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Marathi

2026-05-04T15:47:33Z

ZaidBaig: created a article initial version

{{wiktionary|Marathi|marathi}}

'''Marathi''' may refer to:
*[[Marathi people]], an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India
*[[Marathi language]], the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people
*[[Palaiosouda]], also known as Marathi, a small island in Greece

== See also ==
* {{in title}}
* [[Balbodh]], the script used to write the Marathi language
* [[Maharashtrian cuisine]]
* [[Maratha (disambiguation)]]
* [[Maharashtrian (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}
[[Category:Language and nationality disambiguation pages]]

1996–97 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:27:49Z

ZaidBaig: Made New Entry

{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1996–97 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 298px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| count = 33
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Raman Lamba]] (Delhi) (1034)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1996/97 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1996-97/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Rajesh Chauhan]] (Madhya Pradesh) (52)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1996/97 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1996-97/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 July 2015}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1995–96
| previous_tournament = 1995–96 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1997–98
| next_tournament = 1997–98 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1996–97 Ranji Trophy''' was the 63rd season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. Bombay won the final against Delhi on first innings lead. This match, held at Gwalior, was the first day-night first class match in India.

[[Raman Lamba]] who scored 1034 and [[Ajay Sharma]], 1033, bettered the previous record for most runs in a season.

==Knockout Matches==
===Quarterfinal 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–21 March 1997
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 464 (145.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Amay Khurasiya]] 209
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Utpal Chatterjee]] 3/110 (45 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 420 (149.1)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rohan Gavaskar]] 109
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rajesh Chauhan]] 3/121 (49 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 425/5 d (136 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jai Prakash Yadav (cricketer)|Jai P Yadav]] 108
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rohan Gavaskar]] 2/51 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 54/2 (23 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shibsagar Singh]] 86
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Manish Babulal Majithia 2/16 (9 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCKOUT/MP_BENG_RJI-QF1_17-21MAR1997.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Holkar Stadium|Maharani Usharaje Trust Cricket Ground, Indore]], [[Indore]]
| umpires = R Radhakrishnan and KG Lakshminarayana
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Madhya Pradesh advanced to the semi-final
}}

===Quarterfinal 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–21 March 1997
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 226 (96.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = V Pratap 76
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Milind Shripath Kulkarni 4/71 (24.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 287 (119.3)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Indrajeet Kamtekar 53
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 3/54 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 230 (76.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Narender Pal Singh]] 62
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Iqbal Siddiqui]] 4/46 (11.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 172/3 (35.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Surendra Bhave]] 86
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ramakrishnan Sridhar]] 2/42 (7 overs)

| result = Maharashtra won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCKOUT/MAHA_HYD_RJI-QF2_17-21MAR1997.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = SK Bansal and MS Mahal
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Semifinal 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–31 March 1997
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 369 (153.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Manish Majithia 75
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Nilesh Kulkarni]] 5/81 (41 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 532 (230.5)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Amol Mazumdar]] 125
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rajesh Chauhan]] 6/191(93.5 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 291/7 d (101.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Abbas Ali (cricketer)|Abbas Ali]] 102
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sairaj Bahutule]] 4/75 (37.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 25/0 (11 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 16
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Sunil Lahore 0/12 (5 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCKOUT/MP_BOM_RJI-SEMI1_27-31MAR1997.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Holkar Stadium|Maharani Usharaje Trust Cricket Ground]], [[Indore]]
| umpires = S Lakshmanan and P Bhanu Prakash
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Mumbai advanced to the Ranji Trophy Final
}}

===Semifinal 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 27–31 March 1997
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 656 (213.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Raman Lamba]] 192
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Sameer Inamdar 4/163 (40 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 524 (143.1)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]] 174
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] 3/168 (35 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 264/2 d (67 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Raman Lamba]] 101
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shantanu Sugwekar]] 2/41 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCKOUT/MAHA_DELHI_RJI-SEMI2_27-31MAR1997.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = LM Thyagrajan and TN Ravi
| motm =
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Delhi advanced to the Ranji Trophy Final
}}

==Final==
{{Test match
| date = 5–9 April 1997
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''630 (202.2 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jatin Paranjpe]] 111, [[Amol Muzumdar]] 144
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Feroze Ghayas]] 2/116
| score-team2-inns1 = '''559 (219.1 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ashu Dani]] 178, [[Ajay Sharma]] 176
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Nilesh Kulkarni]] 4/143
| result = Mumbai won on first innings lead
| venue = [[Captain Roop Singh Stadium]], [[Gwalior]]
| umpires = [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]], [[Subroto Porel]]
| motm =
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCKOUT/DELHI_BOM_RJI-FINAL_05-09APR1997.html Scorecard]
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and decided to bat
| rain =
| notes = Day-night match
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1996-97.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 1996-97}}
[[Category:1996 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1997 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1996–97]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Central Health Service

2026-04-29T19:23:59Z

ZaidBaig: Article

{{Short description|Civil Service of the Government of India}}
{| class="infobox" style="width:23em;"
|+ colspan=2 style="text-align:center;font-size:large;" | Central Health Service
|-
| colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| [[image:Ministry of Health India.svg|200px]]
|-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#000080" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Service Overview}}
|-
| '''Abbreviation''' || CHS
|-
| '''Formed''' || {{start date and age|01 May 1963|paren=yes}}<ref name=":2">[https://egazette.gov.in/(S(cki0htgepvfuoavbelnscfq2))/ViewPDF.aspx CHS Rules, 1963]</ref>
|-
| '''Country''' || {{flag|Republic of India}}
|-
|'''Predecessor'''
|[[Indian Medical Service|Indian Medical Service (Civil)]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Reminiscence into history of Medical Research in India with contributions of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) over last hundred years | url=https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/custom_data/pdf/icmr-bulletins/ICMR_Bulletin_Nov-Dec_2011.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120071058/https://www.icmr.gov.in/icmrobject/custom_data/pdf/icmr-bulletins/ICMR_Bulletin_Nov-Dec_2011.pdf | archive-date=2024-11-20}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> (''1896-1947'')
|-
| '''Cadre Controlling Authority''' || [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
|-
| '''Legal Personality''' || [[Governmental]]: [[Civil Service]] (Health Service)
|-
| '''Recruitment''' || [[Union Public Service Commission]]
|-
| '''Training Institute''' || [[National Institute of Health and Family Welfare|NIHFW, New Delhi]]
|-
| '''Cadre Strength''' || 4793 (''2025'')
|-
! colspan=2 style="text-align:center;" bgcolor="#000080" | {{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Service Chief}}
|-
| '''[[Directorate General of Health Services (India)|Director General of Health Services]]''' || Dr. Sunita Sharma (CHS)<ref>{{cite web | title=Dr Sunita Sharma to take charge as new Director General of Health Services | date=16 April 2025 | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/dr-sunita-sharma-to-take-charge-as-new-director-general-of-health-services-146708 }}</ref>
|}

'''Central Health Service''' ('''CHS''') is an [[Central Civil Services#Central Civil Services (Group A)|Organised Central (Group-A) Civil Service]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=106430|title=Shortage of Doctors in Government Hospitals|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2073258&reg=3&lang=1|title=Press Release: Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02adm/OMUpdationoflistdated03.04.2017.pdf|title=Updated list of Central Organised Group A Civil Services}}</ref> The Cadre controlling authority of Central Health Service is the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)]] and it is the only Organised Group-A service under MoHFW.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/CSWing/CRDivision/Authorised_strength_Group_%20A.htm|title=Cadre Controlling Ministries}}</ref> CHS is one of the three Organised Health Services of the Government of India, other two being the [[Indian Railway Health Service|Indian Railway Health Service (IRHS)]] and Indian Ordnance Factory Health Service (IOFHS).
CHS Officers are involved in providing clinical care, medical education, health administration and implementation of Health Programs through various Central Government Institutions.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2020/Nov/01/a-case-for-an-indian-health-service-2217633.html New Indian Express: A Case for an Indian Health Service]</ref>

CHS has 4 sub-cadres<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/1_11.pdf|title=CHS Rules 2014}}</ref>

# General Duty Medical Officers (GDMO)
# Teaching Specialists (T)
# Non-Teaching Specialists (NT)
# Public Health Specialists (PH)
The CHS posts are Gazetted and the roles & responsibilities of the CHS Officers varies with the sub-cadre and the organisation/units to which the appointments are made.

== History ==
In 1957, the Government of India initiated steps to constitute a '''Central Health Service''', consisting of all posts in the Central Health Cadre such as Medical, Public Health and Medical Research posts in the General Central Services Class I and Class II, excluding the posts under Ministries of Railways and Defence.<ref>[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-8_57-58.pdf 8th Annual Report of UPSC, 1958]</ref><ref>[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-10_59-60.pdf 10th Annual Report of UPSC, 1960]</ref> The Rules for the Constitution of the Central Health Service was notified in May '''1963'''.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Annual%20Report%202023%2024%20DoHFW%20English_0.pdf | title = Annual Report of the Department of Health and Family Welfare 2023-2024}}</ref><ref>[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-14_63-64.pdf 14th Annual Report of UPSC, 1964]</ref> Initially the service had two streams, (i) General Duty Officer (GDO) and (ii) Specialists. [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] Graduates were recruited at GDO Grade II which was a Class II post and were eligible for promotion after 5 years to GDO Grade I, which was a Class I post. Doctors with Post-Graduate Qualification were also recruited to GDO stream, but at GDO Grade I level.

Though an [[All India Services Act, 1951|All India Service]] called '''[[All India Services#Indian Medical and Health Service (IMHS)|Indian Medical and Health Service (IMHS)]]''' was planned to be constituted with CHS officers in 1969, it was not implemented.<ref>[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-19_68-69.pdf 19th Annual Report of UPSC, 1969]</ref><ref name=":1" /> In 1973, CHS was declared as a Class I service. Till 1974, the Medical and Public Health posts under the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)]] was included in CHS.<ref>[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-30_79_80.pdf 30th Annual Report of UPSC, 1980]</ref> On 18 February 1977, the UPSC conducted the first '''Combined Examination for recruitment to Medical posts''' under Central Government, including CHS. Prior to 1977, the selection to these posts was on the basis of interview.<ref name=":1">[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/NO-27_76_77.pdf 27th Annual Report of UPSC, 1977]</ref> In 1982, CHS was restructured into 4 sub-cadres, as it exists today.

On 21 August 1989, a Memorandum of Settlement (MOS) was signed between the Government and the '''Joint Action Council of Service Doctors Organisations (JACSDO)''' to improve the service conditions and the career progression. Following this a High Power Committee (Tikku Committee) was constituted to look into these issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/9204/1/10_II_25111991_p333_p349_T260.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=eparlib.nic.in}}</ref>

== Recruitment ==
The [[Union Public Service Commission|Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)]] conducts the [[Combined Medical Services Examination|Combined Medical Services Examination (CMSE)]] every year to recruit officers to various health service cadres including to Medical Officer Grade (Level-10 / Junior Time Scale) of GDMO sub-cadre of CHS.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Combined medical services examination, 2024 | url=https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notifica-CMSE-2024-engl-100424.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410145856/https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notifica-CMSE-2024-engl-100424.pdf | archive-date=2024-04-10}}</ref> There is a separate recruitment process by UPSC for the Specialist posts of the remaining sub-cadres. The recruitment to Specialist Sub-cadre are done at Level-11 (Senior Time Scale).<ref>[https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Advt-02-2024-engl-250124_0.pdf UPSC Advertisement for the recruitment of CHS Specialist Grade Officers]</ref>

==Training==
[[File:J.P. Nadda in a group photograph at the inauguration of the 9-week foundation training course for new recruits of CHS, at the National Institute of Health & Family Welfare (NIHFW), in New Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare]], Shri [[Jagat Prakash Nadda|J. P. Nadda]] with the General Duty Medical Officers of the First Foundation Training Programme|300px]]

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind with the General Duty Medical Officers (GDMOs) of the 2nd Foundation Course conducted by the National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|The [[President of India|President]], Shri [[Ram Nath Kovind]] with the General Duty Medical Officers of the 2nd Foundation Training Programme.|300px]]

[[File:Ram Nath Kovind with the General Duty Medical Officers (GDMOs) of the Central Health Service (CHS) attending the 3rd Foundation Training Programme, at the National Institute of Health and Family Welfare (NIHFW).JPG|right|thumb|The [[President of India|President]], Shri [[Ram Nath Kovind]] with the General Duty Medical Officers of the 3rd Foundation Training Programme.|300px]]

General Duty Medical Officers of the CHS undergo their Foundation Training Program (FTP) with special focus on Health administration at the [[National Institute of Health and Family Welfare|National Institute of Health and Family Welfare (NIHFW), New Delhi]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://nihfw.ac.in/Doc/circular%2520FTP%255B18241%255D.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjKqYrS64CLAxUwUGwGHc1pIF0QFnoECC8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw1eZzQ7SmFboU_EECPF21U7</nowiki></ref><ref>https://nihfw.ac.in/Doc/Advt.%20for%205th%20CHS%20Training.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref>

==Participating Units of CHS==
CHS officers are posted at various participating units/organisations all over India
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ministry
!Organisation
!Unit
|-
| rowspan="19" |[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| rowspan="16" |[[Directorate General of Health Services (India)|Directorate General of Health Services]]
|[[Safdarjung Hospital]]
|-
|[[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital|Dr. RML Hospital]]
|-
|[[Lady Hardinge Medical College]]
|-
|Rural Health Training Centre, Najafgarh
|-
|Point of Entry Health Organizations (APHO/PHO/LPHO)
|-
|Regional Office of Health and Family Welfare (ROHFW)
|-
|[[National Centre for Disease Control]]
|-
|National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme
|-
|National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO)
|-
|Central Health Education Bureau (CHEB)
|-
|[[All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health]]
|-
|All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
|-
|Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute (CLTRI), Chengalpattu
|-
|[[Central Research Institute, Kasauli]]
|-
|[[Central Institute of Psychiatry Ranchi|Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi]]
|-
|BCG Vaccine Laboratory, Guindy
|-
| rowspan="3" |Department of Health and Family Welfare
|[[Central Government Health Scheme|Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS)]]
|-
|[[National AIDS Control Organisation|National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO)]]
|-
|National Institute of Public Health Training and Research
|-
|[[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment]]
|Directorate General of Labour Welfare
|[[Labour Welfare Organisation]] (Beedi, Cine, Non-Coal Mine Dispensaries)
|-
|[[Ministry of Jal Shakti]]
|Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
|[[Central Water and Power Research Station|Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]]
|Department of Science and Technology
|[[Survey of India]]
|-
|[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]
|[[Department of Personnel and Training]]
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration|Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
| rowspan="2" |Department of Internal Security
|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, Hyderabad]]
|-
|[[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
|}

== Cadre Structure ==
Cadre structure as per the CHS Rules 2014<ref>https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/40341676761406801162.pdf CHS Rules 2014</ref> and the CHS Amendment Rules 2019<ref>https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/CHS%20%28Amendment%29%20Rules%2C%202019.pdf CHS (Amendment) Rules 2019</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+CENTRAL HEALTH SERVICE (CHS)
!Sl. No.
!Sub-Cadre
!Sanctioned Strength<ref>[https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20Printed%20English%20AR%202024-25.pdf Annual Report of the Department of Health and Family Welfare 2024-2025]</ref>
|-
|1
|General Duty Medical Officers (GDMO)
|2319
|-
|2
|Teaching Specialist (T)
|1716
|-
|3
|Non-Teaching Specialist (NT)
|654
|-
|4
|Public Health Specialist (PH)
|104
|-
! colspan="2" |'''Total'''
|'''4793'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Grade
!GDMO
!Teaching
Specialist
!Non-Teaching
Specialist
!Public Health
Specialist
!Pay Level in the [[7th Central Pay Commission and Defence Forces|7th CPC]] Pay Matrix
|-
! rowspan="2" |'''Apex Scale'''
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |[[Directorate General of Health Services (India)|'''Director General of Health Services (DGHS)''']]
|Level - 17
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |Special Director General of Health Services
|Level - 17
|-
! '''Higher Administrative Grade (HAG)'''
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |Additional Director General of Health Services
|Level - 15
|-
!'''Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) GP- 10000'''
|Senior Chief Medical Officer (SAG)
|Director Professor
|Consultant
|Advisor
|Level - 14
|-
!'''Non Functional Selection Grade (NFSG) GP- 8700'''
|Chief Medical Officer (NFSG)
|Professor
|Specialist Grade I
|Specialist Grade I
|Level - 13
|-
!'''Junior Administrative Grade (JAG) GP- 7600'''
|Chief Medical Officer
|Associate Professor
|Specialist Grade II
|Specialist Grade II
|bgcolor=""|Level - 12
|-
!'''Senior Time Scale (STS) GP- 6600'''
|Senior Medical Officer
|Assistant Professor
|Specialist Grade III
|Specialist Grade III
|Level - 11
|-
!'''Junior Time Scale (JTS) GP - 5400'''
|Medical Officer
| colspan="3" bgcolor="D1E8EF" |
|Level - 10
|}

==Career Progression==
===Dynamic Assured Career Progression (DACP) Scheme===
Central Health Service Officers are covered under the '''Dynamic Assured Career Progression (DACP) Scheme''' which provides time-bound promotion up to Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) without linkage to vacancies.<ref>[https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/2_3.pdf DACP scheme for CHS doctors]</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Years of Service
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="#FFFFE0" |'''Senior Administrative Grade Level 14'''
|-
!GDMO
Sub-cadre
| colspan="4" |Medical Officer
| colspan="5" |Senior Medical Officer
| colspan="4" |Chief Medical Officer
| colspan="7" |Chief Medical Officer (NFSG)
|-
| colspan="21" bgcolor="#A9A9A9"|
|-
! bgcolor="#98FB98" | Level/Grade
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#FFFFE0" | '''Level 10'''
| colspan="5" bgcolor="#FFFFE0" | '''Level 11'''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="#FFFFE0" | '''Level 12'''
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#FFFFE0" | '''Level 13'''
|-
| colspan="21" bgcolor="#A9A9A9" |
|-
!Years of Service
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#D1E8EF"|
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
|-
!Specialists
Sub-cadres
| colspan="7" bgcolor="#D1E8EF"|
| colspan="2" |Grade III
| colspan="4" |Grade II
| colspan="7" |Grade I
|}

===Promotion to Higher Administrative Grade (HAG)===
Vacancy based promotion from a combined eligibility list of Senior Administrative Grade (Level 14) officers from all the four sub-cadres of CHS. Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) Officers with 3 years regular service in the Grade are eligible to be considered for HAG Posts. Additional DGHS with 2 years regular service in HAG is eligible to be considered for special DGHS. The Senior-most Special DGHS shall function as the [[Directorate General of Health Services (India)|Director General of Health Services]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/CHS%20%28Amendment%29%20Rules%2C%202019.pdf CHS (Amendment) Rules, 2019] </ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Seniority List of HAG level Officers of CHS
!No.
!Name of the Officer
! colspan="2" |Sub-cadre
!Date of appointment in HAG
!Date of attainment of 62 Years
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color: #EEE8AA;" | {{center|{{color|black|DIRECTOR GENERAL OF HEALTH SERVICES}} }}
|-
|1.
|{{center|_}}
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|{{center|_}}
|{{center|_}}
|{{center|_}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color: #EEE8AA;"|{{center|'''{{color|black|SPECIAL DGHS}}'''}}
|-
|1.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|-
|2.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color: #EEE8AA;"|{{center|'''{{color|black|ADDITIONAL DGHS / HEADS OF INSTITUTIONS & ORGANISATIONS / NATIONAL PROGRAMMES}}'''}}
|-
|1.
|Dr. Sunita Sharma
|style="background-color:#FF4500;"|
|Teaching (T)
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2024|12|30}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2026|06|07}}
|-
|2.
|Dr. Sujata Chaudhary
|style="background-color:#FF4500;"|
|Teaching (T)
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2024|12|30}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2026|06|15}}
|-
|3.
|Dr. Sunita Mondal
|style="background-color:#FF4500;"|
|Teaching (T)
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2024|12|30}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2026|01|08}}
|-
|4.
|Dr. Rajender P Joshi
|style="background-color:#000080;"|
|GDMO
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2024|12|30}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2026|05|19}}
|-
|5.
|Dr. Rajshree
|style="background-color:#000080;"|
|GDMO
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2025|03|27}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2026|06|28}}
|-
|6.
|Dr. C K Kansal
|style="background-color:#000080;"|
|GDMO
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2025|03|27}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2026|08|05}}
|-
|7.
|Dr. Lovenesh Gopal Krishna
|style="background-color:#FF4500;"|
|Teaching (T)
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2025|03|27}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2027|07|29}}
|-
|8.
|Dr. Rajendra Kumar Arya
|style="background-color:#FF00FF;"|
|Non-Teaching (NT)
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2025|03|27}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2026|05|01}}
|-
|9.
|Dr. D Vinod Kumar
|style="background-color:#000080;"|
|GDMO
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2025|03|27}}
|{{Dts|format=dmy|2026|05|17}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color: #EEE8AA;"|{{center|'''{{color|black|Professor of Excellence / Principal Consultant / Principal Advisor / Senior CMO (HAG)}}'''}}
|-
|10.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|-
|11.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|-
|12.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|-
|13.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|-
|14.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|-
|15.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|-
|16.
|
|style="background-color:#A9A9A9;"|
|
|
|
|}

===Non-Functional Upgradation===
Whenever an [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service (IAS)]] Officer is posted at the Centre at a particular Grade, the Batch of Officers of the Organised Group A Services (including CHS) who are senior by two years or more, and not yet promoted to that Grade are granted non-functional financial upgradation to that Grade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://documents.doptcirculars.nic.in/D2/D02est/Non-%20Functional%20Upgradation-compressedQc5wu.pdf|title=Non Functional Upgradation DoPT}}</ref>

==Special Allowances==
===Non Practicing Allowance (NPA)===

Paid at the rate of 20% of Basic Pay, subject to the condition that the sum of Basic Pay and NPA does not exceed ₹2,37,500 (the average of Apex Level and the Level of Cabinet Secretary).
NPA is treated as Pay for the purpose of calculation of Dearness Allowance and other allowances, except where the orders explicitly state otherwise, including for calculation of retirement benefits.<ref>https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/3_2.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref>

===Post Graduate Allowance===
Paid to CHS Officers of GDMO sub-cadre, upto the level of CMO(NFSG), who possess Post-Graduate Degree and Post-Graduate Diploma, at the rate of ₹2250 and ₹1350 respectively. The rates increases by 25% each time the Dearness Allowance (DA) rises by 50%.<ref>https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/4_2.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref>

==Retirement==
As per Rule 56 clause (bb) of the Fundamental Rules 1922, the age of superannuation of the Central Health Service (CHS) officers is '''62 years''', unless they exercise the option of posting to non-administrative posts, in case they desire to continue in their service up to the age of '''65 years'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/1_3.pdf|title=extension of superannuation age}}</ref><ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Sep/27/retirement-age-of-central-govt-doctors-raised-to-65-years-1663605.html New Indian Express: Retirement age of central govt doctors raised to 65 years]</ref>

The officers who joined the service before 1 January 2004 are covered under '''[[Old Pension Scheme|Central Civil Services (Pension) Rules 1972]]''', which provides an assured pension on retirement. The Officers who joined on or after 1 January 2004 are covered under '''[[National Pension System]]''', which is a contributory pension scheme. The Government has introduced the '''[[Unified Pension Scheme]]''' with effect from 1 April 2025 which ensures a defined payout on retirement.<ref>{{cite web | title=UPS, NPS, OPS: Why Pension Reforms are Causing So Much Tension Among Employees in India | date=16 September 2024 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/india-pension-controversy-ups-nps-ops-reforms-government-employees/article68639406.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=UPS rollout - 'UPS to offer assured pension...': Minister explains difference between NPS and UPS - BusinessToday | date=27 March 2025 | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/retirement-planning/story/ups-to-offer-assured-pension-minister-explains-difference-between-nps-and-ups-469695-2025-03-27 }}</ref>

== Notable Officers ==

* Dr. Jagadish Prasad: Former Director General of Health Services and [[Padma Shri]] Awardee (1991).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Former DGHS & Padma Shree Awardee Moves Delhi Court Seeking NIA Probe Into Origins Of Covid 19 Pandemic | url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/adma-shree-awardee-moves-delhi-court-seeking-nia-probe-into-origins-of-covid-19-pandemic-178287 | access-date=2026-04-29 | website=www.livelaw.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=ILBS Hospital Delhi {{!}} Best Hospital In Delhi {{!}} Liver Transplant Delhi {{!}} Kidney Transplant Delhi | url=https://www.ilbs.in/?page=content&itemid=314 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027123507/https://www.ilbs.in/?page=content&itemid=314 | access-date=2026-04-29 | archive-date=2020-10-27}}</ref>
* Dr. Archana Majumdar: Member of [[National Commission for Women|National commission for Women]] (Since 21 October 2024).<ref>{{Cite web | title=National Commission for Women | url=https://www.ncw.gov.in/whos-who/dr-archana-majumdar/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915181400/https://www.ncw.gov.in/whos-who/dr-archana-majumdar/ | access-date=2026-04-29 | archive-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)]]
* [[Directorate General of Health Services (India)|Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS)]]
* [[Combined Medical Services Examination|Combined Medical Services Examination (CMSE)]]
* [[Indian Railway Health Service|Indian Railway Health Service (IRHS)]]
* [[Indian Medical Service|Indian Medical Service (IMS)]]
* [[Army Medical Corps (India)]]
* [[Central Civil Services]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web | title=Ministry of Health & Family Welfare-Government of India | url=https://mohfw.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822041704/http://www.mohfw.gov.in:80/ | access-date=2026-04-29 | archive-date=2013-08-22}}

