows computer or tablet|website=Help Center}}</ref>
|-
| [[MacOS 10.11]] through [[MacOS 10.15]] || Apple Safari || [[FairPlay]] || data-sort-value="1080" {{good|1080p}}
|-
| [[MacOS 11]] or later || Apple Safari || [[FairPlay]] || data-sort-value="2160" {{yes|4K}}
|-
| [[ChromeOS]]|| Google Chrome || [[Widevine]] || data-sort-value="1080" {{good|1080p (with Widevine L1)}}
|-
| Android || Mobile app || [[Widevine]] || data-sort-value="480" {{depends|480p (devices with Widevine L3 only) 1080p (devices with Widevine L1 certification)}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/116633 |title=Android phone or tablet doesn't play in HD |website=Netflix Help Center |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325143635/https://help.netflix.com/en/node/116633 |archive-date= March 25, 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| iOS || Mobile app || [[FairPlay]] || data-sort-value="1080" {{good|1080p}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://help.netflix.com/en/node/23927|title=How to use Netflix on your iPhone or iPad|website=Help Center}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Content ==
=== Original programming ===
{{Further|List of Netflix original programming|List of ended Netflix original programming|Lists of Netflix original films|List of Netflix original stand-up comedy specials|label1=Lists of Netflix original television series (both current|topic=Netflix original programming|label2=and ended)|label3=original films|label4=stand-up comedy specials}}
{{Further|Lists of Netflix exclusive international distribution programming|topic=Netflix international offerings}}
[[File:Netflix Original Movies.svg|thumb|Netflix Original Movies]]

"[[Netflix Originals]]" are content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed exclusively by Netflix. Netflix funds its original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Kim |date=September 14, 2016 |title=The Netflix Backlash: Why Hollywood Fears a Content Monopoly |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/netflix-backlash-why-hollywood-fears-928428/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> It keeps licensing rights, which normally give production companies future revenue opportunities from syndication, merchandising, etc.<ref name="Backlash" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Castillo |first=Michelle |date=August 15, 2018 |title=Netflix pays more for TV shows up front, but keeps more upside on big hits, insiders say |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/netflix-pays-more-tv-shows-164000965.html |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523151540/https://www.yahoo.com/news/netflix-pays-more-tv-shows-164000965.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Over the years, Netflix output ballooned to a level unmatched by any television network or streaming service. According to ''Variety Insight'', Netflix produced a total of 240 new original shows and movies in 2018, then climbed to 371 in 2019, a figure "greater than the number of original series that the entire U.S. TV industry released in 2005."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bridge |first1=Gavin |date=December 17, 2019 |title=Netflix Released More Originals in 2019 Than the Entire TV Industry Did in 2005 |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/netflix-more-2019-originals-than-entire-tv-industry-in-2005-1203441709/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> The Netflix budget allocated to production increased annually, reaching $13.6 billion in 2021 and projected to hit $18.9 billion by 2025, a figure that once again overshadowed any of its competitors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |date=September 23, 2021 |title=Netflix's Amortized Content Spending to Rise 26% to $13.6 Billion in 2021, Analysts Project |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/netflix-content-spending-2021-amortized-1235072612/ |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> As of August 2022, original productions made up 50% of Netflix's overall library in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Kasey |date=August 24, 2022 |title=Netflix Originals Now Make Up 50% of Overall US Library |url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/50-of-netflixs-library-is-now-made-of-netflix-originals/ |access-date=August 24, 2022 |website=What's on Netflix |language=en}}</ref>

=== Film and television deals ===
Netflix has exclusive [[pay TV]] deals with several studios. The deals give Netflix exclusive streaming rights while adhering to the structures of traditional pay TV terms.

Distributors that have licensed content to Netflix include Warner Bros., Universal Pictures, [[Sony Pictures Entertainment]] and previously The Walt Disney Studios.<ref name="netfx" /> Netflix also holds current and back-catalog rights to television programs distributed by [[Walt Disney Television]], [[DreamWorks Classics]], [[Kino International (company)|Kino International]], [[PBS]], [[Warner Bros. Television]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Jill |title=Netflix inks deal with Warner Bros. |url=https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/netflix-inks-deal-with-warner-bros-1118064255/ |access-date=August 8, 2025 |work=Variety |date=January 7, 2013}}</ref> and [[Paramount Global Content Distribution]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Netflix inks deal with Viacom to stream South Park, other shows |url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/04/06/netflix-inks-deal-with-viacom-to-stream-south-park-other-shows/ |access-date=August 8, 2025 |work=TechCrunch |date=April 6, 2009}}</ref> along with titles from other companies such as [[ABS-CBN Studios]],<ref>{{cite news |date=August 12, 2024 |title='Lavender Fields' to hit Netflix on Aug. 30, free TV on Sept. 2 |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/2024/8/12/-lavender-fields-to-hit-netflix-on-aug-30-free-tv-on-sept-2-1400 |work=[[ABS-CBN News]]}}</ref><ref name="preview.ph">{{cite web |title=11 Filipino Teleseryes You Can Watch on Netflix|url=https://www.preview.ph/culture/filipino-teleseryes-netflix-a2189-20220427-lfrm |website=Preview.ph |access-date=November 22, 2025 |date=April 27, 2022}}</ref> [[GMA Network (company)|GMA Network]],<ref>{{cite news |date=July 13, 2021 |title=GMA Pictures and Mic Test Entertainment's 'Family History' streams on Netflix this July 30 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/pictures/articles/2021-07-13/389/gma-pictures-and-mic-test-entertainments-family-history-streams-on-netflix-this-july-30 |work=[[GMA Pictures]]}}</ref><ref name="preview.ph"/> [[Cignal Entertainment]],<ref name="Frater">{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=March 22, 2018 |title=Netflix Picks Brillante Mendoza Drug War Show 'AMO' as First Philippines Series |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/asia/netflix-brillante-mendoza-amo-philippines-1202733499/ |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="preview.ph"/> [[TV5 Network#Studio5|MQ Studios]],<ref name="Frater"/><ref name="preview.ph"/> [[Regal Entertainment]], [[Viva Films]], [[MNC Media]], [[Surya Citra Media|Screenplay Films]], [[Soraya Intercine Films]], {{ill|Falcon Pictures|id}}, {{ill|MD Pictures|id}}, [[MDTV]], [[Rapi Films]], {{ill|Starvision Plus|id|Kharisma Starvision Plus}}, [[CJ ENM]], [[JTBC]], [[Kakao Entertainment]], [[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS]], [[TV Asahi]], [[Fuji TV]], [[Mediacorp]], [[Media Prima#Assets and subsidiaries|Primeworks Studios]], [[GMM Grammy]], [[Public Television Service]], [[Gala Television]], [[ITV Studios]], [[Hasbro Entertainment]] and [[StudioCanal]]. Formerly, the streaming service also held rights to select television programs distributed by [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution]], [[Sony Pictures Television]] and [[20th Century Fox Television]].

Netflix negotiated to distribute animated films from Universal that HBO declined to acquire, such as ''[[The Lorax (film)|The Lorax]]'', ''[[ParaNorman]]'', and ''[[Minions (film)|Minions]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Szalai |first=Georg |date=December 5, 2012 |title=Netflix's Ted Sarandos Calls Disney Content Deal a 'Game Changer' |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/netflix-ted-sarandos-discusses-disney-deal-398156/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825083624/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/netflix-ted-sarandos-discusses-disney-deal-398156 |archive-date=August 25, 2013}}</ref>

Netflix holds exclusive streaming rights to the film library of [[Studio Ghibli]] (except ''[[Grave of the Fireflies]]'') worldwide except in the US and Japan as part of an agreement signed with Ghibli's international sales holder [[Wild Bunch (company)|Wild Bunch]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2020 |title=Netflix strikes deal for Studio Ghibli films outside US, Japan |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/netflix-strikes-deal-for-studio-ghibli-films-outside-us-japan/5146314.article |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=Screen Daily}}</ref>

=== Netflix Games ===
In July 2021, Netflix hired Mike Verdu, a former executive from [[Electronic Arts]] and [[Facebook]], as vice president of game development, along with plans to add video games by 2022.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 14, 2021 |title=Netflix Plans to Offer Video Games in Push Beyond Films, TV |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-14/netflix-plans-to-offer-video-games-in-expansion-beyond-films-tv}}</ref> Netflix announced plans to release [[mobile games]] that would be included in subscribers' service plans.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Netflix's gaming expansion starts with mobile |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/20/22585802/netflix-gaming-mobile-subscription-earnings}}</ref> Trial offerings were first launched for Netflix users in Poland in August 2021, offering premium mobile games based on ''Stranger Things'' including ''[[Stranger Things 3: The Game]]'', for free to subscribers through the Netflix mobile app.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Netflix starts testing Stranger Things games in its Android app |url=https://www.engadget.com/netflix-mobile-games-app-subscription-test-android-poland-stranger-things-155325550.html |work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref>

Netflix officially launched mobile games on November 2, 2021, for Android users around the world. Through the app, subscribers had free access to five games, including two previously made ''[[Stranger Things]]'' titles. Netflix intends to add more games to this service over time.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rivera |first=Joshua |date=November 2, 2021 |title=Netflix officially has games now |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |url=https://www.polygon.com/22759722/netflix-games-on-android}}</ref> On November 9, the collection launched for [[iOS]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=November 9, 2021 |title=Netflix launches games to iPhone and iPad users worldwide |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/09/netflix-launches-games-to-iphone-and-ipad-users-worldwide/}}</ref> Verdu said in October 2022 that besides continuing to expand their portfolio of games, they were also interested in [[cloud gaming]] options.<ref name="Netflix cloud games" />

To support the games effort, Netflix began acquiring and forming a number of studios. The company acquired [[Night School Studio]], an independent video game developer, in September 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last=Takahashi |first=Dean |date=September 28, 2021 |title=Netflix acquires its first game studio in deal with Oxenfree creator Night School Studio |url=https://venturebeat.com/2021/09/28/netflix-acquires-its-first-game-studio-in-deal-with-oxenfree-creator-night-school-studio/ |work=[[Venture Beat]] |access-date=September 28, 2021 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531095129/https://venturebeat.com/2021/09/28/netflix-acquires-its-first-game-studio-in-deal-with-oxenfree-creator-night-school-studio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Netflix announced plans to acquire Next Games in March 2022 for {{Euro|65 million}} as part of Netflix's expansions into gaming. Next Games had developed the mobile title ''Stranger Things: Puzzle Tales'' as well as two ''The Walking Dead'' mobile games.<ref>{{cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=March 2, 2022 |title=Netflix acquires another developer to build 'world class games' |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/2/22957953/netflix-next-games-acquisition-stranger-things-mobile-puzzle-rpg |access-date=March 2, 2022 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> Later in the month, Netflix also acquired the [[Texas]]-based mobile game developer, [[Boss Fight Entertainment]], for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="variety.com" /> Netflix opened a mobile game studio in Helsinki, Finland in September 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Takahashi |first=Dean |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Netflix opens mobile game studio in Helsinki |url=https://venturebeat.com/games/netflix-opens-mobile-game-studio-in-helsinki/ |access-date=September 26, 2022 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926110538/https://venturebeat.com/games/netflix-opens-mobile-game-studio-in-helsinki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a new studio, their fifth overall, in [[southern California]] in October 2022,<ref name="Netflix cloud games">{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/23412637/netflix-cloud-gaming-new-studio |title=Netflix might get into cloud gaming, forms another new game studio |first=Toussaint |last=Egan |date=October 19, 2022 |access-date=October 23, 2022 |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref> alongside the acquisition of [[Spry Fox]] in [[Seattle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/games/netflix-acquires-6th-gaming-studio-spry-fox/ |title=Netflix adds 6th gaming studio with acquisition of Spry Fox |date=October 31, 2022 |access-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031182142/https://venturebeat.com/games/netflix-acquires-6th-gaming-studio-spry-fox/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In June 2024, Verdu was moved into a new role focusing on "innovation in game development."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batchelor |first=James |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Netflix moving games boss Mike Verdu to new role |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/netflix-games-boss-mike-verdu-moving-on-to-new-role |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=GamesIndustry.biz |language=en}}</ref> The next month, Netflix hired Alain Tascan, vice president of game development at [[Epic Games]], to head up Netflix Games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maas |first=Jennifer |date=July 23, 2024 |title=Netflix Taps Epic Games' Alain Tascan as President of Games (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/gaming/news/netflix-games-president-alain-tascan-epic-1236081464/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> As of July 2024, Netflix has over 80 games in development, releasing at least one game each month to attract fans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |title=Netflix has 80 games in development, will release one per month |url=https://fortune.com/2024/07/23/netflix-video-games-80-in-development/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> The company shut down its Southern California "Team Blue" AAA gaming studio in October 2024, leading to the departure of developers like ''[[Overwatch]]'' producer Chacko Sonny, ''[[Halo (series)|Halo]]'' veteran Joseph Staten and ''[[God of War (franchise)|God of War]]'' art director Rafael Grassetti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maas |first=Jennifer |date=October 22, 2024 |title=Netflix Shuts Down AAA Video Game Studio in Southern California |url=https://variety.com/2024/gaming/news/netflix-shuts-video-game-studio-southern-california-1236186359/ |access-date=October 22, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Netflix indicated that it maintains a commitment to grow its gaming business despite the changes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yin-Poole |first=Wesley |date=October 22, 2024 |title=Netflix Shuts Down 'AAA' Gaming Studio, High-Profile Devs Leave the Company |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/netflix-shuts-down-aaa-gaming-studio-high-profile-devs-leave-the-company |access-date=October 22, 2024 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Totilo |first=Stephen |title=Scoop: Netflix shuts down 'AAA' Team Blue gaming studio, amid gaming shake-up |url=https://www.gamefile.news/p/netflix-team-blue-socal-studio |access-date=October 22, 2024 |website=gamefile.news |language=en}}</ref> In late October, Netflix announced several games based on hit series including Netflix Stories: Outer Banks, Netflix Stories: A Perfect Couple, Netflix Stories: A Virgin River Christmas, and The Ultimatum: Choices, as well as a new daily word game in partnership with [[TED Talks]], TED Tumblewords.<ref>{{cite web |title='The Perfect Couple,' Christmas-Themed 'Virgin River' Video Games Launching at Netflix (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/gaming/news/perfect-couple-video-game-virgin-river-christmas-mobile-netflix-1236193290/ |website=Variety |date=October 29, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix Teams With TED Talks for Daily Word-Puzzle Game |url=https://variety.com/2024/gaming/news/netflix-ted-talks-word-puzzle-game-1236186651/ |website=Variety |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2024}}</ref>

On December 12, 2024, at [[The Game Awards 2024]], Netflix Games revealed game designer [[Yu Suzuki]]'s next game ''[[Steel Paws]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schomer |first=Matthew |date=December 13, 2024 |title=Shenmue Creator Reveals New Game |url=https://gamerant.com/shenmue-creator-new-game-steel-paws/ |access-date=December 5, 2025 |website=Game Rant |language=en}}</ref> In November 2025, Netflix released its first batch of TV games which members play by using their phone as a controller. The games included ''Boggle Party'', ''[[Lego Party]]'', ''[[Pictionary]]: Game Night'', ''[[Tetris Time Warp]]'' and ''Party Crasher: Fool Your Friends''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/entertainment/820289/netflix-casual-party-game-multiplayer-tetris-pictionary |title=Netflix's new era of TV games starts now |last1=Parrish |first1=Ash |date=November 13, 2025 |website=The Verge |access-date=November 14, 2025}}</ref>

== Technology ==
=== Content delivery ===
Netflix freely [[Peering|peers]] with [[Internet service provider]]s (ISPs) directly and at common [[Internet exchange point]]s. In June 2012, a custom [[content delivery network]], [[Open Connect]], was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ryan Lawler |date=June 4, 2016 |title=Netflix Rolls Out Its Own CDN: Open Connect |url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/06/04/netflix-open-connect/ |access-date=September 12, 2016 |work=Tech Crunch}}</ref> For larger ISPs with over 100,000 subscribers, Netflix offers free ''Netflix Open Connect'' [[computer appliance]]s that cache their content within the ISPs' [[data center]]s or networks to further reduce [[Internet transit]] costs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix Open Connect Content Delivery Network |url=https://www.netflix.com/openconnect |access-date=October 25, 2014 |work=netflix.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Eric Savitz |date=June 5, 2012 |title=Netflix Shifts Traffic To Its Own CDN; Akamai, Limelight Shrs Hit |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2012/06/05/netflix-shifts-traffic-to-its-own-cdn-akamai-limelight-shrs-hit/ |access-date=October 25, 2014 |work=Forbes}}</ref> By August 2016, Netflix closed its last physical data center, but continued to develop its Open Connect technology.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Peter Judge |date=August 20, 2015 |title=Netflix's data centers are dead, long live the CDN! |work=Data Center Dynamics |url=http://www.datacenterdynamics.com/content-tracks/colo-cloud/netflixs-data-centers-are-dead-long-live-the-cdn/94661.fullarticle |access-date=September 15, 2016}}</ref> A 2016 study at the [[University of London]] detected 233 individual Open Connect locations on over six continents, with the largest amount of traffic in the US, followed by Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Richard Chirgwin |date=June 22, 2016 |title=Boffins map Netflix's Open Connect CDN: Six continents, 233 locations, thousands of servers |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/06/22/boffins_map_netflixs_open_connect_cdn/ |access-date=September 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Böttger |first1=Timm |last2=Cuadrado |first2=Felix |last3=Tyson |first3=Gareth |last4=Castro |first4=Ignacio |last5=Uhlig |first5=Steve |date=January 2018 |title=Open Connect Everywhere: A Glimpse at the Internet Ecosystem through the Lens of the Netflix CDN |journal=ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review |volume=48 |issue=1 |arxiv=1606.05519 |bibcode=2016arXiv160605519B |doi=10.1145/3211852.3211857 |orig-year=Submitted June 17, 2017 |s2cid=215824680 | issn=0146-4833}}</ref>

As of July 2017, Netflix series and movies accounted for more than a third of all prime-time download Internet traffic in North America.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ng |first=David |date=July 29, 2017 |title=Netflix is on the hook for $20 billion. Can it keep spending its way to success? |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-netflix-debt-spending-20170729-story,amp.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023223520/http://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-netflix-debt-spending-20170729-story,amp.html |archive-date=October 23, 2017}}</ref>

=== API ===
On October 1, 2008, Netflix offered access to its service via a public [[application programming interface]] (API).<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix API Launches Tomorrow |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/netflix_api_launches_tomorrow.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002035838/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/netflix_api_launches_tomorrow.php |archive-date=October 2, 2008 |access-date=September 30, 2008 |publisher=ReadWriteWeb}}</ref> It allowed access to data for all Netflix titles, and allows users to manage their movie queues. The API was free and allowed commercial use.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix API Management Solution |url=http://www.mashery.com/customers/netflix |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216123114/http://www.mashery.com/customers/netflix |archive-date=February 16, 2013}}</ref> In June 2012, Netflix began to restrict the availability of its public API.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 15, 2012 |title=Upcoming Changes to the Netflix API Program |url=http://developer.netflix.com/blog/read/Upcoming_Changes_to_the_Netflix_API_Program |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618004836/http://developer.netflix.com/blog/read/Upcoming_Changes_to_the_Netflix_API_Program |archive-date=June 18, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2012 |publisher=Netflix}}</ref> Netflix instead focused on a small number of known partners using private interfaces, since most traffic came from those private interfaces.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Daniel Jacobson and Sangeeta Narayanan |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Netflix API: Top 10 Lessons Learned (so far) |url=http://www.slideshare.net/danieljacobson/top-10-lessons-learned-from-the-netflix-api-oscon-2014 |access-date=September 12, 2016}}</ref> In November 2014, Netflix retired the public API.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/16/netflix-api/ | title=Netflix Kills Off Its Public API, Takes A Few Applications Down With It | first=Greg | last=Kumparak | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=November 16, 2014}}</ref> Netflix then partnered with the developers of eight services deemed the most valuable, including Instant Watcher, Fanhattan, Yidio and Nextguide.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Daniel |date=June 13, 2014 |title=Retiring the Netflix Public API |url=http://developer.netflix.com/blog/read/Retiring_the_Netflix_Public_API |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614024656/http://developer.netflix.com/blog/read/Retiring_the_Netflix_Public_API |archive-date=June 14, 2014 |access-date=August 11, 2014 |publisher=Netflix}}</ref>

=== Recommendations and thumbnails ===
Netflix presents viewers with recommendations based on interactions with the service, such as previous viewing history and ratings of viewed content. These are often grouped into genres and formats, or feature the platform's highest-rated content. Each title is presented with a thumbnail. Before around 2015, these were the same [[key art]] for everyone, but since then has been customized. Netflix may select a specific key art for a thumbnail based on viewing history,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.looper.com/274997/the-secret-behind-netflixs-personalized-thumbnails/ |title=The Secret Behind Netflix's Personalized Thumbnails |author=Dany Roth |date=November 8, 2020}}</ref> such as an actor or scene type based on genre preferences.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://netflixtechblog.com/artwork-personalization-c589f074ad76 |title=Artwork Personalization at Netflix |work=Netflix Technology Blog |date=December 7, 2017 |author1=Ashok Chandrashekar |author2=Fernando Amat |author3=Justin Basilico |author4=Tony Jebara}}</ref> Some thumbnails are generated from video stills.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.cornell.edu/info2040/2022/09/28/how-netflix-uses-matching-to-pick-the-best-thumbnail-for-you/|title=How Netflix Uses Matching To Pick The Best Thumbnail For You : Networks Course blog for INFO 2040/CS 2850/Econ 2040/SOC 2090}}</ref>

The Netflix recommendation system is a vital part of the streaming platform's success, enabling personalized content suggestions for hundreds of millions of subscribers worldwide.<ref name="RecoAI">{{cite web |title=Netflix Recommendation System: How it Works |url=https://recoai.net/netflix-recommendation-system-how-it-works/ |work=RecoAI |date=April 5, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-date=March 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323185735/https://recoai.net/netflix-recommendation-system-how-it-works/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Using advanced machine learning algorithms, Netflix analyzes user interactions, including viewing history, searches, and ratings, to deliver personalized recommendations for movies and TV shows.

The recommendation system considers individual user preferences, similarities with other users with comparable tastes, specific title attributes (genre, release year, etc.), device usage patterns, and viewing time. As users interact with the platform and provide feedback with their viewing habits, the recommendation system is able to adapt and refine its suggestions over time. Netflix uses a two-tiered ranking system, using the presentation of titles on the homepage for easy navigation to maximize user engagement. This is done by organizing content into rows and ranking the titles within each row based on how much the user would be interested in it.<ref name="RecoAI"/> Netflix also uses A/B testing to determine what causes the biggest interest and engagement related to options concerning movie suggestions and how titles are organized.

Tags like "bittersweet", "sitcom", or "intimate" are assigned to each title by Netflix employees.<ref name="Koblin" /> Netflix also uses the tags to create recommendation micro-genres like "Goofy TV Shows" or "Girls Night In".<ref name="Koblin">{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |author=John Koblin |date=January 14, 2024 |title=A Few Words About Netflix's Success: Vivid. Snappy. Tags. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/14/business/media/netflix-streaming-movies-ratings.html}}</ref>

Netflix launched "responsive recommendations", which display titles on the home page based on what its users are actively searching, in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Netflix Had to Redesign its Homepage |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/why-netflix-had-to-redesign-its-homepage.html |website=Vulture |date=May 7, 2025 |access-date=May 8, 2025}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{{Further|List of accolades received by Netflix}}

On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the first [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] nominations for original [[Streaming television|streaming]] programs at the [[65th Primetime Emmy Awards]]. Three of its series, ''Arrested Development'', ''[[Hemlock Grove (TV series)|Hemlock Grov]]e'' and ''[[House of Cards (American TV series)|House of Cards]]'', earned a combined 14 nominations (nine for ''House of Cards'', three for ''Arrested Development'' and two for ''Hemlock Grove'').<ref name=NDWi2PEN>{{cite news |url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/watching-for-the-2013-primetime-emmy-nominations/ |title=Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations |last=Stelter |first=Brian |date=July 18, 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719190706/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/watching-for-the-2013-primetime-emmy-nominations/ |archive-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref> The ''House of Cards'' episode "[[Chapter 1 (House of Cards)|Chapter 1]]" received four nominations for both the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards and [[65th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]], becoming the first episode of a streaming television series to receive a major Primetime Emmy Award nomination. With its win for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series, "Chapter 1" became the first episode from a streaming service to be awarded an Emmy.<ref name=NDWi2PEN /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emmys.com/shows/house-cards |title=House Of Cards |publisher=[[Emmy Awards]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725185708/http://www.emmys.com/shows/house-cards |archive-date=July 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name=NMHWTPCAEA>{{cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/netflix-makes-history-with-two-primetime-creative-arts-emmy-awards-223866861.html |title=Netflix Makes History With Two Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards |date=September 15, 2013 |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060817/http://www.nj.com/business/prnewswire/index.ssf?%2Fnj%2Fstory%2F%3FcatSetID=7002&nrid=223866861 |archive-date=September 21, 2013}}</ref> David Fincher's win for Directing for a Drama Series for ''House of Cards'' made the episode the first from a streaming service to win a Primetime Emmy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579092061505560526 |title=Netflix Makes Some History With Showing at Emmys |last1=Sharma |first1=Amol |first2=Alexandra |last2=Cheney |date=September 23, 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-access=subscription |name-list-style=amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085615/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303759604579092061505560526 |archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>

On November 6, 2013, Netflix earned its first Grammy nomination when [[You've Got Time]] by [[Regina Spektor]]—the main title theme song for ''Orange Is the New Black''—was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media.<ref>{{cite news |title='Orange Is The New Black' Scored Grammy Nomination For Theme Song 'You've Got Time' By Regina Spektor |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/07/orange-is-the-new-black-grammy-nomination_n_4404010.html |access-date=June 16, 2015 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=December 7, 2013}}</ref>

On December 12, 2013, the network earned six nominations for [[Golden Globe Awards]], including four for ''House of Cards''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/12/12/golden-globes-nominations-2014-twelve-years-a-slave-american-hustle-among-nominees/ |title=Golden Globes Nominations 2014: '12 Years a Slave,' 'American Hustle' Lead Field |last=Farley |first=Christopher John |date=December 12, 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213064254/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2013/12/12/golden-globes-nominations-2014-twelve-years-a-slave-american-hustle-among-nominees/ |archive-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref> Among those nominations was Wright for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama]] for her portrayal of Claire Underwood, which she won. With the accolade, Wright became the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a streaming television series. It also marked Netflix's first major acting award.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/columnists/zurawik/bal-house-of-cards-earns-golden-globe-win-for-robin-wright-20140112-story.html |title='House of Cards' star Robin Wright earns series' sole Golden Globes win |last=Zurawik |first=David |date=December 12, 2013 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113074936/http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/z-on-tv-blog/bal-house-of-cards-earns-golden-globe-win-for-robin-wright-20140112,0,5415673.story |archive-date=January 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2014/01/2014_golden_globes_robin_wright_wins_best_actress_for_online-only_house_of_cards.html |title=2014 Golden Globes: Robin Wright wins best actress for online-only 'House of Cards' |last=Hyman |first=Vicki |date=January 12, 2014 |work=[[The Star-Ledger]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115034431/http://www.nj.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2014/01/2014_golden_globes_robin_wright_wins_best_actress_for_online-only_house_of_cards.html |archive-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/awards/golden-globes-brooklyn-nine-nine-nabs-upset-tv-comedy-wins-1201050849/ |title=Golden Globes: 'Brooklyn Nine Nine' Nabs Upset TV Comedy Wins |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=January 12, 2014 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116040146/http://variety.com/2014/tv/awards/golden-globes-brooklyn-nine-nine-nabs-upset-tv-comedy-wins-1201050849/ |archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> ''House of Cards'' and ''Orange is the New Black'' also won [[Peabody Awards]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreeva |first=Nellie |date=April 2, 2014 |title=''House Of Cards'', ''Scandal'', ''Breaking Bad'', ''The Bridge'', ''Key & Peele'', ''Orphan Black'', ''Orange Is The New Black'' Win Peabodys |url=https://deadline.com/2014/04/house-of-cards-scandal-breaking-bad-the-bridge-key-peele-orphan-black-orange-is-the-new-black-win-peabody-awards-708340/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814203757/https://deadline.com/2014/04/house-of-cards-scandal-breaking-bad-the-bridge-key-peele-orphan-black-orange-is-the-new-black-win-peabody-awards-708340/ |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

On January 16, 2014, Netflix became the first streaming service to earn an Academy Award nomination when ''The Square'' was nominated for Best Documentary Feature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/16/5313690/2014-oscar-nominations |title=Netflix earns first Oscar nomination |website=Verge |date=January 16, 2014 |access-date=December 30, 2022}}</ref>

On July 10, 2014, Netflix received 31 Emmy nominations. Among other nominations, ''House of Cards'' received nominations for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series|Outstanding Drama Series]], Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright were nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. ''Orange is the New Black'' was nominated in the comedy categories, earning nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series. [[Taylor Schilling]], [[Kate Mulgrew]], and [[Uzo Aduba]] were respectively nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (the latter was for Aduba's recurring role in season one, as she was promoted to series regular for the show's second season).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bgr.com/general/netflix-2014-emmy-nominations/ |title=Netflix just scored a remarkable 31 Emmy nominations |first=Brad |last=Reed |work=[[Boy Genius Report]] |date=July 10, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713020309/http://bgr.com/2014/07/10/netflix-2014-emmy-nominations/ |archive-date=July 13, 2014}}</ref>

Netflix got the largest share of 2016 Emmy Award nominations, with 16 major nominations. However, streaming shows only got 24 nominations out of a total of 139, falling significantly behind cable. The 16 Netflix nominees were: ''House of Cards'' with Kevin Spacey, ''A Very Murray Christmas'' with Bill Murray, ''Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt'', ''Master of None'', and ''Bloodline''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/emmys-2016-netflix-leads-streaming-911095/ |title=Emmys: Netflix Leads Streaming Nominations as Crackle Breaks Through With Jerry Seinfeld Coup |first=NATALIE |last=JARVEY |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 14, 2016}}</ref>

''[[Stranger Things]]'' received 19 nominations at the [[2017 Primetime Emmy Awards]], while ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'' received 13 nominations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.polygon.com/tv/2017/7/13/15965444/emmy-nominations-2017-westworld-stranger-things |title=Westworld, Stranger Things lead 2017 Emmy nominations |last=Sarkar |first=Samit |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=July 13, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220125/https://www.polygon.com/tv/2017/7/13/15965444/emmy-nominations-2017-westworld-stranger-things |archive-date=September 14, 2017}}</ref>

In December 2017, Netflix was awarded [[PETA]]'s Company of the Year for promoting animal rights movies and documentaries like ''[[Forks Over Knives]]'' and ''[[What the Health]]''.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/netflix-nets-petas-2017-company-year-award/ |title=Netflix Nets PETA's 2017 'Company of the Year' Award |publisher=[[PETA]] |date=December 13, 2017 |access-date=October 29, 2021 |archive-date=September 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910172904/https://www.peta.org/media/news-releases/netflix-nets-petas-2017-company-year-award/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://deadline.com/2017/12/netflix-peta-company-of-year-2017-1202226312/ |title=Netflix Named PETA's 2017 Company Of Year |first=Lisa |last=de Moraes |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=December 13, 2017}}</ref>

At the [[90th Academy Awards]], held on March 4, 2018, the film ''[[Icarus (2017 film)|Icarus]]'', distributed by Netflix, won its first [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film]]. During his remarks backstage, director and writer Bryan Fogel remarked that Netflix had "single-handedly changed the documentary world." ''Icarus'' had its premiere at the 2017 [[Sundance Film Festival]] and was bought by Netflix for $5 million, one of the biggest deals ever for a non-fiction film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/sundance-icarus-russian-doping-1201968509/ |title=Sundance: Netflix Lands Russian Doping Documentary 'Icarus' (EXCLUSIVE) |last2=Setoodeh |first1=Brent |last1=Lang |first2=Ramin |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=January 24, 2017}}</ref> Netflix became the network whose programs received more nomination at the 2018 [[70th Primetime Emmy Awards|Primetime]] and [[70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|Creative Arts Emmy Awards]] with 112 nominations, therefore breaking [[HBO]]'s 17-years record as a network whose programs received more nomination at the Emmys, which received 108 nominations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2018/07/emmy-nominations-2018-netflix-hbo/565046/ |title=Emmys Nominations 2018: Netflix Takes Over |last=Gilbert |first=Sophie |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=July 12, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/emmys/2018/07/12/netflix-vs-hbo-emmy/ |title=How Netflix beat HBO in Emmy nominations for first time ever |first=James |last=Hibberd |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>

On January 22, 2019, films distributed by Netflix scored 15 nominations for the [[91st Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] for [[Alfonso Cuarón]]'s ''[[Roma (2018 film)|Roma]]'', which was nominated for 10 awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oscars: Netflix Takes On Hollywood Studios With 15 Noms |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2019-netflix-now-competing-hollywood-studios-1177822 |last=McClintock |first=Pamela |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 22, 2019}}</ref> The 15 nominations equal the total nominations films distributed by Netflix had received in previous years.

In 2020, Netflix received 20 TV nominations and films distributed by Netflix also got 22 film nominations at the [[78th Golden Globe Awards]]. It secured three out of the five nominations for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama|best drama TV series]] for ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'', ''[[Ozark (TV series)|Ozark]]'' and ''[[Ratched (TV series)|Ratched]]'' and four of the five nominations for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama|best actress in a TV series]]: [[Olivia Colman]], [[Emma Corrin]], [[Laura Linney]] and [[Sarah Paulson]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Napoli |first=Jessica |title=Netflix dominates Golden Globe awards with over 40 nominations |work=[[Fox Business]] |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/netflix-dominates-golden-globe-awards-nominations |date=February 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Mank' leads Golden Globe nominees with 6; Netflix dominates |url=https://apnews.com/article/golden-globe-nominations-2021-0e5be6d70f02b936b0a5025bb026e761 |first=JAKE |last=COYLE |work=Associated Press News |date=February 3, 2021}}</ref>

In 2020, Netflix earned 24 Academy Award nominations, marking the first time a streaming service led all studios.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/13/oscars-2020-netflix-leads-oscar-nominations-with-24-nods.html |title=Netflix Leads Oscar Nominations with 24 Nods |publisher=CNBC |date=January 13, 2020 |access-date=December 30, 2022}}</ref>

Films and programs distributed by Netflix received 30 nominations at the 2021 [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]], more than any other distribution company, where their distributed films and programs won seven awards including best motion picture for ''[[The Trial of the Chicago 7]]'' and best TV drama for ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Netflix leads the pack at the SAG Awards with 30 nominations |url=https://www.engadget.com/screen-actors-guild-nominations-netflix-chadwick-boseman-181321198.html |work=[[Engadget]] |date=February 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/sag-awards-2021-netflix-the-crown-trial-of-the-chicago-7-ma-raineys-black-bottom-1234944064/ |title=SAG Awards: Netflix Wins Big During Pandemic Year With 'The Crown,' 'Chicago 7' and 'Ma Rainey' |first=Elizabeth |last=Wagmeister |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 4, 2021}}</ref> Netflix also received the most nominations of any studio at the [[93rd Academy Awards]]—35 total nominations with 7 award wins.<ref>{{cite web |title=THE 93RD ACADEMY AWARDS |date=March 19, 2024 |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2021 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/26/netflix-snags-7-awards-nearly-doubling-its-all-time-oscars-tally-.html |title=Netflix snags 7 awards, nearly doubling its all-time Oscars tally |first=Sarah |last=Whitten |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=April 26, 2021}}</ref>

In February 2022, ''[[The Power of the Dog (film)|The Power of the Dog]]'', a gritty western distributed by Netflix and directed by Jane Campion, received 12 nominations, including Best Picture, for the 94th annual Academy Awards. Films distributed by the streamer received a total of 72 nominations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gruenwedel |first1=Erik |title=Netflix's 'The Power of the Dog' Leads 2022 Academy Awards Race With 12 Nominations |url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/netflixs-the-power-of-the-dog-leads-2022-academy-awards-with-12-nominations/ |access-date=February 9, 2022 |work=[[Media Play News]] |date=February 8, 2022}}</ref> Campion became the third female to receive the Best Director award, winning her second Oscar for ''The Power of the Dog''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/28/jane-campion-wins-best-director-oscar-for-the-power-of-the-dog |title=Jane Campion wins best director Oscar for The Power of the Dog |work=The Guardian |author=Pulver, Andrew |date=March 27, 2022}}</ref> At the [[50th International Emmy Awards]], Netflix original ''[[Sex Education (TV series)|Sex Education]]'' won [[International Emmy Award for Best Comedy Series|Best Comedy Series]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/international-emmy-winners-2022-1235438691/ |title=International Emmys 2022: The Complete Winners List |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=November 22, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022}}</ref> Later that year, Netflix received 26 Emmy Awards including six for ''Squid Game''. The ''Squid Game'' wins for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series]] and [[Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series]] were the first-ever for a non-English language series in those categories.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/09/emmys-2022-winners-list |title=Emmys 2022 Winners: See the Full List Here |publisher=Variety Fair |date=September 13, 2022 |author=Kase Wickman}}</ref>

In March 2023, Netflix won six Academy Awards including four for ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front (2022 film)|All Quiet on the Western Front]]'' which was the most awarded Netflix film in its history. ''[[Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio]]'' was the first streaming film to win [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]] and ''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]'' was the first Indian-produced film to receive [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film|Best Documentary Short Film]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/12/oscars-highlights-complete-list-of-winners.html |title=Oscar 2023: 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' wins best picture, six other awards |publisher=CNBC |date=March 13, 2023 |author1=Sarah Whitten |author2=Mike Calia}}</ref> Netflix received 103 Emmy nominations including 13 each for the limited series [[Beef (TV series)|''Beef'']]'' and [[Dahmer – Monster: The Jeffrey Dahmer Story]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/2023-emmy-nominations-list-1235666521/ |title=Emmys 2023: The Complete Nominations List |work=Variety |date=July 12, 2023 |author1=Jordan Moreau |author2=Michael Schneider}}</ref>

In July 2024, Netflix received 107 Emmy nominations, which was the most of any network.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Littleton |first=Cynthia |date=July 17, 2024 |title=Emmy Nominations 2024 Scorecard: Netflix on Top, FX Makes History and Apple TV+ Packs a Punch |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/awards/emmy-nominations-scorecard-netflix-fx-apple-1236075601/ |access-date=August 8, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2025, Netflix received 18 Academy Award nominations across six titles—the most of any studio.<ref>{{cite web |title='Emilia Pérez' scores most nominations with 13, followed by 10 each for 'The Brutalist,' 'Wicked.' |url=https://www.gema.org/news/netflix-leads-oscar-nominations-with-18 |website=Gema |access-date=February 14, 2025}}</ref> Thirteen of those nominations belonged to the musical crime drama ''[[Emilia Pérez]],'' making it the most nominated film of the year and the most nominated non-English language film in Academy history. ''Emilia Pérez'' ultimately won an award for [[Best Original Song]] for "El Mal" and [[Zoe Saldaña]] was awarded [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]. Other Netflix films recognized with nominations were ''[[The Only Girl in the Orchestra]],'' which took home the award for Best Documentary Short, Pablo Larraín's ''Maria'', Tyler Perry's ''[[The Six Triple Eight]],'' animated feature ''[[Wallace & Gromit: Vengeance Most Fowl]],'' and live-action short film ''[[Anuja (film)|Anuja]].''<ref>{{Cite news |title=6 Oscar-Nominated Movies You Can Watch on Netflix Right Now |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/oscar-nominations-2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723214001/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/oscar-nominations-2025 |archive-date=July 23, 2025 |access-date=August 4, 2025 |work=Netflix Tudum |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2025, Netflix received 120 Emmy nominations, including 13 nods for ''[[Adolescence (TV series)|Adolescence]]'', 11 for ''[[Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story]]'' and 10 for ''Black Mirror''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/15/arts/television/emmy-nominees-list-2025.html |title=Emmy Nominees 2025: The Complete List |date=July 15, 2025 |website=Harvard Business Review |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> It won 30, including eight for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series|Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series]] winner ''[[Adolescence (TV series)|Adolescence]]''. The show's star, [[Owen Cooper]], was the youngest Emmy winner ever in any male acting category at 15 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2025/09/emmy-analysis-the-studio-adolescence-the-pitt-hbo-netflix-1236531341/ |title=Emmy Analysis & Scorecards: 'The Studio' Breaks Emmy Record, HBO Max & Netflix Share Honors And Apple Lands Best-Ever Awards Haul |last1=White |first1=Peter |date=September 15, 2025 |website=Deadline |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/adolescence-star-owen-cooper-emmys-win-record-breaker-1236369134/ |title='Adolescence' Star Owen Cooper Makes Emmys History as Youngest-Ever Male Winner in Any Acting Category |last1=Ford |first1=Lily |date=September 15, 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref>

In January 2026, Netflix received 18 Academy Award nominations across six titles. These included [[Guillermo del Toro]]’s ''[[Frankenstein (2025 film)|Frankenstein]]'' with nine nominations (Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor, Best Original Score, Best Cinematography, Best Makeup and Hairstyling, Best Costume Design, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Production Design, Best Sound)'','' [[Clint Bentley]]’s ''[[Train Dreams (film)|Train Dreams]]'' with three nominations (Best Picture, Best Cinematography, Best Original Song)'','' ''[[The Perfect Neighbor]]'' for Best Documentary, ''[[KPop Demon Hunters]]'' for Best Animated Feature, as well as two short films: ''[[The Singers]]'' and ''[[All the Empty Rooms]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tingley |first=Anna |date=2026-01-27 |title=Oscars Streaming Guide: Where to Stream This Year's Feature Film Nominees |url=https://variety.com/lists/where-to-stream-2026-oscar-nominated-films-online/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>'' nominated for Live Action Short Film<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-26 |title=AwardsWatch - A Guide to the 2026 Oscar-Nominated Live Action Short Films |url=https://awardswatch.com/a-guide-to-the-2026-oscar-nominated-live-action-short-films/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=AwardsWatch |language=en-US}}</ref> and Documentary Short Film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=2026-03-09 |title=Final Oscar Predictions: Documentary Short — Can ‘All the Empty Rooms’ Hold Off ‘The Devil Is Busy’ and ‘Children No More’? |url=https://variety.com/lists/2026-oscars-best-documentary-short-film-predictions/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> respectively.

== Criticism ==
{{Main|Criticism of Netflix}}

[[File:Netflix web page linked from the "Choose a New Plan" button in the Netflix email titled "Choose a new plan now to keep watching", 2024.png|thumb|upright|In 2024, Netflix discontinued its cheapest ad-free Basic plan. Users who were on the plan would have to pay extra for the next cheapest ad-free plan.]]

Customers of Netflix have complained about price increases in Netflix offerings dating back to the company's decision to separate its DVD rental and streaming services, which was quickly reversed. As Netflix increased its streaming output, it has faced calls to limit accessibility to [[graphic violence]] and include viewer advisories for issues such as sensationalism and promotion of [[pseudoscience]]. Netflix's content has also been criticized by [[disability rights movement]] advocates for lack of [[closed captioning]] quality.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-44643667 |title=Queer Eye host backs Netflix subtitle change |last=Cooper |first=Kelly-Leigh |work=BBC News |date=June 29, 2018 |access-date=July 8, 2019}}</ref> The launch of ad-supported plans has also been criticized by some subscribers as undermining Netflix's once ad-free experience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feiner |first=Lauren |date=July 5, 2019 |title=Netflix could lose almost a quarter of its subscribers if it started running ads, study shows |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/05/netflix-users-dont-want-ads-23percent-would-consider-canceling-report.html |access-date=February 5, 2026 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

Some media organizations and competitors have criticized Netflix for selectively releasing ratings and [[Audience measurement|viewer numbers]] of its original programming. The company has made claims boasting about viewership records without providing data to substantiate its successes or using problematic estimation methods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/17/18412309/netflix-transparency-data-viewers-ratings-subscribers-bird-box-numbers |title=Netflix execs say they'll finally start releasing viewership data soon |work=The Verge |date=April 17, 2019 |access-date=June 2, 2019}}</ref> In March 2020, some government agencies called for Netflix and other streamers to limit services due to increased broadband and energy consumption as use of the platform increased. In response, the company announced it would reduce [[bit rate]] across all streams in Europe, thus decreasing Netflix traffic on European networks by around 25 percent. These same steps were later taken in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix finds way to maintain streaming quality in India despite heavy traffic |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/netflix-finds-new-way-to-maintain-video-quality-in-india-despite-heavy-traffic-11585030451775.html |website=Livemint |date=March 24, 2020 |access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref>

In May 2022, Netflix's shareholder Imperium Irrevocable Trust filed a lawsuit against the company for violating the US [[securities]] laws.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix Hit With Shareholder Lawsuit After Disclosing Subscriber Loss |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-hit-with-shareholder-lawsuit-after-disclosing-subscriber-loss-1235140743/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |last=Cho |first=Winston |date=May 4, 2022}}</ref> In January 2024, a federal judge dismissed the suit, stating that shareholders failed to provide instances of Netflix lying about subscriber growth.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cho |first1=Winston |title=Netflix Staves Off Shareholder Lawsuit Over Subscriber Losses Tied to Account-Sharing Disclosures |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-staves-off-shareholder-lawsuit-over-subscriber-losses-1235782591/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=July 29, 2024 |date=January 8, 2024}}</ref>

In May 2023, Netflix officially banned the use of password sharing between individuals of different households, meaning sharing an account was only available to those living in the same house.<ref name="password sharing">{{Cite web |first1=Hamish|last1=Hector|first2=Mark |last2=Wilson|first3=Chris |last3=Rowlands |date=February 11, 2023 |title=Netflix password-sharing: how the crackdown works and what it costs |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/netflix-password-sharing |access-date=August 21, 2024 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Tom Power |date=May 24, 2023 |title=Netflix's global password crackdown is off to a terrible start |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/netflixs-massive-password-crackdown-expansion-is-off-to-a-terrible-start |access-date=August 21, 2024 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref> After reporting a record number of new subscribers in Q4 2024, Netflix raised prices
in early 2025, and again in March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix raises monthly fees after a record jump in new subscribers |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/01/22/g-s1-44212/netflix-price-hike-subscribers#:~:text=Netflix%20raises%20monthly%20fees%20after%20a%20record%20jump%20in%20new%20subscribers&text=First%2C%20the%20good%20news.,sports%20events%20and%20new%20programs. |publisher=NPR | date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=February 17, 2025 | last1=Restrepo | first1=Manuela López }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of streaming media services]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Hastings |first=Reed |year=2020 |title=No Rules Rules: Netflix and the Culture of Reinvention |isbn=978-1-984877-86-4 |publisher=Penguin Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=McDonald |first1=Kevin |last2=Smith-Rowsey |first2=Daniel |date=2016 |title=The Netflix Effect: Technology and Entertainment in the 21st Century |edition=1st |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic & Professional |isbn=978-1-5013-0944-1}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Netflix}}
{{Wikiquote|Netflix}}
{{Wikidata property|P1874}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Netflix|state=collapsed}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Netflix programming
| titlestyle = background:#E50914; color:#FFFFFF;
| list1 =
{{Netflix original current series|state=collapsed}}
{{Netflix original continuation series|state=autocollapse}}
{{Netflix original ended series (2012–2018)|state=autocollapse}}
{{Netflix original ended series (2019–present)|state=autocollapse}}
{{Netflix original upcoming series|state=autocollapse}}
{{Netflix specials|state=collapsed}}
}}
{{VOD services}}
{{S&P 500 companies}}
{{Portal bar|Companies|Film|Television|Video games|Internet|Technology|San Francisco Bay Area|California}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Netflix]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2007]]
[[Category:Internet television streaming services]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 software]]
[[Category:PlayStation 5 software]]
[[Category:Subscription video on demand services]]
[[Category:TvOS software]]
[[Category:Universal Windows Platform apps]]
[[Category:Video rental services]]
[[Category:Xbox One software]]
[[Category:Xbox Series X and Series S software]]

Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-28T23:27:48Z

ZitaKight7091: Done

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Thrissur {{Small|KL-10}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Thrissur.map}}

|map_caption = Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency
|established = 1951
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|incumbent_image =
|mp = [[Suresh Gopi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|assembly_cons = {{hlist|[[Guruvayur (State Assembly constituency)|Guruvayur]] [[Manalur (State Assembly constituency)|Manalur]] [[Ollur (State Assembly constituency)|Ollur]] [[Thrissur (State Assembly constituency)|Thrissur]] [[Nattika (State Assembly constituency)|Nattika]] [[Irinjalakuda (State Assembly constituency)|Irinjalakuda]] [[Puthukkad (State Assembly constituency)|Puthukkad]]}}
|reservation=None}}
'''Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the state of [[Kerala]] in southern India.

==Assembly segments==

Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-04 |access-date=2008-10-19 |work=Kerala |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |[[2024 Indian general election in Kerala|2024]] lead
|-
|63
|[[Guruvayur Assembly constituency|Guruvayur]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|[[N. K. Akbar]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|64
|[[Manalur Assembly constituency|Manalur]]
|[[Murali Perunelly]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|66
|[[Ollur Assembly constituency|Ollur]]
|[[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|67
|[[Thrissur Assembly constituency|Thrissur]]
|[[P. Balachandran (politician)|P. Balachandran]]
|-
|68
|[[Nattika Assembly constituency|Nattika]] (SC)
|[[C. C. Mukundan]]
|-
|70
|[[Irinjalakuda Assembly constituency|Irinjalakuda]]
|[[R. Bindu]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|71
|[[Puthukkad Assembly constituency|Puthukkad]]
|[[K. K. Ramachandran]]
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrissur (Kerala) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Thrissur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP & Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/amp/parliamentary-constituencies/thrissur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Iyyunni Chalakka]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Krishnan Warrier]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[C. Janardhanan]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. A. Rajan]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="2" |[[P. A. Antony]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[P. C. Chacko]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[V. V. Raghavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[A. C. Jose]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[C. K. Chandrappan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[P. C. Chacko]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[C. N. Jayadevan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[T. N. Prathapan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Suresh Gopi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

===General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Thrissur<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Thrissur">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Thrissur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1110.htm |access-date=30 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730082343/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1110.htm |archive-date=30 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Suresh Gopi ]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes|votes=412,338|percentage=37.80|change={{gain}}9.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V. S. Sunil Kumar]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes|votes=337,652|percentage=30.95|change={{gain}}0.10}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Muraleedharan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes|votes=328,124|percentage=30.08|change={{loss}}9.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,072|percentage=0.56|change={{gain}} 0.15}}
{{Election box majority||votes=74,686|percentage=6.90|change={{loss}}2.08}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,092,574|percentage=73.63|change={{loss}}4.32}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 2019 ===
According to Election Commission, there are 12,93,744 registered voters in Thrissur Constituency for 2019 Lok Sabha Election.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Thrissur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[T. N. Prathapan]]|votes=415089|percentage=39.83|change={{increase}}1.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Rajaji Mathew Thomas]]|votes=321,456|percentage=30.85|change={{decrease}}11.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Suresh Gopi]]|votes=293,822|percentage=28.19|change={{increase}}17.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=4,253|percentage=0.41|change={{decrease}}0.68}}
{{Election box majority||votes=93,633|percentage=8.98|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,042,122|percentage=77.94|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Thrissur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[C. N. Jayadevan]]|votes=389,209|percentage=42.27|change={{decrease}}1.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[K. P. Dhanapalan]]|votes=350,982|percentage=38.12|change={{decrease}}9.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. P. Sreesan|votes=102,681|percentage=11.15|change={{increase}}4.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Sarah Joseph (author)|Sarah Joseph]]|votes=44,638|percentage=4.85|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes=10,050|percentage=1.09|change=---}}{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 38,227
|percentage = 4.15
|change = +1.06
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=920,505|percentage=72.15|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = 7.24
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Thrissur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate= [[P. C. Chacko]]|votes=385,297|percentage=47.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India |candidate=[[C. N. Jayadevan]]|votes=360,146|percentage=44.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rema Regunandan|votes=54,680|percentage=6.7|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 25,151
|percentage = 3.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=815,856|percentage=69.5|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Thrissur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[C. K. Chandrappan]]|votes=3,20,960|percentage=46.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. C. Jose]]|votes=2,74,999|percentage=40.0|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. S. Sreeraman|votes=72,042|percentage=10.5|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 45,961
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Thrissur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[A. C. Jose]]|votes=3,43,793|percentage=47.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[V. V. Raghavan]]|votes=3,32,161|percentage=45.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=A. S. Radhakrishnan|votes=44,354|percentage=6.07|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 11,632
|percentage =1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=730,417|percentage=68.80|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 1998 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Thrissur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[V. V. Raghavan]]|votes=3,40,216|percentage=47.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[K. Muraleedharan]]|votes=3,21,807|percentage=44.50|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P M Gopinadhan|votes=58,386|percentage=8.07|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 18,409
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=723,190|percentage=71.22|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 1996 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Thrissur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[V. V. Raghavan]]|votes=3,08,482|percentage=44.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[K. Karunakaran]]|votes=3,07,002|percentage=44.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rema Reghunandan|votes=41,139|percentage=5.96|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 1,480
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=708,216|percentage=71.16|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala]]
* [[2014 Indian general election in Kerala]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Thrissur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/kerala/thrissur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Thrissur Lok Sabha Elections Asianet News survey results 2019]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}
{{Thrissur topics}}

{{coord|10.5|76.2|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thrissur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Thrissur district]]

Bidar

2026-03-28T10:16:10Z

ZitaKight7091:

{{Short description|City in Karnataka, India}}
{{About|the city|its eponymous district|Bidar district| Taluka (Tehsil) |Bidar taluk}}
{{See also|Bidar (disambiguation)}}
{{original research|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bidar
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo2b = Bidar Fort wide.jpg
| photo2a = Gumbaz Darwaza of the Bidar fort.jpg
| photo3a = Complete view of Mahumad Gawan.JPG
| photo1a = Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib gurdwara in Bidar, Jul 2017.jpg
}}
| image_caption = (clockwise from top) [[Bidar Fort]]; One of the [[Barid Shahi tombs]]; [[Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib]]; Ruins of the [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]]
| nicknames = [[City of Whispering Monuments|The City of Whispering Monuments and
Crown Town]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| coordinates = {{coord|17.912|N|77.520|E|region:IN-KA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Karnataka.svg}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bidar district]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder = Bommagondeshwara
| named_for = [[Bidriware|Bidri]]
| government_type = {{bulleted list
|City Municipal Corporation
|Urban Development Authority
}}
| governing_body = {{bulleted list
|Bidar City Municipal Corporation
|Bidar Urban Development Authority
}}
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=cmc>{{cite web|title=City/Town Summary|url=http://www.bidarcity.mrc.gov.in/|website=Bidar City Municipal Council, ಬೀದರ ನಗರಸಭೆ|access-date=11 March 2015|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222225032/http://www.bidarcity.mrc.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 55.6
| elevation_m = 710
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>Elevation of the CITY is not to be confused with that of TALUKA, which averages to 664m (2178ft)</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2,16,020
| population_footnotes = <ref name="cmc"/>
| population_rank = {{plainlist|
*11th ([[List of cities in Karnataka by population|Karnataka]])
*216th ([[List of cities in India by population|India]])
}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_urban_footnotes =
| population_blank1_title = [[Sex ratio]]
| population_blank1 = 938[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]
| population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=Bidar City Census 2011 data|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/433-bidar.html|website=census2011.co.in|access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref>
| population_demonym = {{nowrap|{{hlist|Bidri|Bidarinavaru}}}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 585401/02/03
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-(0)8482]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KA—Karnataka|KA-38]]
| blank_name = {{nowrap|[[Official language]]}}
| blank_info = [[Kannada]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |access-date=14 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 92.88%
| website = {{URL|bidarcity.mrc.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Bidar Urban Development Authority
}}
'''Bidar''' ( {{IPA|kn|biːd̪əɾ|lang}} ) is a city and the headquarters of the [[Bidar district]] in [[Karnataka]] state of India. Bidar is a prominent place on the archaeological map of India. It is well known for architectural, historical religious and rich heritage sites. Picturesquely perched on the [[Deccan Plateau]], the [[Bidar fort]] (Bidar Kote) is more than 500 years old and still standing strong.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bidar fort stands the test of time|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/44855/bidar-fort-stands-test-time.html|access-date=5 March 2015|work=Deccan Herald|date=4 January 2010}}</ref> According to the book "Bidar Heritage" published by the state ''Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage'', of the 61 monuments listed by the department, about 30 are [[tomb]]s located in and around Bidar city.,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bidar has 30 tombs of former kings|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bidar-has-30-tombs-of-former-kings/article1308928.ece|access-date=5 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=6 August 2008}}</ref> hence its nickname, "City of Whispering Monuments". The heritage sites in and around Bidar have become the major attraction for film shooting in recent years, with [[Bollywood]] making visits apart from [[Kannada film industry]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Holding fort at Bidar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/holding-fort-at-bidar/article2457152.ece|access-date=5 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=16 September 2011}}</ref>

Bidar is home for the second biggest [[Indian Air Force]] training centre in the country. The [[Bidar Airport|IAF Station Bidar]] is used for advanced jet training of prospective fighter pilots on [[BAe Hawk]] aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two Hawks will land in Bidar on November 12|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/two-hawks-will-land-in-bidar-on-november-12/article1946132.ece|access-date=5 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=11 November 2007}}</ref>

Bidar city is known for its [[Bidri ware|Bidri]] [[handicraft]] products, and its rich history. Bidar is also considered one of the holiest place for Sikh pilgrimage. Unlike other places in the region, Bidar is the coldest and wettest place in north Karnataka. For the year 2009–10, Bidar was ranked 22nd among the cleanest cities in India, and 5th cleanest in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/may/11/slide-show-1-chandigarh-cleanest-of-all.htm |title=India's cleanest: Where does your city stand? |publisher=News.rediff.com |date=2010-05-13 |access-date=2013-12-19}}</ref> [[State Highway 4 (Karnataka)|SH4]] passes through Bidar and the whole city is integrated with a 4-lane road.

== Etymology ==
The name Bidar appears to be derived from Kannada word ‘bidiru’, which means bamboo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Bidar District {{!}} Bidar District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bidar.nic.in/en/about-district/ |access-date=20 April 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was also referred as ''Bhadrakot''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJuAAAAMAAJ|title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate, A.D. 1206-1526|year=1970|publisher=People's Publishing House|author=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami|page=465}}</ref>

Legend has associated Bidar with the ancient kingdom of [[Vidarbha]], to which references are found in early Hindu literature like ''[[Malavikagnimitra]], [[Mahabharata]], the [[Harivamsa]], [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]]'', and a few other ''[[Puranas]]''.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=3}}{{rp|3}} Its association can be seen apparently on account of the similarity in names ''Bidar'' and ''Vidarbha''. This has been mentioned in [[Firishta|Firishta's]] writings.

The traditional tales reveal that [[Vidura]] lived here; hence the place was earlier called '''Viduranagara''' and also as the place where [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]] (Daughter of ''Raja Bhima'', the King of Vidharba) were meeting.<ref name="gaz">{{cite book|title=Karnataka Gazetteer|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Govt. of Karnataka|edition=Second}}</ref>

Bidar under the rule of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] was known as Muhammadabad.

== History ==
{{main|History of Bidar}}

The recorded History of the city goes back to the third century B.C. when it was a part of the [[Mauryan Empire]]. After the Mauryas, [[Satavahana]]s, [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] and [[Chalukya]]s of Badami and later the [[Rashtrakuta]]s reigned over Bidar territory. The Chalukyas of Kalyana and [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]]s also regained the area. For a short period after Kalyani Chalukyas the area of Bidar was under the rule of [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna]]s of [[Daulatabad Fort|Devagiri]] and [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]]s of [[Warangal]].