{{Public Services of India}}

[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare| ]]

Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Sargachi

2026-04-26T03:44:22Z

ZaidBaig: New First Data Basic Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Sargachi
|bgcolor =
|fgcolor =
|image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png
|image_border =
|image_size =
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|caption = [[Ramakrishna Mission#Emblem|Emblem]]
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|coordinates = {{Coord|24.023033|88.251128|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
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|remarks =
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}}

Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Sargachi is located in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. It was founded by [[Swami Akhandananda]], a direct disciple of [[Sri Ramakrishna]] in August, 1897. It is a spiritual and philanthropic centre under [[Belur Math]], the headquarters of [[Ramakrishna Order]]. It started with an orphanage and later undertook many activities in the fields of education, treatment of poor, training and development, agriculture and overall development of a very poor and backward area of West Bengal. All of these activities are undertaken as spiritual practices.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sargachi|first1=Ashrama|title=Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama Sargachi|url=http://www.rkmsargachi.org/|accessdate=8 August 2015}}</ref>

==Genesis==
[[Swami Akhandananda]] or Gangadhar Maharaj, as he was popularly called, was an avid traveler and philanthropist. He went to Tibet several times on foot, and also other regions of Himalayas. He went to Gujarat, Rajputana and various other parts of North India as itinerant monk and returned to the [[Alambazar Math]], the then headquarters of Ramakrishna Order, in 1895.<ref name=Disciples>{{cite book|last1=Pavitrananda|first1=Swami|title=Disciples of Sri Ramakrishna|date=1943|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|location=Mayavati|page=318}}</ref> he then traveled to Baharampur in the district of Murshidabad, a very poor and backward area where he encountered a major famine and saw people suffering from want of basic necessities like food. He started famine relief at Mahula village with the help of the newly established Ramakrishna Mission and with active help and encourage from [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Swami Brahmananda]]<ref name="Disciples" /> In the course of the famine relief, Swami Akhandananda took two young orphans and with them and several others, started an orphanage at Mahula. Subsequently, the orphanage was moved to Sargachi village. Since its inception, the organization under Swami Akhandananda, who stayed there permanently even after becoming the president of Belur Math, developed schools, started industrial training programs, medical camps and hospital services for poor and other philanthropic programs beneficial for the society. One of the staunch patrons of the ashrama was Maharaja Manindra Chandra Nandi of Kashimbazar.<ref name="Disciples" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Orphanages in India]]

Sukhendu Debbarma

2026-04-25T17:51:57Z

ZaidBaig: started initial entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian historian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sukhendu Debbarma
| image = [[File:Sukhendu Debbarma.jpg|200px]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|01|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bishramganj]], Sepahijala, [[Tripura]]
| education = *St. Anthony's College [[Bachelor of Arts|(BA)]]
*Northeastern Hill University [[Doctor of Philosophy|(PhD)]]
| notable_works =
| title = Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, [[Tripura University]]
| module = {{Infobox academic
|embed= yes
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| occupation = Historian, academic, author, human rights activist
| period =
| known_for = ''Origin and Growth of Christianity in Tripura'' (1996)
| main_interests = History of Modern India with focus on North East India, Indigenous Peoples Issues, Tripura Movements}}
}}
'''Sukhendu Debbarma''' (born 26 January 1969) is a Tripuri-Indian historian, academic, author, [[human rights activist]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukhendu Debbarma {{!}} NE Water Talk |url=https://www.newatertalk.in/users/sukhendu-debbarma |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=www.newatertalk.in}}</ref> and professor in the Department of History at the [[Tripura University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lokniti |url=https://www.lokniti.org/team/sukhendu-debbarma-61 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=www.lokniti.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of History |url=https://tripurauniv.ac.in/Page/departmentsDetailsHome/25-facultybiodata-138 |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=tripurauniv.ac.in}}</ref> and the dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Faculty of Music and Fine Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economics Department of TU Hosts Historic Conference with Renowned Economists from India |url=https://agartalanewslive.com/ANLN/economics-department-of-tu-hosts-historic-conference-with-renowned-economists-from-india-7022.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=agartalanewslive.com |quote=“The two-day event commenced with a ceremonial lamp lighting ceremony at the MBB auditorium, where distinguished guests such as Prof. S. Mahendra Dev, Former Director & VC of IGIDR, Mumbai, Prof. Sukhendu Debbarma, Dean of Faculty of Social Science, Prof. Subhrabaran Das from the Department of Economics, and Dr. K. Shanmugan, Secretary of TIES, were present.”}}</ref>

== Published works ==
'''<big>''Books''</big>'''
* ''Origin and Growth of Christianity in Tripura (1996)''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debbarma |first=Sukhendu |title=Origin and growth of christianity in Tripura: with special reference to the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society, 1938 – 1988 |date=1996 |publisher=Indus Publ. Company |isbn=978-81-7387-038-5 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

'''<big>''Articles''</big>'''

* ''Genesis of Youth Unrest in Tripura: A Case Study in Youth at the Crossroads: A Study of North East India'', Shiela Bora & S.D.Goswami (ed), Guwahati, 2007, pp. 186–200.
* ''Peace Accords in Tripura- Background and Analysis in Peace in India's North –East'', Biswas Prasenjit & C.Joshua Thomas (ed), Regency Publication, New Delhi, 2006, pp. 405–424.
*''Shifting Cultivation A Case Study among the Borok People of Tripura'', in the Proceedings of the North East India History Association, XIX Session, Kohima 1998, Shillong, 1999, pp. 199–205.

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Sukhendu}}
[[Category:Activists from Tripura]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Writers from Tripura]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Samares Das

2026-04-21T10:41:41Z

ZaidBaig: started some page with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samares Das
| image = 
| caption =
| birth_date = 10 February 1945
| birth_place =
| death_date = 17 August 2020
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2020
| predecessor = Sisir Kumar Adhikari
| successor = Tarun Maity
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
| alma_mater = MA, [[University of Calcutta]] (B.Ed., 1980)
| spouse = 
| children = 
| website = 
}}
'''Samares Das''' (10 February 1945 – 17 August 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samares Das, AITC MLA from Egra - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/samares-das/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected three times to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Egra Assembly constituency]] in [[Purba Medinipur district]]. He was last elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He is the third West Bengal politician who died of [[COVID-19|COVID 19]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Egra profile: TMC's Samaresh Das won constituency in 2016 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-egra-profile-tmcs-samaresh-das-won-constituency-in-2016-9400031.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-17 |title=Second Trinamool Congress MLA dies of coronavirus in Bengal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/second-trinamool-congress-mla-dies-of-coronavirus-in-bengal-1712027-2020-08-17 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Das was from East Medinipur district, West Bengal. He was the son of late Paresh Chandra Das. He completed his post graduation in commerce at the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1969. He later did BEd at Contai PK College in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samares Das(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- EGRA(PURBOMEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=1002 |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Das was first elected as an MLA in the Egra Assembly constituency representing All India Trinamool Congress in the 2009 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by election necessitated by the election of the sitting MLA [[Sisir Adhikari]] to Parliament from [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency]]. In 2009, he polled 72,403 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Prabodh Chandra Sinha of the [[Democratic socialism|Democratic Socialist]] Political Party (Prabodh Chandra), by a margin of 5,950 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egra Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/egra-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DAKSHIN KANTHI AND EGRA BY-ELECT |url=http://www.colorsofcontai.com/Old/ELECTION.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708175640/http://www.colorsofcontai.com/Old/ELECTION.html |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=www.colorsofcontai.com}}</ref>

He retained the seat for the Trinamool Congress in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and won for a third time in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Egra Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/egra-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> In 2011, he got 99,178 votes and defeated his closest rival, Hrisikesh Paria of the DSP (PC), by a margin of 15,953 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egra Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/egra-election-result-2021-live-updates-egra-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694727.html |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he polled 113,334 votes, and beat Shaikh Mahmud Hossain, also of the [[Democratic socialism|Democratic Socialist]] Political Party, by 25,956 votes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Egra Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Egra Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-egra-constituency-218.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Das tested positive for Corona virus and died, on 17 August 2020, at a hospital in East Medinipur after he developed complications of heart and kidneys.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2020 |title=TMC MLA Samaresh Das dies after testing positive for Covid-19 in Bengal |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/tmc-mla-samaresh-das-dies-after-testing-positive-for-covid-19-in-bengal-11597646972576.html |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=The Mint}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Samares}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]

Uchad State

2026-04-15T11:47:49Z

ZaidBaig: started new data initial version

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Uchad State
|common_name =Uchad
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Uchad
|stat_area1 =22.015
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =1 489
|footnotes =
}}
'''Uchad State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up and then by the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency.</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> It was part of the 28 Princely States making up the [[Sankheda Mehwas]], estates dating from the fall of Pawagadh in 1484, by Rajputts settling on the south of the territory near the town of Sankheda, from which the Sankheda Mehwas derive their name.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 272,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up</ref>

The state had a population of 1 489 and an area of 8.5 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up</ref>

It was a tributary to [[Baroda]].<ref>The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon (1893 Edition), p. 546
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n567/mode/2up</ref> The state contained the village of Wadia, where land was leased by the Thakur to the British colonial Government in 1927.<ref>Collection of treaties, engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries (1931)
https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7255/page/n249/mode/2up</ref>

==History==

The state of [[Baroda]] had imposed a tribute on the Sankheda Mewas, it's extraction causing British intervention in 1822, brokering an agreement where the [[Gaekwar]] received tribute from the states, while their independence was recognised by Baroda, which also promised to respect the petty states' rights.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 272,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers had the title of Thakur.

* Thakur Jitabawa Badharbawa Daima (b. 1846) November 17, 1860-fl. 1909 <ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up</ref>
* Thakur Mahomadmiya Jitamiya (b. June 15, 1895) June 24, 1915- fl. 1939 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

2019 Indian general election

2026-04-13T13:14:32Z

ZaidBaig:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 2014 Indian general election
| previous_year = 2014
| election_date = 11 April – 19 May 2019{{efn|The election for the [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore constituency]] was delayed and took place on 5 August 2019.}}
| next_election = 2024 Indian general election
| next_year = 2024
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha
| elected_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha
| seats_for_election = 543 of the 545 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]{{efn|name=seats|Two seats were reserved for Anglo-Indians and filled through Presidential nomination.}}
| majority_seats = 272
| registered = 911,950,734
| turnout = 67.4% ({{increase}} 0.96[[Percentage point|pp]])
| opinion_polls = Opinion polling for the 2019 Indian general election
| 1blank = Alliance
| 2blank = Alliance seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=PM Modi Portrait(cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| last_election1 = 31.00%, 282 seats
| seats1 = '''303'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 21
| popular_vote1 = '''229,076,879'''
| percentage1 = '''37.36%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 6.36[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rahul Gandhi in Shillong (cropped).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=112|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Rahul Gandhi]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = United Progressive Alliance
| last_election2 = 19.31%, 44 seats
| seats2 = 52
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 8
| popular_vote2 = 119,495,214
| percentage2 = 19.49%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 0.18[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:Indian General Election 2019.svg|300px]]|Result by Party|[[File:2019 Indian General Election Result Map Alliance Wise.svg|300px]]|Result by Alliance}}
| map_caption =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| 2data1 = '''353'''
| 2data2 = 91
| 3blank = Seat change
| 3data1 = {{increase}} 17
| 3data2 = {{increase}} 31
| 4blank = Alliance percentage
| 4data1 = '''45.3%'''
| 4data2 = 27.5%
}}

General elections were held in [[India]] in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to elect the members of the [[17th Lok Sabha]]. Votes were counted and the result was declared on 23 May.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ec-may-announce-lok-sabha-poll-schedule-in-march-first-week-sources/articleshow/67588495.cms|title=EC may announce Lok Sabha election schedule in March first week: Sources – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2019 |access-date=16 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405132838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ec-may-announce-lok-sabha-poll-schedule-in-march-first-week-sources/articleshow/67588495.cms|archive-date=5 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/915713/2019-general-elections-voting-to-be-held-in-seven-phases-to-start-on-april-11|title=2019 General Elections: Voting to be held in 7 phases from April 11 to May 19, counting on May 23|work=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507042256/https://scroll.in/latest/915713/2019-general-elections-voting-to-be-held-in-seven-phases-to-start-on-april-11|archive-date=7 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/blog/election-dates-2019-schedule-live-updates-lok-sabha-assembly-elections-arunachal-pradesh-andhra-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-jammu-and-kashmir-elections-date-india-elections-schedule-election-commission-model-code-of-conduct-2019-election-2019-dates-declared/184|title=Lok Sabha Election 2019 Dates Schedule LIVE, Assembly Elections Dates For Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, 2019 Election Date Time for Polling, Counting and Results|website=timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003525/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/blog/election-dates-2019-schedule-live-updates-lok-sabha-assembly-elections-arunachal-pradesh-andhra-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-jammu-and-kashmir-elections-date-india-elections-schedule-election-commission-model-code-of-conduct-2019-election-2019-dates-declared/184|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/10/election-commission-lok-sabha-poll-dates.html|title=Lok Sabha elections will begin on April 11 and polling will be held over seven phases through May 19, followed by counting of votes on May 23. Lok Sabha Election 2019 : Key Dates, Live News Updates, Election Calendar.|website=english.manoramaonline.com|language=en-GB|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003701/https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/10/election-commission-lok-sabha-poll-dates.html|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Around 912 million people were eligible to vote, and voter turnout was over 67 percent – the highest ever in any Indian general election, as well as the highest ever participation by women voters until the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-67-1-2019-turnouts-a-record-election-commission/articleshow/69419715.cms At 67.1%, 2019 turnout's a record: Election Commission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521074334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-67-1-2019-turnouts-a-record-election-commission/articleshow/69419715.cms |date=21 May 2019}}, The Times of India (20 May 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/world/asia/india-election-results.html Polls Are Closed in India's Election: What Happens Next?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519120903/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/19/world/asia/india-election-results.html |date=19 May 2019}}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', Douglas Schorzman and Kai Schultz (19 May 2019)</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=India created world record with 64.2 crore people voting in Lok Sabha polls: CEC Rajiv Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/india-created-world-record-with-642-crore-people-voting-in-lok-sabha-polls-cec-rajiv-kumar/article68245789.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |issn=0971-751X |date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603142426/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/india-created-world-record-with-642-crore-people-voting-in-lok-sabha-polls-cec-rajiv-kumar/article68245789.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|In 9 states and union territories of India – such as [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Kerala]] and [[Uttarakhand]] – more women turned out to vote than men in 2019.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/women-turn-out-in-greater-numbers-than-in-previous-elections/articleshow/69405687.cms Women turn out in greater numbers than in previous elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021030758/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/women-turn-out-in-greater-numbers-than-in-previous-elections/articleshow/69405687.cms |date=21 October 2020 }}, ''The Economic Times'', Aanchal Bansal (20 May 2019)</ref>}}

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won in a [[landslide victory|landslide]] receiving 37% of the vote, the highest vote share by a political party since the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 general election]], and winning 303 seats, further increasing its substantial majority.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Election Results: Modi and the B.J.P. Make History |work=The New York Times |date=23 May 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/india-election-results.html |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523031230/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/world/asia/india-election-results.html |archive-date=23 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) won 353 seats. The BJP outperformed most [[exit polls]] which had predicted a much narrower mandate for the ruling alliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|title=Modi thanks India for 'historic mandate'|date=23 May 2019|access-date=29 May 2019|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528223438/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48389130|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP won 37.76%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10955-20-performance-of-national-parties/|title=Performance of National Parties|website=eci.gov.in|language=en|date=23 May 2019|access-date=21 May 2023|archive-date=7 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107073533/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/10955-20-performance-of-national-parties/|url-status=live}}</ref> of votes, while the NDA's combined vote was 45% of the 603.7 million votes that were polled.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece|title=Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP|first=Srinivasan|last=Ramani|date=23 May 2019|access-date=22 December 2019|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111071449/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/analysis-highest-ever-national-vote-share-for-the-bjp/article27218550.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/61-crore-voted-2019-lok-sabha-elections-66-voter-turnout_in_5ce22bd1e4b00e035b92e395|title=61 Crore Indians Voted In 2019 Lok Sabha Elections; 66% Estimated Voter Turnout|date=20 May 2019|website=HuffPost India|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604204112/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/61-crore-voted-2019-lok-sabha-elections-66-voter-turnout_in_5ce22bd1e4b00e035b92e395|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won 52 seats, failing to get 10% of the seats needed to claim the post of [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narendra Modi government will not have Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/17th-lok-sabha-leader-of-opposition-bjp-congress-1533766-2019-05-24 |access-date=17 January 2023 |website=India Today |date=24 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703042113/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/17th-lok-sabha-leader-of-opposition-bjp-congress-1533766-2019-05-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) won 91 seats, while other parties won 98 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final numbers are in: 300 paar for PM Modi, Congress stuck at 52 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/final-lok-sabha-election-results-nda-upa-others-modi-bjp-congress-1534175-2019-05-24 |access-date=22 January 2023 |website=India Today |date=24 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527110506/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/final-lok-sabha-election-results-nda-upa-others-modi-bjp-congress-1534175-2019-05-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative assembly]] elections in the states of [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Andhra Pradesh]], [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Arunachal Pradesh]], [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha]] and [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|Sikkim]] were held simultaneously with the general election,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/10/assembly-polls-lok-sabha-polls-jammu-and-kashmir.html|title=Assembly polls in 4 states with Lok Sabha elections but not in J&K- Malayala Manorama |website=english.manoramaonline.com |language=en-GB |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003833/https://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/lok-sabha-elections-2019/2019/03/10/assembly-polls-lok-sabha-polls-jammu-and-kashmir.html |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-lok-sabha-elections-2019-congress-mp-favours-more-seats-for-rjd-in-bihar-461365 |title=Lok Sabha elections 2019: Congress MP favours more seats for RJD in Bihar |date=4 September 2018 |access-date=29 September 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044000/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-lok-sabha-elections-2019-congress-mp-favours-more-seats-for-rjd-in-bihar-461365 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as [[2019–20 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|by-elections]] of twenty-two seats of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aiadmk-proves-it-mettle-in-tamil-nadu-maintains-hold-on-govt-after-winning-9-bypoll-seats-2157319.html |title=AIADMK Proves it Mettle in Tamil Nadu, Maintains Hold on Govt After Winning 9 Bypoll Seats |work=News18 |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708143002/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/aiadmk-proves-it-mettle-in-tamil-nadu-maintains-hold-on-govt-after-winning-9-bypoll-seats-2157319.html |archive-date=8 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Electoral system==
All 543 elected [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MPs]] are elected from single-member constituencies using [[first-past-the-post voting]]. The President of India [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|appoints]] an additional two members from the [[Anglo-Indian]] community if he believes that community is under-represented.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2145_B.htm Electoral system] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506102836/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2145_B.htm |date=6 May 2017}} IPU</ref>

Eligible voters must be Indian citizens, 18 or older, an ordinary resident of the polling area of the constituency and registered to vote (name included in the electoral rolls), possess a valid [[Voter ID (India)|voter identification card]] issued by the [[Election Commission of India]] or an equivalent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Election 2019 Phase 3 voting: How to vote without voter ID card |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/story/lok-sabha-election-2019-phase-3-voting-how-to-vote-without-voter-id-card-191412-2019-04-22 |work=Business Today |date=23 April 2019 |access-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524095933/https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/lok-sabha-election-2019-phase-3-voting-how-to-vote-without-voter-id-card/story/339375.html |archive-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> Some people convicted of electoral or other offences are barred from voting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecisveep.nic.in/voters/general-voters/|title=General Voters|website=Systematic Voters' Education and Electoral Participation|language=en-IN|access-date=4 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180432/http://ecisveep.nic.in/voters/general-voters/|archive-date=4 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The elections are held on schedule and as per the [[Constitution of India]] that mandates parliamentary elections once every five years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/general-election-will-be-held-in-2019-as-per-schedule-says-rajnath-singh/article24844428.ece|title=General election will be held in 2019 as per schedule, says Rajnath Singh|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=1 September 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 January 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185934/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/general-election-will-be-held-in-2019-as-per-schedule-says-rajnath-singh/article24844428.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Election schedule==

[[File:2019 Lok Sabha Election Schedule.svg|alt=Election Dates of Indian General Election, 2019|thumb|Election schedule]]
The election schedule was announced by [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) on 10 March 2019, and with it the [[Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct|Model Code of Conduct]] came into effect.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/election-commission-live-updates-lok-sabha-elections-to-be-conducted-in-7-phases/articleshow/68343581.cms?from=mdr |title=Lok Sabha Elections dates announced: Polls to be held from April 11 in 7 phases, counting on May 23 |date=11 March 2019 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091717/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/election-commission-live-updates-lok-sabha-elections-to-be-conducted-in-7-phases/articleshow/68343581.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ecipub2019">{{cite web |title=Announcement of Schedule for General Elections to Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha & Sikkim, 2019 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9396-announcement-of-schedule-for-general-elections-to-lok-sabha-and-legislative-assemblies-in-andhra-pradesh-arunachal-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-2019/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327172458/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9396-announcement-of-schedule-for-general-elections-to-lok-sabha-and-legislative-assemblies-in-andhra-pradesh-arunachal-pradesh-odisha-sikkim-2019/ |archive-date=27 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The election was scheduled to be held in seven phases. In Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, the election was held in all seven phases. The polling for the [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]] constituency in the state of Jammu and Kashmir was held in three phases, due to violence in the region.<ref>[https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/lok-sabha-election-2019-phase-3-voting-how-to-vote-without-voter-id-card/story/339375.html Lok Sabha Election 2019 Phase 3 voting: How to vote without voter ID card] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524095933/https://www.businesstoday.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019/news/lok-sabha-election-2019-phase-3-voting-how-to-vote-without-voter-id-card/story/339375.html |date=24 May 2019}}, Business Today (23 April 2019)</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmad |first1=Mudasir |title=Kashmir: Why Polls in Anantnag Lok Sabha Seat Will Be Held in Three Phases |url=https://thewire.in/politics/kashmir-ls-elections-anantnag-three-phases |access-date=4 April 2019 |work=The Wire |date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405000735/https://thewire.in/politics/kashmir-ls-elections-anantnag-three-phases |archive-date=5 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|+Phase-wise polling constituencies in each state
! rowspan="3" |State/Union territory
! rowspan="3" |Total
constituencies
! colspan="7" |Election dates and number of constituencies
|-
!Phase 1
!Phase 2
!Phase 3
!Phase 4
!Phase 5
!Phase 6
!Phase 7
|-
!11 April
!18 April
!23 April
!29 April
!6 May
!12 May
!19 May
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]
|''25''
|25
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|''2''
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Assam|Assam]]
|''14''
|5
|5
|4
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Bihar|Bihar]]
|''40''
|4
|5
|5
|5
|5
|8
|8
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh]]
|''11''
|1
|3
|7
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Goa|Goa]]
|''2''
|
|
|2
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Gujarat|Gujarat]]
|''26''
|
|
|26
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Haryana|Haryana]]
|''10''
|
|
|
|
|
|10
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]]
|''4''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|4
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|''6''
|2
|2
|{{1/3}}<ref name=":02" group="n">Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.</ref>
|{{1/3}}<ref name=":02" group="n" />
|1{{1/3}}<ref name=":02" group="n" />
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
|''14''
|
|
|
|3
|4
|4
|3
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Karnataka|Karnataka]]
|''28''
|
|14
|14
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]
|''20''
|
|
|20
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
|''29''
|
|
|
|6
|7
|8
|8
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
|''48''
|7
|10
|14
|17
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Manipur|Manipur]]
|''2''
|1
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Meghalaya|Meghalaya]]
|''2''
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Mizoram|Mizoram]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Nagaland|Nagaland]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Odisha|Odisha]]
|''21''
|4
|5
|6
|6
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Punjab|Punjab]]
|''13''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|13
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
|''25''
|
|
|
|13
|12
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
|''39''
|
|38<ref name=":12" group="n">Polling in [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]] was cancelled, with the election later held on 5 August 2019. ([[#Rescheduled voting, cancellations|see below]])</ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Telangana|Telangana]]
|''17''
|17
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Tripura|Tripura]]
|''2''
|1
|
|1<ref name=":12x" group="n">Polling in [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]] was rescheduled from 18 to 23 April.</ref>
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
|''80''
|8
|8
|10
|13
|14
|14
|13
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Uttarakhand|Uttarakhand]]
|''5''
|5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal|West Bengal]]
|''42''
|2
|3
|5
|8
|7
|8
|9
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Chandigarh|Chandigarh]]
|''1''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|''1''
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Daman and Diu|Daman and Diu]]
|''1''
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Delhi|Delhi]]
|''7''
|
|
|
|
|
|7
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]]
|''1''
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Puducherry|Puducherry]]
|''1''
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Constituencies
!543
!91
!95
!116{{1/3}}
!71{{1/3}}
!50{{1/3}}
!59
!59
|-
!Total constituencies by end of phase
!542
!91
!186
!302{{1/3}}
!373{{2/3}}
!424
!483
!542<ref name=":12" group="n" />
|-
!% complete by end of phase
!
!17%
!34%
!56%
!69%
!78%
!89%
!100%
|-
!Result
!543
! colspan="7" | 23 May 2019
|}
<references group="n" />

===Rescheduled voting, cancellations===
* [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]: Over {{INRConvert|11|c}} in cash was seized in Vellore from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leaders – a regional party in Tamil Nadu. According to ''[[The News Minute]]'', this cash is alleged to have been for [[Political bribery|bribing]] the voters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/election-cancelled-vellore-lok-sabha-seat-after-money-seized-dmk-leaders-100152|title=Election cancelled in Vellore Lok Sabha seat after money seized from DMK leaders|date=16 April 2019|website=The News Minute|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416163437/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/election-cancelled-vellore-lok-sabha-seat-after-money-seized-dmk-leaders-100152|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the evidence collected during the raids, the Election Commission of India cancelled the 18 April election date in the [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore constituency]]. The DMK leaders denied wrongdoing and alleged a conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-polls-in-vellore-cancelled-due-to-use-of-money-power/articleshow/68909824.cms|title=Lok Sabha polls in Vellore cancelled due to use of money power|date=16 April 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606051912/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-polls-in-vellore-cancelled-due-to-use-of-money-power/articleshow/68909824.cms|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]], [[Tripura]]: The [[Election Commission of India]] deferred polling from 18 to 23 April due to the law and order situation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/three-tier-security-at-17-counting-centres-in-tripura/article27212155.ece|title=Three-tier security at 17 counting centres in Tripura|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 May 2019|last1=Ali|first1=Syed Sajjad|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185909/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/three-tier-security-at-17-counting-centres-in-tripura/article27212155.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The poll panel took the decision following reports from the Special Police Observers that the circumstances were not conducive for holding free and fair elections in the constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/polling-in-tripura-east-deferred-to-april-23/article26858600.ece|title=Polling in Tripura East deferred to April 23|date=16 April 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 May 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185831/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/polling-in-tripura-east-deferred-to-april-23/article26858600.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Campaign==
{{Main|Campaigning in the 2019 Indian general election}}

===Issues===
====Allegations of undermining institutions====
The opposition parties accused the NDA government of destroying democratic institutions and processes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-tmc-united-opposition-rally-top-quotes-5545979/|title=Mamata's Opposition rally top quotes: 'One ambition — save India, save democracy'|date=19 January 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402043101/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-tmc-united-opposition-rally-top-quotes-5545979/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Modi denied these allegations, and blamed Congress and the communists for undermining institutions including the police, the CBI, and the CAG, and cited the [[Politics of Kerala#The epicenter of violence|murder of BJP activists in Kerala]] and Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opposition-united-only-for-corruption-undermining-institutions-alleges-pm-modi/articleshow/67712721.cms|title=Opposition united only for corruption, undermining institutions, alleges PM Modi|author=T Ramavarman|date=27 January 2019|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326215021/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/opposition-united-only-for-corruption-undermining-institutions-alleges-pm-modi/articleshow/67712721.cms|archive-date=26 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The Congress party, along with other opposition parties and a group of retired civil servants, accused the ECI of being compromised, and implied that they endorsed the model code of conduct violations by Narendra Modi and other BJP political leaders during their campaigns.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/election-commission-endorsing-modi-violations-congress/cid/1689564 Election Commission endorsing Modi violations: Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150659/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/election-commission-endorsing-modi-violations-congress/cid/1689564 |date=6 May 2019 }}, The Telegraph (28 April 2019)</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2021}} Another group of 81 retired civil servants, judges and academics disputed these allegations, made counter-allegations, and stated that the ECI acted fairly and similarly in alleged violations by either side. The group stated that such political attacks on the ECI were a "deliberate attempt to denigrate and delegitimise the democratic institutions".<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lok-sabha-elections-grand-alliance-bjp-election-commission-evm-machine-tampering-5701521/ In its attack on Modi government, the Opposition has failed to distinguish between political executive and independent institutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150659/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/lok-sabha-elections-grand-alliance-bjp-election-commission-evm-machine-tampering-5701521/ |date=6 May 2019 }}, The Indian Express (30 April 2019)</ref>{{Verify source|date=November 2021}}

====Economic performance====
According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the major economic achievements of the incumbent [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] government included an inflation rate less than 4 per cent, the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST reform]], and the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016|Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code]]. Its programs, in recent years, that have positively touched many among the Indian masses, include the [[Jan Dhan Yojana]], rural cooking gas and electricity for homes.<ref name="toiApril1420192">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Swaminomics/swot-analysis-shows-nda-well-ahead-of-upa/ SWOT analysis shows NDA well ahead of UPA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503050824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Swaminomics/swot-analysis-shows-nda-well-ahead-of-upa/ |date=3 May 2019 }}, The Times of India, SA Aiyar (14 April 2019)</ref> According to the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], the [[Indian economy]] has been growing in recent years, its GDP growth rate is among the highest in the world for major economies, and India is expected to be the fastest growing major economy in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, with real GDP projected to grow at 7.3 per cent.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrybroadman/2019/03/29/narendra-modis-challenge-in-indias-upcoming-elections/#3c52fabb650e Narendra Modi's Challenge In India's Upcoming Elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421081518/https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrybroadman/2019/03/29/narendra-modis-challenge-in-indias-upcoming-elections/#3c52fabb650e |date=21 April 2019 }}, The Forbes, Harry Broadman (29 March 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-global-growth-leader-2019-20-imf-1436177-2019-01-22 India to be global growth leader in 2019–20: IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144553/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-global-growth-leader-2019-20-imf-1436177-2019-01-22 |date=14 April 2019 }}, India Today (22 January 2019);

[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/indian-economy-poised-to-pick-up-in-2019-says-imf/article26051905.ece At 7.5%, 7.7% India to be top growing economy in 2020: IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805220852/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/indian-economy-poised-to-pick-up-in-2019-says-imf/article26051905.ece |date=5 August 2019 }}, The Hindu (21 January 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/IND India: Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414142322/https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/IND |date=14 April 2019 }}, International Monetary Fund (2019)</ref> The GDP growth data has been disputed<ref name="toiApril1420192" /> by a group of Indian social scientists, economists and the political opposition's election campaign, while a group of Indian chartered accountants has defended the data, the GDP calculation methodology, and questioned the motivations of those disputing the recent Indian GDP statistics.<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.in/131-cas-respond-to-letter-from-economists-disputing-govt-gdp-data/articleshow/68463411.cms 131 accountants from India just responded to the open letter from economists and social scientists challenging official GDP data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414142321/https://www.businessinsider.in/131-cas-respond-to-letter-from-economists-disputing-govt-gdp-data/articleshow/68463411.cms |date=14 April 2019 }}, Business Insider, D Dhillon (18 March 2019)</ref>

The opposition's election campaign has claimed that both the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation|demonetisation]] and GST law have "seriously hit small business, farmers and casual labour", states ''The Times of India''.<ref name="toiApril1420192" /><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mayawati-again-blasts-both-bjp-congress-119040801043_1.html Mayawati again blasts both BJP, Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414152203/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mayawati-again-blasts-both-bjp-congress-119040801043_1.html |date=14 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, IANS (8 April 2019)</ref> The incumbent has claimed that they inherited a country from the previous Congress-led government that was "a legacy of policy paralysis, corruption and economic fragility", and that the BJP-led government policies have placed India on better economic fundamentals and a fast gear.<ref name="et04042019b2">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/congress-put-india-in-fragile-five-we-put-it-in-fastest-gear-even-in-challenging-environments-arun-jaitley/articleshow/68714515.cms Congress put India in fragile five, we put it in fastest gear even in challenging environments: Arun Jaitley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406060727/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/congress-put-india-in-fragile-five-we-put-it-in-fastest-gear-even-in-challenging-environments-arun-jaitley/articleshow/68714515.cms |date=6 April 2019 }}, The Economic Times, Deepshikha Sikarwar and Vinay Pandey (4 April 2019)</ref> Modi claims that his government pursued demonetisation in the national interest, his government has identified and de-registered 338,000 shell companies, identified and recovered {{INRConvert|130000|c}} in black money since 2014, and almost doubled India's tax base.<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/demonetisation-was-done-in-national-interest-pm-narendra-modi-1554504639418.html Demonetisation was done in national interest: PM Narendra Modi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406163345/https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/demonetisation-was-done-in-national-interest-pm-narendra-modi-1554504639418.html |date=6 April 2019 }}, Live Mint, Shashi Shekhar (6 April 2019)</ref><ref>[http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/16/exclusive-interview--corruption-free-government-is-possible-prime-minister-narendra-modi-1964762.html Corruption-free government is possible: Prime Minister Narendra Modi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418001250/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/apr/16/exclusive-interview--corruption-free-government-is-possible-prime-minister-narendra-modi-1964762.html |date=18 April 2019 }}, The New Indian Express, GS Vasu, HK Singh and M Anand (16 April 2019)</ref> The Congress party disputes the incumbents' claims, and has alleged that BJP offices have "become hubs of creating black money", and seeks a judicial inquiry into the Rafale deal with France and BJP's role in corruption.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/nyay-will-be-a-game-changer-lead-to-creation-of-jobs/articleshow/68881136.cms Nyay will be game changer, lead to creation of jobs: Ashok Gehlot Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508174745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/nyay-will-be-a-game-changer-lead-to-creation-of-jobs/articleshow/68881136.cms |date=8 May 2019 }}, The Times of India, Subodh Ghildiyal (15 April 2019)</ref>

====National security and terrorism====
{{further|India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019)|2019 Balakot airstrike}}In response to the [[2019 Pulwama attack]], the [[Indian Air Force]] conducted [[2019 Balakot airstrike|airstrikes inside Pakistan]] — for the first time since the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani war]]. The [[India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2019)|ongoing conflict with Pakistan]] became a significant factor in the election. The opposition parties accused of politicising the army, whilst the BJP countered their accusations by stating that such allegations raised by them were adversely affecting the morale of armed forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/10/india/indias-next-general-deciding-issues-intl/index.html|title=Unemployment a key issue as India's Narendra Modi seeks re-election|author=Kumar, Nikhil|date=14 March 2019|publisher=CNN|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330162529/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/10/india/indias-next-general-deciding-issues-intl/index.html|archive-date=30 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[Pew Research Center]], both before and after the outbreak of recent India-Pakistan tensions, their 2018 and 2019 surveys suggest that the significant majority of the voters consider Pakistan as a "very serious threat" to their country, and terrorism to be a "very big problem".<ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/25/indian-elections-nearing-amid-frustration-with-politics-concerns-about-misinformation/ft_19-03-25_india_beforerecenttensions/ Indian Elections Nearing Amid Frustration with Politics, Concerns about Misinformation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414173047/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/25/indian-elections-nearing-amid-frustration-with-politics-concerns-about-misinformation/ft_19-03-25_india_beforerecenttensions/ |date=14 April 2019}}, Pew Research Center, Washington DC (25 March 2019)</ref><ref name="pewMarch252019a2">[https://www.pewglobal.org/2019/03/25/a-sampling-of-public-opinion-in-india/ A Sampling of Public Opinion in India: Optimism persists, but concerns about terrorism and Pakistan loom large] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414152518/https://www.pewglobal.org/2019/03/25/a-sampling-of-public-opinion-in-india/ |date=14 April 2019}}, 2019 polls, Kat Devlin; [https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/25/indian-elections-nearing-amid-frustration-with-politics-concerns-about-misinformation/ Survey Results] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414173053/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/03/25/indian-elections-nearing-amid-frustration-with-politics-concerns-about-misinformation/ |date=14 April 2019}} Kat Devlin and Courtney Johnson, Pew Research Center, Washington DC (25 March 2019)</ref>

====Unemployment====
{{Main|Unemployment in India}}
According to the [[Pew Research Center]], a majority of Indian voters consider the lack of employment opportunities as a "very big problem" in their country. "About 18.6 million Indians were jobless and another 393.7 million work in poor-quality jobs vulnerable to displacement", stated the Pew report.<ref name="pewMarch252019a2" />

A report on unemployment prepared by the National Sample Survey Office's (NSSO's) periodic labour force survey, has not been officially released by the government. According to ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'', this report is the "first comprehensive survey on employment conducted by a government agency after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced demonetisation move in November 2016". According to this report, the 2017–2018 "usual status"{{efn|name=jobs}} unemployment rate in India is 6.1 per cent, which is a four-decade high.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/india-unemployment-rate-hits-four-decade-high-of-6-pct-in-2017-says-nsso-survey/story/315420.html|title=India's unemployment rate hit four-decade high of 6.1% in 2017–18, says NSSO survey|website=businesstoday.in|date=31 January 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327222013/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/india-unemployment-rate-hits-four-decade-high-of-6-pct-in-2017-says-nsso-survey/story/315420.html|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=jobs|The unemployment data in India is not collected on a monthly or an annual basis, rather it is determined through a sample survey once every 5 years, with a few exceptions. The survey methodology is unlike those in major world economies, and sub-classifies unemployment into categories such as "usual status unemployment" and "current status unemployment" based on the answers given by the individuals interviewed. Its methodology and results have been questioned by various scholars.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Employment and Unemployment Situation in 1990s: How Good Are NSS Data?|author=Indira Hirway|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume= 37|number= 21|year= 2002|pages= 2027–2036}}</ref><ref name=bhalla04132019/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Some Aspects of the Implementation of India's Employment Guarantee|author1=Yoshifumi Usami|author2=Vikas Rawal|journal=Review of Agrarian Studies|volume=2|number=2|year=2012|pages=74–93 |doi=10.25003/RAS.02.02.0005 |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/308536 }}</ref> The report and the refusal of the BJP government to release it has been criticised by economist [[Surjit Bhalla]].<ref name=bhalla04132019>[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/modi-government-opposition-congress-unemployment-jobs-data-statistical-embarrassment-5673325/ A Statistical Embarrassment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416185254/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/modi-government-opposition-congress-unemployment-jobs-data-statistical-embarrassment-5673325/ |date=16 April 2019 }}, Surjit Bhalla, The Indian Express (13 April 2019)</ref> According to Bhalla, the survey methodology is flawed and its results absurd, because the sample survey-based report finds that India's overall population has declined since 2011–12 by 1.2 per cent (contrary to the Census data which states a 6.7 per cent increase). The report finds that India's per cent urbanisation and urban workforce has declined since 2012, which is contrary to all other studies on Indian urbanisation trends, states Bhalla.<ref name=bhalla04132019/> According to NSSO's report's data, "the Modi government has unleashed the most inclusive growth anywhere, and at any time in human history" – which is as unbelievable as the unemployment data it reports, states Bhalla.<ref name=bhalla04132019/> The NSSO report suggests the inflation-adjusted employment income of casual workers has dramatically increased while those of the salaried wage-earners has fallen during the 5-years of BJP government.<ref name=bhalla04132019/> The NSSO has also changed the sampling methodology in the latest round, state Bhalla and Avik Sarkar,<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/unemployment-in-india-the-real-reason-behind-low-employment-numbers/1500640/ Unemployment in India: The real reason behind low employment numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418003432/https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/unemployment-in-india-the-real-reason-behind-low-employment-numbers/1500640/ |date=18 April 2019 }}, Financial Express, Avik Sarkar (28 February 2019)</ref> which is one of the likely sources of its flawed statistics and conclusions.<ref name=bhalla04132019/>}} The government has claimed that the report was not final.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/jobs-data-not-finalised-government-after-nsso-report/articleshow/67782769.cms|title=Jobs data not finalised: Government after NSSO 'Report'|date=1 February 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327221821/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/jobs-data-not-finalised-government-after-nsso-report/articleshow/67782769.cms|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO) – a United Nations agency, unemployment is rising in India and the "unemployment rate in the country [India] will stand at 3.5 percent in 2018 and 2019 – the same level of unemployment seen in 2017 and 2016", instead of dropping to 3.4 per cent as it had previously projected.<ref name="ilojan20192">(a) [https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/more-joblessness-ilo-sees-india-s-unemployment-rate-rising-to-3-5-in-2018-118012300389_1.html More joblessness: ILO sees India's unemployment rate rising to 3.5% in 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414160724/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/more-joblessness-ilo-sees-india-s-unemployment-rate-rising-to-3-5-in-2018-118012300389_1.html |date=14 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, Somesh Jha (24 January 2019);

(b) Full Report: World Employment Social Outlook Report, International Labour Organization (2019), {{isbn|978-92-2-132952-7}}, pages 108–109, Appendix D and Southern Asia section</ref> According to the ILO's World Employment Social Outlook Report, the unemployment rate in India has been in the 3.4 to 3.6 per cent range over the UPA-government led 2009–2014 and the NDA-government led 2014–2019 periods.<ref name="ilojan20192" />

Opposition parties claimed in their election campaign that the unemployment in India had reached crisis levels. The NDA government has denied the existence of any job crisis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/business/denial-jobless-growth-unemployment-modi-bjp|title=Modi Government is in Deep Denial Over India's 'Jobless Growth' Crisis|website=The Wire|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327210221/https://thewire.in/business/denial-jobless-growth-unemployment-modi-bjp|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Prime minister Narendra Modi claimed that jobs are not lacking but the accurate data on jobs has been lacking.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jobs-not-lacking-issue-is-lack-of-data-on-jobs-says-pm-modi/story-733RdEQ4j3u1qAS7OGLP7K.html|title=Jobs not lacking, issue is lack of data on jobs, says PM Modi|date=2 July 2018|website=hindustantimes.com/|language=en|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228124722/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jobs-not-lacking-issue-is-lack-of-data-on-jobs-says-pm-modi/story-733RdEQ4j3u1qAS7OGLP7K.html|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/03/modi-explains-the-unemployment-problem-not-the-lack-of-jobs-but-the-lack-of-data-on-jobs_a_23473355/|title=Modi Claims The Job Crisis Is Actually A Data Crisis|date=3 July 2018|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327233626/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/07/03/modi-explains-the-unemployment-problem-not-the-lack-of-jobs-but-the-lack-of-data-on-jobs_a_23473355/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The opposition has attacked the NDA government's performance with the NSSO reported 6.1 per cent unemployment data. Modi and his government have questioned this job statistics report, stating that "most surveys that try to capture unemployment rate are skewed since these did not cover the unorganised sector, which accounts for 85–90 per cent of jobs [in India]".<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/most-unemployment-surveys-are-skewed-pm-narendra-modi-tells-house-119020701599_1.html Most unemployment surveys are skewed, PM Narendra Modi tells House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414162229/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/most-unemployment-surveys-are-skewed-pm-narendra-modi-tells-house-119020701599_1.html |date=14 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, Archis Mohan (8 February 2019)</ref>

====Agrarian and rural distress====
The Congress party campaign highlighted "agrarian distress" as an election issue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-maharashtra-congress-goes-on-the-attack-in-ads-5653803/|title=Maharashtra: Congress goes on the attack in ads|date=2 April 2019|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402033040/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-maharashtra-congress-goes-on-the-attack-in-ads-5653803/|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP campaign highlighted that the Congress party had been in power for five generations of the [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru dynasty]] and its past promises and campaign issues have been empty. It claimed that the recent farmer loan waivers by Congress have not reached "even 10% of the farmers" nor has it helped the financial situation of the farmers. BJP highlights that its "Kisan Samman Nidhi" helps the small farmers at the time of seed planting through a direct deposit of ₹6000 to their accounts.<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/what-kind-of-leadership-will-lead-india-is-the-biggest-issue-amit-shah-bjp-president/articleshow/68662952.cms What kind of leadership will lead India is the biggest issue: Amit Shah, BJP President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402052842/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/what-kind-of-leadership-will-lead-india-is-the-biggest-issue-amit-shah-bjp-president/articleshow/68662952.cms |date=2 April 2019 }}, The Economic Times, 1 April 2019</ref> The opposition accused this as being an attempt to lure voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/2019-lok-sabha-election-bjp-hopes-to-reap-poll-gains-from-pm-kisan-in-up-119031500566_1.html|title=2019 Lok Sabha Election: BJP hopes to reap poll gains from 'PM Kisan' in UP|last=Rawat|first=Virendra Singh|date=15 March 2019|via=Business Standard|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328130957/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/2019-lok-sabha-election-bjp-hopes-to-reap-poll-gains-from-pm-kisan-in-up-119031500566_1.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to ''The Times of India'', a group of farmer associations demanded that the 2019 election manifesto of competing political parties should promise to "keep agriculture out of the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO)" and that the interests of Indian farmers must not be compromised in global trade treaties.<ref name="toi031520192">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unconditional-loan-waiver-on-demand-list-of-farmer-outfits/articleshow/68417775.cms Unconditional loan waiver on-demand list of farmer outfits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316003428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/unconditional-loan-waiver-on-demand-list-of-farmer-outfits/articleshow/68417775.cms |date=16 March 2019 }}, The Times of India, TNN (15 March 2019)</ref> They also demanded loan waivers and income support for the agriculture sector.<ref name="toi031520192" /> According to the ''[[Business Standard]]'' and the United Nation's [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], India has witnessed record crop harvests in recent years including 2017 when its farmers grew more foodgrains than ever before.<ref name="buNov3020182">[https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/explained-why-farmers-are-angry-in-india-s-fastest-growing-farm-economy-118113000153_1.html Explained: Why farmers are angry in India's fastest-growing farm economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421092348/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/explained-why-farmers-are-angry-in-india-s-fastest-growing-farm-economy-118113000153_1.html |date=21 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, B Tripathi (30 November 2018)</ref><ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/100 India: Country Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/100 |date=11 May 2017 }}, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2018)</ref> However, the farmers consider the "low remunerative prices" they receive in the free market to be too low and a need for the Indian government to establish higher minimum support prices for agricultural products. These farmers consider this an issue for the 2019 general elections.<ref name="buNov3020182" />

====Dynasty politics====
The BJP highlighted that the Congress party has relied on [[Rahul Gandhi]] for leadership since 2013, its lack of internal party institutions and claimed that whenever Congress has been in power, the freedom of press and Indian government institutions have "taken a severe beating".<ref name="it032020192">[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/honesty-over-dynasty-vikas-over-vote-bank-politics-pm-modi-presents-govts-report-card-asks-citizens-to-vote-wisely-1482365-2019-03-20 Honesty over dynasty, Vikas over vote-bank politics: PM Modi presents govt's report card, slams Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113541/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/honesty-over-dynasty-vikas-over-vote-bank-politics-pm-modi-presents-govts-report-card-asks-citizens-to-vote-wisely-1482365-2019-03-20 |date=19 April 2019 }}, India Today (20 March 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/prime-minister-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-congress-dynastic-politics-institutions-casualty-pm-modi-slams-congress-says-indias-institutions-biggest-casualty-of-dynastic-politics/story/329451.html PM Modi slams Congress, says India's institutions biggest casualty of 'dynastic politics'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113538/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/prime-minister-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi-congress-dynastic-politics-institutions-casualty-pm-modi-slams-congress-says-indias-institutions-biggest-casualty-of-dynastic-politics/story/329451.html |date=19 April 2019 }}, Business Today (20 March 2019)</ref> During the election campaign, its leaders mentioned the Emergency of 1975, the nepotism, corruption and widespread abuses of human rights under the Congress rule in the past.<ref name="it032020192" /><ref>[https://www.asianage.com/india/politics/200319/indias-institutions-have-been-biggest-casualty-of-dynastic-politics-pm-attacks-cong.html India's institutions biggest casualty of dynasty politics: PM attacks Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113539/https://www.asianage.com/india/politics/200319/indias-institutions-have-been-biggest-casualty-of-dynastic-politics-pm-attacks-cong.html |date=19 April 2019 }}, The Asian Age (20 March 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rahul-priyanka-turned-mahatma-gandhi-s-fear-of-dynasty-politics-into-reality-adityanath-119040800621_1.html Rahul, Priyanka turned Mahatma Gandhi's fear of dynasty politics into reality: Adityanath] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113541/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/rahul-priyanka-turned-mahatma-gandhi-s-fear-of-dynasty-politics-into-reality-adityanath-119040800621_1.html |date=19 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, ANI (8 April 2019)</ref> Congress-led alliance leader [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] – the son of a former prime minister of India and the former chief minister of Karnataka, countered that "India developed because of dynasty politics", stating that "dynasty politics are not the main issue, rather country's problems are".<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/india-developed-because-of-dynasty-politics-kumaraswamy-counters-bjp/story-77HK1ydSqXtKzkYDB3nY2I.html 'India developed because of dynasty politics': Kumaraswamy counters BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418070055/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/india-developed-because-of-dynasty-politics-kumaraswamy-counters-bjp/story-77HK1ydSqXtKzkYDB3nY2I.html |date=18 April 2019 }}, The Hindustan Times (18 April 2019)</ref> The Congress alleged hypocrisy by the BJP, claiming that the BJP itself forms alliances with dynasty-based parties such as the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] in Punjab, and that family relatives of senior BJP leaders such as [[Rajnath Singh]] and [[Arun Jaitley]] have been in politics too.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-raking-up-dynasty-politics-to-divert-attention-from-real-issues-congress/articleshow/68551735.cms BJP raking up 'dynasty politics' to divert attention from real issues: Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404190341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-raking-up-dynasty-politics-to-divert-attention-from-real-issues-congress/articleshow/68551735.cms |date=4 April 2019 }}, The Times of India (24 March 2019)</ref>