=== Bahmani Sultanate ===
{{Main|Bahamani Sultanate}}
The [[Delhi Sultanate]] invaded the area first by [[Allauddin Khilji]], and later, [[Muhammad Tughlaq|Muhammed-bin-Tughluq]] took control of entire [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan]] including Bidar. In the middle of the 14th century, the Sultan of Delhi's officers that were stationed in Deccan rebelled and this resulted in the establishment of [[Bahamani|Bahmanid Dynasty]] in 1347 A.D. at Gulbarga/Hasanabad (present [[Kalaburagi]]). There was frequent warfare between the Bahmanids and the [[Vijaynagar Empire|Vijaynagar Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bidartourism.com/history.html |title=History of Bidar |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903204128/http://www.bidartourism.com/history.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

The history of the present fort at Bidar is attributed to the sultan [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani]], the sultan of the Bahmani dynasty till 1427, when he shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar since it had better climatic conditions and was also a fertile and fruit-bearing land. The earliest recorded history of its existence as a small and strong fort is also traced to prince Ulugh Khan in 1322, whereafter it came under the reign of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/heritage/heritage_areas.htm | title=Heritage Areas}}</ref>

With the establishment of the Bahmanid dynasty (1347), Bidar was occupied by Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah Bahmani. During the rule of Ahmad Shah I (1422–1486), Bidar was made the capital city of [[Bahmani Kingdom]].{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=5}}<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=106–108}}</ref> The old fort was rebuilt and [[madrasa]]s, [[mosques]], palaces, and gardens were raised. [[Mahmud Gawan]], who became the [[prime minister]] in 1466, was a notable figure in the history of Bidar. Bidar remained under the [[Barid Shahi Dynasty|Barid Shahi dynasty]] until conquest by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] in 1619.
[[Aurangazeb|Aurangzeb]] came to Bidar after his father, [[Padshah]] (emperor) [[Shah Jahan]], appointed him the Prince of Deccan.<ref>{{cite news|title=An occasion to recall Aurangazeb's association with this historic city|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/an-occasion-to-recall-aurangazebs-association-with-this-historic-city/article1505356.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=5 March 2015|date=3 March 2011|last1=Desai|first1=Rishikesh Bahadur}}</ref><ref name="Britanica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64749/Bidar|title=Geography and travel|access-date=2009-11-08|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091204074805/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64749/Bidar| archive-date= 4 December 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
In 1635, during this campaign led by of Aurangzeb, Bidar was ravaged by Khan Dauran. In the end of 1656, and [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]] was entered by Aurangzeb himself. The historians of this time describes ″he entered the city and proceeding to a mosque which had been built 200 years before, in the reign of [[Bahamani Sultanate|Bahamani Sultans]], he ordered the [[khutba]] to be read in the name of his father, Shah Jahan.<ref name=report>{{cite book |author1=Burgess, James |author-link=James Burgess (archaeologist) |author2=Fleet, John Faithful |title=Report on the antiquities in the Bidar and Aurangabad districts, in the territories of His Highness the nizam of Haidarabad, being the result of the third season's operations of the Archæological survey of Western India, 1875-76. |date=1 May 1878 |publisher=Her Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|43}} The madrasa was principally appropriated as [[Barracks|barrack]] for a body of [[cavalry]], while a room (or rooms) near the left [[Minaret|minar]] were used to store [[gunpowder]] which exploded in an accident. It blew up fully of one-fourth of the edifice, destroying the tower and entrance.<ref name=report />{{rp|43}} Finally, in 1656 Aurangzeb then wrested the Bidar Fort from the Adil Shahis after a 21-day war. With this, Bidar became a part of the [[Mughal dynasty]] for the second time.<ref name="Britanica" /> Bidar then was made a [[subah]] (imperial top-level province) in the same year, which [[Telangana Subah]] was merged into the next year.{{sfn|Haig, 1907|pp=102}}

In 1724, Bidar became a part of the Asaf Jahi Kingdom of the [[Nizams]]. Third son of Asaf jah l ( Nizam l ) [[Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan, Salabat Jang]] ruled from [[Bidar fort]] from 1751 to 1762, till his brother Mir Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah III imprisoned him in this fort, and was killed in Bidar fort on 16 September 1763. ''Mohammedabad'' old name of Bidar is also on his name. It was connected to Hyderabad by rail in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=20}} After India's independence, in 1956 all Kannada speaking areas were merged to form the Mysore State and Bidar became part of the new Mysore (now Karnataka) state.<ref name="Britanica" /><ref name="Sherwani">{{Cite book
| last = Sherwani | first = Haroon Khan
| title = Cultural trends in medieval India: architecture, painting, literature & language
| pages = 14–16
| access-date = 2009-11-07
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u_YtAAAAMAAJ&q=Gulbarga+Fort
| publisher = Asia Pub. House
| year = 1969
| isbn = 9780210981436
}}</ref><ref name="online">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0000430s6u00044000.html|title=Gulbarga Fort|access-date=2009-11-07|publisher=British Library On Line gallery|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018115928/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0000430s6u00044000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Karez System ====
{{Main|Qanat}}
Ancient [[Bidar Fort#Karez.28Ancient water supply system.29|Karez System]] in the city have been recently discovered. The Karez ([[Qanat]]) is an underground network of aqueducts for water supply. The Bidar Karez, built in the 15th century, is more than {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} long with 21 air vents.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2012 |title=Picnic spot of Barid Shahi kings discovered in Bidar |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/picnic-spot-of-barid-shahi-kings-discovered-in-bidar/article4208180.ece |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> Underground canals, built to connect underground water streams, were meant to provide drinking water to civilian settlements and the garrison inside the Bidar fort. This was necessary in a city where the soil was rocky and drilling wells was difficult.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Bidar District {{!}} Bidar District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bidar.nic.in/en/about-district/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The Bidar karez systems, believed to be the earliest ones in India, were constructed during the Bahmani period. According to [[Ghulam Yazdani|Gulam Yazdani]]'s documentation, Bidar has three karez systems: Naubad, Shukla Theerth, and Jamna Mori. Among these, Shukla Theerth stands out as the longest karez system in Bidar. The origin well of this karez was found near Gornalli Kere, a historic embankment. Jamna Mori, on the other hand, primarily served as a distribution system within the old city, with numerous channels intersecting the city streets.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=G. |title=Bidar: Its History and Monuments |date=1995-10-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1071-6 |edition=1st Indian |location=Delhi |language=English}}</ref>

Restoration efforts began in 2014, focusing on the desilting and excavation of the Naubad Karez.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-14 |title=Resurrecting the Karez |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/517462/resurrecting-karez.html |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In 2015, this initiative led to the discovery of 27 vertical shafts connected to the Karez. The rejuvenation of these systems has had a significant positive impact on Bidar, a city facing [[water scarcity]]. Additionally, in 2016, during a sewage line excavation, a seventh line of the system was uncovered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-29 |title=New 'surang bavi' line found in Bidar |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/New-%E2%80%98surang-bavi%E2%80%99-line-found-in-Bidar/article14409242.ece |access-date=2023-05-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Bidar is located at {{Coord|17.9|N|77.5|E}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Bidar.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Bidar |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2013-12-19}}</ref> lies at a central position in Deccan, a plateau at an elevation of 2300 ft from the sea level. It has common boundaries with [[Maharashtra]] and [[Telangana]] which is, with the districts of [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]] and [[Medak District|Medak]] in [[Telangana]] on the East and the districts of [[Latur]], [[Nanded]] and [[Osmanabad]] in [[Maharashtra]] on the west. On the south lies the district [[Gulbarga]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Map of District |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s32ca65f58e35d9ad45bf7f3ae5cfd08f1/uploads/2020/08/2020082741-723x1024.jpg |website=Bidar District Website - Government of Karnataka}}</ref>

=== Geology ===
[[File:Laterite - Bidar.JPG|thumb|[[Laterite]] under the [[Top soil]] Layer]]
The upper [[Crust (geology)|crust]] of the [[plateau]] is of [[laterite]], a soft porous rock with limonitic surface. This crust varies in depth from {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} and rests on a bed of trap, which is of much harder texture and less pervious to water. The volume of water filtered during the [[monsoons]] through the laterite stratum is arrested by the trappean bed, and a nursery of [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]] is formed whose natural level of effluence is the line of contact of the two strata along the base of the [[cliffs]] of the plateau. The water in course of time frets out for itself an orifice and macerates and loosens portions of its rocky channel till a [[rift]] is produced. The rift gradually dilates into a [[ravine]], and the ravine expands into a [[Valley|vale]].

The [[Karez System]] is built along a [[geological fracture]]. Such fractures are formed at the intersection of [[laterite]] and [[Basalt|basalt rocks]] and form lineaments or [[Spring (hydrology)|springs]] that yield water.<ref>{{cite news|title=A thrilling walk through medieval waterways|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-thrilling-walk-through-medieval-waterways/article6556625.ece|access-date=6 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=2 November 2014}}</ref>

{{see also|Bidar district#Laterite}}

=== Soil ===
Bidar soils are deep (>100 cm), well-drained gravelly red clayey soils developed on plateaus of laterites. They are ''slightly'' acid to neutral ([[pH]] 6.6) in reaction with low [[cation exchange capacity]]. They are highly gravelly soils with gravel content (60 to 10%) that decrease with depth.<ref>''Characterisation of sugarcane soils of Karnataka'' L.C.K. Naidu, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning. Regional Centre. Hebbal.
Bangalore 560024.</ref>

=== Climate ===
The winter season is from November to middle of February. Bidar is one of the coldest cities (by southern standards) in Karnataka as the minimum temperature during winter nights regularly hovers around 11-12 during December, which is the coldest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 27.3 C and mean daily minimum of 13.4 C. From the middle of the February, both day and night temperatures begin to rise rapidly. May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 38.8 C and mean daily minimum of 25.9 C. With the withdrawal of southwest monsoon in the first week of October, there is slight increase in day temperature but night temperature decreases steadily. After October, both day and night temperatures decreases progressively. The hottest temperature recorded at Bidar was {{convert|44|C|F}} on 8 May 1931 and the lowest temperature was {{convert|2.9|C|F}} on 5 January 1901, the lowest temperature ever recorded in Karnataka.<ref name="bidar1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bidar.nic.in/ |title=Bidar District Website |publisher=Bidar.nic.in |date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2013-12-19}}</ref>

During the 2025-2026 cold wave, Bidar recorded its record low for November and December, and {{convert|5.3|C|F}} in January.

Present day Bidar covers an expanse of 5448 square kilometres of land and lies between 17°35' and 18°25' North latitudes and 76°42' and 77°39' east longitudes.

{{Weather box
| location = Bidar (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 36.2
| Feb record high C = 39.4
| Mar record high C = 41.7
| Apr record high C = 43.8
| May record high C = 44.0
| Jun record high C = 44.0
| Jul record high C = 38.8
| Aug record high C = 36.1
| Sep record high C = 36.7
| Oct record high C = 36.7
| Nov record high C = 36.1
| Dec record high C = 36.8
| year record high C = 44.0
| Jan high C = 29.6
| Feb high C = 32.6
| Mar high C = 36.1
| Apr high C = 38.4
| May high C = 39.3
| Jun high C = 34.3
| Jul high C = 30.2
| Aug high C = 29.2
| Sep high C = 30.1
| Oct high C = 30.6
| Nov high C = 29.6
| Dec high C = 28.3
| year high C = 32.5
| Jan low C = 15.6
| Feb low C = 17.7
| Mar low C = 21.3
| Apr low C = 23.9
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 23.0
| Jul low C = 21.6
| Aug low C = 21.2
| Sep low C = 21.1
| Oct low C = 20.2
| Nov low C = 17.7
| Dec low C = 15.3
| year low C = 20.3
| Jan record low C = 2.9
| Feb record low C = 9.4
| Mar record low C = 10.2
| Apr record low C = 12.6
| May record low C = 14.2
| Jun record low C = 17.2
| Jul record low C = 15.0
| Aug record low C = 18.0
| Sep record low C = 16.7
| Oct record low C = 12.6
| Nov record low C = 10.2
| Dec record low C = 5.5
| year record low C = 2.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 7.5
| Feb rain mm = 1.0
| Mar rain mm = 15.8
| Apr rain mm = 26.2
| May rain mm = 24.5
| Jun rain mm = 118.8
| Jul rain mm = 155.3
| Aug rain mm = 185.7
| Sep rain mm = 155.8
| Oct rain mm = 119.7
| Nov rain mm = 23.6
| Dec rain mm = 3.0
| year rain mm = 836.9
| Jan rain days = 0.4
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 1.1
| Apr rain days = 2.1
| May rain days = 2.4
| Jun rain days = 7.4
| Jul rain days = 10.0
| Aug rain days = 11.0
| Sep rain days = 8.3
| Oct rain days = 5.6
| Nov rain days = 1.5
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 50.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 45
| Feb humidity = 38
| Mar humidity = 36
| Apr humidity = 37
| May humidity = 37
| Jun humidity = 57
| Jul humidity = 68
| Aug humidity = 72
| Sep humidity = 67
| Oct humidity = 61
| Nov humidity = 56
| Dec humidity = 50
|year humidity = 51
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Bidar Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 147–148
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M91
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bidar City (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|54.63}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|34.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|6.68}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|gold|2.10}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|2.06}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, Bidar had a population of 216,020. Bidar city has a sex ratio of 938 females to males and a literacy rate of 85.90%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 14.11% and 4.73% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Bidar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/592/download/2016/DH_2011_2904_PART_A_DCHB_BIDAR.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bidar city (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 52.23 |color1 = darkslateblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 33.32 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 5.54 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 3.67 |color4 = orange
|label5 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value5 = 3.33 |color5 = aqua
|label6 = Others |value6 = 1.91 |color6 = grey
}}
At the time of the 2011 census, 52.23% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 33.32% [[Urdu]], 5.54% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 3.67% [[Hindi]] and 3.33% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Town): Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Economy==
Once a home to many cottage industries, such as cotton and oil-ginning mills,<ref>Bidar District Gazetteer, Govt. Printing Press, Bangalore, 1977.</ref> there are now few industries that draw on local raw materials or skills. Even the well known form of local art crafts, [[bidri ware]], is in a state of decline. Increasing prices of materials, especially silver, and declining sales have meant that many of the hereditary artisans are no longer employed in the production of such ware.<ref>Agrarian Distress in Bidar, A report by NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED STUDIES, 1999</ref> Bidar city has a large industrial area known as Kolar industrial area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief Industrial Profile of BIDAR District |url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/DIP-%20Bidar.pdf |website=Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India |publisher=MSME-Development Institute}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidar District Map- Talukas |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s32ca65f58e35d9ad45bf7f3ae5cfd08f1/uploads/2020/08/2020082778.pdf |website=Government of Karnataka - Bidar District}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{location map+|India|width=400|float=right|caption=Distance from major Metropolitan cities near to Bidar.|places=
{{Location map~|India|label=Bidar|position=left|lat=17.9|long=77.5|marksize=5}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Hyderabad]] {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} |position=right|lat=17.20|long=78.80}}
{{Location map~|India|label=[[Bengaluru]] {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}}|position=bottom|lat=12.58|long=77.35}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Mumbai]] {{convert|600|km|mi|abbr=on}}|position=top|lat=18.96|long=72.82}}
{{location map~|India|label=[[Chennai]] {{convert|788|km|mi|abbr=on}}|position=right|lat=13.50|long=80.16}}
}}
Bidar is symbolically described as ''City of Whispering Monuments''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bidar Utsav from February 18|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bidar-utsav-from-february-18/article1161421.ece|agency=The Hindu|issue=Bidar [HY–GB]|publisher=Kasturi & Sons Ltd.|date=6 February 2011}}</ref> The mountaintop city that served as the capital of medieval Deccan, has 98 monuments of which [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bidar district|four national monuments]] are protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] and 14 by the State Archaeology Department, Karnataka.

Bidar earned a place on the [[World Monument Watch]]list 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Urgent need to promote tourism in Bidar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/urgent-need-to-promote-tourism-in-bidar/article6807047.ece|agency=The Hindu|issue=Bidar [HY–GB]|publisher=Kasturi & Sons Ltd.|date=21 January 2015}}</ref> Of the 741 proposals received from 166 countries, 67 sites from 41 countries were finally selected which were announced by [[World Monuments Fund|WMF]] president [[Bonnie Burnham]] in New York on 8 October 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bidar only South Indian monument to figure in latest World Monuments Fund list|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bidar-only-south-indian-monument-to-figure-in-latest-world-monuments-fund-list/article5218440.ece?ref=relatedNews|agency=The Hindu|issue=Bidar [HY–GB]|publisher=Kasturi Sons & Ltd.|date=10 October 2013}}</ref> Along with "the historic city of Bidar", two other sites in India to figure in the list were the house of [[Salim Chisti|Sheikh Salim Chisti]] in [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and [[Juna Mahal]] in [[Rajasthan]].

The WMF in its ''current watch site'' for "the historic city of Bidar" says ″challenges to the site include a lack of integrated conservation and maintenance, environmental pollution, and the construction of new developments and roadways that encroach on the historic fabric. Current land use regulations also threaten the economic livelihood of many of the city's residents, and it is hoped that revised, context-specific planning policies would both protect Bidar's historic assets while also supporting the future of its local population. It is hoped that Watch-listing will spur documentation and analysis of the city's conditions, followed by policy development and applied conservation interventions that will reveal and maintain Bidar's rich heritage, as well as support a robust and sustainable tourist industry.″<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic City of Bidar|url=http://www.wmf.org/project/historic-city-bidar|publisher=World Monuments Fund}}</ref>

===Mahmud Gawan Madrasa===
{{main|Mahmud Gawan Madrasa}}

This grandiose [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa|madrasa]] was built by the prime-minister of the Bahmani empire, [[Mahmud Gawan]] in the late 15th century. Its only the most imposing building of the [[Bahmani]] period, but in its plan and in the general style of its architecture it is a unique monument of its kind in India. The Madrasa, a ''multi-disciplinary university'' he set up, which had a [[library]] of around 3,000 valuable manuscripts, was severely damaged when [[gunpowder]] stored inside the rooms went off during a 27-day siege of the city by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] king [[Aurangazeb]] in 1656. The [[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]] is protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=91-93}}

=== Bidar Fort ===
{{main|Bidar Fort}}

'''Bidar Fort''' is considered one of the most formidable forts of the country. Bidar city was distinctly planned and built. The main citadel complex housed the royal places. Mahals and Mosque. Adjoining to this on the southern side, the city was built for the people. Both the citadel complex and city had separate forts for protection the plan of the Bidar city fortification is pentagonal. There are five gateways for entry into the city fort. It is main citadel complex fort which is stronger.
It is built on the brink of the plateau. Engineers and architecture of various countries were employed on its design and construction.
A Museum is preset there having old armor, old sculptures. including many of the ancient stones,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidar Fort {{!}} Bidar District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bidar.nic.in/en/tourist-place/bidar-fort/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidar Fort {{!}} Karnataka, India {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/karnataka/bidar/attractions/bidar-fort/a/poi-sig/1149473/356324 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Glorious Bidar Fort |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/node/2730056 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Bidar Fort in Karnataka: A treasure trove of south Indian heritage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/bidar-fort-in-karnataka-a-grand-architecture-with-a-great-historical-past/cid/1942732 |access-date=11 October 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=6 June 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Bidar fort pictures 05.jpg|thumb|museum inside Bidar fort]]
* '''Rangeen Mahal''', situated in the fort, near Gumbad Darwaza, is unique because of its decoration with coloured tiles and other art work. Wood carving done there is not only precious but also unique. The walls of Mahal are adorned with mother-of-pearl of the finest quality in laid in jet-black stone. Floral patterns and calligraphic text are also depicted here. Stone carving, stucco art are other attractions of this monument. It was rebuilt during Barid Shahi period. The design of this monument represents a blend of both Hindu and Muslim architecture. There are rooms in the basement of the Rangin Mahal.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bidartourism.com/rangeenMahal.html |title=Rangeen Mahal |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427154129/http://www.bidartourism.com/rangeenMahal.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* '''Tarkash Mahal''' is said to have been built for Turkish wife of the sultan. From the remains of the decorative work found in the ornamentation of the walls, it can be said that the Mahal was built or extended by the Barid Shahi Sultans who had kept large harem with ladies from different nationalities.The rooms were decorated with stucco work.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bidartourism.com/TarkashMahal.html |title=Tarkash Mahal |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903203858/http://www.bidartourism.com/TarkashMahal.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* '''Gagan Mahal''' was originally built by the Bahamani kings and some alterations and additions were made by the Barid Shahi rulers. It has two courts. The outer court was used by the male staff and guards. The inner court also, there are rooms on either side of the covered passage for the accommodation of the guards. The main building of the palace was for the use of the sultan and his harem.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bidartourism.com/GaganMahal.html |title=Gagan Mahal |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=26 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326202709/http://www.bidartourism.com/GaganMahal.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* '''Takht Mahal''', The Royal Palace, was built by Ahemd shah. It was the royal residence. The place was fully decorated with coloured titles and stone carvings part of which can be seen even today. It had two side royal pavilions with lofty arches and a spacious hall at the back of which was the sultan's room. The building had stately dimensions and exquisite surface decoration. The coronations of several Bahamanis and Barid Shahi sultans were held there. From the royal pavilion which is situated behind throne palace one can view the valley and low land below.
*'''Solah Khamba Mosque''' (Solah Sutoon Ki Masjid) was built by Qubil Sultani between 1423 and 1424. The mosque derives its name from the 16 pillars that are lined in the front of the structure. Popularly known as the Zanana Masjid, this mosque is about 90 metres long and 24 metres wide. Behind the southern wall of this mosque, there is a large well. Characterised by columns, arches and domes, this mosque is one of the largest in India.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.holidayiq.com/Solah-Khamba-Mosque-Bidar-Sightseeing-649-757.html | title=Solah Khamba Mosque Place of Worship in Bidar - Video Reviews, Photos, History}}</ref>

=== Other monuments ===
[[File:Habshi_Kot.jpg|thumb|Habshi Kot, seen in the background]]
Apart from the fort Bidar houses several historical structures consisting of a couple of tomb complexes, a madrasa, a tower and a few gateways along with the fortification wall topped with battlements.<ref name="Datta">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Ruined tombs, madrasa, royal gateways: Whispering monuments beyond Bidar Fort in Karnataka |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/whispering-monuments-beyond-bidar-fort-in-karnataka/cid/1943118 |access-date=11 October 2023 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=7 June 2023}}</ref>
*'''[[Chaubara]]''' is a tall tower, facing in four directions. This is an old cylindrical tower of 22 meters, height is situated in the centre of Bidar city. It was used as a watchtower, commanding a fine view of the entire plateau from the top. A winding staircase of eight steps leads to the top of the tower, a clock is being placed on top of the tower, can be viewed from all the four directions .<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bidartourism.com/Chaubara.html |title=Chaubara |access-date=20 August 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201072716/http://www.bidartourism.com/Chaubara.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
*'''Jama Masjid, '''a large mosque with no minarets, located near Chaubara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jama-Musjid, Beder - Lala Deen Dayal |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/jama-musjid-beder-lala-deen-dayal/PwG6vUlQfnfYXA |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Google Arts & Culture |language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Bahmani Tombs]]''' called as "Ashtur"
*'''Chaukhandi of Hazrat Khalil Ullah'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Kirana |date=2023-04-23 |title=The Ashtur Necropolis |url=https://kiranabhat.com/2023/04/23/the-ashtur-necropolis/ |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Kirana Bhat |language=en}}</ref>
*'''[[Barid Shahi tombs]]'''{{sfn|Haig, 1907|pp=103-104}}
*'''Chaukhandi of Hazrat Khalil Ullah'''<ref>{{cite news |title=A tomb that resonates with spiritual minds |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/a-tomb-that-resonates-with-spiritual-minds-753203.html |access-date=7 January 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Habshi Kot''' (lit. Abyssinian fortress), is a hillock situated on the outskirts of Bidar. It contains the tombs of Abyssinian noblemen who were employed in the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani]] and [[Bidar Sultanate|Barid Shahi]] courts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=G.yazdani |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n195/mode/2up |title=Bidar Its History And Monuments |date=1947 |pages=180–184}}</ref>

==Religious places==
{{main|Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib}}

Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib is considered one of the holiest places for Sikh devotees in India. It is believed that the first Sikh Guru, Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, visited this site during a famine in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-20 |title=Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib Bidar, Karnataka, India {{!}} Indian Religious Temples |url=http://indianreligioustemple.blogspot.com/2012/12/gurudwara-nanak-jhira-sahib-bidar.html |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib Bidar, Karnataka, India {{!}} Indian Religious Temples}}</ref>

==Art==
[[File:The Karnataka tableau passes through the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade, 2011.jpg|thumb|The Karnataka tableau depicting [[Bidriware]] Handicraft from Bidar passes through the Rajpath during the Republic Day Parade 2011.]]

===Bidri wares===
{{Main|Bidriware}}

Bidriware, one of the rarest and most intricate art forms is now unique to the city.<ref name="bidri">{{cite news|title=Tracing the history of Bidriware|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/tracing-the-history-of-bidriware/article2827019.ece|access-date=5 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=24 January 2012}}</ref> This native art form has obtained [[Geographical Indications]] (GI) registry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Innovative designs help revive Bidriware|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/innovative-designs-help-revive-bidriware/article1226893.ece|access-date=6 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=26 March 2008}}</ref> The various art forms created by artists from Bidar city centuries ago are now major attractions in museums such as [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London, the [[National Museum of India|National Museum]] in New Delhi and [[Indian Museum]] in Kolkata.<ref name="bidri" />

The Karnataka tableau at the 2011 [[Republic Day Parade]] at Rajpath in New Delhi featured Bidriware and Bidri artisans from Bidar.

Rehaman Patel did an extensive research in Bidri Art from Gulbarga University. His book in Kannada version (2012) and English version (2017) also published on Bidri Art.

All the dignitaries & guests of [[XIX Commonwealth Games]] 2010 were presented with [[Souvenir|mementos]] hand crafted in [[Bidriware|Bidri art]]. This art form is the Union government's choice for souvenirs at the [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]]. The Kingfisher company owner [[Vijay Mallya]] has a bidri dining table with floral designs made of nearly 3.5 kg silver.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Bidri dining table for the Mallya family|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-bidri-dining-table-for-the-mallya-family/article4419455.ece|access-date=6 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=16 February 2013}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Distance from major cities to North Karnataka.jpg|thumbnail|Distance from major cities of [[Karnataka]] to Bidar]]

===Rail===
Bidar has connectivity with [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], Sainagar [[Shirdi]], [[Parbhani]] Jn, [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Latur]], [[Nanded]], [[Manmad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Vijayawada]] and [[Renigunta]] (according to railway budget 2014–15) Construction of the Gulbarga-Bidar link is completed which was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/oct/28/light-at-the-end-of-the-tunnel-pm-modi-to-open-bidar-kalaburagi-railway-line-1685272.html | title= PM Modi to inaugurate Bidar-Kalaburgi railway line | date= 28 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.infrastructuretoday.co.in/News.aspx?nId=5u7GH+mdQ0sgr6I2G1IWDQ== | title =Bidar-Gulbarga rail service | publisher =Infrastructure Today, January 2012 | access-date =21 December 2013 | archive-date =1 July 2015 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150701184616/http://www.infrastructuretoday.co.in/News.aspx?nId=5u7GH+mdQ0sgr6I2G1IWDQ== | url-status =dead }}</ref>
Bidar-Hyderabad inter-city train service became operative in September 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hyderabadbidar-intercity-train/289863-60.html |title=Hyderabad-Bidar inter-city train |access-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011225610/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hyderabadbidar-intercity-train/289863-60.html |archive-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Bidar-Yeshwantpur (Daily) express train<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequency of Bidar-Y'pur Train to be Increased|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Frequency-of-Bidar-Y’pur-Train-to-be-Increased/2014/12/23/article2584660.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704051744/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Frequency-of-Bidar-Y%E2%80%99pur-Train-to-be-Increased/2014/12/23/article2584660.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 July 2015|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2014}}</ref> and Bidar-LTT Mumbai express train<ref>{{cite news|title=First Bidar-Mumbai train to be flagged off today|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/first-bidarmumbai-train-to-be-flagged-off-today/article6876995.ece|publisher=Kasturi & Sons Ltd.|access-date=10 February 2015|date=10 February 2015|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> service has been started recently. Another train starting from Bidar through Latur to Mumbai started, which runs on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday.

===Air===

'''[[Bidar Airport]]''', also known as '''Bidar Air Force Station''', {{airport codes|IXX|VOBR}} is a military airbase cum Domestic Airport in Bidar, [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidar Airforce Station |url=http://ourairports.mobi/airports/VOBR/}}</ref>

The city is home to an [[Bidar Air Force Station|air force station]]. Star Air operates 3 days a week flight between Bidar (IXX) and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] (BLR).

===Road===

Frequent KSRTC buses to Kalaburgi (Gulbarga), Hyderabad, Latur, Udgir, Nanded, Solapur. Also Volvo services to Bengaluru, Hubli, Belgavi, Davangere, Mumbai, Mangalore and Pune.

== Corporation ==
Bidar was officially upgraded from a City Municipal Council (CMC) to a City Corporation in February 2025, with the final notification process currently underway. The decision was initially approved by the Karnataka state cabinet on September 17, 2024, and received final approval during another cabinet meeting in February 2025. The upgrade was made possible after incorporating several surrounding villages to meet the required population threshold of over three lakh people. A 30-day window for objections was set following the final approval before the corporation officially comes into existence.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bidar CMC to be upgraded to city corporation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/bidar-cmc-to-be-upgraded-to-city-corporation/articleshow/117864711.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-02-02|access-date=2025-12-02|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Education institutions==


* [[Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences]] (BRIMS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brims-bidar.in/ |title=brims-bidar.in |publisher=brims-bidar.in |access-date=2013-12-19}}</ref>
* [[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Bidar Karnataka |url=https://gndecb.ac.in/ |access-date=12 March 2022|website=gndecb.ac.in}}</ref>
* [[Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Colleges / Universities {{!}} Bidar District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://bidar.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/colleges/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries University |url=https://www.kvafsu.edu.in/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=www.kvafsu.edu.in}}</ref>
* [[Shaheen Group of Institutions]], Bidar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/the-hindu-career-counselling-eq-is-more-important-than-iq/article36531962.ece|title=The Hindu Career Counseling|newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 September 2021}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{cleanup gallery|date=April 2025}}
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150">
File:Fort Garden bidar.jpg|''[[Bidar Fort|Fort Garden Bidar]]''
File:BIADR FORT (inside view garden).jpg|''[[Bidar Fort|Bidar Fort (inside view garden)]]''
File:BIADR FORT (inside view).jpg|''[[Bidar Fort|Bidar Fort (inside view)]]''
File:Gurdwara Nanak Jhira Sahib.jpg|''[[Guru Nanak Jhira Sahib]]''
File:Madrasa Bidar Bidar.jpg|''[[Mahmud Gawan Madrasa]]''
File:Chaukhandi bidar.jpg|''[[Ashtur Tombs]]''
File:Papnash temple , bidar.jpg|''[[Papnash Temple]]''
</gallery>

==References==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
{{source-attribution}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |last1=Haig |first1=Major T. W. |year=1907 |publisher=Pioneer Press, Allahabad |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historic_Landmarks_of_the_Deccan |ref={{sfnref|Haig, 1907}}}}
* {{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |year=1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bidar}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bidar}}
* {{Official website|http://www.bidarcity.gov.in/official }}
* [http://bidar.nic.in/ Official Website of the District]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090117023036/http://bidartourism.com/ Bidar Tourism website]}}
* [http://bidarinfo.com/ Bidar Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916150912/http://bidarinfo.com/ |date=16 September 2017 }}

{{Historical Places in North Karnataka}}
{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}

{{Bidar topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bidar| ]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka|Cultural Heritage]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Taluks in Bidar district]]

Cricket

2026-03-25T04:09:00Z

ZitaKight7091: quick cleaned up layout for consistency and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Team sport played with a bat and ball}}
{{About|the sport|the insect|Cricket (insect)|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Cricketer}}
{{Distinguish|Croquet}}
{{pp-move}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Cricket
| image = Pollock to Hussey.jpg
| nickname = ''The Gentlemen's Game''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sensharma |first=Agastya |date=4 January 2024 |title=Cricket: A Gentleman's Game |url=https://www.theavmtheory.com/post/cricket-a-gentleman-s-game |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=The AVM Theory |language=en}}</ref>
| imagesize = 300 px
| caption = {{Longitem|[[Shaun Pollock]] of [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] bowls to [[Michael Hussey]] of [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] during the 2005 [[Boxing Day Test]] match at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]].}}
| union = [[International Cricket Council]]
| first = 16th century; [[South East England]]
| registered =
| clubs =
| contact = [[Contact sport#Non-contact|No]]
| team = 11 players per side ([[Substitute (cricket)|substitutes]] permitted in some circumstances)
| mgender = No, separate competitions
| type = [[Team sport]], [[bat-and-ball games|Bat-and-Ball]]
| ball = [[Cricket ball]], [[Cricket bat]], [[Wicket]] ([[Stump (cricket)|Stumps]], [[Bail (cricket)|Bails]]), [[Cricket clothing and equipment|Protective equipment]]
| venue = [[Cricket field]]
| glossary = [[Glossary of cricket terms]]
| region = Worldwide (most popular in [[Commonwealth of Nations|the Commonwealth]])
| olympic = [[Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900]], ''[[Cricket at the 2028 Summer Olympics|2028]]''
}}
{{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}}

'''Cricket''' is a [[Bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball game]] that is played between two [[Sports team|teams]] of eleven players on a [[cricket field|field]], at the centre of which is a {{convert|22|yds|m ft|adj=on|abbr=off}} [[cricket pitch|pitch]] with a [[wicket]] at each end, each comprising two [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] (small sticks) balanced on three [[stump (cricket)|stumps]]. Two players from the [[Batting (cricket)|batting]] team, the striker and nonstriker, stand in front of either wicket holding [[Cricket bat|bats]], while one player from the [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding]] team, the bowler, [[Bowling (cricket)|bowls]] the [[Cricket ball|ball]] toward the striker's wicket from the opposite end of the pitch. The striker's goal is to hit the bowled ball with the bat and then switch places with the [[nonstriker]], with the batting team scoring one [[Run (cricket)|run]] for each of these swaps. Runs are also scored when the ball reaches the [[Boundary (cricket)|boundary]] of the field or when the ball is bowled [[Illegal delivery (cricket)|illegally]].

The fielding team aims to prevent runs by [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissing]] batters (so they are "out"). Dismissal can occur in various ways, including being [[bowled]] (when the ball hits the striker's wicket and dislodges the bails), and by the fielding side either [[Caught|catching]] the ball after it is hit by the bat but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball [[Run out|before]] a batter can cross the [[crease (cricket)|crease line]] in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the [[innings]] (playing phase) ends and the teams swap roles. [[Forms of cricket]] range from traditional [[Test cricket|Test matches]] played over five days to the newer [[Twenty20]] format (also known as ''T20''), in which each team bats for a single innings of 20 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] (each "over" being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasts three to four hours.

Traditionally, cricketers play in all-white [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]], but in [[limited overs cricket]], they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed [[leather]] with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a [[cork (material)|cork]] core layered with tightly wound string.

The earliest known definite reference to cricket is to it being played in [[South East England]] in the mid-16th century. It spread globally with the expansion of the [[British Empire]], with the first international matches in the second half of the 19th century. The game's governing body is the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), which has over 100 members, twelve of which are [[List of International Cricket Council members|full members]] who play Test matches. The game's rules, the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]'', are maintained by [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) in [[London]]. The sport is primarily played in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[England]] and [[Wales]], [[South Africa]] and the [[West Indies]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=27 June 2018 |title=ICC survey reveals over a billion fans – 90% in subcontinent |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-survey-reveals-over-a-billion-fans-90-in-subcontinent-1150473 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref>

While cricket has traditionally been played largely by men, [[women's cricket]] has experienced significant growth in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Surana |first1=Aryan |date=1 September 2024 |title=The Rise of Women's Cricket |url=https://www.guerillacricket.com/74267,the-rise-of-womens-cricket |work=Guerilla Cricket}}</ref>

The most successful side playing [[international cricket]] is [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], which has won eight [[One Day International]] trophies, including six [[Cricket World Cup|World Cups]], more than any other country, and has been the [[ICC Men's Test Team Rankings|top-rated Test side]] more than any other country.<ref>{{cite web|title=ICC Test Rankings: Australia|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107124239/http://www.icc-cricket.com/match_zone/historical_ranking.php |archive-date=7 November 2012 }} Retrieved 1-December-2024</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of ICC trophies Australia have won? ODI World Cup, WTC, Champions Trophy and more|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/icc-trophies-australia-won-world-cup-wtc-champions-trophy/jwrh7yvher4mddwgrtqu0wvv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611121107/https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/icc-trophies-australia-won-world-cup-wtc-champions-trophy/jwrh7yvher4mddwgrtqu0wvv |archive-date=11 June 2023 }} Retrieved 1-December-2024</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of cricket}}

===Origins===
{{main|History of cricket to 1725}}
[[File:Cantigas de Santa María - Xogo da pelota.jpg|thumb|A medieval "club ball" game involving an underarm bowl towards a batter. Ball catchers are shown positioning themselves to catch a ball. Detail from the ''[[Cantigas de Santa Maria|Canticles of Holy Mary]]'', 13th century.]]
Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere that involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement. Others include [[baseball]] (which shares many [[Comparison of baseball and cricket|similarities]] with cricket, both belonging in the more specific [[bat-and-ball games]] category<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket, baseball, rounders and softball: What's the difference?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2HdVkSClhXdp5CsD3JJ093T/cricket-baseball-rounders-and-softball-what-s-the-difference|access-date=5 September 2020|website=BBC}}</ref>), [[golf]], [[hockey]], [[tennis]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], [[badminton]] and [[table tennis]].<ref name="JM17">Major (2007), p. 17.</ref> In cricket's case, a key difference is the existence of a solid target structure, the wicket (originally, it is thought, a "[[wicket gate]]" through which sheep were herded), that the batter must defend.<ref name="BWC1">Barclays (1986), p. 1.</ref> The cricket historian [[Harry Altham]] identified three "groups" of "club ball" games: the "hockey group", in which the ball is driven to and from between two targets (the goals); the "golf group", in which the ball is driven towards an undefended target (the hole); and the "cricket group", in which "the ball is aimed at a mark (the wicket) and driven away from it".<ref name="HSA19">Altham (1962), pp. 19–20.</ref>

It is generally believed that cricket originated as a [[children's game]] in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime during the [[England in the Middle Ages|medieval period]].<ref name="BWC1"/> Although there are claims for prior dates, the earliest definite reference to cricket being played comes from evidence given at a court case in [[Guildford]] in January 1597 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]], equating to January 1598 in the modern calendar). The case concerned ownership of a certain plot of land, and the court heard the testimony of a 59-year-old [[coroner]], [[John Derrick (coroner)|John Derrick]], who gave witness that:<ref name="HSA21">Altham (1962), p. 21.</ref><ref name="DU3">Underdown (2000), p. 3.</ref><ref name="JM19">Major (2007), p. 19.</ref>

{{blockquote|Being a scholler in the [[Royal Grammar School, Guildford|ffree schoole of Guldeford]] hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play there at creckett and other plaies.}}

Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school, and so it is certain that cricket was being played {{Circa|1550}} by boys in [[Surrey]].<ref name="JM19"/> The view that it was originally a children's game is reinforced by [[Randle Cotgrave]]'s 1611 English-[[French language|French]] dictionary in which he defined the noun "''crosse''{{-"}} as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket", and the verb form "''crosser''{{-"}} as "to play at cricket".<ref name="HSA22">Altham (1962), p. 22.</ref><ref name="JM31">Major (2007), p. 31.</ref>

One possible source for the sport's name is the [[Old English language|Old English]] word "''cryce''{{-"}} (or "''cricc''{{-"}}) meaning a crutch or staff. In [[Samuel Johnson]]'s ''Dictionary'', he derived cricket from "''cryce'', Saxon, a stick".<ref name="HSA21"/> In [[Old French]], the word "''criquet''{{-"}} seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.<ref name="DB3">Birley (1999), p. 3.</ref> Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the [[County of Flanders]] when the latter belonged to the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], the name may have been derived from the [[Middle Dutch]] (in use in Flanders at the time) "''krick''{{-"}}(''-e''), meaning a stick (crook).<ref name="DB3"/> Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word "''krickstoel''{{-"}}, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church that resembled the long low [[wicket]] with two [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] used in early cricket.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 33.</ref> According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of [[Bonn University]], "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, "''met de (krik ket)sen''" ("with the stick chase").<ref name="17CGC">{{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |last=Terry |first=David |title=The Seventeenth Century Game of Cricket: A Reconstruction of the Game |work=The Sports Historian, No. 20 |publisher=The British Society of Sports History |location=London |year=2000 |pages=33–43 |access-date=2 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621011709/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/SportsHistorian/2000/sh201e.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2009 }}</ref> Gillmeister has suggested that not only the name but also the sport itself may be of Flemish origin.<ref name="17CGC"/>

===Growth of amateur and professional cricket in England===
[[File:Historical cricket bat art.jpg|thumb|right|Evolution of the cricket bat. The original "[[hockey stick]]" (left) evolved into the straight bat from {{circa|1760}}, when [[pitched delivery bowling]] began.]]
Although the main object of the game has always been to score the most [[run (cricket)|runs]], the early form of cricket differed from the modern game in certain key technical aspects; the North American variant of cricket known as [[wicket (sport)|wicket]] retained many of these aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hardman|first=Ray|title=Before There Was Baseball, There Was Wicket|url=https://www.wnpr.org/post/there-was-baseball-there-was-wicket|access-date=5 September 2020|website=www.wnpr.org|date=31 October 2013|language=en}}</ref> The [[cricket ball|ball]] was [[underarm bowling|bowled underarm]] by the [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] and along the ground towards a [[batting (cricket)|batter]] armed with a [[cricket bat|bat]] that in shape resembled a [[hockey stick]]; the batter defended a low, two-stump [[wicket]]; and runs were called notches because the [[scoring (cricket)|scorers]] recorded them by notching tally sticks.<ref name="DB9">Birley (1999), p. 9.</ref><ref name="BWC2">Barclays (1986), pp. 1–2.</ref><ref name="JM21">Major (2007), pp. 21–22.</ref>

In 1611, the year [[Randle Cotgrave|Cotgrave]]'s dictionary was published, [[ecclesiastical court]] records at [[Sidlesham]] in [[Sussex]] state that two parishioners, Bartholomew Wyatt and Richard Latter, failed to attend church on [[Easter Sunday]] because they were playing cricket. They were fined 12[[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|d]] each and ordered to do [[penance]].<ref>McCann (2004), p. xxxi.</ref> This is the earliest mention of adult participation in cricket and it was around the same time that the earliest known organised inter-parish or [[village cricket|village]] match was played, at [[Chevening, Kent]].<ref name="HSA21"/><ref name="DU4">Underdown (2000), p. 4.</ref> In 1624, a player called [[Jasper Vinall]] died after he was accidentally struck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex.<ref>McCann (2004), pp. xxxiii–xxxiv.</ref>

Cricket remained a low-key local pursuit for much of the 17th century.<ref name="JM31" /> It is known, through numerous references found in the records of ecclesiastical court cases, to have been proscribed at times by the [[Puritans]] before and during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]].<ref>McCann (2004), pp. xxxi–xli.</ref><ref name="DU11">Underdown (2000), pp. 11–15.</ref> The problem was nearly always the issue of Sunday play, as the Puritans considered cricket to be "profane" if played on the [[Sabbath]], especially if large crowds or [[Sport gambling|gambling]] were involved.<ref name="DB7">Birley (1999), pp. 7–8.</ref><ref name="JM23">Major (2007), p. 23.</ref>

According to the social historian [[Derek Birley]], there was a "great upsurge of sport after the [[English Restoration|Restoration]]" in 1660.<ref name="DB11">Birley (1999), p. 11.</ref> Several members of the court of King [[Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland|Charles II]] took a strong interest in cricket during that era.<ref>"A Pictorial History of Cricket", by Brown, Bison Books, London, 1988</ref> Gambling on sport became a problem significant enough for [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] to pass the 1664 Gambling Act, limiting stakes to [[Pound sterling|£]]100, which was, in any case, a colossal sum exceeding the annual income of 99% of the population.<ref name="DB11"/> Along with [[horse racing]], as well as [[prizefighting]] and other types of [[blood sport]], cricket was perceived to be a gambling sport.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 11–13.</ref> Rich patrons made matches for high stakes, forming teams in which they engaged the first professional players.<ref name="RW10">Webber (1960), p. 10.</ref> By the end of the century, cricket had developed into a major sport that was spreading throughout England and was already being taken abroad by English mariners and colonisers{{Em dash}}the earliest reference to cricket overseas is dated 1676.<ref>Haygarth (1862), p. vi.</ref> A 1697 newspaper report survives of "a great cricket match" played in Sussex "for fifty guineas apiece", the earliest known contest that is generally considered a [[first-class cricket|First Class]] match.<ref>McCann (2004), p. xli.</ref><ref>Major (2007), page 36.</ref>

The patrons and other players from the [[gentry]] began to classify themselves as "[[Amateur status in first-class cricket|amateurs]]"<ref name="amateur" group="fn">The term "amateur" in this context does not mean someone who played cricket in his spare time. Many amateurs in [[first-class cricket]] were full-time players during the cricket season. Some of the game's greatest players, including [[W. G. Grace]], held amateur status.</ref> to establish a clear distinction from the professionals, who were invariably members of the [[working class]], even to the point of having separate changing and dining facilities.<ref>Major (2007), pp. 268–269.</ref> The gentry, including such high-ranking nobles as the [[Duke of Richmond|Dukes of Richmond]], exerted their honour code of ''[[noblesse oblige]]'' to claim rights of leadership in any sporting contests they took part in, especially as it was necessary for them to play alongside their "social inferiors" if they were to win their bets.<ref name="DB19">Birley (1999), p. 19.</ref> In time, a perception took hold that the typical amateur who played in first-class cricket, until 1962 when amateurism was abolished, was someone with a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] education who had then gone to one of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] or [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]]. Society insisted that such people were "officers and gentlemen" whose destiny was to provide leadership.<ref name="CW23">Williams (2012), p. 23.</ref> In a purely financial sense, the cricketing amateur would theoretically claim expenses for playing while his professional counterpart played under contract and was paid a wage or match fee; in practice, many amateurs claimed more than actual expenditure, and the derisive term "shamateur" was coined to describe the practice.<ref>Williams (2012), pp. 94–95.</ref><ref name="DB146">Birley (1999), p. 146.</ref>

===English cricket in the 18th and 19th centuries===
[[File:Francis Cotes - The young cricketer (1768).jpg|thumb|upright|''[[The Young Cricketer]]'' ([[Francis Cotes]], 1768)]]
The game underwent major development in the 18th century to become England's [[national sport]].<ref>"The Pictorial History of Cricket", by Ashley Brown, Bison Books, London, 1988</ref> Its success was underwritten by the twin necessities of patronage and betting.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 14–16.</ref> Cricket was prominent in [[London]] as early as 1707 and, in the middle years of the century, large crowds flocked to matches on the [[Artillery Ground]] in [[Finsbury]].{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} The [[single wicket cricket|single wicket]] form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match, its popularity peaking in the [[1748 English cricket season|1748 season]].<ref name="ASW">{{cite web |url=http://stats.acscricket.com/Cricket/1900/index.html#10 |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742–1751 |work=[[Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]] |publisher=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians|ACS]] |location=Cardiff |year=1900 |pages=4–85 |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201316/http://stats.acscricket.com/Cricket/1900/index.html#10 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bowling underwent an evolution around 1760 when bowlers began to [[Pitched delivery bowling|pitch (bounce) the ball]] instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batter. This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape.<ref>Nyren (1833), pp. 153–154.</ref>{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

The [[Hambledon Club]] was founded in the 1760s and, for the next twenty years until the formation of [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and the opening of [[Lord's Old Ground]] in 1787, Hambledon was both the game's greatest club and its focal point.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} MCC quickly became the sport's premier club and the custodian of the ''[[Laws of Cricket]]''. New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century include the three-stump wicket and [[leg before wicket]] (lbw).<ref name="WCA63">{{cite book |last=Wisden |article=Evolution of the Laws of Cricket |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 100th edition |edition=1963 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |pages=184–187}}</ref>

The 19th century saw [[underarm bowling]] superseded by first [[roundarm bowling|roundarm]] and then [[overarm bowling]]. Both developments were controversial.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 64–67, 97–101.</ref> Organisation of the game at county level led to the creation of the [[County cricket club|county clubs]], starting with [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] in 1839.<ref>Barclays (1986), p. 456.</ref> In December 1889, the eight leading county clubs formed the official [[County Championship]], which began in 1890.<ref name="AMCS">{{cite web |url=http://stats.acscricket.com/Cricket/1889/index.html#523/z |title=Annual Meeting of County Secretaries – the programme for 1890 |work=[[Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game]] |publisher=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians|ACS]] |location=Cardiff |year=1889 |pages=478–479 |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908020352/http://stats.acscricket.com/Cricket/1889/index.html#523/z |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:First photo of a cricket match by Roger Fenton.jpg|thumb|The first recorded photo of a cricket match taken on 25 July 1857 by [[Roger Fenton]]]]
The most famous player of the 19th century was [[W. G. Grace]], who started his long and influential career in 1865. It was especially during the career of Grace that the distinction between amateurs and professionals became blurred by the existence of players like him who were nominally amateur but, in terms of their financial gain, ''de facto'' professional. Grace himself was said to have been paid more money for playing cricket than any professional.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

The last two decades before the [[World War I|First World War]] have been called the "[[Golden Age of cricket]]". It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, especially as organised competition at county and [[Test cricket|Test level]] developed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Frith |first=David |author-link=David Frith |title=The Golden Age of Cricket: 1890–1914 |year=1978 |publisher=Lutterworth Press |location=Guildford |isbn=0-7188-7022-0}}</ref>

===Cricket becomes an international sport===
[[File:England in North America 1859.jpg|thumb|right|The first English team to tour overseas, on board ship to North America, 1859]]
Meanwhile, the [[British Empire]] had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas, and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in [[Australia]], the [[Caribbean]], [[British India]] (which also includes present-day [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]), [[New Zealand]], [[North America]] and [[South Africa]].<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 62, 78, 87, 99, 113, 127 & 131.</ref> In 1844, the [[United States v Canada (1844)|first international match]] took place between what were essentially club teams,<ref name="NYH-25-09-1844">{{cite news |date=25 September 1844 |title=Grand Cricket Match for 1,000 Dollars, between the Players of Canada, and the St. George's Club of this City |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/new-york/new-york-herald/1844/09-25/page-2 |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[New York Herald|The New York Herald]] |volume=10 |issue=265#3865 |page=2 |via=Newspaperarchive.com}}</ref> from the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] and [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]], in [[New York City|New York]]; Canada won.<ref>{{cite web |last=Utathya |first=Nag |date=25 December 2024 |title=Cricket in the USA |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/cricket-in-america-usa-history |publisher=IOC |website=Olympics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007005921/https://www.olympics.com/en/news/cricket-in-america-usa-history |archive-date=7 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"The Pictorial History of Cricket", by Ashley Brown, 1988, London, Bison Books</ref> In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on [[English cricket team in North America in 1859|the first overseas tour]].<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 96–97.</ref>

In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 97.</ref> The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] [[Stockman (Australia)|stockmen]] who [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|toured England in 1868]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |title=The Australian Eleven: The first Australian team |publisher=National Museum of Australia |access-date=30 December 2014 |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908065539/http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/collection_interactives/cricketing_journeys/cricket_html/the_australian_eleven/the_australian_eleven_the_first_australian_team |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1876–77, an [[England cricket team|England team]] took part in what was retrospectively recognised as the first-ever [[Test cricket|Test match]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>Reg Hayter, "The Centenary Test Match", ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' 1978, pp. 130–32.</ref> The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to [[The Ashes]] in 1882, which remains Test cricket's most famous contest.<ref>{{cite book |first=Wendy |last=Lewis |author-link=Wendy Lewis |author2=Simon Balderstone |author3=John Bowan |name-list-style=amp |title=Events That Shaped Australia |page=75 |publisher=New Holland |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-74110-492-9}}</ref> Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] played England.<ref>Brown, 1988</ref>

===Cricket in the 20th century===
[[File:Bradman&Bat.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Don Bradman]] of [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] had a record Test [[batting average]] of 99.94.]]
The inter-war years were dominated by [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]'s [[Don Bradman]], statistically the greatest Test batter of all time. To curb his dominance, England employed [[bodyline]] tactics during the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33 Ashes series]]. These involved bowling at the body of the batter and setting a field, resulting in batters having to choose between being hit or risk getting out. This series moved cricket from a game to a matter of [[National sport|national importance]], with diplomatic cables being passed between the two countries over the incident.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Bodyline: 80 years of cricket's greatest controversy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-21013615 |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref>

During this time, the number of Test nations continued to grow, with the [[West Indies Cricket Team|West Indies]], [[New Zealand Cricket Team|New Zealand]] and [[Indian Cricket Team|India]] being admitted as full Test members within a four-year period from 1928 to 1932.

An enforced break during the [[Second World War]] stopped Test Cricket for a time, although the [[Partition of India]] caused [[Pakistan Cricket Team|Pakistan]] to gain Test status in 1952. As teams began to travel more, the game quickly grew from 500 tests in 84 years to 1000 within the next 23.

Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the [[limited overs cricket|limited overs]] variant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wisden |article=One-Day Knockout Competition, 1963 |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, 100th edition |edition=1963 |publisher=Sporting Handbooks Ltd |location=London |pages=1074–1076}}</ref> As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative, and the number of matches increased.<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 495–496.</ref> The first [[Limited Overs International]] was played in 1971, and the governing [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), seeing its potential, staged the first limited overs [[Cricket World Cup]] in [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]].<ref>Barclays (1986), pp. 496–497.</ref>

[[Sri Lankan Cricket Team|Sri Lanka]] joined the ranks in 1982. Meanwhile, South Africa was banned by the ICC due to [[apartheid]] from 1970 until 1992. 1992 also brought about the introduction of the [[Zimbabwe Cricket Team|Zimbabwe team]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Test Cricket |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/cricket-sport/Test-matches |access-date=31 March 2024 |encyclopedia=Britannica}}</ref>

===Cricket in the 21st century ===
[[File:SRH fans while an ipl match.jpg|thumb|200x200px|The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) was launched in 2008. It has become one of the richest sports leagues in the world, and has greatly increased the importance of T20 cricket and franchise leagues.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ronay |first=Barney |date=8 April 2023 |title=The Indian Premier League is a brilliant thing – but is killing Test cricket |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2023/apr/08/the-indian-premier-league-is-a-brilliant-thing-but-is-killing-test-cricket |access-date=6 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>]]
The 21st century brought with it the [[Bangladesh Cricket Team|Bangladesh Team]], who made their Test debut in 2000. The game itself also grew, with a new format made up of 20-over innings being created. This format, called [[T20 cricket]], quickly became a highly popular format, putting the longer formats at risk. The new shorter format also introduced [[Franchise (sport)|franchise]] cricket, with new tournaments like the Indian Premier League and the Australian [[Big Bash League]]. The ICC has selected the T20 format as cricket's growth format, and has introduced a [[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]] which is played every two years;<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Two-year T20 World Cup cycle important for growth of cricket: ICC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/two-year-t20-world-cup-cycle-important-for-growth-of-cricket-icc-7636067/ |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> T20 cricket has also been increasingly accepted into major events such as the [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2023 |title=T20 cricket confirmed as one of five new sports at LA28 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-at-la28-cricket-confirmed-as-one-of-five-new-sports-at-la28-1403570 |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The resultant growth has seen cricket's fanbase cross one billion people, with [[Cricket in South Asia|90% of them]] in South Asia.<ref name=":0" /> T20's success has also spawned even [[Short form cricket|shorter formats]], such as [[T10 cricket|10-over cricket]] (T10) and [[100-ball cricket]], though not without controversy.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thirty-two predictions for the future of Twenty20 cricket |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20-cricket-future-revolution-icc-tim-wigmore-freddie-wilde-a9179116.html |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>

Outside factors have also taken their toll on cricket. For example, the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] led India and Pakistan to suspend their [[India–Pakistan cricket rivalry|bilateral series]] indefinitely. The [[2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team|2009 attack on the Sri Lankan team]] during their tour of Pakistan led to Pakistan being unable to host matches until 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/14/sport/pakistan-test-cricket-return-2009-terrorist-attack-spt-intl/index.html|title=Pakistan to play first Test at home since 2009 terror attack|author=Ben Morse, for|website=CNN|date=14 November 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=T20 Cricket|website=Britannica|date=8 March 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Twenty20-cricket |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai fallout: India cancels cricket tour|website=NBC|date=18 December 2008 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28298820 |access-date=31 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When Bangladesh made their Test cricket debut |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/when-bangladesh-made-their-test-cricket-debut-19521/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=Cricket County|date=10 November 2012 }}</ref>

In 2017, [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] became the 11th and 12th Test nations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan, Ireland get Test status |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afghanistan-ireland-get-test-status-1105347 |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/40364481 |title=Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council |date=2017 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref>

==Laws and gameplay==
{{main|Laws of Cricket}}
[[File:cricket field parts.svg|right|thumb|upright=0.9|A typical [[cricket field]]]]
In cricket, the rules of the game are codified in ''[[The Laws of Cricket]]'' (hereinafter called "the Laws"), which has a global remit. There are 42 Laws (always written with a capital "L"). The earliest known version of the code was drafted in 1744, and since 1788, it has been owned and maintained by its custodian, the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) in [[London]].<ref name=Laws>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/ |title=Laws |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>

===Playing area===
{{main|Cricket field|Cricket pitch|Crease (cricket)|Wicket}}
Cricket is a [[bat-and-ball games|bat-and-ball game]] played on a [[cricket field]] (see image of cricket pitch and creases) between two teams of eleven players each.<ref name=Law1>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-1-the-players/ |title=Law 1 – Players |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=1 July 2017}}</ref> The field is usually circular or oval in shape, and the edge of the playing area is marked by a [[boundary (cricket)|boundary]], which may be a fence, part of the stands, a rope, a painted line, or a combination of these; the boundary must if possible be marked along its entire length.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-19-boundaries/ |title=Law 19 – Boundaries |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

In the approximate centre of the field is a rectangular [[cricket pitch|pitch]] (see image, below) on which a wooden target called a [[wicket]] is sited at each end; the wickets are placed {{convert|22|yd}} apart.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-7-the-pitch/ |title=Law 7 – The pitch |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703104152/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-7-the-pitch/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The pitch is a flat surface {{convert|10|ft|m}} wide, with very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses (cricket can also be played on artificial surfaces, notably matting). Each wicket is made of three wooden [[stump (cricket)|stumps]] topped by two [[bail (cricket)|bails]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-8-the-wickets/ |title=Law 8 – The wickets |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Cricket pitch.svg|thumb|upright=3.4|center|Cricket pitch and creases]]
As illustrated, the pitch is marked at each end with four white painted lines: a [[Crease (cricket)#Bowling crease|bowling crease]], a [[Crease (cricket)#Popping crease|popping crease]] and two [[Crease (cricket)#Return crease|return creases]]. The three stumps are aligned centrally on the bowling crease, which is eight feet eight inches long. The popping crease is drawn four feet in front of the bowling crease and parallel to it; although it is drawn as a {{Convert|12|ft|abbr=on}} line (six feet on either side of the wicket), it is, in fact, unlimited in length. The return creases are drawn at right angles to the popping crease so that they intersect the ends of the bowling crease; each return crease is drawn as an {{Convert|8|ft|abbr=on}} line, so that it extends four feet behind the bowling crease, but is also, in fact, unlimited in length.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-9-bowling-popping-and-return-creases/ |title=Law 9 – The bowling, popping and return creases |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=3 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703094104/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-9-bowling-popping-and-return-creases/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Match structure===
{{main|Innings}}

Before a match begins, the team [[captain (cricket)|captains]] (who are also players) [[toss (cricket)|toss a coin]] to decide which team will [[Batting (cricket)|bat]] first and so take the first [[innings]].<ref name="inns" /> "Innings" is the term used for each phase of play in the match.<ref name="inns">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-12-innings/ |title=Law 12 – Innings |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702074358/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-12-innings/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In each innings, one team bats, attempting to [[scoring (cricket)|score]] [[run (cricket)|runs]], while the other team [[bowling (cricket)|bowls]] and [[fielding (cricket)|fields]] the [[cricket ball|ball]], attempting to restrict the scoring and [[dismissal (cricket)|dismiss]] the batters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-18-scoring-runs/ |title=Law 18 – Scoring runs |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |title=Law 27 – Appeals |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084014/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> When the first innings ends, the teams change roles; there can be two to four innings depending upon the type of match. A match with four scheduled innings is played over three to five days; a match with two scheduled innings is usually completed in a single day.<ref name="inns" /> During an innings, all eleven members of the fielding team take the field, but usually only two members of the batting team are on the field at any given time.{{Efn|The exception to this is if a batter has any type of illness or injury restricting their ability to run; in this case, the batter is allowed a [[Runner (cricket)|runner]] who can run between the wickets when the batter hits a scoring run or runs,<ref name="Law25">{{cite web|title=LAW 25 BATTER'S INNINGS; RUNNERS {{!}} MCC|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/batsman-s-innings;-runners|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2020|website=www.lords.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608183206/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws/batsman-s-innings;-runners |archive-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref> though this does not apply in international cricket.<ref name=ICCTestPlayCond>{{Cite web|url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2019/09/02/9182955c-04a4-4fa0-a2b6-f5908f02a51d/ICC-Test-Match-Playing-Conditions-Final-1-September-2019.pdf|title=ICC Test Match Playing Conditions|date=1 September 2019|publisher=ICC|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=3 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903140826/https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2019/09/02/9182955c-04a4-4fa0-a2b6-f5908f02a51d/ICC-Test-Match-Playing-Conditions-Final-1-September-2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} The order of batters is usually announced just before the match, but it can be varied.<ref name="Law1" />

The main objective of each team is to score more runs than their opponents, but in some forms of cricket, it is also necessary to dismiss all but one of the opposition batters (making their team 'all out') in their final innings in order to win the match, which would otherwise be [[result (cricket)#Draw|drawn]] (not ending with a winner or tie.)<ref name="result">{{cite web |title=Law 21 – The result |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-21-the-result/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115221857/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-21-the-result/ |archive-date=15 January 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>

===Clothing and equipment===
{{main|Cricket clothing and equipment}}

[[File:WGGrace.jpg|thumb|upright|right|English cricketer [[W. G. Grace]] "taking guard" in 1883. His pads and bat are very similar to those used today. The gloves have evolved somewhat. Many modern players use more defensive equipment than were available to Grace, most notably helmets and arm guards.]]
The [[wicket-keeper]] (a specialised fielder behind the batter) and the batters wear protective gear because of the hardness of the ball, which can be delivered at speeds of more than {{convert|145|km/h|mph}} and presents a major health and safety concern. Protective clothing includes [[batting pads|pads]] (designed to protect the knees and shins), [[batting gloves]] or [[wicket-keeper's gloves]] for the hands, a [[helmet (cricket)|safety helmet]] for the head, and a [[box (cricket)|box]] for male players inside the trousers (to protect the [[crotch]] area).<ref name="AppD">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-d/ |title=Appendix D |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064301/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-d/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some batters wear additional padding inside their shirts and trousers such as thigh pads, arm pads, rib protectors and shoulder pads. The only fielders allowed to wear protective gear are those in positions very close to the batter (i.e., if they are alongside or in front of him), but they cannot wear gloves or external leg guards.<ref name="Law41" />

Subject to certain variations, on-field clothing generally includes a collared shirt with short or long sleeves; long trousers; woolen pullover (if needed); [[cricket cap]] (for fielding) or a safety helmet; and spiked shoes or boots to increase traction. The [[Cricket kits|kit]] is traditionally all white, and this remains the case in Test and first-class cricket, but in limited overs cricket, team colours are now worn instead.<ref>Birley (1999), p. 343.</ref>

====Bat and ball====
{{main|Cricket bat|Cricket ball}}

{{multiple image
| footer = The three types of [[cricket ball]]s used in international matches, all of the same size:
i) A new white ball. White balls are mainly used in [[limited overs cricket]], especially in matches played at night, under [[floodlights]] (left). 
ii) A new red ball. Red balls are used in day [[Test cricket]], [[first-class cricket]] and some other forms of cricket (center).
iii) A used pink ball. Pink balls are used in [[Day/night cricket|day/night Test cricket]] (right).
| image1 = Cricket ball white (2025) 01 (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = New white ball
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 150
| image2 = Cricket Ball (27343391052) cropped.jpg
| alt2 = New red ball
| image3 = Cricket ball at Church Times Cricket Cup final 2019 (cropped).jpg
| alt3 = Used pink ball
| width3 = 150
}}

The essence of the sport is that a [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]] [[delivery (cricket)|delivers]] (i.e., bowls) the [[cricket ball|ball]] from their end of the [[cricket pitch|pitch]] towards the [[batting (cricket)|batter]] who, armed with a [[cricket bat|bat]], is "on strike" at the other end (see next sub-section: ''[[Cricket#Basic gameplay: bowler to batter|Basic gameplay]]'').