According to an IndiaSpend report published by the BloombergQuint, the smaller and regional parties such as the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, Lok Jan Sakti Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Biju Janata Dal and Samajwadi Party have higher densities of dynasty-derived candidates and elected representatives in recent years.<ref name="bq032920192">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/elections/bjp-is-no-less-dynastic-than-congress-lok-sabha-data-indicates|title=BJP Is No Less 'Dynastic' Than Congress, Lok Sabha Data Indicates|last1=Sanghera|first1=Tisha|date=2019|publisher=BloombergQuint|agency=BloombergQuint|issue=29 March|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426160247/https://www.bloombergquint.com/elections/bjp-is-no-less-dynastic-than-congress-lok-sabha-data-indicates|archive-date=26 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/data-shows-up-india-s-largest-state-elected-most-dynasts-majority-in-bjp-119032900159_1.html Data shows UP, India's largest state, elected most dynasts, majority in BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001219/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/data-shows-up-india-s-largest-state-elected-most-dynasts-majority-in-bjp-119032900159_1.html |date=27 April 2019 }}, Tish Sanghera, IndiaSpend, Business Standard (7 April 2019)</ref> While both the Congress and the BJP have also nominated candidates from political dynasties, states the report, the difference between them is that in Congress "top party leadership has been handed down from generation to generation within the same [Nehru Gandhi dynasty] family", while there has been a historic non-dynastic diversity in the top leadership within the BJP. According to the report, while BJP has also nominated candidates from political dynasties, its better public relations operation "can leap to its defence when attacked on the same grounds".<ref name="bq032920192" /> In contrast to the IndiaSpend report, analysis of [[Kanchan Chandra]], a prominent professor of Politics, of the 2004, 2009 and 2014 general elections included a finding that the Congress party has had about twice or more dynastic parliamentarians than the BJP at those elections, and higher than all major political parties in India except the Samajwadi Party.<ref name="Chandra2016p152">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics|author=Kanchan Chandra|author-link=Kanchan Chandra|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-316-59212-0|pages=15–18|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010632/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|According to Chandra: in 2009 after the persistently dynastic Samajwadi party, the larger Biju Janata Dal ranked next, followed by the Congress party. In 2004 and 2014, Congress ranked second.<ref name="Chandra2016p15"/>}} Many of these dynastic politicians in India who inherit the leadership positions have never held any jobs and lack state or local experience, states Anjali Bohlken – a professor and political science scholar, and this raises concerns of rampant nepotism and appointments of their own friends, relatives and cronies if elected.<ref name=Chandra2016p15>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ|title=Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics|author=Anjali Bohlken|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-316-59212-0|editor=Kanchan Chandra|pages=240–247, 44, 114–115 (Adam Ziegfeld Chapter)|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010632/https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbFDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The BJP targeted the Congress party in the 2019 elections for alleged nepotism and a family dynasty for leadership.<ref name="it032020192" /><ref name="bq032920192" />

===Campaign controversies===
====Income tax raids====
In April 2019, raids conducted by the [[Income Tax Department]] found bundles of unaccounted for cash amounting to {{INRConvert|281|c}}, along with liquor and documentary evidence in premises of people with close connections to Madhya Pradesh chief minister [[Kamal Nath]] of the Congress. Modi has highlighted this evidence to attack the Congress in its election campaign, alleging corruption is part of Congress party's culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/they-say-chowkidar-chor-hai-but-look-where-money-is-found-pm-modi-jabs-congress-over-it-raids/story-PDfS18geveX5w73oJmQd8N.html|title='They say 'chowkidar chor hai' but look where money is found': PM Modi jabs Congress over IT raids|date=9 April 2019|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409180211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/they-say-chowkidar-chor-hai-but-look-where-money-is-found-pm-modi-jabs-congress-over-it-raids/story-PDfS18geveX5w73oJmQd8N.html|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-i-t-raids-on-properties-linked-to-kamal-nath-aides-narendra-modi-turns-corruption-into-chief-poll-plank-6416801.html|title=After I-T raids on properties linked to Kamal Nath aides, Narendra Modi turns corruption into chief poll plank|website=Firstpost|date=9 April 2019|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430214900/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/after-i-t-raids-on-properties-linked-to-kamal-nath-aides-narendra-modi-turns-corruption-into-chief-poll-plank-6416801.html|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Social media abuses and fake news====
According to ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', the election attracted a systematic attempt to spread misinformation through social media.<ref name="wsj04012019a2">[https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-removes-hundreds-of-fake-accounts-ahead-of-indian-elections-11554129628 Facebook Removes Hundreds of Fake Accounts Ahead of India Elections] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402025115/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-removes-hundreds-of-fake-accounts-ahead-of-indian-elections-11554129628 |date=2 April 2019}}, Newley Purnell, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' (1 April 2019)</ref><ref name="nyt04012019a2">[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/technology/india-elections-facebook.html As India Votes, False Posts and Hate Speech Flummox Facebook] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402023743/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/technology/india-elections-facebook.html |date=2 April 2019 }}, ''The New York Times'' (1 April 2019)</ref> [[Facebook]] said that over a hundred of these advocacy accounts spreading disinformation were traced to "employees of the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|Pakistani military public relations wing]]".<ref name="wsj04012019a2"/><ref name="nyt04012019a2"/> Some others have been linked to the INC and BJP.<ref name="wsj04012019a2"/><ref name="nyt04012019a2"/>

Political parties spent over {{INRConvert|53|c}} with the largest spending by BJP on digital platforms for online ads. The BJP placed 2,500 ads on Facebook while the Congress placed 3,686 ads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/political-advertisements-spend-on-facebook-google-tops-53-crore/article27177595.ece|title=BJP tops political advertisement spend on Facebook, Google in Feb–May|date=19 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 May 2019|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191955/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/political-advertisements-spend-on-facebook-google-tops-53-crore/article27177595.ece|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a study by Vidya Narayanan and colleagues at the [[Oxford Internet Institute]], social media was used by all the major parties and alliances, and all of them linked or posted divisive and conspiratorial content and images. According to Narayanan, "a third of the BJP's images, a quarter of the INC's images, and a tenth the SP-BSP's images were catalogued as divisive and conspiratorial".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-congress-share-more-junk-news-on-whatsapp-than-bsp-sp-says-oxford-study-5726345/|title=BJP, Congress share more 'junk news' on WhatsApp than BSP-SP, says Oxford study|date=14 May 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514152209/https://indianexpress.com/elections/bjp-congress-share-more-junk-news-on-whatsapp-than-bsp-sp-says-oxford-study-5726345/|archive-date=14 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oii051320192">{{cite web|url=https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/india-election-memo/|title=News and Information over Facebook and WhatsApp during the Indian Election Campaign|author1=Vidya Narayanan|author2=Bence Kollanyi|date=13 May 2019|website=The Computational Propaganda Project|access-date=22 May 2019|display-authors=et al|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601102922/https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/india-election-memo/|archive-date=1 June 2019|url-status=live}}; Full paper: [https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/05/India-memo.pdf Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623024617/https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/05/India-memo.pdf |date=23 June 2019 }}</ref> The Narayanan et al. study added that "we observed very limited amounts of hate speech, gore or pornography in either platform samples" by BJP, Congress or SP-BSP, but the election did include proportionally more polarising information on social media than other countries except for the US presidential election in 2016.<ref name="oii051320192"/>

About 50,000 fake news stories were published during the recent Lok Sabha elections and shared 2 million times, according to a study conducted by fact-checking startup Logically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/oct/21/fake-news-shared-over-two-million-times-on-social-media-during-lok-sabha-polls-2050676.html|title=Fake news shared over two million times on social media during Lok Sabha polls|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 October 2019 |access-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023123837/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/oct/21/fake-news-shared-over-two-million-times-on-social-media-during-lok-sabha-polls-2050676.html|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, the [[BBC]] launched the [[Trusted News Initiative]] to help combat election-related disinformation, citing the 2019 general elections as a motivating factor.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |title=New collaboration steps up fight against disinformation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/bbc.com/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/disinformation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015182650/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/disinformation |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[BBC]] |date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

====ECI actions under Article 324====
The [[Election Commission of India]] (ECI) curtailed West Bengal's campaigning by one day, after a bust of 19th century Bengali icon [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] was vandalised due to violence in the 7th phase of the election.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/ec-invokes-article-324-orders-to-end-campaign-in-west-bengal/articleshow/69345878.cms|title=In an unprecedented action, EC curtails West Bengal campaigning after Kolkata violence|date=15 May 2019|access-date=22 December 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118180321/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/ec-invokes-article-324-orders-to-end-campaign-in-west-bengal/articleshow/69345878.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Party campaigns===
{{main|Bharatiya Janata Party campaign for the 2019 Indian general election|Indian National Congress campaign for the 2019 Indian general election}}
* 12 January 2019 – Prime Minister Modi launched the BJP's election campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/country-has-to-decide-what-kind-of-pradhan-sevak-it-wants-pm-modi/articleshow/67504012.cms|title=Country has to decide what kind of 'pradhan sevak' it wants: PM Modi – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113062320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/country-has-to-decide-what-kind-of-pradhan-sevak-it-wants-pm-modi/articleshow/67504012.cms|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 14 February 2019 – The INC president Rahul Gandhi launched his campaign from Lal Dungri village in Gujarat's [[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]].<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rahul-to-launch-campaign-from-village-where-indira-rajiv-sonia-started/articleshow/67986933.cms Rahul to launch campaign from village where Indira, Rajiv, Sonia started] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604032326/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rahul-to-launch-campaign-from-village-where-indira-rajiv-sonia-started/articleshow/67986933.cms |date=4 June 2019 }}, The Economic Times, IANS (14 February 2019)</ref>
* 24 March 2019 – The [[Aam Aadmi Party]] began its campaign in Delhi.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/aap-starts-delhi-poll-drive-with-multiple-rallies-119032400018_1.html AAP starts Delhi poll drive with multiple rallies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428012414/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/aap-starts-delhi-poll-drive-with-multiple-rallies-119032400018_1.html |date=28 April 2019 }}, Business Standard (24 March 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/arvind-kejriwal-rahul-gandhi-congress-aap-alliance-failed-inside-story-1511415-2019-04-27 Inside story of why AAP-Congress talks failed | Hear it from Arvind Kejriwal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428012431/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/arvind-kejriwal-rahul-gandhi-congress-aap-alliance-failed-inside-story-1511415-2019-04-27 |date=28 April 2019 }}, India Today (27 April 2019)</ref>
* 2 April 2019 – The [[Trinamool Congress]] party launched its campaign from Dinhata, Coochbehar.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/pm-modi-mamata-to-launch-poll-campaign-in-west-bengal-wednesday/articleshow/68688899.cms PM Modi, Mamata to launch poll campaign in West Bengal Wednesday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509040611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/pm-modi-mamata-to-launch-poll-campaign-in-west-bengal-wednesday/articleshow/68688899.cms |date=9 May 2019 }}, The Times of India (2 April 2019)</ref>
* 7 April 2019 – [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Samajwadi Party]] began campaigning together as an alliance (''[[Mahagathbandhan (Uttar Pradesh)|Mahagathbandhan]]'') along with regional parties such as the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref>{{Citation|title=SP-BSP Gathbandhan: How effective is the alliance?|date=12 April 2019|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sp-bsp-gathbandhan-how-effective-is-the-alliance/videoshow/68852110.cms|publisher=The Economic Times|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010659/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Their first joint campaign started in [[Deoband]] in [[Saharanpur district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-at-first-mahagathbandhan-rally-mayawati-says-bjp-will-lose-due-to-policy-inspired-by-hatred-2737186|title=At first 'Mahagathbandhan' rally, Mayawati says BJP will lose due to policy 'inspired by hatred'|date=7 April 2019|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408143122/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-at-first-mahagathbandhan-rally-mayawati-says-bjp-will-lose-due-to-policy-inspired-by-hatred-2737186|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/vote-for-change-beware-of-congress-mayawati-akhilesh-727377.html|title=Vote for change, beware of Congress: Mayawati, Akhilesh|date=7 April 2019|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427054311/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/vote-for-change-beware-of-congress-mayawati-akhilesh-727377.html|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Party manifestos===

====Highlights of the Congress manifesto====
The Congress released its manifesto, titled ''Congress Will Deliver'' on 3 April.<ref name="etApril32019a2">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/congress-releases-manifesto-for-2019-lok-sabha-polls-details-here/articleshow/68684073.cms|title=Congress releases manifesto for 2019 Lok Sabha elections, promises wealth and welfare|date=3 April 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404051059/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/congress-releases-manifesto-for-2019-lok-sabha-polls-details-here/articleshow/68684073.cms|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://manifesto.inc.in/en/index.html|title=Congress Manifesto 2019 – We Will Deliver|website=Indian National Congress|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104459/https://manifesto.inc.in/en/index.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of its highlights:<ref name="etApril32019a2" /><ref>[https://manifesto.inc.in/pdf/english.pdf Congress Will Deliver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403083956/https://manifesto.inc.in/pdf/english.pdf |date=3 April 2019 }}, Manifesto Lok Sabha Elections 2019, Indian National Congress</ref><ref name="itApril82019a2">[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bjp-manifesto-2019-difference-congress-manifesto-nationalism-financial-stability-women-empowerment-1496986-2019-04-08 BJP Manifesto 2019: How it differs from Congress manifesto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409150516/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/bjp-manifesto-2019-difference-congress-manifesto-nationalism-financial-stability-women-empowerment-1496986-2019-04-08 |date=9 April 2019 }}, India Today, Nishtha Gupta (8 April 2019)</ref>
* Introduce a ''[[Nyuntam Aay Yojana]]'' welfare program wherein {{INRConvert|72000}} per year will be transferred directly to the bank account of a woman-member in each family in the poorest 20 per cent households.
* Create 1 million "Seva Mitra" jobs in rural and urban local government bodies. Fill all 400,000 central government vacancies before March 2020, and encourage state governments to fill their 2,000,000 vacancies. Enact a law that requires all non-government controlled employers with over 100 employees to implement an apprentice program.
* Enact a permanent National Commission on Agricultural Development and Planning and introduce a "Kisan Budget" (Farmer Budget) in the parliament every year. Waive all farmer loans in all states with any amounts outstanding.
* Enact a Right to Homestead Act that will provide free land to every household that does not own a home.
* Enact a Right to Healthcare Act and guarantee every citizen free diagnostics, free medicines, free hospitalisation, and free out-patient care. Double spending on healthcare to 3 per cent of its GDP by 2024.
* Double spending on education to 6 per cent of its GDP by 2024.
* Revise the national GST law from three tax tiers to a single moderate rate of tax. Reduce taxes on exported products to zero. Exempt from the GST essential goods and services that are currently not exempt. Enact a new Direct Taxes Code.
* Augment and rapid construction of national highways. Modernise Indian railway infrastructure. Promote green energy. Manufacturing promotion.
* Increase defence spending.
* Enact a National Election Fund, wherein public funds will be distributed to recognised political parties to run their campaign
* Preserve special status and special rights to natives of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and 35A.<ref name="itApril82019a2" />
* Amend the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]]. End the Sedition law ([[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code]]).

====Highlights of the BJP manifesto====
The BJP released its manifesto sub-titled ''Sankalpit Bharat, Sashakt Bharat'' ({{Literal translation|Resolute India, Empowered India}}) on 8 April.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-amit-shah-to-launch-bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-today-2019503|title=PM Modi, Amit Shah Launch BJP Manifesto Sankalp Patra|date=8 April 2019|work=NDTV.com|access-date=8 April 2019|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408062308/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-amit-shah-to-launch-bjp-manifesto-sankalp-patra-today-2019503|archive-date=8 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bjpApril820192">{{cite web|url=https://www.bjp.org/manifesto2019|title=BJP Manifesto 2019|access-date=12 June 2022|archive-date=7 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607173715/https://www.bjp.org/manifesto2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some of its highlights:<ref name="itApril82019a2" /><ref name="bjpApril820192" /><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/bjps-sankalp-patra-makes-75-resolutions-for-india/articleshow/68775256.cms BJP manifesto highlights: The 75 promises for India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422004005/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/bjps-sankalp-patra-makes-75-resolutions-for-india/articleshow/68775256.cms |date=22 April 2019 }}, The Economic Times (8 April 2019)</ref>
* Implementation of a nationwide [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC)<ref name="Wire 21 Dec CAA">{{cite news |title=As Anti-CAA Pressure Builds, BJP Govt Goes Discernibly on the Backfoot |date=21 December 2019 |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-anti-caa-nrc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221231703/https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-anti-caa-nrc |archive-date=21 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> to identify & deport [[Illegal immigration to India|undocumented immigrants]], an immigrant being defined in this context as a person who is unable to provide documentary evidence of his/her residency in India prior to 26 March 1971 or that of his/her immediate ancestors (parents & grandparents) in case of being born after the previously mentioned date, preceded by an [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|amendment in citizenship laws]] that will allow only undocumented Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan who entered India before 31 December 2014 to automatically obtain Indian citizenship.<ref name=bjplsmanifesto>[https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5798075-Bjp-Election-2019-Manifesto-English.html Sankalpit Bharat Sashakt Bharat] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110060600/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5798075-Bjp-Election-2019-Manifesto-English.html |date=10 November 2019 }}, BJP Sankalp Patra Lok Sabha 2019 (Manifesto, 2019)</ref><ref name="ITEndorsement">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/citizenship-amendment-bill-has-public-endorsement-was-part-of-manifesto-amit-shah-1626765-2019-12-09 |title=Citizenship Amendment Bill has public endorsement, was part of manifesto: Amit Shah |last1=Kaur Sandhu |first1=Kamaljit |date=9 December 2019 |first2=Mausami |last2=Singh |newspaper=India Today |quote=The Citizenship Amendment Bill ... was required to give protection to people who are forced to live in pathetic human condition due to their religious affiliation while rejecting the argument that a Muslim can also face religious persecution in Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan saying that a Muslim is unlikely to face religious persecution in a country where Islam is the state religion |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210201121/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/citizenship-amendment-bill-has-public-endorsement-was-part-of-manifesto-amit-shah-1626765-2019-12-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|End the special autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir and the special rights granted to its citizens]] as per [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<ref name="itApril82019a2" />
* Double farmer incomes by 2022 via the completion of major and micro-irrigation infrastructure projects, open adequate markets and modern farm produce storage centres, implement minimum price supports for farmer produce, farmer loans, and construct of all-weather rural roads. Introduce a pension bill for small and marginal farmers to provide social security after 60 years of age.
* Bring all secondary schools under the national board quality purview. Invest {{INRConvert|100000|c}} in higher education, open new and increase seats at existing engineering, management and law schools. Establish skills and innovations centre at block-level in every town. Enhance higher education opportunities for women by introducing financial support and subsidies programs. Source 10 per cent of government procurement from companies with more than 50 per cent female employees.
* Ensure a ''pucca'' ({{Literal translation|Solid|Durable}}) house, with safe potable water, toilet, LPG gas cylinder, electricity, and banking account for every family in the country. Reduce the percentage of families living under the poverty line to a single digit by 2024.
* Double the length of national highways. Improve fuel quality by mandating 10 per cent ethanol in petrol. Scale renewable energy capacity to 175 GW.
* Electrify and convert to broad gauge all railway tracks.
* Establish 150,000 health and wellness centres. Start 75 new medical colleges. Raise doctor-to-population ratio to 1:1400. Triple childcare facilities. Achieve 100 per cent immunisation of all babies.
* Raise India's ranking further in "[[Ease of doing business index|ease of doing business]]". Double exports, introduce single-window compliance procedures for all businesses.
* Reduce air pollution by eliminating all [[crop residue burning]].
* Digitise paperwork and proceedings, modernise the courts.
* Launch and promote a National Digital Library with e-books and leading journals to provide free knowledge accessible to all students. Launch a "Study in India" program to bring foreign students to institutes of higher education.
* Privatisation of defence, space and agriculture sector for development of India.
* Zero tolerance for terrorism, fund resources to strengthen national security, guarantee veterans and soldier welfare, modernise police forces.

====Other parties====
Other national and regional parties released their manifestos too:
* The [[Tamil Nadu]]-based regional parties [[AIADMK]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] released their manifesto on 18 March 2019, with each promising to release the seven Tamils jailed after being found guilty for their role in the assassination of [[Rajiv Gandhi]], a former Congress party leader and prime minister of India. The AIADMK promised to press for the political rights of the Tamil people in the Eelam region of [[Sri Lanka]], while the DMK has promised Indian citizenship to all Sri Lankan expats. According to the Deccan Herald, the AIADMK has promised a cash transfer of {{INRConvert|18000}} per year to "all families below the poverty level, destitute women, widows without income, differently-abled, landless agricultural labourers, rural and urban manual labourers and destitute senior citizens". The AIADMK also promised to raise the tax exemption limit and revisions to the GST law. The DMK promised a probe into [[Rafale deal controversy|Rafale fighter jet deal]], and a plan to distribute free [[sanitary napkins]] to working women along with starting martial arts schools for girls.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/dmk-aiadmk-release-manifesto-724071.html DMK, AIADMK release manifesto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413213656/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/dmk-aiadmk-release-manifesto-724071.html |date=13 April 2019 }}, Deccan Herald, ETB Sivapriyan (19 March 2019)</ref>
* [[Biju Janata Dal|Biju Janata Dal (BJD)]] released its manifesto on 9 April 2019. It promised a {{INRConvert|100000}} zero-interest crop loan to farmers every year, a {{INRConvert|500000}} zero-interest loan to women-run self-help groups, 75 per cent jobs reservation in [[Odisha]]-based companies to Odisha youth, free education to all girls and a marriage assistance grant of {{INRConvert|25000}} to daughters of poor families. It also promised to complete two expressways.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bjd-launches-manifesto-with-focus-on-farmers-youth-and-women-119041000105_1.html BJD launches manifesto with focus on farmers, youth and women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413220551/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bjd-launches-manifesto-with-focus-on-farmers-youth-and-women-119041000105_1.html |date=13 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, ANI (10 April 2019)</ref>
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM) manifesto promised to raise the minimum wage to {{INRConvert|216000}} per year, an old age pension of {{INRConvert|72000}} per year and universal public distribution of 35 kilograms of foodgrains per family. It also stated the restoration of inheritance tax and an increase in the taxes on individuals and corporations.<ref name="cnbc032920192">[https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/analysis-cpm-manifesto-attempts-to-sell-old-socialist-wine-in-new-bottle-lacks-punch-to-woo-voters-2772961.htm Analysis: CPM manifesto attempts to sell old socialist wine in new bottle, lacks punch to woo voters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404104310/https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/analysis-cpm-manifesto-attempts-to-sell-old-socialist-wine-in-new-bottle-lacks-punch-to-woo-voters-2772961.htm |date=4 April 2019 }}, CNBC TV18 (29 March 2019)</ref> It also promised spending 6 per cent of GDP on education, enacting a Right to Free Health Care with 3.5 per cent of GDP on health in the short term and 5 per cent in the long term, introduction of price controls on essential drugs, breaking monopoly of drug multinationals, as well as enact a Right to Guaranteed Employment in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpim.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-ls-elc-manifesto.pdf|title=CPIM Election Manifesto: 17th Lok Sabha 2019|website=cpim.org|pages=28–30|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419073209/https://www.cpim.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-ls-elc-manifesto.pdf|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nationalist Congress Party|Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)]] promised to open talks with Pakistan on terrorism. It also promised to expand trade and political relationship with Russia, and seek to weaken Russia's ties with China and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/ncp-manifesto-lok-sabha-polls-talks-with-pakistan-1486017-2019-03-25|title=NCP releases manifesto for Lok Sabha polls, promises talks with Pakistan|last1=Vaktania|first1=Saurabh|date=2019|access-date=16 April 2019|magazine=India Today|issue=25 March|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416170117/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/ncp-manifesto-lok-sabha-polls-talks-with-pakistan-1486017-2019-03-25|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Samajwadi Party]] promised an annual pension of {{INRConvert|36000}} to poor families in a form of a cash transfer to women. It has also proposed a new property tax of 2 per cent on homes valued above {{INRConvert|25000000}} as well as raising income taxes on the affluent. It also promised to create 100,000 new jobs every year.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/sp-manifesto-promises-rs-3-000-monthly-pension-to-poor-higher-tax-on-rich-119040500742_1.html SP manifesto promises Rs 3,000 monthly pension to poor, higher tax on rich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211907/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/sp-manifesto-promises-rs-3-000-monthly-pension-to-poor-higher-tax-on-rich-119040500742_1.html |date=13 April 2019 }}, Business Standard, Virendra Singh Rawat (5 April 2019)</ref>
* [[Telugu Desam Party]] released its manifesto on 5 April 2019. It promised zero-interest loans to farmer without any caps, a grant of {{INRConvert|15000}} per year to each farmer as investment support, a grant of {{INRConvert|100000}} to each family with a daughter in the year of her marriage, an unemployment allowance of {{INRConvert|3000}} for any youth who has completed intermediate education, and free laptops to all students at the intermediate level.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/chandrababu-naidu-releases-tdp-manifesto-announces-rs-5000-crore-farmer-fund-1495743-2019-04-06 Chandrababu Naidu releases TDP manifesto, announces Rs 5000 crore farmer fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408195603/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/chandrababu-naidu-releases-tdp-manifesto-announces-rs-5000-crore-farmer-fund-1495743-2019-04-06 |date=8 April 2019 }}, India Today, Ashish Pandey (6 April 2019)</ref>
* [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITMC]]'s manifesto was released on 27 March 2019. It promised a judicial probe into demonetisation, a review of GST law, and sought to bring back the Planning Commission. It also promised free medical care, expanding the "100-day work scheme" currently operating in India to "200-day work scheme" along with a pay increase.<ref>[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/trinamool-manifesto-promisesgst-review-probe-into-demo/article26655257.ece Trinamool manifesto promises GST review, probe into DeMo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092734/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/trinamool-manifesto-promisesgst-review-probe-into-demo/article26655257.ece |date=15 September 2019 }}, The Hindu Business Line, Abhishek Law (27 March 2019)</ref>
* [[Aam Aadmi Party]] released its manifesto on 25 April 2019 promising full statehood for [[Delhi]] to give the [[Delhi government]] control over police and other institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/aap-releases-party-manifesto-lok-sabha-elections-delhi-top-points-kejriwal-full-statehood-5693863/|title=AAP 2019 manifesto highlights: Upgrades for police and education, subject to full statehood|date=25 April 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427212051/https://indianexpress.com/elections/aap-releases-party-manifesto-lok-sabha-elections-delhi-top-points-kejriwal-full-statehood-5693863/|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The manifesto promised 85 per cent reservations in the Delhi-based colleges and jobs for the voters of Delhi and their families.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aap-promises-85-quota-in-colleges-jobs/article26947455.ece AAP promises 85% quota in colleges, jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724185916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/aap-promises-85-quota-in-colleges-jobs/article26947455.ece |date=24 July 2020 }}, The Hindu (26 April 2019)</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/85-college-quota-not-possible-in-du-say-experts/story-8LWrHHoNx1yahCgE2l7KcI.html 85% college quota not possible in DU, say experts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506150701/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/85-college-quota-not-possible-in-du-say-experts/story-8LWrHHoNx1yahCgE2l7KcI.html |date=6 May 2019 }}, The Hindustan Times (26 April 2019)</ref>