The [[cricket bat|bat]] is made of wood, usually ''[[Salix alba]]'' (white willow), and has the shape of a blade topped by a cylindrical handle. The blade must not be more than {{convert|4.25|in|cm}} wide and the total length of the bat not more than {{convert|38|in|cm}}. There is no standard for the weight, which is usually between 2 lb 7 oz and 3 lb (1.1 and 1.4 kg).<ref name="Law6">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-6-the-bat/ |title=Law 6 – The bat |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703114233/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-6-the-bat/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-e-the-bat/ |title=Appendix E – The bat |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703063903/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/appendix-e-the-bat/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[cricket ball|ball]] is a hard leather-seamed [[spheroid]], with a circumference of {{convert|9|in|cm}}. The ball has a "seam": six rows of stitches attaching the leather shell of the ball to the string and cork interior. The seam on a new ball is prominent and helps the bowler propel it in a less predictable manner. During matches, the quality of the ball deteriorates to a point where it is no longer usable; during the course of this deterioration, its behaviour in flight will change and can influence the outcome of the match. Players will, therefore, attempt to modify the ball's behaviour by modifying its physical properties. Polishing the ball and wetting it with sweat or saliva was legal, even when the polishing was deliberately done on one side only to increase the ball's [[swing bowling|swing through the air]]. The use of saliva has since been made illegal due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=20 September 2022 |title=Saliva ban made permanent as ICC announces changes to playing conditions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/saliva-ban-made-permanent-as-icc-announces-changes-to-playing-conditions/article65913273.ece |access-date=5 April 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The acts of rubbing other substances into the ball, scratching the surface or picking at the seams constitute illegal [[ball tampering]].<ref name="Law5">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-5-the-ball/ |title=Law 5 – The ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702052655/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-5-the-ball/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Player roles===

==== Basic gameplay: bowler to batter ====
During normal play, thirteen players and two [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]] are on the field. Two of the players are [[Batting (cricket)|batters]] and the rest are all eleven members of the [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding]] team. The other nine players in the batting team are off the field in the [[cricket pavilion|pavilion]]. The image with overlay below shows what is happening when a ball is being bowled and which of the personnel are on or close to the [[Cricket pitch|pitch]].<ref>The photo was taken during an international match between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]; [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] of Sri Lanka is bowling to Australian batter [[Adam Gilchrist]].</ref>
{{overlay
|image=Muralitharan bowling to Adam Gilchrist.jpg
|width=500
|height=340
|grid=no
|overlay1=Umpire|overlay1left=75|overlay1top=2|overlay1tip=Bowler's end umpire|overlay1link=Umpire (cricket)
|overlay2=Wicket|overlay2left=105|overlay2top=68|overlay2tip=Wicket, bowler's end or nonstriking batter's end|overlay2link=Wicket
|overlay3=Non-striking batter|overlay3left=50|overlay3top=50|overlay3tip=Non-striking batter, Simon Katich|overlay3link=Batting (cricket)
|overlay4=Bowler|overlay4left=155|overlay4top=55|overlay4tip=Bowler, Muttiah Muralitharan|overlay4link=Bowling (cricket)
|overlay5=Ball|overlay5left=230|overlay5top=75|overlay5tip=White cricket ball in flight|overlay5link=Cricket ball
|overlay6=Pitch|overlay6left=235|overlay6top=165|overlay6tip=Cricket pitch, the whole area paler in colour|overlay6link=Cricket pitch
|overlay7=Popping crease|overlay7left=295|overlay7top=105|overlay7tip=Batting or popping crease|overlay7link=Crease (cricket)
|overlay7left2=265|overlay7top2=265|overlay7tip2=Batting or popping crease
|overlay8=Striking batter|overlay8left=390|overlay8top=160|overlay8tip=Striking batter, Adam Gilchrist|overlay8link=Batting (cricket)
|overlay9=Wicket|overlay9left=425|overlay9top=225|overlay9tip=Wicket, striking end|overlay9link=Wicket
|overlay10=Wicket-keeper|overlay10left=420|overlay10top=270|overlay10tip=Fielder in position, wicket-keeper|overlay10link=Wicket-keeper
|overlay11=First slip|overlay11left=325|overlay11top=300|overlay11tip=Fielder in position, first slip for left hand batter|overlay11link=Fielding (cricket)#Catching positions
|overlay12=Return crease|overlay12left=15|overlay12top=105|overlay12tip=Return crease, one each side of each wicket|overlay12link=Crease (cricket)
|overlay12left2=455|overlay12top2=235|overlay12tip2=Return crease, one on either side of each wicket
}}

In the photo, the two batters (3 and 8, wearing yellow) have taken position at each end of the pitch (6). Three members of the fielding team (4, 10 and 11, wearing dark blue) are in shot. One of the two umpires (1, wearing white hat) is stationed behind the [[wicket]] (2) at the [[bowling (cricket)|bowler]]'s (4) end of the pitch. The bowler (4) is [[delivery (cricket)|bowling]] the [[cricket ball|ball]] (5) from his end of the pitch to the batter (8) at the other end who is called the "striker". The other batter (3) at the bowling end is called the "non-striker". The [[wicket-keeper]] (10), who is a specialist, is positioned behind the striker's wicket (9), and behind him stands one of the fielders in a position called "[[Fielding (cricket)#Catching positions|first slip]]" (11). While the bowler and the first slip are wearing conventional kit only, the two batters and the wicket-keeper are wearing protective gear, including safety helmets, padded gloves and leg guards (pads). The wicket-keeper is the only fielding player able to wear protective gloves.

While the umpire (1) in shot stands at the bowler's end of the pitch, his colleague stands in the outfield, usually in or near the fielding position called "[[square leg]]", so that he is in line with the [[popping crease]] (7) at the striker's end of the pitch. The bowling crease (not numbered) is the one on which the wicket is located between the return creases (12). The bowler (4) intends to hit the wicket (9) with the ball (5) or at least prevent the striker (8) from scoring [[run (cricket)|runs]]. The striker (8) intends, by using his bat, to defend his wicket and, if possible, hit the ball away from the pitch in order to score runs.

Some players are skilled in both batting and bowling, so are termed [[all-rounder]]s. Bowlers are classified according to their style and speed, generally as [[fast bowling|fast bowlers]], [[seam bowling|seam bowlers]] or [[spin bowling|spinners]]. Batters are classified according to whether they are right-handed or left-handed, with [[Switch hit|switch-hitting]] uncommon and largely utilised as a tactic, where a batter changes stance shortly before the bowler releases the ball.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maxwell launches strong defence of 'unfair' switch hit |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3306597 |access-date=11 January 2025 |publisher=[[Cricket Australia]]}}</ref>

=====Overs=====
{{main|Over (cricket)}}

The Laws state that, throughout an innings, "the ball shall be bowled from each end alternately in overs of 6 balls".<ref name="Law22">{{cite web |title=Law 22 – The over |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-22-the-over/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702061242/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-22-the-over/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref> The name "over" came about because the umpire calls "Over!" when six legal balls (deliveries) have been bowled. At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end, and the fielding side changes ends while the batters do not. A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can (and usually does) bowl alternate overs, from the same end, for several overs which are termed a "spell"; if the captain wants a bowler to "change ends", another bowler must temporarily fill in so that the change is not immediate. The batters do not change ends at the end of the over, and so the one who was non-striker is now the striker and vice versa. The umpires also change positions so that the one who was at "[[square leg]]" now stands behind the wicket at the nonstriker's end and vice versa.<ref name="Law22" />

====Fielding====
{{main|Fielding (cricket)}}

[[File:Cricket fielding positions2.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Fielding positions in cricket]] for a right-handed batter]]
Of the eleven fielders, three are in shot in the image above. The other eight are elsewhere on the field, their positions determined on a tactical basis by the captain or the bowler. Fielders often change position between deliveries, again as directed by the captain or bowler.<ref name="Law41">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-41-the-fielder/ |title=Law 41 – The fielder |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064305/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-41-the-fielder/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

If a fielder is injured or becomes ill during a match, a [[substitute (cricket)|substitute]] is allowed to field instead of the aforementioned fielder, but the substitute cannot bowl or act as a captain, except in the case of concussion substitutes in international cricket.<ref name="ICCTestPlayCond" /> The substitute leaves the field when the injured player is fit to return.<ref name="Law2">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-2-substitutes-and-runners-batsman-or-fielder-leaving-the-field-batsman-retiring-or-batsman-commencing-innings/ |title=Law 2 – Substitutes, etc. |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702043645/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-2-substitutes-and-runners-batsman-or-fielder-leaving-the-field-batsman-retiring-or-batsman-commencing-innings/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Laws of Cricket'' were updated in 2017 to allow substitutes to act as wicket-keepers.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marylebone Cricket Club|title=Summary of changes to the Laws of Cricket 2017 Code|url=https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf|website=Lords the Home of Cricket|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627233220/https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf|archive-date=27 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Batting and scoring====
{{main|Batting (cricket)|Run (cricket)|Extra (cricket)}}

[[File:cricket shots.svg|thumb|left|upright|The directions in which a right-handed batter, facing down the page, intends to send the ball when playing various cricketing shots. The diagram for a [[left-handed]] batter is a [[mirror image]] of this one.]]
Batters take turns to bat via a [[batting order (cricket)|batting order]] which is decided beforehand by the team captain and presented to the umpires, though the order remains flexible when the captain officially nominates the team.<ref name="Law1" /> Substitute batters are generally not allowed,<ref name="Law2" /> except in the case of concussion substitutes in international cricket.<ref name="ICCTestPlayCond" />

In order to begin batting the batter first adopts a batting stance. Standardly, this involves adopting a slight crouch with the feet pointing across the front of the wicket, looking in the direction of the bowler, and holding the bat so it passes over the feet and so its tip can rest on the ground near to the toes of the back foot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketweb.net/grip-stance-back-lift/ |title=Grip, Stance, Back-Lift |access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>

A skilled batter can use a wide array of "shots" or "strokes" in both defensive and attacking mode. The idea is to hit the ball to the best effect with the flat surface of the bat's blade. If the ball touches the side of the bat, it is called an "[[Edge (cricket)|edge]]". The batter does not have to play a shot and can allow the ball to go through to the [[wicket-keeper]]. Equally, the batter does not have to attempt a run when hitting the ball with their bat. Batters do not always seek to hit the ball as hard as possible, and a good player can score runs by simply making a deft stroke with a turn of the wrists, or by simply "blocking" the ball but directing it away from fielders so that the player has time to take a run. A wide variety of shots are played, the batter's repertoire including strokes named according to the style of swing and the direction aimed: e.g., "[[cut (cricket)|cut]]", "drive", "hook", and "pull".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theyogicjournal.com/pdf/2017/vol2issue2/PartB/2-2-4-313.pdf|title=Relationship of selected biomechanical variables with the performance of cricket players in cover drive shot |date=10 June 2017 |author=Pratibha Dhake|website=theyogicjournal.com |publisher=ISSN: 2456-4419|access-date=26 August 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826034540/https://www.theyogicjournal.com/pdf/2017/vol2issue2/PartB/2-2-4-313.pdf|archive-date=26 August 2025 }}</ref>

[[File:Master Blaster at work.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sachin Tendulkar]] is the only player to have scored one hundred international [[Century (cricket)|centuries]].]]

The batter on strike (i.e., the "striker") must prevent the ball from hitting the wicket and try to score [[Run (cricket)|runs]] by hitting the ball with their bat so that the batter and their partner have time to switch places, with each of them running from one end of the pitch to the other before the fielding side can return the ball and attempt a [[run out]] (throwing the ball at one of the wickets before the run is scored.) To register a run, both runners must touch the [[Batter's ground|ground]] behind the popping crease with either their bats or their bodies (the batters carry their bats as they run) before a fielder can throw the ball at the nearby wicket. Each completed run increments the score of both the team and the striker.<ref name="Law18">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-18-scoring-runs/ |title=Law 18 – Scoring runs |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

The decision to attempt a run is ideally made by the batter who has the better view of the ball's progress, and this is communicated by calling, usually "yes", "no" or "wait". More than one run can be scored from a single hit. Hits worth one to three runs are common, but the size of the field is such that it is usually difficult to run four or more.<ref name="Law18" /> To compensate for this, hits that [[Boundary (scoring)|reach the boundary]] of the field are automatically awarded four runs if the ball touches the ground ''en route'' to the boundary or six runs if the ball clears the boundary without touching the ground within the boundary. In these cases the batters do not need to run.<ref name="Law19">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-19-boundaries/ |title=Law 19 – Boundaries |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> Hits for five are unusual and generally rely on the help of "overthrows" by a fielder returning the ball.
[[File:Cambridge University CC v MCC at Cambridge, England 018.jpg|left|thumb|180x180px|Batters attempting a run while a fielder awaits a throw.]]
If an odd number of runs is scored by the striker, the two batters have changed ends, and the one who was non-striker is now the striker. Only the striker can score individual runs, but all runs are added to the team's total.<ref name="Law18" />

Additional runs can be gained by the batting team as [[extra (cricket)|extras]] (called "sundries" in Australia) due to errors made by the fielding side. This is achieved in four ways: [[no-ball]], a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if they break the rules (often by failing to bowl the ball before their front foot passes the popping crease at their end);<ref name="Law24">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball/ |title=Law 24 – No ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703092552/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-24-no-ball |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[wide (cricket)|wide]], a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if they bowl so that the ball is out of the batter's reach;<ref name="Law25a">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball/ |title=Law 25 – Wide ball |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702061246/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-25-wide-ball/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[bye (cricket)|bye]], an extra awarded if the batter misses the ball and it goes past the wicket-keeper and gives the batters time to run in the conventional way;<ref name="Law26">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-26-bye-and-leg-bye/ |title=Law 26 – Bye and Leg bye |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703085522/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-26-bye-and-leg-bye/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[leg bye]], as for a bye except that the ball has hit the batter's body, though not their bat.<ref name="Law26" /> If the bowler has bowled an illegal delivery (i.e., a no-ball or a wide), the bowler's team incurs an additional penalty because that ball (i.e., delivery) has to be bowled again, and hence the batting side has the opportunity to score more runs from this extra ball. In addition, the ways in which the batters can be dismissed on an illegal delivery greatly narrow down; in the case of a no-ball, which is the more egregious type of illegal delivery, the only common way in which the batters can be dismissed is by being run out.<ref name="Law24" /><ref name="Law25a" />

==== Dismissals ====
{{Main|Dismissal (cricket)}}
[[File:Cricket Umpire dismissal.jpg|thumb|The umpire signaling a dismissal]]
There are nine ways in which a batter can be dismissed: five relatively common and four extremely rare. When a batter is dismissed, they are said to have 'lost their wicket', and are barred from batting again in that inning; their team is also said to have 'lost a wicket'. Once a team has lost 10 wickets, its innings is over.
{{Multiple images
| image1 = Cricketer bowled.jpg
| footer = Most common dismissals involve the wickets, such as when the ball is bowled at the striker's wicket.
| align = left
}}

The common forms of dismissal are:

*[[bowled]] – when the striker fails to prevent a delivery from hitting their wicket<ref name="Law30">{{cite web |title=Law 30 – Bowled |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-30-bowled/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703094114/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-30-bowled/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[caught]] – when a ball struck by the bat is caught by a fielder before it hits the ground<ref name="Law32">{{cite web |title=Law 32 – Caught |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-32-caught-1/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[leg before wicket]] – when the striker's body 'unfairly' prevents a delivery from hitting the wicket<ref name="Law36">{{cite web |title=Law 36 – Leg before wicket |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-36-leg-before-wicket/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[run out]] – generally when the ball is thrown at a wicket by a fielder while the batters are running between the wickets<ref name="Law38">{{cite web |title=Law 38 – Run out |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-38-run-out/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[stumped]] – a special type of run out involving the wicket-keeper and striker<ref name="Law39">{{cite web |title=Law 39 – Stumped |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-39-stumped/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>

Rare methods are:
*[[hit wicket]] – a striker hitting their own wicket<ref name="Law35">{{cite web |title=Law 35 – Hit wicket |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-35-hit-wicket/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[hit the ball twice]]<ref name="Law34">{{cite web |title=Law 34 – Hit the ball twice |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-34-hit-the-ball-twice/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[obstructing the field]]<ref name="Law37">{{cite web |title=Law 37 – Obstructing the field |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-37-obstructing-the-field/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>
*[[timed out]] – a batter failing to enter the field in a timely manner<ref name="Law31">{{cite web |title=Law 31 – Timed out |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-31-timed-out-1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703092548/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-31-timed-out-1/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref>

The Laws state that the fielding team, usually the bowler in practice, must appeal for a dismissal before the umpire can give their decision. If the batter is out, the umpire raises a forefinger and says "Out!"; otherwise, the umpire will shake their head and say "Not out".<ref name="Law27">{{cite web |title=Law 27 – Appeals |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084014/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-27-appeals/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref> There is, effectively, a tenth method of dismissal, [[retired out]] (self-dismissal – generally permanent except in cases of injury), which is not an on-field dismissal as such but rather a retrospective one for which no fielder is credited.<ref name="Law2RO">{{cite web |title=Law 2 – Section 9: Batsman retiring |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-2-substitutes-and-runners-batsman-or-fielder-leaving-the-field-batsman-retiring-or-batsman-commencing-innings/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702043645/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-2-substitutes-and-runners-batsman-or-fielder-leaving-the-field-batsman-retiring-or-batsman-commencing-innings/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |access-date=18 July 2017 |publisher=MCC}}</ref>

====Bowling====
{{main|Bowling (cricket)}}
[[File:Darren Gough bowling.jpg|left|thumb|174x174px|Bowlers generate momentum by running, and then release the ball upon reaching their "delivery stride".]]
{{Bowling techniques sidebar |expanded=all}}

Most bowlers are considered specialists in that they are selected for the team because of their skill as a bowler, although some are all-rounders, and even specialist batters bowl occasionally. These specialists bowl "spells" that are generally 4 to 8 overs long in order not to physically exhaust the bowler, cause muscle strain and stress the skeleton. The rules prevent a single bowler from bowling consecutive overs, resulting in at least two bowlers alternating each over. If the captain wants a bowler to "change ends", another bowler must temporarily fill in so that the change is not immediate.<ref name="Law22" /> The action of bowling the ball is akin to throwing, with the caveat that a bowler's elbow extension is almost entirely restricted, resulting in most bowlers maintaining a straight arm when releasing the ball during their delivery stride. Additionally, while the bowler is not required to pitch (bounce) the ball, a full toss (non-bouncing) delivery that reaches the striker above waist height is penalised as a [[no-ball]].

A bowler reaches their delivery stride by means of a "run-up", and an over is deemed to have begun when the bowler starts their run-up for the first delivery of that over, the ball then being "in play".<ref name="Law22" /> Fast bowlers, or pacemen, need momentum, taking a lengthy run up, while bowlers with a slow delivery take no more than a couple of steps before bowling. The fastest bowlers can deliver the ball at a speed of over {{convert|145|km/h|mph}}, and they sometimes rely on sheer speed to try to defeat the batter, who is forced to react very quickly.<ref name="pace">{{cite web |title=Types of fast bowling |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/types_of_fast_bowling.html |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=TalkCricket}}</ref> Other fast bowlers rely on a mixture of speed and guile by making the ball [[seam bowling|seam]] or [[swing bowling|swing]] (i.e., curve) in flight. This type of delivery can deceive a batter into miscuing their shot, for example, so that the ball just touches the edge of the bat and can then be "caught behind" by the wicket-keeper or a slip fielder.<ref name="pace" /> At the other end of the bowling scale is the [[Spin bowling|spin bowler]], who bowls at a relatively slow pace and relies entirely on guile to deceive the batter. A spinner will often "buy their wicket" by "tossing one up" (in a slower, steeper [[Parabolic trajectory|parabolic]] path) to lure the batter into making a poor shot. The batter has to be very wary of such deliveries, as the batter is often "flighted" or spun so that the ball will not behave quite as the batter expects it to, and the batter could be "trapped" into getting themself out. Accidental full toss deliveries can also get wickets, as the failure of the ball to bounce can surprise a batsman or induce a poor stroke in an effort to punish the poor delivery with a boundary hit.<ref name="spin">{{cite web |title=Spin bowling |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricket_skills_spin_bowling.html |access-date=6 July 2017 |work=TalkCricket}}</ref> In between the pacemen and the spinners are the medium-paced seamers, who rely on persistent accuracy to try to contain the rate of scoring and wear down the batter's concentration.<ref name="pace" />

====Specialist roles====
{{main|Captain (cricket)|Wicket-keeper}}
[[File:Southgate CC v Stanmore CC at Walker Cricket Ground, Southgate, London 22.jpg|thumb|The wicket-keeper has gloves to receive deliveries that the striker fails to hit. He may also elect to wear protection such as leg guards and a helmet]]
The captain is often the most experienced player in the team, certainly the most tactically astute, and can possess any of the main skillsets as a batter, a bowler or a wicket-keeper. Within the Laws, the captain has certain responsibilities in terms of nominating their players to the umpires before the match and ensuring that the captain's players conduct themselves "within the spirit and traditions of the game as well as within the Laws".<ref name="Law1" />

The wicket-keeper (sometimes called simply the "keeper") is a specialist fielder subject to various rules within the Laws about their equipment and demeanour. The wicket-keeper is the only member of the fielding side who can effect a [[stumped|stumping]] and is the only one permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards.<ref name="Law40">{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-40-the-wicket-keeper/ |title=Law 40 – The wicket-keeper |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416223531/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-40-the-wicket-keeper/ |archive-date=16 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Depending on their primary skills, the other ten players in the team tend to be classified as specialist batters or specialist bowlers. Generally, a team will include five or six specialist batters, and four or five specialist bowlers, plus the wicket-keeper.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/bowling_strategy.html |title=Bowling Strategy |work=TalkCricket |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.talkcricket.co.uk/guides/cricket_batting_strategy.html |title=Batting Strategy |work=TalkCricket |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Match closure ===
{{main|Result (cricket)}}
[[File:Southgate CC v Stanmore CC at Walker Cricket Ground, Southgate, London 11.jpg|thumb|Match results are sometimes determined by a final dismissal, either because the batting team's last wicket falls, or in a limited-overs match, the chance to score is denied on the final delivery.]]
There are a number of ways that a cricket match can end and its result be described, depending on whether the team batting first or last wins as well as the format of the game.

If the team batting last is 'all out' having scored fewer runs than their opponents, they are said to have "lost by ''n'' runs" (where ''n'' is the difference between the aggregate number of runs scored by the teams). If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have "won by ''n'' wickets", where ''n'' is the number of wickets left to fall (batters yet to be dismissed) until the team would have been all out. For example, a team that passes its opponents' total having lost six wickets (i.e., six of their batters have been dismissed) wins the match "by four wickets", since the team would only have been prevented from scoring the winning runs if four more of its batters had been dismissed, which would have resulted in all but one of its eleven batters being dismissed.<ref name="result" />

In a two-innings-a-side match, one team's combined first and second innings total may be less than the other side's first innings total. The team with the greater score is then said to have "won by an innings and ''n'' runs" and does not need to bat again: ''n'' is the difference between the two teams' aggregate scores. If the team batting last is all out and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]]; this result is quite rare in matches of two innings a side with only 62 happening in [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]] from the earliest known instance in 1741 until January 2017. In the [[Test cricket|traditional form]] of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win, then the game is declared a [[result (cricket)#Draw|draw]].<ref name="result" />

If the match has only a single innings per side, then usually a maximum number of overs applies to each innings. Such a match is called a "[[Limited overs cricket|limited overs]]" or "one-day" match, and the side scoring more runs wins regardless of the number of wickets lost, so that a draw cannot occur. In some cases, ties are broken by having each team bat for a one-over innings known as a [[Super Over]]; subsequent Super Overs may be played if the first Super Over ends in a tie. If this kind of match is temporarily interrupted by bad weather, then a complex mathematical formula, known as the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|Duckworth–Lewis–Stern (DLS) method]] after its developers, is often used to recalculate a new target score. A one-day match can also be declared a "no-result" if fewer than a previously agreed number of overs have been bowled by either team, in circumstances that make normal resumption of play impossible, for example, wet weather.<ref name="result" />

In all forms of cricket, the umpires can abandon the match if bad light or rain makes it impossible to continue.<ref name="Law3">{{cite web |title=Law 3 – The umpires |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-3-the-umpires/ |access-date=4 July 2017 |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC}}</ref> There have been instances of entire matches, even [[Test cricket|Test matches]] scheduled to be played over five days, being lost to bad weather without a ball being bowled, for example, the third Test of the 1970/71 series in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia v England, 3rd Test, 1970/71 |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/31/31362.html |access-date=4 July 2017 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

====Innings====
{{main|Innings}}
[[File:Highgate Cricket Club manual scoreboard detail at Crouch End, London 1.jpg|thumb|185x185px|The final innings of the match generally ends when the batting team either scores the winning runs (known as reaching its target score) or runs out of "resources" (either losing 10 wickets or running out of time/overs to bat) and thus can not win.]]
The innings (ending with 's' in both singular and plural form) is the term used for each phase of play during a match. Depending on the type of match being played, each team has either one or two innings. Sometimes all eleven members of the batting side take a turn to bat but, for various reasons, an innings can end before they have all done so. The innings terminates if the batting team is "all out", a term defined by the Laws: "At the [[dismissal (cricket)|fall of a wicket]] or the retirement of a batter, further balls remain to be bowled but no further batter is available to come in".<ref name="inns" /> In this situation, one of the batters has not been dismissed and is termed [[not out]]; this is because he has no partners left and there must always be two active batters while the innings is in progress.

An innings may end early while there are still two not out batters:<ref name="inns" />
* the batting team's [[captain (cricket)|captain]] [[Declaration and forfeiture|may declare the innings closed]], even though some of the captain's players have not had a turn to bat: this is a tactical decision by the captain, usually because the captain believes that their team have scored sufficient runs and need time to dismiss the opposition in their innings
* the set number of [[over (cricket)|overs]] (i.e., in a limited overs match) have been bowled
* the match has ended prematurely due to bad weather or running out of time
* in the final innings of the match, the batting side has reached its target (i.e., scored more runs than the opposition) and won the game.

===Umpires and scorers===
{{main|Umpire (cricket)|Scoring (cricket)|Cricket statistics}}
[[File:Cricket Umpire.jpg|thumb|right|An umpire signals a decision to the scorers.]]
[[File:Adelaide Scoreboard1206.jpg|thumb|250x250px|left|The [[Adelaide Oval]] cricket scoreboard during an [[The Ashes|Ashes Test]] in Australia]]
The game on the field is regulated by the two [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]], one of whom stands behind the wicket at the bowler's end and the other in a position called "square leg", which is about {{Convert|15–20|m|ft|abbr=on}} away from the batter on strike and in line with the popping crease on which that umpire is taking guard. The umpires have several responsibilities, including adjudication on whether a ball has been correctly bowled (i.e., not a [[no-ball]] or a [[wide (cricket)|wide]]); when a run is scored; whether a batter is out (the fielding side must first [[appeal (cricket)|appeal]] to the umpire, usually with the phrase "How's that?" or "Howzat?"); when intervals start and end; and the suitability of the pitch, field and weather for playing the game. The umpires are authorised to interrupt or even abandon a match due to circumstances likely to endanger the players, such as a damp pitch or deterioration of the light.<ref name=Law3/>

Off the field in televised matches, there is usually a [[third umpire]] who can make decisions on certain incidents with the aid of video evidence. The third umpire is mandatory under the playing conditions for [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[Limited Overs International]] matches played between two ICC full member countries. These matches also have a [[match referee]] whose job is to ensure that play is within the Laws and the spirit of the game.<ref name=Law3/>

The match details, including runs and dismissals, are recorded by two official [[scoring (cricket)|scorers]], one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire (see image, right). For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batter is out (has been dismissed); the umpire raises both arms above their head if the batter has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws to record all runs scored, wickets taken, and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-scorers/ |title=Law 4 – The scorers |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702065817/https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-4-the-scorers/ |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A match's [[Cricket statistics|statistics]] are summarised on a [[Cricket scorecard|scorecard]]. Prior to the popularisation of scorecards, most scoring was done by men sitting on vantage points cuttings notches on [[tally stick]]s, and runs were originally called notches.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 57.</ref> According to historian [[Rowland Bowen]], the earliest known scorecard templates were introduced in 1776 by T. Pratt of [[Sevenoaks]] and soon came into general use.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 266.</ref> It is believed that scorecards were printed and sold at [[Lord's]] for the first time in 1846.<ref>Bowen (1970), p. 274.</ref>

Scores are displayed differently depending on location, although it is standard to show how many wickets have been lost and how many runs a team has made. Within Australia, the format is Wickets/Runs, while in the rest of the world, the format is Runs/Wickets. For example, a score of 125 runs with 4 wickets lost would be displayed as 4/125 or 125/4, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket365.com/dan-liebke/cricket-greatest-sport-1-australian-reverse-score-antics |website=Cricket365 |issue=1 |access-date=29 March 2024 |title=Why Cricket is the Greatest Sport, : Australian reverse-score antics |date=24 January 2019 }}</ref>

===Spirit of the Game===
{{main|Laws of Cricket}}
Besides observing the Laws, cricketers must respect the "Spirit of Cricket", a concept encompassing [[sportsmanship]], fair play and mutual respect. This spirit has long been considered an integral part of the sport but is only nebulously defined. Amidst concern that the spirit was weakening, in 2000, a Preamble was added to the Laws instructing all participants to play within the spirit of the game. The Preamble was last updated in 2017, now opening with the line:<ref name=preamble>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/preamble-to-the-laws/ |title=Preamble to the Laws |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Cricket owes much of its appeal and enjoyment to the fact that it should be played not only according to the Laws, but also within the Spirit of Cricket.}}

The Preamble is a short statement intended to emphasise the "positive behaviours that make cricket an exciting game that encourages leadership, friendship, and teamwork".<ref name=2017_changes>{{cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf |title=Summary of changes to the Laws of Cricket 2017 Code |work=Laws of Cricket |publisher=MCC |access-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627233220/https://www.lords.org/assets/2017-Law-Changes-Summary-Paper.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its second line states that, "the major responsibility for ensuring fair play rests with the captains, but extends to all players, match officials and, especially in [[Youth cricket|junior cricket]], teachers, coaches and parents".<ref name=preamble/>

The umpires are the sole judges of fair and unfair play. They are required under the Laws to intervene in case of dangerous or unfair play or in cases of unacceptable conduct by a player.

Previous versions of the Spirit identified actions that were deemed contrary (for example, appealing knowing that the batter is not out), but all specifics are now covered in the ''Laws of Cricket'', the relevant governing playing regulations and disciplinary codes, or left to the judgement of the umpires, captains, their clubs and governing bodies. The terse expression of the Spirit of Cricket now avoids trying to enumerate the diverse cultural conventions that exist in the detail of sportsmanship, or its absence.{{Clarify|date=October 2025}}

==Women's cricket==
{{main|Women's cricket}}
[[File:Mithali Raj Truro 2012.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mithali Raj]] of India is the highest run scorer in women's international cricket. ]]
Women's cricket was first recorded in [[Surrey]] in 1745.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/early-cricket |title=ICC History of Cricket (pre-1799) |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> International development began at the start of the 20th century, and the first Test match was played between [[Australia Women cricket team|Australia]] and [[England women's cricket team|England]] in December 1934.<ref name=ICC20C>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/cricket/history-of-cricket/20th-century |title=ICC History of Cricket (20th century) |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The following year, [[New Zealand Womens cricket team|New Zealand]] joined them, and in 2007 [[Netherlands women cricket team|Netherland]] became the tenth women's Test nation when they made their debut against [[South Africa women cricket team|South Africa]]. In 1958, the International Women's Cricket Council was founded (it merged with the ICC in 2005).<ref name=ICC20C/> In 1973, the first Cricket World Cup of any kind took place when a Women's World Cup was held in England.<ref name=ICC20C/> In 2005, the [[International Women's Cricket Council]] was merged with the International Cricket Council (ICC) to form one unified body to help manage and develop cricket. The ICC Women's Rankings were launched on 1 October 2015 covering all three formats of women's cricket. In October 2018 following the ICC's decision to award T20 International status to all members, the Women's rankings were split into separate [[One Day International|ODI]] (for Full Members) and T20I lists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/877811|title=ICC Launches Global Women's T20I Team Rankings|access-date=12 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==Governance==
{{main|International Cricket Council}}
[[File:International Cricket Council members (by status) Current.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[International Cricket Council|ICC]] member nations. The (highest level) Test playing nations are shown in red; the associate member nations are shown in orange, with those with [[One Day International|ODI status]] in a darker shade; suspended or former members are shown in dark grey.]]

The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), which has its headquarters in [[Dubai]], is the global governing body of cricket. It was founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South Africa, renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965 and took up its current name in 1989.<ref name=ICC20C/> The ICC in 2017 has 105 member nations, twelve of which hold full membership and can play [[Test cricket]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about |title=About the ICC |publisher=ICC |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> The ICC is responsible for the organisation and governance of cricket's major international tournaments, notably the men's and women's versions of the [[Cricket World Cup]]. It also appoints the umpires and referees that officiate at all sanctioned Test matches, Limited Overs Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals.

Each member nation has a national cricket board which regulates cricket matches played in its country, selects the national squad, and organises home and away tours for the national team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/about-us/about-the-ecb |title=About the England and Wales Cricket Board |website=ECB |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref> In the West Indies, which for cricket purposes is a federation of nations, these matters are addressed by [[Cricket West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricketwestindies.org/ |title=Cricket West Indies |publisher=Cricket West Indies |access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

The table below lists the ICC full members and their national cricket boards:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/team-rankings |title=ICC Rankings |website=International Cricket Council |publisher=ICC Development (International) Limited |access-date=9 February 2016 |archive-date=7 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707201109/http://www.icc-cricket.com/team-rankings |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Cricket governing bodies
|-
! scope="col" | Nation
! scope="col" | Governing body
! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" | Full Member since<ref name="A Brief History...">{{cite web |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/current/story/209608.html |title=A brief history ... |work=Cricinfo |date=18 May 2005 |access-date=2 May 2008 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Afghanistan}}
| [[Afghanistan Cricket Board]]
| 22 June 2017
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Australia}}
| [[Cricket Australia]]
| 15 July 1909
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| [[Bangladesh Cricket Board]]
| 26 June 2000
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|England}}
| [[England and Wales Cricket Board]]
| 15 July 1909
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|India}}
| [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| 31 May 1926
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Ireland}}
| [[Cricket Ireland]]
| 22 June 2017
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| [[New Zealand Cricket]]
| 31 May 1926
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| [[Pakistan Cricket Board]]
| 28 July 1952
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|South Africa}}
| [[Cricket South Africa]]
| 15 July 1909
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| [[Sri Lanka Cricket]]
| 21 July 1981
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|West Indies}}
| [[Cricket West Indies]]
| 31 May 1926
|-
! scope="row" | {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| [[Zimbabwe Cricket]]
| 6 July 1992
|}

==Forms of cricket==
{{main|Forms of cricket}}
[[File:England vs South Africa.jpg|thumb|A [[Test cricket|Test match]] between South Africa and England in January 2005. The men wearing black trousers are the [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]. Teams in Test cricket, [[first-class cricket]] and [[club cricket]] wear traditional white uniforms and use red [[cricket ball]]s.]]
Cricket is a multifaceted sport with multiple formats that can effectively be divided into [[first-class cricket]], [[limited overs cricket]], and historically, [[single wicket cricket]].

The highest standard is [[Test cricket]] (always written with a capital "T") which is in effect the international version of first-class cricket and is restricted to teams representing the twelve countries that are full members of the ICC (see above). Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much later, Test cricket is deemed to have begun with two matches between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England national cricket team|England]] in the [[1876-77 Australian cricket season|1876–77 Australian season]]; since 1882, most Test series between England and Australia have been played for a trophy known as [[The Ashes]]. The term "first-class", in general usage, is applied to top-level domestic cricket. Test matches are played over five days and first-class over three to four days; in all of these matches, the teams are allotted two innings each and the [[Draw (cricket)|draw]] is a valid result.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Cricket |last=Rundell |first=Michael |year=2006 |publisher=A&C Black Publishers Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7136-7915-1 |page=336 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Vu9cih3u1kC&q=%22dictionary%20of%20cricket%22%20test&pg=PT336 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref>

Limited overs cricket is always scheduled for completion in a single day, and the teams are allotted one innings each. There are two main types: [[List A cricket|List A]] which normally allows fifty overs per team; and [[Twenty20]] in which the teams have twenty overs each. Both of the limited overs forms are played internationally as [[Limited Overs International]]s (LOI) and [[Twenty20 International]]s (T20I). List A was introduced in England in the 1963 season as a knockout cup contested by the first-class county clubs. In 1969, a national league competition was established. The concept was gradually introduced to the other leading cricket countries and the first limited overs international was played in 1971. In 1975, the first [[Cricket World Cup]] took place in England. Twenty20 is a new variant of limited overs itself with the purpose being to complete the match within about three to four hours, usually in an evening session. The first [[Twenty20 World Championship]] was held in 2007. In addition, a few full-member cricket boards have decided to start leagues that are played in the [[T10 cricket|T10 format]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPL to launch inaugural T10 tournament 'The 6ixty' in August |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cpl-to-launch-inaugural-t10-tournament-the-6ixty-in-august-1320902 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=SportsCafe |date=21 November 2022 |title=Sri Lanka becomes first full-member cricket nation to introduce T10 League |url=https://sportscafe.in/cricket/articles/2022/nov/21/sri-lanka-becomes-first-full-member-cricket-nation-to-introduce-t-10-league |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=SportsCafe.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ZC to launch six-team T10 tournament in March 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zimbabwe-cricket-launches-six-team-t10-tournament-in-march-2023-1348496 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=T10 League Plans Expansion To Five Locations After Thumbs Up From 2 ICC Full Members {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/t10-league-plans-expansion-to-five-locations-after-thumbs-up-from-2-icc-full-members-3554950 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> in which games are intended to last approximately 90 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=25 January 2021 |title=Explained: Everything You Need to Know About Cricket's T10 League |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/explainer-t10-league-rules-teams-and-players |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abu Dhabi T10 cricket league eyes global expansion |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/sport/2022/12/07/abu-dhabi-t10-cricket-league-eyes-global-expansion |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=www.gulftoday.ae|date=7 December 2022 }}</ref> Most recently, in 2021, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) introduced a new league featuring a hundred-ball tournament, known as [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hundred timeline: How the ECB's new format came about |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-hundred-2021-the-hundred-timeline-how-the-ecb-s-new-format-came-about-1270291|access-date=30 March 2024 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Limited overs matches cannot be drawn, although a [[Tie (cricket)|tie]] is possible and an unfinished match is a "[[No-result|no result]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC clarification of limited overs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-clarifies-what-counts-and-what-doesn-t-255055 |access-date=8 July 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2016 |title=The first official T20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/blogs/content/story/980687.html |access-date=8 July 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Single wicket was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries, and its matches were generally considered top-class. In this form, although each team may have from one to six players, there is only one batter in at a time, and that batter must face every delivery bowled while their innings lasts. Single wicket has rarely been played since limited overs cricket began. Matches tended to have two innings per team like a full first-class one and they could end in a draw.<ref>Major (2007), pp. 155–167 & 404–410.</ref>

==Competitions==
[[File:Cricket in Kerava IMG 8904 C.JPG|thumb|Cricket match in [[Kerava|Kerava, Finland]], 2011]]
Cricket is played at both the international and domestic level. There is one major international championship per format, and top-level domestic competitions mirror the three main international formats. There are now a number of [[T20 leagues]], which have spawned a "T20 freelancer" phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The T20 Revolution – The Freelancers|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/107424/the-t20-revolution-the-freelancers|access-date=9 September 2020|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>

===International competitions===
{{main|International cricket}}

Most international matches are played as parts of 'tours', when one nation travels to another for a number of weeks or months, and plays a number of matches of various sorts against the host nation. Sometimes a [[Test cricket#Perpetual trophies|perpetual trophy]] is awarded to the winner of the Test series, the most famous of which is [[The Ashes]].

The ICC also organises competitions that are for several countries at once, including the [[ICC Men's Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC T20 World Cup]] and [[ICC Champions Trophy]]. A league competition for Test matches played as part of normal tours, the [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]], had been proposed several times, and its [[2019–21 ICC World Test Championship|first instance]] began in 2019. A league competition for [[One Day International|ODIs]], the [[ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]], began in August 2020 and lasted only for one edition. The ICC maintains [[ICC Test Championship|Test rankings]], [[ICC ODI Championship|ODI rankings]] and [[ICC T20I Championship|T20 rankings]] systems for the countries which play these forms of cricket.

Competitions for member nations of the ICC with [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate status]] include the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]], for first-class cricket matches, and the [[World Cricket League]] for one-day matches, the final matches of which now also serve as the [[ICC World Cup Qualifier]].

The game's only appearance in an [[Olympic Games]] was the [[Cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ignorant Olympians |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-ignorant-olympians-134962 |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> However, it is scheduled to make a return, with the [[Twenty20|T20]] format of the game, in the [[2028 Summer Olympics]] in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IOC approves Cricket for 2028 Los Angeles Olympics|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ioc-approves-cricket-for-2028-los-angeles-olympics/articleshow/104397486.cms?from=mdr|access-date=14 October 2023 |website=The Economic Times| date=13 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=International Olympic Committee approves cricket and four other sports for 2028 Games in Los Angeles |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/15234/12985395/international-olympic-committee-approves-cricket-and-four-other-sports-for-2028-games-in-los-angeles |work=Sky Sports |date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===National competitions===
{{see also|Category:Domestic cricket competitions}}
[[File:Yorkshire-CCC-1895.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] in 1895. The team first won the County Championship in 1893.]]

====First-class====
{{main|List of current first-class cricket teams}}
First-class cricket in England is played for the most part by the 18 county clubs which contest the [[County Championship]]. The concept of a [[Champion County|champion county]] has existed since the 18th century but the official competition was not established until 1890.<ref name="AMCS"/> The most successful club has been [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]], who had won 32 official titles (plus one shared) as of 2019.<ref>{{cite book |last=Playfair |title=Playfair Cricket Annual (70th edition) |edition=2017 |editor-last=Marshall |editor-first=Ian |publisher=Headline |page=216 |location=London}}</ref>

Australia established its national first-class championship in 1892–93 when the [[Sheffield Shield]] was introduced. In Australia, the first-class teams represent the various states.<ref name="CH175">Harte, p. 175.</ref> [[New South Wales cricket team|New South Wales]] has the highest number of titles.

The other ICC full members have national championship trophies called the [[Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament]] (Afghanistan); the [[National Cricket League]] (Bangladesh); the [[Ranji Trophy]] (India); the [[Inter-Provincial Championship]] (Ireland); the [[Plunket Shield]] (New Zealand); the [[Quaid-e-Azam Trophy]] (Pakistan); the [[Sunfoil Series|Currie Cup]] (South Africa); the [[Premier Trophy]] (Sri Lanka); the [[Regional Four Day Competition|Shell Shield]] (West Indies); and the [[Logan Cup]] (Zimbabwe).

====Limited overs====
{{main|List of Twenty20 cricket competitions|T10 leagues|The Hundred (cricket){{!}}The Hundred}}

====Other====
{{see also|Minor Counties Cricket Championship|Second XI Championship}}

===Club and school cricket===
{{Main|Village cricket|Club cricket|Schools cricket}}

The world's earliest known cricket match was a [[village cricket]] meeting in [[Kent]] which has been deduced from a 1640 court case recording a "cricketing" of "the Weald and the Upland" versus "the Chalk Hill" at [[Chevening]] "about thirty years since" (i.e., {{circa|1611}}). Inter-parish contests became popular in the first half of the 17th century and continued to develop through the 18th with the first local leagues being founded in the second half of the 19th.<ref name="DU4"/>

At the grassroots level, local [[club cricket]] is essentially an amateur pastime for those involved but still usually involves teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening. [[Schools cricket]], first known in southern England in the 17th century, has a similar scenario and both are widely played in the countries where cricket is popular.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 9–10.</ref> Although there can be variations in game format, compared with professional cricket, the Laws are always observed and club/school matches are therefore formal and competitive events.<ref>Birley (1999), pp. 151–152.</ref> The sport has numerous informal variants such as [[French cricket]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/french.htm |title=Rules of French Cricket |publisher=topend sports |access-date=8 July 2017}}</ref>

<gallery widths=200 heights=160>
File:Y.M.C.A. women playing cricket, Sydney University, R. Donaldson, 23 April 1941.jpg|Y.M.C.A. women playing cricket as part of 'sports for troops', [[Sydney University]], 23 April 1941
File:The Old Baltimore Cricket Club, Image 2 (1927).png|The Old Baltimore Cricket Club, 1927
</gallery>

=== Rivalries ===
{{main|:Category:Cricket rivalries}}

==Culture==
{{main|:Category:Cricket culture}}

===Influence on everyday life===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Street Cricket in India (edited).jpg
| image2 = Jugando la Plaquita.JPG
| total_width = 400
| caption1 = [[Street cricket]] being played in a village in the Himalayas of India
| caption2 = [[Plaquita]], a game similar to cricket, being played in the Dominican Republic
}}
Cricket has had a broad impact on popular culture, both in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and elsewhere. It has, for example, influenced the [[lexicon]] of these nations, especially the English language, with various phrases such as "that's not cricket" (that's unfair), "had a good [[Innings#Usage outside of cricket|innings]]" (lived a long life), and "[[sticky wicket]]". "On a sticky wicket" (''aka'' "sticky dog" or "glue pot")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Jonathon |title=Dictionary of Jargon |publisher=Routledge |year=1987 |isbn=9780710099198 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjarg00jona/page/528 528] |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofjarg00jona/page/528 }}</ref> is a [[metaphor]]<ref name="CalliesKeller2011">{{cite book |author1=Marcus Callies |author2=Wolfram R. Keller |author3=Astrid Lohöfer |title=Bi-directionality in the Cognitive Sciences: Avenues, Challenges, and Limitations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SC3cBXfj4UcC&pg=PA73 |year=2011 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-2384-5 |pages=73–}}</ref> used to describe a difficult circumstance. It originated as a term for difficult batting conditions in cricket, caused by a damp and soft pitch.<ref name="Hendrickson2001">{{cite book |author=Robert Hendrickson |title=World English: From Aloha to Zed |url=https://archive.org/details/worldenglishfrom00hend |url-access=registration |year= 2001 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-34518-3}}</ref>

===In the arts and popular culture===
{{see also|Cricket in fiction|Cricket in film and television|Cricket poetry}}
Cricket is the subject of works by noted English poets, including [[William Blake]] and [[Lord Byron]].<ref name=art>Smart, Alastair (20 July 2013). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/10191131/The-art-of-cricket-Enough-to-leave-you-stumped.html "The art of cricket: Enough to leave you stumped"], ''The Telegraph''. Retrieved 12 March 2016.</ref> ''[[Beyond a Boundary]]'' (1963), written by Trinidadian [[C. L. R. James]], is often named the best book on any sport ever written.<ref>Rosengarten, Frank (2007). ''Urbane Revolutionary: C. L. R. James and the Struggle for a New Society''. University Press of Mississippi, {{ISBN|87-7289-096-7}} p. 134</ref>

In the visual arts, notable cricket paintings include [[Albert Chevallier Tayler]]'s ''[[Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury]]'' (1907) and [[Russell Drysdale]]'s ''[[The cricketers (Drysdale)|The cricketers]]'' (1948), which has been called "possibly the most famous Australian painting of the 20th century."<ref name="Meacham">{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/arts/montmartre-with-eucalypts/2009/06/05/1243708612484.html |title=Montmartre, with eucalypts |last=Meacham |first=Steve |date=6 June 2009 |work=Sydney Morning Herald |publisher=Fairfax |access-date=31 August 2009}}</ref> French [[impressionism|impressionist]] [[Camille Pissarro]] painted cricket on a visit to England in the 1890s.<ref name=art/> [[Francis Bacon (artist)|Francis Bacon]], an avid cricket fan, captured a batter in motion.<ref name=art/> [[Caribbean]] artist [[Wendy Nanan]]'s cricket images<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/07/in_pictures_caribbean_cricket_art/html/1.stm |work=BBC News |title=Caribbean cricket art, in the middle |access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref> are featured in a limited edition first day cover for [[Royal Mail]]'s "World of Invention" stamp issue, which celebrated the London Cricket Conference 1–3 March 2007, first international workshop of its kind and part of the celebrations leading up to the 2007 [[Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bletchleycovers.com/ |title=Cricket: Dawn of a New World |date=March 2007 |publisher=Bletchley Park Post Office |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716041103/http://www.bletchleycovers.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In music, many [[Calypso music|calypsos]] make reference to the Sport of Cricket. See [[List of calypso songs about cricket]].

===Influence on other sports===
[[File:William Handcock Tom Wills.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Tom Wills]], cricketer and co-founder of [[Australian football]]]]

Cricket has close historical ties with [[Australian rules football]] and many players have [[List of Australian rules footballers and cricketers|competed at top levels in both sports]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Blainey |first=Geoffrey |title=A Game of Our Own: The Origins of Australian Football |publisher=Black Inc. |year=2010 |page=186 |isbn=978-1-86395-347-4}}</ref> In 1858, prominent Australian cricketer [[Tom Wills]] called for the formation of a "foot-ball club" with "a code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during the off-season. The [[Melbourne Football Club]] was founded the following year, and Wills and three other members codified the first laws of the game.<ref>{{cite book |last=de Moore |first=Greg |title=Tom Wills: His Spectacular Rise and Tragic Fall |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=2008 |pages=77, 93–94 |isbn=978-1-74175-499-5}}</ref> It is typically played on [[Australian rules football playing field|modified cricket fields]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hess |first=Rob |title=A National Game: The History of Australian Rules Football |publisher=Viking |year=2008 |page=44 |isbn=978-0-670-07089-3}}</ref>

[[File:1876boxscore.jpg|left|thumb|An 1876 baseball box score]]

In England, a number of [[association football]] clubs owe their origins to cricketers who sought to play football as a means of keeping fit during the winter months. [[Derby County F. C.|Derby County]] was founded as a branch of the [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club]] in 1884;<ref>Goldstein, p. 184.</ref> [[Aston Villa F. C.|Aston Villa]] (1874) and [[Everton F. C.|Everton]] (1876) were both founded by members of church cricket teams.<ref>Goldstein, pp. 15 & 184.</ref> [[Sheffield United F. C.|Sheffield United]]'s [[Bramall Lane]] ground was, from 1854, the home of the [[Sheffield Cricket Club]], and then of [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]; it was not used for football until 1862 and was shared by Yorkshire and Sheffield United from 1889 to 1973.<ref>Goldstein, p. 458.</ref>

In the late 19th century, a former cricketer, English-born [[Henry Chadwick (writer)|Henry Chadwick]] of [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]], was credited with devising the baseball [[box score (baseball)|box score]]<ref>His Hall of Fame plaque states, in part: "Inventor of the box score. Author of the first rule-book ... Chairman of rules committee in first nationwide baseball organization." Lederer, Rich. ''By the Numbers: Computer technology has deepened fans' passion with the game's statistics. Memories and Dreams'' (Vol. 33, No. 6; Winter 2011[–2012], pp. 32–34). [[National Baseball Hall of Fame]] official magazine.</ref> (which he adapted from the cricket scorecard) for reporting game events. The first box score appeared in an 1859 issue of the ''[[New York Clipper|Clipper]]''.<ref name=NPR>{{cite web |last=Pesca |first=Mike |title=The Man Who Made Baseball's Box Score a Hit |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106891539 |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=8 March 2014 |date=30 July 2009}}</ref> The statistical record is so central to the game's "historical essence" that Chadwick is sometimes referred to as "the Father of Baseball" because he facilitated the popularity of the sport in its early days.<ref name=Myth>{{cite news |last1=Arango |first1=Tim |title=Myth of baseball's creation endures, with a prominent fan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/13/sports/baseball/13doubleday.html |access-date=8 November 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=12 November 2010}}</ref>

The influence of cricket and other [[Sport in British India|English sports in British India]] resulted in the [[Traditional games of South Asia|local sports]] becoming standardised by the 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Love |first1=Adam |last2=Dzikus |first2=Lars |date=26 February 2020 |title=How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers |url=https://theconversation.com/how-india-came-to-love-cricket-favored-sport-of-its-colonial-british-rulers-132302 |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> The 21st century success of the [[Indian Premier League]] also inspired the growth of other sports leagues in India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Handball To Panja, Why Sports Leagues Are Taking Off In India |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/from-handball-to-panja-why-sports-leagues-are-taking-off-in-india/86315/1 |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> with some of the native sports being further modernised, as with the popular [[Pro Kabaddi League]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The end of cricket's Indian monopoly |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2024/04/04/the-end-of-crickets-indian-monopoly |access-date=30 September 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|left=yes|Cricket|Sports}}
* [[Glossary of cricket terms]]
* [[Willow and Stumpy]]

'''Related sports'''
* [[Baseball]]
** [[Comparison of baseball and cricket]]
* [[Stoolball]]
* [[Street cricket]]

==Footnotes==
<references group="fn" />{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Altham |first=H. S. |author-link=Harry Altham |title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914) |year=1962 |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Ashley-Cooper |first=F. S. |author-link=F. S. Ashley-Cooper |title=At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742–1751 |year=1900 |series=Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game |publisher=Cricket Magazine |location=London |oclc=28863559}}
* {{cite book |last=Barclays |title=Barclays World of Cricket |editor-last=Swanton |editor-first=E. W. |editor-link=E. W. Swanton |publisher=Willow Books |location=London |year=1986 |isbn=0-00-218193-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Birley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Birley |title=A Social History of English Cricket |year=1999 |publisher=Aurum Press Ltd |location=London |isbn=1-85410-710-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Rowland |author-link=Rowland Bowen |title=Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development |year=1970 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |location=London |isbn=0-413-27860-3}}
* {{cite book |title=The Rough Guide to English Football (2000–2001) |last=Goldstein |first=Dan |publisher=Rough Guides |location=London |date=2000 |isbn=1-85828-557-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoengl00dang }}
* {{cite book |last=Harte |first=Chris |title=A History of Australian Cricket |year=1993 |publisher=Andre Deutsch |location=London |page=175 |isbn=0-233-98825-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Haygarth |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Haygarth |title=Frederick Lillywhite's Cricket Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826) |year=1862 |publisher=Frederick Lillywhite |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Major |first=John |author-link=John Major |title=More Than A Game |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-718364-7}}
* {{cite book |last=McCann |first=Tim |author-link=Timothy J. McCann |title=Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century |year=2004 |publisher=Sussex Record Society |location=Lewes |isbn=0-85445-055-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Nyren |first=John |author-link=John Nyren |title=The Cricketers of my Time |orig-year=First published 1833 |editor=Ashley Mote |year=1998 |publisher=Robson Books |location=London |isbn=1-86105-168-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Underdown |first=David |author-link=David Underdown |title=Start of Play |year=2000 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=London |isbn=0-713-99330-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Webber |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Webber |title=The Phoenix History of Cricket |year=1960 |publisher=Phoenix House Ltd |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Williams, Baron Williams of Elvel |title=Gentlemen & Players – The Death of Amateurism in Cricket |year=2012 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-7538-2927-1}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |year=2002 |title=A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport |location=London |publisher=Picador |isbn=0-330-49117-2 |oclc=255899689}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|c=Category:Cricket|voy=Cricket|d=Q5375|wikt=cricket|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=Category:Cricket}}
* [http://www.icc-cricket.com/ International Cricket Council (ICC)]
* [http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/index.html ESPNcricinfo]

{{Navboxes
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[[Category:Cricket| ]]
[[Category:Ball and bat games]]
[[Category:Former Summer Olympic sports]]
[[Category:Sports originating in England]]
[[Category:Team sports]]
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[[Category:English inventions]]

Mandakini (actress)

2026-03-23T21:02:10Z

ZitaKight7091:

{{short description|Indian former actress}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mandakini
| image = Mandakini01.jpg
| caption = Mandakini in 2012
| birth_name = Yasmeen Joseph
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1985–1996
| spouse = Kagyur T. Rinpoche Thakur
| children = 2
| other_names = Mandakini Joseph Thakur
| notable_works = ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'', ''[[Dance Dance (film)|Dance Dance]]'', ''[[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]'', ''[[Pyar Ke Naam Qurbaan]]'', ''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]''
| website =
}}

'''Yasmeen Joseph Thakur''' ([[née]] '''Joseph'''), professionally credited as '''Mandakini''', is an Indian former actress. She is best remembered for her lead role in the 1985 popular film ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]''. She has been part of many blockbusters and was credited for her on-screen chemistry with actor [[Mithun Chakraborty]].

==Early life==
Mandakini was born in [[Meerut]] as Yasmeen Joseph to a British father and a Himachali mother.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} At the young age of 16, she was discovered by film producer-director [[Raj Kapoor]] and given the screen name "Mandakini".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-mandakini-7-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ram-teri-ganga-maili-actor/story-yh913ZwrBRWRqjGCIpcTUO.html |title=Happy Birthday Mandakini 7 lesser-known facts about the Ram Teri Ganga Maili actor|access-date=23 March 2022|date=30 July 2017}}</ref>

==Film career==
Mandakini got her first movie in the Hindi film industry when she was cast in the lead role in the 1985 movie ''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'' by [[Raj Kapoor]] opposite his youngest son [[Rajiv Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-mandakini-7-lesser-known-facts-about-the-ram-teri-ganga-maili-actor/story-yh913ZwrBRWRqjGCIpcTUO.html |title=Happy Birthday Mandakini 7 lesser-known facts about the Ram Teri Ganga Maili actor|access-date=23 March 2022|date=30 July 2017}}</ref> The film was a blockbuster, and it earned Mandakini a [[Filmfare]] nomination as Best Actress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Awards |access-date=14 September 2008 |page=71 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> She caused a stir after she was seen partially nude in two sequences of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/top-10-hottest-waterfall-women-in-bwood/articleshow/15819543.cms?from=mdr|title=Top 10 hottest waterfall women in B'wood!}}</ref>

She then acted in a few more successful films, such as ''[[Dance Dance (1987 film)|Dance Dance]]'' with [[Mithun Chakraborty]], ''[[Kahan Hai Kanoon]]'' with [[Aditya Pancholi]] and ''[[Pyaar Karke Dekho]]'' with [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], but could not recreate the success of her first movie. The actress decided to bid adieu to the Bollywood industry after her 1996 film [[Zordaar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/remember-rajiv-kapoor-s-ram-teri-ganga-maili-co-actor-mandakini-here-s-what-she-has-been-upto-683775 |title= Mandakini the Ram Teri Ganga Maili actor|access-date=23 March 2022|date=30 July 2017}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mandakini married a former Buddhist monk, Dr. Kagyur T. Rinpoche Thakur, and embraced [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Sanskriti|date=2021-08-02|title=Mandakini to make a comeback|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/020821/mandakini-to-make-a-comeback.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> Her husband had gained fame in childhood as the baby featured in [[Murphy Radio]] advertisements in the 1970s and 1980s. The couple have a son named Rabbil and a daughter Rabze Innaya. After embracing Buddhism and becoming a follower of the [[Dalai Lama]], Mandakini started running classes in [[Tibet]]an [[yoga]], while her husband runs a Tibetan Herbal Centre.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet Mandakini, the spiritual guide|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Meet-Mandakini-the-spiritual-guide/articleshow/1294154.cms|access-date=2021-08-11|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 November 2005 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role!!Other notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985||''[[Mera Saathi]]''||Shanti||
|-
|''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]''||Ganga ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |1986||''[[Simhasanam (1986 film)|Simhasanam]]''/''[[Singhasan]]''||Visha Kanya||Bilingual film; [[Multiple-language version|Simultaneously shot]] in Telugu and Hindi
|-
| ''Om''|| || Unreleased
|-
|''[[Jeeva (1986 film)|Jeeva]]''||Nalini||
|-
|''[[Aag Aur Shola]]''||Usha ||
|-
|''[[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]''||Madhu ||
|-
|''[[Mazloom]]''||Meena ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |1987||''[[Apne Apne]]''||Ila ||
|-
|''[[Loha (1987 film)|Loha]]''||Seema ||
|-
|''[[Pyaar Karke Dekho]]''||Urvashi ||
|-
|''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]''||Roja || Telugu
|-
|''[[Dance Dance (film)|Dance Dance]]''||Janita||
|-
|''[[Hawalaat (1987 film)|Hawalaat]]''||Leela||
|-
|''[[Param Dharam]]''||Bijli ||
|-
| rowspan="9" |1988||''[[Pyaar Mohabbat]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Jeete Hain Shaan Se]]''||Julie ||
|-
|''[[Shoorveer]]''||Meena ||
|-
|''[[Commando (1988 film)|Commando]]''||Asha Malhotra||
|-
|''[[Hum To Chale Pardes]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Maar Dhaad]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Maalamaal]]''||Honey ||
|-
|''[[Tezaab]]''||Nikita (special appearance) ||
|-
|''[[Agnee (1988 film)|Agnee]]''||Ayushi ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1989||''[[Naag Nagin]]''||Ichchadhari Nagin Chandni||
|-
|''Kahan Hai Kanoon''|| ||
|-
|''[[Aakhri Baazi]]''||Rita ||
|-
|''[[Jung Baaz]]''||Sangeeta Mathur/Neena Ninjo ||
|-
|''Na-Insaafi''||Kamli ||
|-
|''Hisaab Khoon Ka''||Preet K. Kaushal ||
|-
|''Desh Ke Dushman''||Anita Madan ||
|-
|''Ladaai''||Geeta Verma ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |1990||''[[Sheshnaag (film)|Sheshnaag]]''|| ||
|-
|''Shandaar''||Anita Chaurasia ||
|-
|''[[Naya Khoon]]''||Dr. Seema ||
|-
|''Jaan-E-Wafa''|| ||
|-
|''[[Dushman (1990 film)|Dushman]]''||Laxmi ||
|-
|''[[Pyar Ke Naam Qurbaan]]''||Gauri ||
|-
|''[[Taqdeer Ka Tamasha]]'' || Rajni ||
|-
|''[[Andha Bichar]]''||Special||Bengali film
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991||''[[Antarer Bhalobasha]]''||Jhilik||Bengali film
|-
|''[[Deshwasi]]'' || Maryada Shivpal Singh ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992||''Pyaar Ka Saudagar''||Shalini Arun Verma ||
|-
|''[[Naach Govinda Naach]]''|| ||
|-
|1993
|''[[Mayadari Mosagadu]]''
|
|Telugu film
|-
|1996 ||''[[Zordaar]]'' ||Neha||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mandakini}}
* {{IMDb name|0541597|Mandakini}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/MANDAKINI/140146932677875 Mandakini's profile on Facebook]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandakini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Meerut]]
[[Category:Buddhist activists]]
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists from India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Manganese

2026-03-21T11:05:46Z

ZitaKight7091: small fixed content to improve readability for consistency

{{Distinguish|text=[[magnesium]] ''(Mg)''}}
{{About|the chemical element}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox manganese
| magnetic ordering = paramagnetic ferromagnetic (Under extreme conditions)
}}

'''Manganese''' is a [[chemical element]]; it has the [[Symbol (chemistry)|symbol]] '''Mn''' and [[atomic number]] 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in [[mineral]]s in combination with [[iron]]. First isolated in the 1770s, manganese is a [[transition metal]] with many industrial [[alloy]] uses, particularly in [[stainless steel]]s in which it improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent, as a rubber additive, and in glass making, fertilizers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide.

Manganese is also an essential human [[dietary element]], important in [[macronutrient]] metabolism, bone formation, and [[free radical]] defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of [[protein]]s and [[enzyme]]s.<ref name="Erikson-2019" /> It is found mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain.<ref name="Emsley2001" /> In the human brain, manganese is bound to manganese [[metalloprotein]]s, most notably [[glutamine synthetase]] in [[astrocyte]]s.

Manganese in the form of the deep violet salt [[potassium permanganate]] is commonly used in laboratories as an [[Oxidizing agent|oxidizer]]. Potassium permanganate is also used as a [[biocide]] in [[water treatment]].

It occurs at the [[active site]]s in some [[enzymes]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roth |first1=Jerome |last2=Ponzoni |first2=Silvia |last3=Aschner |first3=Michael|chapter=Manganese Homeostasis and Transport |editor1-first=Lucia |editor1-last=Banci |series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences |volume=12|pages=169–201 |title=Metallomics and the Cell |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-007-5560-4 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_6 |pmid=23595673 |pmc=6542352 }} Electronic-book {{ISBN|978-94-007-5561-1}}.</ref> Of particular interest is the use of a Mn–O [[atom cluster|cluster]], the [[oxygen-evolving complex]], in the production of oxygen by plants.

== Characteristics ==
=== Physical properties ===
Manganese is a silvery-gray [[metal]] that resembles [[iron]]. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to melt, but oxidizes easily.<ref name="Holl">{{cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|date=1985|edition=91–100 |pages=1110–1117|isbn=978-3-11-007511-3|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman|author2=Wiberg, Egon|author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=de|chapter=Mangan}}</ref> Manganese and its common ions are [[paramagnetic]].<ref name="magnet">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide |title=Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |publisher=CRC press |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9 |first=David R. |last=Lide |date=2004 |url-access=registration |access-date=7 September 2019 |pages=4–136}}</ref> Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and [[Oxidation|oxidizes]] ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen.<ref>{{Britannica|id=361875|title=Manganese}}</ref>

=== Isotopes ===
{{Main|Isotopes of manganese}}
Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable [[isotope]], 55Mn. Several [[radioisotope]]s have been isolated and described, ranging from 46Mn to 72Mn; the most stable ones are 53Mn with a [[half-life]] of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.08 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives of less than three hours, and the majority of less than one minute. The primary [[decay mode]] in isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is [[electron capture]], and the primary mode in heavier isotopes is [[beta decay]]. Manganese also has three [[meta state]]s.<ref name="Audi">{{NUBASE2020}}</ref>

Manganese is part of the [[iron group]] of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in [[massive star]]s shortly before the [[supernova]] explosion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/galaxy-s-brightest-explosions-go-nuclear-unexpected-trigger-pairs-dead-stars |title=The galaxy's brightest explosions go nuclear with an unexpected trigger: pairs of dead stars |work=Science |last=Clery |first=Daniel |date=4 June 2020 |access-date=26 July 2021 }}</ref> 53Mn decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its short half-life, 53Mn is relatively rare; it is produced by the impact of [[cosmic rays]] on [[iron]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schaefer |first1=Jeorg|last2=Faestermann |first2=Thomas |title=Terrestrial manganese-53 – A new monitor of Earth surface processes |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=251|issue=3–4 |pages=334–345|date=2006 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016 |bibcode=2006E&PSL.251..334S |last3=Herzog |first3=Gregory F. |last4=Knie |first4=Klaus |last5=Korschinek |first5=Gunther |last6=Masarik |first6=Jozef |last7=Meier |first7=Astrid |last8=Poutivtsev |first8=Michail |last9=Rugel |first9=Georg |last10=Schlüchter |first10=Christian |last11=Serifiddin |first11=Feride |last12=Winckler |first12=Gisela}}</ref>

Chromium and manganese are found together sufficiently for measurement of both to find application in [[isotope geology]], and the Mn/Cr ratios here for [[radiometric dating|dating]] the early Solar System. Mn–Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from [[Aluminium-26|26Al]] and [[Palladium-107|107Pd]] for the early history of the [[Solar System]]. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several [[meteorite]]s suggest a non-zero initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio, which indicate that Cr isotopic composition variations must result from ''in situ'' decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence, 53Mn provides additional evidence for [[nucleosynthesis|nucleosynthetic]] processes immediately before the coalescence of the Solar System.<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00312-9 |title=53Mn-53Cr evolution of the early solar system|year=1999|last1=Birck|first1=J. |last2=Rotaru|last3=Allègre|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=63|pages=4111–4117|first2=M.|first3=C.|bibcode=1999GeCoA..63.4111B |issue=23–24}}|{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00189-6|title=Early solar system timescales according to 53Mn-53Cr systematics |year=1998|last1=Lugmair |first1=G.|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=62|pages=2863–2886|bibcode=1998GeCoA..62.2863L|issue=16 |last2=Shukolyukov |first2=A.}}|{{cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1005243228503|title=On The 53Mn Heterogeneity In The Early Solar System|year=2000|last1=Shukolyukov|first1=Alexander|last2=Lugmair |journal=Space Science Reviews|volume=92|pages=225–236|first2=Günter W.|issue=1–2 |bibcode=2000SSRv...92..225S}}|{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.023|title=53Mn–53Cr systematics of the early Solar System revisited|year=2008|last1=Trinquier|first1=A. |last2=Birck|last3=Allègre|last4=Göpel|last5=Ulfbeck |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=72|pages=5146–5163|first2=J.|first3=C. |first4=C.|first5=D.|bibcode=2008GeCoA..72.5146T |issue=20}}}}</ref>

=== Allotropes ===
{|align=right
| [[File:Alpha-Mn.png|thumb|x160px|Unit cell of an α-Mn crystal]]
| [[File:Beta-Mn.png|thumb|x160px|Unit cell of a β-Mn crystal]]
|}
Four [[allotropy|allotropes]] (structural forms) of solid manganese are known, labeled α, β, γ and δ, and occur at successively higher temperatures. All are metallic, stable at standard pressure, and have a cubic crystal lattice, but they vary widely in their atomic structures.<ref name="Young 1975">{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=D.A. |title=Phase diagrams of the elements |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:7255152 |website=International Nuclear Information System |publisher=LNL |access-date=30 January 2023 |page=15 |date=1975}}</ref><ref name="Dhananjayan 1969">{{cite book |last1=Dhananjayan |first1=N. |last2=Banerjee |first2=T. |title=Crystallographic modifications of manganese and their transformation characteristics. ''Chapter 1 of:'' Structure of Electro-Deposited Manganese. |date=1969 |pages=3–28 |publisher=CSIR-NML |url=https://eprints.nmlindia.org/5609/}}</ref><ref name="Kemmitt 1973">{{cite book | last1=Kemmitt | first1=R. D. W. | last2=Peacock | first2=R. D. | title=The Chemistry of Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium. Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry. | publisher=Elsevier Science | publication-place=Saint Louis | date=1973 | isbn=978-1-4831-3806-0 | oclc=961064866 | page=778}}</ref>

'''Alpha manganese''' (α-Mn) is the equilibrium phase at room temperature. It has a [[body-centered cubic]] lattice and is unusual among elemental metals in that it has a very complex [[unit cell]], with 58 atoms per cell (29 atoms per [[unit cell#Primitive cell|primitive unit cell]]) with manganese atoms in four different types of surroundings (sites).<ref name="Bradley 1927">{{cite journal | first1=A.J. | last1=Bradley | first2=J. | last2=Thewlis | title=The crystal structure of α-manganese | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A | volume=115 | issue=771 | year=1927 | issn=0950-1207 | doi=10.1098/rspa.1927.0103 | pages=456–471| bibcode=1927RSPSA.115..456B | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Young 1975" /> It is [[paramagnetic]] at room temperature and [[antiferromagnetic]] at temperatures below {{convert|95|K|C|sigfig=3}}.<ref name="Lawson 1994">{{cite journal | last1=Lawson | first1=A. C. | last2=Larson | first2=Allen C. | last3=Aronson | first3=M. C. | display-authors=etal | title=Magnetic and crystallographic order in α-manganese | journal=J. Appl. Phys. | volume=76 | issue=10 | date=1994 | pages=7049–7051 | issn=0021-8979 | doi=10.1063/1.358024| bibcode=1994JAP....76.7049L }}</ref>
[[File:Phase diagram of manganese (1975).png|thumb|left|upright|Phase diagram of manganese<ref name="Young 1975" />]]

'''Beta manganese''' (β-Mn) forms when heated above the transition temperature of {{convert|973|K|C F|sigfig=3}}. It has a primitive cubic structure with 20 atoms per unit cell at two types of sites, which is as complex as that of any other elemental metal.<ref name="Prior 2004">{{cite journal | last1=Prior | first1=Timothy J | last2=Nguyen-Manh | first2=Duc | last3=Couper | first3=Victoria J | last4=Battle | first4=Peter D | title=Ferromagnetism in the beta-manganese structure: Fe1.5Pd0.5Mo3N | journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter | volume=16 | issue=13 | date=2004 | issn=0953-8984 | doi=10.1088/0953-8984/16/13/008 | pages=2273–2281| bibcode=2004JPCM...16.2273P | s2cid=250784683 }}</ref> It is easily obtained as a metastable phase at room temperature by rapid quenching of manganese at {{convert|850|C|K F|sigfig=3}} in ice water. It does not show [[Magnetism|magnetic ordering]], remaining paramagnetic down to the lowest temperature measured (1.1 K).<ref name="Prior 2004" /><ref name="Funahashi 1984">{{cite journal | last1=Funahashi | first1=S. | last2=Kohara | first2=T. | title=Neutron diffuse scattering in β-manganese | journal=J. Appl. Phys. | volume=55 | issue=6 | date=1984 | issn=0021-8979 | doi=10.1063/1.333561 | pages=2048–2050| bibcode=1984JAP....55.2048F }}</ref><ref name="Duschanek 1989">{{cite journal | last1=Duschanek | first1=H. | last2=Mohn | first2=P. | last3=Schwarz | first3=K. | title=Antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic gamma-manganese generalisation of the fixed-spin-moment method | journal=Physica B: Condensed Matter | volume=161 | issue=1–3 | year=1989 | issn=0921-4526 | doi=10.1016/0921-4526(89)90120-8 | pages=139–142}}</ref>

'''Gamma manganese''' (γ-Mn) forms when heated above {{convert|1370|K|C F|sigfig=3}}. It has a simple face-centered cubic structure (four atoms per unit cell). When quenched to room temperature it converts to β-Mn, but it can be stabilized at room temperature by alloying it with at least 5 percent of other elements (such as C, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd or Au). These solute-stabilized alloys distort into a face-centered [[Tetragonal crystal system|tetragonal]] structure.<ref name="Bacon 1970">{{cite journal | last1=Bacon | first1=G E | last2=Cowlam | first2=N | title=A study of some alloys of gamma -manganese by neutron diffraction | journal=Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics | volume=3 | issue=3 | date=1970| issn=0022-3719 | doi=10.1088/0022-3719/3/3/023 | pages=675–686| bibcode=1970JPhC....3..675B }}</ref><ref name="Duschanek 1989"/>

'''Delta manganese''' (δ-Mn) forms when heated above {{convert|1406|K|C F|sigfig=3}} and is stable up to the manganese melting point of {{convert|1519|K|C F|sigfig=3}}. It has a [[body-centered cubic]] structure (two atoms per cubic unit cell).<ref name="Dhananjayan 1969" /><ref name="Duschanek 1989" />

== Chemical compounds ==
[[File:Chlorid manganatý.JPG|thumb|left|upright|[[Manganese(II) chloride]] crystals – the pale pink color of Mn(II) salts is due to a [[Spin-forbidden reactions|spin-forbidden]] 3d transition.<ref>{{cite book|title=Shriver and Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-923617-6|chapter=Ch. 20}}</ref>]]

Common [[oxidation state]]s of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, although all oxidation states from −3 to +7 have been observed. Manganese in oxidation state +7 is represented by salts of the intensely purple permanganate anion {{Chem2|MnO4-}}.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pages=1042–1046}} [[Potassium permanganate]] is a commonly used laboratory [[reagent]] because of its oxidizing properties; it is used as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases). Solutions of potassium permanganate were among the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1083/jcb.2.6.799 |last=Luft |first=J. H.|date=1956 |title=Permanganate – a new fixative for electron microscopy |journal=Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology |volume=2 |pages=799–802 |pmid=13398447 |issue=6 |pmc=2224005}}</ref>

Aside from various permanganate salts, Mn(VII) is represented by the unstable, volatile derivative Mn2O7. [[Oxyhalide]]s (MnO3F and MnO3Cl) are powerful [[oxidation|oxidizing agents]].<ref name="Holl" /> The most prominent example of Mn in the +6 oxidation state is the green anion [[manganate]], [MnO4]2−. Manganate salts are intermediates in the extraction of manganese from its ores. Compounds with oxidation states +5 are somewhat elusive, and often found associated to an oxide (O2−) or [[nitride]] (N3−) ligand.<ref>{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ar400147y|title=Reactivity of Nitrido Complexes of Ruthenium(VI), Osmium(VI), and Manganese(V) Bearing Schiff Base and Simple Anionic Ligands |year=2014 |last1=Man |first1=Wai-Lun |last2=Lam |first2=William W. Y. |last3=Lau |first3=Tai-Chu |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=427–439 |pmid=24047467 }}|{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ar700039y|title=Corrolazines: New Frontiers in High-Valent Metalloporphyrinoid Stability and Reactivity |year=2007 |last1=Goldberg |first1=David P. |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=626–634 |pmid=17580977 }}}}</ref> One example is the blue anion [[hypomanganate]] [MnO4]3−.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pages=1049–1051}}

Mn(IV) is somewhat enigmatic because it is common in nature but far rarer in synthetic chemistry. The most common Mn ore, [[pyrolusite]], is MnO2. It is the dark brown pigment of many [[cave drawing]]s<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/srep22159 | title=Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals | year=2016 | last1=Heyes | first1=Peter J. | last2=Anastasakis | first2=Konstantinos | last3=De Jong | first3=Wiebren | last4=Van Hoesel | first4=Annelies | last5=Roebroeks | first5=Wil | last6=Soressi | first6=Marie | journal=Scientific Reports | volume=6 | article-number=22159 | pmid=26922901 | pmc=4770591 | bibcode=2016NatSR...622159H }}</ref> and is also a common ingredient in [[dry cell]] batteries.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pages=1048}} Complexes of Mn(IV), such as in [[manganese(IV) fluoride#Fluoromanganate(IV) complexes|K2[MnF6]]], are known but are rarer than those of manganese in the lower oxidation states. Mn(IV)-OH complexes are an intermediate in some [[enzyme]]s, including the oxygen-evolving center (OEC) in plants.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pages=1056}}<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/cr4004874|title=Mn4Ca Cluster in Photosynthesis: Where and How Water is Oxidized to Dioxygen |year=2014 |last1=Yano |first1=Junko |last2=Yachandra |first2=Vittal |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=114 |issue=8 |pages=4175–4205 |pmid=24684576 |pmc=4002066 |bibcode=2014ChRv..114.4175Y }}</ref>

Simple derivatives of Mn3+ are rarely encountered but can be stabilized by suitably [[alkaline]] ligands. [[Manganese(III) acetate]] is an oxidant useful in [[organic synthesis]]. Solid compounds of manganese(III) are characterized by a strong purple-red color and a preference for distorted [[octahedral coordination]] resulting from the [[Jahn-Teller effect]].<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Struct Chem |date=2017 |volume=28 |pages=201–212 |doi=10.1007/s11224-016-0864-0 |title=An historic and scientific study of the properties of metal(III) tris-acetylacetonates |first1=Evrim |last1=Arslan |first2=Roger A. |last2=Lalancette |first3=Ivan |last3=Bernal|issue=1 |bibcode=2017StrCh..28..201A }}</ref> [[File:KMnO4 in H2O.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.55|Aqueous solution of KMnO4 illustrating the deep purple of Mn(VII) as it occurs in permanganate]]
A particularly common oxidation state for manganese in aqueous solution is +2, which has a pale pink color. Many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as the [[aquo complex]]es derived from [[manganese(II) sulfate]] (MnSO4) and [[manganese(II) chloride]] (MnCl2). This oxidation state is also seen in the mineral [[rhodochrosite]] ([[manganese(II) carbonate]]). Manganese(II) commonly exists with a [[Spin states (d electrons)|high-spin]] ground state, with 5 unpaired electrons, because of its high pairing energy. There are no spin-allowed d–d transitions in manganese(II), which explain its faint color.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rayner-Canham |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Overton |first2=Tina |date=2003 |title=Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry |publisher=Macmillan |page=491 |isbn=0-7167-4620-4}}.</ref>
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! colspan=2|Oxidation states of manganese<ref name="Schmidt">{{cite book|title=Anorganische Chemie II.|chapter=VII. Nebengruppe |pages=100–109|first=Max|last=Schmidt|publisher=Wissenschaftsverlag|date=1968|language=de}}</ref>
|-
| −3 || {{chem|Mn(CO)(NO)|3|}}
|-
| −2 || [Mn([[1,5-cyclooctadiene|1,5-COD]])2]2−
|-
| −1 || [[Pentacarbonylhydridomanganese|{{chem|H|Mn|(CO)|5}}]]
|-
| 0 || [[Dimanganese decacarbonyl|{{chem|Mn|2|(CO)|10}}]]
|-
| +1 || [[Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl|{{chem|MnC|5|H|4|CH|3|(CO)|3}}]]
|-
| '''+2''' || [[Manganese(II) chloride|{{chem|MnCl|2}}]], [[Manganese(II) carbonate|{{chem|MnCO|3}}]], [[Manganese(II) oxide|{{chem|MnO}}]]
|-
| +3 || [[Manganese(III) fluoride|{{chem|MnF|3}}]], [[Manganese(III) acetate|{{chem|Mn(OAc)|3}}]], [[Manganese(III) oxide|{{chem|Mn|2|O|3}}]]
|-
| '''+4''' || [[Manganese dioxide|{{chem|MnO|2}}]]
|-
| +5 || [[Potassium hypomanganate|{{chem|K|3|MnO|4}}]]
|-
| +6 || [[Potassium manganate|{{chem|K|2|MnO|4}}]]
|-
| '''+7''' || [[Potassium permanganate|{{chem|KMnO|4}}]], [[Manganese heptoxide|{{chem|Mn|2|O|7}}]]
|-
|colspan=2 style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center"|Common oxidation states are in bold.
|}

=== Organomanganese compounds ===
{{main|Organomanganese chemistry}}
Manganese forms a large variety of organometallic derivatives, i.e., compounds with Mn-C bonds. The organometallic derivatives include numerous examples of Mn in its lower oxidation states, i.e. Mn(−III) up through Mn(I). This area of organometallic chemistry is attractive because Mn is inexpensive and of relatively low toxicity.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00941 |title=Resurgence of Organomanganese(I) Chemistry. Bidentate Manganese(I) Phosphine–Phenol(ate) Complexes |date=2019 |last1=Kadassery |first1=Karthika J. |last2=MacMillan |first2=Samantha N. |last3=Lacy |first3=David C. |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |volume=58 |issue=16 |pages=10527–10535 |pmid=31247867 }}</ref>

Of greatest commercial interest is [[methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl]] (MMT), which is used as an [[anti-knock]] compound added to [[gasoline]] in some countries, featuring Mn(I).<ref name="ullmann" /> Consistent with other aspects of Mn(II) chemistry, [[manganocene]] ({{chem2|Mn(C5H5)2}}) is high-spin. In contrast, its neighboring metal, iron, forms an air-stable, low-spin derivative in the form of [[ferrocene]] ({{chem2|Fe(C5H5)2}}). When conducted under an atmosphere of [[carbon monoxide]], reduction of Mn(II) salts gives [[dimanganese decacarbonyl]] {{chem2|Mn2(CO)10}}, an orange and volatile solid. The air-stability of this Mn(0) compound (and its many derivatives) reflects the powerful electron-acceptor properties of carbon monoxide. Many [[alkene complex]]es and [[alkyne complex]]es are derived from {{chem2|Mn2(CO)10}}.{{sfn|Greenwood|Earnshaw|1997|pages=1062-1069}}

In Mn(CH3)2(dmpe)2, Mn(II) is low spin, which contrasts with the high spin character of its precursor, MnBr2(dmpe)2 ([[dmpe]] = (CH3)2PCH2CH2P(CH3)2).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/ja00360a054|title=Hydrido, alkyl, and ethylene 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane complexes of manganese and the crystal structures of MnBr2(dmpe)2, [Mn(AlH4)(dmpe)2]2 and MnMe2(dmpe)2 |year=1983 |last1=Girolami |first1=Gregory S. |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Geoffrey |last3=Thornton-Pett |first3=Mark |last4=Hursthouse |first4=Michael B. |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=105 |issue=22 |pages=6752–6753 |bibcode=1983JAChS.105.6752G }}</ref> Poly[[Alkyl group|alkyl]] and poly[[Aryl group|aryl]] derivatives of manganese often exist in higher oxidation states, reflecting the electron-releasing properties of alkyl and aryl ligands. One example is [Mn(CH3)6]2−.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Robert J. Morris |author2=Gregory S. Girolami |title=Permethylmanganates. Synthesis and characterization of divalent [MnMe42-], trivalent [MnMe52-], and tetravalent [MnMe62-] |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |date=1988 |volume=110 |issue=18 |pages=6245–6246 |doi=10.1021/ja00226a049 |publisher=ACS Publications |pmid=22148809 |bibcode=1988JAChS.110.6245M |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black minerals were identified from the regions of the [[Magnetes]] (either [[Ancient Magnesia|Magnesia]], located within modern Greece, or [[Magnesia ad Sipylum]], located within modern Turkey).<ref name="LanguageHAt">{{cite web |last1=languagehat |title=MAGNET. |url=http://languagehat.com/magnet/ |website=languagehat.com |access-date=18 June 2020 |language=en |date=28 May 2005}}</ref> They were both called ''magnes'' from their place of origin, but were considered to differ in sex. The male ''magnes'' attracted iron, and was the iron ore now known as [[lodestone]] or [[magnetite]], and which probably gave us the term [[magnet]]. The female ''magnes'' ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass. This female ''magnes'' was later called ''magnesia'', known now in modern times as [[pyrolusite]] or [[manganese dioxide]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pliny the Elder |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/62704/pg62704-images.html |title=Natural History of Pliny. BOOK XXXVI. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES. |chapter=Chapter 25—THE MAGNET: THREE REMEDIES |author-link=Pliny the Elder}}</ref> Neither this mineral nor elemental manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called ''manganesum'' (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since [[Alchemy|alchemists]] and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a ''magnesia nigra'' (the black ore) from ''[[magnesia alba]]'' (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). Italian physician [[Michele Mercati]] called magnesia nigra ''manganesa'', and finally the metal isolated from it became known as ''manganese'' ({{Langx|de|Mangan}}). The name ''magnesia'' was eventually used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name [[magnesium]] for the free element when it was isolated much later.<ref>{{cite web|last=Calvert|first=J. B.|url=http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/chromang.htm|title=Chromium and Manganese|access-date=10 December 2022|date=24 January 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161307/http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/chromang.htm|archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Lascaux painting.jpg|thumb| left |alt=A drawing of a left-facing bull, in black, on a cave wall |Some of the cave paintings in [[Lascaux]], [[France]], use manganese-based pigments.<ref name="Lascaux">{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0957-0233/14/9/310|title=Analysis of rock art painting and technology of Palaeolithic painters|date=2003|last=Chalmin|first=Emilie |author2=Menu, Michel |author3=Vignaud, Colette|journal=Measurement Science and Technology|volume=14|pages=1590–1597|issue=9|bibcode=2003MeScT..14.1590C |s2cid=250842390 }}</ref>]]

Manganese dioxide, which is abundant in nature, has long been used as a pigment. The cave paintings in [[Gargas, Haute-Garonne|Gargas]] that are 30,000 to 24,000 years old are made from the mineral form of MnO2 pigments.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00339-006-3510-7|title=Minerals discovered in paleolithic black pigments by transmission electron microscopy and micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure|date=2006|last1=Chalmin|first1=E.|last2=Vignaud|first2=C. |last3=Salomon|first3=H.|last4=Farges|first4=F.|last5=Susini|first5=J. |last6= Menu|first6=M.|journal=Applied Physics A|volume=83 |pages=213–218|issue=12|bibcode=2006ApPhA..83..213C|hdl=2268/67458|s2cid=9221234|url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/67458/1/fulltext.pdf}}</ref>

Manganese compounds were used by Egyptian and Roman glassmakers, either to add to, or remove, color from glass.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.133.3467.1824|date=1961|last=Sayre|first=E. V.|author2=Smith, R. W.|title=Compositional Categories of Ancient Glass |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1961-06-09_133_3467/page/1824|volume=133|issue=3467|pages=1824–1826|journal=Science|pmid=17818999|bibcode=1961Sci...133.1824S|s2cid=25198686}}</ref> Use as "glassmakers soap" continued through the [[Middle Ages]] until modern times and is evident in 14th-century glass from [[Venice]].<ref name="ItGlass" />

[[File:Gahn Johan Gottlieb.jpg|thumb|upright|Credit for first isolating manganese is usually given to [[Johan Gottlieb Gahn]].]]

Because it was used in glassmaking, manganese dioxide was available for experiments by alchemists, the first chemists. [[Ignatius Gottfried Kaim]] (1770) and [[Johann Glauber]] (17th century) discovered that manganese dioxide could be converted to [[permanganate]], a useful laboratory reagent.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Centaurus|volume=19|issue=4|title=The Discovery of an Element|first=E.|last=Rancke-Madsen|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1975.tb00329.x|pages=299–313|date=1975|bibcode=1975Cent...19..299R}}</ref> By the mid-18th century, the Swedish chemist [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] used manganese dioxide to produce [[chlorine]]. First, [[hydrochloric acid]], or a mixture of dilute [[sulfuric acid]] and [[sodium chloride]] was made to react with manganese dioxide, and later hydrochloric acid from the [[Leblanc process]] was used and the manganese dioxide was recycled by the [[Weldon process]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter Schmittinger |author2=Thomas Florkiewicz |author3=L. Calvert Curlin |author4=Benno Lüke |author5=Robert Scannell |author6=Thomas Navin |author7=Erich Zelfel |author8=Rüdiger Bartsch |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2011 |isbn=9783527306732 |page=532 |language=en |chapter=Chlorine |doi = 10.1002/14356007.a06_399.pub3}}</ref><ref name="ullmann" />

Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (mineral form of manganese dioxide) contained a new element. [[Johan Gottlieb Gahn]] isolated an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by [[reduction-oxidation|reducing]] the dioxide with [[carbon]].<ref name=journal1927>{{cite journal |title=The metal manganese and its properties: also ores, and the production of ferro-manganese and its history |first=Robert |last=Hadfield |date=1927 |journal=The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute |volume=115 |number=1 |pages=251–252 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNVnjpEKb_oC&pg=PA251}}</ref> Ignatius Gottfried Kaim also may have reduced manganese dioxide to isolate the metal, but that is uncertain.<ref name=Miskowiec>{{cite journal |last1=Miśkowiec |first1=Paweł |date=2022 |title=Name game: the naming history of the chemical elements—part 1—from antiquity till the end of 18th century |journal=Foundations of Chemistry |volume= 25|issue= |pages= 29–51|doi=10.1007/s10698-022-09448-5 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Braunstein |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-40120.html |website=mindat.org |publisher=Mindat |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

The manganese content of some iron ores used in Greece led to speculations that steel produced from that ore contains additional manganese, making the [[Sparta]]n steel exceptionally hard.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ajim.20524|date=2007|title=From lead to manganese through mercury: mythology, science, and lessons for prevention|volume=50|issue=11|pages=779–787 |journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine|pmid=17918211|last1=Alessio|first1=L.|last2=Campagna|first2=M.|last3=Lucchini|first3=R.|hdl=11380/1318816 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Around the beginning of the 19th century, manganese was used in steelmaking and several patents were granted. In 1816, it was documented that iron alloyed with manganese was harder but not more brittle. In 1837, British academic [[James Couper (academic)|James Couper]] noted an association between miners' heavy exposure to manganese and a form of [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Couper 1837 41–42"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blanc |first=Paul D. |date=2018 |title=The early history of manganese and the recognition of its neurotoxicity, 1837–1936 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161813X17300657 |journal=NeuroToxicology |language=en |volume=64 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2017.04.006|pmid=28416395 |bibcode=2018NeuTx..64....5B |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1912, United States patents were granted for protecting firearms against rust and corrosion with manganese phosphate electrochemical conversion coatings, and the process has seen widespread use ever since.<ref>{{cite book|title=Production of Manganese Ferroalloys|publisher=Tapir Academic Press |date=2007|isbn=978-82-519-2191-6|chapter=History of omanganese|pages=11–12|author=Olsen, Sverre E.|author2=Tangstad, Merete |author3=Lindstad, Tor}}</ref>

The invention of the [[Leclanché cell]] in 1866 and the subsequent improvement of batteries containing manganese dioxide as cathodic [[depolarizer]] increased the demand for manganese dioxide. Until the development of batteries with [[Nickel–cadmium battery|nickel–cadmium]] and lithium, most batteries contained manganese. The [[zinc–carbon battery]] and the [[alkaline battery]] normally use industrially produced manganese dioxide because naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities. In the 20th century, manganese dioxide was widely used as the cathode for commercial disposable dry batteries of both the standard (zinc–carbon) and alkaline types.<ref name="ChiuZMnO2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ciuz.19800140502|title=Moderne Verfahren der Großchemie: Braunstein |date=1980|last=Preisler|first=Eberhard|journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit|language=de|volume=14|pages=137–148|issue=5}}</ref>

Manganese is essential to iron and [[steelmaking|steel production]] by virtue of its [[sulfur]]-fixing, [[deoxidized steel|deoxidizing]], and [[alloying]] properties.<ref name="USGSMCS2009" /> This application was first recognized by the British metallurgist [[Robert Forester Mushet]] (1811–1891), who introduced the element to the steel manufacture process in 1856 in the form of [[spiegeleisen]].<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225736/http://youle.info/history/fh_material/Making_of_Sheffield/13-LIVES.TXT |archive-date=2 April 2018 |url-status=usurped |url=http://youle.info/history/fh_material/Making_of_Sheffield/13-LIVES.TXT |title=SHEFFIELD'S LIFE STORIES. |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref>

== Occurrence ==
{{See also|Category:Manganese minerals}}
Manganese comprises about 1000 [[Parts per million|ppm]] (0.1%) of the [[Earth's crust]] and is the [[Abundance of elements in Earth's crust|12th most abundant element]].<ref name="Emsley2001">{{cite book|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|last=Emsley|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2001|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-19-850340-8|chapter=Manganese|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/249 249–253]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/249}}</ref> Soil contains 7–9000 ppm of manganese with an average of 440 ppm.<ref name="Emsley2001" /> The atmosphere contains 0.01 μg/m3.<ref name="Emsley2001" /> Manganese occurs principally as [[pyrolusite]] ([[manganese(IV) oxide|MnO2]]), [[braunite]] (Mn2+Mn3+6)SiO12),<ref>{{cite journal|pages=65–71 |journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|title=Geochemistry of braunite and associated phases in metamorphosed non-calcareous manganese ores of India|first=P. K.|last=Bhattacharyya|author2=Dasgupta, Somnath |author3=Fukuoka, M. |author4=Roy Supriya |doi=10.1007/BF00371403|date=1984|volume=87|issue=1|bibcode=1984CoMP...87...65B|s2cid=129495326}}</ref> [[psilomelane]] {{chem2|(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10}}, and to a lesser extent as [[rhodochrosite]] ([[manganese(II) carbonate|MnCO3]]).

{|class="wikitable"
|[[File:ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg|center|120px]]
|[[File:Mineraly.sk - psilomelan.jpg|center|140px]]
|[[File:Spiegeleisen.jpg|center|150px]]
|[[File:Dendrites01.jpg|center|130px]]
|[[File:The Searchlight Rhodochrosite Crystal.jpg|center|140px]]
|-
|Manganese ore
|Psilomelane (manganese ore)
|[[Spiegeleisen]] is an iron alloy with a manganese content of approximately 15%.
|Manganese oxide dendrites on limestone from [[Solnhofen]], Germany – a kind of [[pseudofossil]]. Scale is in mm
|Mineral [[rhodochrosite]] ([[manganese(II) carbonate]])
|}
[[File:World Manganese Production 2006.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Percentage of manganese output in 2006 by countries<ref name="USGSMCS2009">{{Cite report|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/mineral2009 |title=Mineral Commodity Summaries 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey |doi=10.3133/mineral2009|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]]

The most important manganese ore is pyrolusite ([[manganese(IV) oxide|MnO2]]). Other economically important manganese ores usually show a close spatial relation to the iron ores, such as [[sphalerite]].<ref name="Holl" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cook|first1=Nigel J.|last2=Ciobanu|first2=Cristiana L.|last3=Pring|first3=Allan|last4=Skinner|first4=William|last5=Shimizu|first5=Masaaki|last6=Danyushevsky|first6=Leonid|last7=Saini-Eidukat|first7=Bernhardt|last8=Melcher|first8=Frank|date=2009|title=Trace and minor elements in sphalerite: A LA-ICPMS study|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016703709003263|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|language=en|volume=73|issue=16|pages=4761–4791|doi=10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.045|bibcode=2009GeCoA..73.4761C|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed. About 80% of the known world manganese resources are in South Africa; other important manganese deposits are in Ukraine, Australia, India, China, [[Gabon]] and Brazil.<ref name="USGSMCS2009"/>

Manganese is mainly mined in South Africa, Australia, China, Gabon, Brazil, India, Kazakhstan, Ghana, Ukraine and Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1007/s11837-018-2769-4|title = Review of Manganese Processing for Production of TRIP/TWIP Steels, Part 1: Current Practice and Processing Fundamentals|journal = JOM |volume = 70|issue = 5|pages = 680–690|year = 2018|last1 = Elliott|first1 = R|last2 = Coley|first2 = K|last3 = Mostaghel|first3 = S|last4 = Barati|first4 = M|bibcode = 2018JOM....70e.680E|s2cid = 139950857|hdl = 1807/90393|hdl-access = free}}</ref> In South Africa, most identified deposits are located near [[Hotazel]] in the [[Northern Cape Province]], ([[Kalahari manganese fields]]), with a 2011 estimate of 15 billion tons. In 2011 South Africa produced 3.4 million tons, topping all other nations.<ref name="Mbendi">{{cite web |url=http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/mang/af/sa/p0005.htm |title=Manganese Mining in South Africa – Overview |publisher=MBendi Information Services |access-date=10 December 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205194737/http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/mang/af/sa/p0005.htm |archive-date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

=== Oceanic environment ===
{{Main|Manganese nodule}}
An abundant resource of manganese is in the form of manganese nodules found on the [[ocean floor]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hein |first1=James R. |title=Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences - Manganese Nodules |date=January 2016 |publisher=Springer |pages=408–412 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306107551 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese,<ref>{{cite web |last1=International Seabed Authority |title=Polymetallic Nodules |url=https://isa.org.jm/files/files/documents/eng7.pdf |website=isa.org |publisher=International Seabed Authority |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023145629/https://isa.org.jm/files/files/documents/eng7.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> are located along the ocean floor. The [[Environmental issues|environmental impacts]] of nodule collection are of interest.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oebius|first1=Horst U|last2=Becker|first2=Hermann J|last3=Rolinski|first3=Susanne|last4=Jankowski|first4=Jacek A|date=January 2001|title=Parametrization and evaluation of marine environmental impacts produced by deep-sea manganese nodule mining|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00052-2|journal=Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography|volume=48|issue=17–18|pages=3453–3467|doi=10.1016/s0967-0645(01)00052-2|bibcode=2001DSRII..48.3453O|issn=0967-0645|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Kirsten F. |last2=Miller |first2=Kathryn A. |last3=Currie |first3=Duncan |last4=Johnston |first4=Paul |last5=Santillo |first5=David |title=Seabed Mining and Approaches to Governance of the Deep Seabed |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |date=2018 |volume=5 |article-number=480 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2018.00480 |s2cid=54465407 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018FrMaS...5..480T |hdl=10871/130176 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> According to 1978 estimate, the ocean floor has 500 billion tons of [[manganese nodule]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.micron.2008.10.005|pages=350–358|date=2009|title=Manganese/polymetallic nodules: micro-structural characterization of exolithobiontic- and endolithobiontic microbial biofilms by scanning electron microscopy|volume=40 |issue=3|pmid=19027306|journal=Micron |author1=Wang, X|author2=Schröder, HC|author3=Wiens, M|author4=Schlossmacher, U|author5=Müller, WEG}}</ref> {{As of|2025|April}}, attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules are still ongoing, however, none has been commercialized.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exploration Contracts |url=https://www.isa.org.jm/exploration-contracts/ |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=International Seabed Authority|date=17 March 2022 }}</ref>

In 1972, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s [[Project Azorian]], through billionaire [[Howard Hughes]], commissioned the ship ''[[Hughes Glomar Explorer]]'' with the cover story of harvesting [[manganese nodules]] from the sea floor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42994812|title=The CIA secret on the ocean floor|date=19 February 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=3 May 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> This cover story triggered a rush of activity to collect manganese nodules. The real mission of ''Hughes Glomar Explorer'' was to raise a sunken [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet]] submarine, the [[Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)|K-129]], with the goal of retrieving Soviet code books.<ref name="azorian">{{cite web |url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb305/index.htm |title=Project Azorian: The CIA's Declassified History of the Glomar Explorer |publisher=National Security Archive at George Washington University |date=12 February 2010 |access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref>

Manganese also occurs in the oceanic environment, as dissolved manganese (dMn), which is found throughout the world's oceans, 90% of which originates from hydrothermal vents.<ref name="Hernroth-2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Hernroth|first1=Bodil|last2=Tassidis|first2=Helena|last3=Baden|first3=Susanne P.|date=March 2020|title=Immunosuppression of aquatic organisms exposed to elevated levels of manganese: From global to molecular perspective|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2019.103536|journal=Developmental & Comparative Immunology|volume=104|article-number=103536|doi=10.1016/j.dci.2019.103536|pmid=31705914|bibcode=2020DCImm.10403536H |s2cid=207935992|issn=0145-305X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Particulate Mn develops in buoyant plumes over an active vent source, while the dMn behaves conservatively.<ref name="Ray-2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Ray|first1=Durbar|last2=Babu|first2=E. V. S. S. K.|last3=Surya Prakash|first3=L.|date=1 January 2017|title=Nature of Suspended Particles in Hydrothermal Plume at 3°40'N Carlsberg Ridge:A Comparison with Deep Oceanic Suspended Matter|journal=Current Science|volume=112|issue=1|pages=139|doi=10.18520/cs/v112/i01/139-146 |issn=0011-3891|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mn concentrations vary between the water columns of the ocean. At the surface, dMn is elevated due to input from external sources such as rivers, dust, and shelf sediments. Coastal sediments normally have lower Mn concentrations, but can increase due to anthropogenic discharges from industries such as mining and steel manufacturing, which enter the ocean from river inputs. Surface dMn concentrations can also be elevated biologically through photosynthesis and physically from coastal upwelling and wind-driven surface currents. Internal cycling such as photo-reduction from UV radiation can also elevate levels by speeding up the dissolution of Mn-oxides and oxidative scavenging, preventing Mn from sinking to deeper waters.<ref name="Sim-2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Sim|first1=Nari|last2=Orians|first2=Kristin J.|date=October 2019|title=Annual variability of dissolved manganese in Northeast Pacific along Line-P: 2010–2013|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103702|journal=Marine Chemistry|volume=216|article-number=103702|doi=10.1016/j.marchem.2019.103702|bibcode=2019MarCh.21603702S |s2cid=203151735|issn=0304-4203|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Elevated levels at mid-depths can occur near mid-ocean ridges and hydrothermal vents. The hydrothermal vents release dMn enriched fluid into the water. The dMn can then travel up to 4,000 km due to the microbial capsules present, preventing exchange with particles, lowing the sinking rates. Dissolved Mn concentrations are even higher when oxygen levels are low. Overall, dMn concentrations are normally higher in coastal regions and decrease when moving offshore.<ref name="Sim-2019"/>

=== Soils ===
Manganese occurs in soils in three oxidation states: the divalent cation, Mn2+ and as brownish-black oxides and hydroxides containing Mn (III,IV), such as MnOOH and MnO2. Soil pH and oxidation-reduction conditions affect which of these three forms of Mn is dominant in a given soil. At pH values less than 6 or under anaerobic conditions, Mn(II) dominates, while under more alkaline and aerobic conditions, Mn(III,IV) oxides and hydroxides predominate. These effects of soil acidity and aeration state on the form of Mn can be modified or controlled by microbial activity. Microbial respiration can cause both the oxidation of Mn2+ to the oxides, and it can cause reduction of the oxides to the divalent cation.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bartlett|first1=Richmond|title=Chemical Processes in Soils|last2=Ross|first2=Donald|publisher=Soil Science Society of America|year=2005|editor-last=Tabatabai|editor-first=M.A.|series=SSSA Book Series, no. 8|location=Madison, Wisconsin|pages=461–487|chapter=Chemistry of Redox Processes in Soils|lccn=2005924447|editor-last2=Sparks|editor-first2=D.L.}}</ref>

The Mn(III,IV) oxides exist as brownish-black stains and small nodules on sand, silt, and clay particles. These surface coatings on other soil particles have high surface area and carry negative charge. The charged sites can adsorb and retain various cations, especially heavy metals (e.g., Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+). In addition, the oxides can adsorb organic acids and other compounds. The adsorption of the metals and organic compounds can then cause them to be oxidized while the Mn(III,IV) oxides are reduced to Mn2+ (e.g., Cr3+ to Cr(VI) and colorless [[hydroquinone]] to tea-colored [[quinone]] polymers).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Dixon|first1=Joe B.|title=Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications|last2=White|first2=G. Norman|publisher=Soil Science Society of America|year=2002|editor-last=Dixon|editor-first=J.B.|series=SSSA Book Series no. 7|location=Madison, Wisconsin|pages=367–386|chapter=Manganese Oxides|lccn=2002100258|editor-last2=Schulze|editor-first2=D.G.}}</ref>

== Production ==
{{see also|Manganese production by country}}
A significant proportion of the manganese ore mined, around 85% in the United States, is used in iron and [[steel]] production, such as in the production of [[ferromanganese]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ji-Eun Kim |title=Manganese Statistics and Information |url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/manganese-statistics-and-information |website=USGS |publisher=National Minerals Information Center |access-date=23 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> For the production of ferromanganese, the manganese ore is mixed with iron ore and carbon, and then reduced either in a blast furnace or in an [[electric arc furnace]].<ref name="IndMin">{{cite book|title=Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses |edition=7th|publisher=SME|date=2006|isbn=978-0-87335-233-8|chapter=Manganese|first=L. A.|last=Corathers |author2=Machamer, J. F. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA631|pages=631–636}}</ref> The resulting ferromanganese has a manganese content of 30–80%.<ref name="Holl"/> Pure manganese used for the production of iron-free alloys is produced by [[Leaching (metallurgy)|leaching]] manganese ore with [[sulfuric acid]] and a subsequent [[electrowinning]] process.<ref name="hydrometI">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.08.010 |title=Manganese metallurgy review. Part I: Leaching of ores/secondary materials and recovery of electrolytic/chemical manganese dioxide|date=2007|last=Zhang|first=Wensheng|author2=Cheng, Chu Yong|journal=Hydrometallurgy|volume=89 |pages=137–159|issue=3–4|bibcode=2007HydMe..89..137Z }}</ref>

[[File:Manganese Process Flow Diagram.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|alt=Contains reactions and temperatures, as well as showing advanced processes such as the heat exchanger and milling process.|Process flow diagram for a manganese refining circuit]]
A more progressive extraction process involves directly reducing (a low grade) manganese ore by [[heap leaching]]. This is done by [[Percolation|percolating]] natural gas through the bottom of the heap; the natural gas provides the heat (needs to be at least 850 °C) and the reducing agent (carbon monoxide). This reduces all of the manganese ore to [[Manganese(II) oxide]] (MnO), which is a leachable form. The ore then travels through a [[Mill (grinding)|grinding]] circuit to reduce the particle size of the ore to between 150 and 250 μm, increasing the surface area to aid leaching. The ore is then added to a leach tank of sulfuric acid and [[Iron(II)|ferrous iron]] (Fe2+) in a 1.6:1 ratio. The iron reacts with the [[manganese dioxide]] (MnO2) to form [[iron hydroxide]] (FeO(OH)) and elemental manganese (Mn).<ref name="ManganeseRecovery"/>

This process yields greater than 90% recovery of the manganese. For further purification, the manganese can then be sent to an [[electrowinning]] facility.<ref name="ManganeseRecovery">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanmanganeseinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/American-Manganese-Phase-II-August-19-2010-Final-Report-Internet-Version-V2.pdf|title=The Recovery of Manganese from low grade resources: bench scale metallurgical test program completed|date=2010|author=Chow, Norman|author2=Nacu, Anca|author3=Warkentin, Doug|author4=Aksenov, Igor|author5=Teh, Hoe|name-list-style=amp|publisher=Kemetco Research Inc.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202065633/http://www.americanmanganeseinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/American-Manganese-Phase-II-August-19-2010-Final-Report-Internet-Version-V2.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2012}}</ref>

== Applications ==
=== Steel ===
[[File:M1917helmet.jpg|thumb|U.S. M1917 [[combat helmet]], a variant of [[Brodie helmet]], made from [[Hadfield steel]] manganese alloy]]
Manganese is essential to iron and [[steelmaking|steel production]] by virtue of its [[sulfur]]-fixing, [[deoxidized steel|deoxidizing]], and [[alloying]] properties. Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in these applications in metallurgy.<ref name="USGSMCS2009"/> [[Steelmaking]],<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-0-87170-858-8|pages=56–57|first=John D. |last=Verhoeven |date=2007 |publisher=ASM International |location=Materials Park, Ohio |title=Steel metallurgy for the non-metallurgist}}</ref> including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand.<ref name="hydrometI"/> Manganese is a key component of low-cost [[stainless steel]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yanjun Zhao |author2=Yunfei Cao |author3=Weiying Wen |author4=Zepeng Lu |author5=Jingrui Zhang |author6=Yafei Liu |author7=Peilin Chen |title=Effects of Mn content on austenite stability and mechanical properties of low Ni alumina-forming austenitic heat-resistant steel: a first-principles study |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2023 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=5769 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-32968-9|pmid=37031259 |pmc=10082774 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.5769Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02648339 |title=Mechanism of work hardening in Hadfield manganese steel |date=1981 |last1=Dastur|first1=Y. N. |journal=Metallurgical Transactions A|volume=12|pages=749–759|last2=Leslie|first2=W. C.|issue=5|bibcode=1981MTA....12..749D|s2cid=136550117}}</ref> Often ferromanganese (usually about 80% manganese) is the intermediate in modern processes.

Small amounts of manganese improve the workability of steel at high temperatures by forming a high-melting sulfide and preventing the formation of a liquid [[iron sulfide]] at the grain boundaries. If the manganese content reaches 4%, the embrittlement of the steel becomes a dominant feature. The embrittlement decreases at higher manganese concentrations and reaches an acceptable level at 8%. Steel containing 8 to 15% of manganese has a high [[tensile strength]] of up to 863 MPa.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-1-4086-2616-0 |pages=351–352|title=Iron and Steel|first=John Henry |last=Stansbie|publisher=Read Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyogLqUxW1cC&pg=PA351 |date=2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-0-07-136076-0|pages=585–587|last=Brady|first=George S.|author2=Clauser, Henry R. |author3=Vaccari. John A. |date=2002|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|title=Materials Handbook: an encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, and supervisors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vIhvSQLhhMEC&pg=PA585}}</ref> Steel with 12% manganese was discovered in 1882 by [[Robert Hadfield]] and is still known as [[mangalloy|Hadfield steel (mangalloy)]]. It was used for British military [[Brodie helmet|steel helmets]] and later by the U.S. military.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield F.R.S. (1858–1940), and the Discovery of Manganese Steel Geoffrey Tweedale|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=40|issue=1 |date=1985|pages=63–74|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1985.0004|first=Geoffrey|last=Tweedale|jstor=531536|s2cid=73176861 |doi-access=}}</ref>

=== Aluminium alloys ===
{{Main|Aluminium alloy}}
Manganese is used in production of alloys with aluminium. Aluminium with roughly 1.5% manganese has increased resistance to corrosion through grains that absorb impurities which would lead to [[galvanic corrosion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suppliersonline.com/propertypages/2024.asp|title=Chemical properties of 2024 aluminum allow|access-date=30 April 2009 |publisher=Metal Suppliers Online, LLC.}}</ref> The corrosion-resistant [[aluminium alloy]]s 3004 and 3104 (0.8 to 1.5% manganese) are used for most [[beverage can]]s.<ref name="Al3004">{{cite book |title=Introduction to aluminum alloys and tempers|first=John Gilbert |last=Kaufman|publisher=ASM International|date=2000|isbn=978-0-87170-689-8|chapter=Applications for Aluminium Alloys and Tempers |pages=93–94|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=idmZIDcwCykC&pg=PA93}}</ref> Before 2000, more than 1.6 million [[tonne]]s of those alloys were used; at 1% manganese, this consumed 16,000 tonnes of manganese.<ref name="Al3004"/>

=== Batteries ===
[[Manganese(IV) oxide]] was used in the original type of dry cell [[Battery (electricity)|battery]] as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material in carbon–zinc type flashlight cells. The manganese dioxide is reduced to the manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH) during discharging, preventing the formation of hydrogen at the anode of the battery.<ref name="BattHist"/>
: MnO2 + H2O + e− → MnO(OH) + {{chem|OH|-}}

The same material also functions in newer [[Alkaline battery|alkaline batteries]] (usually battery cells), which use the same basic reaction, but a different electrolyte mixture. In 2002, more than 230,000 tons of manganese dioxide was used for this purpose.<ref name="ChiuZMnO2" /><ref name="BattHist">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00722-0|title=Batteries fifty years of materials development|date=2000|last=Dell|first=R. M.|journal=Solid State Ionics|volume=134|issue=1–2|pages=139–158}}</ref>

=== Resistors ===
Copper alloys of manganese, such as [[Manganin]], are commonly found in metal element [[shunt resistor]]s used for measuring relatively large amounts of current. These alloys have very low [[temperature coefficient of resistance]] and are resistant to sulfur. This makes the alloys particularly useful in harsh automotive and industrial environments.<ref>{{cite book |author1=David B. Wellbeloved |author2=Peter M. Craven |author3=John W. Waudby |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2000 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9783527306732 |language=en |chapter=Manganese and Manganese Alloys |doi=10.1002/14356007.a16_077}}</ref><ref name="ShuntDatasheet">{{cite web |title=WSK1216 |url=https://www.vishay.com/docs/30189/wsk1216.pdf |website=vishay |publisher=Vishay Intertechnology |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Fertilizers and feed additive ===
[[Manganese(II) oxide|Manganese oxide]] and [[Manganese sulfate|sulfate]] are components of fertilizers. In the year 2000, an estimated 20,000 tons of these compounds were used in fertilizers in the US alone. A comparable amount of Mn compounds was also used in animal feeds.<ref name="ullmann">{{cite book |doi=10.1002/14356007.a16_123 |chapter=Manganese Compounds |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |date=2000 |last1=Reidies |first1=Arno H. |isbn=9783527303854 }}</ref>

=== Niche ===
[[Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl]] is an additive in some [[unleaded gasoline]] to boost [[octane rating]] and reduce [[engine knocking]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EPA Comments on the Gasoline Additive MMT |url=https://www.epa.gov/gasoline-standards/epa-comments-gasoline-additive-mmt |website=epa.gov |date=5 October 2015 |publisher=EPA |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>

Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO2) is used as a reagent in [[organic chemistry]] for the [[oxidation]] of benzylic [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s (where the [[hydroxyl]] group is adjacent to an [[aromatic ring]]).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Gérard Cahiez |author2=Mouâd Alami |author3=Richard J. K. Taylor |author4=Mark Reid |author5=Jonathan S. Foot |author6=Lee Fader |author7=Vikas Sikervar |author8=Jagadish Pabba |title=Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis |date=2017 |isbn=9780470842898 |chapter=Manganese Dioxide |doi = 10.1002/047084289X.rm021.pub4}}</ref> Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidize and neutralize the greenish tinge in glass from trace amounts of iron contamination.<ref name="ItGlass">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11837-998-0024-0|title=Glassmaking in renaissance Italy: The innovation of venetian cristallo|date=1998|last=Mccray |first=W. Patrick|journal=JOM|volume=50|pages=14–19|issue=5|bibcode=1998JOM....50e..14M|s2cid=111314824}}</ref> MnO2 is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. In some preparations, it is a brown [[pigment]] for [[paint]] and is a constituent of natural [[umber]].<ref name=straightouttathetheumberwikiarticle>{{cite book |title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng00will_0 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-860457-0 |quote=A red brown earth containing iron and manganese oxides and darker than ochre and sienna, used to make various pigments. |edition=5th}}</ref>

[[Tetravalence|Tetravalent]] manganese is used as an [[Activator (phosphor)|activator]] in red-emitting [[phosphor]]s. While many compounds are known which show [[luminescence]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=RSC Advances |date=2016|volume=6|issue=89|pages=86285–86296|first=Daquin|last=Chen|author2=Zhou, Yang |author3=Zhong, Jiasong |title=A review on Mn4+ activators in solids for warm white light-emitting diodes|doi=10.1039/C6RA19584A|bibcode=2016RSCAd...686285C}}</ref> the majority are not used in commercial application due to low efficiency or deep red emission.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Luminescence |date=2016|volume=177|pages=354–360|first=Florian|last=Baur|author2=Jüstel, Thomas|title=Dependence of the optical properties of Mn4+ activated A2Ge4O9 (A=K,Rb) on temperature and chemical environment|doi=10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.04.046|bibcode=2016JLum..177..354B}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jansen|first1=T.|last2=Gorobez|first2=J.|last3=Kirm|first3=M.|last4=Brik|first4=M. G.|last5=Vielhauer|first5=S.|last6=Oja|first6=M.|last7=Khaidukov|first7=N. M.|last8=Makhov|first8=V. N.|last9=Jüstel|first9=T.|date=1 January 2018|title=Narrow Band Deep Red Photoluminescence of Y2Mg3Ge3O12:Mn4+,Li+ Inverse Garnet for High Power Phosphor Converted LEDs|journal=ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology|volume=7|issue=1|pages=R3086–R3092|doi=10.1149/2.0121801jss|s2cid=103724310 |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, several Mn4+ activated fluorides were reported as potential red-emitting phosphors for warm-white LEDs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jansen|first1=Thomas|last2=Baur|first2=Florian|last3=Jüstel|first3=Thomas|title=Red emitting K2NbF7:Mn4+ and K2TaF7:Mn4+ for warm-white LED applications|journal=Journal of Luminescence|volume=192|pages=644–652|doi=10.1016/j.jlumin.2017.07.061|year=2017|bibcode=2017JLum..192..644J}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Zhi|last2=Zhou|first2=Nan|last3=Xia|first3=Mao|last4=Yokoyama|first4=Meiso|last5=Hintzen|first5=H. T. (Bert)|date=6 October 2016|title=Research progress and application prospects of transition metal Mn4+-activated luminescent materials|journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry C|volume=4|issue=39|pages=9143–9161|doi=10.1039/c6tc02496c}}</ref> But to this day, only K2SiF6:Mn4+ is commercially available for use in warm-white [[LED]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/02/f19/setlur_emitters_2015.pdf|title=TriGain LED phosphor system using red Mn4+-doped complex fluorides|publisher=GE Global Research |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

[[File:1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG|upright|thumb|World-War-II-era 5-cent coin (1942-5 identified by mint mark P, D or S above dome) made from a 56% copper-35% silver-9% manganese alloy]]
The metal is occasionally used in coins; until 2000, the only United States coin to use manganese was the [[Jefferson nickel#1938–1945: Early minting; World War II changes|"wartime" nickel]] from 1942 to 1945.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Western Journal of Medicine |date=2001|volume=175|issue=2|pages=112–114|first=Raymond T.|last=Kuwahara|author2=Skinner III, Robert B. |author3=Skinner Jr., Robert B. |title=Nickel coinage in the United States|doi=10.1136/ewjm.175.2.112|pmid=11483555|pmc=1071501}}</ref> An alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel was traditionally used for the production of nickel coins. However, because of shortage of nickel metal during the war, it was substituted by more available silver and manganese, thus resulting in an alloy of 56% copper, 35% silver and 9% manganese. Since 2000, [[Dollar (United States coin)|dollar coins]], for example the [[Sacagawea dollar]] and the [[Presidential $1 Coin Program|Presidential $1 coins]], are made from a brass containing 7% of manganese with a pure copper core.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/golden_dollar_coin/index.cfm?action=sacDesign|title=Design of the Sacagawea dollar|publisher=United States Mint|access-date=4 May 2009|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194127/https://www.usmint.gov/learn/coin-and-medal-programs?action=sacdesign|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Manganese compounds have been used as pigments and for the coloring of ceramics and glass. The brown color of ceramic is sometimes the result of manganese compounds.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ceramics for the Archaeologist|first=Anna Osler|last=Shepard|publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington|date=1956|pages=40–42|isbn=978-0-87279-620-1|chapter=Manganese and Iron–Manganese Paints}}</ref> In the glass industry, manganese compounds are used for two effects. [[Manganese(III) oxide|Manganese(III)]] reacts with [[Iron(II) oxide|iron(II)]] to reduce strong green color in glass by forming less-colored iron(III) and slightly pink manganese(II), compensating for the residual color of the iron(III).<ref name="ItGlass" /> Larger quantities of manganese are used to produce pink colored glass. In 2009, [[Mas Subramanian]] and associates at [[Oregon State University]] discovered that manganese can be combined with [[yttrium]] and [[indium]] to form an intensely [[blue]], non-toxic, inert, fade-resistant [[pigment]], [[YInMn Blue]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jun |last2=Lorger |first2=Simon |last3=Stalick |first3=Judith K. |last4=Sleight |first4=Arthur W. |last5=Subramanian |first5=M. A. |date=2016-10-03 |title=From Serendipity to Rational Design: Tuning the Blue Trigonal Bipyramidal Mn 3+ Chromophore to Violet and Purple through Application of Chemical Pressure |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01639 |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |language=en |volume=55 |issue=19 |pages=9798–9804 |doi=10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01639 |pmid=27622607 |issn=0020-1669|url-access=subscription }}</ref> the first new blue pigment discovered in 200 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ideas.ted.com/how-on-earth-do-you-discover-a-brand-new-blue-pigment-by-accident/ |title=How on earth do you discover a brand-new blue pigment? By accident. |date=June 28, 2018 |first=Elian |last=Silverman |publisher=TED Ideas |access-date=June 26, 2024}}</ref>

== Biochemistry ==
{{Main|Manganese in biology}}
[[File:Arginase.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.3|Reactive center of arginase with boronic acid [[Enzyme inhibitor|inhibitor]] – the manganese atoms are shown in yellow.]]
Many classes of [[enzyme]]s contain manganese [[Cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactors]] including [[oxidoreductase]]s, [[transferase]]s, [[hydrolase]]s, [[lyase]]s, [[isomerase]]s and [[ligase]]s. Other enzymes containing manganese are [[arginase]] and a Mn-containing [[superoxide dismutase]] ([[Mn-SOD]]). Some [[reverse transcriptase]]s of many [[retrovirus]]es (although not [[lentivirus]]es such as [[HIV]]) contain manganese. Manganese-containing [[polypeptides]] are the [[diphtheria toxin]], [[lectin]]s, and [[integrin]]s.<ref name="Mnzym">{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00343 |title=Manganese–Oxygen Intermediates in O–O Bond Activation and Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Reactions |year=2017 |last1=Rice |first1=Derek B. |last2=Massie |first2=Allyssa A. |last3=Jackson |first3=Timothy A. |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=2706–2717 |pmid=29064667 }}</ref>

The [[oxygen-evolving complex]] (OEC), containing four atoms of manganese, is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The OEC is responsible for the terminal [[Oxygen evolution|photooxidation of water]] during the [[light reactions]] of [[photosynthesis]], i.e., it is the catalyst that makes the O2 produced by plants.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Umena|first1=Yasufumi|last2=Kawakami|first2=Keisuke|last3=Shen|first3=Jian-Ren|last4=Kamiya |first4=Nobuo|title=Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 Å|journal=Nature|volume=473|issue=7345|pages=55–60|doi=10.1038/nature09913|pmid=21499260|date=May 2011|bibcode=2011Natur.473...55U|s2cid=205224374|url=http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/files/public/4/47455/20160528084139320094/Nature_473_55–60.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Dismukes|first=G. Charles|author2=Willigen, Rogier T. van|title=Manganese: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models Based in part on the article Manganese: Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models by Lars-Erik Andréasson & Tore Vänngård which appeared in the Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition, First Edition|date=2006|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry|doi=10.1002/0470862106.ia128|chapter=Manganese: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models|isbn=978-0470860786}}</ref>

== Human health and nutrition ==
Manganese is an essential human [[Mineral (nutrient)|dietary element]] and is present as a [[coenzyme]] in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and [[free radical]] defense systems. Manganese is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes.<ref name="Erikson-2019">{{cite book
|last1=Erikson|first1=Keith M. |last2=Ascher |first2=Michael
|editor1-last=Sigel|editor1-first=Astrid
|editor2-last=Freisinger|editor2-first=Eva
|editor3-last=Sigel|editor3-first=Roland K. O.
|editor4-last=Carver|editor4-first=Peggy L.
|title=Essential Metals in Medicine:Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic
|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences |volume=19 |date=2019 |publisher=de Gruyter GmbH|location=Berlin
|isbn=978-3-11-052691-2
|doi=10.1515/9783110527872-016
|pmid=30855111
|pages=253–266|chapter=Chapter 10. Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health|s2cid=73725546
}}</ref> The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys.<ref name="Emsley2001" /> In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese [[metalloprotein]]s, most notably [[glutamine synthetase]] in [[astrocyte]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00234-5|title=Manganese action in brain function|date=2003 |last=Takeda |first=A.|journal=Brain Research Reviews|volume=41|issue=1|pmid=12505649|pages=79–87|s2cid=1922613}}</ref>

<div style="float: right; margin: 2px; font-size:85%;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+Current AIs of Mn by age group and sex<ref name="MnDRI"/>
!colspan="2"|Males
!colspan="2"|Females
|-
!Age
!AI (mg/day)
!Age
!AI (mg/day)
|-
|1–3
|1.2
|1–3
|1.2
|-
|4–8
|1.5
|4–8
|1.5
|-
|9–13
|1.9
|9–13
|1.6
|-
|14–18
|2.2
|14–18
|1.6
|-
|rowspan=3|19+
|rowspan=3|2.3
|rowspan=3|19+
|1.8
|-
|pregnant: 2
|-
|lactating: 2.6
|}</div>

=== Regulation ===
The [[U.S. Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for minerals in 2001. For manganese, there was not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so needs are described as estimates for [[Adequate Intake]]s (AIs). As for safety, the IOM sets [[Tolerable upper intake level]]s (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of manganese, the adult UL is set at 11 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as [[Dietary Reference Intake]]s (DRIs).<ref name="MnDRI">{{cite book|chapter=Manganese|chapter-url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/12 |title=Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Chromium, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Chromium|publisher= National Academy Press|year= 2001|pages=394–419|pmid=25057538|isbn=978-0-309-07279-3|author1=Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients }}</ref> Manganese deficiency is rare.<ref>''See'' {{cite web|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/manganese |title=Manganese|work=Micronutrient Information Center|publisher=[[Oregon State University]] [[Linus Pauling Institute]]|date=23 April 2014}}</ref>

The [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 15 and older, the AI is set at 3.0 mg/day. AIs for pregnancy and lactation are 3.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/day. The adult AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs.<ref>{{cite web | title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies| year = 2017| url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf}}</ref> The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was insufficient information to set a UL.<ref>{{citation| title = Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals| publisher = European Food Safety Authority| year = 2006| url = http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf}}</ref>

For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For manganese labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of 27 May 2016 it was revised to 2.3 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.<ref name="FedReg">{{cite web|url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf |title=Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | website=Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) | url=https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | access-date=16 May 2020 | archive-date=7 April 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp | url-status=dead }}</ref> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at [[Reference Daily Intake]].

Excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as [[manganism]], a [[Neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative]] disorder that causes [[dopamine]]rgic neuronal death and symptoms similar to [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Emsley2001" /><ref>{{cite book |first1=Daiana|last1=Silva Avila|first2=Robson|last2=Luiz Puntel|first3=Michael|last3=Aschner|chapter=Manganese in Health and Disease |editor=Astrid Sigel|editor2=Helmut Sigel |editor3=Roland K. O. Sigel|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences
|volume=13|date=2013|publisher=Springer|pages=199–227|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_7|pmid=24470093|pmc=6589086|isbn=978-94-007-7499-5}}</ref>

=== Deficiency ===
{{main|Manganese deficiency (medicine)|l1=Manganese deficiency}}
Manganese deficiency in humans, which is rare, results in a number of medical problems.<ref name="MnDRI" /> A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Cui-Yue |last2=Xia |first2=Wei-Hao |last3=Wang |first3=Lin |last4=Wang |first4=Zhen-Yong |title=Manganese deficiency induces avian tibial dyschondroplasia by inhibiting chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034528821002691 |journal=Research in Veterinary Science |pages=164–170 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.018 |date=1 November 2021|volume=140 |pmid=34481207 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Exposure ==
=== In water ===
Waterborne manganese has a greater [[Bioavailability (medicine)|bioavailability]] than dietary manganese. According to results from a 2010 study,<ref name="Bouchard 138–143">{{cite journal|doi=10.1289/ehp.1002321 |volume=119|pages=138–143|pmid=20855239 |issue=1 |pmc=3018493|year=2011 |last1=Bouchard |first1=M. F |title=Intellectual impairment in school-age children exposed to manganese from drinking water |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |last2=Sauvé |first2=S |last3=Barbeau |first3=B |last4=Legrand |first4=M |last5=Bouffard |first5=T |last6=Limoges |first6=E |last7=Bellinger |first7=D. C |last8=Mergler |first8=D |bibcode=2011EnvHP.119..138B }}</ref> higher levels of exposure to manganese in [[drinking water]] are associated with increased [[intellectual impairment]] and reduced [[intelligence quotient]]s in school-age children. It is hypothesized that long-term exposure due to inhaling the naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8.7 million Americans at risk.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1081/CLT-100102427|pmid=10382563|title=Manganese|date=1999 |author=Barceloux, Donald |journal=Clinical Toxicology|volume=37|last2=Barceloux|first2=Donald|issue=2|pages=293–307}}</ref> However, data indicates that the human body can recover from certain adverse effects of overexposure to manganese if the exposure is stopped and the body can clear the excess.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=8143974 |year=1994 |last1=Devenyi |first1=A. G |title=Dystonia, hyperintense basal ganglia, and high whole blood manganese levels in Alagille's syndrome |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=1068–71 |last2=Barron |first2=T. F |last3=Mamourian |first3=A. C |doi=10.1016/0016-5085(94)90769-2|s2cid=2711273 }}</ref>

Mn levels can increase in seawater when hypoxic periods occur.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hernroth|first1=Bodil|last2=Krång|first2=Anna-Sara|last3=Baden|first3=Susanne|date=February 2015|title=Bacteriostatic suppression in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) exposed to manganese or hypoxia under pressure of ocean acidification|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.025|journal=Aquatic Toxicology|volume=159|pages=217–224|doi=10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.11.025|pmid=25553539|bibcode=2015AqTox.159..217H |issn=0166-445X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Since 1990 there have been reports of Mn accumulation in marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms. Specific tissues are targets in different species, including the gills, brain, blood, kidney, and liver/[[hepatopancreas]]. Physiological effects have been reported in these species. Mn can affect the renewal of [[immunocyte]]s and their functionality, such as [[phagocytosis]] and activation of [[Prophenoloxidase|pro-phenoloxidase]], suppressing the organisms' immune systems. This causes the organisms to be more susceptible to infections. As climate change occurs, pathogen distributions increase, and in order for organisms to survive and defend themselves against these pathogens, they need a healthy, strong immune system. If their systems are compromised from high Mn levels, they will not be able to fight off these pathogens and die.<ref name="Hernroth-2020" />

=== Gasoline ===
[[File:Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.tif|thumb|upright|Molecular model of [[methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl]] (MMT)]]
[[Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl]] (MMT) is an additive developed to replace lead compounds for gasolines to improve the [[octane rating]]. MMT is used only in a few countries. When exposed to the environment, fuels containing methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl degrade, releasing manganese into water and soils.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Arthur W. Garrison |author2=N. Lee Wolfe |author3=Robert R. Swank Jr. |author4=Mark G. Cipollone |title=Environmental fate of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |date=1995 |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=1859–1864 |doi=10.1002/etc.5620141107 |bibcode=1995EnvTC..14.1859G |language=en}}</ref>

=== Air ===
Manganese levels in the air decreased between 1953 and 1982, with higher levels in 1953. In general, breathing air with more than 5 micrograms of manganese per cubic meter can cause symptoms of manganese exposure. In lab-grown human kidney cells, higher levels of a protein called [[ferroportin]] are linked to lower manganese levels inside the cells and reduced [[cytotoxicity|cell damage]], shown by better glutamate uptake and less leakage of a damage marker known as [[lactate dehydrogenase]].<ref>Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2012) [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp151-c6.pdf 6. Potential for human exposure], in [https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiledocs/index.html?id=102&tid=23 ''Toxicological Profile for Manganese''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205060552/https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiledocs/index.html?id=102&tid=23 |date=5 December 2023 }}, Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmid=20002294|last1=Yin|first1=Z.|date=2010|pages=1190–8|issue=5|volume=112|last2=Jiang|first2=H.|journal=Journal of Neurochemistry|last3=Lee|first3=E. S.|last4=Ni|first4=M.|last5=Erikson|first5=K. M.|last6=Milatovic|first6=D.|last7=Bowman|first7=A. B.|last8=Aschner|first8=M.|title=Ferroportin is a manganese-responsive protein that decreases manganese cytotoxicity and accumulation |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/K_Erickson_Ferroportin_2009.pdf|pmc=2819584|doi=10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06534.x}}</ref>

=== Regulation ===
Manganese exposure in [[United States]] is regulated by the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA).<ref name="osha.gov">{{cite web|title=Safety and Health Topics: Manganese Compounds (as Mn)|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_250190.html|publisher=U.S. [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801002948/https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_250190.html |archive-date=1 August 2017 }}</ref> People can be exposed to manganese in the workplace by breathing it in or swallowing it. OSHA has set the legal limit ([[permissible exposure limit]]) for manganese exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] (NIOSH) has set a [[recommended exposure limit]] (REL) of 1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 3 mg/m3. At levels of 500 mg/m3, manganese is [[IDLH|immediately dangerous to life and health]].<ref>{{cite web|title=NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0379.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control|access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref> In other countries, such as [[Germany]], a general ceiling value for airborne manganese has been set to 0.5 mg/m3 ({{interlanguage link|Maximale Arbeitsplatz-Konzentration|de}}) and the maximum level of manganese in the body has been set to 20 mg/L.<ref name="ullmann" />

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}}
}}
Manganese is essential for human health, albeit in milligram amounts.<ref name="MnDRI" /> The current maximum safe concentration under U.S. EPA rules is 50 μg Mn/L.<ref name="EPA drinking water">{{cite web|title=Drinking Water Contaminants|url=http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815041415/http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2010|publisher=US EPA|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Manganism ===
Manganese overexposure is most frequently associated with [[manganism]], a rare neurological disorder associated with excessive manganese ingestion or inhalation. Historically, persons employed in the production or processing of manganese alloys<ref>{{cite book |author1=Brent Furbee |title=Clinical Neurotoxicology |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780323052603 |pages=293–301 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323052603500320 |access-date=5 May 2025 |chapter=Manganese}}</ref><ref>Baselt, R. (2008) ''Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man'', 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, pp. 883–886, {{ISBN|0-9626523-7-7}}.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1023/A:1021970120965|date=2002|author=Normandin, Louise|journal=Metabolic Brain Disease |volume=17|pages=375–87|pmid=12602514|last2=Hazell|first2=A. S.|title=Manganese neurotoxicity: an update of pathophysiologic mechanisms |issue=4|s2cid=23679769}}</ref> have been at risk for developing manganism; however, health and safety regulations protect workers in developed nations.<ref name="osha.gov" /> The disorder was first described in 1837 by British academic John Couper, who studied two patients who were manganese grinders.<ref name="Couper 1837 41–42">{{cite journal|last=Couper|first=John|title=On the effects of black oxide of manganese when inhaled into the lungs|journal=Br. Ann. Med. Pharm. Vital Stat. Gen. Sci.|date=1837|volume=1 |pages=41–42}}</ref>

Manganism is a biphasic disorder. In its early stages, an intoxicated person may experience depression, mood swings, compulsive behaviors, and psychosis. Early neurological symptoms give way to late-stage manganism, which resembles [[Parkinson's disease]]. Symptoms include weakness, monotone and slowed speech, an expressionless face, tremor, forward-leaning gait, inability to walk backwards without falling, rigidity, and general problems with dexterity, gait and balance.<ref name="Couper 1837 41–42" /><ref name="Cersosimo 2007 340–346">{{cite journal|last=Cersosimo|first=M. G.|author2=Koller, W.C.|title=The diagnosis of manganese-induced parkinsonism |journal=NeuroToxicology|date=2007|volume=27|pages=340–346|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2005.10.006|pmid=16325915|issue=3}}</ref> Unlike [[Parkinson's disease]], manganism is not associated with loss of the sense of smell and patients are typically unresponsive to treatment with [[L-DOPA]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lu|first=C. S.|author2=Huang, C.C |author3=Chu, N.S. |author4=Calne, D.B. |title=Levodopa failure in chronic manganism|journal=Neurology|date=1994|volume=44|pages=1600–1602|doi=10.1212/WNL.44.9.1600|pmid=7936281|issue=9|s2cid=38040913}}</ref> Symptoms of late-stage manganism become more severe over time even if the source of exposure is removed and brain manganese levels return to normal.<ref name="Cersosimo 2007 340–346" />

Chronic manganese exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities.<ref name="Guilarte2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Guilarte TR, Gonzales KK | title = Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism Is Not Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease: Environmental and Genetic Evidence | journal = Toxicological Sciences| volume = 146 | issue = 2 | pages = 204–12 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26220508 | pmc = 4607750 | doi = 10.1093/toxsci/kfv099 | type= Review}}</ref> This condition is not responsive to [[Management of Parkinson's disease|typical therapies used in the treatment of PD]], suggesting an alternative pathway to the typical [[dopamine]]rgic loss within the [[substantia nigra]].<ref name="Guilarte2015" /> Manganese may accumulate in the [[basal ganglia]], leading to the abnormal movements.<ref name="Kwakye2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwakye GF, Paoliello MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Bowman AB, Aschner M | title = Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease: Shared and Distinguishable Features | journal = Int J Environ Res Public Health | volume = 12 | issue = 7 | pages = 7519–40 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26154659 | pmc = 4515672 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph120707519 | bibcode = 2015IJERP..12.7519K | type= Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> A mutation of the SLC30A10 gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this Parkinsonism-like disease.<ref name="Peres2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Peres TV, Schettinger MR, Chen P, Carvalho F, Avila DS, Bowman AB, Aschner M | title = Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: a review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies | journal = BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology| volume = 17 | issue = 1 | article-number = 57 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27814772 | pmc = 5097420 | doi = 10.1186/s40360-016-0099-0 | type= Review | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[Lewy body|Lewy bodies]] typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism.<ref name="Kwakye2015" />

Animal experiments have given the opportunity to examine the consequences of manganese overexposure under controlled conditions. In (non-aggressive) rats, manganese induces mouse-killing behavior.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lazrishvili|display-authors=etal|first1=I.|title=Manganese loading induces mouse-killing behaviour in nonaggressive rats|journal= Journal of Biological Physics and Chemistry|date=2016|volume=16|issue=3|pages=137–141 |doi=10.4024/31LA14L.jbpc.16.03}}</ref>

=== Toxicity ===
Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals, such as [[nickel]] and [[copper]].<ref>{{cite book|pages=31 |title=Manganese|first=Heather|last=Hasan|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|date=2008|isbn=978-1-4042-1408-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRmpEaudmTYC&pg=PA31}}</ref> However, exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 even for short periods because of its toxicity level.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environmentwriter.org/resources/backissues/chemicals/manganese.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828211701/http://www.environmentwriter.org/resources/backissues/chemicals/manganese.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2006 |title=Manganese Chemical Background |access-date=30 April 2008 |publisher=Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting University of Rhode Island |date=April 2006 }}</ref>  [[Manganese poisoning]] has been linked to [[impaired motor skills]] and [[cognitive disorder]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/mn.html|publisher=Oak Ridge National Laboratory|title=Risk Assessment Information System Toxicity Summary for Manganese|access-date=23 April 2008}}</ref>

=== Neurodegenerative diseases ===
A protein called [[DMT1]] is the major transporter in manganese absorption from the intestine and may be the major transporter of manganese across the [[blood–brain barrier]]. DMT1 also transports inhaled manganese across the nasal [[epithelium]]. The proposed mechanism for manganese toxicity is that dysregulation leads to [[oxidative stress]], [[mitochondrial dysfunction]], glutamate-mediated [[excitotoxicity]], and aggregation of proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prabhakaran|first1=K.|last2=Ghosh|first2=D.|last3=Chapman|first3=G.D.|last4=Gunasekar|first4=P.G.|date=2008|title=Molecular mechanism of manganese exposure-induced dopaminergic toxicity|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|volume=76|issue=4|pages=361–367|doi=10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.03.004|pmid=18502311|s2cid=206339744|issn=0361-9230}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Chemistry}}
* [[Manganese exporter]], membrane transport protein
* [[List of countries by manganese production]]
* [[Parkerizing]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997}}
* {{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=manganese|n=no|q=no|s=no}}
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/manganese/index.html National Pollutant Inventory – Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.manganese.org International Manganese Institute]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/manganese/ NIOSH Manganese Topic Page]
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/025.htm Manganese] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)
* [https://www.manganese-dendrite.com All about Manganese Dendrites]
* [https://www.epa.gov/smm/electric-arc-furnace-eaf-slag Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag]
* [[usgs.gov]]: [https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025.pdf#page=116 Manganese] (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025)

{{Periodic table (navbox)}}
{{Manganese compounds}}
{{Manganese minerals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Manganese| ]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Transition metals]]
[[Category:Deoxidizers]]
[[Category:Chemical hazards]]
[[Category:Dietary minerals]]
[[Category:Reducing agents]]
[[Category:Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure]]
[[Category:Native element minerals]]

Motihari Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-20T17:30:57Z

ZitaKight7091: started new article

{{short description|Former Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar, India}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Motihari
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Motihari''' was one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Bihar]] till 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=SC holds ex-RJD MLA guilty of murdering ex-Bihar Minister |url=https://lawbeat.in/supreme-court-judgments/supreme-court-holds-ex-rjd-mla-guilty-murdering-ex-bihar-minister |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=lawbeat.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Motihari Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:
{|class="wikitable" width="450px"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!width="100px"|Name
!width="100px" style="font-size:75%"|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
!width="200px"|District
|-
|12
|[[Motihari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Motihari]]
|None
|East Champaran
|-
|16
|[[Madhuban, Bihar Assembly constituency|Madhuban]]
|None
|East Champaran
|-
|17
|[[Pipra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipra]]
|SC
|East Champaran
|-
|18
|[[Kesaria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kesariya]]
|None
|East Champaran
|-
|19
|[[Harsidhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harsidhi]]
|None
|East Champaran
|-
|20
|[[Govindganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gobindganj]]
|None
|East Champaran
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951 Indian general election in Madras|1952]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Bibhuti Mishra]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Thakur Ramapati Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|[[Kamla Mishra Madhukar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Prabhawati Gupta]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|[[Kamla Mishra Madhukar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Rama Devi (Bihar politician)|Rama Devi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Radha Mohan Singh]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Automation |first=Bhaskar |title=मोतिहारी लोकसभा क्षेत्र में भाजपा के टिकट पर नौवीं बार उतरे राधामोहन सिंह, पांच बार जीता चुके हैं चंपारणवासी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/motihari/news/radh-mohan-singh-who-has-landed-for-the-ninth-time-on-bjp-ticket-in-motihari-lok-sabha-constituency-has-won-five-times-041028-4189002.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190612235047/https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/motihari/news/radh-mohan-singh-who-has-landed-for-the-ninth-time-on-bjp-ticket-in-motihari-lok-sabha-constituency-has-won-five-times-041028-4189002.html |archive-date=2019-06-12 |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2008 onwards : See [[Purvi Champaran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purvi Champaran]]''}}
|}

==See also==
* [[East Champaran district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26.6|84.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of East Champaran district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Indian cricket team in England in 2002

2026-03-19T19:22:03Z

ZitaKight7091: minor enhanced section as per guidelines and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Cricket series on england soil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in England in 2002
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England
| from_date = 22 June
| to_date = 9 September 2002
| team1_captain = [[Sourav Ganguly]]
| team2_captain = [[Nasser Hussain]]
| no_of_tests = 4
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Rahul Dravid]] (602)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Michael Vaughan]] (615)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Anil Kumble]] (14)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Matthew Hoggard]] (14)
| player_of_test_series = [[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind) and [[Michael Vaughan]] (Eng)
}}
The [[India national cricket team]] toured England from 22 June to 9 September 2002. The tour comprised a four-match [[Test cricket|Test]] series, preceded by a [[2002 NatWest Series|triangular One Day International tournament]] that also featured [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]. India won the ODI tournament, beating England in the final, while the Test series was drawn 1–1.

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!colspan="2"|{{cr|ENG}}<ref>{{cite web |title=English Squads |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002/IND_IN_ENG/SQUADS/IND_IN_ENG_JUN-SEP2002_ENG-SQUAD.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=14 August 2024 }}</ref>
!colspan="2"|{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Squads |url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2002/IND_IN_ENG/SQUADS/IND_IN_ENG_JUN-SEP2002_IND-SQUAD.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=14 August 2024 }}</ref>
|-
!Tests
!ODIs
!Tests
!ODIs
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
*[[Nasser Hussain]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[Mark Butcher]]
*[[Andy Caddick]]
*[[Dominic Cork]]
*[[John Crawley]]
*[[Andrew Flintoff]]
*[[Darren Gough]]
*[[Ashley Giles]]
*[[Steve Harmison]]
*[[Matthew Hoggard]]
*[[Ronnie Irani]]
*[[Simon Jones (cricketer)|Simon Jones]]
*[[Rob Key]]
*[[Alec Stewart]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Graham Thorpe]]
*[[Marcus Trescothick]]
*[[Alex Tudor]]
*[[Michael Vaughan]]
*[[Craig White]]
|

|
*[[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[Virender Sehwag]]
*[[Rahul Dravid]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Dinesh Mongia]]
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Mohammad Kaif]]
*[[VVS Laxman]]
*[[Ajay Ratra]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
*[[Anil Kumble]]
*[[Zaheer Khan]]
*[[Tinu Yohannan]]
*[[Ajit Agarkar]]
|
*[[Sourav Ganguly]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
*[[Shiv Sunder Das]]
*[[Wasim Jaffer]]
*[[Rahul Dravid]]
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[VVS Laxman]]
*[[Virender Sehwag]]
*[[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Ajay Ratra]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Parthiv Patel]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
*[[Anil Kumble]]
*[[Zaheer Khan]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
*[[Ajit Agarkar]]
*[[Tinu Yohannan]]
*[[Sanjay Bangar]]
|}

==Tour matches==

===50-over: Sussex v Indians===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 22 June 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]
| score1 = 203/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 205/7 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}
| runs1 = [[Murray Goodwin]] 49 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 4/27 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 75[[not out|*]] (82)
| wickets2 = [[Kevin Innes]] 3/35 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/117998.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Hove|County Ground]], [[Hove]]
| umpires = [[Tony Clarkson]] (Eng) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Sussex won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===50-over: Kent v Indians===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 June 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]]
| score1 = 284 (50 overs)
| score2 = 263 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}
| runs1 = [[Rob Key]] 76 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 4/38 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 64 (75)
| wickets2 = [[James Golding (cricketer)|James Golding]] 4/42 (9 overs)
| result = Kent won by 21 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/118028.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St Lawrence Ground]], [[Canterbury]]
| umpires = [[Tony Clarkson]] (Eng) and [[Alan Hill (cricketer)|Alan Hill]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Kent won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===50-over: Leicestershire v Indians===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 June 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| score1 = 315/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 261/7 (50 overs)
| team2 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]
| runs1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 98 (85)
| wickets1 = [[Jamie Grove]] 2/58 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Trevor Ward (cricketer)|Trevor Ward]] 95 (110)
| wickets2 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/48 (10 overs)
| result = Indians won by 54 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/118079.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Grace Road]], [[Leicester]]
| umpires = [[Alan Hill (cricketer)|Alan Hill]] (Eng) and [[Barrie Leadbeater]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===First-class: Indians v West Indies A===
{{Test match
| date = 16–18 July 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies A cricket team|West Indies A]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 253/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (89.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dinesh Mongia]] 87 (139)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 2/30 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 266 (59.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Devon Smith]] 69 (93)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 4/55 (16 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 255 (77.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mohammad Kaif]] 77 (126)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jermaine Lawson]] 6/76 (22.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 81/4 (26 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Devon Smith]] 19 (52)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sanjay Bangar]] 1/11 (7 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/116939.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arundel Castle Cricket Ground]], [[Arundel]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===First-class: Hampshire v Indians===
{{Test match
| date = 20–22 July 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 236 (81.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 78 (119)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shaun Udal]] 5/59 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 123 (37.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] 45 (49)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sanjay Bangar]] 4/40 (10 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 139/4[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (41.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sanjay Bangar]] 52[[not out|*]] (100)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[James Hamblin (cricketer)|James Hamblin]] 2/44 (7 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 186 (46.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shaun Udal]] 36[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/58 (17.2 overs)

| result = Indians won by 66 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/117026.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Cowley]] (Eng) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===First-class: Worcestershire v Indians===
{{Test match
| date = 31 July–3 August 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 417/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (105 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 169 (246)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Alamgir Sheriyar]] 4/109 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 200/6 (54 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Stephen Peters]] 50 (90)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 2/21 (5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/111794.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[New Road, Worcester|New Road]], [[Worcester, England|Worcester]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[George Sharp (cricketer)|George Sharp]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = No play was possible on Days 1 and 2 due to rain.
| notes =
}}

===First-class: Essex v Indians===
{{Test match
| date = 14–17 August 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 516 (129.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shiv Sunder Das]] 250 (380)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[James Middlebrook]] 4/164 (36 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 279 (75.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Darren Robinson (cricketer)|Darren Robinson]] 59 (79)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/83 (32 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 327/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (88 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 142 (156)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mark Ilott]] 4/67 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 186/3 (56 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Richard Selvey Clinton|Richard Clinton]] 53 (104)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 2/52 (18 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/112061.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|County Ground]], [[Essex]]
| umpires = [[Paul Adams (umpire)|Paul Adams]] (Eng) and [[David Constant]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===First-class: Derbyshire v Indians===
{{Test match
| date = 28–30 August 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 445/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (121.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ajay Ratra]] 101[[not out|*]] (207)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jason Kerr (cricketer)|Jason Kerr]] 3/97 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 358 (100.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rawait Khan]] 91 (200)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 4/85 (23 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 182/3[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (43.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 104 (97)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mathew Dowman]] 1/11 (3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/112410.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Derby|County Ground]], [[Derby]]
| umpires = [[Allan Jones (cricketer)|Allan Jones]] (Eng) and [[Ken Shuttleworth (cricketer)|Ken Shuttleworth]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==NatWest Series (ODI)==
{{main|2002 NatWest Series}}

===2nd Match: England v India===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 29 June 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 271/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 272/4 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Marcus Trescothick]] 86 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/39 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 73 (86)
| wickets2 = [[Ashley Giles]] 3/39 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66284.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lord's]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: India 4, England 0.
}}

===3rd Match: India v Sri Lanka===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 30 June 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 202/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 203/6 (45.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 62 (105)
| wickets1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 3/44 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 49 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 2/38 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66285.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Ajit Agarkar]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: India 4, Sri Lanka 0.
}}

===5th Match: England v India===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 4 July 2002
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 285/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 53/1 (12.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 105[[not out|*]] (108)
| wickets1 = [[Darren Gough]] 2/52 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marcus Trescothick]] 23 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 1/31 (6 overs)
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66287.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Riverside Ground]], [[Chester-le-Street]]
| umpires = [[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain stopped play after 12.3 overs of the England innings.
| notes = Points: England 2, India 2.
}}

===6th Match: India v Sri Lanka===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 6 July 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 187 (48.2 overs)
| score2 = 188/6 (48.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 50 (73)
| wickets1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 2/28 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 64 (95)
| wickets2 = [[Dilhara Fernando]] 2/22 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66288.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], [[Birmingham]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Neil Mallender]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: India 4, Sri Lanka 0.
}}

===8th Match: England v India===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 July 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 229/8 (32 overs)
| score2 = 165 (29.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Ronnie Irani]] 53 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/53 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 46 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Ronnie Irani]] 5/26 (7 overs)
| result = England won by 64 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66290.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Ronnie Irani]] (Eng)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Play reduced to 32 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = Points: England 5, India 0.
}}

===9th Match: India v Sri Lanka===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 July 2002
| time =
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 304 (50 overs)
| score2 = 241 (44.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 113 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Thilan Samaraweera]] 2/39 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 66 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/46 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 63 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66291.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[County Cricket Ground, Bristol|County Ground]], [[Bristol]]
| umpires = [[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: India 5, Sri Lanka 0.
}}

===Final: England v India===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 July 2002
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 325/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 326/8 (49.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Nasser Hussain]] 115 (128)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/62 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Kaif]] 87[[not out|*]] (75)
| wickets2 = [[Ashley Giles]] 2/47 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets<ref>http://www.theringsideview.com/when-yuvraj-and-kaif-scripted-a-historic-win-in-the-natwest-trophy-final-2002/ -When Yuvraj and Kaif scripted a historic win in the Natwest Trophy Final 2002
</ref>
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66292.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lord's]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Mohammad Kaif]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =[[Nasser Hussain]] (Eng) scored his first hundred in an ODI.
}}

==Test series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 25–29 July 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 487 (142.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Nasser Hussain]] 155 (331)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/90 (36 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 221 (81.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 84 (96)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Matthew Hoggard]] 3/33 (16.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 301/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (64.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[John Crawley]] 100[[not out|*]] (132)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 3/84 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 397 (109.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 109[[not out|*]] (190)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Matthew Hoggard]] 4/87 (24 overs)

| result = England won by 170 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63997.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lord's]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Nasser Hussain]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Simon Jones (cricketer)|Simon Jones]] (Eng) made his Test debut.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 8–12 August 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 357 (101.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Virender Sehwag]] 106 (183)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Matthew Hoggard]] 4/105 (35.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 617 (144.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Michael Vaughan]] 197 (258)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/110 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 424/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (115 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 115 (244)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dominic Cork]] 2/54 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63998.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Russell Tiffin]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Michael Vaughan]] (Eng)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Steve Harmison]], [[Rob Key]] (both Eng) and [[Parthiv Patel]] (Ind) made their Test debuts.
*At 17 years and 153 days, [[Parthiv Patel]] became Test cricket's youngest wicket-keeper.{{fact|date=August 2024}}
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 22–26 August 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 628/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (180.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 193 (330)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Andy Caddick]] 3/150 (40.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 273 (89 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Alec Stewart]] 78[[not out|*]] (120)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 3/40 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 309 ([[Follow-on|f/o]]; 110.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Nasser Hussain]] 110 (194)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/66 (29.5 overs)

| result = India won by an innings and 46 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63999.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Dave Orchard]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===4th Test===
{{Test match
| date = 5–9 September 2002
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 515 (155.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Michael Vaughan]] 195 (279)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 5/115 (38.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 508 (170 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 217 (468)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Andy Caddick]] 4/114 (43 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 114/0 (28 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Marcus Trescothick]] 58[[not out|*]] (98)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64000.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Asoka de Silva (cricketer)|Asoka de Silva]] (SL) and [[Dave Orchard]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rahul Dravid]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Last test of [[Dominic Cork]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* ''Playfair Cricket Annual''
* ''Wisden Cricketers Almanack'' (annual)

==External links==
*[http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/Tours_2002.html CricketArchive]

{{2002 English cricket season}}
{{International cricket in 2002}}
{{International cricket tours of England}}

[[Category:2002 in English cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2002]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of England|2002]]
[[Category:2002 in Indian cricket]]

Siege of Madurai

2026-03-19T14:13:16Z

ZitaKight7091: Created new info

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Madurai
| partof = Vijayanagara Campaigns In South
| image = View of Madurai.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Painting of Madurai
| date = 1595
| place = [[Madurai]], [[India]]
| result = [[Vijayanagar]] victory
| territory = * Muttu Virappa Nayaka acknowledged [[Venkatapati Raya]]'s Suzerainty
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}} [[Vijayanagar Empire]]
** [[Matli Chiefs]] {{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[Madurai Nayakas]]
| commander1 = [[Venkatapati Raya]] [[Matla Anantaraju]] Tirumala{{AWOL}}
| commander2 = Muttu Virappa Nayaka I
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}

The '''Siege of Madurai''' was a conflict between [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]] Venkatapati Raya marched against Virappa Nayaka who had stopped recognizing [[Vijayanagara]] authority. The emperor marched with a large army and surrounded [[Madurai]] trying to bring the city back under control. The [[Vijayanagara Army]] faced difficulties to capture the city because of some Vijayanagara commanders were bribed by Virappa Nayaka which weakened the attack. [[Venkatapati Raya]] eventually gained the upper hand. Virappa Nayaka was forced to submit and once again accepted the emperor’s authority.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sasrti |first=Hirananda |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56256 |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.-19 |date=1927|page=91}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnaswami Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai |url=http://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich |title=Sources of Vijayanagar history |date=1919 |page=81|publisher=[Madras] : The University of Madras |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgO2AAAAIAAJ&dq=Afzal+Khan+of+Kondavidu&pg=RA1-PA69 |title=Journal of Indian History |date=1926 |publisher=Department of History, University of Kerala |language=en|page=76}}</ref>

==Siege==
In 1595 AD Virappa Nayaka of Madurai rebelled against the [[Venkatapati Raya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Venkatapati Raya displeased with Virappa’s actions and his refusal to pay tribute marched with a strong army and laid siege to [[Madurai]]. The rebellion did not last long as Virappa Nayaka was soon defeated and forced to submit to the emperor. Soon after Virappa was succeeded by Krishnappa Nayaka II who accepted the overlordship of the Vijayanagara ruler [[Venkatapati Raya]].<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=S. p |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119514 |title=Readings In South Indian History |date=1977|pages=173–174}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |last=A. Krishna Swami |url=http://archive.org/details/tva-bok-0027340-tva-bok-0027340-the-tamil-country-under-vijayanagar |title=TVA BOK 0027340 TVA BOK 0027340 The Tamil Country Under Vijayanagar |date=2025-01-12|pages=305–307}}</ref>

===Details of siege in Chikkadevaraya vamsavali===
The Chikkadevaraya Vamsavali describes how [[Venkatapati Raya]] marched with a strong army and laid siege to Madurai after Virappa Nayaka stopped obeying imperial authority. Virappa managed to bribe some of the emperor’s commanders including his nephew Tirumala. Even with these setbacks [[Venkatapati Raya]] eventually defeated Virappa Nayaka. The ruler of [[Madurai]] had no choice but to submit, and he once again accepted the suzerainty of the Vijayanagara emperor.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/>

==See also==
* [[Madurai Nayakas]]
* [[Venkatapati Raya]]
* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Madurai Nayakas]]
[[Category:Battles involving Matli Chiefs]]

Dharamvir Bharati

2026-03-18T08:30:35Z

ZitaKight7091:

{{Short description|Indian Hindi poet and author (1926–1997)}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2008}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Dr. Dharamvir Bharati
| image = Dharamvir Bharti Konkani Vishwakosh.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Dharamvir Bharati
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1997|9|4|1926|12|25}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Writer (essayist, novelist, poet)
| nationality = Indian
| ethnicity =
| education = M.A. Hindi, PhD
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (novel)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]'' (1949, novel) ''[[The Sun's seventh horse (novel)|Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda]]'' (1952, novel) ''[[Andha Yug]]'' (1953, play)
| spouse = Kanta Bharti (married 1954) (first wife), Pushpa Bharti (second. wife)
| partner =
| children = daughter Parmita (first wife); son Kinshuk Bharati and a daughter Pragya Bharati (second wife)
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = 1972: [[Padma Shri|Padmashree]] 1984: Valley Turmeric Best Journalism Award 1988: Best Playwright Maharana Mewar Foundation Award 1989: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Rajendra Prasad Shikhar Samman Bharat Bharati Samman 1994: Maharashtra Gaurav Kaudiya Nyas Vyasa Samman
| signature =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Dharamvir Bharati''' (25 December 1926 – 4 September 1997) was a renowned [[Hindi]] poet, author, playwright and a social thinker of India. He was the chief editor of the popular Hindi weekly magazine ''[[Dharmayug]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=A trio of aces|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-trio-of-aces/articleshow/5879058.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-01/india/28306316_1_ram-leela-lord-ram-common-man |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2010 }}</ref> from 1960 till 1987.<ref name=b>The Illustrated weekly of India: Volume 108, Issues 39–50, 1987.</ref>

Bharati was awarded the [[Padma Shree]] for literature in 1972 by the Government of India. His novel ''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (novel)|Gunaho Ka Devta]]'' became a classic. Bharati's ''[[The Sun's seventh horse (novel)|Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda]]'' is considered a unique experiment in story-telling and was made into a [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]]-winning movie by [[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda|the same name]] in 1992 by [[Shyam Benegal]]. ''[[Andha Yug]]'', a play set immediately after the [[Mahabharata]] war, is a classic that is frequently performed in public by drama groups.

He was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in Playwriting (Hindi) in 1988, given by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy of Music, Dance and Drama.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Early life==
Dharamvir Bharati was born on 25 December 1926 in a [[Kayastha]] Family of [[Allahabad]] to Chiranji Lal and Chanda devi. The family underwent considerable financial hardships after his father died early. He had a sister, Dr. Veerbala.

He did his MA in Hindi from [[Allahabad University]] in 1946<ref name="Project MUSE">{{cite journal |title=About the Playwright and Translator |date=2010|journal=Manoa|volume=22|issue=1|publisher= University of Hawai'i Press|pages=142–143|doi=10.1353/man.0.0086}}</ref> and won the "Chintamani Ghosh Award" for securing highest marks in Hindi.

Dharamvir Bharati was the sub-editor for magazines ''Abhyudaya'' and ''Sangam'' during this period. He completed his PhD in 1954 under Dr. Dhirendra Verma on the topic of "Siddha Sahitya" and was appointed lecturer in [[Hindi]] at Allahabad University. The 1950s were the most creative period in Bharati's life: He wrote many novels, dramas, poems, essays, and critical works during this phase.

===Journalism (Mumbai)===
In 1960 he was appointed as chief-editor of the popular [[Hindi]] weekly magazine ''[[Dharmayug]]'' by the [[Times Group]] and moved to Bombay. He remained the editor of ''Dharmayug'' till 1987. During this long phase the magazine became the most popular Hindi weekly of the country and reached new heights in Hindi journalism.<ref name="Project MUSE"/> As a field reporter, Bharati personally covered the Indo-Pak war that resulted in the liberation of [[Bangladesh]].

==Personal life==
Dr Bharati married in 1954 and later divorced Kanta Bharati with whom he had a daughter: Parmita. A few years later he married [[Pushpa Bharati]] and had a son,Kinshuk Bharati, and a daughter, Pragya Bharati, with her.

Dr. Bharati developed heart ailments and died after a brief illness in 1997.<ref name="Project MUSE"/>

==Prominent works==

===Novels===

*''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (novel)|Gunaho Ka Devta]]'' (गुनाहों का देवता) (1949)
*''[[The Sun's seventh horse (novel)|Suraj ka Satwan Ghoda]]'' (सूरज का सातवां घोड़ा, 1952) (The Seventh Steed of the Sun) — A short novel published in 1952 that may be viewed as a set of connected mini-narratives can be called one of the foremost instances of [[metafiction]] in 20th century Hindi literature. The protagonist is a young man named [[Manik Mulla]] who recounts these tales to his friends. The name of the work is an allusion to Hindu mythology according to which the chariot of the Sun-God [[Surya]] is said to be drawn by seven horses.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of Indian literature: Modern Indo-Arayan literatures, part I. |author=Peter Gaeffke |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1978|isbn=3-447-01614-0 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urN55PYoaSgC&q=gunahon+ka+devta+dharamvir&pg=PA62 }}</ref> (viz. seven days in a week). This novella has been translated into Bengali by poet [[Malay Roy Choudhury]] of [[Hungry generation]] fame, for which he was bestowed with the Sahitya Academy Award. [[Shyam Benegal]]'s film [[Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda|by the same name]] (1992), based on the novel, won the National Film Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{IMDb name|0080250}}</ref>
*''Gyarah sapno ka desh'' (ग्यारह सपनों का देश)
*''Prarambh va Samapan'' (प्रारंभ व समापन)

===Poetry===

Kanupriya, Thanda Loha, Saat Geet Varsh, Sapana Abhi Bhi and Toota Pahiya are amongst his most popular works of poetry. Toota Pahiya tells a story of how a broken wheel helped Abhimanyu in the Mahabharata war.

===Play in poetry===

''[[Andha Yug]]'' (The Age of Blindness) is a poetic play. Structured on events in the [[Mahabharata]], ''[[Andha Yug]]'' focuses on the last day of the Mahabharata war. It is a powerful metaphorical work. It has been directed by [[Ebrahim Alkazi]], [[Raj Bisaria]], [[M.K. Raina]], [[Ratan Thiyam]], [[Arvind Gaur]], [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]], [[Mohan Maharishi]], [[Bhanu Bharti]] [Pravin kumar gunjan ][Dr. Ashutosh Mhaskar]and many other Indian theatre directors.

===Story collections===

Drow Ka gaon (र्दों का गाव), Swarg aur Prathvhi (स्वर्ग और पृथ्वी), Chand aur Tute hue Log (चाँद और टूटे हुए लोग), Band gali Ka Aakhkri Makaan (बंद गली का आखिरी मकान), Saas ki Kalam se (सास की कलम से), Samasta Kahaniya ek Saath (समस्त कहानियाँ एक साथ)

===Essays===

Thele par Himalayas (ठेले पर हिमालय), Pashyanti stories: Ankahi (पश्यंती कहानियाँ :अनकही), The river was thirsty (नदी प्यासी थी), Neel Lake (नील झील), Human values and literature (मानव मूल्य और साहित्य), Cold iron (ठंडा लोहा)

===Film about Bharati===

''Dr. Bharati'': documentary directed by young story writer Uday Prakash for Sahitya Akademi, Delhi, 1999

==Awards==
*[[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India, 1972
*Rajendra Prasad Shikhar Samman
*Bharat Bharati Samman
*Maharashtra Gaurav, 1994
*Kaudiya Nyas
*[[Vyasa Samman]]
*1984, Valley turmeric best journalism awards
*1988, best playwright Maharana Mewar Foundation Award
*1989, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Delhi

==Translations==

* ''Andha Yug'': Dharamvir Bharati, translated in English by Alok Bhalla, published by Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-567213-8}}, {{ISBN|0-19-567213-5}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101211095019/http://www.dharamvirbharati.com/ Official website of Dharamvir Bharati]
* [http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80 Dharamvir Bharti at Kavita Kosh] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130415075658/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80 |date=15 April 2013 }} (Hindi)
* [http://www.geeta-kavita.com/hindi_sahitya.asp?id=38 Remembring Bharati Ji: An article by his sister Dr. Veerbala: यादें भैया की] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203123846/http://www.geeta-kavita.com/hindi_sahitya.asp?id=38 |date=3 December 2016 }}
* [http://www.geeta-kavita.com/hindi_sahitya.asp?id=35 Remembering Bharati Ji: An article by Prof. Rajiv Krishna Saxena: मामा जीः कुछ संस्मरण] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203123648/http://www.geeta-kavita.com/hindi_sahitya.asp?id=35 |date=3 December 2016 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharati, Dharamvir}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language journalists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Hindi dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

List of districts of Assam

2026-03-16T03:08:44Z

ZitaKight7091: added references after review per sources

{{Short description|List containing the districts of the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

[[Assam]], a [[Northeast India|northeastern]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[India]], is divided into 35 administrative geographical units called ''districts''. Assam has 35 districts.

==List of districts by divisions==
[[File:Assam districts map.svg|thumb|400px|Map of districts of Assam, by division:
{{Legend-col|
{{Legend|#00D654|[[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]}}
|{{Legend|#CE88E0|[[North Assam Division|North Assam]]}}
|{{Legend|#FF8182|[[Upper Assam division|Upper Assam]]}}
|{{Legend|#FFCD00|[[Central Assam division|Central Assam]]}}
|{{Legend|#FE8029|[[Barak Valley]]}}
}}]]

{| class="wikitable"
! [[Lower Assam division]] (HQ – [[Guwahati]])
! [[North Assam division]] (HQ –[[Tezpur]])
! [[Upper Assam division]] (HQ –[[Jorhat]])
! [[Central Assam division]] (HQ –[[Nagaon]])
! [[Barak Valley|Barak Valley division]] (HQ – [[Silchar]])
|- style="vertical-align:top;"|
|
* [[Baksa district|Baksa]]
* [[Bajali district|Bajali]]
* [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]
* [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]
* [[Chirang district|Chirang]]
* [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]
* [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]
* [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]
* [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
* [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
* [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
* [[South Salmara-Mankachar district|South Salmara-Mankachar]]
* [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]]
|
* [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]
* [[Darrang district|Darrang]]
* [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]
* [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]
|
* [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]
* [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]
* [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]
* [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
* [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]
* [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
* [[Majuli district|Majuli]]
* [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]
* [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]
|
* [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]]
* [[Hojai district|Hojai]]
* [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]
* [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]
* [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]
* [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]
|
* [[Cachar district|Cachar]]
* [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]
* [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]]
|}

==Administrations ==
A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by the District Commissioner (DC), which combines the offices of the District Magistrate ultimately responsible for maintaining law and order and District Collector responsible for collection of the revenue. Generally, an officer belonging to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] becomes the DC but occasionally officers belonging to the Assam Civil Service do get appointed. The DC is assisted by a number of officials belonging to different wings of the administrative services of the state.

The districts of Assam are grouped together in [Divisions of Assam, five regional divisions], headed by a Commissioner. A superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to [[Indian Police Service]] is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues. The police administration in [[Guwahati]] City is headed by the Commissioner of Police, which started functioning from 1 January 2015.

==History==
[[File:AssamProvince1936 Map.png|thumb|District of Assam, British India – 1936]]
[[File:Assam 1950.svg|thumb|District of undivided Assam – 1950]]

Before India's independence in 1947, Assam had 13 districts. The districts were [[Cachar]] (14 August 1832), [[Darrang]] (1833), [[Goalpara]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Nagaon]], [[Sivasagar]], Jayantia parganas, Garo hills, Lushai hills, Naga hills, Sylhet and NEFA. The British India protectorate 4 princely states under Assam state were Tripura, Khasi states, Koch Bihar and Manipur (included during Independence). Sylhet district had been given to East Pakistan at the time of the Partition. After many inclusion and exclusion during the independence and later till 1972, Assam formed the present shape with its prime 7 districts. The other 6 districts curved out of Assam; Jayantia, Garo and Khasi were combined and became [[Meghalya]] State; Lushiai hills became [[Mizoram]]; Naga hills became [[Nagaland]]; NEFA became [[Arunachal Pradesh]]; the both princely states [[Tripura]] and [[Manipur]] included in Assam and later separated as state and Koch Bihar became part of West Bengal.

On 17 November 1951, United Mikir and North Cachar Hills district curved out of Golaghat, Nagaon, Cachar, Jayantia and Naga hills districts.

On 2 February 1970, Mikir Hills district curved out of North Cachar Hills.

On 2 October 1976, [[Dibrugarh district]] curved out of Lakhimpur and the Name of Mikir Hills district changed to [[Karbi Anglong district]].

On 1 July 1983, [[Barpeta district]] curved out of Kamrup; On 14 July [[Sonitpur district]] curved out of Darrang; [[Jorhat district]] curved out of Sibsagar, [[Dhubri district]] and [[Kokrajhar district]] curved out of Goalpara; [[Karimganj district]] curved out of Cachar.

On 14 August 1985, [[Nalbari district]] curved out of Kamrup.

On 15 August 1987, [[Golaghat district]] curved out of Sibsagar.

On 29 September 1989, [[Hailakandi district]] curved out of Cachar and [[Bongaigaon district]] curved out of Goalpara and Kokrajhar. On 1 October [[Tinsukia district]] curved out of Dibrugarh. On 14 October [[Dhemaji district]] curved out of Lakhimpur and on 26 November [[Marigaon district]] curved out of Nagaon.

On 3 February 2003, [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]] curved out of Kamrup.

On 1 June 2004, [[Baksa district]] curved out of Barpeta, Nalbari, and Kamrup; on 4 June, [[Chirang district]] curved out of Bongaigaon and Kokrajhar. On 14 June, [[Udalguri district]] curved out of Darrang and Sonitpur; along with [[Kokrajhar district]] formed [[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTAD]].

On 1 April 2010, the name of North Cachar Hills district changed to [[Dima Hasao]].

On 15 August 2015, [[Tarun Gogoi]], [[List of Chief Ministers of Assam|the Chief Minister of Assam]], announced the formation of five new districts in the state,<ref name="5 new districts">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cm-tarun-gogoi-announces-5-new-districts-in-assam-on-independence-day-2114724 | title=CM Tarun Gogoi announces 5 new districts in Assam on Independence Day | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=15 August 2015 | agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] | location=[[Guwahati]] | access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> taking the total number from 27 to 32. The five new districts are the following:<ref name="5 new districts"/><ref name="NewDistZee">{{cite news | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/assam/assam-gets-five-more-districts_1647470.html | title=Assam gets five more districts | work=[[Zee News]] | date=15 August 2015 | agency=IANS | location=[[Guwahati]] | access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref> [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]] (carved out of [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]); [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]] (carved out of [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]); [[Hojai district|Hojai]] (carved out of [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]); [[South Salmara-Mankachar District|South Salmara-Mankachar]] (carved out of [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]); [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]] (carved out of [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]).

On 26 January 2016, 2 more districts were announced, but on 7 October 2016, the government has withdrawn district status of [[East Kamrup district|East Kamrup]] and [[South Kamrup district|South Kamrup]] due to inadequate infrastructure. The two sub-divisions of East Kamrup district - viz. Chandrapur and Sonapur, is now part of [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]]. The sub-divisions of South Kamrup district is now part of Kamrup Rural district.

On 27 June 2016, one more district was announced by [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], taking the total number from 32 to 33 which is [[Majuli district|Majuli]] (carved out of the Northern parts of [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]). It is the first river island district of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://hindustantimes.com/indianews/assam-majuli-to-become-india-s-first-river-island-district/story-hzFoxSUxh3IpRpSeIqrhtM.html | title=Assam: Majuli becomes 1st river island district of India| work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=27 June 2016| location=[[Guwahati]] |access-date=28 June 2016}}</ref>

On 8 August 2020, the Assam cabinet approved a proposal to make [[Bajali district|Bajali]] (curved out of [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]) the 34th district of Assam.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bajali-to-become-the-34th-full-fledged-district-of-assam-494424
| title='Bajali' to become the 34th full-fledged district of Assam
| work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] | date=8 August 2020| location=[[Guwahati]] |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The Assam Cabinet headed by Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] approved the proposal to make Tamulpur curved out of [[Baksa district]] a full-fledged district.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 July 2021|title= Assam Budget 2021: Tamulpur Proposed To Be Created As New District|url=https://www.newsdaily24.in/details/2437/Assam%20Budget%202021:%20Tamulpur%20Proposed%20To%20Be%20Created%20As%20New%20District
|access-date=24 January 2022|website=www.newsdaily24.in|language=en}}</ref> On 23 January 2022, [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]] was formally declared as a 35th district of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=24 January 2021|title=Assam Govt Forms Tamulpur As New District In State|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-govt-forms-tamulpur-as-new-district-in-state-574587
|access-date=24 January 2022|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref>

On 31 December 2022, the Assam Cabinet decided to merge four newly carved districts with existing four districts.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Kangkan Kalita|date=1 January 2023 |title=Assam merges 4 new districts with 4 others ahead of 'delimitation' {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-merges-4-new-districts-with-4-others-ahead-of-delimitation/articleshow/96653756.cms |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> These districts were,
* [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]] with Baksa
* [[Bajali district|Bajali]] with Barpeta
* [[Hojai district|Hojai]] with Nagaon
* [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]] with Sonitpur

Assam Chief Minister Himanta Bisha Sarma said it is a temporary measure before ECI delimitation process in the state and government may reconsider it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protests In Assam Over Move To Merge 4 Districts With Existing Ones |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/protests-in-assam-over-move-to-merge-4-districts-with-existing-ones-3653865 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

On 25 August 2023, Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced the decision to recreate the four newly merged districts of [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]], [[Hojai district|Hojai]], [[Bajali district|Bajali]], and [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]] from their original districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Cabinet decides to 'create' 4 districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/assam-cabinet-decides-to-create-4-districts/article67235407.ece |access-date=1 November 2023|website=thehindu.com}}</ref> Therefore, the total number of districts in Assam has once again become 35.

==Districts==

The areas and populations of the 35 districts are given below:<ref>The Office of Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2022 |title=Assam merges 4 districts, redraws boundaries ahead of EC's delimitation deadline |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-merges-4-districts-redraws-14-boundaries-ahead-of-delimitation-deadline-101672483337819.html |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

{{static row numbers}}{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sticky-header"
|- class="static-row-header"
! Districts
! Headquarters
! style="min-width:7em;"|Formation day
! Population (2011)<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title= District Census 2011 |publisher=Census2011.co.in }}</ref>
! Area (km²)
! Population Density (/km²)
! class="unsortable" | Map
|-
| [[Baksa district|Baksa]]# ||[[Mushalpur]]
| ||950,075|| 2,457|| 387 || [[File:Baksa in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Bajali district|Bajali]]|| [[Pathsala]]
| ||253,816 || 418 || 610 || [[File:Bajali in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]]|| [[Barpeta]]
| || 1,693,622|| 3182|| 532 || [[File:Barpeta in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Biswanath district|Biswanath]]|| [[Biswanath Chariali]]
| ||612,491 || 1415 || 430 || [[File:Biswanath in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]]|| [[Bongaigaon]]
| || 738,804|| 1,093|| 676 || [[File:Bongaigaon in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Cachar district|Cachar]]|| [[Silchar]]
| || 1,736,319|| 3,786|| 459 || [[File:Cachar in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Charaideo district|Charaideo]]<ref name="5 new districts"/> ||[[Sonari]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Charaideo inaugurated as a new dist|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1516/state050|newspaper=Assam Tribune|access-date=15 February 2016}}</ref>
| ||471,418 || 1,069|| 441 || [[File:Charaideo in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Chirang district|Chirang]]# ||[[Kajalgaon]]
| ||482,162|| 1,170|| 412 || [[File:Chirang in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Darrang district|Darrang]]|| [[Mangaldai]]
| || 928,500|| 1,585|| 586 || [[File:Darrang in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]|| [[Dhemaji]]
| {{date table sorting|14 October 1989}} || 686,133|| 3,237|| 212 || [[File:Dhemaji in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]]|| [[Dhubri]]
| || 1,394,144|| 1,608|| 867 || [[File:Dhubri in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]]|| [[Dibrugarh]]
| {{date table sorting|2 October 1971}} || 1,326,335 || 3,381 || 392 || [[File:Dibrugarh in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Dima Hasao district|Dima Hasao]]## || [[Haflong]]
| || 214,102|| 4,890|| 44 || [[File:Dima Hasao in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]]|| [[Goalpara]]
| || 1,008,183|| 1,824|| 553 || [[File:Goalpara in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]|| [[Golaghat]]
| {{date table sorting|15 August 1987}}|| 1,066,888|| 3,502|| 305 || [[File:Golaghat in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]|| [[Hailakandi]]
| || 659,296|| 1,327|| 497 || [[File:Hailakandi in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Hojai district|Hojai]]|| [[Sankardev Nagar]]
| || 931,218|| 1,686 || 550 || [[File:Hojai in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]]|| [[Jorhat]]
| || 924,952|| 2,851|| 324 || [[File:Jorhat in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]|| [[Guwahati]]
| ||1,253,938 || 1,528|| 821 || [[File:Kamrup Metropolitan in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]]|| [[Amingaon]]
| ||1,517,542 || 3,105|| 489 || [[File:Kamrup in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]]###|| [[Diphu]]
| {{date table sorting|2 February 1970}}|| 660,955|| 7,366|| 90 || [[File:Karbi Anglong in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [SRIBHUMI district |[[Karimganj district|Sribhumi]]|| [[Karimganj]]
| ||1,228,686 || 1,809|| 679 || [[File:Karimganj in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]# || [[Kokrajhar]]
| ||887,142 || 3,169|| 280 || [[File:Kokrajhar in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]|| [[North Lakhimpur]]
| ||1,042,137 || 2,277|| 458 || [[File:Lakhimpur in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Majuli district|Majuli]]||[[Garamur]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Majuli to function as new district from today|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=sep0816/at050|newspaper=Assam Tribune|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref>
| || 167,304 || 880|| 190 || [[File:Majuli in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]]|| [[Morigaon]]
| ||957,423 || 1,704|| 562 || [[File:Morigaon in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]]|| [[Nagaon]]
| || 2,823,768|| 3,973|| 711 || [[File:Nagaon in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]|| [[Nalbari]]
| ||771,639 || 2,257|| 342 || [[File:Nalbari in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]|| [[Sivasagar]]
| || 679,632|| 2,668|| 255 || [[File:Sivasagar in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]]|| [[Tezpur]]
| || 1,924,110|| 3,176|| 606 || [[File:Sonitpur in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[South Salmara district|South Salmara-Mankachar]]<ref name="5 new districts"/> ||[[Hatsingimari]]<ref>{{cite news|title=South Salmara-Mankachar dist inaugurated|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1116/state051|newspaper=Assam Tribune|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| || 555,114 || 568 || 977 || [[File:South Salmara-Mankachar in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]]|| [[Tamulpur]]
| || 389,150 || 884 || 440 || [[File:Tamulpur in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]]|| [[Tinsukia]]
| {{date table sorting|1 October 1989}} ||1,327,929 || 3,790|| 350 || [[File:Tinsukia in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]]# ||[[Udalguri]]
| ||831,688 || 1,852|| 449 || [[File:Udalguri in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| [[West Karbi Anglong district|West Karbi Anglong]]###<ref name="5 new districts"/> || [[Hamren]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb1216/state054|title=West Karbi Anglong district inaugurated|access-date=11 February 2016|newspaper=Assam Tribune}}</ref>
| {{date table sorting|15 August 2016}}||295,358
| 3,035 || 97 || [[File:West Karbi Anglong in Assam (India).svg|100px]]
|}

# [[Bodoland Territorial Region#Districts|Districts]] within the [[Bodoland Territorial Region|BTAD]]

## Districts under [[North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council|NC Hill autonomy]]

### Districts under [[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council|KA autonomy]]

== Demand for new districts ==
{{anchor | New | Demand }}

; Implementation of the "Co-District" model
Rather than notifying new standalone districts, the Government of Assam has opted for a decentralization strategy through the creation of "co-districts" (Assamese: Xama-Zilla). This model aims to provide district-level services within existing legislative assembly constituencies (LACs) without the full overhead of a new district.<ref name="Sentinel2025">{{cite news |last=Staff Reporter |date=15 May 2025 |title=Assam: Ten more co-districts created for administrative decentralization |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-ten-more-co-districts-created-for-administrative-decentralization |work=The Sentinel |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>

; Key milestones achieved in this model include:
* Phase I: In late 2024, 39 co-districts were established.<ref name="Sentinel2025"/>
* Phase II: In August 2025, 10 additional co-districts were notified including Digboi, Makum, Mariani, Teok, and Boko-Chhaygaon, bringing the total number of existing co-districts to 49.<ref name="Sentinel2025"/><ref name="Hindu2025">{{cite news |agency=PTI |date=12 August 2025 |title=Assam to have 10 new co-districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/assam-to-have-10-new-co-districts/article69923263.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Statesman2025">{{cite news |last=SNS Service |date=14 May 2025 |title=Assam to operationalise 10 new co-districts by August 15 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/assam-to-operationalise-10-new-co-districts-by-august-15-1503432550.html |work=The Statesman |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>

; Future Plans:
The state has announced a long-term goal of expanding the existing list of 49 co-districts to 78 across Assam to ensure "minimum government, maximum governance".<ref name="Sentinel2025"/><ref name="Pragyanxetu2024">{{cite web |date=4 October 2024 |title=Sub-districts of Assam now will be known as Co-districts |url=https://pragyanxetu.com/sub-districts-of-assam-now-will-be-known-as-co-districts/ |website=Pragyanxetu |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="KokrajharGov2025">{{cite report |title=Tender Extension Notice - Gossaigaon Sub-Division |url=https://kokrajhar.assam.gov.in/sites/default/files/public_utility/Tender_Extension_Relief_Gossaigaon.pdf |publisher=District Administration Kokrajhar, Government of Assam |date=5 April 2025 |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[List of districts in India]]
* [[List of big cities in North East India]]
* [[List of subdivisions of Assam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Districts of India}}

==External links==
* [https://igod.gov.in/sg/AS/E042/organizations Districts of Assam]

[[Category:Districts of Assam|*]]

Trade

2026-03-16T00:47:05Z

ZitaKight7091: reworked article additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Exchange of goods and services}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{About |the economic mechanism}}
[[File:Kaufmann-1568.png|thumb|upright|Two traders in 16th-century Germany]]
[[File:MercadodeSanJuandeDios.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[San Juan de Dios Market]] in [[Guadalajara, Jalisco]]]]
[[File: Earle, Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law, 1909 Title.jpg|thumb|''[[s:The Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law|The Liberty to Trade as Buttressed by National Law]]'' (1909) by [[George Howard Earle, Jr.]]]]
{{Business administration}}

'''Trade''' involves the transfer of [[goods and services]] from one person or entity to another, often in exchange for [[money]]. Economists refer to a [[system]] or network that allows trade as a [[market (economics)|market]].

Traders generally negotiate through a medium of credit or exchange, such as money. Though some economists characterize [[barter]] (i.e. trading things without the use of money<ref name="Samuelson1939">{{cite journal |last1=Samuelson |first1=P. |date=1939 |title=The Gains from International Trade |journal=Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Economiques et Science Politique |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |doi=10.2307/137133 |jstor=137133}}</ref>) as an early form of trade, [[History of money#Emergence of money|money was invented]] before written history began. Letters of [[credit (finance)|credit]], [[paper money]], and [[digital currency|non-physical money]] have greatly simplified and promoted trade as '''buying''' can be separated from '''selling''', or [[Earnings|earning]]. Trade between two traders is called [[bilateral trade]], while trade involving more than two traders is called [[Multilateral treaty|multilateral trade]].

In one modern view, trade exists due to specialization and the [[division of labor]], a predominant form of [[economic activity]] in which individuals and groups concentrate on a small aspect of production, but use their output in trade for other products and needs.<ref name="DollarKraay2004">{{cite journal |last1=Dollar |first1=D. |last2=Kraay |first2=A. |date=2004 |title=Trade, Growth, and Poverty |url=http://econ.worldbank.org/files/1820_dollar.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Economic Journal |volume=114 |issue=493 |pages=F22–F49 |citeseerx=10.1.1.509.1584 |doi=10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00186.x |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040307191641/http://econ.worldbank.org/files/1820_dollar.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-07 |access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref> Trade exists between regions because different regions may have a [[comparative advantage]] (perceived or real) in the production of some trade-able goods{{snd}}including the production of scarce or limited natural resources elsewhere. For example, different regions' sizes may encourage [[mass production]]. In such circumstances, trading at [[market price]] between locations can benefit both locations. Different types of traders may specialize in trading different kinds of goods; for example, the [[spice trade]] and [[grain trade]] have both historically been important in the development of a global, international economy. [[Retail]] trade consists of the [[sales|sale]] of goods or [[merchandise]] from a fixed location,<ref>Compare [[peddling]] and other types of retail trade:{{cite book
| editor1-last = Hoffman
| editor1-first = K. Douglas
| title = Marketing principles and best practices
| url = https://www.shantraader.co.in/
| edition = 3
| publisher = Thomson/South-Western
| date = 2005
| page = 407
| isbn = 978-0-324-22519-8
| access-date = 2018-05-03
| quote = Five types of nonstore retailing will be discussed: street peddling, direct selling, mail-order, automatic-merchandising machine operators, and electronic shopping.
| archive-date = 2022-10-22
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221022165517/https://www.shantraader.co.in/
| url-status = live
}}</ref> [[e-commerce|online]] or [[mail order|by mail]], in small or individual lots for direct [[consumption (economics)|consumption]] or use by the purchaser.<ref name="fas">{{cite web | date= 2000-02-09 | url= http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/factsheets/China/distribution.html | title= Distribution Services | publisher= [[Foreign Agricultural Service]] | access-date= 2006-04-04 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060515063319/http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/factsheets/China/distribution.html | archive-date= 2006-05-15 }}</ref> [[Wholesale]] trade is the traffic in goods that are sold as merchandise to [[retailer]]s, industrial, commercial, institutional, or other professional [[business]] users, or to other wholesalers and related subordinated services.

Historically, openness to [[free trade]] substantially increased in some areas from 1815 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Trade openness increased again during the 1920s but collapsed (in particular in Europe and North America) during the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s. Trade openness increased substantially again from the 1950s onward (albeit with a slowdown during the [[1973 oil crisis|oil crisis of the 1970s]]). Economists and [[economic historians]] contend that current levels of trade openness are the highest they have ever been.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= Federico|first1= Giovanni|last2= Tena-Junguito|first2= Antonio|date= 2019|journal= Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History|volume= 37|issue= 1|pages= 9–41|doi= 10.1017/S0212610918000216|issn=0212-6109|title= World Trade, 1800-1938: A New Synthesis|doi-access= free|hdl= 10016/36110|hdl-access= free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://voxeu.org/article/world-trade-historical-database|title= The World Trade Historical Database|last1= Federico|first1= Giovanni|last2= Tena-Junguito|first2= Antonio|date= 2018-07-28|website= VoxEU.org|access-date= 2019-10-07|archive-date= 2019-10-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191007142603/https://voxeu.org/article/world-trade-historical-database|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1= Bown|first1= C. P.|date= 2016-01-01|url= http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/research-files/repec/cam/pdf/cwpe1624.pdf|volume= 1|pages= 3–108|editor-last= Bagwell|editor-first= Kyle|publisher= North-Holland|access-date= 2019-10-07|last2= Crowley|first2= M. A.|title= The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy|series= Handbook of Commercial Policy|doi= 10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015|hdl= 10986/24161|isbn= 978-0444632807|editor2-last= Staiger|editor2-first= Robert W.|archive-date= 2021-02-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210225171856/http://www.econ.cam.ac.uk/research-files/repec/cam/pdf/cwpe1624.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Trade'' is from [[Middle English language|Middle English]] ''trade'' ("path, course of conduct"), introduced into English by Hanseatic merchants, from [[Middle Low German language|Middle Low German]] ''trade'' ("track, course"), from [[Old Saxon language|Old Saxon]] ''trada'' ("spoor, track"), from [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*tradō'' ("track, way"), and cognate with [[Old English]] ''tredan'' ("to tread").