===Campaign finance===
Several organisations offered varying estimates for the cost of the election campaign. The Centre for Media Studies in New Delhi estimated that the election campaign could exceed $7 billion.<ref name="et041420192">{{cite news |date=15 April 2019 |title=Money, money, money: The tycoon factor in India's election |newspaper=Economynext |issue= |url=https://economynext.com/money-money-money-the-tycoon-factor-in-indias-election-13685/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418011259/https://economynext.com/money-money-money-the-tycoon-factor-in-indias-election-13685/ |archive-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> According to the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR), an election watchdog, in the financial year 2017–18 BJP received {{INRConvert|4370000000}}, about 12 times more donations than Congress and five other national parties combined.<ref name="et041420192" />

The [[electoral bond]]s in denominations ranging from 1,000 rupees to 10 million rupees ($14 to $140,000) can be purchased and donated to a political party. The bonds don't carry the name of the donor and are exempt from tax.<ref name="bb031620192">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-india-election-funds/|title=A Murky Flood of Money Pours Into the World's Largest Election|last1=Jeanette Rodrigues, Archana Chaudhary and Hannah Dormido|access-date=22 April 2019|agency=Bloomberg|issue=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422173143/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2019-india-election-funds/|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Stanley Kochanek in 1987 published about the "briefcase politics" tradition in Indian politics during the decades when the Congress party dominated Indian national politics.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Briefcase Politics in India: The Congress Party and the Business Elite|author=Stanley A. Kochanek| journal=Asian Survey | volume= 27| number= 12| year= 1987| pages= 1278–1301|publisher= University of California Press|jstor=2644635|doi=10.2307/2644635}}</ref> Similarly, Rajeev Gowda and E Sridharan in 2012 have discussed the history of campaign financing laws in India and the role of black money in Indian elections.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Gowda | first1=M. V. Rajeev | last2=Sridharan | first2=E. | s2cid=38948261 | title=Reforming India's Party Financing and Election Expenditure Laws | journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy | volume=11 | issue=2 | year=2012 | doi=10.1089/elj.2011.0131 | pages=226–240}}</ref> Devesh Kapur and Milan Vaishnav discuss the rise of "briefcase" black money donations in India triggered by the 1969 campaign financing bans proposed and enacted by Indira Gandhi, and the campaign finance law reforms thereafter through 2017. They call the recent reforms as yielding "greater transparency than ever before, though limited".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Devesh Kapur|author2=Milan Vaishnav|title=Costs of Democracy: Political Finance in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzxsDwAAQBAJ |year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-909313-7|pages=1–17, Chapter 1}}</ref>}} Factly – an India data journalism portal, traced the electoral bond donations for 2018 under India's Right to Information Act. According to Factly, electoral bonds worth about {{INRConvert|10600000000}} were purchased and donated in 2018. According to Bloomberg, this accounted for 31.2 per cent of political donations in 2018, while 51.4 per cent of the total donated amount were each below {{INRConvert|20000}} and these too were from unknown donors. About 47 per cent of the donations to political parties were from known sources.<ref name="bb031620192" /> Between 1 January and 31 March 2019, donors bought {{INRConvert|17100000000}} worth of electoral bonds and donated.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/28c89610-503c-11e9-b401-8d9ef1626294 Indian election finance rules spark calls for greater transparency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422192323/https://www.ft.com/content/28c89610-503c-11e9-b401-8d9ef1626294 |date=22 April 2019 }}, The Financial Times (3 April 2019)</ref> The spending in elections boosts national GDP, and the 2009 election spending contributed about 0.5 per cent to GDP.<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |author=Devesh Kapur and Milan Vaishnav|year=2011|title=Quid Pro Quo: Builders, Politicians, and Election Finance in India|publisher=Center for Global Development Washington DC, University of Pennsylvania}}</ref>

According to the Centre for Media Studies, the BJP spent over ₹280 billion (or 45%) of the ₹600 billion spent by all political parties during the polls.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cmsindia.org/cms-poll/Poll-Expenditure-the-2019-elections-cms-report.pdf |title=Poll Expenditure, The 2019 Elections |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608095617/http://cmsindia.org/cms-poll/Poll-Expenditure-the-2019-elections-cms-report.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Congress questioned the BJP over its poll expenditure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jun/07/was-it-black-money-congress-questions-bjps-rs-28000-crore-poll-expenditure-1987218.html|title=Was it black money? Congress questions BJP's Rs 28,000 crore poll expenditure|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 June 2019 |access-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608095611/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jun/07/was-it-black-money-congress-questions-bjps-rs-28000-crore-poll-expenditure-1987218.html|archive-date=8 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances ==
=== Political alliances ===
{{Main|National Democratic Alliance|United Progressive Alliance|Communism in India}}

With the exception of 2014, no single party has won the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha since 1984, and therefore, forming alliances is the norm in Indian elections.

There were three main national pre-poll alliances. They are the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) headed by the BJP, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) headed by the INC and the [[Communism in India#Alliances|Left Front]] of the communist leaning parties.

The INC did not form alliances in states where it was in direct contest with the BJP. These states included Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. It formed alliances with regional parties in Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/indian-general-election-2019-why-congress-has-no-alliance-partners-in-these-states/articleshow/68738378.cms|title=General election 2019: Why Congress has no alliance partners in these states|last1=Kumar Shakti Shekhar|date=2019|access-date=16 April 2019|newspaper=Times of India|issue=5 April|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407165130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/indian-general-election-2019-why-congress-has-no-alliance-partners-in-these-states/articleshow/68738378.cms|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The left parties, most notably the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] contested on its own in its strongholds [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Kerala]], confronting both NDA and UPA. In Tamil Nadu, it was part of the [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] led by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] while it was allied with the [[Jana Sena Party]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://cpim.org/documents/review-17th-lok-sabha-elections| title = Review of the 17th Lok Sabha Elections| date = 14 June 2019| access-date = 25 January 2023| archive-date = 26 December 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221226044858/https://cpim.org/documents/review-17th-lok-sabha-elections| url-status = live}}</ref>

In January 2019, [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Samajwadi Party]] announced a grand alliance (''[[Mahagathbandhan (Uttar Pradesh)|Mahagathbandhan]]'') to contest 76 out of the 80 seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]] leaving two seats, namely [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]] and [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]], for INC and another two for other political parties.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sp-bsp-announce-tie-up-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-38-seats-each-in-up/articleshow/67499467.cms|title=SP, BSP announce tie-up for Lok Sabha polls, to contest 38 seats each in UP – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 January 2019 |access-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112201709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sp-bsp-announce-tie-up-for-lok-sabha-polls-to-contest-38-seats-each-in-up/articleshow/67499467.cms|archive-date=12 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Political parties ===
More than 650 parties contested in these elections. Most of them were small with regional appeal. The main parties were the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). This was the first time that BJP (437) contested more seats than Congress (421) in the Lok Sabha elections.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/a-first-bjp-to-contest-more-seats-than-congress/articleshow/69017165.cms|title=A first: BJP to contest more seats than Congress – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2019 |access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509040529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/a-first-bjp-to-contest-more-seats-than-congress/articleshow/69017165.cms|archive-date=9 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-elections-2019-bjp-contests-more-lok-sabha-seats-than-congress-for-the-first-time-2028249|title=BJP Contests More Lok Sabha Seats Than Congress For The First Time|website=NDTV.com|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425083920/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/national-elections-2019-bjp-contests-more-lok-sabha-seats-than-congress-for-the-first-time-2028249|archive-date=25 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Candidates ==
{{main| List of National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election| List of United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election}}

Altogether 8,039 candidates were in the fray for 542 parliamentary constituencies, i.e., 14.8 candidates per constituency on an average, according to PRS India, an NGO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/analysis-contesting-candidates-general-election-2019|title=Analysis of the contesting candidates in General Election 2019|date=13 May 2019|website=PRSIndia|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712060507/https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/analysis-contesting-candidates-general-election-2019|archive-date=12 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

About 40% of the candidates fielded by the Bharatiya Janata Party had a criminal case against them. The key opposition party Indian National Congress was not far behind with 39% of the candidates having criminal charges while the proportion exceeded 50% for some political parties, according to the Association of Democratic Reforms analysis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/in-2019-general-elections-no-bar-on-candidates-charged-with-murder-or-rape/articleshow/69318220.cms?from=mdr|title=In 2019 general elections, no bar on candidates charged with murder or rape|date=14 May 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124024622/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/in-2019-general-elections-no-bar-on-candidates-charged-with-murder-or-rape/articleshow/69318220.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+{{nowrap|Parties and alliances contesting for the 2019 elections}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Parties'''
! rowspan="2" |States/UTs
! colspan="4" |Seats contested
! colspan="4" |Seats won
|-
! colspan="2" |2019
!2014
!Swing
! colspan="2" |2019
!2014
!Swing
|-
| rowspan="9" bgcolor="{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}" |
| rowspan="9" |[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="9" |35
|
|
|0
| rowspan="9" |1
| rowspan="9" |4
| rowspan="9" | -3
|-
|Bihar
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Goa
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|7
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|13
|
|
|1
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}" |
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]] (AJSU)
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |22
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|37
| -36
|-
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|0
| rowspan="3" |2
| rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" | +1
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|
|1
|-
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="7" |62
|
|
|0
| rowspan="7" |22
| rowspan="7" |34
| rowspan="7" | -12
|-
|Assam
|8
|
|
|0
|-
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|6
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Tripura
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|42
|
|
|22
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[All India United Democratic Front]]
|Assam
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|3
| -2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
| colspan="2" |2
|0
| +2
|-
| rowspan="36" bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="36" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="36" |
|
|
|0
| rowspan="36" |10
| rowspan="36" |0
| rowspan="36" | +10
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|0
|
|
|0
|-
|Assam
|
|
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|35
|
|
|0
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|
|
|0
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Goa
|
|
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|8
|
|
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|14
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|28
|
|
|0
|-
|Kerala
|16
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|
|
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|44
|
|
|0
|-
|Manipur
|
|
|
|
|-
|Meghalaya
|
|
|
|
|-
|Mizoram
|
|
|
|
|-
|Nagaland-
|
|
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|17
|
|
|0
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|22
|
|
|0
|-
|Sikkim
|
|
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|35
|
|
|0
|-
|Telangana
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Tripura
|
|
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|38
|
|
|10
|-
|Uttarakhand
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|36
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="36" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="36" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="36" |436
|
|
|0
| rowspan="36" |303
| rowspan="36" |282
| rowspan="36" | +21
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Assam
|10
|
|
|9
|-
|Bihar
|17
|
|
|17
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|
|
|9
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Goa
|2
|
|
|1
|-
|Gujarat
|26
|
|
|26
|-
|Haryana
|10
|
|
|10
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|
|
|4
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|6
|
|
|3
|-
|Jharkhand
|13
|
|
|11
|-
|Karnataka
|27
|
|
|25
|-
|Kerala
|15
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|29
|
|
|28
|-
|Maharashtra
|25
|
|
|23
|-
|Manipur
|2
|
|
|1
|-
|Meghalaya
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Mizoram
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Nagaland-
|
|
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|7
|
|
|10
|-
|Odisha
|21
|
|
|8
|-
|Puducherry
|
|
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|3
|
|
|2
|-
|Rajasthan
|24
|
|
|24
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Telangana
|17
|
|
|4
|-
|Tripura
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|76
|
|
|62
|-
|Uttarakhand
|5
|
|
|5
|-
|West Bengal
|42
|
|
|18
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Biju Janata Dal]]
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |21
|
|
| colspan="2" |12
|20
| -8
|-
| rowspan="20" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="20" |[[Communist Party of India|Communist Party Of India]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="20" |49
|
|
|0
| rowspan="20" |2
| rowspan="20" |1
| rowspan="20" | +1
|-
|Assam
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Bihar
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Kerala
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Manipur
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Telangana
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|11
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|3
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="18" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan="18" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party Of India (MARXIST)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="18" |69
|
|
|0
| rowspan="18" |3
| rowspan="18" |9
| rowspan="18" | -6
|-
|Assam
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Kerala
|14
|
|
|1
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Telangana
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Tripura
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|31
|
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |24
|
|
| colspan="2" |24
|0
| +24
|-
| rowspan="36" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
| rowspan="36" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|9
| rowspan="36" |3443
|
|
|0
| rowspan="36" |4
| rowspan="36" |3
| rowspan="36" | +1
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|99
|
|
|0
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Assam
|44
|
|
|1
|-
|Bihar
|230
|
|
|0
|-
|Chandigarh
|13
|
|
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|54
|
|
|0
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|4
|
|
|1
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Goa
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Gujarat
|197
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|85
|
|
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|18
|
|
|0
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|36
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|101
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|264
|
|
|1
|-
|Kerala
|115
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|0
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|175
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|418
|
|
|1
|-
|Manipur
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Meghalaya
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Mizoram
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Nagaland-
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|43
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|31
|
|
|0
|-
|Puducherry
|8
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|45
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|111
|
|
|0
|-
|Sikkim
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|542
|
|
|0
|-
|Telangana
|299
|
|
|0
|-
|Tripura
|9
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|284
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttarakhand
|17
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|100
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="36" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="36" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="36" |421
|
|
|1
| rowspan="36" |52
| rowspan="36" |44
| rowspan="36" | +8
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Assam
|14
|
|
|3
|-
|Bihar
|9
|
|
|1
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|
|
|2
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Daman & Diu
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Goa
|2
|
|
|1
|-
|Gujarat
|26
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|10
|
|
|0
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|7
|
|
|1
|-
|Karnataka
|21
|
|
|1
|-
|Kerala
|16
|
|
|15
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|29
|
|
|1
|-
|Maharashtra
|25
|
|
|1
|-
|Manipur
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Meghalaya
|2
|
|
|1
|-
|Mizoram
|
|
|
|
|-
|Nagaland-
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|7
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|18
|
|
|1
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Punjab
|13
|
|
|8
|-
|Rajasthan
|25
|
|
|0
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|9
|
|
|8
|-
|Telangana
|17
|
|
|3
|-
|Tripura
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|67
|
|
|1
|-
|Uttarakhand
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|40
|
|
|2
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|3
| rowspan="4" |9
|
|
|0
| rowspan="4" |3
| rowspan="4" |2
| rowspan="4" | +1
|-
|Kerala
|2
|
|
|2
|-
|Maharashtra
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}" |
|[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] (NC)
|Jammu & Kashmir
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|
|3
|0
| +3
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|Arunachal Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |9
|
|
|0
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" | -1
|-
|Karnataka
|7
|
|
|1
|-
| rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|Bihar
|17
| rowspan="7" |25
|
|
|16
| rowspan="7" |16
| rowspan="7" |2
| rowspan="7" | +14
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Manipur
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|Bihar
|4
| rowspan="4" |13
|
|
|0
| rowspan="4" |1
| rowspan="4" |2
| rowspan="4" | -1
|-
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|1
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|4
|
|
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}" |
|[[Kerala Congress (M)|Kerala Congress(M)]]
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|1
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Lok Jan Shakti Party}}" |
|[[Lok Janshakti Party]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
| colspan="2" |6
|6
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Mizo National Front}}" |
|[[Mizo National Front]] (MNF)
|Meghalaya
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Naga People's Front}}" |
|[[Naga People's Front]]
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|Arunachal Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="5" |11
|
|
|0
| rowspan="5" |1
| rowspan="5" |1
| rowspan="5" |0
|-
|Assam
|7
|
|
|0
|-
|Manipur
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Meghalaya
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Nagaland
|1
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|Assam
|2
| rowspan="8" |34
|
|
|0
| rowspan="8" |5
| rowspan="8" |6
| rowspan="8" | -1
|-
|Bihar
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Gujarat
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Lakshadweep
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|Maharashtra
|19
|
|
|4
|-
|Manipur
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]] (NDPP)
|Nagaland
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} " |
| rowspan="2" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|Kerala
|1
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|1
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |0
|-
|West Bengal
|4
|
|
|0
|-
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="8" |49
|
|
|0
| rowspan="8" |5
| rowspan="8" |5
| rowspan="8" |0
|-
|Assam
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|37
|
|
|5
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}" |
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |10
|
|
| colspan="2" |2
|4
| -2
|-
| rowspan="13" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| rowspan="13" |[[Shiv Sena|Shivsena]]
|Bihar
|14
| rowspan="13" |98
|
|
|0
| rowspan="13" |18
| rowspan="13" |18
| rowspan="13" |0
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|9
|
|
|0
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Haryana
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|3
|
|
|0
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|5
|
|
|0
|-
|Maharashtra
|22
|
|
|18
|-
|Punjab
|6
|
|
|0
|-
|Rajasthan
|4
|
|
|0
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|11
|
|
|0
|-
|West Bengal
|16
|
|
|0
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}} |
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" |1
|0
| +1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}" |
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |16
|
|
| colspan="2" |9
|11
| -2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |25
|
|
| colspan="2" |3
|15
| -12
|-
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} " |
| rowspan="4" |[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|3
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|0
| rowspan="4" |1
| rowspan="4" |0
| rowspan="4" | +1
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|0
|-
|Kerala
|1
|
|
|0
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}" |
|[[YSR Congress Party|Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |25
|
|
| colspan="2" |22
|8
| +14
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}" |
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|Puducherry
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| colspan="2" rowspan="1086" |0
|1
| -1
|-
|
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|1
| -1
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|Bihar
|19
| rowspan="2" |21
|
|
| rowspan="2" |4
| rowspan="2" | -4
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|3
| -3
|-
|
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|1
| -1
|-
|
|[[Swabhimani Paksha]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|1
| -1
|-
|
|[[Indian National Lok Dal]]
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |10
|
|
|2
| -2
|-
|
|Aap Aur Hum Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
| rowspan="1077" |0
| rowspan="1077" |0
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Aam Adhikar Morcha
|Bihar
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Akhil Bhartiya Apna Dal
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="4" |5
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Adim Bhartiya Dal
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Akhil Bhartiya Gondwana Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]]
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="3" |5
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Akhil Bhartiya Jharkhand Party
|Jharkhand
|
| rowspan="2" |
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Jharkhand Party
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="6" |6
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Akhil Bharatiya Muslim League (Secular)
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Akhil Bharatiya Manavata Paksha
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Navnirman Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Atulya Bharat Party
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Aajad Bharat Party (Democratic)
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Sarvadharma Samaj Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Andhra Chaitanya Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Adarshwaadi Congress Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Adhunik Bharat Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Aadarsh Janata Sewa Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ahila India Dhayaga Makkal Munnetra Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Asli Deshi Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Aadarsh Sangram Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Apna Dal United Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Adhikar Vikas Party
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|Assam
|3
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Hind Forward Bloc (Krantikari)
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Akhand Hind Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ahimsa Socialist Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="15" |
| rowspan="15" |[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="15" |34
|
|
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Assam
|3
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|4
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|2
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[All India Hindustan Congress Party]]
|Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|1
| rowspan="4" |4
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Jana Andolan Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Labour Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Minorities Front]]
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Agila India Makkal Kazhagam
|Kerala
|1
| rowspan="3" |4
|
|
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|
|All Indians Party
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Praja Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|All Indian Rajiv Congress Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Ulama Congress
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All India Uzhavargal Uzhaippalargal Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akila India Vallalar Peravai
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Asom Jana Morcha
|Assam
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Aam Janta Party (India)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|Aam Janta Party Rashtriya
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Aapki Apni Party (Peoples)
|Haryana
|7
| rowspan="4" |21
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|6
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Ekata Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bhartiya Lok Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Apna Kisan Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhand Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Al-Hind Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|All India Peoples' Front (Radical)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All Pensioner'S Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Aasra Lokmanch Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Amra Bangalee
|Jharkhand
|2
| rowspan="3" |10
|
|
|-
|Tripura
|2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|6
|
|
|-
|
|Anaithu Makkal Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Azad Mazdoor Kissan Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Aadarsh Mithila Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Anaithu Makkal Puratchi Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Ambedkar Yug Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Anaithu India Makkal Katchi
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Anjaan Aadmi Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="10" |Ambedkar National Congress
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="10" |21
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Annadata Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Andaman & Nicobar Janta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Aihra National Party
|Jharkhand
|3
| rowspan="4" |8
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Adarsh Nyay Rakshak Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ahinsa Samaj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Anti Corruption Dynamic Party
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="4" |11
|
|
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|7
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Apna Desh Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |
| rowspan="17" |[[Ambedkarite Party of India|Ambedkarite Party Of India]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="17" |77
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|2
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|11
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|3
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|16
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|6
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|4
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|15
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|Tripura
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Apna Samaj Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|All Peoples Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ambedkarist Republican Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Andhra Rastra Praja Samithi
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Akhand Rashtrawadi Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="3" |4
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]
|Assam
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Assam Dristi Party
|Assam
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Akhil Bharat Samagra Kranti Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Adarsh Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Ambedkar Samaj Party]]
|Karnataka
|4
| rowspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
|
|All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Aarakshan Virodhi Party]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Awami Samta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Anna Ysr Congress Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|B. C. United Front
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Aavaam Ekta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bahujan Azad Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bahujan Samyak Party (Mission)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bahujan Awam Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Aam Awam Party
|Bihar
|1
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Anarakshit Party
|Telangana
|3
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Azad Sena
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharatiya Bahujan Congress
|Bihar
|5
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharat Bhrashtachar Mitao Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Bhaichara Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Bahujan Samta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatrashtra Democratic Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Gana Parishad
|Assam
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Amrit Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Bahujan Parivartan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Jan Morcha Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Praja Surajya Paksha
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Rashtravadi Samanta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharatiya Samta Samaj Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Janta Dal (Integrated)
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya National Janta Dal
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Bhartiya Lokmat Rashtrwadi Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="6" |7
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Manvadhikaar Federal Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Naujawan Inklav Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiyabahujankranti Dal
|Karnataka
|2
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Bahujan Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharat Bhoomi Party
|Chhattisgarh
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Dalit Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Hind Fauj
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Janta Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Janraj Party
|Haryana
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |
| rowspan="7" |Bahujan Maha Party
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="7" |20
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|13
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharat Nirman Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Harit Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Peoples Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bharatiya Rashtravadi Paksha]]
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Sampuran Krantikari Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Sarvodaya Party
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Insan Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharat Jan Aadhar Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Bharatiya Jan Kranti Dal (Democratic)
|Bihar
|4
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Jan Nayak Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Jan Samman Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Jan Sampark Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Jan Satta Party
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bundelkhand Kranti Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Bhartiya Kisan Party
|Chandigarh
|4
| rowspan="6" |15
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Kisan Parivartan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Krishak Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Kisan Union Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Kranti Vir Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bihar Lok Nirman Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Baliraja Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="3" |7
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Bhartiya Lok Seva Dal
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="3" |10
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharat Lok Sewak Party
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Bhartiya Manavadhikaar Federal Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="5" |9
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharateeya Manavadhikar party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
| rowspan="2" |Bharatiya Momin Front
|Bihar
|7
| rowspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Bharatiya Majdoor Janta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="18" |
| rowspan="18" |[[Bahujan Mukti Party]]
|Assam
|1
| rowspan="18" |120
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|12
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|6
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|5
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|5
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|9
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|35
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|6
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|10
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|6
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh]]
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bhartiya Manav Samaj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Mitra Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bahujan Nyay Dal
|Bihar
|3
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Nojawan Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Navodaya Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Nyay-Adhikar Raksha Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Navjawan Sena (Paksha)
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Pragatisheel Congress
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Panchyat Party
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bodoland People's Front|Bodoland Peoples Front]]
|Assam
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |
| rowspan="13" |Bharat Prabhat Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="13" |53
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|5
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|16
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Bharatiya Prajagala Kalyana Paksha
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bhapase Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bharatiya Rashtriya Morcha
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Bahujana Raajyam Party (Phule Ambedkar)
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bharat Rakshak Party (Democratic)
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Republican Party (Insan)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Bahujan Republican Socialist Party
|Gujarat
|1
| rowspan="2" |27
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|26
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Rashtrawadi Party
|Chandigarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |
| rowspan="8" |Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party
|Chhattisgarh
|5
| rowspan="8" |35
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|5
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|11
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|10
|
|
|-
|
|Bahujan Suraksha Dal
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Sarvjan Hitey Samaj Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Bharatiya Tribal Party|Bhartiya Tribal Party]]
|Chhattisgarh
|2
| rowspan="6" |19
|
|
|-
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
|1
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|6
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party (Ambedkar)|Bahujan Samaj Party (AMBEDKAR)]]
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Bajjikanchal Vikas Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|Bhartiya Vanchitsamaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Corruption Abolition Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Christian Democratic Front]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Challengers Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Chandigarh Ki Aawaz Party
|Chandigarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|Communist Party Of India (MARXIST-LENINIST) (LIBERATION)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="10" |18
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|4
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|3
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]] CPI(M)(L)
|
|
|4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star]]
|
|
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |
| rowspan="12" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star|Communist Party Of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="12" |25
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|2
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|3
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|4
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|5
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|5
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Chhattisgarh Swabhiman Manch
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Chhattisgarh Vikas Ganga Rashtriya Party
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Dalita Bahujana Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Democratic Corruption Liberation Front
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Democratic Party of India (Ambedkar)
|Punjab
|1
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Desh Janhit Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Daksha Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="2" |9
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|8
|
|
|-
|
|Dogra Swabhiman Sangathan Party,
|Jammu & Kashmir
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Democratic Party of Indiana|Democratic Party Of India]]
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Democratic Prajakranthi Party Secularist
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Dalit Soshit Pichhara Varg Adhikar Dal
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Desiya Uzhavar Uzhaipalar Kazhagam
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Engineers Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ekta Samaj Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ezhuchi Tamilargal Munnetra Kazhagam
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Forward Democratic Labour Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Fauji Janta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Freethought Party Of India
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Gareeb Aadmi Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party|Gondvana Gantantra Party]]
|Chhattisgarh
|9
| rowspan="5" |23
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|9
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Garvi Gujarat Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Garib Janshakti Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Gujarat Janta Panchayat Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ganasangam Party Of India
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Gorkha Rashtriya Congress]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Hamari Apni Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Hardam Manavtawadi Rashtriya Dal
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Hind Congress Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Hindu Samaj Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindustan Janata Party|Hindustan Janta Party]]
|Karnataka
|3
| rowspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Hindusthan Praja Paksha
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Himachal Jan Kranti Party
|Himachal Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |
| rowspan="11" |Hindusthan Nirman Dal
|Assam
|5
| rowspan="11" |47
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|2
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|9
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|14
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Hamro Sikkim Party]]
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Hind Samrajya Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Hindustan Shakti Sena
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |9
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|8
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Hum Bhartiya Party
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="5" |9
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|5
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Hum Sabki Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Christian Front]]
|Karnataka
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Indian Democratic Republican Front
|Punjab
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Gandhiyan Party]]
|Kerala
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|
|
|
|-
|
|[[Indian Indira Congress (R)]]
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Indian Labour Party (Ambedkar Phule)
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Ilantamilar Munnani Kazhagam
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Indian New Congress Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Independent People'S Party
|Jammu & Kashmir
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Indian National League]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |India Praja Bandhu Party
|Andhra Pradesh
|4
| rowspan="3" |11
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|6
|
|
|-
|
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|Indigenousn People'S Front Of Tripura]]
|Tripura
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Indian Peoples Green Party
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Indian Rakshaka Nayakudu Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Indian Unity Centre
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Inqalab Vikas Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Adesh Akshuni Sena
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Jan adhikar party|Jan Adhikar Party]]
|Bihar
|6
| rowspan="4" |19
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jan Adhikar Party Loktantrik|Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jharkhand Anushilan Party]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Jamat-E-Seratul Mustakim
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Jago Hindustan Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Jharkhand Party (Secular)
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Janhit Bharat Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jharkhand Party]]
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Hind Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Hind Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jannayak Janta Party]]
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Janhit Kisan Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|6
|
|
|-
|
|Jammu & Kashmir Pir Panjal Awami Party
|Jammu & Kashmir
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Lok Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Jai Maha Bharath Party
|Maharashtra
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Sikkim
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Ulgulan)
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|Janata Congress]]
|Jharkhand
|2
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Jana Jagruti Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|[[Janata Party]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Jharkhand Party (Naren)
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Janvadi Party(Socialist)
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Janapaalana Party (Democratic)
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Jai Prakash Janta Dal|Jai Prakash Janata Dal]]
|Bihar
|5
| rowspan="4" |11
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Jharkhand People's Party]]
|Jharkhand
|
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand People's Party
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Janta Raj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Janral Samaj Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Janta Raj Vikas Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Shakti Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|Jansatta Dal Loktantrik]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Shakti Ekta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Jan Samman Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|
|
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Sangh Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Jana Sena Party|Janasena Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|17
| rowspan="2" |24
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|7
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Satya Path Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Swaraj Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jan Seva Sahayak Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Jansatta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Jan Sangharsh Virat Party
|Gujarat
|2
| rowspan="4" |5
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Janta Kranti Party (Rashtravadi)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jai Vijaya Bharathi Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Jantantrik Vikas Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Jwala Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="4" |
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|5
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]] +
|Jammu & Kashmir
|2
|
|
|
|-
|
|Jammu & Kashmir People Conference
|Jammu & Kashmir
|3
|
|
|
|-
|
|Kamatapur People'S Party (United)
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Raj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Raksha Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Karnataka Janata Paksha|Karnataka Jantha Paksha]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Karnataka Karmikara Paksha
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Kalinga Sena
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Majdoor Berojgar Sangh
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Mazdoor Sangharsh Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kisan Party Of India
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Karnataka Praja Party (Raithaparva)
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Kartavya Rashtriya Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Krupaa Party
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Kanshiram Bahujan Dal
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
|
|Khusro Sena Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Kalyankari Jantantrik Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Lok Chetna Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Lok Gathbandhan Party
|Gujarat
|1
| rowspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|6
|
|
|-
|
|[[Lok Insaaf Party]]
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Lok Jan Sangharsh Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Loktantrik Jan Swaraj Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Lok Jan Vikas Morcha
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Lokdal|Lok Dal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|
|Lokjagar Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Loktantrik Janshakti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Lokpriya Samaj Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Loktantra Suraksha Party|Loktanter Suraksha Party]]
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Loktantrik Rashrtavadi Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Lok Sewa Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Loksangram
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha|Maharashtra Swabhimaan Paksh]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Makkal Sananayaga Kudiyarasu Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Manipur Peoples Party|Manipur People'S Party]]
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Moulik Adhikar Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="2" |13
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|12
|
|
|-
|
|Mera Adhikaar Rashtriya Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Marxist Communist Party of India (United)|Marxist Communist Party Of India (United)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="4" |6
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Mazdoor Dalit Kisaan Mahila Gareeb Party (Hindustani)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Minorities Democratic Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Manipur Democratic Peoples's Front
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Mundadugu Praja Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Mahamukti Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Mahasankalp Janta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Makkalatchi Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Manav Kranti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Maharashtra Kranti Sena
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Majdoor Kisan Union Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Mazdoor Kirayedar Vikas Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Marxist Leninist Party Of India (Red Flag)]]
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Mithilanchal Mukti Morcha
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Makkal Needhi Maiam]]
|Puducherry
|1
| rowspan="2" |38
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|37
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Manvadhikar National Party
|Gujarat
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Manavtawadi Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Madhya Pradesh Jan Vikas Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Mulnibasi Party of India
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Moolniwasi Samaj Party
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Maanavvaadi Janta Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Manuvadi Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Mahila & Yuva Shakti Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|New All India Congress Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|National Apni Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Nationalist People'S Front
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Nirbhay Bharteey Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Bhrashtachar Mukt Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Navsarjan Bharat Party
|Dadra & Nagar Haveli
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Dalitha Dhal Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Development Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|New Democratic Party of India
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Navbharat Ekta Dal
|Himachal Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[North East India Development Party]]
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Nagrik Ekta Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|National Fifty Fifty Front
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Naam Indiar Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Nationalist Janshakti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|National Jagaran Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Labour Party
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Lokmat Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Nationalist Justice Party
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|National Nava Kranthi Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Navbharat Nirman Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Nava Praja Rajyam Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Republican Congress
|Assam
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |The National Road Map Party Of India
|Assam
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Nava Samaj Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Netaji Subhash Chander Bose Rashtriya Azad Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]
|Puducherry
|1
| rowspan="2" |38
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|37
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Naitik Party
|Maharashtra
|2
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Navarang Congress Party
|Andhra Pradesh
|3
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Navodayam Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Navnirman Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Navataram Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|New India Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |National Women'S Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Nawan Punjab Party
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|National Youth Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Odisha Pragati Dal
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Proutist Bloc, India
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="6" |9
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|-
|
|PC
|
|
|3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Peace Party of India|Peace Party]]
|Maharashtra
|3
| rowspan="2" |14
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|11
|
|
|-
|
|Puducherry Development Party
|Puducherry
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]]
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|Party For Democratic Socialism]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|
|People's Party Of India(secular)
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|3
|
|
|-
|
|People'S Union Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Punjab Ekta Party]]
|Punjab
|3
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Pichhra Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Prajatantra Aadhar Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Prem Janata Dal
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Prahar Janshakti Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Purvanchal Janta Party (Secular)
|Assam
|6
| rowspan="6" |14
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Pragatisheel Lok Manch
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Punjab Labour Party
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Public Mission Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Pravasi Nivasi Party
|Kerala
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |
| rowspan="13" |Peoples Party Of India (Democratic)
|Bihar
|9
| rowspan="13" |56
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|1
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|6
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|4
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|7
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|6
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[People's Party of Arunachal|People'S Party Of Arunachal]]
|Arunachal Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |
| rowspan="8" |Pyramid Party Of India
|Andhra Pradesh
|20
| rowspan="8" |48
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|6
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|11
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Prajatantrik Samadhan Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Peoples Representation For Identity And Status Of Mizoram (Prism) Party
|Mizoram
|1
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Prithviraj Janshakti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Prabuddha Republican Party
|Maharashtra
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Praja Shanti Party|Praja Shanthi Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Praja Satta Party
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |
| rowspan="11" |Pragatishil Samajwadi Party (Lohia)
|Bihar
|8
| rowspan="11" |82
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|8
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|9
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|47
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Pichhara Samaj Party United
|Jharkhand
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="5" |Proutist Sarva Samaj
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="5" |7
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Uttar Pradesh
|
|
|
|-
|
|Pragatisheel Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Prajaa Swaraaj Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Purvanchal Mahapanchayat
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Parivartan Samaj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Ambedkar Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Radical Democratic Party (India)|Radical Democrats]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Aadarsh Member Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Raita Bharat Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rajnaitik Vikalp Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Ahinsa Manch
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Aamjan Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rajyadhikara Party]]
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtrawadi Party of India,
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Independent Morcha
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Janasachetan Party]] (R.J.P.)
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansanchar Dal
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Janata Party|Rashtriya Janta Party]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janwadi Party (Socialist)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Mahan Gantantra Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Mahila Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Matadata Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Naujawan Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Sahara Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Rastriya Aam Jan Seva Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rastriya Insaaf Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Vikas Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Bahujan Congress Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Bhagidari Samaj Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Bharatiya Jan Jan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Backward Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Bahujan Sena
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Dal United
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Real Democracy Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Garib Dal
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Gondvana Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansena Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Hindu Sena|Rashtriya Hind Sena]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansabha Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Jan Adhikar Party
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jan Adhikar Party (United)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jatigat Aarakshan Virodhi Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jantantrik Bharat Vikas Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jan Gaurav Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janhit Sangharsh Party
|Manipur
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Rashtriya Jankranti Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|Jammu & Kashmir
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janmat Party
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansurajya Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janshakti Party- Secular|Rashtriya Janshakti Party (Secular)]]
|Maharashtra
|2
| rowspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="6" |Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party
|Bihar
|7
| rowspan="6" |13
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Jansangharsh Swaraj Party
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janutthan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtravadi Kranti Dal
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Kranti Party
|Rajasthan
|1
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="4" |4
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Lok Sarvadhikar Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Lokswaraj Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |8
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|6
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Mangalam Party
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Maratha Party
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|
|[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India]]
|Haryana
|1
|2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Rashtra Nirman Party
|Haryana
|1
| rowspan="3" |5
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Nav Nirman Bharat Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Paksha (Khoripa)
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Praja Congress (Secular)
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Pragati Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Republican Party of India|Republican Party Of India]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="6" |8
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Republican Party of India (Kamble)|Republican Party Of India (Kamble)]]
|Goa
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |
| rowspan="13" |[[Republican Party of India (A)|Republican Party Of India (A)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|5
| rowspan="13" |33
|
|
|-
|Assam
|3
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|2
|
|
|-
|Chandigarh
|3
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|2
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|3
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|4
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|5
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|Republican Party Of India (KHOBRAGADE)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Party of India (Reformist)
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Party Of India (Karnataka)
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Party of India Ektavadi
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Power Party
|Gujarat
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Republican Sena
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Rashtriya Rashtrawadi Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="5" |7
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Apna Dal
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtrawadi Shramjeevi Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Sangail Party
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Sahyog Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|Gujarat
|1
| rowspan="6" |12
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|2
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|6
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rashtriya Samanta Dal]]
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Samrasta Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Samta Party (Secular)
|Bihar
|4
| rowspan="2" |5
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtravadi Party (Bharat)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party of India (Marxist)|Revolutionary Socialist Party Of India(Marxist)]]
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Samajwadi Party- Secular)|Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (Secular)]]
|Gujarat
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtra Sewa Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Rashtriya Shoshit Samaj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Samta Vikas Party
|Rajasthan
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Sarvjan Vikas Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Azad Manch
|Himachal Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Janvikas Party (Democratic)
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |
| rowspan="8" |Right to Recall Party
|Gujarat
|4
| rowspan="8" |14
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|2
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Rashtriya Ulama Council]]
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="3" |10
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|4
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtravadi Janata Party]]
|Bihar
|2
| rowspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Viklang Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtriya Vyapari Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtra Vikas Zumbes Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Rashtrawadi Chetna Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sathi Aur Aapka Faisala Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)(Simranjit Singh Mann)
|Punjab
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Samaj Adhikar Kalyan Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Samajwadi Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sabse Achchhi Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Sarvshreshth Dal
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Saman Aadmi Saman Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sabka Dal United
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|[[Swatantra Bharat Paksh]]a
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Sabhi Jan Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Samaj Bhalai Morcha
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Swarna Bharat Party
|Assam
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]
|Bihar
|5
| rowspan="2" |24
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|19
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Socialist Party (India, 2011)|Socialist Party (India)]]
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="3" |3
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)]]
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Secular Democratic Congress
|Karnataka
|1
| rowspan="3" |4
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|2
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Social Democratic Party of India|Social Democratic Party Of India]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="5" |14
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|10
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |
| rowspan="6" |Samajwadi Forward Bloc
|Andhra Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="6" |11
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|1
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|1
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|6
|
|
|-
|
|Saaf Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Sangharsh Sena
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shane Hind Fourm
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali)|Shiromani Akali Dal(Taksali)]]
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shri Janta Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Smart Indians Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|[[Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic]]
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Samajwadi Jan Parishad]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Swatantra Jantaraj Party
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="2" |9
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|8
|
|
|-
|
|Samajwadi Janata Party(Karnataka)
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Social Justice Party Of India
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Sajag Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sanjhi Virasat Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sankhyanupati Bhagidari Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Samata Kranti Dal]]
|Odisha
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Satya Kranti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shiromani Lok Dal Party
|
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sarvjan Lok Shakti Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Samrat Ashok Sena Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Samajik Nyaya Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Samta Vikas Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Socialist Janata Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Swaraj Party (Loktantrik)
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Sapaks Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="3" |12
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|10
|
|
|-
|
|Samajtantric Party Of India
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Samaanya Praja Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Sarvadharam Party (MADHYA PRADESH)
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Sanman Rajkiya Paksha
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sikkim Republican Party
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sarvodaya Prabhat Party
|NCT OF Delhi
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shakti Sena (Bharat Desh)
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Shoshit Samaj Dal
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |7
|
|
|-
|
|Samata Samadhan Party
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Samdarshi Samaj Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Sanatan Sanskriti Raksha Dal
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Satya Bahumat Party
|Himachal Pradesh
|1
| rowspan="4" |7
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|3
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Subhashwadi Bhartiya Samajwadi Party (Subhas Party)
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="22" |
| rowspan="22" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre Of India (COMMUNIST)]]
|Andhra Pradesh
|2
| rowspan="22" |114
|
|
|-
|Assam
|6
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|8
|
|
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|2
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|2
|
|
|-
|Haryana
|4
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|5
|
|
|-
|Karnataka
|7
|
|
|-
|Kerala
|9
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Odisha
|8
|
|
|-
|Puducherry
|1
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|Rajasthan
|1
|
|
|-
|Tamil Nadu
|4
|
|
|-
|Telangana
|2
|
|
|-
|Tripura
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|West Bengal
|42
|
|
|-
|
|Sikkim United Front (SUF)
|Sikkim
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sunder Samaj Party
|Chhattisgarh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |Samagra Utthan Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="3" |7
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Svatantra Bharat Satyagrah Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Sarvodaya Bharat Party
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="5" |8
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|1
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|2
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|3
|
|
|-
|
|Sarva Janata Party
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|
|Sarv Vikas Party
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Sarvjan Sewa Party
|Chandigarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Punjab
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Swarnim Bharat Inquilab
|Madhya Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Swabhiman Party
|Chhattisgarh
|1
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|2
|
|
|-
|
|Swatantra Samaj Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |Sanyukt Vikas Party
|Bihar
|1
| rowspan="4" |6
|
|
|-
|Gujarat
|3
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Tamil Nadu Ilangyar Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |16
|
|
|-
|
|Telangana Communist Party Of India
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[The Future India Party]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Telangana Jana Samithi]]
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|Tamil Maanila Congress (MOOPANAR)]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi]]
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Tola Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Telangana Prajala Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Telangana Sakalajanula Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Tamil Telugu National Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Telangana Yuva Shakti
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Tripura Peoples Party
|Tripura
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Universal Brotherhood Movement
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|United Democratic Front Secular
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|United Democratic Party
|Meghalaya
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (Democratic)
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Uttarakhand Parivartan Party
|Uttarakhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|[[United People's Party (Liberia)|United People's Party, Liberia]]
|Assam
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Uttarakhand Pragatisheel Party
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|Uttarakhand
|1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Uttar Pradesh Navnirman Sena]]
|Jharkhand
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Uttama Prajaakeeya Party]]
|Karnataka
| colspan="2" |27
|
|
|-
|
|United States Of India Party
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]]
|Maharashtra
| colspan="2" |46
|
|
|-
|
|Vikassheel Insaan Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Vishwa Jana Party
|Andhra Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Vishwa Manav Samaj Kalyan Parishad
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Vikas Insaf Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Vivasayigal Makkal Munnetra Katchi
|Tamil Nadu
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |Voters Party International
|Assam
|7
| rowspan="5" |20
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|6
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|1
|
|
|-
|NCT OF Delhi
|1
|
|
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|5
|
|
|-
|
|Vyavastha Parivartan Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Vanchitsamaj Insaaf Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |Vishva Shakti Party
|Jharkhand
|2
| rowspan="2" |3
|
|
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|1
|
|
|-
|
|Vanchit Samaj Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Voters Party
|Haryana
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Wazib Adhikar Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|[[Welfare Party of India|Welfare Party Of India]]
|West Bengal
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Yuva Jan Jagriti Party
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |6
|
|
|-
|
|Yuva Krantikari Party
|Bihar
| colspan="2" |4
|
|
|-
|
|Yekikrutha Sankshema Rashtriya Praja Party
|Telangana
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|-
|
|Yuva Sarkar
|Gujarat
| colspan="2" |2
|
|
|-
|
|Yuva Vikas Party
|Uttar Pradesh
| colspan="2" |1
|
|
|}

==Voter statistics==
According to the ECI, 900 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 84.3 million voters since the last election in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-three-pillars-of-elections/article26704196.ece|title=The three pillars of elections|last=Sinha|first=Shishir|website=@businessline|date=April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092658/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-three-pillars-of-elections/article26704196.ece|archive-date=15 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/lok-sabha-2019-90-crore-voters-10-lakh-polling-stations-statistics|title=LS Polls 2019 in Numbers: Key Voter Stats You Should Know|date=10 March 2019|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402175019/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/lok-sabha-2019-90-crore-voters-10-lakh-polling-stations-statistics|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> making it the largest-ever election in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/great-indian-elections-1951-2019-the-story-of-how-90-crore-voters-make-and-break-history-2062747.html|title=Great Indian Elections 1951–2019: The Story of How 90 Crore Voters Make and Break History|website=[[News18]]|date=11 March 2019|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174902/https://www.news18.com/news/india/great-indian-elections-1951-2019-the-story-of-how-90-crore-voters-make-and-break-history-2062747.html|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> 15 million voters aged 18–19 years became eligible to vote for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1569796/election-commission-to-certify-google-twitter-lok-sabha-poll-ads/|title=15 million teenagers and 38,000 transgender people: How India's 2019 elections are different|last1=Singh|first1=Kuwar|website=Quartz India|date=11 March 2019 |access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522161657/https://qz.com/india/1569796/election-commission-to-certify-google-twitter-lok-sabha-poll-ads/|archive-date=22 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-2019-more-than-90-crore-voters-register-to-vote/articleshow/68620296.cms|title=Lok Sabha 2019: More than 90 crore voters register to vote – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 March 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405012942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-2019-more-than-90-crore-voters-register-to-vote/articleshow/68620296.cms|archive-date=5 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> 468 million eligible voters were males, 432 million were females and 38,325 identified themselves belonging to [[third gender]]. Total 71,735 overseas voters also enrolled.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

The residents of the former [[Enclave and exclave|enclaves]] exchanged under the [[India–Bangladesh enclaves|2015 India-Bangladesh boundary agreement]] voted for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gupta |first1=Moushumi Das |url=https://theprint.in/politics/north-bengal-gets-ready-for-epic-mamata-modi-battle-didis-image-vs-dadas-charm/217438/|title=North Bengal gets ready for epic Mamata-Modi battle — Didi's image vs Dada's charm|work=ThePrint |date=6 April 2019|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406203358/https://theprint.in/politics/north-bengal-gets-ready-for-epic-mamata-modi-battle-didis-image-vs-dadas-charm/217438/|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Electronic voting machines and security===
The ECI deployed a total of 1.74 million [[voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) units and 3.96 million [[Electronic voting in India|electronic voting machines]] (EVM) in 1,035,918 polling stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://graphics.reuters.com/INDIA-ELECTION-STATIONS/010092FY33Z/index.html|title=Roads, boats and elephants|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523171530/https://graphics.reuters.com/INDIA-ELECTION-STATIONS/010092FY33Z/index.html|archive-date=23 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/13/world/asia/india-election-results.html|title=What It Takes to Pull Off India's Gargantuan Election|work=The New York Times |date=13 April 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528201523/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/13/world/asia/india-election-results.html|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live |last1=Goldman |first1=Russell }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/after-sc-order-20600-polling-stations-to-have-evmvvpat-match/1511862|title=After SC order, 20,600 polling stations to have EVM-VVPAT match|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090434/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/after-sc-order-20600-polling-stations-to-have-evmvvpat-match/1511862|archive-date=12 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/once-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362|title=Zero Complaints Came Up After Lok Sabha Polls, Claims Expert Behind EVMs|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528144457/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/once-reviled-evm-emerges-clear-winner-in-lok-sabha-elections-2044362|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Approximately 270,000 paramilitary and 2 million state police personnel provided organisational support and security at various polling booths.<ref>[http://www.orissapost.com/largest-ever-deployment-of-security-personnel-in-indian-elections/ Largest-ever deployment of security personnel in Indian elections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430032239/http://www.orissapost.com/largest-ever-deployment-of-security-personnel-in-indian-elections/ |date=30 April 2019 }}, Press Trust of India, Orissa Post (28 April 2019)</ref> On 9 April 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] ordered the ECI to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which meant that the ECI had to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs before it could certify the final election results.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/count-vvpat-slips-of-5-booths-in-each-assembly-seat-sc/articleshow/68786810.cms|title=Supreme Court: Count VVPAT slips of 5 booths in each assembly seat|website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2019 |access-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409064533/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/count-vvpat-slips-of-5-booths-in-each-assembly-seat-sc/articleshow/68786810.cms|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/vvpat-sc-elections-144122|title=SC Directs ECI To Increase VVPAT Verification From One EVM To Five EVMs Per Constituency|date=8 April 2019|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410141454/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/vvpat-sc-elections-144122|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/when-the-sc-says-no-for-software-audit-review-of-evms-and-vvpat-at-present/56828.html|title=When the SC Says No for Software Audit Review of EVMs & VVPAT at Present|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529074108/https://www.moneylife.in/article/when-the-sc-says-no-for-software-audit-review-of-evms-and-vvpat-at-present/56828.html|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Voting===
In the first phase, 69.58 per cent of the 142 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect their representatives for 91 Lok Sabha seats.<ref name=":52">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |title = Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 7 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019 |website = Election Commission of India |language = en-IN |access-date = 25 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190525003910/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/9997-final-voter-turnout-of-phase-1-to-phase-7-of-the-lok-sabha-elections-2019/ |archive-date = 25 May 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> The [[voter turnout]] was 68.77 per cent in the same constituencies in the 2014 general elections.<ref name=":52" /> In the second phase, 156 million voters were eligible to vote for 95 Lok Sabha seats and the turnout was 69.45 per cent, compared to 69.62 per cent in 2014.<ref name=":52" /> For the third phase, 189 million voters were eligible to elect 116 Lok Sabha representatives.<ref name=":52" /> According to ECI, the turnout for this phase was 68.40 per cent, compared to 67.15 per cent in 2014.<ref name=":52" /> In the fourth of seven phases, 65.50 per cent of the 128 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect 72 representatives to the Indian parliament while the turnout for the same seats in the 2014 election was 63.05 per cent.<ref name=":52" /> The fifth phase was open to 87.5 million eligible voters, who could cast their vote in over 96,000 polling booths.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/62-56-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-phase-5-ec/articleshow/69206163.cms Lok Sabha elections: 63.5 per cent turnout in 5th phase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508113619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/62-56-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-phase-5-ec/articleshow/69206163.cms |date=8 May 2019 }}, The Times of India (6 May 2019)</ref> In the sixth phase, 64.40 per cent of the 101 million eligible voters cast their vote in about 113,000 polling stations.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-polls-63-3-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-phase-6-says-election-commission/articleshow/69296674.cms Lok Sabha polls: 63.48% voting in sixth phase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512192225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/news/lok-sabha-polls-63-3-per-cent-voter-turnout-in-phase-6-says-election-commission/articleshow/69296674.cms |date=12 May 2019 }}, The Times of India (12 May 2019)</ref>

==Turnout==
The final turnout stood at 67.11 per cent, the highest ever turnout recorded in any of the general elections till date. The percentage is 1.16 per cent higher than the 2014 elections whose turnout stood at 65.95 per cent.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-67-1-2019-turnouts-a-record-election-commission/articleshow/69419715.cms |title = Lok Sabha Elections 2019: At 67.1%, 2019 turnout's a record: Election Commission |date = 21 May 2019 |first = Bharti |last = Jain |website = The Times of India |language = en |access-date = 21 May 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190521074334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-67-1-2019-turnouts-a-record-election-commission/articleshow/69419715.cms |archive-date = 21 May 2019 |url-status = live }}</ref> Over 600 million voters polled their votes in 2019 Indian General elections.