''[[Commerce]]'' is derived from the [[Latin]] ''commercium'', from ''cum'' "together" and ''merx'', "merchandise."<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Commerce|volume=6|page=766}}</ref>
rvkdharwadglish by Hanseatic merchants, from [[Middle Low German language|Middle Low German]] ''trade'' ("track, course"), from [[Old Saxon language|Old Saxon]] ''trada'' ("spoor, track"), from [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*tradō'' ("track, way"), and cognate with [[Old English]] ''tredan'' ("to tread").

==History==
{{See also|Economic history of the world| Timeline of international trade}}

===Prehistory===
Trade originated from [[history of communication|human communication]] in [[prehistoric]] times. Prehistoric peoples exchanged goods and services with each other in a [[gift economy]] before the innovation of modern-day currency. Recent research finds evidence that early humans developed trade networks for obsidian 15,000 years ago as well as ostrich egg shell beads 50,000 years ago.<ref name="Padilla-Iglesias, Cecilia">{{citation |last1=Padilla-Iglesias |first1=Cecilia |title=Did Humanity Really Arise in One Place? |year=2023 |url=https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/human-evolution-east-africa/}}</ref><ref name="Blegen, Nick">{{citation |last1=Blegen |first1=Nick |title=The Earliest Long-Distance Obsidian Transport: Evidence From the ∼200 ka Middle Stone Age Sibilo School Road Site, Baringo, Kenya |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |year=2017 |volume=103 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.11.002 |pmid=28166905 |bibcode=2017JHumE.103....1B |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248416301956/|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Miller & Wang (2021)">{{citation |last1=Miller |first1=Jennifer M. |last2=Wang |first2=Yiming V. |title=Ostrich eggshell beads reveal 50,000-year-old social network in Africa |journal=Nature |year=2021 |volume=601 |issue=7892 |pages=234–239 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04227-2 |pmid=34931044 |pmc=8755535 }}</ref>

In the Mediterranean region, the earliest contact between cultures involved members of the species ''Homo sapiens'', principally using the Danube river, at a time beginning 35,000–30,000 [[Before Present|BP]].<ref name="Abulafia, Rackham, Suano">{{citation |last1=Abulafia |first1=D. |title=The Mediterranean in History |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cvrq-Vs-2wC |access-date=2019-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511162132/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cvrq-Vs-2wC |archive-date=2021-05-11 |url-status=live |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-1-60606-057-5 |quote=the Danube played an extremely important role in connecting East and West before the Mediterranean became the main link between these regions. This period runs for about 25,000 years, from 35,000/30,000 to around 10,000/8,000 before the present. |last2=Rackham |first2=O. |last3=Suano |first3=M. |orig-year=2008}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite book |last1=Barbier |first1=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlveCgAAQBAJ |title=Nature and Wealth: Overcoming Environmental Scarcity and Inequality |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1137403391 |chapter=The Origins of Economic Wealth |quote=Even before domestication of plants and animals occurred, long-distance trading networks were prominent among some hunter-gathering societies, such as the Natufians and other sedentary populations who inhabited the Eastern Mediterranean around 12,000–10,000 BC. |access-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061931/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlveCgAAQBAJ |archive-date=5 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | editor-first=Vilhjalmur | editor-last=Stefansson | editor2-first=Olive Rathbun | editor2-last=Wilcox | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdJrngEACAAJ&q=%C2%A0ISBN%C2%A01-4179-9090-2 | access-date=2020-01-23 | title=Great Adventures and Explorations: From the Earliest Times to the Present As Told by the Explorers Themselves | publisher=Literary Licensing | year=2013 | isbn=978-1258868482 }}</ref><ref>National Maritime Historical Society. [https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+30%2C000+BC&btnG= ''Sea History'', Issues 13–25]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915115458/https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+30%2C000+BC&btnG=|date=2018-09-15}}, published by National Maritime Historical Society 1979. Retrieved 2012-06-26.</ref>{{qn|date=September 2019}}

[[File:Caduceus.svg|left|thumb|upright=0.45|The [[caduceus]], traditionally associated with [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] (the Roman patron-god of merchants), continues in use as a symbol of commerce.<ref>Hans Biedermann, James Hulbert (trans.), ''Dictionary of Symbolism Cultural Icons and the Meanings behind Them'', p. 54.</ref>]][[File:Attic red-figure Pottery in the Eremitage Sankt Petersburg.jpg|thumb| [[Etruscan art|Ancient Etruscan]] "[[aryballoi]]" terracota vessels unearthed in the 1860s at Bolshaya Bliznitsa tumulus near [[Phanagoria]], [[Southern Russia|South Russia]] (formerly part of the [[Bosporan Kingdom]] of [[Cimmerian Bosporus]], present-day [[Taman Peninsula]]); on exhibit at the [[Hermitage Museum]] in [[Saint Petersburg]]]]
There is evidence of the exchange of [[obsidian]] and [[flint]] during the [[Stone Age]]. Trade in obsidian is believed to have taken place in [[New Guinea]] from 17,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gary George|last= Lowder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcESAQAAIAAJ |title=Studies in volcanic petrology: I. Talasea, New Guinea. II. Southwest Utah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061518/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcESAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=2021-02-05|publisher= University of California|date= 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Darvill
| first1 = Timothy
| author-link1 = Timothy Darvill
| chapter = obsidian
| title = Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C
| series = Oxford Quick Reference
| edition = 2
| location = Oxford
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| date = 2008
| isbn = 978-0191579042
| access-date = 7 September 2019
| quote = [...] obsidian from [[Talasea]] was traded from at least 17 000 BC.
| archive-date = 5 February 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062256/https://books.google.com/books?id=gzEclkBq0u0C
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

{{quote |The earliest use of obsidian in the Near East dates to the Lower and Middle paleolithic.<ref>[[Prince Mikasa|HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito]] – [https://books.google.com/books?id=EtiKgdv7C3IC&dq=obsidian+trade&pg=PA141 ''Essays on Anatolian Archaeology''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185831/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtiKgdv7C3IC&pg=PA141&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h9vcT6bWCcGH8gOlvKCOCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false |date=2015-09-05 }} Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1993 Retrieved 2012-06-16</ref>| [[Takahito, Prince Mikasa|HIH Prince Mikasa no Miya Takahito]] }}
[[Robert Carr Bosanquet]] investigated trade in the Stone Age by excavations in 1901.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDs6AQAAIAAJ |title=The Athenaeum |publisher=J. Francis |year=1904 |editor=Rendall |editor-first=Vernon Horace |access-date=2016-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111030725/https://books.google.com/books?id=LDs6AQAAIAAJ |archive-date=2020-01-11 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Donald A. Mackenzie. [[iarchive:in.gov.ignca.2457/page/n360| Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe]] – [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/moc/moc19.htm published 1917]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411124523/https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/moc/moc19.htm|date=2021-04-11}} – {{ISBN|1-60506-375-4}}. Retrieved 2012-06-09.</ref> The first clear archaeological evidence of trade in manufactured goods is found in south west Asia.<ref>{{citation |author=Smith |first=R. L. |title=Premodern Trade in World History |date=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewjeoio1U-QC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA20 |access-date=2012-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191139/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewjeoio1U-QC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA20 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |url-status=live |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-42476-9}}</ref><ref>P. Singh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RLTPocdhIC&q=obsidian+trade Neolithic cultures of western Asia], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184028/https://books.google.com/books?id=k7RLTPocdhIC&q=obsidian+trade&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gv_pT6D1NYTK0QXtrJSqAQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgK|date=2015-09-05}}, Seminar Press, 20 August 1974.</ref>

Archaeological evidence of obsidian use provides data on how this material was increasingly the preferred choice rather than [[chert]] from the late Mesolithic to Neolithic, requiring exchange as deposits of obsidian are rare in the Mediterranean region.<ref name="John Robb"/><ref>P. Goldberg, V. T. Holliday, C. Reid Ferring. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eNI0yIPzeV8C&dq=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+Mesolithic&pg=PA450 Earth Sciences and Archaeology]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205062227/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNI0yIPzeV8C&pg=PA450&dq=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading+Mesolithic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8VfsT5CpJYXB0gWChqH6DA&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ancient%20mediterranean%20obsidian%20trading%20Mesolithic&f=false|date=2021-02-05}}. Springer, 2001, {{ISBN|0-306-46279-6}}. Retrieved 2012-06-28.</ref><ref>S. L. Dyson, R. J. Rowland. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fw4XuEbKnQwC&dq=obsidian+rare+Sardinia&pg=PA24 Archaeology And History In Sardinia From The Stone Age To The Middle Ages: Shepherds, Sailors, & Conquerors]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194400/https://books.google.com/books?id=fw4XuEbKnQwC&pg=PA24&dq=obsidian+rare+Sardinia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BVrsT_G2OKr80QWj2u35DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20rare%20Sardinia&f=false|date=2015-09-05}}. University of Pennsylvania – Museum of Archaeology, 2007, {{ISBN|1-934536-02-4}}. Retrieved 2012-06-28.</ref>

Obsidian provided the material to make cutting utensils or tools, although since other more easily obtainable materials were available, use was exclusive to the higher status of the tribe using "the rich man's flint".<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Smith
| first1 = Richard L.
| title = Premodern Trade in World History
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ
| series = Themes in World History
| publisher = Routledge
| date = 2008
| page = 19
| isbn = 978-1134095803
| access-date = 7 September 2019
| quote = [...] modern observers have sometimes referred to obsidian as 'rich man's flint.'
| archive-date = 22 May 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200522142440/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBB9AgAAQBAJ
| url-status = live
}}</ref> Obsidian has held its value relative to flint.

Early traders traded Obsidian at distances of 900 kilometres within the Mediterranean region.<ref>{{cite journal | year = 1995 | title = Obsidian in the Mediterranean and the Near East: A Provenancing Success Story| journal = Archaeometry | volume = 37 | issue = 2| pages = 217–48 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4754.1995.tb00740.x | last1 = Williams-Thorpe| first1 = O.| bibcode = 1995Archa..37..217W}}</ref>

Trade in the Mediterranean during the Neolithic of Europe was greatest in this material.<ref name="John Robb">{{citation |author=Robb |first=J. |title=The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in Neolithic Italy |date=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HeNr9h56uEC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA192 |access-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205191143/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HeNr9h56uEC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA192 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |url-status=live |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84241-9}}.</ref><ref>[[Douglas Harper]]. [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=obsidian&searchmode=none etymology online]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702135106/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=obsidian&searchmode=none|date=2017-07-02}}. Retrieved 2012-06-09.</ref> Networks were in existence at around 12,000 BCE<ref name="Andrea">{{citation |author=A. J. Andrea |title=World History Encyclopedia, Volume 2 |date=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqaIGsT8SsC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA250 |access-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061932/https://books.google.com/books?id=LEqaIGsT8SsC&q=Obsidian+trade&pg=PA250 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |url-status=live |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-930-6}}.</ref> Anatolia was the source primarily for trade with the Levant, Iran and Egypt according to Zarins study of 1990.<ref>T. A. H. Wilkinson. [https://www.amazon.in/Early-Dynastic-Egypt-Toby-Wilkinson/dp/0415260116 Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408170918/https://www.amazon.in/Early-Dynastic-Egypt-Toby-Wilkinson/dp/0415260116|date=2022-04-08}}.</ref><ref>(secondary) [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:acg1cm48mxgJ:members.peak.org/~obsidian/iaos_bulletin_47.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShIssrzLSZAQFAOh75-RrGy3wg6wNqo9ntCUsyJRi-i-xrnGfH0qXyI7BX79sPElP2eIG9xqfmYVmWcu7maromIGVzNfV7fQWb-814pF_vNUN58lx8iH7suXw9vORtbdjIVGF4N&sig=AHIEtbTV_EDsivnNauYErE3qYl_ITULeXA&pli=1]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523171225/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3Aacg1cm48mxgJ%3Amembers.peak.org%2F~obsidian%2Fiaos_bulletin_47.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShIssrzLSZAQFAOh75-RrGy3wg6wNqo9ntCUsyJRi-i-xrnGfH0qXyI7BX79sPElP2eIG9xqfmYVmWcu7maromIGVzNfV7fQWb-814pF_vNUN58lx8iH7suXw9vORtbdjIVGF4N&sig=AHIEtbTV_EDsivnNauYErE3qYl_ITULeXA&pli=1|date=2022-05-23}} + [[iarchive:emergenceofcivil0000unse/page/441|]] + [https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzs8bFFnVeoC&dq=earliest+obsidian+trading&pg=PA305]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vzs8bFFnVeoC&pg=PA305&dq=earliest+obsidian+trading&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xrLTT5XKLLOY1AWIlLWSBA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=earliest%20obsidian%20trading&f=false|date=2015-09-05}} + [https://books.google.com/books?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&dq=Archaeology+Colin+Renfrew+Obsidian&pg=PA19]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215724/https://books.google.com/books?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&pg=PA19&dq=Archaeology+Colin+Renfrew+Obsidian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fpXTT6-vAcis0QXgwcmNBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Archaeology%20Colin%20Renfrew%20Obsidian&f=false|date=2015-09-05}} + [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEqJxH6Oo1gC&dq=obsidian+trade&pg=PA168]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905193221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEqJxH6Oo1gC&pg=PA168&dq=obsidian+trade&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=6obTT9_2Lqml0AWm2ZC7BA&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCDgy#v=onepage&q=obsidian%20trade&f=false|date=2015-09-05}}.</ref><ref name="Pliny the Elder">{{citation |author=(was secondary) [[Pliny the Elder]] (translated by [[John Bostock (physician)|J Bostock]], [[Henry Thomas Riley|H T Riley]]) |title=The natural history of Pliny |volume=6 |year=1857 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEoMAAAAIAAJ&q=Obsius&pg=PA381 |access-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061515/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEoMAAAAIAAJ&q=Obsius&pg=PA381 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |url-status=live |publisher=H. G. Bohn |isbn=978-1-85109-930-6}}</ref> [[Melos]] and [[Lipari]] sources produced among the most widespread trading in the Mediterranean region as known to archaeology.<ref name="E Blake, A B Knapp">{{citation |last1=Blake |first1=Emma |title=The Archaeology Of Mediterranean Prehistory |date=2008-04-15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F15vfrJq8LUC&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading&pg=PA35 |access-date=2012-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205061516/https://books.google.com/books?id=F15vfrJq8LUC&q=ancient+mediterranean+obsidian+trading&pg=PA35 |archive-date=2021-02-05 |url-status=live |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, 21 February 2005 |isbn=978-0-631-23268-1 |last2=Knapp |first2=A. Bernard}}.</ref>

The [[Sar-i Sang|Sari-i-Sang]] mine in the mountains of Afghanistan was the largest source for trade of [[lapis lazuli]].<ref>Toby A. H. Wilkinson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AR1ZZO6niVIC&dq=anatolian+obsidian&pg=PA164 Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategies, Society and Security]. Routledge, 8 August 2001. Retrieved 2012-07-03.{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book | first=Dominique | last=Collon | author-link=Dominique Collon | title=Near Eastern Seals | publisher=University of California Press | year=1990 | page=33 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xt8fydZIT4IC&pg=PA33 | isbn=0-520-07308-8 | access-date=2012-07-03 | archive-date=2022-08-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807160419/https://books.google.com/books?id=xt8fydZIT4IC&pg=PA33 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The material was most largely traded during the [[Kassites|Kassite period]] of Babylonia beginning 1595 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vermaak |first=P. S. |title=The Babylonian world |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1134261284 |editor-last=Leick |editor-first=Gwendolyn |editor-link=Gwendolyn Leick |page=520 |chapter=Relations between Babylonia and the Levant during the Kassite period |access-date=2015-06-27 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA520 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184557/https://books.google.com/books?id=akYorRIWPBEC&pg=PA520&dq=lapis+lazuli+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HD3zT66gG8eP8gOYuZi_CQ&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2015-09-05 |url-status=dead}} Routledge 2007. Retrieved 2012-07-03. {{ISBN|1-134-26128-4}}.</ref><ref>S. Bertman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC&pg=PT104 Handbook To Life In Ancient Mesopotamia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185754/https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC&pg=PT104|date=2015-09-05}} Oxford University Press, 2005. Retrieved 2012-07-03. {{ISBN|0-19-518364-9}}.</ref>

Adam Smith traces the origins of commerce to the very start of [[Financial transaction|transactions]] in [[prehistoric]] times. Apart from traditional [[self-sufficiency]], trading became a principal [[cognitive skill|faculty]] for prehistoric people, who [[barter]]ed what they had for goods and services from each other. Anthropologists have found no evidence of barter systems that did not exist alongside systems of credit.

===Ancient history===

====Mediterranean and Near East====
The [[History of writing | earliest evidence of writing]] is deeply bound up with trade, as [[History of ancient numeral systems#Clay tokens|a system of clay tokens]] used for accounting – found in the Upper Euphrates valley in Syria dated to the 10th millennium BCE – is one of the earliest surviving versions of writing.

[[Ebla]] was a prominent trading-center during the third millennium BCE, with a network reaching into Anatolia and north Mesopotamia.<ref name="E Blake, A B Knapp" /><ref name="Laura S. Etheredge">{{citation |title= Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan |date= 2011 |page= 44 |editor-last= Etheredge |editor-first= Laura S. |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rLZQrmRQafcC&pg=PA44 |access-date= 2012-06-15 |publisher= The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn= 978-1-61530-329-8}}.</ref><ref name="Dumper & Stanley">{{citation |last1= Dumper |first1= M. |title= Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |year= 2007 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Ebla+trade&pg=PA141 |access-date= 2012-06-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210205065648/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&q=Ebla+trade&pg=PA141 |archive-date= 2021-02-05 |url-status= live |publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-1-57607-919-5 |last2= Stanley |first2= B. E.}}.</ref><ref>[[Bamber Gascoigne]] et al. HistoryWorld.net.</ref>

[[File:Silk route copy.jpg|thumb|A map of the [[Silk Road]] trade route between Europe and Asia]]

Materials used for making [[jewelry]] were traded with Egypt from 3000 BCE.{{cn|date=July 2025}} Long-range [[trade route]]s first appeared in the 3rd millennium BCE, when [[Sumer]]ians in [[Mesopotamia]] traded with the [[Harappan civilization]] of the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= McIntosh |first= Jane R. |title= ancient Indus valley: new perspectives |date= 2008 |publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-1-57607-907-2 |series= ABC-CLIO's understanding ancient civilizations |location= Santa Barbara, California |pages= 190–191}}</ref> The [[Phoenicians]] were noted maritime traders, traveling across the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and as far north as [[Prehistoric Britain|Britain]] for sources of [[tin]] to manufacture [[bronze]]. For this purpose they established trading [[colony | colonies]] {{--}} which the Greeks called [[Emporia (ancient Greece)|emporia]].<ref name="archa">{{cite journal |author =Dikov |first =Ivan |date =July 12, 2015 |title =Bulgarian Archaeologists To Start Excavations of Ancient Greek Emporium in Thracians' the Odrysian Kingdom |url =http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/07/12/bulgarian-archaeologists-to-start-excavations-of-ancient-greek-emporium-in-thracians-odrysian-kingdom/ |url-status =dead |journal =Archaeology in Bulgaria |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150712235249/http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/07/12/bulgarian-archaeologists-to-start-excavations-of-ancient-greek-emporium-in-thracians-odrysian-kingdom/ |archive-date =12 July 2015 |access-date =28 October 2010 |quote =An emporium (in Latin; 'emporion' in Greek) was a settlement reserved as a trading post, usually for the Ancient Greeks, on the territory of another ancient nation, in this case, the Ancient Thracian Odrysian Kingdom (5th century BC – 1st century AD), the most powerful Thracian state.}}</ref> Along the coasts of the Mediterranean, researchers have found a positive relationship between how well-connected a coastal location was and the local prevalence of archaeological sites from the Iron Age. This suggests that a location's trade potential was an important determinant of human settlements.<ref>Jan David Bakker, Stephan Maurer, Jörn-Steffen Pischke and Ferdinand Rauch. 2021. "[[doi:10.1162/rest a 00902|Of Mice and Merchants: Connectedness and the Location of Economic Activity in the Iron Age.]]" ''Review of Economics and Statistics,'' 103 (4): 652–665.</ref>

The [[complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir]], dated 1750 BCE, documents the tribulations of a copper merchant at the time.

From the beginning of Greek [[civilization]] until the fall of the [[Roman Empire]] in the 5th century CE, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable [[spice]] to Europe from the far east, including India and China. [[Roman commerce]] allowed its empire to flourish and endure, notable by importing grain to Italy from Sicily<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Prag
|first1 = Jonathan
|editor-last1 = Hoyos
|editor-first1 = Dexter
|date = 9 November 2012
|chapter = Sicily and Sardinia-Corsica: The First Provinces
|title = A Companion to Roman Imperialism
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UTsyAQAAQBAJ
|series = History of Warfare| volume =81
|publication-place = Leiden
|publisher = Brill
|page = 54
|isbn = 9789004236462
|access-date = 9 July 2025
|quote = Livy and others claim that the Romans sought out grain from Sicily from the very beginnings of the Republic. While the details may be questioned, there is little reason to doubt that the Romans were aware of Sicily as a potential source of grain (and other things) from well before 264.
}}
</ref>
and from Egypt.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Atkin
|first1 = Michael
|date = 31 May 1995
|orig-date = 1992
|chapter = A brief history of the grain trade
|title = The International Grain Trade
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh_YuHaONo4C
|series = International Trade Series
|edition = 2
|publication-place = Abingdon, Cambridge
|publisher = Woodhead Publishing
|pages = 15–16
|isbn = 9781855732025
|access-date = 9 July 2025
|quote = Egypt was Rome's principal supplier, accounting for about one third of the city's total needs. The balance of the grain came from other regions within the Mediterranean basin. [...] The ships used on the main route, from Alexandria to Rome, were 1,200 - 1,300 toms and posted an average speed of about three knots. [...] the sophistication of the grain trading system used to provision Rome was not equalled until the nineteenth century.
}}
</ref>
The latter Roman Republic and the [[Pax Romana]] of the Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation-network that enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant [[piracy]], as Rome had become the sole effective sea-power in the [[Mediterranean]] with the conquest of Egypt and the near east.<ref>[[Pax Romana]] let average villagers throughout the Empire conduct day-to-day affairs without fear of armed attack.</ref>

In ancient Greece [[Hermes]] was the god of trade<ref>P. D. Curtin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&q=history+of+trade Cross-Cultural Trade in World History]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905215329/https://books.google.com/books?id=R4IiYFhliv4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=history+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kNLoT47ZI9OwhAfUxoz0DA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20trade&f=false|date=2015-09-05}}. Cambridge University Press, 1984. {{ISBN|0-521-26931-8}}. Retrieved 2012-06-25.</ref><ref>N. O. Brown. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BzNfeQSXKfcC&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&pg=PA36 Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184625/https://books.google.com/books?id=BzNfeQSXKfcC&pg=PA36&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k9PoT4rqM4yA8gPotPClCg&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false|date=2015-09-05}}. SteinerBooks, 1990. {{ISBN|0-940262-26-6}}. Retrieved 2012-06-25.</ref> (commerce) and weights and measures.<ref>D. Sacks, O. Murray. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KeEjUjSaDA0C&dq=god+Hermes&pg=PA110 A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905193758/https://books.google.com/books?id=KeEjUjSaDA0C&pg=PA110&dq=god+Hermes&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6_rpT-PSN6HU0QXZnJGqAQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=god%20Hermes&f=false|date=2015-09-05}}. Oxford University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-19-511206-7}}. Retrieved 2012-06-26.</ref> In ancient Rome, ''[[Mercury (mythology)|Mercurius]]'' was the god of merchants, whose festival was celebrated by traders on the 25th day of the fifth month.<ref>[[Alexander S. Murray]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfpYS1fV2R8C&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&pg=PA127 Manual of Mythology]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905194008/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfpYS1fV2R8C&pg=PA127&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ntToT7WRKITG8gOA0YTUCg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false|date=2015-09-05}}. Wildside Press LLC, 2008. {{ISBN|1-4344-7028-8}}. Retrieved 2012-06-25.</ref><ref>John R. Rice. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6hl1wry0QrAC&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&pg=PA323 Filled With the Spirit]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905192632/https://books.google.com/books?id=6hl1wry0QrAC&pg=PA323&dq=Hermes+god+of+trade&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yNXoT5v4HcfS8gOM7OzVCg&ved=0CD0Q6AEwATgy#v=onepage&q=Hermes%20god%20of%20trade&f=false|date=2015-09-05}}. Sword of the Lord Publishers, 2000. {{ISBN|0-87398-255-X}}. Retrieved 2012-06-25.</ref> The concept of free trade was an antithesis to the will and economic direction of the sovereigns of the ancient Greek states. Free trade between states was stifled by the need for strict internal controls (via taxation) to maintain security within the treasury of the sovereign, which nevertheless enabled the maintenance of a ''[[Wikt:modicum |modicum]]'' of civility within the structures of functional community life.<ref>[[Johannes Hasebroek]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=743zWquWmesC&dq=ancient+treasury&pg=PA151 Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905191144/https://books.google.com/books?id=743zWquWmesC&pg=PA151&dq=ancient+treasury&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hxX0T9H5MIXb8AOG8PG_Bw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=ancient%20treasury&f=false|date=2015-09-05}}. Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1933. Retrieved 2012-07-04. {{ISBN|0-8196-0150-0}}.</ref><ref>Cambridge dictionaries online.{{full citation needed|date=October 2023}}</ref>

The fall of the Roman empire and the succeeding [[Dark Ages (historiography)|Dark Ages]] brought instability to [[Western Europe]] and a near-collapse of the trade network in the western world. Trade, however, continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa, the Middle East, India, China, and Southeast Asia. Some trade did occur in the west. For instance, [[Radhanite]]s were a medieval guild or group (the precise meaning of the word is lost to history) of [[Jew]]ish merchants who traded between the [[Christians]] in Europe and the [[Muslim]]s of the Near East.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gil |first1=Moshe |author-link=Moshe Gil |title=The Rādhānite Merchants and the Land of Rādhān |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=299}}</ref>

====Indo-Pacific====
{{Main|Maritime Silk Road}}
[[File:Austronesian maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean.png|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] proto-historic and [[Maritime Silk Road|historic]] maritime trade network in the [[Indian Ocean]]<ref name="Manguin2016">{{cite book|first1 =Pierre-Yves|last1 =Manguin|editor1-first =Gwyn|editor1-last =Campbell|title =Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World|chapter =Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|publisher =Palgrave Macmillan|year =2016|pages =51–76|isbn =9783319338224|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|access-date =2020-10-29|archive-date =2020-07-26|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200726132202/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50|url-status =live}}</ref>]]

The first true maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean was by the [[Austronesian peoples]] of [[Island Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Manguin2016"/> Initiated by the indigenous peoples of [[Taiwan]] and the [[Philippines]], the [[Maritime Jade Road]] was an extensive trading network connecting multiple areas in Southeast and East Asia. Its primary products were made of jade mined from Taiwan by [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]] and processed mostly in the Philippines by indigenous Filipinos, especially in [[Batanes]], [[Luzon]], and [[Palawan]]. Some were also processed in [[Vietnam]], while the peoples of [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Cambodia]] also participated in the massive trading network. The maritime road is one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for at least 3,000 years, where its peak production was from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, older than the [[Silk Road]] in mainland Eurasia and the later [[Maritime Silk Road]]. The Maritime Jade Road began to wane during its final centuries from 500 CE until 1000 CE. The entire period of the network was a golden age for the diverse societies of the region.<ref>Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, {{doi|10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751}}.</ref><ref>Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millennia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.</ref><ref>Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.</ref><ref>Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". Semantic Scholar.</ref>

Sea-faring Southeast Asians also established trade routes with [[Southern India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] as early as 1500 BC, ushering an exchange of material culture (like [[catamaran]]s, [[outrigger boat]]s, sewn-plank boats, and paan) and [[cultigen]]s (like [[coconut]]s, [[sandalwood]], [[banana]]s, and [[sugarcane]]); as well as connecting the material cultures of India and China. [[Ethnic groups in Indonesia|Indonesians]], in particular were trading in spices (mainly [[cinnamon]] and [[Cassia bark|cassia]]) with [[East Africa]] using [[catamaran]] and [[outrigger boat]]s and sailing with the help of the [[Westerlies]] in the Indian Ocean. This trade network expanded to reach as far as Africa and the [[Arabian Peninsula]], resulting in the Austronesian colonization of [[Madagascar]] by the first half of the first millennium AD. It continued up to historic times, later becoming the Maritime Silk Road.<ref name="Manguin2016"/><ref name="Doran1974">{{cite journal |last1=Doran | first1=Edwin Jr. |title=Outrigger Ages |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1974 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=130–140 |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_83_1974/Volume_83%2C_No._2/Outrigger_ages%2C_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.%2C_p_130-140/p1 |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608182436/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_83_1974/Volume_83,_No._2/Outrigger_ages,_by_Edwin_Doran_Jnr.,_p_130-140/p1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|author=Mahdi, Waruno|editor =Blench, Roger |editor2=Spriggs, Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =Routledge|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|pages=144–179|isbn =0415100542}}</ref><ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-0890961070}}</ref><ref name="BlenchFruits">{{cite journal |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |date=2004 |volume=24 |issue=The Taipei Papers (Volume 2) |pages=31–50 |url=https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496 |access-date=2019-07-14 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161216/https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==== Mesoamerica ====
[[File:Dinero azada de Mexico (siglos XIV-XV).jpg|thumb|''Tajadero'' or [[axe-monies|axe money]] used as currency in [[Mesoamerica]]. It had a fixed worth of 8,000 [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] seeds, which were also used as currency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aztec Hoe Money |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_835166 |website=National Museum of American History |access-date=6 October 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006235607/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_835166 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

The emergence of exchange networks in the Pre-Columbian societies of and near to Mexico are known to have occurred within recent years before and after 1500 BCE.<ref>K. G. Hirth. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/279629 American Antiquity Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan., 1978), pp. 35–45]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005113314/http://www.jstor.org/stable/279629|date=2016-10-05}}. Retrieved 2012-06-28.</ref>

Trade networks reached north to [[Oasisamerica]]. There is evidence of established maritime trade with the cultures of northwestern South America and the Caribbean.

=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], commerce developed in Europe by trading [[luxury goods]] at trade fairs. Wealth became converted into movable wealth or [[Capital (economics)|capital]]. Banking systems developed where money on account was transferred across national boundaries. Hand-to-hand markets became a feature of town life and were regulated by town authorities.

Western Europe established a complex and expansive trade network with cargo ships being the main carrier of goods; [[Cog (ship)| cogs]] and [[Hulk (medieval ship type)| hulks]] are two examples of such cargo ships.<ref>{{Cite book |last =McGrail |first =Sean |title =Boats of the World : From the Stone Age to Medieval Times |publisher =Oxford University Press |year =2001 |location =Oxford, England}}</ref> Many ports would develop their own extensive trade networks. The English port city of [[Bristol]] traded with peoples from Iceland, all along the western coast of France, and south to present-day Spain.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Medieval England |last=Poole |first=Austin Lane |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1958 |location=Oxford}}</ref>[[File:Late Medieval Trade Routes.jpg|thumb|upright=2.05|A map showing the main [[trade route]]s for goods within [[Late Middle Ages|late-medieval Europe]]]]

During the Middle Ages, Central Asia was the economic center of the world.<ref name="Beckwith2011_xxiv">[[#Beckwith2011|Beckwith (2011)]], p. xxiv.</ref> The [[Sogdiana|Sogdians]] dominated the east–west trade-route known as the [[Silk Road]] from after the 4th century CE until the 8th century CE, with [[Suyab]] and [[Taraz|Talas]] ranking among their main centers in the north. Sogdians functioned as the main [[caravan (travelers)|caravan]] merchants of Central Asia.

From the Middle Ages, the [[maritime republics]], in particular [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]], played a key role in trade in the Mediterranean. From the 11th to the late-15th centuries, the [[Venetian Republic]] and the [[Republic of Genoa]] were major trade-centers. They dominated trade in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, maintaining a trading monopoly between Europe and the Near East for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Genoa, Rival to Venice |url=https://www.odysseytraveller.com/articles/history-of-genoa-rival-to-venice/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=Odyssey Traveller |language=en|archive-date=2021-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102035723/https://www.odysseytraveller.com/articles/history-of-genoa-rival-to-venice/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

From the 8th to the 11th centuries, the [[Viking]]s and [[Varangians]] traded as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while [[Route from the Varangians to the Greeks | Varangians travelled]] to [[Kievan Rus'|Kyivan Rus']] and to the Black and Caspian Seas. The [[Hanseatic League]], an alliance of trading cities, maintained a trade [[monopoly]] over most of [[Northern Europe]] and the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] between the 13th and 17th centuries.

===The Age of Sail and the Industrial Revolution===
Portuguese explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] pioneered the European [[spice trade]] in 1498 when he reached [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] after sailing around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] at the southern tip of the African continent. Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped spur the [[Age of Discovery]] in Europe. Spices brought to Europe from the Eastern world were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling [[gold]].

From 1070 onward, kingdoms in West [[Africa]] became [[Economic history of Africa|significant members of global trade]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author=Green |first=Toby |title=A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution |date=2019 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0226644578 |location=Chicago, Illinois |oclc=1051687994}}</ref> This came initially through the movement of gold and other resources sent out by [[Muslims|Muslim]] traders on the [[Trans-Saharan trade|Trans-Saharan trading]] network.<ref name=":0" /> Beginning in the 16th century, European merchants would purchase gold, spices, cloth, timber and [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves]] from West African states as part of the [[triangular trade]].<ref name=":0" /> This was often in exchange for [[cloth]], [[iron]], or [[cowrie shells]] which were used locally as currency.<ref name=":0" />

Founded in 1352, the [[Bengal Sultanate]] was a major [[trading nation]] in the world and often referred to by Europeans as the wealthiest country with which to trade.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=J. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsV3cYAvGEEC&pg=PA10 |title=Bengal: the unique state |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 |page=10 |quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref>

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese gained an economic advantage in the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] due to different philosophies of trade.<ref name=":0" /> Whereas Portuguese traders concentrated on the accumulation of capital, in Kongo spiritual meaning was attached to many objects of trade. According to economic historian [[Toby Green]], in Kongo "giving more than receiving was a symbol of spiritual and political power and privilege."<ref name=":0" />

In the 16th century, the [[Seventeen Provinces]] were the center of free trade, imposing no [[exchange control]]s, and advocating the free movement of goods. Trade in the [[East Indies]] was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the [[Dutch Republic]] in the 17th century, and the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the 18th century. The [[Spanish Empire]] developed regular trade links across both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.

[[File:Wojciech Gerson - Gdańsk in the XVII century.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Danzig]] in the 17th century, a port of the [[Hanseatic League]]]]

In 1776, [[Adam Smith]] published the paper ''[[An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]]''. It criticized [[Mercantilism]], and argued that [[economic]] specialization could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the [[division of labour]] was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and thereby become more [[productive]]. Smith said that he considered all rationalizations of [[International trade|import]] and [[export]] controls "dupery", which hurt the trading nation as a whole for the benefit of specific industries.

In 1799, the [[Dutch East India Company]], formerly the world's largest company, became [[bankrupt]], partly due to the rise of competitive free trade.
[[File:Berber Trade with Timbuktu 1300s.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Berber people|Berber]] trade with [[Timbuktu]], 1853]]

=== 19th century ===
In 1817, [[David Ricardo]], [[James Mill]] and [[Robert Torrens (economist)|Robert Torrens]] showed that free trade would benefit the industrially weak as well as the strong, in the famous theory of [[comparative advantage]]. In [[Principles of Political Economy and Taxation]] Ricardo advanced the doctrine still considered the most counterintuitive in [[economics]]:
: ''When an inefficient producer sends the merchandise it produces best to a country able to produce it more efficiently, both countries benefit.''

The ascendancy of free trade was primarily based on national advantage in the mid 19th century. That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports.

[[John Stuart Mill]] proved that a country with monopoly [[pricing power]] on the international market could manipulate the [[terms of trade]] through maintaining [[tariff]]s, and that the response to this might be [[Reciprocity (international relations)|reciprocity]] in trade policy. Ricardo and others had suggested this earlier. This was taken as evidence against the universal doctrine of free trade, as it was believed that more of the [[economic surplus]] of trade would accrue to a country following ''reciprocal'', rather than completely free, trade policies. This was followed within a few years by the [[infant industry]] scenario developed by Mill promoting the theory that the government had the duty to [[protectionism|protect]] young industries, although only for a time necessary for them to develop full capacity. This became the policy in many countries attempting to [[industrialize]] and out-compete English exporters. [[Milton Friedman]] later continued this vein of thought, showing that in a few circumstances tariffs might be beneficial to the host country; but never for the world at large.<ref>{{cite book|publisher =Transaction Publishers|date= 1970|title=Price Theory |first= Milton |last=Friedman|isbn = 9780202309699}}</ref>

===20th century===
The [[Great Depression]] was a major economic recession that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. During this period, there was a great drop in trade and other economic indicators.

The lack of free trade was considered by many as a principal cause of the depression causing stagnation and inflation.<ref>(secondary) [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] – [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/ history]. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/].</ref> Only during [[World War II]] did the recession end in the United States. Also during the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the [[Bretton Woods Agreement]], intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. It set up rules and institutions to regulate the [[international political economy]]: the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later divided into the World Bank $ Bank for International Settlements). These organizations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified the agreement. In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] to promote free trade.<ref>(secondary) M. Smith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf2VQgAACAAJ&q=China+Hidden+Cloak+and+Dagger+History+of+MI5 V. Gollancz, 1996]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905185525/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lf2VQgAACAAJ&dq=China+Hidden+Cloak+and+Dagger+History+of+MI5&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z6DsT-yYE8LO8QOSkqXCBQ&redir_esc=y|date=2015-09-05}}. {{ISBN|0-575-06150-2}}.</ref>

The [[European Union]] became the world's largest exporter of manufactured goods and services, the biggest export market for around 80 countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=EU position in world trade|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/eu-position-in-world-trade/|publisher=European Commission|access-date=7 March 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305234014/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/eu-position-in-world-trade/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===21st century===
{{See also|Globalization}}

Today, trade is merely a subset within a complex system of [[Corporation|companies]] which try to maximize their profits by offering [[Product (business)|products]] and [[Service (economics)|services]] to the [[Market (economics)|market]] (which consists both of individuals and other companies) at the lowest [[production cost]]. A system of [[international trade]] has helped to develop the world economy but, in combination with bilateral or multilateral agreements to lower [[tariff]]s or to achieve [[free trade]], has sometimes harmed [[Third World|third-world markets]] for local products.

===Free trade===
{{main|Free trade}}

Free trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or exports by applying tariffs or subsidies. This policy is also known as laissez-faire policy. This kind of policy does not necessarily imply a country will then abandon all control and taxation of imports and exports.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/free-trade-zone | title=Free-trade zone | international trade | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica | access-date=2022-12-01 | archive-date=2023-02-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216152423/https://www.britannica.com/topic/free-trade-zone | url-status=live }}</ref>

Free trade advanced further in the late 20th century and early 2000s:
* 1992 [[European Union]] lifted barriers to internal trade in [[good (economics)|goods]] and [[labour (economics)|labour]].
* January 1, 1994 the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) took effect.
* 1994 The GATT [[Marrakech Agreement]] specified formation of the WTO.
* January 1, 1995 [[World Trade Organization]] was created to facilitate [[free trade]], by mandating mutual [[most favored nation]] trading status between all signatories.
* EC was transformed into the European Union, which accomplished the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in 2002, through introducing the Euro, and creating this way a real single market between 13 member states as of January 1, 2007.
* [[File:Accarias de Sérionne - Intérêts des nations de l'Europe, dévélopés relativement au commerce, 1766 - 5790093.tif|thumb|''Intérêts des nations de l'Europe, dévélopés relativement au commerce'' (1766)]]2005, the [[Central American Free Trade Agreement]] was signed; It includes the United States and the Dominican Republic.

== Perspectives ==

===Protectionism===
{{main|Protectionism}}
Protectionism is the policy of restraining and discouraging trade between states and contrasts with the policy of free trade. This policy often takes the form of [[tariff]]s and restrictive [[Import quota|quotas]]. Protectionist policies were particularly prevalent in the 1930s, between the [[Great Depression]] and the onset of World War II.

===Religion===
Islamic teachings encourage trading.<ref>[[#Nomani1994|Nomani & Rahnema (1994)]], p. ?. "I want nine out of ten people from my Ummah (nation) as traders" and "Trader, who did trading in truth, and sold the right quantity and quality of goods, he will stand along with Prophets and Martyrs, on Judgment day".</ref><ref>{{qref|4|29|b=y}}: "O believers! Do not devour one another’s wealth illegally, but rather trade by mutual consent." {{qref|2|275|b=y}}: "But Allah has permitted trading and forbidden interest."</ref>

[[Judeao-Christian]] teachings do not prohibit trade. They do prohibit fraud and dishonest measures.

===Development of money===
{{Main|History of money}}
[[File:Maximinus denarius - transparent background.PNG|thumb|A Roman [[denarius]]]]

The first instances of money were objects with intrinsic value. This is called [[commodity money]] and includes any commonly available commodity that has intrinsic value; historical examples include pigs, rare seashells, whale's teeth, and (often) cattle. In medieval Iraq, bread was used as an early form of money. In the [[Aztec Empire]], under the rule of [[Moctezuma II|Montezuma]] cocoa beans became legitimate currency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foodrevolution.org/slavery_chocolate.htm |title=Is There Slavery In Your Chocolate? |access-date=November 24, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051128090830/http://www.foodrevolution.org/slavery_chocolate.htm |archive-date=November 28, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Currency]] was introduced as standardised money to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years.

[[Numismatist]]s have examples of coins from the earliest large-scale societies, although these were initially unmarked lumps of [[precious metal]].<ref name="originsofmoney">Gold was an especially common form of early money, as described in [[#Davies2002|Davies (2002)]].</ref>

==Trends==

===Doha rounds===
{{Main|Doha round}}

The Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations aimed to lower [[trade barrier|barriers to trade]] around the world, with a focus on making [[fair trade|trade more fair]] for [[developing countries]]. Talks have been hung over a divide between the rich [[developed countries]], represented by the [[G20]], and the major developing countries. [[Agricultural subsidies]] are the most significant issue upon which agreement has been the hardest to negotiate. By contrast, there was much agreement on [[trade facilitation]] and capacity building. The Doha round began in [[Doha]], Qatar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WTO {{!}} The Doha Round |url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.wto.org}}</ref>

===China===
{{Main|China shock|Reform and opening up|China and the World Trade Organization}}

Beginning around 1978, the government of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) began the [[reform and opening up]]. In contrast to the previous [[USSR|Soviet]]-style [[centrally planned economy]], the new measures progressively relaxed restrictions on farming, agricultural distribution and, several years later, urban enterprises and labor. The more market-oriented approach reduced inefficiencies and stimulated private investment, particularly by farmers, which led to increased productivity and output. One feature was the establishment of four (later five) [[Special Economic Zone]]s located along the South-east coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Documents & Reports – The World Bank |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/home |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526022036/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/home |archive-date=2020-05-26 |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=documents.worldbank.org}}</ref>

The reforms proved spectacularly successful in terms of increased output, variety, quality, [[price]] and [[demand]]. In real terms, the economy doubled in size between 1978 and 1986, doubled again by 1994, and again by 2003. On a real per capita basis, doubling from the 1978 base took place in 1987, 1996 and 2006. By 2008, the economy was 16.7 times the size it was in 1978, and 12.1 times its previous per capita levels. International trade progressed even more rapidly, doubling on average every 4.5 years. Total two-way trade in January 1998 exceeded that for all of 1978; in the first quarter of 2009, trade exceeded the full-year 1998 level. In 2008, China's two-way trade totaled US$2.56 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html|title=Foreign Trade: Data|last=Division|first=US Census Bureau Foreign Trade|website=Census.gov|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2019-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011510/https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1991 China joined the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] group, a trade-promotion forum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies|title=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|access-date=2018-01-22|archive-date=2018-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928160451/http://apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/Member-Economies|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, it also joined the World Trade Organization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm|title=China and the WTO|access-date=2018-01-22|archive-date=2017-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134433/https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==International trade==
{{Main|International trade|Balance of trade}}

{{Trade bloc}}

[[International trade]] is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]]. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, [[Amber Road]]), its economic, social, and political importance have increased in recent centuries, mainly because of [[Industrialization]], advanced [[transportation]], [[globalization]], [[multinational corporation]]s, and [[outsourcing]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}}

Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as [[South Korea]], which adopted a policy of [[export-oriented industrialization]], and India, which historically had a more closed policy. South Korea has done much better by economic criteria than India over the past fifty years, though its success also has to do with effective state institutions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Storper |first=Michael |date=2000 |title=Globalization, localization and trade. |journal=The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography |pages=146–165}}</ref>

===Trade sanctions===
[[Trade sanctions]] against a specific country are sometimes imposed, in order to punish that country for some action. An [[embargo]], a severe form of externally imposed isolation, is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. For example, the United States has had an [[United States embargo against Cuba|embargo]] against [[Cuba]] for over 60 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113|title=U.S.–Cuba Relations|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511123927/http://www.cfr.org/cuba/us-cuba-relations/p11113|archive-date=2015-05-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> Embargoes are usually on a temporary basis. For example, [[Armenia]] put a temporary embargo on Turkish products and bans any imports from Turkey on December 31, 2020. The situation is prompted by food security concerns given Turkey's hostile attitude towards Armenia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LLC|first=Helix Consulting|title=On temporary ban on imports of goods having Turkish origin|url=https://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9840/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=www.gov.am|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501225325/https://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9840/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Fair trade===
The "[[fair trade]]" movement, also known as the "trade justice" movement, promotes the use of [[Manual labour|labour]], [[environmental movement|environmental]] and [[Social issues|social]] standards for the production of goods, particularly those exported from the [[Third World|Third]] and [[Second World]]s to the [[First World]]. Such ideas have also sparked a debate on whether trade itself should be codified as a [[human right]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Should trade be considered a human right? |date=9 December 2008 |publisher=COPLA |url=http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/523 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429004458/http://www.cop-la.net/en/node/523 |archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref>

Importing firms voluntarily adhere to fair trade standards or governments may enforce them through a combination of [[employment law|employment]] and [[commercial law]]. Proposed and practiced fair trade policies vary widely, ranging from the common prohibition of [[good (economics)|goods]] made using [[slave labour]] to minimum [[price support]] schemes such as those for coffee in the 1980s. [[Non-governmental organization]]s also play a role in promoting fair trade standards by serving as independent monitors of compliance with labeling requirements.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAIRTRADE Certification Mark. Guidelines Issue 1 – Autumn 2011 |url=https://fairtrade.es/mm/file/FCM-Guidelines-Final_2011-11_low.pdf |publisher=Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International e.V. |access-date=23 March 2020 |date=2011 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323102658/https://fairtrade.es/mm/file/FCM-Guidelines-Final_2011-11_low.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davenport |first1=Eileen |last2=Low |first2=Will |title=The labour behind the (Fair Trade) label |journal=Critical Perspectives on International Business |date=1 January 2012 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=329–348 |doi=10.1108/17422041211274200 |issn=1742-2043}}</ref> As such, it is a form of Protectionism.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Economics}}
* [[Commerce]]
* [[Business]]
* [[Economics]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith
|year=2011 |orig-year=2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
|location=Princeton |publisher=University Press
|isbn=978-0-691-15034-5 |ref=Beckwith2011 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bernstein |first=William J. |author-link=William J. Bernstein |year=2008 |title=A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=978-0-8021-4416-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Glyn |year=2002 |orig-year=1995 |title=Ideas: A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day |location=Cardiff, Wales |publisher=[[University of Wales Press]] |isbn=978-0-7083-1773-0 |url=http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/origins.html |ref=Davies2002 |access-date=2005-07-06 |archive-date=2007-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223074703/http://www.ex.ac.uk/%7ERDavies/arian/origins.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last1=Nomani |first1=Farhad |last2=Rahnema |first2=Ali
|year=1994 |title=Islamic Economic Systems
|location=New Jersey |publisher=Zed Books
|isbn=978-1-85649-058-0 |ref=Nomani1994 }}
* {{cite book |last=Paine |first=Lincoln
|year=2013 |title=The Sea and Civilisation: a Maritime History of the World
|publisher=Atlantic}} (Covers sea-trading over the whole world from ancient times),
* Rössner, Philipp, [http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/economy-trade/philipp-roessner-economy-trade?set_language=en&-C= ''Economy / Trade''], [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/ EGO – European History Online], Mainz, Germany: [http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php Institute of European History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219021834/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php |date=19 February 2016 }}, 2017, retrieved: March 8, 2021 ([https://d-nb.info/1149296941/34 pdf]).
* {{cite book |last=Watson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Watson (intellectual historian)
|year=2005 |title=Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud
|location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers
|isbn=978-0-06-621064-3 |ref=Watson2005}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary}}
* {{Commonscatinline|Trading}}
* [http://agritrade.cta.int/ Agritrade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304203344/http://agritrade.cta.int/ |date=4 March 2017 }} Resource material on trade by ACP countries
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/ World Bank's] [[World Integrated Trade Solution]] provides summary trade statistics and custom query features
* [https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0041745 World Bank's] Preferential Trade Agreement Database

{{Trade route 2}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Trade| ]]
[[Category:Society]]

[[az:Kommersiya]]

K.C. Runremsangi

2026-03-14T20:42:18Z

ZitaKight7091: stub

{{Short description|Indian folk singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K.C. Runremsangi
| image = K.C. Runremsangi Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2017 (sq cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|3|1}}<ref name=sangeetnatak/>
| birth_place = [[Serchhip district]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names = "Queen Of Mizo Folk Song"
| known_for =
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = dance teacher and singer
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]],[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''K.C. Runremsangi''' (born 1 March 1963) is an [[India]]n folk singer. She has been called the "Queen Of Mizo Folk Song". [[Mizo language|Mizo]] is a language. She had made dozens of recordings and her awards include the [[Padma Shri]] in 2023 and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award|Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Award in 2017

==Life==
Runremsangi was born in the village of Keitum in the [[Serchhip district]] of India on 1 March 1963<ref name=sangeetnatak>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=K C Runremsangi |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/K_C_Runremsangi.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Sandeet Natak awards (Indian Government) |archive-date=1 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201062856/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/K_C_Runremsangi.pdf }}</ref> and by the age of three she was singing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Colney |first=Kimi |date=2023-02-22 |title=Meet KC Runremsangi: Mizoram's folk legend is this year's Padma awardee |url=http://eastmojo.com/mizoram/2023/02/22/meet-kc-runremsangi-mizorams-folk-legend-is-this-years-padma-awardee/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> She enjoyed singing and she was asked to perform at weddings and in the church.<ref name=iexpress>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Hope other artistes working to promote indigenous art get inspired: Padma Shri awardee from Mizoram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/padma-shri-awardee-from-mizoram-kc-runremsangi-8412627/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She enrolled at the Institute of Music and Fine Arts (IMFA) Mizoram L. Mangaliana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandy |date=2025-03-08 |title=K. C. Runremsangi – Queen of Mizo Folk Song - My Words & Thoughts |url=https://mywordsnthoughts.com/k-c-runremsangi-queen-of-mizo-folk-song/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=mywordsnthoughts.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

When her family moved to [[Aizawl]] in 1986 she told [[All India Radio]] that she was a singer and that launched her singing career.<ref name=iexpress/> All India Radio commissioned her to sing over fifty [[Mizo language|Mizo]] songs in genres including folk and gospel. After six years she went to work for the Art & Culture department of the [[state of Mizoram]].<ref name=iexpress/>

She has performed at the [[Chapchar Kut]] Mizo festival in [[Mizoram]].<ref name=fab/> This festival dates back hundreds of years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=the origin of chapchar kut: Mizoram |url=https://mizoram.nic.in/about/oriofchapcharkut.htm |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=mizoram.nic.in}}</ref>

She had made over 50 recordings and her awards include the [[Padma Shri]] which she was given by India's president [[Ram Nath Kovind]] in 2023.<ref name="fab" /> The award was for her contribution to art and culture. In November 2023 she was at [[Mizoram University|ICFAI Mizoram University]] where she was awarded an honorary doctorate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Dr. Hari Babu Kambhampati presides the 11th Convocation of ICFAI University Mizoram {{!}} Raj Bhavan Mizoram {{!}} India |url=https://rajbhavan.mizoram.gov.in/governor-dr-hari-babu-kambhampati-presides-the-11th-convocation-of-icfai-university-mizoram/ |access-date=2024-12-05 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She had previously been given the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2017.<ref name="fab">{{Cite web |title=Femina's Fab 40: KC Runremsangi Is Dedicated To Safeguarding Our Culture {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/feminas-fab-40-kc-runremsangi-is-dedicated-to-safeguarding-our-culture-278661.html |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Runremsangi, K.C.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century folk singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian folk musicians]]

Minsara Kanna

2026-03-14T10:11:44Z

ZitaKight7091: reworked article for clarity per standard format

{{short description|1999 film by K. S. Ravikumar}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Minsara Kanna.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
| screenplay = K. S. Ravikumar
| story = M. A. Kennedy
| producer = [[K. R. Gangadharan]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
*[[Monica Castelino|Monica]]
}}
| cinematography = Ashok Rajan
| editing = K. Thanigachalam
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = K. R. G Movies International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|9|9}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Minsara Kanna''''' ({{translation|Electrifying darling}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[K. S. Ravikumar]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] and [[Monica Castelino|Monica]] in the lead roles, with [[Manivannan]], [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[R. Sundarrajan]] and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] in supporting roles. The story is about how Vijay gets employed in Khushbu's house and develops romance towards Monica, Khushbu's sister.

''Minsara Kanna'' was shot mostly [[Ooty]], Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. The film has music composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and cinematography by Ashok Rajan. It was released on 9 September 1999 and failed at the box office but won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Audiographer]].

== Plot ==
Indira Devi is a [[Misandry|misandrist]] business tycoon based in [[Ooty]]. She lives in a mansion with her assistant and [[Personal assistant|PA]] Priya. Indira Devi runs a garment business in which all of her employees are females, and even electricians are females. She has a strong dislike to the male gender due to a tragic past. Some of the women who work in her estates and houses are married but hide this from her. She has a long-standing rivalry with Vedachalam, another businessman in the town, who end up swindling his own wealth and reputation to sabotage Indira Devi, due to his assistants foolishness.

The story shifts to Kasi, a young man who does any jobs that come to him for survival and cooks up a long story of trying to locate his father. He does so by naming individuals using city names to confuse the listener and irritate them. He does this once to the policemen who chase him for unknown reasons. Kasi ends up in Indira Devi's house to escape the police and in turn sees goons threatening Indira Devi for money. Kasi fights them and saves the ladies, which Indira doesn't bring herself to appreciate. Indeed, the goons are sent by Vedachalam and he is arrested. Priya takes an instant liking for Kasi. In a turn of events, Indira Devi has no choice but to appoint Kasi as her driver, something that astonishes the female staffs.

Indira's younger sister Ishwarya comes back from Germany after studies and is instantly at logger-heads with Kasi. Priya falls in love with Kasi. Once, a few goons stand on the compound wall and tease Ishwarya, prompting Indira Devi to consider a Gurkha. Kasi and the appointed Gurkha duel and Indira comes to a conclusion that both of them are equally strong. A young boy is then appointed as a helper in Indira Devi's household. Meanwhile, Vedachalam's son, Ashok is a friend of Ishwarya from Germany and is in love with her. Vedachalam plans to use Ashok to usurp Indira's wealth by marrying her sister Ishwarya to Ashok. He reaches Indira's house to talk about engagement but is chased away by Kasi. Ishwarya tells Indira that she is not in love with anyone, but Kasi doubts it. Later, a cook and his daughter are appointed in the house. It then is revealed that Kasi's real name is Kannan, the cook is his father Devanathan, the Gurkha is his elder brother Krishna, the server boy is his younger brother Vetri, the cook's daughter is Kannan's sister Bhavana. They have come to Indira's house with a mission. Priya overhears this but Kasi's family tells a secret to her and she vows to help them.

Kasi slowly becomes Indira's trustworthy person and is elevated to be appointed as the factory manager. Indira starts respecting him. Ishwarya once appoints a man to work in the factory and Indira throws him out, reprimanding Ishwarya. As part of the plan, Kasi and Priya do a romantic dance infuriating Indira who fires them both. Before leaving, Kasi makes Indira to realise the importance of men and women being together and how the society wrongly see single women, even if they are clean. Indira thinks about it and plans to arrange Ishwarya's wedding with Ashok. An overwhelmed Ashok runs to meet Ishwarya but is shocked to see her with Kasi aka Kannan instead. Considering Ashok as her best friend, Ishwarya tells Ashok about herself and Kannan. Kannan hails from a rich family and is from Germany as well. He gets acquainted with Ishwarya and they fall in love. Ishwarya tries to commit suicide as she cannot live without Kannan nor live with him. When asked, she reveals about Indira Devi and her lover Indra Kumar.

Indira worked as a tailor and lived in a hut with Ishwarya. Once, the hut catches fire and Indira, is unable to leave the hut as she becomes naked after her clothes catch fire. When men refuse to leave the premises due to them putting out fire, Indira gets trapped and her face is scarred due to the fire. She is recused and is refused by her lover who marries another woman, revealing that Indra Kumar only loved her beauty. Indira gets a great dislike for males after these incident and witnessing Ishwarya begging for food and shunned by men. She starts a feminist movement with her tailoring business and grows big in business. Ishwarya says that her sister would never approve her relationship and she too cannot oppose her sister. The family then plan to change Indira's mind. Ashok, having learnt of Kannan-Ishwarya true love, sacrifices his love, wishing them luck.