===Phase-wise voter turnout details===
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 87%;"
|-
! rowspan="3" class="unsortable" |State/UT
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Total
! colspan="14" |Voter turnout by phase<ref name=":52" />{{efn|{{increase}}/{{decrease}} indicate change from the 2014 elections.}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Phase 1
11 April
! colspan="2" |Phase 2
18 April
! colspan="2" |Phase 3
23 April
! colspan="2" |Phase 4
29 April
! colspan="2" |Phase 5
6 May
! colspan="2" |Phase 6
12 May
! colspan="2" |Phase 7
19 May
|-
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
!Seats
!Turnout (%)
|-
|Andhra Pradesh
|'''25'''
|'''79.70''' {{increase}}
|25
|79.70 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Arunachal Pradesh
|'''2'''
|'''78.47''' {{increase}}
|2
|78.47 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Assam
|'''14'''
|'''81.52 {{increase}}'''
|5
|78.27 {{decrease}}
|5
|81.19 {{increase}}
|4
|85.11 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Bihar
|'''40'''
|'''57.33''' {{Increase}}
|4
|53.44 {{increase}}
|5
|62.92 {{increase}}
|5
|61.21 {{increase}}
|5
|59.18 {{increase}}
|5
|57.08 {{increase}}
|8
|58.48{{increase}}
|8
|51.38
|-
|Chhattisgarh
|'''11'''
|'''71.48 {{increase}}'''
|1
|66.04 {{increase}}
|3
|74.95 {{increase}}
|7
|70.73 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Goa
|'''2'''
|'''74.94''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|2
|74.94 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Gujarat
|'''26'''
|'''64.11''' {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|26
|64.11 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Haryana
|'''10'''
|'''70.34{{decrease}}'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|10
|70.34{{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Himachal Pradesh
|'''4'''
|'''70.22'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|4
|70.22{{increase}}
|-
|Jammu and Kashmir{{efn|Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.}}
|'''6'''
|'''44.97''' {{Decrease}}
|2
|57.38 {{increase}}
|2
|45.66 {{decrease}}
|{{1/3}}
|13.68 {{decrease}}
|{{1/3}}
|10.32 {{decrease}}
|1{{1/3}}
|19.92 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Jharkhand
|'''14'''
|'''66.80''' {{Increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|3
|64.97 {{increase}}
|4
|65.99 {{increase}}
|4
|65.42{{increase}}
|3
|55.59
|-
|Karnataka
|'''28'''
|'''68.63 {{increase}}'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|14
|68.80 {{increase}}
|14
|68.47 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Kerala
|'''20'''
|'''77.67''' {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|20
|77.67 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|'''29'''
|'''71.10''' {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|6
|74.90 {{increase}}
|7
|69.14 {{increase}}
|8
|65.24 {{increase}}
|8
|75.64 {{increase}}
|-
|Maharashtra
|'''48'''
|'''60.79 {{increase}}'''
|7
|63.04 {{decrease}}
|10
|62.85 {{increase}}
|14
|62.36 {{decrease}}
|17
|57.33 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Manipur
|'''2'''
|'''82.75 {{increase}}'''
|1
|84.20 {{decrease}}
|1
|81.24 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Meghalaya
|'''2'''
|'''71.43''' {{increase}}
|2
|71.43 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Mizoram
|'''1'''
|'''63.12''' {{increase}}
|1
|63.12 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Nagaland
|'''1'''
|'''83.09''' {{decrease}}
|1
|83.09 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Odisha
|'''21'''
|'''73.06 {{decrease}}'''
|4
|73.82 {{decrease}}
|5
|72.56 {{increase}}
|6
|71.62 {{decrease}}
|6
|74.38 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Punjab
|'''13'''
|'''65.96'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|13
|65.96{{decrease}}
|-
|Rajasthan
|'''25'''
|'''66.34''' {{Increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|13
|68.17 {{increase}}
|12
|63.71 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Sikkim
|'''1'''
|'''78.81''' {{decrease}}
|1
|78.81 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Tamil Nadu{{efn|Tamil Nadu has 39 constituencies. Polling in Vellore was cancelled and later held on 5 August 2019.}}
|'''38'''
|'''72.02''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|38
|72.02 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Telangana
|'''17'''
|'''62.71'''
|17
|62.71
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Tripura
|'''2'''
|'''83.20 {{decrease}}'''
|1
|83.21 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|83.19 {{increase}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|'''80'''
|'''59.21''' {{Increase}}
|8
|63.92 {{decrease}}
|8
|62.46 {{increase}}
|10
|61.42 {{decrease}}
|13
|59.11 {{increase}}
|14
|58.00 {{increase}}
|14
|54.44
|13
|47.82
|-
|Uttarakhand
|'''5'''
|'''61.48''' {{decrease}}
|5
|61.48 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|West Bengal
|'''42'''
|'''81.76''' {{Decrease}}
|2
|83.80 {{increase}}
|3
|81.72 {{increase}}
|5
|81.97 {{decrease}}
|8
|82.84 {{decrease}}
|7
|80.09 {{decrease}}
|8
|84.50
|9
|78.73
|-
|Andaman and Nicobar Islands
|'''1'''
|'''65.08''' {{decrease}}
|1
|65.08 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Chandigarh
|'''1'''
|'''70.62'''
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|70.62
|-
|Dadra and Nagar Haveli
|'''1'''
|'''79.59''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|79.59 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Daman and Diu
|'''1'''
|'''71.83''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|71.83 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Delhi
|'''7'''
|'''60.51'''{{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|7
|60.51{{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Lakshadweep
|'''1'''
|'''84.96''' {{decrease}}
|1
|84.96 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
|Puducherry
|'''1'''
|'''81.21''' {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|1
|81.21 {{decrease}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|{{dash}}
|-
!'''Total'''
!'''542'''
!'''67.11 {{increase}}'''
!'''91'''
!'''69.58 {{increase}}'''
!'''95'''
!'''69.45 {{decrease}}'''
!'''116{{1/3}}'''
!'''68.40'''{{increase}}
!'''71{{1/3}}'''
!'''65.50''' {{increase}}
!'''50{{1/3}}'''
!'''64.16 {{increase}}'''
!'''59'''
!'''64.40'''
!'''59'''
!'''61.71'''
|}

===State/UT-wise voter turnout details===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! State/UT
! Total electors
! Total voters
! Total turnout
! Total seats
|-
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) || 318,471 || 207,398 || 65.12% || 1
|-
| Andhra Pradesh || 39,405,967 || 31,674,526 || 80.38% || 25
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh || 803,563 || 659,766 || 82.11% || 2
|-
| Assam || 22,050,059 || 17,992,753 ||81.60% || 14
|-
| Bihar || 71,216,290 || 40,830,453 || 57.33% || 40
|-
| Chandigarh (UT) || 646,729 || 456,637 || 70.61% || 1
|-
| Chhattisgarh || 19,016,462 || 13,622,625 || 71.64% || 11
|-
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) || 250,029 || 198,984 || 79.58% || 1
|-
|Daman & Diu (UT) || 121,740 || 87,473 || 71.85% || 1
|-
| Goa || 1,136,113 || 853,724 || 75.14% || 2
|-
| Gujarat || 45,152,373 || 29,128,364 || 64.51% || 26
|-
| Haryana || 18,057,010 || 12,701,029 || 70.34% || 10
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 5,330,154 || 3,859,940 || 72.42% || 4
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir || 7,922,538 || 3,562,744 || 44.97% || 6
|-
| Jharkhand || 22,404,856 || 14,966,781 || 66.80% || 14
|-
| Karnataka || 51,094,530 || 35,159,448 || 68.81% || 28
|-
| Kerala || 26,204,836 || 20,397,168 || 77.84% || 20
|-
| Lakshadweep (UT) || 55,189 || 47,026 || 85.21% || 1
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 51,867,474 || 36,928,342 || 71.20% || 29
|-
| Maharashtra || 88,676,946 ||54,111,038 || 61.02% || 48
|-
| Manipur || 1,959,563 || 1,620,451 || 82.69% || 2
|-
| Meghalaya || 1,914,796 || 1,367,759 || 71.43% || 2
|-
| Mizoram || 792,464 || 500,347 || 63.14% || 1
|-
| Nagaland || 1,213,777 || 1,007,437 || 83.00% || 1
|-
| NCT of Delhi || 14,327,649 || 8,682,366 || 60.60% || 7
|-
| Odisha || 32,497,762 || 23,817,169 || 73.29% || 21
|-
| Puducherry (UT) || 973,410 || 790,895 || 81.25%|| 1
|-
| Punjab || 20,892,673 || 13,777,295 || 65.94% || 13
|-
| Rajasthan || 48,955,813 || 32,476,481 || 66.34% || 25
|-
| Sikkim || 434,128 || 353,415 || 81.41% || 1
|-
| Tamil Nadu || 59,941,832 || 43,419,753 || 72.44% || 39
|-
| Telangana || 29,708,615 || 18,646,856 || 62.77% || 17
|-
| Tripura || 2,614,718 || 2,154,550 || 82.40% || 2
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 146,134,603 || 86,531,972 || 59.21% || 80
|-
| Uttarakhand || 7,856,318 ||4,861,415 || 61.88% || 5
|-
| West Bengal || 70,001,284 || 57,230,018|| 81.76% || 42
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''India''' || '''911,950,734''' || '''614,684,398''' || '''67.40%''' || '''543'''
|}

==Surveys and polls==
===Opinion polls===
{{Excerpt|Opinion polling for the 2019 Indian general election|fragment=Opinion polling}}

=== Exit polls ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Poll type
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
! style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}" |
! style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" |[[List of political parties in India|Others]]
! rowspan="2" | Majority
! rowspan="2" | Ref
|-
! class="unsortable" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
! class="unsortable" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="13" |[[Exit poll]]s
|''[[India Today]]''-Axis
| style="background:#F9BC7F"|'''{{nowrap|352 ± 13}}'''
| {{nowrap|93 ± 15}}
| {{nowrap|82 ± 13}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|70 ± 13}}
|<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections|title=Lok Sabha Election 2019: Vote Counting, Stats and Election 2019 Analysis|website=indiatoday.in|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321211213/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News24]]-Today's Chanakya
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|350 ± 14}}'''
| {{nowrap|95 ± 9}}
| {{nowrap|97 ± 11}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|68 ± 14}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayschanakya.com/loksabha-2019-analysis.html|title=Lok Sabha 2019 Analysis|author=Today's Chanakya|date=19 May 2019|publisher=News24 India|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525112803/http://www.todayschanakya.com/loksabha-2019-analysis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[News18 India|News18]]-[[Ipsos|IPSOS]] [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]]-IPSOS
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''336'''
| 82
| 124
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |64
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/clean-sweep-for-bjp-crisis-for-congress-rise-of-regional-satraps-what-the-exit-poll-results-mean-for-india-2146841.html|title=Clean Sweep for BJP, Crisis for Congress, Rise of Regional Satraps: What Exit Poll Results Mean|website=[[News18]]|date=20 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092737/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/clean-sweep-for-bjp-crisis-for-congress-rise-of-regional-satraps-what-the-exit-poll-results-mean-for-india-2146841.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-exit-poll-results-2019-live-updates-news18-ipsos-chanakya-india-today-axis-cvoter-to-announce-predictions-after-6-pm/330584|title=Exit Poll Results: Narendra Modi Projected To Return As PM; NDA Headed For Landslide Victory|website=outlookindia.com|date=19 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520003605/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-exit-poll-results-2019-live-updates-news18-ipsos-chanakya-india-today-axis-cvoter-to-announce-predictions-after-6-pm/330584|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|VDP Associates
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''333'''
| 115
| 94
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |61
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1130097857262784512|title=Lok Sabha Exit Poll 2019 Sea Share Projection #LokSabhaElections2019 NDA-333 UPA-115 Others-94 pic.twitter.com/1JUh8MkSZJ|last=VDPAssociates|date=19 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915092700/https://twitter.com/VDPAssociates/status/1130097857262784512|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sudarshan News]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''313'''
| 121
| 109
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |41
|<ref name="asianage.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/190519/india-elections-end-wait-for-exit-polls-result.html|title=2019 Lok Sabha elections: Exit polls indicate sweep for BJP|date=19 May 2019|website=The Asian Age|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194442/https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/190519/india-elections-end-wait-for-exit-polls-result.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Times Now]]-VMR
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|306 ± 3}}'''
| {{nowrap|132 ± 3}}
| {{nowrap|104 ± 3}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|34 ± 3}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TimesNow/status/1130095864540565504|title=#TimesNowExitPoll BREAKING - TIMES NOW-VMR 2019 Exit Poll National (Overall) Tally: Seat Share: BJP+ (NDA): 306 Cong+ (UPA): 132 Others: 104 Vote Share: BJP+ (NDA): 41.1% Cong+ (UPA): 31.7% Others: 27.2%pic.twitter.com/Y9te9W4wwL|first=TIMES|last=NOW|date=19 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191951/https://twitter.com/TimesNow/status/1130095864540565504|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Suvarna News]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''305'''
| 124
| 102
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |33
|<ref name="asianage.com" />
|-
|[[India TV]]-CNX
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''{{nowrap|300 ± 10}}'''
| {{nowrap|120 ± 5}}
| {{nowrap|122 ± 6}}
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |{{nowrap|28 ± 10}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-india-tv-cnx-exit-poll-lok-sabha-election-bjp-congress-modi-rahul-live-updates-521030|title = India TV-CNX Exit Poll 2019: As it happened|date = 19 May 2019|access-date = 26 May 2019|archive-date = 26 May 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190526195211/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-india-tv-cnx-exit-poll-lok-sabha-election-bjp-congress-modi-rahul-live-updates-521030|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|[[India news|India News]]-Polstrat
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''287'''
| 128
| 127
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |15
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/lok-sabha-exit-polls-result-live-updates/articleshow/69398185.cms?from=mdr|title=Exit Poll highlights: Most polls predict majority to BJP-led NDA|date=22 May 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618215415/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/lok-sabha-exit-polls-result-live-updates/articleshow/69398185.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[CVoter]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''287'''
| 128
| 127
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |15
|<ref name="outlookindia.com" />
|-
|[[News Nation]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''286'''
| 122
| 134
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |14
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-elections-phase-7-voting-live-updates-polling-in-59-constituencies-narendra-modi-varanasi-shatrughan-sinha-patna-sahib-article-224610.html|title=Lok Sabha Elections Exit Poll 2019 LIVE: Modi set to return as PM, NDA to get 286 seats- News Nation|date=19 May 2019|website=newsnation.in|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519063547/https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-elections-phase-7-voting-live-updates-polling-in-59-constituencies-narendra-modi-varanasi-shatrughan-sinha-patna-sahib-article-224610.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[ABP News|ABP]]-[[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies|CSDS]]
| style="background:#F9BC7F" | '''277'''
| 130
| 135
| style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance (India)}}; color:white" |5
|<ref name="indiatoday.in" />
|-
|[[NewsX]]-Neta
| '''242'''
| 164
| 137
| style="background:gray; color:white;"|Hung
|<ref name="outlookindia.com" />
|}

== Results ==
{{Main list|Results of the 2019 Indian general election|List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha|17th Lok Sabha}}
[[File:India 2019 grid cartogram.png|thumb|240px|A [[cartogram]] showing the popular vote in each constituency.]]
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
|caption='''Seat share of parties in the election'''|other=yes
|value1=55.80|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|value2=9.57|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|value3=4.41|label3=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|color3={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|value4=4.05|label4=[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|color4={{party color|Trinamool Congress}}
|value5=4.05|label5=[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]|color5={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}
|value6=3.31|label6=[[Shiv Sena|SS]]|color6={{party color|Shiv Sena}}
|value7=2.95|label7=[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]|color7={{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|value8=2.21|label8=[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]|color8={{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|value9=1.84|label9=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]|color9={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|value10=1.66|label10=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]|color10={{party color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|other-color={{Party color|Other}}
}}

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
|caption='''Vote share of parties in the election'''|other=yes
|value1=37.7|label1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|color1={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|value2=19.67|label2=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|value3=4.1|label3=[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]|color3={{party color|Trinamool Congress}}
|value4=3.66|label4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]|color4={{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|value5=2.55|label5=[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]|color5={{party color|Samajwadi Party}}
|value6=2.53|label6=[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]|color6={{party color|YSR Congress Party}}
|value7=2.26|label7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]|color7={{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|value8=2.10|label8=[[Shiv Sena|SS]]|color8={{party color|Shiv Sena}}
|value9=2.04|label9=[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]|color9={{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|value10=1.77|label10=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]|color10={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|other-color={{Party color|Other}}
}}
<onlyinclude>{{Election results
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 2019.svg|350px]]
|party1=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes1=229076879|seats1=303|sc1=+21
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=119495214|seats2=52|sc2=+8
|party3=[[Trinamool Congress]]|votes3=24929330|seats3=22|sc3=–12
|party4=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes4=22246501|seats4=10|sc4=+10
|party5=[[Samajwadi Party]]|votes5=15647206|seats5=5|sc5=0
|party6=[[YSR Congress Party]]|votes6=15537006|seats6=22|sc6=+13
|party7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes7=14363332|seats7=24|sc7=+24
|party8=[[Shiv Sena]]|votes8=12858904|seats8=18|sc8=0
|party9=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes9=12515345|seats9=3|sc9=–13
|party10=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes10=10744908|seats10=3|sc10=–6
|party11=[[Biju Janata Dal]]|votes11=10174021|seats11=12|sc11=–8
|party12=[[Janata Dal (United)]]|votes12=8926679|seats12=16|sc12=+14
|party13=[[Nationalist Congress Party]]|votes13=8500331|seats13=5|sc13=–1
|party14=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes14=8307345|seats14=1|sc14=–36
|party15=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|votes15=7696848|seats15=9|sc15=–2
|party16=[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]|votes16=6632247|seats16=0|sc16=–4
|party17=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes17=3778574|seats17=2|sc17=–2
|party18=[[Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi]]|votes18=3743560|seats18=0|sc18=New
|party19=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes19=3576184|seats19=2|sc19=+1
|party20=[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]|votes20=3457107|seats20=1|sc20=–1
|party21=[[Lok Janshakti Party]]|votes21=3206979|seats21=6|sc21=0
|party22=[[Aam Aadmi Party]]|votes22=2716629|seats22=1|sc22=–3
|party23=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes23=2297431|seats23=0|sc23=–1
|party24=[[Jana Sena Party]]|votes24=1915127|seats24=0|sc24=New
|party25=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes25=1901976|seats25=1|sc25=–1
|party26=[[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]|votes26=1695074|seats26=0|sc26=New
|party27=[[Makkal Needhi Maiam]]|votes27=1613708|seats27=0|sc27=New
|party28=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes28=1592467|seats28=3|sc28=+1
|party29=[[Asom Gana Parishad]]|votes29=1480697|seats29=0|sc29=0
|party30=[[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]]|votes30=1462518|seats30=0|sc30=–3
|party31=[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]|votes31=1447363|seats31=0|sc31=0
|party32=[[All India United Democratic Front]]|votes32=1402088|seats32=1|sc32=–2
|party33=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes33=1201542|seats33=2|sc33=+1
|party34=[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]|votes34=1039478|seats34=2|sc34=New
|party35=[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]|votes35=956501|seats35=0|sc35=New
|party36=[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]|votes36=929590|seats36=0|sc36=0
|party37=[[Swabhimani Paksha]]|votes37=834380|seats37=0|sc37=–1
|party38=[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]|votes38=750799|seats38=0|sc38=0
|party39=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]|votes39=711715|seats39=0|sc39=0
|party40=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes40=709685|seats40=1|sc40=0
|party41=[[Vikassheel Insaan Party]]|votes41=660706|seats41=0|sc41=New
|party42=[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]]|votes42=660051|seats42=1|sc42=New
|party43=[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]|votes43=648277|seats43=1|sc43=+1
|party44=[[Jannayak Janta Party]]|votes44=619970|seats44=0|sc44=New
|party45=[[Bharatiya Tribal Party]]|votes45=539319|seats45=0|sc45=New
|party46=[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]]|votes46=507643|seats46=1|sc46=+1
|party47=[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]]|votes47=500510|seats47=1|sc47=New
|party48=[[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi]]|votes48=491596|seats48=0|sc48=0
|party49=[[Lok Insaaf Party]]|votes49=469784|seats49=0|sc49=New
|party50=[[Bodoland People's Front]]|votes50=446774|seats50=0|sc50=0
|party51=[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]|votes51=425986|seats51=1|sc51=0
|party52=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes52=421046|seats52=1|sc52=0
|party53=[[United People's Party Liberal]]|votes53=416305|seats53=0|sc53=New
|party54=[[Bahujan Mukti Party]]|votes54=405949|seats54=0|sc54=0
|party55=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]|votes55=403835|seats55=0|sc55=0
|party56=[[Ambedkarite Party of India]]|votes56=381070|seats56=0|sc56=0
|party57=[[Bharath Dharma Jana Sena]]|votes57=380847|seats57=0|sc57=New
|party58=[[Naga People's Front]]|votes58=363527|seats58=1|sc58=0
|party59=Pragatishil Samajwadi Party (Lohia)|votes59=344546|seats59=0|sc59=New
|party60=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes60=322507|seats60=0|sc60=0
|party61=[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party]]|votes61=313925|seats61=0|sc61=0
|party62=[[Punjab Ekta Party]]|votes62=296620|seats62=0|sc62=New
|party63=[[Maharashtra Swabhiman Paksha]]|votes63=281578|seats63=0|sc63=New
|party64=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes64=280356|seats64=3|sc64=+3
|party65=[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]]|votes65=267256|seats65=0|sc65=0
|party66=[[All India N.R. Congress]]|votes66=247956|seats66=0|sc66=–1
|party67=[[Indian National Lok Dal]]|votes67=240258|seats67=0|sc67=–2
|party68=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes68=224286|seats68=1|sc68=New
|party69=[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]|votes69=220849|seats69=0|sc69=New
|party70=[[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]|votes70=210088|seats70=0|sc70=0
|party71=[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)]]|votes71=203369|seats71=0|sc71=New
|party72=[[Social Democratic Party of India]]|votes72=169680|seats72=0|sc72=0
|party73=[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]|votes73=166922|seats73=1|sc73=+1
|party74=[[Nawan Punjab Party]]|votes74=161645|seats74=0|sc74=New
|party75=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes75=155135|seats75=0|sc75=New
|party76=[[Sikkim Democratic Front]]|votes76=154489|seats76=0|sc76=–1
|party77=Peoples Party of India (Democratic)|votes77=153103|seats77=0|sc77=New
|party78=[[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]|votes78=133612|seats78=0|sc78=0
|party79=Hindusthan Nirman Dal|votes79=122972|seats79=0|sc79=0
|party80=[[Uttama Prajaakeeya Party]]|votes80=120800|seats80=0|sc80=New
|party81=Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party|votes81=105997|seats81=0|sc81=0
|party82=Voters Party International|votes82=105972|seats82=0|sc82=New
|party83=587 other parties with fewer than 100,000 votes|votes83=5343894|seats83=0
|party84=Independents|votes84=16485773|seats84=4|sc84=+1
|row85=None of the above|votes85=6522772
|total_sc=0
|row87=Appointed [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats87=2
|invalid=511575
|electorate=911950734
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ ECI], [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/13569-18-partywise-seat-won-valid-votes-polled-in-each-state/ ECI]
}}</onlyinclude>

== Aftermath ==

=== Reactions ===

==== National ====
Congress party leaders, such as [[Rahul Gandhi]] and others, conceded defeat and congratulated Modi and his party.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Rahul Gandhi concedes defeat, congratulates PM Modi, Smriti Irani |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/video/rahul-gandhi-concedes-defeat-congratulates-pm-modi-smriti-irani-1532940-2019-05-23 |magazine=India Today |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-date=23 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182138/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/video/rahul-gandhi-concedes-defeat-congratulates-pm-modi-smriti-irani-1532940-2019-05-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other opposition parties and political leaders such as [[Sharad Pawar]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-result-2019-sharad-pawar-says-wont-blame-voting-machines-2041991 | title="Doubts Were Raised but Won't Blame EVMs": Sharad Pawar on Poll Result | access-date=3 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603041442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-result-2019-sharad-pawar-says-wont-blame-voting-machines-2041991 | archive-date=3 June 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mamata Banerjee]], and [[Omar Abdullah]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-election-results-omar-mamata-congratulate-modi-historic-win-1533379-2019-05-24|title=Lok Sabha Election Results: Omar was first, Mamata second to congratulate PM Modi for historic win|agency=Ist|newspaper=India Today|access-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603131409/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/lok-sabha-election-results-omar-mamata-congratulate-modi-historic-win-1533379-2019-05-24|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> congratulated Modi and the BJP for their victory.