Things take a turn when a woman, whose photo Devanathan had used to fool Indira as his deceased wife, is spotted by Indira. Kannan's plans are revealed and the group is arrested. Indira learns of Ishwarya's love and forces her marriage with Ashok. A fight between the Kannan, Krishna, Devanathan with Vedachalam's henchmen ensues. Indira threatens Ishwarya with her life, and Ishwarya locks herself in a room. Kannan gives up after Devanathan accuses Ishwarya of struggling between her love for Indira and Kannan. Ishwarya then tries to commit suicide. Kannan sings the love song, 'Unn Per Solla Aasai Thaan', prompting Ishwarya to come running towards Kannan, pushing Indira aside. Indira, disappointed, tries to commit suicide but Kannan saves her. He leaves Ishwarya with Indira. Learning of the true love between them, Indira goes to Germany with Ishwarya, ahead of Kannan's family and waits for them. Indra Kumar and Indira unite. Kannan and Ishwarya reunite as well.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Kannan (Kasi)
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Indra Devi
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Priya
*[[Monica Castelino|Monica]] as Ishwarya
*[[Manivannan]] as Devanathan
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Ashok
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as [[Sub-inspector]] Shiva Kumar
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Vedhachalam
*[[Manobala]] as Vedhachalam's henchman
*[[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Police [[Constable]] Vijay
*Chandrakanth as Kannan's brother
*Bhavana as Kannan's sister
*Tharun Kumar as Indra Kumar
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Vedhachalam's henchman
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] as Vetri
*[[Muthukaalai]] as a Bystander
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Police constable
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as a flower seller
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]] as a Indra Devi's factory worker
*[[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Mahendran (Guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==
The story and dialogue of ''Minsara Kanna'' were written by M. A. Kennedy, and the screenplay by director [[K. S. Ravikumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2004 |title=On a different track |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/02/stories/2004070201930500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815004028/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/07/02/stories/2004070201930500.htm |archive-date=15 August 2004 |access-date=28 December 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 May 1999 |title="Minsaara Kaannaa"! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/03-05-99/vijai.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041116232028/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/03-05-99/vijai.htm |archive-date=16 November 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> The film's title was derived from a song from Ravikumar's previous directorial ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=26 July 1999 |title=Ramya on a roll |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027145813/https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jul/26ss.htm |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Priya |date=11 May 2024 |title=படையப்பா படத்தில் நடிக்க ஆசைப்பட்ட தளபதி..! ஆனாலும் நிறைவேறிய கனவு..! |url=https://news4tamil.com/interesting-facts-about-the-movie-minsara-kanna-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613035006/https://news4tamil.com/interesting-facts-about-the-movie-minsara-kanna-movie/ |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=News4 Tamil |language=Ta}}</ref> It remains the only collaboration to date between Ravikumar and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2022 |title=Director KS Ravikumar Opens Up About Missing Opportunity to Work With Vijay |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-ks-ravikumar-opens-up-about-missing-opportunity-to-work-with-vijay-5155861.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620163920/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/director-ks-ravikumar-opens-up-about-missing-opportunity-to-work-with-vijay-5155861.html |archive-date=20 June 2022 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> with the actor mentioning he was delighted with the pace and commitment that the director injected into production.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Vijai's Exclusive Interview (Part – 1) |url=http://biphome.spray.se/jeyam/vijai-in.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709073540/http://biphome.spray.se/jeyam/vijai-in.htm |archive-date=9 July 2012 |access-date=28 December 2011 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> [[Priya Gill]] was initially approached,<ref name=":0" /> before debutant [[Monica Castelino]] got the opportunity to feature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=4 November 1999 |title=Love makes the filmi world go round |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/04spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518113054/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/nov/04spice.htm |archive-date=18 May 2013 |access-date=28 December 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> This was one of the last film roles of child actress Bhavana, who later shifted to television.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=13 July 2001 |title=Bhawana: "I cannot forget those days" |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010713/rtam2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011006200631/http://www.screenindia.com/20010713/rtam2.html |archive-date=6 October 2001 |access-date=18 November 2020 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> Shooting took place in locations including [[Ooty]],<ref name=":1" /> Austria, Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minsara Kanaa |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2423&id=6007179 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050107144158/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/preview.php?ctid=5&cid=2423&id=6007179 |archive-date=7 January 2005 |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and Switzerland; a few scenes were shot in the [[Alps]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=19 July 2010 |title=Beckoning Indian film-makers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Beckoning-Indian-film-makers/article16201753.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615070921/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Beckoning-Indian-film-makers/article16201753.ece |archive-date=15 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minsara Kanna (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/ee/album/minsara-kanna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1729621366 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/YJVYd |archive-date=14 March 2026 |access-date=14 March 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minsara Kanna |url=https://avdigital.in/products/minsara-kanna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615073319/https://avdigital.in/products/minsara-kanna |archive-date=15 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> The song "Un Per Solla" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-31 |title=Happy Birthday Sujatha Mohan: Five melodious songs of the expert singer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/happy-birthday-sujatha-mohan-five-melodious-songs-of-the-expert-singer/photostory/81776899.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250613040931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/happy-birthday-sujatha-mohan-five-melodious-songs-of-the-expert-singer/photostory/81776899.cms |archive-date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oodha Oodha
| length1 = 5:56
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| title2 = Boy Frienda
| length2 = 5:16
| lyrics2 = Vaali
| extra2 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title3 = Un Per Solla
| note3 = solo
| length3 = 2:11
| lyrics3 = Kalaikumar
| extra3 = Sujatha Mohan
| title4 = Un Per Solla
| note4 = duet
| length4 = 5:09
| lyrics4 = Kalaikumar
| extra4 = Hariharan, Sujatha Mohan
| title5 = Theemukka
| length5 = 5:04
| lyrics5 = Vaali
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title6 = Oh Uncle
| length6 = 5:26
| lyrics6 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra6 = Mano
| total_length = 29:02
}}

== Release ==
''Minsara Kanna'' was released on 9 September 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minsara Kanna |url=http://www.minsara-kanna.8m.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426075327/http://www.minsara-kanna.8m.com/ |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=28 December 2011 |website=minsara-kanna.8m.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Minsara Kanna ( 1999 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2226 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031103041513/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=2226 |archive-date=3 November 2003 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> According to Ravikumar, the film underperformed at the box office, potentially due to the successful run of ''Padayappa''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvlFFK9jvL4 |title=Maathevan {{!}} KS Ravikumar {{!}} Rajinikanth {{!}} Kadhaiyadal {{!}} Pt 2 |date=18 July 2021 |language=Ta |publisher=Cineulagam |time=0:45 to 0:50 |time-caption=From |at=0:42 to 0:50 |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615072632/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvlFFK9jvL4 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Despite this, audiographer G. Ravi won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Audiographer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2000 |title=Awards: Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010121/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
''[[The New Indian Express]]'' criticised Vijay's performance, saying comedy was not "his cup of tea" and that the "film drags on aimlessly" but praised Deva's soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 1999 |title=Music is all |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/3D74E60B82C3CC9D65256940006200D5?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408084550/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/3D74E60B82C3CC9D65256940006200D5?OpenDocument |archive-date=8 April 2008 |access-date=15 June 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' criticised the film's lack of originality, noting its similarities to ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' and ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'', and added, "The only good thing about ''Minsara Kanna'' is that it offers some new twists and turns that will definitely retain viewer interest".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minsara Kanna |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=6007183&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229090553/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=6007183&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=29 December 2004 |access-date=13 June 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' also gave the film a negative review saying that Vijay "is painful to watch and even worse to listen to", and labelled the film "an exercise in how to waste a good movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 1999 |title=Minsara Kanna (Tamil) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct10/entrevs.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991127081718/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct10/entrevs.htm |archive-date=27 November 1999 |access-date=7 November 2018 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 37 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta |access-date=23 December 2021 }}</ref>

Aurangazeb of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' panned the lengthy dialogues, poor flashback and performance of Vijay but praised the acting of the other actors, calling them as relief as they overshadow Vijay's acting.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஒளரங்கஜீப் |date=3 October 1999 |title=மின்சார கண்ணா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-10-03/page/88/mode/2up |access-date=14 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=89 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Humour and veiled innuendos are second nature to director K. S. Ravikumar, who schemes bountiful fun-filled situations with his screenplay based on M. A. Kennedy's weather-beaten story of taming a rich woman, who hates men". He also lauded Ashok Rajan's cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=17 September 1999 |title=Film Reviews: Minsara Kanna \ Pooparikka Varukirom \ Jodi |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/09/17/stories/09170223.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413133154/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/09/17/stories/09170223.htm |archive-date=13 April 2001 |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "Humour and the way Ravikumar narrates his story save this movie from being just another ordinary love story. Go for it for a fun time".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=20 September 1999 |title=Vijay triumphs in fun love tale |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PqdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3932%2C1181556 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621144041/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PqdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3932%2C1181556 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Post-release ==
Post-release, ''Minsara Kanna'' garnered attention after video recording equipment was found at Suriyan Theatre in Chennai which had been showing the film. The equipment was found out to be a unit of a group known as Saravanas Video, who had been hired by a TV production company owned by [[K. Balachander]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shocking but is it true? |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/minsarak.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181527/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/minsarak.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Star Online}}</ref> Vijay's father [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] intervened, seized the equipment and alleged that Balachander was potentially involved in piracy activities. Balachander subsequently stepped down as president from the [[Film Employees Federation of South India]] (FEFSI), complaining that he was being harassed by Chandrasekhar. As a result, members of the film industry threatened to ban Vijay and Chandrasekhar from working on Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A cover-up operation? |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/cover.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181456/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/cover.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Star Online}}</ref> During the unofficial ban, actor [[Ajith Kumar]] notably spoke out in favour of Vijay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catch Ajith privately |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/ajith3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181421/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/ajith3.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Star Online}}</ref> The parties later reconciled and Balachander withdrew his resignation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An end to the war |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/cover2.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818181435/http://www.tamilstar.com/topnews/cover2.shtml |archive-date=18 August 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Tamil Star Online}}</ref>

In February 2020, after the South Korean film ''[[Parasite (2019 film)|Parasite]]'' (2019) won the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]], netizens felt its story resembled that of ''Minsara Kanna''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Nitesh |date=11 February 2020 |title=Tamil star Vijay's fans claim Oscar winner Parasite is inspired from his film |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/vijay-fans-claim-oscar-2020-winner-parasite-is-inspired-from-his-tamil-film-588000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407163035/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/vijay-fans-claim-oscar-2020-winner-parasite-is-inspired-from-his-tamil-film-588000 |archive-date=7 April 2025 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, producer [[P. L. Thenappan]], who bought the rights of ''Minsara Kanna'' from [[K. R. Gangadharan]], announced his plans to sue the makers of ''Parasite'' for plagiarism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2020 |title=Producer claims Bong Joon Ho's Parasite plagiarised its story from Tamil film Minsara Kanna starring Vijay |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/producer-claims-bong-joon-hos-parasite-plagiarised-its-story-from-tamil-film-minsara-kanna-starring-vijay-8046971.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610221332/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/producer-claims-bong-joon-hos-parasite-plagiarised-its-story-from-tamil-film-minsara-kanna-starring-vijay-8046971.html |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2020 |title=Parasite plagiarism row: Minsara Kanna producer PL Thenappan sends intimation mail |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parasite-plagiarism-row-minsara-kanna-producer-pl-thenappan-sends-intimation-mail-1647884-2020-02-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220015938/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/parasite-plagiarism-row-minsara-kanna-producer-pl-thenappan-sends-intimation-mail-1647884-2020-02-19 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=22 November 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, [[CJ Entertainment]], the producers of ''Parasite'', denied receiving any plagiarism charge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=S. |date=18 February 2020 |title="Parasite" Reps Respond To Reports That Producer Of Indian Film "Minsara Kanna" Is Considering Plagiarism Lawsuit |url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1383724wpp/parasite-reps-respond-to-reports-that-producer-of-indian-film-minsara-kanna-is-considering-plagiarism-lawsuit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929173314/https://www.soompi.com/article/1383724wpp/parasite-reps-respond-to-reports-that-producer-of-indian-film-minsara-kanna-is-considering-plagiarism-lawsuit |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=[[Soompi]]}}</ref> ''[[The Quint]]'' noted that the "premise of the boy's family working undercover in the girl's house" was already a popular trope in the 1980s,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2020 |title=Oscar-Winner 'Parasite' Isn't a Copy of Vijay's 'Minsara Kanna' |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/oscar-winner-parasite-inspired-by-tamil-actor-vijay-film-claims-twitter |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211164514/https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/oscar-winner-parasite-inspired-by-tamil-actor-vijay-film-claims-twitter |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> while Aananth Daksnamurthy of ''[[ThePrint]]'' noted that infiltration by proxy is the only mutual theme in both films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daksnamurthy |first=Aananth |date=10 February 2020 |title=Oscar winner Parasite borrowed from 1999 Tamil film? Some in Chennai say yes |url=https://theprint.in/india/oscar-winner-parasite-borrowed-from-1999-tamil-film-some-in-chennai-say-yes/362836/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227055012/https://theprint.in/india/oscar-winner-parasite-borrowed-from-1999-tamil-film-some-in-chennai-say-yes/362836/ |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. S. Ravikumar}}
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Germany]]
[[Category:Films shot in Austria]]
[[Category:Films shot in Germany]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. S. Ravikumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Naseeruddin Shah filmography

2026-03-13T18:25:25Z

ZitaKight7091:

{{Short description|Indian actor and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Naseeruddin Shah Audio release of 'Maximum' 06 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Naseeruddin Shah]]

[[Naseeruddin Shah]] (born 20 July 1950<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Naseeruddin|title=And then one day: A memoir|date=2014|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|page=1|isbn=978-0670087648}}</ref>) is an Indian actor and director. He has acted in over 100 films and directed the 2006 Bollywood film, ''[[Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota]]'', starring [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Konkana Sen Sharma]].

He began his acting career playing Vishwan in the 1975 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]], ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]''. Since then, he has done several movies in [[English language|English]] and some regional languages of [[India]] while he mainly appeared in Hindi films.

He launched his autobiography in the year 2014, titled ''And then one day: A Memoir''.

==Feature films==
{{Pending films key}}
===Hindi films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Nishant (film)|Nishant]]'' || Vishwam ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Manthan]]'' || Bhola ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1977 || ''[[Bhumika (film)|Bhumika]]'' || Sunil Verma ||
|-
| ''[[Godhuli]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978 || ''[[Junoon (1978 film)|Junoon]]'' || Sarfaraz Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Hungama Bombay Ishtyle]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979 || ''[[Sparsh (film)|Sparsh]]'' || Aniruddh Parmar ||
|-
| ''[[Sunayana (film)|Sunayana]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1980 || ''[[Beqasoor (1980 film)|Beqasoor]]'' || Sunil Verma ||
|-
| ''[[Aakrosh (1980 film)|Aakrosh]]'' || Bhaskar Kulkarni ||
|-
| ''[[Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai? (1980 film)|Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai]]'' || Albert Pinto ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Paanch (film)|Hum Paanch]]'' || Suraj ||
|-
| ''[[Khwab]]'' || Gopal 'Gopi' Mathur ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1981 || ''[[Chakra (1981 film)|Chakra]]'' || Lukka ||
|-
| ''[[Sazaye Maut]]'' || Uday Jagirdar / Omkar Puri ||
|-
| ''Tajurba'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)|Umrao Jaan]]'' || Gohar Mirza ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1982 || ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]'' || Salim ||
|-
| ''[[Sitam]]'' || Subhash ||
|-
| ''Dil...Akhir Dil Hai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1983 || ''[[Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro]]'' || Vinod Chopra ||
|-
| ''[[Katha (1983 film)|Katha]]'' || Rajaram Purshottam Joshi ||
|-
| ''[[Masoom (1983 film)|Masoom]]'' || D.K. Malhotra ||
|-
| ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]'' || Tungrus ||
|-
| ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' || Dr. Anand ||
|-
| ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' || Mike Lobo ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1984 || ''[[Paar (film)|Paar]]'' || Naurangia ||
|-
| ''[[Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!]]'' || Advocate Malkani ||
|-
| ''Maan Maryada'' || Thakur Ganga Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Holi (1984 film)|Holi]]'' || Professor Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Khandhar]]'' || Subhash ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1985 || ''[[Ghulami]]'' || SP Sultan Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Trikal|Trikaal]]'' || Ruiz Pereira ||
|-
| ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' || Subedar ||
|-
| ''Apna Jahan'' || Anil Sahani ||
|-
| ''[[Khamosh]]'' || Captain Bakshi ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1986 || ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' || Khairuddin Chishti ||
|-
| ''[[Genesis (1986 film)|Genesis]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Musafir'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987 || ''[[Jalwa]]'' || Inspector Kapil ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin]]'' || Trivedi ||
|-
| ''[[Ijaazat]]'' || Mahender ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1988 || ''[[Hero Hiralal]]'' || Hero Hiralal ||
|-
| ''[[Maalamaal]]'' || Raj ||
|-
| ''[[Rihaee (film)|Rihaee]]'' || Mansukh ||
|-
| ''[[Pestonjee]]'' || Phirojshah ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Tridev]]'' || Jay Singh ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''[[Police Public]]'' || Sr. Inspector Mahar Singh Gadhwal ||
|-
| ''[[Chor Pe Mor]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1991 || ''[[Ek Ghar]]'' || Rajashekhara K. S ||
|-
| ''[[Sau Crore]]'' || Somnath ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmanrekha]]'' || Amar Kapoor ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1992 || ''[[Vishwatma]]'' || Suryapratap Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Chamatkar]]'' || Amar Kumar (Marco) ||
|-
| ''[[Panaah (film)|Panaah]]'' || Devaa ||
|-
| ''[[Hasti]]'' || Vishal ||
|-
| ''[[Tahalka]]'' || Captain Ranvir ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1993 || ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'' || Father Breganza ||
|-
| ''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]'' || Professor Amar Verma ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Mohra]]'' || Mr. Kushal Jindal ||
|-
| ''[[Drohkaal]]'' || DCP Abbas Lodhi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Naajayaz]]'' || Raj Solanki ||
|-
| ''[[Takkar (1995 film)|Takkar]]'' || Inspector De Costa ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''[[Himmat (1996 film)|Himmat]]'' || Luka ||
|-
| ''[[Chaahat (1996 film)|Chaahat]]'' || Ajay Narang ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Bombay Boys]]'' || Mastana ||
|-
| ''[[Daava]]'' || Bhishma ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998 || ''[[China Gate (1998 film)|Chinagate]]'' || Major Sarfaraz Khan ||
|-
| ''Dandnayak'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' || Gulfaam Hasan ||
|-
| ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]'' || Bashir ||
|-
| ''Kabhi Pass Kabhi Fail'' || Punjabi Restaurant Owner ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Hey Ram]]'' || [[Mahatma Gandhi]] || Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Kasam (2001 film)|Kasam]]'' || Mangal Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' || Lalit Verma ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Encounter: The Killing]]'' || Inspector Bharucha ||
|-
| ''[[3 Deewarein]]'' || Ishaan ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Maqbool]]'' || Inspector Purohit ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Asambhav]]'' || Sameer "Sam" Hans ||
|-
| ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' || Brig. Shekhar Sharma ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' || Male Puppet (voice) ||
|-
| ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' || Mohit ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2006 || ''[[Being Cyrus]]'' || Dinshaw Sethna ||
|-
| ''[[Krrish]]'' || Dr. Siddhant Arya ||
|-
| ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' || Bhaisaab ||
|-
| ''Shoonya'' || Old man ||
|-
| ''[[Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota]]'' || Narrator ||
|-
| ''[[Banaras (2006 film)|Banaras]]'' || Babaji ||
|-
| ''[[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]]'' || Yeti || Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Parzania]]'' || Cyrus ||
|-
| ''[[Amal (2007 film)|Amal]]'' || G.K. Jayaram ||
|-
| ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' || || story ''Rice Plate''
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2008 || ''[[Mithya (film)|Mithya]]'' || Gawde ||
|-
| ''[[Shoot on Sight]]'' || Tariq Ali ||
|-
| ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' || Amar Singh Rathore ||
|-
| ''[[A Wednesday!]]'' || A Common Man ||
|-
| ''[[Maharathi (2008 film)|Maharathi]]'' || Jaisingh Adenwalla ||
|-
| ''[[Mere Baap Pehle Aap]]'' || Nirmal Kapoor ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay to Bangkok]]'' || Khan ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[Barah Aana]]'' || Shukla ||
|-
| ''[[Firaaq]]'' || Khan Sahab ||
|-
| ''[[Bolo Raam]]'' || N.S. Negi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Peepli Live]]'' || Salim Kidwai ||
|-
| ''[[Ishqiya]]'' || Iftikhar ||
|-
| ''[[Raajneeti]]'' || Bhaskar Sanyal ||
|-
| ''[[Allah Ke Banday]]'' || Warden ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2011 || ''[[7 Khoon Maaf]]'' || Dr. Modhusudhon Tarafdar ||
|-
| ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]'' || Diwakar ||
|-
| ''[[The Blueberry Hunt]]'' || Colonel ||
|-
| ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' || Salman Habib ||
|-
| ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' || Suryakanth ||
|-
| ''[[Chaalis Chauraasi]]'' || Pankaj Purushottam Suri (Sir) ||
|-
| ''[[Michael (2011 Indian film)|Michael]]'' || Michael ||
|-
| ''[[Chargesheet]]'' || The Boss ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Maximum (film)|Maximum]]'' || Arun Inamdar ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2013 || ''[[Sona Spa]]'' || Baba Dayanand ||
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Boss ||
|-
| ''[[Siddharth (2013 film)|Siddharth]]'' || Jisa ||
|-
| ''Mastaan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[John Day (film)|John Day]]'' || John Day ||
|-
| ''[[Krrish 3]]'' || Dr. Siddhant Arya || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Sunglass (film)|Taak Jhaank]]'' || || Bilingual film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]'' || Iftekhar (Khalu Jaan) ||
|-
| ''Dil Bhi Khaali Jeb Bhi Khaali'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015 || ''[[Dirty Politics (film)|Dirty Politics]]'' || Manoj Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Dharam Sankat Mein]]'' || Neel Anand Baba ||
|-
| ''[[Welcome Back (film)|Welcome Back]]'' || Wanted Bhai ||
|-
| ''[[Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Waiting (2015 film)|Waiting]]'' || Prof. Shiv Kumar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''Bankster'' || Babbar ||
|-
| ''[[Teraa Surroor]]'' || Robin "Bird" Dharamraj Santino ||
|-
| ''[[The Blueberry Hunt]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Ok Jaanu]]'' || Gopi Shrivastava ||
|-
| ''[[Irada (2017 film)|Irada]]'' || Parabjeet Walia ||
|-
| ''[[Begum Jaan (2017 film)|Begum Jaan]]'' || Raja Sahib ||
|-
| ''[[The Hungry]]'' || Tathagat Ahuja ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Aiyaary]]'' || Baburao Shastri ||
|-
| ''[[Hope Aur Hum]]'' || Nagesh Srivastava ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[The Tashkent Files]]'' || PKR Natrajan ||
|-
| ''[[Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi]]'' || Babuji ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Mee Raqsam]]'' || Hashim Seth ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || ''[[Gehraiyaan (film)|Gehraiyaan]]'' || Vinod Khanna ||
|-
| ''[[Naam Tha Kanhaiyalal]]'' || Himself || documentary<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F3zhIGop_JM|title=NAAM THA KANHAIYALAL | DOCUFILM | HEMAA SINGH | PAWAN KUMAR | MUKESH SINGH|date=22 September 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kuttey]]'' || Narayan Khobre ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Fateh (2025 film)|Fateh]]'' || Raza ||
|-
| ''[[Gustaakh Ishq]]'' || Aziz Baig / Babba ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2026 || ''Safia/Safdar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Assi (film)|Assi]]'' || ||
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Main Vaapas Aaunga]]}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Imtiaz Ali's next with Diljit Dosanjh titled 'Main Vaapas Aaunga'; teaser unveiled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/imtiaz-alis-next-with-diljit-dosanjh-titled-main-vaapas-aaunga-teaser-unveiled/article70738462.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 March 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Other language films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane]]'' || Shastri || Kannada ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Bhavni Bhavai]]'' || King Chakrasen || rowspan="2" | Gujarati ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Naseeb Ni Balihari'' || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Protidan]]'' || Prabhat Roy || Bengali ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]'' || [[Inspector Ghote]] || English ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Mane (film)|Mane (The House)]]'' || Rajshekar || Kannada ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Ponthan Mada]]'' || Sheema Thampuran || Malayalam ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Such a Long Journey (movie)|Such A Long Journey]]'' || Jimmy Bilimoria || English ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Hey Ram]]'' || [[Mahatma Gandhi]] || Tamil || Bilingual film
|-
| 2003 || ''[[The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (film)|The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen]]'' || [[Captain Nemo]] || rowspan="2" | English ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Great New Wonderful]]'' || Avi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Valley of Flowers (film)|Valley of Flowers]]'' || Yeti || Japanese ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Khuda Ke Liye]]'' || Maulana Wali || Urdu ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Today's Special (2009 film)|Today's Special]]'' || Akbar || English ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Deool]]'' || Dacoit || Marathi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Khasi Katha– A Goat Saga]]'' || Butcher || Bengali ||
|-
| ''[[Zinda Bhaag]]'' || Pehlwan || Punjabi ||
|-
| ''The Coffin Maker'' || Anton Gomes || English ||
|-
| ''[[Sunglass (film)|Sunglass]]'' || || Bengali ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Finding Fanny]]'' || Ferdinand "Ferdie" Pinto || English ||
|-
| ''[[Khasi Katha]]'' || Butcher || Bengali ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || ''[[Mango Dreams]]'' || Abhay || English ||
|-
| ''[[Jeewan Hathi]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Urdu ||
|-
| ''[[Gardaab]]'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Dhh]]'' || Magician Surya Samrat || Gujarati ||
|}

===As director===
*''[[Yun Hota To Kya Hota]]'' (2006)

==Short films==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" width=60%
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|rowspan=2| 1975
| ''Hand Held''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Hero''
|
|
|
|-
| 1976
| ''A Proposal''
|
|
|
|-
| 2010 || ''Wilson Periera'' || || Voice ||
|-
| 2014
| ''Interior Cafe Night''
| The Man
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23KufSqo6cQ |title=Interior Cafe Night - Naseeruddin Shah |date=18 July 2016 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''Punarjanma''
| Narrator
| Voice
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xODm3ZdOcFc |title=Pinjra - Naseerudin Shah |date=16 January 2017 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2018
| ''Skin Of Marble''
| Bhupinder Singh
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZPwBgyEKpM |title=Skin of Marble - Naseeruddin Shah |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''Rogan Josh''
| Vijay Kapoor
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r06uBlw0zj4 |title=Rogan josh - Naseeruddin Shah |date=26 November 2018 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2019
| ''Bin Bulaaye''
| Saket Diwan || ||
|-
| ''The Wallet'' || Samar || ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2022 || ''Half Full'' || Stranger || ||
|-
|''The Miniaturist Of Junagadh''
|Hussain Sahab
|
|
|-
|''The Daughter''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Short film The Daughter to screen at Dharamshala International Film Festival 2022 on November 4 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/short-film-the-daughter-to-screen-at-dharamshala-international-film-festival-2022-on-november-4/cid/1895752 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3| 2023
| ''2100 Foot''
| Gulshan Jorahat
|
|
|-
| ''The Broken Table''
| Giridhar
|
|
|-
| ''Man Woman Man Woman''
| {{n/a}}
| {{no wrap|Director and}} writer only
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/long-story-short-naseeruddin-shahs-man-woman-man-woman-is-feel-good-ode-to-love-and-grief|title=Man Woman Man Woman review|author=Rahul Desai|website=Film Companion |date=25 August 2023 }}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"|1988
| ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]''
| [[Shivaji I]]
|
|-
| ''[[Mirza Ghalib (TV series)|Mirza Ghalib]]''
| [[Ghalib]]
|
|-
|''[[Param Vir Chakra (TV series)|Param Vir Chakra]]''
| [[Abdul Hamid (soldier)|Abdul Hamid]]
|
|-
|1992
| ''[[Electric Moon]]''
| Rambuhj Goswami
| Television film
|-
|1998
|''[[Turning Point (1991 TV series)|Turning Point]]''
|Host<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19980330-turning-point-makes-a-comeback-with-new-host-and-producer-825995-1998-03-30|title=Turning Point makes a comeback with new host and producer|date=30 March 1998|website=India Today}}</ref>
|
|-
|1999
|''Tarkash''
|Praveen
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=A quiver full of arrows |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep19/sunday/filmtv.htm |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Mid Wicket Tales]]''
| Host
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Bandish Bandits]]''
|Radhe Mohan Rathod
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Kaun Banegi Shikharwati]]''
|Raja Mrityunjay Singh Shikharwat
|
|-
|''[[Modern Love: Mumbai]]''
|Pappi Singh<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=13 May 2022 |title='Modern Love: Mumbai' review: A slam-dunk of an anthology if ever there was one |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/modern-love-mumbai-review-a-slam-dunk-of-an-anthology-if-ever-there-was-one/article65410372.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Taj: Divided by Blood]]''
|Akbar
|
|-
|''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
|Sahebji
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chopra & The Mystery Of Solang Valley]]''
|Dr. Rai
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Showtime (Indian TV series)|Showtime]]''
|Viktor Khanna
|
|-
|''[[IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack]]''
|[[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Vinay Kaul
|[[Netflix]] series
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Naseeruddin}}
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Nandini Mukherjee

2026-03-09T05:29:51Z

ZitaKight7091:

{{Short description|Indian computer science academic}}
{{original research|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nandini Mukherjee
| birth_name = Nandini Mukhopadhyay
| image = Nandini Mukherjee.jpg
| education = [[Kamala Girls' High School]] [[Patha Bhavan, Kolkata]]
| alma_mater = [[IIEST, Shibpur]] (B.Eng.) [[Jadavpur University]] (M.Eng.) [[University of Manchester]] (Ph.D.)
| fields = [[Internet of Things]] [[Wireless Sensor Network]]s [[Cloud Computing]] [[Parallel computing|High performance parallel computing]]<ref name=gs/>
| workplaces = [[Jadavpur University]]
| doctoral_advisor = John Gurd
| thesis_title = On the effectiveness of feedback-guided parallelisation
| thesis_url = https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/36629400?style=html
| thesis_year = 1999
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}
'''Nandini Mukherjee''' (née Mukhopadhyay) is an Indian [[computer scientist]] and politician. She is a professor of department of [[computer science and engineering]] of [[Jadavpur University]], [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name=gs>{{Google scholar id}}</ref><ref name=dblp>{{DBLP}}</ref>

==Education==
Mukherjee took her Madhyamik examination from [[Kamala Girls' High School]].{{when|date=March 2019}} She studied for her higher secondary examinations from [[Patha Bhavan, Kolkata]].{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} She earned her Bachelor of Engineering degree from the department of computer science and technology of [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur|Bengal Engineering College]] under [[Calcutta University]], Shibpur in 1987. She get a job at ORG Systems Private Ltd Kolkata as a system engineer. She earned her [[Master of Engineering]] degree from the department of computer science and engineering, [[Jadavpur University]], in 1991. In 1996 she was awarded the prestigious [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] scholarship for her [[PhD]] from the [[Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester|school of computer science]] at the [[University of Manchester]], in the UK, finishing in 1999.<ref name=nphd>{{cite thesis|first=Nandini|last=Mukhopadhyay|year=1999|website=jisc.ac.uk|url=https://copac.jisc.ac.uk/id/36629400?style=html|publisher=University of Manchester|degree=PhD|title=On the effectiveness of feedback-guided parallelisation|oclc=642449615}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cscuk.org.uk/onlinedirectory/Register.aspx |title=Directory of Commonwealth Scholars and Fellows, Nandini Mukhopadhyay Country of Origin - India, Country of Study - United Kingdom Award Year - 1996 |access-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063925/http://www.cscuk.org.uk/onlinedirectory/Register.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She has a [[PhD]] from the [[University of Manchester]].<ref name=JP>[http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/profile.php?uid=875 Jadavpur University website, ''Dr. Nandini Mukhopadhyay'']</ref> Her areas of research were in the fields of [[parallel computing]], [[grid computing]] and [[wireless sensor networks]] (WSN).

== Teaching career ==
After graduating in 1987 with a BE in computer science and engineering from Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur she joined ORG systems private ltd as a graduate engineer trainee. Mukherjee began teaching in the computer science and engineering department at Jadavpur University in 1992. As of 2016 she was the director of the university's school of mobile computing.<ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37529811400 IEEE Xplore website, ''Nandini Mukherjee'', article dated January 26, 2021]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://smcc.jusl.ac.in/people.php |title=Website of School of Mobile Computing, Jadavpur University |access-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503025342/http://smcc.jusl.ac.in/people.php |archive-date=3 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2001 she went to [[Newcastle University]] to research [[high-performance computing]].{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

By May 2024, she had published over 250 research papers.<ref name=gs/><ref name=scopus>{{Scopus id}}</ref><ref>[https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=cGTTsagAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar, ''Nandini Mukherjee'', retrieved 2024-06-06]</ref>

She supervised research projects funded by different agencies of the Government of India. Mukherjee leads a collaborative research project to investigate the application of mobile computing and wireless sensor networks to Indian rural health systems.

==Political career==
Mukherjee was involved with the Students' Federation of India in her college days. Later on she associated with the movement for self-reliance in science and technology through the Forum of Scientists, Engineers and Technologists (FOSET) and the Vigyan Mancha.

She is secretary of the West Bengal Free Software Mancha (FSMWB).<ref>[https://www.fsmwb.in FSMWB website, retrieved 2024-06-06]</ref> She is active in the All India Democratic Women's Association, and is a state secretariat member of the All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO). In 2011 she contested the by-elections from Bhawanipore Assembly constituency.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/ju-minnow-to-fight-mamata/cid/353581 Telegraph India website, ''JU minnow to fight Mamata'', article dated November 2, 2011]</ref>


Mukherjee is joint secretary of the Jadavpur University Teachers' Association (JUTA) and an active member of the West Bengal College and University Teachers' Association (WBCUTA). She was an elected teacher's representative in the executive council of Jadavpur University. Mukherjee is involved in the All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA). She is a state secretariat member of the All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO).

She was the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] CPI(M) candidate in the Bhawanipore by-elections in 2011.<ref>[https://myneta.info/westbengal2011/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=296 Myneta website, ''West Bengal 2011 - Kolkata South, Bhabanipur: Bye-Election on 25-09-2011'']</ref> She contested in the Lok Sabha election of 2014 from the [[South Kolkata]] Constituency as the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] Nominated CPI(M) candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cpim.org/elections-2014/constituencies-candidates-2014/west-bengal?page=1 |title=Nandini Mukherjee's profile on CPI(M) |access-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330232158/http://www.cpim.org/elections-2014/constituencies-candidates-2014/west-bengal?page=1 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=CM /> She again ran unsuccessfully in the [[2019 Indian general election|Lok Sabha election of 2019]]<ref name=CM>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Sibendu |date=2019-05-15 |title=Didi vs Modi spat has destroyed the political culture of Bengal: Nandini Mukherjee, CPM candidate, Kolkata South |url=https://citizenmatters.in/cpi-m-candidate-from-south-kolkata-dr-nandini-mukherjee-on-her-campaign-and-the-chances-for-a-left-resurgence-in-west-bengal-12674 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-GB}}</ref> from the [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]] constituency and received 1,40,275 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Blame for CPI(M)'s Glide Into Irrelevance Rests Solely on the Politburo |url=https://thewire.in/politics/elections-2019-communist-party-of-india-marxist |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Nandini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:Women scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]

YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind

2026-03-04T23:38:28Z

ZitaKight7091: slightly enhance article for consistency and corrected details after review

{{Short description|YouTube Rewind video released by YouTube}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[YouTube Rewind]]
| image = YouTube Rewind 2018 titlecard.jpg
| caption = [[Thumbnail]] of YouTube Rewind 2018, featuring many YouTubers in the video
| music = [[The Hood Internet]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Gael |title=YouTube Rewind 2018 tackles Fortnite, K-pop, Kiki Challenge |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/youtube-rewind-2018-tackles-everything-from-fortnite-to-k-pop/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=[[CNET]] |date=6 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| release_date = {{Start date|2018|12|6}}
| length = 8:12
| prev = [[YouTube Rewind#2017|YouTube Rewind: The Shape of 2017]]
| next = [[YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record]]
| alt =
| season =
| episode =
| writer =
| editor =
| airdate =
| guests =
| season_article =
| episode_list =
}}
'''''YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind'''''<ref>{{cite news |title=Most-liked And Disliked Youtube Videos In The World |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/most-liked-disliked-youtube-videos-world/90833/1 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=[[Forbes|Forbes India]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |language=en}}</ref> (also known as '''''YouTube Rewind 2018'''''<ref name="The Verge Dec 13" />) is a video that was uploaded to the [[YouTube (YouTube channel)|official channel]] of the [[Online video platform|video-sharing]] website [[YouTube]] on December 6, 2018, as the ninth installment of the ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' series. The video features references to video games and internet culture, starring [[YouTuber]]s such as [[Ninja (video game player)|Ninja]] and [[Marques Brownlee]], as well as celebrities like [[Will Smith]] and [[Trevor Noah]].<ref name="youtubespotlight2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbJOTdZBX1g |title=YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind {{!}} #YouTubeRewind |last=Spotlight |first=YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206234242/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbJOTdZBX1g |url-status=live }}</ref>

''YouTube Rewind 2018'' was panned by critics, YouTubers, and viewers alike, who dubbed it the worst ''YouTube Rewind'' video to date.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://qz.com/1495042/youtube-2018-rewind-youtube-made-the-worst-youtube-video-ever/ |title=YouTube made the most-hated YouTube video ever |last=Rodriguez |first=Ashley |date=December 13, 2018 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121057/https://qz.com/1495042/youtube-2018-rewind-youtube-made-the-worst-youtube-video-ever/ |archive-date=December 14, 2018 |access-date=December 18, 2018}}</ref> The video was criticized for the inclusion of unpopular or outdated trends and the exclusion of many prominent YouTubers of the year, as well as rivalries such as [[KSI vs Logan Paul]] and [[PewDiePie vs T-Series]]. By December 13, 2018, a week after its upload, ''Everyone Controls Rewind'' had over 20 million dislikes, making it the [[List of most-disliked YouTube videos|most-disliked video]] on [[YouTube]] of all time, a record that was previously held by the music video for [[Justin Bieber]]'s "[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]" for over seven years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://9to5google.com/2018/12/13/youtube-rewind-2018-hated-dislikes/ |title=[Update: 10 million dislikes] YouTube Rewind 2018 beat 'Baby' as the most disliked video of all time |last=Schoon |first=Ben |date=2018-12-13 |website=[[9to5Google]] |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401235013/https://9to5google.com/2018/12/13/youtube-rewind-2018-hated-dislikes/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

This video, in addition to all other YouTube rewinds, were initially made unlisted on December 11, 2025, but later set to private in January 2026.<ref>{{cite web | title=YouTube removes iconic Rewind videos and no one knows why | website=Dexerto | date=January 8, 2026 | url=https://www.dexerto.com/youtube/youtube-removes-iconic-rewind-videos-and-no-one-knows-why-3302117/ | access-date=January 8, 2026}}</ref>

== Background ==

''YouTube Rewind'' was an annual series of videos released from YouTube's channel from 2010 to 2019 that was produced (alongside Portal A Interactive), released and distributed by the namesake website via [[YouTube (channel)|its official channel]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |title=YouTube Will Stop Making Year-End 'Rewind' Video Compilations |url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/youtube-rewind-canceled-1235083062/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=7 October 2021}}</ref> Each video was a recap of the year's trends and events.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Movies |date=December 9, 2015 |title=YouTube 'Rewind' Video Proves Nothing Is Mainstream Anymore |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/12/youtube-rewind-mainstream/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514063414/http://www.wired.com/2015/12/youtube-rewind-mainstream/ |archive-date=May 14, 2016 |access-date=May 14, 2016}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The video themes around everyone being able to control [[YouTube Rewind]], with various featured personalities describing what events they want to review. The video begins with actor [[Will Smith]] on [[Jebel Jais]]'s mountain range, suggesting the inclusion of the [[video game]] ''[[Fortnite]]'' and YouTuber [[Marques Brownlee]] in the video. The camera then cuts to Brownlee, other [[YouTuber]]s, and [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] streamer [[Ninja (streamer)|Ninja]] as the bus driver, conversing inside a battle bus, a reference to the game.<ref name="youtubespotlight2018"/>

The following scene depicts a group of YouTube personalities surrounding a campfire. The group suggests that the Rewind should have [[K-pop]], references to the [[wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]], the [[internet meme]] 'Bongo Cat,' a science experiment involving melting lipstick, and the inclusion of [[Electronic music|electronic]] musician [[Marshmello]], whose mask is removed and revealed to be [[Mason Ramsey]] underneath. The video then cuts to a group doing a [[mukbang]] in [[South Korea]].<ref name="youtubespotlight2018"/> After the scene, [[animator]] [[TheOdd1sOut]] suggests adding the [[In My Feelings#Release and reception|"In My Feelings" challenge]] to the video. The video rapidly cuts between scenes of various YouTubers and celebrities dancing to the challenge, including scenes of talk show hosts [[Trevor Noah]] and [[John Oliver]] performing dances from ''Fortnite''. Animator [[Jaiden Animations]] includes several [[Easter egg (media)|easter eggs]], comprising references to other memes and events of the year, such as [[Knuckles the Echidna#Ugandan Knuckles|Ugandan Knuckles]], an invitation to ''[[Super Smash Bros. Ultimate]]'', [[KSI vs. Logan Paul]] boxing match, a group of items on the wall that spell out "[[PewDiePie vs. T-Series|Sub 2 PewDiePie]]", as well as [[PewDiePie]]'s swivel chair.<ref name="youtubespotlight2018"/><ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1=Dittfach |first1=Jaiden |title=What my trip to Japan was like |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byldfZxK0AU&t=554 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Google|Google LLC]]. |access-date=11 May 2024 |date= December 23, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

After the challenge, [[Lilly Singh]] says the video should feature "the people who managed to do something bigger than themselves." Several YouTubers give shoutouts to various groups of people, including people who strived for [[Mental health|mental health awareness]] and "all women in 2018 for finding their voices." Later, [[Elle Mills]] decides to read a faux [[comments section]] on what to feature in the Rewind. Various comments are featured, featuring [[Popular culture|pop culture]] references to the costumes in [[Kanye West]] and [[Lil Pump]]'s "[[I Love It (Kanye West and Lil Pump song)|I Love It]]" music video, the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]], the [[children's song]] [[Baby Shark]], and the ''[[Dame Tu Cosita#Internet popularity|Dame Tu Cosita]]'' [[Novelty and fad dances|dance craze]]. The 'Sister Squad' ([[James Charles (model)|James Charles]], [[Dolan Twins]], and [[Emma Chamberlain]]) are then shown in [[outer space]], driving a car resembling [[Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster]].<ref name="youtubespotlight2018"/> The video ends with Smith laughing as he watches the aforementioned battle bus through a pair of binoculars and states "That's hot, that's hot." While the credits are playing, [[Primitive Technology]] is featured, sculpting the ''[[YouTube Rewind]]'' logo with clay.<ref name="youtubespotlight2018"/>

== Cast ==
This is the list of starring cast members in ''YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind'', derived from its website.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube Rewind 2018 |url=https://2018.rewind.youtube/creators |publisher=[[Google]] |access-date=3 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* 10Ocupados
* [[Adam Rippon]]
* Afros e Afins por Nátaly Neri
* Alisha Marie
* [[Ami Rodriguez]]
* [[Anwar Jibawi]]
* [[AsapSCIENCE]]
* AuthenticGames
* [[Bhuvan Bam|BB Ki Vines]]
* Bearhug
* Bie The Ska
* [[Bilingirl|Bilingirl Chika]]
* [[Bongo Cat]] (@StrayRogue and @DitzyFlama)
* Bokyem TV
* CajuTV
* [[Casey Neistat]]
* [[Caspar Lee|Caspar]]
* Cherrygumms
* [[Collins Key]]
* Dagi Bee
* Desimpedidos
* Diva Depressão
* [[The Dolan Twins|Dolan Twins]]
* [[Dominic Panganiban|Domics]]
* Dotty TV
* [[Elle Mills]]
* [[Emma Chamberlain]]
* [[Enes Batur]]
* EnjoyPhoenix
* EroldStory
* FAP TV
* [[Favij|FavijTV]]
* Fischer's
* Furious Jumper
* [[Gabbie Hanna]]
* GamingWithKev
* Gen Halilintar
* Gongdaesang
* gymvirtual
* [[Hannah Stocking]]
* [[Hikakin|HikakinTV]]
* [[How Ridiculous]]
* illymation
* [[ItsFunneh]]
* [[Jaiden Animations]]
* [[James Charles (model)|James Charles]]
* [[John Oliver]]
* [[Jordindian]]
* [[Jubilee Media]]
* JukiLop
* [[Julio Ríos Gallego|julioprofe]]
* [[Katya Zamolodchikova]]
* [[Kaykai Salaider]]
* Kelly MissesVlog
* Krystal Yam & family
* LA LATA
* Lachlan
* LaurDIY
* [[Lele Pons]]
* Life Noggin
* [[Lilly Singh]]
* [[Liza Koshy]]
* Los Polinesios
* [[Lucas the Spider]]
* [[Luisito Comunica]] (Rey Palomo)
* Luzu
* Lyna
*[[:pt:Manual do Mundo|Manual do Mundo]]
* [[Markiplier]]
* [[Marques Brownlee]]
* [[Marshmello]]
* [[Mason Ramsey]]
* Me Poupe!
* [[Merrell Twins]]
* [[Michael Dapaah]]
* MissRemiAshten
* mmoshya
* [[Molly Burke]]
* [[Ms Yeah]]
* Muro Pequeno
* [[NickEh30]]
* [[NikkieTutorials]]
* [[Ninja (streamer)|Ninja]]
* Noor Stars
* Pautips
* [[Baby Shark#Pinkfong version|Pinkfong Baby Shark]]
* Pozzi
* [[Primitive Technology]]
* RobleisIUTU
* [[Rosanna Pansino]]
* [[Rudy Mancuso]]
* [[Safiya Nygaard]]
* [[Sam Tsui]]
* [[Samantha Harvey (musician)|SamHarveyUK]]
* SHALOM BLAC
* [[Simone Giertz]]
* skinnyindonesian24
* Sofia Castro
* [[Adande Thorne|sWooZie]]
* Tabbes
* [[Gaurav Chaudhary|Technical Guruji]]
* [[The Try Guys]]
* [[TheOdd1sOut]]
* Tiền Zombie v4
* [[Trevor Noah]]
* [[Trixie Mattel]]
* [[Wengie]]
* [[whinderssonnunes]]
* [[Will Smith]]
* Yammy
* [[Yes Theory]]
{{div col end}}

== Reception ==
[[File:Pewdiepie head shot.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind'' was criticized for not including [[PewDiePie]], despite being the platform's [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|most-subscribed channel]] at the time and his [[PewDiePie vs T-Series|rivalry with T-Series]] generating significant attention.<ref name="vox" />]]

Upon its release, ''YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind'' was universally panned by critics, YouTubers, and viewers alike. Many YouTubers deemed it the "worst ''Rewind'' ever".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/with-more-downvotes-youtube-rewind-2018-is-being-dubbed-as-worst-ever-5484202/ |title=With more downvotes, YouTube Rewind 2018 is being dubbed the "worst ever" |date=December 8, 2018 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208100629/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/with-more-downvotes-youtube-rewind-2018-is-being-dubbed-as-worst-ever-5484202/ |archive-date=December 8, 2018 |access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref> Only a few portions of the video received praise, with many viewers applauding Jaiden Animations for incorporating PewDiePie's chair, as well as other [[Easter egg (media)|Easter eggs]], into her segment of the video.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/pewdiepie-may-not-have-made-it-to-youtube-rewind-2018-but-his-chair-did-1964625.html |title=PewDiePie May Not Have Made it to YouTube Rewind 2018 But His Chair Did |website=[[News18]] |date=December 8, 2018 |access-date=December 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209114049/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/pewdiepie-may-not-have-made-it-to-youtube-rewind-2018-but-his-chair-did-1964625.html |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other criticisms included what viewers had seen as the video's overuse of some trends, many of them being seen as outdated or unpopular among the YouTube community, including ''Fortnite'', as well as the lack of variety in references.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/youtube-rewind-2018-932570 |title=YouTube Rewind 2018 is out now and people absolutely hate it |website=[[Android Authority]] |date=December 7, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209165146/https://www.androidauthority.com/youtube-rewind-2018-932570/ |archive-date=December 9, 2018 |access-date=December 9, 2018}}</ref> It was also prominently criticized for its social commentary, which some felt was shoehorned into the video.<ref name="auto" /> Many people were also angered with PewDiePie not being included, as his channel was [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels|the most-subscribed on the platform]] at the time.<ref name="The Verge Dec 6">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/6/18129044/youtube-rewind-shane-dawson-logan-paul-jake-pewdiepie-vlog-squad-david-dobrik-boxing-ksi |title=YouTube Rewind hides its community's biggest moments to appease advertisers |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=December 6, 2018 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en-US |access-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207012744/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/6/18129044/youtube-rewind-shane-dawson-logan-paul-jake-pewdiepie-vlog-squad-david-dobrik-boxing-ksi |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-46592370 |title=YouTubers make unofficial Rewind videos |last=Gerken |first=Tom |date=December 17, 2018 |website=[[BBC News ]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217221352/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-46592370 |archive-date=December 17, 2018 |access-date=December 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name="vox">{{Cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/12/14/18138916/pewdiepie-vs-t-series-youtube-rewind-2018 |title=How the "Subscribe to PewDiePie" meme could determine the future of YouTube |last=Romano |first=Aja |date=December 14, 2018 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217154443/https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/12/14/18138916/pewdiepie-vs-t-series-youtube-rewind-2018 |archive-date=December 17, 2018 |access-date=December 18, 2018}}</ref>

While ''YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind'' incorporated user comment suggestions as a part of the video, Nicole Engelman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' called YouTube "out of touch".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Engelman |first1=Nicole |title=YouTube 2018 Rewind Replaces Justin Bieber's "Baby" as Most Disliked Video on the Platform |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/youtube-2018-rewind-replaces-justin-biebers-baby-as-disliked-video-1169054/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Julia Alexander of ''[[The Verge]]'' suggested that YouTube had intentionally left out the biggest moments on the platform in 2018 from the video in an attempt to appease concerned advertisers over [[YouTube#Child safety and wellbeing|controversies that had plagued the platform over the past two years]], stating that "it's increasingly apparent, however, that YouTube is trying to sell a culture that's different from the one millions of people come to the platform for, and that's getting harder for both creators and fans to swallow."<ref name="The Verge Dec 6" /> Meira Gebel of ''[[Business Insider]]'' shared a similar sentiment, saying "The video appears to be an attempt for the company to keep advertisers on its side following a rather rocky 2018."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/most-hated-youtube-videos-of-all-time-2018-12 |title=The 7 most-hated YouTube videos of all time |last=Gebel |first=Meira |date=December 12, 2018 |website=[[Business Insider]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213151727/https://www.businessinsider.com/most-hated-youtube-videos-of-all-time-2018-12 |archive-date=December 13, 2018 |access-date=December 12, 2018}}</ref>

PewDiePie, who was not in ''YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind'', criticized the video. He stated that he was almost glad he wasn't in it because "it's such a cringey video at this point which I think is quite a shame honestly."<ref name="pewdiepierewind2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYT1Qq6mo4I |title=YouTube Rewind 2018 review |last=Kjellberg |first=Felix |website=YouTube |date=December 7, 2018 |publisher=[[PewDiePie]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207235814/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYT1Qq6mo4I |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref> He adds on the statement saying that "Rewind [used to be] something that seemed like an homage to the creators that year, it was something cool to be a part of." He further criticized the over-saturation of ''Fortnite'', the inclusion of celebrities not associated with YouTube, and the lack of any mention of the outpouring of support on the platform for those who died before December, including Icelandic actor and YouTuber [[Stefán Karl Stefánsson]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-46507374 |title=YouTube Rewind 2018 becomes site's most disliked video |last=Gerken |first=Tom |date=December 10, 2018 |website=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210180454/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-46507374 |archive-date=December 10, 2018 |access-date=December 10, 2018}}</ref> On top of his criticism, he, along with FlyingKitty, [[Party In Backyard]], [[Grandayy]] and Dolan Dark, created their take of ''YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind'' on December 27, 2018, titled "YouTube Rewind 2018, but it's actually good", which focused on the notable memes of 2018.<ref>{{Citation |last=PewDiePie |title=YouTube Rewind 2018 but it's actually good |date=December 27, 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=By_Cn5ixYLg&app=desktop |access-date=December 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228221509/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=By_Cn5ixYLg&app=desktop |archive-date=December 28, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Marques Brownlee]], who was prominently featured in the video, said ''Rewind'' had once been a "big celebration of YouTubers and the biggest events that had happened on the site in a particular year. It became an honor to be included in Rewind. But now YouTube saw Rewind as a way to showcase all the best stuff that happens on YouTube for advertisers." He concluded that "Instead of honoring creators, it is now a list of advertiser-friendly content. Rewind has turned into a giant ad for YouTube."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46552334 |title=Bieber fans help YouTube Rewind become 'most disliked' |date=December 13, 2018 |website=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213214907/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-46552334 |archive-date=December 13, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref><ref name="The Verge Dec 13">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/13/18137894/youtube-rewind-2018-dislike-shane-dawson-logan-paul-pewdiepie-mkbhd-philip-defranco |title=YouTube Rewind 2018 is officially the most disliked video on YouTube |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=December 13, 2018 |website=The Verge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213203259/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/13/18137894/youtube-rewind-2018-dislike-shane-dawson-logan-paul-pewdiepie-mkbhd-philip-defranco |archive-date=December 13, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/13/youtube-rewind-2018-becomes-most-disliked-video-ever-posted-on-site.html |title=YouTube's 2018 recap becomes most disliked video ever posted on the site |last=Browne |first=Ryan |date=December 13, 2018 |website=[[CNBC]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213213453/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/13/youtube-rewind-2018-becomes-most-disliked-video-ever-posted-on-site.html |archive-date=December 13, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref>

In a video uploaded in February 2019, then-YouTube CEO [[Susan Wojcicki]] said "Even at home, my kids told me it was cringey." She promised a better ''Rewind'' for 2019 and revealed several priorities for YouTube for the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/02/05/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-creator-letter-rewind-2018/ |title=Even the YouTube CEO's kids thought that Rewind video was 'cringey' |last=Holt |first=Kris |date=February 5, 2019 |website=[[Engadget]] |language=en |access-date=February 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208135547/https://www.engadget.com/2019/02/05/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-creator-letter-rewind-2018/ |archive-date=February 8, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Dislikes ===
[[File:YouTube Rewind 2018 and Baby dislikes.svg|thumb|''YouTube Rewind 2018: YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind'' surpassed "[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)#Music video|Baby]]" to become the most-disliked YouTube video within a week of being uploaded.]]
On December 13, 2018, a week after being uploaded, it became [[List of most-disliked YouTube videos|the most-disliked video on the website]], beating the previous record-holder: the music video for [[Justin Bieber]]'s "[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]."<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/technology/youtube-rewind-video.html |title=How YouTube's Year-in-Review 'Rewind' Video Set Off a Civil War |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=December 13, 2018 |website=[[The New York Times]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214115531/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/13/technology/youtube-rewind-video.html |archive-date=December 14, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref> In a statement given to media outlets, YouTube spokeswoman Andrea Faville said that "dethroning 'Baby' in dislikes wasn't exactly our goal this year."<ref name="auto1" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-rewind-2018-most-disliked-video-ever-1203088810/ |title=YouTube Rewind 2018 Officially Becomes Most-Disliked Video Ever |last=Spangler |first=Todd |date=December 13, 2018 |website=Variety |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213183839/https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-rewind-2018-most-disliked-video-ever-1203088810/ |archive-date=December 13, 2018 |access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref>

After the release of the video and subsequent backlash, YouTube discussed possible options to prevent abuse of the dislike button by "dislike mobs", such as making the like–dislike ratings invisible by default, prompting disliking users to explain their dislike, and removing the dislike count or the dislike button entirely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/02/youtube-doesnt-like-dislike-mobs-will-try-to-prevent-dislike-button-abuse/ |title=YouTube is trying to prevent angry mobs from abusing "dislike" button |last=Palladino |first=Valentina |date=4 February 2019 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208070207/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/02/youtube-doesnt-like-dislike-mobs-will-try-to-prevent-dislike-button-abuse/ |archive-date=February 8, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tom Leung, the director of project management at YouTube, described the possibility of removing the dislike button to be the most extreme and undemocratic option, as "not all dislikes are from dislike mobs."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=1 February 2019|title=YouTube wants 'dislike mobs' to stop weaponizing the dislike button|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/1/18207189/youtube-dislike-attack-mob-review-bomb-creator-insider|access-date=14 December 2021|website=The Verge|archive-date=February 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207115534/https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/1/18207189/youtube-dislike-attack-mob-review-bomb-creator-insider|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2021, dislike counts became viewable only by a video's uploader in an attempt to "help better protect our creators from harassment, and reduce dislike attacks — where people work to drive up the number of dislikes on a creator's videos."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravarti |first1=Ankita |title=YouTube will now hide public dislike counts on videos |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/youtube-will-now-hide-public-dislike-counts-on-videos-1875419-2021-11-11 |access-date=2 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208224731/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/youtube-will-now-hide-public-dislike-counts-on-videos-1875419-2021-11-11 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Burke |first=Minyvonne |date=November 11, 2021 |title=YouTube is hiding dislike counts in an effort to protect content creators from harassment |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/youtube-hiding-dislike-counts-effort-protect-content-creators-harassme-rcna5232 |work=[[NBC News]] |location= |access-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111150830/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/youtube-hiding-dislike-counts-effort-protect-content-creators-harassme-rcna5232 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9397902}}
* [https://www.portal-a.com/youtube-rewind-2018-everyone-controls-rewind/ Portal-A project page]

{{YouTube navbox}}

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[[Category:2018 YouTube events]]
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[[Category:2018 in Internet culture]]

Aarii

2026-03-04T00:10:30Z

ZitaKight7091: put up basic data more to come

{{Short description|2025 Indian Bengali film by Jiit Chakraborty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aarii
| image = Aarii poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jiit Chakraborty
| producer = Yash Dasgupta Amitava Dey Sreejit Mukherjee
| writer = Amitava Bhattacharya
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]
* [[Yash Dasgupta]]
* [[Nusrat Jahan]]}}
| music = [[Anindya Chatterjee]] Keshab Dey Lincon Roy Chowdhury
| cinematography = Souvik Basu
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| studio = YD Films GSI Films GP Entertainment
| distributor = [[PVR Inox Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|04|25}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|1.20 crore}}
<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-08 |title=Why Tollywood clings to veterans for that elusive success: A revival at twilight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/why-tollywood-clings-to-veterans-for-that-elusive-success-a-revival-at-twilight/articleshow/120987324.cms |access-date=2025-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
}}

'''''Aarii''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[action drama film]], written and directed by Jiit Chakraborty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2025-04-08 |title=Actors Nussrat Jahan and Yash Daasguptaa take us through their latest film Aarii as they flaunt two exclusive summer party looks for Indulge |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Apr/25/actors-nussrat-jahan-and-yash-daasguptaa-take-us-through-their-latest-film-aarii-as-they-flaunt-two-exclusive-summer-party-looks-for-indulge |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> Produced by Yash Dasgupta, Amitava Dey and Sreejit Mukherjee under YD Films, GSI Films and GP Entertainment, the film stars [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Jaya Sen, [[Yash Dasgupta]] as her son Joy Sen and [[Nusrat Jahan]] as Aditi, a writer who becomes involved in their lives. The narrative explores the sacrifices and emotional bonds between a widowed mother and her caregiver son. It was released theatrically on 25 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-28 |title=We're honoured to have shared the screen with Mousumi Chatterjee, say Yash & Nussrat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/were-honoured-to-have-shared-the-screen-with-mousumi-chatterjee-say-yash-nussrat/articleshow/120580462.cms |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film received mixed to positive reviews from the critics and is a blockbuster at the Box Office.

== Plot ==
After the death of her husband, Jaya Sen begins to suffer from a progressive illness that affects her memory and mental health. Her son, Joy Sen, abandons his own aspirations to become her full-time caregiver. The close-knit bond between them attracts the attention of Aditi, a writer researching real-life stories. When Joy finds himself in need of money, a local gang lord, Trilok, pressures him to join his criminal enterprise, and tensions rise as Joy’s friend Bubai (Unmesh) and rival Lalon pull him in opposite directions. As the stakes escalate, the family must navigate loyalty, desperation and hope.

== Cast ==
* [[Moushumi Chatterjee]] as Jaya Sen<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-18 |title='আড়ি' ভাবের মধ্যমণি মা-ছেলে, ফের বাংলা সিনেমায় মৌসুমী চট্টোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/yash-daasguptaa-nusrat-jahan-moushumi-chatterjee-starrer-aarii-will-release-on-april-west-bengal-news-wbs24121804611 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=লাহিড়ী |first=চৈতালী |title=প্রবল দাবদাহে প্রেক্ষাগৃহের শীতলতা আর মৌসুমী চট্টোপাধ্যায়, 'আড়ি' থেকে প্রাপ্তি এটুকুই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-film-aarii-directed-by-jiit-chakraborty-starring-moushumi-chatterjeeyash-daasguptaa-nussrat-jahan-dgtl/cid/1598328 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429014823/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-the-film-aarii-directed-by-jiit-chakraborty-starring-moushumi-chatterjeeyash-daasguptaa-nussrat-jahan-dgtl/cid/1598328 |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Yash Dasgupta]] as Joy Sen
** Debmalya Gupta as Young Joy Sen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJLrpQvS0qN/ |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
* [[Nusrat Jahan]] as Aditi Ghosh
* [[Partha Bhowmick]] as Trilok Halder
* [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] as Barundeb Acharya
* Debraj Bhattacharya as Lalon Halder
* Unmesh Ganguly as Bubai Acharya
* [[Sohini Sengupta]] as Phoolu
* Debolina Biswas as Srimoyee Chatterjee
* Ashim Roy Chowdhury as police
* [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as Lokesh Samanta
* Sumit Panja
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] (cameo in "Dakat Poreche" song)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G951Z8AokqU&feature=youtu.be |title=Dakat Poreche {{!}} ডাকাত পড়েছে {{!}} Aarii {{!}} Iman Chakraborty {{!}} Srabanti C {{!}} Yash D {{!}} Nussrat J {{!}} Keshab D |date=2025-04-16 |last=Saregama Bengali |access-date=2025-05-02 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Somraj Maity]] as Pritam Sunpui (cameo)
* Jiit Chakraborty (cameo)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The project was announced in late 2024, marking veteran actress [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]’s return to Bengali cinema after a 10-year hiatus.<ref>{{cite web | last=Chakraborty | first=Torna | title=Mousumi Chatterjee attends the press conference of Aarii alongside Yash and Nussrat | website=The Times of India | date=2025-04-24 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mousumi-chatterjee-graces-the-press-conference-of-aarii-alongside-yash-and-nussrat/articleshow/120582377.cms | access-date=2025-05-01}}</ref> The film is the second production under actor [[Yash Dasgupta]]’s banner alongside Amitava Dey and Sreejit Mukherjee.

=== Filming ===
Principal photography commenced in December 2024 in South Kolkata. The shoot was completed rapidly, leveraging urban and suburban locales to depict the Sen family’s domestic and community settings.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=I had a lot of fun shooting for Aari after a 12-year gap : Mousumi Chatterjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/i-had-a-lot-of-fun-shooting-for-aari-after-a-12-year-gap-mousumi-chatterjee/articleshow/120479237.cms |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=21 April 2025}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aarii
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anindya Chatterjee]], Keshab Dey and Lincon Roy Chowdhury
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| genre = Feature film soundtrack
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama Bengali]]
| producer = [[Yash Daasguptaa]], [[Nusrat Jahan]]
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Anindya Chatterjee]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Konttho]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Aarii
| year = 2025
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = Keshab Dey
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = Balaram Kando
| prev_year = 2025
| title = Aarii
| year = 2025
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = Lincon Roy Chowdhury
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = Antaratma
| prev_year = 2025
| title = Aarii
| year = 2025
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}

The film's score is composed collaboratively by [[Anindya Chatterjee]], Keshab Dey and Lincon Roy Chowdhury, blending traditional Bengali motifs with contemporary orchestration to underscore the emotional arc of the mother-son relationship.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Nussrat Jahan and Yash Daasguptaa star in a romantic duet in the upcoming film Aari |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/health/nussrat-jahan-and-yash-daasguptaa-star-in-a-romantic-duet-in-the-upcoming-film-aari/1381818 |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=26 March 2025}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! No. !! Title !! Lyrics !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1. || "Kichu Kotha" || Lincon Roy Chowdhury || Muhammad Irfan, [[Anweshaa|Anwesshaa]]|| 4:18
|-
| 2. || "Aarii (Title Track)" || [[Anindya Chatterjee]]|| Anindya Chatterjee || 3:31
|-
| 3. || "Dakat Poreche" || Badal Paul || [[Iman Chakraborty]]|| 2:37
|-
| 4. || "Mon Pakhi" || Amitabha Bhattacharya || Syed Omy || 2:52
|-
|5.
|"Tor Moto kore keo"
|Lincon Roy Chowdhury
|Pritam Kumar, Rubai
|2:25
|-
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;" | Total length: || 15:43
|}

== Release ==
Theatrically released across West Bengal and select national screens on 25 April 2025, ''Aarii'' opened to moderate box office collections, buoyed by positive word-of-mouth for its performances and emotional depth.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Britto |first1=Anita |title=Moushumi Chatterjee returns to cinema after 12 years, teams up with Nusrat Jahan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/moushumi-chatterjee-returns-to-cinema-after-12-years-teams-up-with-nusrat-jahan-2690607-2025-03-07 |access-date=2 May 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=7 March 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Aarii'' received generally positive reviews for its heartfelt storytelling and standout performances, particularly [[Moushumi Chatterjee]]’s nuanced portrayal of Jaya Sen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |title=Moushumi Chatterjee Birthday: 'এখনও বুড়ি হইনি...', যশ-নুসরতের 'আড়ি'-র প্রিমিয়ারে জমজমাট জন্মদিন সেলিব্রেশন মৌসুমীর |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/moushumi-chatterjee-birthday-celebration-on-aarii-premiere-9004299 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' awarded the film 3 out of 5 stars, praising its exploration of elder care and family bonds while noting its deliberate pacing might challenge some viewers<ref>{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Poorna | title=Aarii Movie Review: An endearing family drama that ticks many boxes | website=The Times of India | date=2025-04-25 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/aarii/movie-review/120642938.cms | access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>
* IWMBuzz lauded the “high-EQ” screenplay and Moushumi Chatterjee’s presence, calling ''Aarii'' a “bitter-sweet tale that resonates with universal themes of love and duty.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Shatakshi |title=Aarii Review: A 'bitter-sweet' tale of mother-son bond |website=IWMBuzz | date=2025-04-26 | url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/aarii-review-a-bitter-sweet-tale-of-mother-son-bond/2025/04/26 |access-date=2025-05-02}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35929295}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by PVR Inox Pictures]]
[[Category:2025 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action drama films]]

Veera (2013 film)

2026-03-03T21:36:47Z

ZitaKight7091: Created new details

{{About|the 2013 film Veera|text=For other films and people with the same name, see [[Veera (disambiguation)|Veera]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veera
| image = 2013 Kannada film Veera poster.JPG
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]]
| producer = [[Ramu (Film Producer)|Ramu]]
| writer = Anil Kumar
| screenplay = Ayyappa P. Sharma
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Malashri]]
*[[Komal Kumar]]
*[[Rahul Dev]]
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
}}
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Rajesh Khatta
| editing = Lakshman Reddy
| studio = Ramu Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|3|29}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/veera-to-release-on-march-29/articleshow/18925726.cms|title=Veera to release on March 29|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 March 2013}}</ref>
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Veera''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[Action (genre)|action film]] directed by [[Ayyappa P. Sharma]] and starring [[Malashri]], [[Rahul Dev]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] in the lead roles. Produced by Ramu Enterprises, the film's soundtrack and lyrics are written by [[Hamsalekha]]. The supporting cast features [[C. R. Simha]], [[Komal (actor)|Komal]], [[Mukul Dev]] and Raju Talikote. One of the fight scenes in the film is inspired from [[Wanted (2008 film)|Wanted]]. The film is also dubbed in [[Hindi]] as name ''Veera-The Most Wanted''.

==Plot==
The plot revolves around [[covert operative]] Veeralakshmi aka Veera, who is taken care by her step-father [[police commissioner]] Garudachar, when she faced prison term for killing a boy. Veera is assigned to track down a gangster RD. RD is involved in a fake note racket in [[Hong Kong]]. He has links with Karnataka [[Home minister]] Chunchanagadde, who seeks {{INRConvert|1000|c}} for [[Indian election|election]] expenses. While RD plans to send the amount, he faces a tough task as he has to confront Veera. She steals diamonds from him and destroys the car, which is used by RD to transport drugs and also kills his aide Alex and brother Joe. Veera seeks vengeance on RD (whose real name is Soma) for killing her brother Manju when they were young. In the process, she also exposes the minister’s links with RD and wins applause from the [[Chief minister]]. In the [[mid-credits scene]], Veera heads to another mission in [[New York City|New York]].

== Cast ==
* [[Malashri]] as Veera Lakshmi aka Veera / [[Malini Iyer]] (in-disguise)
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[Police commissioner]] Garudachar
* [[C. R. Simha]] as [[Home Minister]] Chunchanagatti
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
* [[Rahul Dev]] as RD
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Joe, RD's brother
* [[Raju Talikote]] as Chunchanagatti's [[Personal Assistant|PA]]
* M. N. Lakshmi Devi
* Anantha Velu as [[Chief Minister]]
* Sathyadev

==Production==

===Development===
''Veera'' was announced in December 2009, with [[Malashri]] returning after a six-month hiatus, following her previous release, ''Kannadada Kiran Bedi''. It was announced that ''Veera'' would be produced by her husband Ramu, under his banner Ramu Enterprises. Reports said filming would begin in the first week of December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Dec/10/malashri-to-return-with-veera-111772.html|title=Malashri to return with Veera|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=10 December 2009}}</ref>

===Casting===
However, the film went under production only in July 2012, following the signing of [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] and [[Komal Kumar]] to play pivotal roles. [[C. R. Simha]] was signed to play a supporting role in the film, who returned to acting after a sabbatical. Sathyadev was cast to play one of the negative leads.<ref>{{cite news |title= Malashri takes on five baddies in her next |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Malashri-takes-on-five-baddies-in-her-next/articleshow/19107791.cms |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |date= 22 March 2013 |access-date= 17 January 2015}}</ref>

===Filming===
Majority of the filming took place abroad in parts of [[Southeast Asia]] such as [[Bangkok]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. Stuntmen who had previously worked with [[Jackie Chan]] were hired to train Malashri to perform the action sequences in the film that involved a motorboat chase and a nine-vehicle cannon blast.<ref>{{cite news |title= Jackie Chan's stuntmen trained Malashri for Veera |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Jackie-Chans-stuntmen-trained-Malashri-for-Veera/articleshow/19021901.cms |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |date= 18 March 2013 |access-date= 17 January 2015}}</ref> Parts of the film were filmed in [[Bangalore]] before its completion in November 2012. It included filming for a period of 145 days including 20 days for filming the climax sequence alone. Following filming, [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] was done at the Akash Studio and Hamsalekha Studio in Bangalore.

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Veera
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:03
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2012
| year = 2014
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| -F6Hmpexdrs| Veera - Full Album}}
}}
}}

[[Hamsalekha]] composed the film's background score and music for the soundtracks who also penned its lyrics. The album consists of six tracks.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:03
| title1 = Dosthi Endare Dhokha
| extra1 = [[Hemanth Kumar]]
| length1 = 3:14
| title2 = Indiyana
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Kabadiya
| extra3 = Raksha
| length3 = 3:41
| title4 = Mahalu
| extra4 = [[Raghu Dixit]]
| length4 = 4:07
| title5 = Veera
| extra5 = Chandan
| length5 = 3:29
| title6 = Asha Kirana
| extra6 = Badri Prasad
| length6 = 4:47
}}

==Release==
The film was given the "U/A" (Parental Guidance) certificate by the Regional Censor Board in early-March 2013. The film released theatrically on 29 March 2013, in over 200 prints across [[Karnataka]], the highest for a Malashri film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/veera-is-like-a-hollywood-flick-ramu/articleshow/19218010.cms|title=Veera is like a Hollywood flick: Ramu|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 March 2013}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Upon release, it opened to mixed response from critics. G. [[S. Kumar]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote "Armed with a good script, director Ayyappa P. Sharma has churned out a commercial movie packed with action." He concluded writing, "Malashri has given a neat performance. Rahu Dev, Mukul Dev, Ashish Vidyarthi, CR Simha have done justice to their roles. Komal gives an excellent comic touch. Hamsalekha has contributed a couple of catchy tunes. Rajesh Kata shines with his cinematography".<ref>{{cite news |title= Veera Movie Review |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Veera/movie-review/19277107.cms |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |date= 29 March 2013 |access-date= 17 January 2015}}</ref> Muralidhara Khajane from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Veera is the story of a sister avenging the murder of her brother Manju who was killed during their childhood. The film opens with a commentary on how greedy politicians take advantage of the loopholes in democracy".<ref>{{cite news |title= Malashree's back in action |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/malashrees-back-in-action/article4566113.ece |newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date= 31 March 2013 |access-date= 17 January 2015}}</ref> Y. Maheswara Reddy from ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' wrote "Veera for all its hype disappoints big time. In fact, going by the number of action scenes, dialogues and the pedestrian screenplay, it would seem that director Ayyappa P. Sharma has taken the Kannada film-viewing audience for granted." He added, "the film also lacks any semblance of romance or humour".<ref>{{cite web |title= Film review: Veera is all action, no sense |url= http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-review-veera-is-all-action-no-sense-1817010 |website= [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date= 30 March 2013 |access-date= 17 January 2015}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Composer and lyricist, Hamsalekha, seems to be undergoing an identity crisis. For director Ayyappa Sharma whose film Varadanayaka, released recently, this is another film which is actually a series of action and stunt sequences".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/veera-shes-lost-her-voice/articleshow/21212534.cms|title= Veera: She's lost her voice|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> A critic from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Veera appears to be another name in Malashree’s list that has been ticked off. Apart from splendid action and Komal’s comedy, there’s little to write home about. The actress’ fans, however, will get their ticket’s poora worth".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/322529/never-play-kabaddi-kids.html|title=Never play kabaddi with kids|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=29 March 2013}}</ref> A Shardhaa from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Veera is mildly diverting, and feels like a long trailer. Nothing to boast about Hamsalekha's music, which doesn't add much to the loudness and action in the movie. The Verdict: This action packed film is purely for front benchers with no exciting storyline".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2013/Mar/30/action-queen-malashrees-same-old-formula-in-veera-463361.html|title=Action queen Malashree's same old formula in Veera|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 March 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veera (2013 film)}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:2013 action films]]

Santhi Sandesam

2026-03-03T18:12:16Z

ZitaKight7091: Created a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Santhi Sandesam
| image = Shanti Sandesham.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Chandra Shekar Reddy
| producer = Shakamuri Mallikarjun Rao
| writer = [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi|Tripuraneni Maharadi]]
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Ramyasri]]
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| cinematography = Meka Ramakrishna
| editing = Adirala Ravi Teja
| studio = [[Padmalaya Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2004|07|09|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Santhi Sandesam''''' (English: Message of Peace) is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language biographical film directed by P. Chandrasekhar Reddy. The film stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as [[Jesus]] and [[Ramyasri]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4KNSp-uEO18C&pg=PA215 Freek L. Bakker, The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad, Studies in Religion and the Arts, v. 1 (Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill, 2009), 13–77.]</ref><ref>Freek L. Bakker, "Shanti Sandesham: A New Jesus Film Produced in India. Indian Christology in Pictures," Exchange 36 (2007): 41-64 Exchange [https://books.google.com/books?id=VtVBAQAAIAAJ Vol.36] 2007 "Therefore the image of Jesus in Shanti Sandesham is in a certain sense akin to that of the dalit theology, the Indian liberation theology emerged among the untouchables."</ref><ref>Peter Malone ''Screen Jesus: Portrayals of Christ in Television and Film'' 2012 "Reports of numerous locally made films of Jesus' life circulate particularly in South India, but other than Karunamayudu, only the following are well documented: Jesus (directed by P. A. Thomas, 1973); Shanti Sandesham (Telugu for Gospel of Peace).. Mulla Kireetam".</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as [[Jesus]]
*[[Ramyasri]]
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as [[John the Baptist]]
*[[Vinod Kumar Alva]]
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
*[[Ravali]]
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]
*[[Jayaprakash Reddy]]
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
*[[Jayalalita]]
*[[Abhinayashree]]
*[[Rajitha]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack for the film is by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shanthi Sandesham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Vandematharam Srinivas |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/shanthi-sandesham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1180310269 |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=9 November 2023 |language=en-CA |date=31 August 2014}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chinnari Balallara
| length1 = 6:04
| lyrics1 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Kani Vini Erugani Karunaku
| length2 = 5:24
| lyrics2 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra2 = [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]], [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| title3 = Jillu Jillo
| length3 = 5:11
| lyrics3 = [[Veturi]]
| extra3 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| title4 = Deiva Kumaruni (Rukshakuda)
| length4 = 7:15
| lyrics4 = Suddala Ashok Teja
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title5 = Karuna Sagara
| length5 = 4:45
| lyrics5 = [[Goreti Venkanna]]
| extra5 = Vandemataram Srinivas
| total_length = 28:39
}}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] - Murali

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|13255870}}
* {{cite web |title=Shanti Sandesham - Scene Guide |url=https://biblefilms.blogspot.com/2020/07/shanti-sandesham-scene-guide.html |website=Bible Films Blog |date=19 July 2020}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Jesus]]
[[Category:Films based on the Gospels]]
[[Category:Films set in Palestine (region)]]
[[Category:Films set in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Films set in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Film portrayals of Jesus' death and resurrection]]
[[Category:Films about the Nativity of Jesus]]
[[Category:Depictions of Herod the Great on film]]
[[Category:Portrayals of Mary, mother of Jesus, in film]]
[[Category:Portrayals of Mary Magdalene in film]]
[[Category:The Devil in film]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of John the Baptist]]
[[Category:Biblical Magi in film]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Paul the Apostle]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Saint Peter]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate]]
[[Category:Portrayals of Saint Joseph in film]]
[[Category:Christian mass media in India]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Aaraam Arvind Swamy

2026-03-03T12:17:15Z

ZitaKight7091: put up some pg more to come

{{short description|Indian romantic comedy film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aaraam Arvind Swamy
| image = Aaraam Arvind Swamy.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Abhishek Shetty
| writer = Abhishek Shetty
| screenplay = Abhishek Shetty
| story = Abhishek Shetty
| based_on = 
| producer = Shreekanth Prasanna Prashant Reddy S
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Aniissh Tejeshwar]]
*[[Milana Nagaraj]]
*Hrithika Srinivasan
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Shiva Sagar YVB
| editing = Umesh R.B.
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| studio = Aiikya Studios 786 Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|0.54 crore}}
}}

'''''Aaraam Arvind Swamy''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] directed and written by Abhishek Shetty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gajanana-and-gang-director-abhishek-shettys-next-titled-araam-aravind-swamy/articleshow/89791366.cms |title='Gajanana and Gang' director Abhishek Shetty's next titled 'Aaraam Arvind Swamy' |website=TimeofIndia.com |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929174418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/gajanana-and-gang-director-abhishek-shettys-next-titled-araam-aravind-swamy/articleshow/89791366.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Feb/22/abhishek-shetty-to-direct-and-star-in-araam-aravind-swamy-2422180.html |title=Abhishek Shetty to direct and star in 'Araam Aravind Swamy' |website=The New Indian Express |date=22 February 2022}}</ref> The film stars [[Aniissh Tejeshwar|Aniish]], [[Milana Nagaraj]] and Hrithika Srinivas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/13/i-am-confidentabout-aaramaravind-swamyaniissh-2650502.html |title=I am confident about Aaram Aravind Swamy: Aniissh |website=The New Indian Express |date=13 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Jan/02/milana-nagaraj-to-star-alongside-anissh-in-aaram-aravind-swamy-2533738.html |title=Milana Nagaraj to star alongside Anissh in 'Aaram Aravind Swamy' |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 January 2023}}</ref> Produced under Aiikya Studios and 786 Films, the film's music is composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/12/aaram-aravinda-swamy-to-bring-a-whirlwind-of-emotions-action-and-fun |title='Aaram Aravinda Swamy' to bring a whirlwind of emotions, action, and fun |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 November 2024}}</ref> It was released on 22 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/araam-aravind-swamy-to-release-on-november-22-with-special-ticket-offer-9112584.html |title=araam-aravind-swamy-to-release-on-november-22-with-special-ticket-offer |website=News18.com |date=8 November 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Aniissh Tejeshwar]] as Arvind Swamy
*[[Milana Nagaraj]] as Geetha
*Hrithika Srinivasan as Lakshmi
*[[Achyuth Kumar]]
*Gowrav Shetty
*RJ Vikki
}}

== Production ==
The film marks director Abhishek's third project after ''Namm Gani BCom Pass'' (2021) and ''Gajanana and Gang'' (2022). He conceptualized the script during the [[COVID lockdown]] period in 2022 and planned to cast popular names including [[Kishore (actor)|Kishore]] for this project. Besides directing, Abhishek penned the story, screenplay and dialogues for the film. He was also initially set to play the lead role. Later, Aniish was cast as the lead protagonist, whom Abhishek found he would be the "right-fit" for the role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/i-knew-aaram-aravinda-swamy-was-right-for-me/ar-AA1utdMx?ocid=BingNewsSerp |title='I knew 'Aaram Aravinda Swamy' was right for me' |website=The New Indian Express |date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Jan/13/i-am-confidentabout-aaramaravind-swamyaniissh-2650502.html |title=I am confident about Aaram Aravind Swamy: Aniissh |website=The New Indian Express |date=13 January 2024}}</ref> Actress Milana Nagaraj was roped in to play one of the lead female characters in January 2023, marking her first pairing with Aniish. The filming wrapped up in October 2023 and post-production works began right after.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Oct/30/team-araam-aravind-swamy-wraps-up-shooting-2628178.html |title=Team 'Araam Aravind Swamy' wraps up shooting |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 October 2024 |access-date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104012022/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/oct/30/team-araam-aravind-swamy-wraps-up-shooting-2628178.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Marketing ==
As a promotional stance, the makers of the film announced that the film, releasing on 22 November 2024, will be available for booking at an attractive price of {{INR}}99.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/aram-arvind-swamy-film-ticket-price-99-rupees-3038650 |title=aram-arvind-swamy-film-ticket-price-99-rupees |website=Prajavani.net |date=8 November 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of songs composed by [[Arjun Janya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=arjun-janya-joined-the-team-of-aaram-arvind-swamy |url=https://publictv.in/arjun-janya-joined-the-team-of-aaram-arvind-swamy/ |website=PublicTV.com |access-date=1 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316003615/https://publictv.in/arjun-janya-joined-the-team-of-aaram-arvind-swamy/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aaram Aravinda Swamy Official Playlist |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVd_MOshyfDHqnkHh0NKpLnvE3SEQBmwI |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=11 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by WinkWhistle Productions owned by [[Anish Tejeshwar|Aniish]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Munde Hego Yeno
| length1 = 3:17
| lyrics1 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra1 = Nihal Tauro
| title2 = Hudukutha Hode
| length2 = 3:28
| lyrics2 = Anoop Ramaswamy
| extra2 = Jaskaran Singh
| title3 = Aaram Aravinda Swamy
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Nagarjun Sharma
| extra3 = Nishan Rai
| total_length = 12:33
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt25503698}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]

Kuttuvan Kotai

2026-03-03T06:34:15Z

ZitaKight7091: done

{{Short description|Chera ruler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name =Kuttuvan Kotai
| title =
| image= Kuttuvankotai-cash.jpg
| caption =Kuttuvan Kotai. Legend in Tamil-Brahmi: "Ku-t-tu-va-n Ko-tai"
| reign =
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house = [[Chera dynasty]]
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
'''Kuttuvan Kotai''' ({{langx|ta| குட்டுவன் கோதை}}), also spelled '''Kothai/Kodai,'''<ref name=":03">{{cite book |last1=Aiyar |first1=K. G. Sesha |author-link1= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277483 |title=Chera Kings of the Sangam Period |publisher=Luzac and Co. |year=1937 |isbn= |location=London |pages=53-54 |chapter= |orig-year=}}</ref> was a [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler of early historic (pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]]) south India.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Rajan |first=K. |title=Emergence of Early Historic Trade in Peninsular India |date=2011 |work=Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Exchange |pages=182–183 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/early-interactions-between-south-and-southeast-asia/emergence-of-early-historic-trade-in-peninsular-india/C8F5F19AA9DCF34B04E40D4CF7B90190 |access-date= |series= |publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute |isbn=978-981-4311-17-5}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Trade_Ideology_and_Urbanization/IGTaAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Trade,%20Ideology,%20and%20Urbanization |title=Trade, Ideology, and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |pages=111 and 137}}</ref>

Silver coins bearing a portrait facing right with Tamil-Brahmi legend "Ku-t-tu-va-n Ko-tai" have been discovered from [[Amaravati River|Amaravati]] riverbed in [[Karur]], central [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Mahadevan |first=Iravatham |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674012271 |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD |publisher=Cre-A and Harvard University |year=2003 |series=Harvard Oriental Series |pages=117–119 and 62–63}}</ref><ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Susmita Basu |url=https://www.routledge.com/Imperial-Rome-Indian-Ocean-Regions-and-Muziris-New-Perspectives-on-Maritime-Trade/Mathew/p/book/9781032919553?srsltid=AfmBOopryRo-rHn6ZWG1saQp5tEVhProWop3fYIfuXKhoau6ysttvYF8 |title=Imperial Rome, Indian Ocean Regions and Muziris: New Perspectives on Maritime Trade |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |editor-last=Mathew |editor-first=K. S. |pages=410-411 |chapter=Money Matters: Indigenous and Foreign Coins in the Malabar Coast}}</ref> The reverse of the coins are blank. The coin seems to be an imitation of the Roman portrait head coins.<ref name=":1" /> Whether these coins were used as a currency in trade transactions is not clear.<ref name=":0" />

Scholars identify Kotai with "Cheraman Kuttuvan Kotai" mentioned in the early Tamil text ''Purananuru'', 54.<ref name=":1" /> This Chera is mentioned as Kotai, not as Kuttuvan Kotai, in the body of the poem, but the appended colophon gives the full name "Kuttuvan Kotai".<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":03" /> The Chera is eulogized in the ''Puram'' by Konattu Ericchalur Matalur/Matalan Madurai Kumarananar (''Purananuru'').<ref name=":03" /> The son of Chera ruler [[Cenkuttuvan]] was also referred to as "Kuttuvan Cheral".<ref name=":03" />

Kuttuvan was probably an ancient title for the Chera rulers of south India. Early Tamil texts refer to "Kuttuvar" as a kingship group and "Kuttanatu" as the country of the Kuttuva people.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=K. N. |date=2009 |title=Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/037698360903600102?icid=int.sj-abstract.citing-articles.4 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language= |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.1177/037698360903600102 |issn=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The term Kuttanatu is indicated in the entry in ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus Maris Erythraei]]'', referring to "Cottonora", ‘where the pepper grows’.<ref name=":2" /> The estuarine region Kottayam and Alappuzha districts of Kerala is now known as [[Kuttanad|Kuttanatu]].<ref name=":2" />

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Chera kings]]

Moka Paginu Muvadu State

2026-02-28T16:37:27Z

ZitaKight7091: started details.

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Moka Paginu Muvadu State
|common_name =Moka Paginu Muvadu
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Moka Paginu Muvadu
|stat_area1 =2.59
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =207
|footnotes =
}}

'''Moka Paginu Muvadu State''' (or '''Moka Pagina Muvadu''', '''Moka Paginu Muwada''' ) was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 100,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n109/mode/2up</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 207 and an area of 1 sq mile.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 22, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n31/mode/2up</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers held the title of Thakur. The state was held by a variety of shareholders (several people sharing the government and revenues of the state).

In 1922 <ref>The Rewakantha directory, p. 120, https://archive.org/details/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/page/120/mode/2up</ref> and 1927 <ref>A Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 160, https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/159/mode/2up</ref> the 2 shareholder of Moka Paginu Muvadu were:

* Mabhaj Gembhai (b. 1863)
* Ramsing Nathabhai (b. 1896)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Economic history of the Indian subcontinent

2026-02-24T18:36:33Z

ZitaKight7091: improve section for consistency and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Aspect of the economic history of India}}
This is the '''Economic history of the [[Indian subcontinent]]'''. It includes the economic timeline of the region, from the ancient era to the present, and briefly summarizes the data presented in the [[Economic history of India]] and [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)]] articles.

{{Main|Economic history of India}}

== Antiquity ==
*500 BC
** Silver punch-marked coins<ref>[http://www.nupam.com/thshiv.html Nupam Mahajan and R. Balasubramaniam, "Scanning electron microscopy study of an ancient silver punch-marked coin with central pentagonal mark", ''Numismatic Digest'' v. 22.]</ref> were minted as currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development by the [[Mahajanapadas]].<ref>[http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html "Ancient Indian Coinage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322193639/https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-ancient.html |date=2017-03-22 }}, ''[[RBI Monetary Museum]]'' rbi.org</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Angus Maddison</ref>
* 4th century AD
**Indian subcontinent under the [[Gupta Empire]] united much of the subcontinent, contained 33.21% of the world’s population, contributed to around 33 to 35% of world's GDP,<ref name="autogenerated1"/> and generated an estimated average of $450 (1990 dollars) PPP per annum.

== Middle Ages ==

*1000
**Indian subcontinent (led by the [[Chola Empire|Chola]], [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukya]] and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] empires) contained an estimated 28.05% of the world's population, and contributed to around 30 to 33% of world's GDP.<ref name="Maddison-20012">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001). [http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?K=5LMQCR2KHV6C&lang=EN&sort=sort_date%2Fd&sf1=kwords&st1=maddison&sf3=SubjectCode&st4=not+E4+or+E5+or+P5&sf4=SubVersionCode&ds=maddison%3B+All+Subjects%3B+&m=14&dc=27&plang=en ''The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective''], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], Paris</ref> Individually generated an estimated average of $450 (1990 dollars) PPP per annum, and collectively produced $33,750 million.<ref name="Maddison-20012"/>
*1500
**Indian subcontinent (under the [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]], [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan sultanate]], [[Gajapati Empire]], [[Bengal Sultanate]] and [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput kingdoms]]) contained an estimated 25.09% of the world's population, and who individually generated an estimated average of $550 (1990 dollars) PPP per annum, and collectively produced $60,500 million, of the world's $248,321 million (24.36%), second only to [[Ming China]] in regional share.<ref name=Maddison-2003>[[Angus Maddison]] (2003). [http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?K=5LMQCR2K1TG3&lang=EN&sort=sort_date%2Fd&sf1=kwords&st1=maddison&sf3=SubjectCode&st4=not+E4+or+E5+or+P5&sf4=SubVersionCode&ds=maddison%3B+All+Subjects%3B+&m=8&dc=27&plang=en ''The World Economy: Historical Statistics''], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], Paris</ref>

== Mughal era ==
{{Main|Economy of the Mughal Empire}}
[[File:Share of Global GDP.gif|thumb|[[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)|Maddison's estimates of global GDP]],<ref>{{harvnb|Maddison|2007}}, Table A.7</ref> China and India being the most powerful until the 18th century. [[Bengal Subah]] was valued 50% of Mughal India's GDP.]]

*1500–1600
**Indian subcontinent, mostly under the [[Mughal Empire]] (after the conquest of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Bengal Sultanate]]) became economically 10 times more powerful than the contemporary [[Kingdom of France]],<ref name="harrison">{{cite book|title=Developing cultures: case studies|author=[[Lawrence Harrison (academic)|Lawrence E. Harrison]], [[Peter L. Berger]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9780415952798}}</ref> contained an estimated 24.27% of the world's population, and who individually generated an estimated average of $550 (1990 dollars) PPP per annum, and collectively produced $4,250 million, of the world's $31,344 million (4.41%).<ref>Bowen, H. V. Business of Empire: The East India Company and Imperial Britain, 1756–1833 (2006), 304pp</ref>
*1600–1700
**The Indian subcontinent, under [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor's]] [[Aurangzeb]] becomes the world's largest economy (after the economic downfall<ref name="Mao peiqi2">{{Cite book |author=Mao Peiqi |title=The Seventeen Emperors of the Ming Dynasty |year=2006 |publisher=光明日报出版社 |isbn=978-7-80206-237-5}}</ref> by the transition from Ming to Qing<ref name="Mao peiqi2"/>) and the most important center of manufacturing in [[international trade]], ahead of [[Qing China]].<ref name=Maddison-2003/><ref name="Parthasarathi">{{Citation |title=Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850 |given=Prasannan |surname=Parthasarathi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-49889-0 |page=2}}</ref> Worth 25% of the world's [[Industrial sector|industrial]] output, it signalled the [[Proto-industrialization]].<ref name="borocz">{{cite book|author=József Böröcz|title=The European Union and Global Social Change|page=21|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|accessdate=26 June 2017|isbn=9781135255800|date=2009-09-10|author-link=József Böröcz}}</ref><ref name="williamson">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/orourkek/Istanbul/JGWGEHNIndianDeind.pdf|title=India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries|author=[[Jeffrey G. Williamson]], David Clingingsmith|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|date=August 2005|accessdate=2017-05-18}}</ref><ref>Kumar, Dharma and Meghnad Desai, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, c.1751-c.1970 (1983).</ref>
*1700–1800
**Large parts of the Indian subcontinent, including [[Bengal Subah]], which accounted for 36% of [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch imports]],<ref name="Prakash">[[Om Prakash (historian)|Om Prakash]], "[http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 Empire, Mughal]", ''History of World Trade Since 1450'', edited by [[John J. McCusker]], vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, ''World History in Context''. Retrieved 3 August 2017</ref> and [[Kingdom of Mysore]], had some of the world's highest [[real wages]] and [[living standards]], made direct essential contributions to the first [[Industrial Revolution]] in [[Great Britain|Britain]].<ref name="Parthasarathi" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Kaveh |last=Yazdani|title=India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=TdrzDQAAQBAJ|page=120}}|date=10 January 2017|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-33079-5}}</ref>

== Colonial period ==
{{Main|Economic history of India}}

=== East India Company ===
*1793
** [[Permanent Settlement|Cornwallis' Permanent Settlement Instituted in Bengal]].
*1820
**China was the world's largest economy followed by the UK and India. The [[Industrial Revolution]] in the UK catapulted the nation to the top league of Europe for the first time ever. During this period, British foreign and economic policies began treating India as an unequal partner for the first time.<ref>{{Cite conference
| first = Stephen
| last = Broadberry
|author2=Bishnupriya Gupta
| title = COTTON TEXTILES AND THE GREAT DIVERGENCE: LANCASHIRE, INDIA AND SHIFTING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE, 1600–1850
| book-title = Proc The Rise, Organization, and Institutional Framework of Factor Markets
| date = 23–25 June 2005
| location = Utrecht
| url = http://go2.wordpress.com/?id=725X1342&site=cambridgeforecast.wordpress.com&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iisg.nl%2Fhpw%2Fpapers%2Fbroadberry-gupta.pdf
}}
</ref>

*1850
**The gross domestic product of India in 1850 dropped to 5–10% and was estimated at about 40 per cent that of China. British cotton exports reach 30 per cent of the Indian market by 1850.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/papers/broadberry-gupta.pdf | title=Historical Prices and Wages Dataset | access-date=2024-08-12 | website=www.iisg.nl | date=20 April 2023 }}</ref>

=== British Raj ===
*1868
** First estimation of India's [[national income]] by [[Dadabhai Naoroji]].
*1870
** India's economy had a 9.2% share of world income under the [[British Empire]].<ref name="OECD Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Maddison|first1=Angus|title=The World Economy A Millennial Perspective|date=12 Jun 2001|publisher=OECD Publishing|isbn=9789264186545}}</ref>
*1900
** Under the British Empire, India's share of manufacturing declined to 2% of global industrial output.<ref name="williamson"/>
*1913
** India's economy had a 5.4% share of world income under the British Empire.<ref name="OECD Publishing"/>
*1930
**Indian subcontinent contained an estimated 336.4 of the world's 2,070 million people (16.25%), and who individually generated an estimated average of $726 (1990 dollars) per annum, and collectively produced $244,097 million, of the world's $3,800,000 million (6.42%).
*1943
** [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal Famine]].

== Post-Independence period ==
{{Main|Economy of India|Economy of Pakistan|Economy of Bangladesh}}

=== Just after Independence ===
*1952
** India's economy had a 3.8% share of world income.<ref name="OECD Publishing"/>
*1973
** India's economy was $494.8 billion, which accounted for a 3.1% share of world income.<ref name="OECD Publishing"/>

=== 1980–1991 ===
Economically closed.

=== 1991–present ===
*1991
** [[P. V. Narasimha Rao#Economic reforms|Economic liberalisation]] was initiated by Indian prime minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] and his finance minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in response to a macroeconomic crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12641776 |title=Timeline: India |work=BBC News |date=2011-02-22 |access-date=2011-03-06}}</ref>
* 1996
** Beginning of short-lived coalition govts. India's economy is $1.560 trillion ([[purchasing power parity]]) accounting for a 3.9% share of world GDP, the fifth largest in the world.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/index.aspx|title=World Economic Outlook Database April 2017|website=www.imf.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>
*2004
** First NDA govt ends, inflation is 3.8%. India's economy is $2.870 trillion ([[purchasing power parity]]) accounting for a 4.7%<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.pp.cd|title=GDP, PPP (current international $) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref> share of world GDP, the fourth largest.<ref name=":0" />
* 2010
** India's economy is $4.002 trillion ([[purchasing power parity]]) which accounts for a 4.5%<ref name=":1" /> share of world income, the fourth largest in the world in terms of [[real versus nominal value|real]] GDP (PPP).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/01/07/india-economy-inflation-entrepreneurs-wharton.html |title=The Indian Economy In The Next Decade |work=Forbes.com |accessdate=2011-03-06}}</ref>
*2012
** Second half of UPA-2 and Inflation 10%.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.imf.org/en/Countries/IND|title=India and the IMF|work=IMF|access-date=2018-04-01|language=en}}</ref> India's economy is $4.825 trillion ([[purchasing power parity]]), the third largest in the world in terms of [[real versus nominal value|real]] GDP (PPP).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=51&pr.y=6&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=534&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |accessdate=2013-01-24}}</ref>
*2014
** India's economy is $7.376 trillion ([[purchasing power parity]]), the third largest in the world in terms of [[real versus nominal value|real]] GDP (PPP).{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
* 2017
** NDA-2 and inflation is 3.8%.<ref name=":2" /> India's economy is $9.448 trillion ([[purchasing power parity]])<ref name=":0" /> and accounts for a 6.8% share of world GDP (PPP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=43&pr.y=19&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,672,914,946,612,137,614,546,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,199,646,733,648,184,915,524,134,361,652,362,174,364,328,732,258,366,656,734,654,144,336,146,263,463,268,528,532,923,944,738,176,578,534,537,536,742,429,866,433,369,178,744,436,186,136,925,343,869,158,746,439,926,916,466,664,112,826,111,542,298,967,927,443,846,917,299,544,582,941,474,446,754,666,698,668&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>
* 2021
** As of 2021, India's economy is $10.207 trillion ([[purchasing power parity]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weodatabase/2021/April/weo-report|title=International Monetary Fund|date= 1 April 2021}}</ref> and accounts for a 7.19% share of world GDP (PPP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/271328/indias-share-of-global-gross-domestic-product-gdp/|title=India: Share of global gross domestic product (GDP) adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) from 2016 to 2026|date= 1 April 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Economy of South Asia]]
* [[List of regions by past GDP (PPP)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Angus Maddison|Maddison, Angus]] (2004). ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics]]''. OECD. {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}. (See ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060516071726/http://www.theworldeconomy.org/publications/worldeconomy/MaddisontableB-18.pdf Sample Table]''.)
* {{cite book |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |title=Contours of the world economy, 1–2030 AD : essays in macro-economic history |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0199227204}}
* [[World Bank]], 1 July 2006. [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf PPP GDP 2005.]

==External links==
* [http://www.ijtemt.org/vol2issue3/FDI_&_Development_Of_Indias_Economy.php Relation Between Inflow Of FDI and The Development Of India's Economy], IJTEMT

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of The Economy Of India}}
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indian history timelines|Economic]]
[[Category:Pakistani history timelines|Economic]]
[[Category:Business timelines|Economic]]

The Great Indian Butterfly

2026-02-19T04:13:56Z

ZitaKight7091: formatting fix

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Great Indian Butterfly
| image = The_Great_Indian_Butterfly.jpg
| director = [[Sarthak Dasgupta]]
| producer = [[Sanjay Gupta]] [[Parth Arora]]
| writer = [[Sarthak Dasgupta]]
| narrator =
| starring =[[Aamir Bashir]] [[Sandhya Mridul]] [[Koel Purie]] [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]
| cinematography =Shanker Raman
| editing =[[Vivek Shah (editor)|Vivek Shah]] [[Shan Mohammed]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|11|11|Indo-American Arts Council Film Festival|2010|04|02|India}}
| runtime = 94 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Great Indian Butterfly''''' is a 2007 Indian [[romance film|romance]] [[drama film]], written and directed by Sarthak Dasgupta. It is the story of a typical modern Indian couple and their journey to Goa in quest of a magical insect, and in turn, peace, love and happiness in life, which lies within ourselves. The language of the film was English.<ref name="dn">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_film-review-the-great-indian-butterfly_1366685|title=Film review: The Great Indian Butterfly Published: Friday|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|authorlink=Taran Adarsh|date=2 April 2010|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
A planned vacation to Goa goes awry for two stressed-out Mumbai-based employees, after Krish ([[Aamir Bashir]]) oversleeps, and as a result he and his wife, Meera ([[Sandhya Mridul]]) miss the plane. They, nevertheless, decide to make use of their time and drive there by car so that he can locate and view The Great Indian Butterfly. Last seen by the unknown Portuguese explorer Carodiguez, in a remote Karthikey valley located in erstwhile colonial Goa, the butterfly possesses a magical aura, granting immense happiness to the person who catches it.

In the journey that takes the couple from the smog filled, concrete jungle of the Megalopolis of Mumbai through the little discovered coastal landscapes of the western Sahyadris, to the sun soaked land of Goa, the couple lose more than what they want to rediscover. It becomes a passage, which seems to travel with a metaphor of its own and an insect as elusive as a fossil trapped in prehistoric resin.

Their journey will be acrimonious as Meera must also deal with work-related stress, loss of a promotion, as well as accuse her husband of not being intimate with her on one hand, and on the other remaining in close contact and having an affair with his ex-girlfriend, Liza ([[Koel Purie]]).

Will they find the Butterfly? Can they survive the journey? Can it cost them their lives? Will the Great Indian Butterfly wreak havoc on their souls? Will there be redemption? Or is it a futile hunt for an answer to their crumbling lives? Is happiness a rare insect? A simple tale in the complex miasma of a changing India.

==Cast==
* [[Aamir Bashir]] as Krish Kumar
* [[Sandhya Mridul]] as Meera K. Kumar
* [[Koel Purie]] as Liza
* [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]
* Gourov Dasgupta
* [[Shibani Kashyap]] as herself

==Release==
The film was released on 2 April 2010.

==Reception==
The film did not perform well at the box office.<ref name="bo">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA==|title=All India 2010 (Figures in INR Crore)|publisher=BoxOfficeIndia|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020055348/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA%3D%3D|archivedate=20 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The film received generally good reviews and was commended for the themes it boldly raised and honestly depicted. Both Sandhya Mridul and Aamir Bashir were praised for their top notch performances. The film also received praise for its peaceful and calm atmosphere, as compared to the loud dialogues and fights commonly seen in films today.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/02/review-the-great-indian-butterfly.htm|title=The Great Indian Butterfly is an honest attempt|date=2 April 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/apr/030410-The-Great-Indian-Butterfly-Movies-Review.htm|title=The Great Indian Butterfly- Movies Review|date=2010-04-03|work=[[MiD DAY]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/02202453/Film-Reviews--The-Great-India.html|title=Film Reviews:The Great Indian Butterfly and Pankh|date=2 April 2010|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://thegreatindianbutterfly.erosentertainment.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|1087852|The Great Indian Butterfly}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080116044021/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/13654/index.html The Great Indian Butterfly] at ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Indian Butterfly}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shibani Kashyap]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2007 English-language films]]

Sankaraparani River

2026-02-18T17:41:27Z

ZitaKight7091: updated

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=April 2013}}

The '''Sankaraparani River''' (French: ''Fleuve Sankaraparani'') is a river in [[Tamil Nadu]] state of southern [[India]]. It originates on the western slope of the Gingee Hills in [[Viluppuram District]], and flows southeastwards to empty into the [[Bay of Bengal]] south of [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. The Sankaraparani is also known as '''Varahanadi''' or '''Gingee River'''.

==River course==
It has two sources, one in the [[Pakkamalai]] hills and one in the mountains of [[Melmalayanur]]. They join near [[Thenpalai]] village to form the main river. The course of the river is generally southeastwards. Annamangalam surplus joins near Melacheri. Then the river turns south in eastern part of [[Singavaram]] village and then flows east again. Second tributary Nariyar Odai joins Sankaraparani near [[Uranithangal]] village.

Near [[Vallam]] village, the river turns southeast to flow toward of Rettanai, Nedimozhiyanur, towards Veedur Dam. The third tributary Thondiar joins near [[Vidur]]. The Vidur [[reservoir]] across Sankaraparani is situated just below.

From Vidur reservoir, Sankaraparani flows southeast. Pambaiyar tributary joins near [[Radhapuram taluk|Radhapuram]]. Then Sankaraparani enters [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] Union Territory at [[Manalipet]]. Pambai tributary joins Sankaraparani near [[Sellipet]].

Then [[Guduvaiyar River]], the last tributary joins near Boat House. At this point, Sankaraparani is also called Chunnambar. From here it flows for {{convert|2|km|mi}} before draining into [[Bay of Bengal]] at Paradise Beach.

The total length of the river is {{convert|78.5|km}}. Of the total length, {{convert|34|km|mi}} flows in Puducherry.

== Tributaries ==
Sankaraparani river has six tributaries namely:
* Annamangalam surplus
* Nariyar Odai
* Thondiar
* Pambaiyar
* Pambai
* [[Guduvaiyar River|Guduvaiyar]]

== Distributary ==
The only [[distributary]] of Sankaraparani is [[Ariyankuppam River]] that branches near [[Thirukanchi]].

== History of a flood in times bygone ==
There is a history that there was once great flooding of this river. The exact timing of the flood may need experts in history to tell us. However, the two proofs are: (1) The fossil park at Tiruvakkarai is about 1–2 km away from the river and located on a hillock. The ASI maintained park mentions that there was a great flood once that would have washed away all the logs of trees on the hillock which have been preserved as fossils since then.

(2) A visit to the Gangai Varaha Nadeeswarar Koil at ThiruKaanchi also gave us a similar history (Varalaru) from the priests of the temple. That the village was once severely flooded and the temple was destroyed. The main deities were however saved and the temple rebuilt at the present location.

== Temples ==
Ancient temples are located on the banks of Sankaraparani. Out of 22 [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]] in Nadu Naadu, four temples are located on the banks of Sankaraparani. Among the temples Gangai Varaga Natheeswarar Temple located at Thirukanchi in Puducherry named after this river 'Varaga Nathi'. The name suggests that this river 'Sankaraparani' has the same power as of 'Gangai Nathi' (The River Ganges) as per Hindu Mythology. Every year in the Tamil month of 'Maasi' (Feb-March) during the 'Magam' Nachathiram day this temple festival is celebrated. 'Maasi Magam' - ten days festival is celebrated including car festival on the ninth day.

=== Villupuram district ===
Temples in [[Villupuram district]] include:
* Ranganathar Koil, Singavaram
* Ramanatheeswarar Koil, Esalam
* Akkarai Kali Amman Koil, Nedi Mozhiyanoor (sd)
* Azhagiyanathar Koil, Thiruvaamaathur (Paadal Petra Sthalam)
* Panankatteesar Koil, Puravar Panankattur (Paadal Petra Sthalam)
* Chandarasekarar Temple, Thiruvakarai (Paadal Petra Sthalam)

=== Puducherry ===
Temples in [[Puducherry district]] include:
* Mahedevar Koil, Madagadipet
* Perumal Koil, Thirubhuvanai
* Vadugurnathar Koil, Thiruvandarkoil (Vadukkur)(Paadal Petra Sthalam)
* Thirukameswarar Koil, Villianur
* Gangai Varaha Natheeswarar Koil, Thirukanchi
* Kasi Viswanathar temple, Odhiampattu

== Tourism ==
* Vidur Reservoir
* Ossudu Lake Boat House, Poraiyur Agaram
* Chunnambar Boat House, [[Ariyankuppam]]

Resorts include Le Pondy,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lepondy.com |title=Welcome to Pondicherry ::The only resort where history meets future |publisher=Le Pondy |date= |accessdate=2013-05-12}}</ref> Kailash Beach Resort,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kailashbeachhotel.in |title=Hotel Kailash Beach Resort - Home |publisher=Kailashbeachhotel.in |date= |accessdate=2013-05-12}}</ref> and The Windflower Resort and Spa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewindflower.com/pondicherry/ |title=Pondicherry-Pondicherry Travel and Tourism |publisher=Thewindflower.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-12 |archive-date=1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301121950/http://www.thewindflower.com/pondicherry/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of rivers of Puducherry]]
* [[List of rivers of Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord| 11.877203|N| 79.823127|E|region:IN-PY_type:waterbody_source:dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Ariyankuppam| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]

[[ta:சங்கரபரணி ஆறு]]

Garhwa railway station

2026-02-17T21:07:14Z

ZitaKight7091: slightly correct details for consistency and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{distinguish|Garwa Road railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = GARHWA
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|150px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption = Indian Railways logo
| address = Garhdevi Muhalla, [[Garhwa, Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.18|N|83.82|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|197|m|ft}}
| line =
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 3
| tracks = 5
| entrances =
| parking = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes 
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = GHQ
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Dhanbad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| status = Functional
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Jharkhand#India
| map_dot_label = Garhwa railway station
}}

'''Garhwa railway station''' (station code: '''GHQ''') is a railway station located in [[Garhwa district, Jharkhand]]. This is a railway station for [[Garhwa]] which is a headquarter of Garhwa district. It belongs to [[East Central Railway]]. All major express and passenger train stop here.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IndiaRailInfo|1118}}
{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Palamu district]]
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division]]

{{Jharkhand-railstation-stub}}

Niguma

2026-02-08T02:40:11Z

ZitaKight7091: creating a entry!

{{Short description|10th century Indian female yoga teacher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{overquotation|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Shangpadakininiguma.jpg|thumb|Niguma]]
{{Buddhism}}
'''Niguma''' is considered one of the most important and influential [[yogini]]s and [[Vajrayana]] teachers of the 10th or 11th century in [[India]]. She was a [[dakini]], and one of the two female founders of the [[Shangpa Kagyu]] school of [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism, along with [[dakini]] [[Sukhasiddhi]]. Her birth name was '''Shrijnana''' (or '''Palgyi Yéshé''' in [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]).{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|p=229}} Like many of the [[mahasiddha]]s and [[Tantra|Tantric]] practitioners of the time, Niguma was known by several names both during her lifetime and afterwards. She was called '''Yogini Vimalashri''', or '''Vajradhara Niguma''', or '''Jñana (wisdom) Dakini Adorned with Bone (ornaments)''',{{sfnp|Harding|2010|p=7}} or '''The Sister''' referring to her purported relationship to the great [[Buddhist]] teacher and adept [[Naropa]]. She was also sometimes called '''Nigupta''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://library.bdrc.io/show/bdr:P47 |title=ye shes mkha' 'gro ma ni gu ma |website=BUDA by BDRC}}</ref> which is explained by the historical Buddhist scholar [[Taranatha]] as follows: "The name Nigu accords with the Indian language, which is Nigupta, and is said to mean 'truly secret' or 'truly hidden.' In fact, it is the [[Twilight language|code-language]] of the dakinis of timeless awareness."{{sfnp|Harding|2010|p=7}}

There is often confusion between the biographical details of Niguma's life and spiritual accomplishments and that of the renowned Vajrayana teacher and [[mahasiddha]] [[Naropa]].{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|p=228}}{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=1-6}} While the biographical information for Niguma is scarce, what is available often offers details that are identical with the biography of Naropa.{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=1-6}} While not much can be confirmed about the historical details of Niguma's life, what does remain is the corpus of her teachings and her impact on the founding of the [[Shangpa Kagyu]] [[Buddhist]] spiritual lineage, known as one of the "“Eight Great Chariots of the Practice Lineages” ([[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]], ''sgrub brgyud shing rta chen po brgyad''), meaning one of the eight great Buddhist spiritual traditions that eventually were transmitted from [[India]] to [[Tibet]].{{cn|date=February 2024}} The importance of the [[dakini]] Niguma as a spiritual practitioner, teacher, and lineage founder continues to the present day.

== Life and history ==
As secret, or hidden, as her name implies, there are only a few facts known about Niguma's life. This may partially be because of genuine lack of sources from both India and Tibet as well as the nature of the dakini. One author offers this explanation:

{{blockquote|The elusiveness of Niguma is typical of the lore of the dakini, the very embodiment of liminal spiritual experience. Additionally the difficulty of pinpointing historical information may well be due to the lack of ancient sources from India and the lack of concern about such mundane matters by the Tibetan masters who encountered her in dreams and visions and maybe in person. After all, when confronted with the blazing apparition of the resplendent and daunting dark dakini bestowing [[Twilight language|cryptic]] advice, a background check would be rendered irrelevant. Indian Buddhist [[Hagiography|hagiographies]] are virtually unknown, whether of men or women. In Tibet, where hagiography became a prolific genre in its own right, those of women are extremely rare, for all the usual reasons. It is in the experience of those [[Pawo|heroes]] who encountered the dakini that one finds the most information, and these experiences are invested with the value of spiritual meaning.{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=1-2}} }}

What most sources agree upon is that Niguma was born into a rich [[Brahmin]] family in the town (or monastery) of Peme in [[Kashmir]]{{sfnp|Harding|2010|p=3}} in the 10th or 11th century. Her father was named Santivarman ([[Standard Tibetan|Tib.]]: ''Zhi ba’i go cha'') and her mother was called Shrimati ([[Standard Tibetan|Tib.]]: ''dPal gyi blo gros ma'').{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|p=229}} According to different sources, Niguma was either the sister or consort of Naropa.{{sfnp|Harding|2010|p=4}} Her family relationship with Naropa is not entirely clear from the existing sources. One scholar who has done extensive research presents and discusses the available evidence and concludes that Niguma was indeed Naropa's older sister, not his wife or consort.{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=3-6}}

==Previous incarnations==

Niguma was considered an emanation of the great dakini [[Mandarava]], [[Guru Rinpoche]]'s foremost Indian disciple.{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|p=416}}

==Teachers==
There is almost no information about Niguma's teachers in the extant sources. As one scholar writes:

{{blockquote|The only specific information about Niguma's teachers that I have from my sources is her connection with a certain Lavapa, according to two accounts by Taranatha. However Lavapa is not mentioned by name in Niguma's ''Life Story'', where it says only that 'she directly saw the truth of the nature of phenomena just by hearing some instructive advice from ''a few adept masters''.' The only two named masters in the ''Life Story'' are Naropa and Ratnavajra, and then only as cohabitants in Kashmir.{{sfnp|Harding|2010|p=6}} }}

Thus, from the perspective of the spiritual lineage, it is said that Niguma's spiritual realization originates directly from the [[Vajradhara|Buddha Vajradhara]], rather than from any living human teachers.{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|p=227}}

==Notable students and transmission lineages==

===Sukhasiddhi===
There is some evidence that the great [[dakini]] and Vajrayana teacher [[Sukhasiddhi]] may have been a student of Niguma's. Other evidence indicates that they may never have met even while living during the same time period. Both Niguma and Sukhasiddhi were teachers of Khyungpo Neljor, and both Niguma and Sukhasiddhi are credited with the formation of the [[Shangpa Kagyu]] lineage of [[Vajrayana]] [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sukhasiddhi.org/about/lineage/niguma-story/ |website=Sukhasiddhi Foundation |title=Niguma Story |access-date=2016-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028220045/http://sukhasiddhi.org/about/lineage/niguma-story/ |archive-date=2016-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Marpa Lotsawa, or Marpa the Translator===
The great meditation master and translator, [[Marpa Lotsawa]] received teachings from Niguma on at least two occasions. Marpa is said to have visited Niguma each time he traveled to [[India]]. Sources say that he sought out Niguma on the advice of [[Naropa]].{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|p=227}}{{sfnp|Harding|2010|p=5}} The story is told thusly, in ''The Life of Marpa'':

{{blockquote|Naropa said, "On the shores of the poison lake in the South, in the [[charnel ground]] of Sosadvipa,<ref>Also known as ''Sosaling'' in Tibetan ({{harvp|Harding|2010|p=6}}).</ref> is Jnanadakini Adorned with Bone Ornaments. Whoever encounters her is liberated. Go before her and request the ''Catuhpitha''. You can also request of the kusulus there whatever teachings you desire."

Having arrived in the charnel grounds at Sosadvipa, Marpa met this [[yogini]], who was living in a woven grass dome. offering her a mandala of gold, he supplicated her. She joyfully gave him the full [[Abhisheka|abhiseka]] and oral instructions on ''Catuhpitha''.{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|pp=227-228}} }}

Another source says that Marpa's first visit to Niguma was suggested by [[Naropa]] and that a later visit to Niguma was suggested by [[Shantibhadra]]. During the first meeting, Marpa received the ''Catuhpitha'' empowerment and instructions. During his second visit with Niguma, he received prophecy about meeting Naropa again, even though Naropa had already died.{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=5-6}}

===Khyungpo Neljor===
Niguma had many important students during her lifetime. The Tibetan [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|meditation master]] Khyungpo Neljor ({{bo|w=khyung po rnal 'byor}}) stands out both for his intensive travel to seek teachings and transmissions from qualified masters and also for receiving the entire corpus of teachings from Niguma that would become the basis of the [[Shangpa Kagyu]] lineage. Khyungpo Neljor traveled to Nepal and India seeking teachings and transmissions from a variety of teachers, including Niguma.{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|p=227}} Some of Niguma's realization, and teaching style, can be seen in the description of Khyungpo Neljor meeting Niguma for the first time. While in India studying with various teachers, Khyungpo Neljor asked those he met if there were any teachers who had met the Buddha [[Vajradhara]]. He was told that Niguma had. So, he sought out Niguma in order to receive even higher levels of teaching from her. He found the [[dakini]] Niguma in the Sosa [[Charnel ground|charnal ground]] of eastern India.<ref name="kungpo">{{cite journal |first=Alexander |last=Gardener |date=December 2009 |title=Kungpo Neljor |journal=[[The Treasury of Lives]] |issn=2332-077X |url=http://www.treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Khyungpo-Naljor/6285 |access-date=2016-05-07}}</ref> It is traditional for a student to request teachings and transmissions three times before they are bestowed. When Khyungpo Neljor first requested transmissions, Niguma is said to have replied in the [[Twilight language|code-language]] of the dakinis: "I am a flesh-eating dakini!" One source says that she claimed to be the queen of the cannibals.{{sfnp|Kongtrul|Zangpo|2003|p=227}} Finally when Khyungpo Neljor again asked for transmissions, Niguma demanded gold from him. He had been traveling with great amounts of gold in order to make offerings to any teacher he met. When he offered the gold to Niguma, she threw it up into the air and it scattered throughout the forest. Then,

{{blockquote|... her retinue of ḍākinī formed a [[Mandala|maṇḍala]], bestowing on Khyungpo Naljor the initiation of the [[Dream yoga|Illusory Body]] (''sgyu lus'') and [[Dream yoga|Dream Yoga]], two sections that make up the Nigu Chodruk (''ni gu chos drug''), or Six Yogas of Niguma. Niguma then transported him to a golden mountain summit where she bestowed the complete Six Yogas, the Dorje Tsikang (''rdo rje tshig rkang'') and the Gyuma Lamrim (''sgyu ma lam rim'').<ref name="kungpo"/>}}

Khyungpo Naljor then returned to Tibet, and established a monastery at Zhangzhong in the Shang region in western [[Ü-Tsang|Tsang]]. This was his main seat, and he became known as the Lama of Shang. Although he was reputed to have founded hundreds of monasteries and had thousands of students, he passed the teachings of Niguma to only one of his students, Mochok Rinchen Tsondru. The [[Shangpa Kagyu|Shangpa lineage]] is often referred to as the "secret lineage" because Niguma instructed Khyungpo Neljor to transmit the teachings to only one student for the first seven generations beginning with [[Vajradhara]] and Niguma. Niguma then passed the lineage to Khyungpo Neljor who passed it to Mokchokpa Rinchen Tsondru (1110-1170). After that, Niguma's lineage went to Wonton Kyergngpa (or Chokyi Senge, 1143–1216), Sangye Nyenton (or Rigongpa, 1175-1247/1255?), and Drogon Sangye Tonpa (1207-1278). At this point, the lineage stream was opened up and teachings and practices were given to many others.{{sfnp|Harding|2010|p=29}}

===Thang Tong Gyalpo===
The famous architect, scholar, and [[yogi]] [[Thang Tong Gyalpo]] (1385–1464[[Common Era|CE]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Cyrus |last=Stearns |title=King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo |year=2007 |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |page=1 |isbn=978-1559392754}}</ref> or 1361–1485[[Common Era|CE]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Barbara |last=Gerke |title=Long Lives and Untimely Deaths: Life-span Concepts and Longevity Practices in the Darjeeling Hills, India |year=2011 |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |page=230 |isbn=978-9004217034}}</ref>) was one of Niguma's students,<ref>[http://tbrc.org/link?RID=P2778 TBRC Person P2778: thang stong rgyal po] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092328/http://tbrc.org/link?RID=P2778 |date=2007-12-19 }}, Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center</ref> yet in a unique way. He was instructed by Niguma in a vision two to three centuries after she lived.{{sfnp|Harding|2010|p=10}} He is well known for being a great Buddhist [[adept]], a yogi, physician, blacksmith, architect, and a pioneering [[civil engineer]]. He is considered a reincarnation of [[Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen]] and founded the Iron Chain lineage ({{bo|w=thang lugs}}) of the [[Shangpa Kagyu]] school of Tibetan Buddhism which was founded by Niguma.

==Teachings and spiritual practices==

===Overview===
The legacy of Niguma's teachings and spiritual practices is still available today within the [[Shangpa Kagyu]] tradition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shangpa.net/spip.php?article24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618223612/http://www.shangpa.net/spip.php?article24|archive-date=18 Jun 2010 |title=Teachings and practices |date=2009 |website=The Shangpa Network}}</ref> Included in the corpus are songs and prayers (including aspiration prayers),{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=193-197}} a [[sadhana]] cycle called ''The Six Dharmas of Niguma'' (see below),{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=135-142, 183-192}} [[mahamudra]] practices,{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=143-152}} as well as unique sadhana practice cycles for [[Chakrasamvara]],{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=167-176}} and [[Hevajra]].{{sfnp|Harding|2010|pp=177-182}}

===The Six Dharmas of Niguma or The Six Yogas of Niguma?===
Niguma brought forth a [[Tantra|tantric]] [[sadhana]] cycle, a cohesive set of spiritual practices, referred to properly as the ''Vajra Lines of the Six Dharmas'', sometimes also referred to as the ''Six Yogas of Niguma''. This is a parallel to the more well known ''[[Six Yogas of Naropa]]''. Yet, for both Niguma's and [[Naropa|Naropa's]] [[Vajrayana]] sadhana cycles, it is more accurate to use the term ''six dharmas''.

{{blockquote|"The term ''yoga (sbyor ba)'' is never used for this set of practices in Tibetan, and they should not be confused with the [[Kalachakra|Kālacaka]] tradition's group of six practices that ''are'' called ''yogas''."<ref>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Peter Alan|title=Mahamudra and Related Instructions|url=https://archive.org/details/mahamudrarelated00robe|url-access=limited|year=2011|publisher=Wisdom Publications|location=Somerville, MA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mahamudrarelated00robe/page/n30 5]|isbn=9780861714445}}</ref>}}

Her six dharmas are as: 
1.Inner fire (gtum mo) 
2. Illusory body (rgyud lus) 
3. Dreaming (rmi lam) 
4. Clear light ('od gsal) 
5. Transference of consciousness ('pho ba) 
6. Intermediate state (bar do).<ref>{{cite book| editor1-first=Karen O’Brien-Kop |editor1-last= Suzanne Newcombe|publisher=Routledge|title=Handbook of Yoga and Meditation Studies |date= 28 October 2020|isbn= 978-1-351-05073-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hef5DwAAQBAJ&dq=niguma+Kashmir&pg=PT388}}</ref>

The ''Six Dharmas of Niguma'' are classified as [[Completion stage|completion]] stage (''rdzogs rim'') practices focusing on controlling and refining the channels, winds, and energies of the [[subtle body]]. Details of the [[sadhana]] cycle brought forth by Niguma can be found in ''Selected Works of the Dalai Lama: The Tantric Yogas of Sister Niguma'' ({{harvp|Mullin|1985}}). An interesting comparison of ''The Six Dharmas of Niguma'' with ''The Six Dharmas of Naropa'' can be found in ''Niguma: Lady of Illusion'' ({{harvp|Harding|2010|pp=135–136}}).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
* {{cite book |last=Harding |first=Sarah |title=Niguma: Lady of Illusion |year=2010 |publisher=Snow Lion |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-1-55939-361-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kongtrul |first1=Jamgon |last2=Zangpo |first2=Ngawang |title=Timeless Rapture: Inspired Verses of the Shangpa Masters |url=https://archive.org/details/timelessrapturei00kong |url-access=limited |year=2003 |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-1-55939-204-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Mullin |first=Glenn H. |title=Selected Works of the Dalai Lama II: The Tantric Yogas of Sister Niguma |year=1985 |publisher=Snow Lion Publications |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0-937938-28-7}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Prenzel |first=Angelika |title=Dakinie: biografie żeńskich buddów |year=2007 |publisher=Buddhistischer Verlag |isbn=978-3-937160-13-9 |lang=de}}
* {{cite book |last=Riggs |first=Nicole |title=Like an Illusion: Lives of the Shangpa Kagyu Masters |year=2000 |publisher=Dharma Cloud Press |isbn=978-0-9705639-0-3}}

== External links ==
*[http://keithdowman.net/guestpage/legends-of-the-shangpa-masters.html Extracts from ''Like an Illusion'' by Nicole Riggs]
*[http://www.yoniversum.nl/dakini/niguma.html Niguma] at ''Dakini Yogini Central''
*[http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/Niguma Niguma] at ''Rangjung Yeshe Wiki''
*[http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Niguma Niguma] at ''Rigpa Wiki''

{{TibetanBuddhism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodhisattvas]]
[[Category:Kagyu lamas]]
[[Category:Shangpa Kagyu]]
[[Category:Dakinis]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Buddhist yogis]]

Dhanka

2026-02-04T01:30:07Z

ZitaKight7091: Content updated and refined

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates |date=January 2016}}
The '''Dhanka''' is a tribal community. They are found in [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. They have no relation with [[Dhanuk|Dhanuks]] or [[Kurmi|Kurmis]]. They are historically [[Hindu]] and their occupations have changed over time, as circumstances have dictated for survival.

==Etymology==
The ''Dhanka'' name may be derived from the somewhat pejorative word D''hanak'', meaning a forest dweller.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcTz54VVHF4C&pg=PA13|title=Being Tribal |page=9 |first=Shereen |last=Ratnagar |authorlink=Shereen Ratnagar |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-9-38060-702-3}}</ref> However, it could also come from ''dhanush'', meaning ''bow'', which may reflect a historic association with that weapon.<ref name="moodie4">{{cite book |title=We Were Adivasis: Aspiration in an Indian Scheduled Tribe |first=Megan |last=Moodie |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-22625-304-6 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6cQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4}}</ref> Tribal people - as agriculturists and hunters - historically carried bows with them everywhere.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcTz54VVHF4C&pg=PA13|title=Being Tribal |page=8 |first=Shereen |last=Ratnagar |authorlink=Shereen Ratnagar |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-9-38060-702-3}}</ref> Anthropologist Megan Moodie says that their history and culture is poorly documented and that what does exist "tend[s] to be brief and stress their 'insignificance' and lowness". She notes that they are a sub-tribe of the [[Bhil people]], that they are today found throughout much of western India, and that there has been much official confusion regarding their identity, which has tended to impact on their position as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] (ST) entitled to various [[positive discrimination]] benefits. Much of that confusion centres around various names that have been posited as synonyms for including ''Dhankia'' and ''Valvi''.<ref>{{cite book |title=We Were Adivasis: Aspiration in an Indian Scheduled Tribe |first=Megan |last=Moodie |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-22625-304-6 |pages=29–30, 49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6cQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29}}</ref>

==Culture==
The Dhanka share many cultural similarities with the [[Rathwa]] and [[Naikda]] tribal people, and are largely indistinguishable from them. The Rathwa provide [[pithora (painting)|pithora ritual paintings]] for the interior walls of Dhanka homes. Described by Shereen Ratnagar as "vibrant colours ... teeming with gods, people, plants, birds and animals", creation of this artform is unique to the Rathwa.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcTz54VVHF4C&pg=PA13|title=Being Tribal |page=13 |first=Shereen |last=Ratnagar |publisher=Primus Books |year=2010 |isbn=978-9-38060-702-3}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The [[2001 Census of India]] recorded the Dhanka in the state of [[Rajasthan]] as one of the 30 STs which did not form part of the [[Bhil]], [[Meena|Mina]] and [[Bhil Mina]] tribes. Those latter communities accounted for 93 per cent of the ST population at that time, whilst the combined population of the Dhanka, Tadvi, Tetaria and Valvi, which was recorded as being one community, comprised 77,047 people.<ref>{{cite book |title=We Were Adivasis: Aspiration in an Indian Scheduled Tribe |first=Megan |last=Moodie |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-22625-304-6 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6cQCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}</ref>

===Haryana===
The Dhanka of Haryana, also known as ''Delu'' (who become Bishnoi in 800 BC), is a community of weavers. They have been granted [[Scheduled Caste]] status in the reservation system and are found throughout the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://haryanascbc.gov.in/reservation-in-haryana/list-of-scheduled-castes-of-scheduled-castes/list-of-scheduled-castes/information/list-of-scheduled-castes |title=Scheduled Caste of Haryana |website=haryanascbc.gov.in}}</ref>

===Uttar Pradesh===
In Uttar Pradesh, Dhanuk are given [[Scheduled Caste]] status and at the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], their population was 651,355 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title= A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix – Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=6 February 2017}}</ref>

There is some ambiguity in the use of the term ''dhanuk'' in the state. As per some scholars, this cast was largely associated with the scheduled tribe Bhil. However, some scholars like Professor Susan Wadley have described the Dhanuk as a "midwife caste". Janet Chawla has noted that using the term for midwives and people who work with trash "highlights the idea that birth-related work.<ref name="chawla">{{cite book |title=Birth and Birthgivers: The Power Behind the Shame |editor-first=Janet |editor-last=Chawla |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2006 |isbn=978-8-12410-938-0 |pages=215–216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbBojsB4u48C&pg=PA215}}</ref>

Sarah Pinto, an anthropologist, has noted that most people are engaged in agricultural work. She believes that there is an "overidentification of caste with iconic labour" and being more a reflection of the worldviews of both [[Brahmin]]s and the later British colonisers than of reality.<ref name="pinto">{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Sarah |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt9qd8vm |title=Where There Is No Midwife: Birth and Loss in Rural India |date=2008-03-30 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-033-3 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qd8vm}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Scheduled tribes of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Chhattisgarh]]