On 20 November 2019, the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] filed a petition with the [[Supreme Court of India]] over alleged ballot-counting discrepancies in the Lok Sabha voting and seeking a probe by the ECI.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Karan |title=PIL In SC Seeks ECI Action On Reports Of EVM Voter Data Discrepancies [Read Petition] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/pil-in-sc-seeks-eci-action-on-reports-of-electronic-voting-machine-data-discrepancies-149979 |access-date=25 November 2019 |work=LiveLaw.in |date=20 November 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418010645/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/pil-in-sc-seeks-eci-action-on-reports-of-electronic-voting-machine-data-discrepancies-149979 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== International ====
The leaders of [[Afghanistan]], [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Botswana]], [[Brazil]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Burundi]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Comoros]], [[Cyprus]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[France]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Germany]], [[Ghana]], [[Iceland]], [[Indonesia]], [[Iran]], [[Israel]], [[Italy]], [[Jamaica]], [[Japan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kenya]], [[Kuwait]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Latvia]], [[Lesotho]], [[Liechtenstein|Lichtenstein]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Madagascar]], [[Malaysia]], [[Maldives]], [[Malta]], [[Mexico]], [[Mongolia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Namibia]], [[Nepal]], [[Netherlands]], [[Nicaragua]], [[North Korea]], [[Nigeria]], [[New Zealand]], [[Oman]], [[Pakistan]], [[Palestine]], [[Portugal]], [[Qatar]], [[Russia]], [[Rwanda]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Senegal]], [[Seychelles]], [[Singapore]], [[South Africa]], [[South Korea]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Switzerland]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Thailand]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uganda]], [[Ukraine]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Venezuela]], [[Vietnam]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]] congratulated [[Narendra Modi]] and the [[BJP]] on their victory.<ref>*Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and United Arab Emirates: [https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/election-results-world-leaders-congratulate-narendra-modi-on-his-landslide-victory-1.1558612196940 Election results: World leaders congratulate Narendra Modi on his landslide victory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524003022/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/election-results-world-leaders-congratulate-narendra-modi-on-his-landslide-victory-1.1558612196940 |date=24 May 2019 }}, Gulf News (23 May 2019)
* Argentina: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/mauriciomacri/status/1131925631594311681|title=Mauricio Macri "@mauriciomacri"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527071725/https://twitter.com/mauriciomacri/status/1131925631594311681|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Argentina: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/mauriciomacri/status/1131925631594311681|title=Mauricio Macri "@mauriciomacri"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527071725/https://twitter.com/mauriciomacri/status/1131925631594311681|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Australia, Israel, Nepal and Portugal: [https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/international-leaders-congratulate-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-purported-landslide-win/423932 International leaders congratulate Prime Minister Narendra Modi on purported landslide win] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182143/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/international-leaders-congratulate-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-purported-landslide-win/423932 |date=23 May 2019 }}, TimesNow News (23 May 2019)
* Austria: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/sebastiankurz/status/1131841711137853440|title=Sebastian Kurz "@sebastiankurz"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929180058/https://twitter.com/sebastiankurz/status/1131841711137853440|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}
* Bahrain: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/bna_en/status/1132388447430336512|title=Bahrain News Agency "@bna_en"|date=26 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006012423/https://twitter.com/bna_en/status/1132388447430336512|url-status=live}}
* Bhutan: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/PMBhutan/status/1131498760444399616|title=PM Bhutan "@PMBhutan"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081352/https://twitter.com/PMBhutan/status/1131498760444399616|url-status=live}}
* Botswana: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133731449616474113|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=29 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006035752/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133731449616474113|url-status=live}}
* Brazil: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1132313619885121536|title=Jair M. Bolsonaro "@jairbolsonaro"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527071653/https://twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1132313619885121536|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Bulgaria: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133318664227311616|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=28 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021649/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133318664227311616|url-status=live}}
* Burundi: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/pnkurunziza/status/1131571065392644097|title=Pierre Nkurunziza "@pnkurunziza"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070410/https://twitter.com/pnkurunziza/status/1131571065392644097|url-status=live}}
* Canada: {{cite web|url=https://www.voiceonline.com/trudeau-congratulates-indian-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-his-re-election/|title=Trudeau congratulates Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on his re-election|last=Mall|first=Rattan|date=23 May 2019|website=Indo-Canadian Voice|language=en-US|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524013806/https://www.voiceonline.com/trudeau-congratulates-indian-prime-minister-narendra-modi-on-his-re-election/|archive-date=24 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* China, Japan, Pakistan, Russia: [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/xi-putin-and-netanyahu-among-first-to-congratulate-modi-on-election-victory/articleshow/69465396.cms Xi, Putin and Netanyahu among first to congratulate Modi on election victory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108001412/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/xi-putin-and-netanyahu-among-first-to-congratulate-modi-on-election-victory/articleshow/69465396.cms |date=8 November 2020 }}, The Economic Times (23 May 2019)
* Comoros: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/Azali_officiel/status/1133661681211592704|title=Azali Assoumani "@Azali_officiel"|date=29 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081039/https://twitter.com/Azali_officiel/status/1133661681211592704|url-status=live}}
* Cyprus: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/AnastasiadesCY/status/1131509106622312448|title=Nicos Anastasiades "@AnastasiadesCY"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520191717/https://twitter.com/AnastasiadesCY/status/1131509106622312448|url-status=live}}
* Czech Republic: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/AndrejBabis/status/1131493202224140288|title=Andrej Babiš "@AndrejBabis"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520192344/https://twitter.com/AndrejBabis/status/1131493202224140288|url-status=live}}
* Estonia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/ratasjuri/status/1131676210621243392|title=Jüri Ratas "@ratasjuri"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070541/https://twitter.com/ratasjuri/status/1131676210621243392|url-status=live}}
* France: [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/french-president-macron-congratulates-pm-modi-119052301811_1.html French President Macron congratulates PM Modi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182139/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/french-president-macron-congratulates-pm-modi-119052301811_1.html |date=23 May 2019 }}, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
* Georgia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132177586308694016|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006035748/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132177586308694016|url-status=live}}
* Germany: {{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/may-merkel-saudi-crown-prince-congratulate-modi-119052600144_1.html|title=May, Merkel, Saudi Crown Prince congratulate Modi|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=26 May 2019|access-date=31 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531152806/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/may-merkel-saudi-crown-prince-congratulate-modi-119052600144_1.html|archive-date=31 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Ghana: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/NAkufoAddo/status/1131541159946399744|title=Nana Akufo-Addo "@NAkufoAddo"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520212645/https://twitter.com/NAkufoAddo/status/1131541159946399744|url-status=live}}
* Iceland: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132146026117238784|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006013723/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132146026117238784|url-status=live}}
* Indonesia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/jokowi/status/1131765490244902912|title=Joko Widodo "@jokowi"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070257/https://twitter.com/jokowi/status/1131765490244902912|url-status=live}}
* Iran: {{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/iran-eu-leaders-also-greet-pm-modi-on-poll-win20190524230740/|title=Iran, EU leaders also greet PM Modi on poll win|date=24 May 2019|work=ANI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527160521/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/iran-eu-leaders-also-greet-pm-modi-on-poll-win20190524230740/|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Italy: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/GiuseppeConteIT/status/1131562597587804160|title=Giuseppe Conte "@GiuseppeConteIT"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191959/https://twitter.com/GiuseppeConteIT/status/1131562597587804160|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Jamaica: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/AndrewHolnessJM/status/1131610111577874433|title=Andrew Holness "@AndrewHolnessJM"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520225216/https://twitter.com/AndrewHolnessJM/status/1131610111577874433|url-status=live}}
* Kenya: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/RailaOdinga/status/1131486983040192512|title=Raila Odinga "@RailaOdinga"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527071548/https://twitter.com/railaodinga/status/1131486983040192512|archive-date=27 May 2019|url-status=live}}
* Kuwait: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131770386721452037|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191950/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131770386721452037|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Latvia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/krisjaniskarins/status/1131784521865736194|title=Krišjānis Kariņš "@krisjaniskarins"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070201/https://twitter.com/krisjaniskarins/status/1131784521865736194|url-status=live}}
* Lesotho: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133665696557277184|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=29 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927222515/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133665696557277184|url-status=live}}
* Lichtenstein: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133419106710036481|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=28 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191950/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133419106710036481|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Luxembourg: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132259445629628416|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021654/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132259445629628416|url-status=live}}
* Madagascar: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/SE_Rajoelina/status/1131657454968856576|title=Andry Rajoelina "@SE_Rajoelina"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070806/https://twitter.com/SE_Rajoelina/status/1131657454968856576|url-status=live}}
* Malaysia: [https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/26/dr-m-congratulates-modi-on-election-victory/ Dr M congratulates Modi on Indian election victory ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105041/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/05/26/dr-m-congratulates-modi-on-election-victory/ |date=26 May 2019 }}, Nation, The Star (26 May 2019)
* Maldives: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MohamedNasheed/status/1131506360615485440|title=Mohamed Nasheed "@MohamedNasheed"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081331/https://twitter.com/MohamedNasheed/status/1131506360615485440|url-status=live}}
* Malta: {{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/JosephMuscat_JM/status/1131634996580634626|title=Joseph Muscat "@JosephMuscat_JM"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191949/https://mobile.twitter.com/JosephMuscat_JM/status/1131634996580634626|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Mexico: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/SRE_mx/status/1132044324190003201|title=SRE México "@SRE_mx"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054034/https://twitter.com/SRE_mx/status/1132044324190003201|url-status=live}}
* Mongolia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132993212874932224|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=27 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021709/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132993212874932224|url-status=live}}
* Myanmar: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131862377509658625|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006013715/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131862377509658625|url-status=live}}
* Namibia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/hagegeingob/status/1131588821160726529|title=Hage Geingob "@hagegeingob"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081209/https://twitter.com/hagegeingob/status/1131588821160726529|url-status=live}}
* Netherlands: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MinPres/status/1131938574415351816|title=Mark Rutte "@MinPres"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021658/https://twitter.com/MinPres/status/1131938574415351816|url-status=live}}
* New Zealand: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MFATgovtNZ/status/1131770399644037120|title=MFAT govt NZ "@MFATgovtNZ"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter}}
* Nicaragua: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131802549181399042|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006021645/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131802549181399042|url-status=live}}
* Nigeria: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/NGRPresident/status/1131652274361651201|title=Presidency Nigeria "@NGRPresident"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521081247/https://twitter.com/NGRPresident/status/1131652274361651201|url-status=live}}
* North Korea: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132978735576211460|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=27 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016051212/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132978735576211460|url-status=live}}
* Oman: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132588896724721664|title=Raveesh Kumar"@MEAIndia"|date=26 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006013704/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132588896724721664|url-status=live}}
* Palestine: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/ROIRamallah/status/1131670575095656450|title=India in Palestine "@ROIRamallah"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006013730/https://twitter.com/ROIRamallah/status/1131670575095656450|url-status=live}}
* Qatar: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/QNAEnglish/status/1132398401574907906|title=Qatar News Agency "@QNAEnglish"|date=26 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016051222/https://twitter.com/QNAEnglish/status/1132398401574907906|url-status=live}}
* Rwanda: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/PaulKagame/status/1131605740685275141|title=Paul Kagame "@PaulKagame"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209185908/https://twitter.com/PaulKagame/status/1131605740685275141|url-status=live}}
* Saudi Arabia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/spagov/status/1131705003633201152|title=SPA "@spagov"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191952/https://twitter.com/spagov/status/1131705003633201152|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Senegal: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/Macky_Sall/status/1131871342377295873|title=Macky Sall "@Macky_Sall"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520211922/https://twitter.com/Macky_Sall/status/1131871342377295873|url-status=live}}
* Seychelles: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/hci_seychelles/status/1131854089103564800|title=India in Seychelles "@hci_seychelles"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927222508/https://twitter.com/hci_seychelles/status/1131854089103564800|url-status=live}}
* Singapore: [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/singapore-pm-congratulates-modi-on-poll-victory-hopes-for-enhanced-cooperation-in-digital-space-119052301910_1.html Singapore PM congratulates Modi on poll victory, hopes for enhanced cooperation in digital space] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182138/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/singapore-pm-congratulates-modi-on-poll-victory-hopes-for-enhanced-cooperation-in-digital-space-119052301910_1.html |date=23 May 2019 }}, PTI, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
* South Africa: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/CyrilRamaphosa/status/1132698920927268865|title=Cyril Ramaphosa "@CyrilRamaphosa"|date=26 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191954/https://twitter.com/CyrilRamaphosa/status/1132698920927268865|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* South Korea: {{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/moonriver365/status/1131812472283729920|title=@moonriver365|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521070551/https://twitter.com/moonriver365/status/1131812472283729920|url-status=live}}
* St. Vincent and the Grenadines: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/ComradeRalph/status/1131882064779915266|title=Ralph Gonsalves "@ComradeRalph"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054040/https://twitter.com/ComradeRalph/status/1131882064779915266|url-status=live}}
* Switzerland: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133426647988936705|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=28 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006034540/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133426647988936705|url-status=live}}
* Tajikistan: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131905621245218816|title=Raveesh Kumar@MEAIndia|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927105451/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131905621245218816|url-status=live}}
* Thailand: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/IndiainThailand/status/1131876148143509504|title=India in Thailand "@IndiainThailand"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927105413/https://twitter.com/IndiainThailand/status/1131876148143509504|url-status=live}}
* Turkmenistan: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131921382982520832|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191952/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131921382982520832|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Uganda: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/KagutaMuseveni/status/1131871961452298240|title=Kaguta Museveni "@KagutaMuseveni"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520202512/https://twitter.com/KagutaMuseveni/status/1131871961452298240|url-status=live}}
* Ukraine: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131928496949694464|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=24 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016051215/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131928496949694464|url-status=live}}
* United Kingdom: [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uk-govt-welcomes-modi-s-inspiring-re-election-119052302141_1.html UK govt welcomes Modi's 'inspiring' re-election] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182138/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/uk-govt-welcomes-modi-s-inspiring-re-election-119052302141_1.html |date=23 May 2019 }}, PTI, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
* United States: [https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1131609042227482625 Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523190721/https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1131609042227482625 |date=23 May 2019 }}, Twitter (23 May 2019)
* Uzbekistan: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132129802096300033|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626191952/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132129802096300033|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}
* Venezuela: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132193034278510592|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=25 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927072826/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1132193034278510592|url-status=live}}
* Vietnam: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131522353966538754|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927105433/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1131522353966538754|url-status=live}}
* Zambia: {{cite web|url=https://www.twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133397407067197441|title=Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"|date=28 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=29 May 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006035755/https://twitter.com/MEAIndia/status/1133397407067197441|url-status=live}}
* Zimbabwe: {{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/edmnangagwa/status/1131541818422812672|title=Emmerson Mnangagwa "@edmnangagwa"|date=23 May 2019|website=Twitter|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728194232/https://mobile.twitter.com/edmnangagwa/status/1131541818422812672|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Government formation ===
{{Excerpt|Timeline of the 2019 Indian general election|fragment=Government formation}}

===Swearing-in ceremony===
{{Excerpt|Second swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi|fragment=lead section}}

===Impact===
The benchmark [[Sensex|BSE Sensex]] and [[CNX Nifty|Nifty50]] indices hit intraday record highs and the [[Indian rupee]] strengthened after the exit polls and on the day the election results were announced.<ref>[https://www.zeebiz.com/market-news/news-lok-sabha-election-result-impact-sensex-creates-history-breaches-40000-mark-to-set-record-high-99856 Lok Sabha Election Result Impact: Sensex creates history, breaches 40,000 mark to set record high] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523182145/https://www.zeebiz.com/market-news/news-lok-sabha-election-result-impact-sensex-creates-history-breaches-40000-mark-to-set-record-high-99856 |date=23 May 2019 }}, Zee Business (23 May 2019)</ref>

==Timeline==
{{Excerpt|Timeline of the 2019 Indian general election|Electoral events|subsections=yes|bold=yes}}
== By statewise ==
[[Category:2019 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
==See also==
* [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha]]
* [[2019 Rajya Sabha elections]]
* [[2019 elections in India]]
* [[Politics of India]] [[:Category:2019 Indian general election by state or union territory]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Surjit S. Bhalla. ''Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019'' (2019 [https://www.amazon.in/Citizen-Raj-Indian-Elections-1952-2019/dp/9388689127 Buy Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019 Book Online at Low Prices in India | Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019 Reviews & Ratings - Amazon.in]
* Prannoy Roy, Dorab R. Sopariwala. ''The Verdict: Decoding India's Elections'' (2019) [https://penguin.co.in/book/uncategorized/the-verdict/ The Verdict]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Indian general election, 2019}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2019 Indian general election| ]]
[[Category:2019 elections in Asia|India]]
[[Category:2019 elections in India|General]]
[[Category:April 2019 in India|General]]
[[Category:General elections in India]]
[[Category:May 2019 in India|General]]

Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation

2026-04-13T08:29:28Z

ZaidBaig: updated page

{{Short description|Local governing body of Pimpri-Chinchwad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation
| native_name = ''Pimparī Cin̄cavaḍa Mahānagarapālikā''
| native_name_lang = ma
| motto = Prepared for public interest
| coa_pic = Official Logo of PCMC.jpeg
| coa_res = 200px
| coa_alt = Logo of PCMC
| coa_caption = [[Emblem|Emblem of Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]
| house_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = 11 October 1982<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/location_info.php|title=PCMC {{!}} City Location|website=www.pcmcindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-01|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806044146/http://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/location_info.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| preceded_by = Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Council, Pune (1970-1982)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.punediary.com/html/pcmt.html|title=PCMC Pimpri chinchwad mahanagar palika PCMT Pimpri chinchwad municipal transport punediary.com pcmc|website=www.punediary.com|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>
| leader1_type = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] & Administrator
| leader1 = Dr. Vijay Suryawanshi
| party1 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite web|title=PCMC's Commissioner|url=http://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/department.asp?Action=SHOW_DETAIL&MID=16&PID=1&MenuID=16&ID=00054&Title=1-Office%20of%20Commissioner|work=PCMC - Office of Commissioner|access-date=21 August 2011|archive-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321120737/http://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/department.asp?Action=SHOW_DETAIL&MID=16&PID=1&MenuID=16&ID=00054&Title=1-Office%20of%20Commissioner|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| leader2_type = Mayor
| leader2 = Ravi Landge
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader3_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader3 = Sharmila Babar
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader4_type = Leader of Opposition
| members = 128<ref>{{cite news|title=PCMC civic elders strength to be 128|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20110811/4976249755531959244.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004072028/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/SakaalTimesBeta/20110811/4976249755531959244.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 October 2011|newspaper=Sakaal Times|date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/pdf/election2017/Vivaran%206.pdf|title=Elections 2017 Party-wise Results|website=Official Website of PCMC}}</ref>
| structure1 = PCMC2026.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| structure1_alt =
| political_groups1 = '''Government (84)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (84)
'''Opposition (44)'''
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|37}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (6)
:* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
| committees1 = {{flatlist|
* Standing Committee
* Law Committee
* Women and Child welfare Committee
* City improvement Committee
* Sports, Art, literature and cultural committee
* Biodiversity Committee
* Ward Committees (A to H)
}}
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting]]
| first_election1 =
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}}</ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| session_room =
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place = PCMC Bhavan, Pimpri, Pune
| website = {{URL|https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC)''' is the [[Municipal Corporations in India|civic body]] that governs the city of [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]], from state of [[Maharashtra]], was established on 11 October 1982. It governs an area of 181 km2 with a population of 1.72 million.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/location_info.php|title=PCMC {{!}} City Location|website=www.pcmcindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-11|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806044146/http://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/location_info.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/376-pimpri-and-chinchwad.html|title=Pimpri and Chinchwad City Population Census 2011 {{!}} Maharashtra|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> The executive power of the PCMC is vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]], an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The position is held by Shekhar Singh (IAS) during the pandemic in late December 2020.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/hardikar-transferred-as-municipal-commissioner-of-pimpri-chinchwad/04222249|title=Hardikar transferred as Municipal Commissioner of Pimpri-Chinchwad|website=www.nagpurtoday.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The general body of the PCMC consists of 128 directly elected councilors,<ref name=":7" /> popularly known as "corporators", headed by a mayor. Rahul Jadhav ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) was elected as the mayor and Sachin Chinchwade ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) as the deputy mayor in August 2018.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/rahul-jadhav-former-6-seater-rickshaw-driver-becomes-pcmc-mayor/articleshow/65274678.cms|title=Ex-auto driver is new mayor of Maharashtra city - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-08-04}}</ref> The PCMC headquarters is situated in [[Pimpri]] on the Old Pune-Mumbai Highway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/contact.php|title=PCMC {{!}} Contact us|website=www.pcmcindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref>

== History ==
The industrialization in what is today the areas of Pune's Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation began in 1954 with the establishment of [[Hindustan Antibiotics]], the first pharmaceutical company of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/pulse/once-crown-jewels-pharma-psus-stare-into-the-sunset/article9493627.ece|title=Once crown jewels, pharma PSUs stare into the sunset|work=@businessline|access-date=2018-05-03|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Punes-HA-Colony-looks-to-civic-body-for-aid/articleshow/52035094.cms|title=Pune's HA Colony looks to civic body for aid - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> On 4 March 1970, [[Annasaheb Magar]] laid the foundation stone of the Pimpri Chinchwad [[Nagar Palika|Municipal Council]], which brought the industrial and residential areas of [[Pimpri]], [[Chinchwad]], Akurdi and [[Bhosari]] under a unified civic body. Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation is popularly known as PCMC, it is also one of the best planned city in India. In 1975, the status of the [[Nagar Palika|Municipal Council]] was changed from [[Classification of Indian cities|C to A class]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.punediary.com/html/pcmt.html|title=PCMC Pimpri chinchwad mahanagar palika PCMT Pimpri chinchwad municipal transport punediary.com pcmc|website=www.punediary.com|access-date=2018-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> On 11 October 1982, the civic body was reorganized to form the modern [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporation]] with the merger of seven surrounding villages of [[Sangvi (Pimpri-Chinchwad)|Sangvi]], [[Rahatani]], [[Thergaon]], [[Pimple Gurav]], Pimple Nilakh, [[Pimple Saudagar]] as well as parts of [[Wakad]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/pdf/DP_report_TP/New%20Villeges%20DP%20Report/DP.pdf|title=Development Plan - 2021|date=May 2001|website=Official Website of PCMC|page=1.3–4 (19–20)|access-date=3 May 2018|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231708/https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/pdf/DP_report_TP/New%20Villeges%20DP%20Report/DP.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The newly formed PCMC had an area of 86 km2 under its jurisdiction, which increased drastically in September 1997 after 18 fringe villages were merged into the city.<ref name=":6" /> Today the city has an area of 181 km2.<ref name=":1" />

== Administration ==
The [[Municipal governance in India#Responsibilities of urban local bodies|major responsibility]] of PCMC is to look after the civic and infrastructural needs of the citizens. The administration consists of two major branches: the executive branch headed by the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] and the deliberative branch headed by the [[Mayor]]. The [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|PCMC Police]] is the law enforcement agency for the neighbourhood along with its historic [[Pune]] and answers to the Ministry of Home Affairs of the [[Government of Maharashtra|GoM]]. It is headed by a Police Commissioner, an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer. A separate police commissionerate was announced for [[Pimpri-Chinchwad|PCMC, Pune]] in April 2018 to be carved out of Pune City Police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/police-commissionerate-for-pimpri-chinchwad-gets-state-nod/articleshow/63703600.cms|title=Police commissionerate for Pimpri Chinchwad gets state nod - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/rs-323-crore-set-aside-for-new-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissionerate/story-ckEdDzI8oA02adbclgzudN.html|title=Rs 323 crore set aside for New Pimpri Chinchwad Police Commissionerate|date=2018-04-04|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en}}</ref>

=== Executive Branch ===
The executive branch is headed by the [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|State government]] from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] for a term not exceeding three years according to Section 36 of the Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf|title=Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949|website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref> The Municipal Commissioner also serves on the boards of directors of the two public transport companies, [[Pune Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Limited|PMPML]] and [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited|MahaMetro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pmpml.org/en/about-us/board-of-directors/|title=PMPML Board of Directors|website=PMPML}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mahametro.org/about.html|title=Maha Metro|website=mahametro.org|language=en|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/five-state-representatives-to-join-maha-metro-soon/articleshow/56631528.cms|title=Five state representatives to join Maha-Metro soon - Pune Mirror -|work=Pune Mirror|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref>

==== Administrative Zones ====
The city is divided into eight administrative zones (named A to H). Each zone consists of 4 electoral wards and has an office ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: क्षेत्रिय कार्यालय, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Kṣhetriya Kāryālay) overseen by an Assistant Municipal Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/ward_info.php|title=PCMC {{!}} Administration zone information|website=www.pcmcindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/new-pcmc-zonal-offices-to-open-in-a-week/articleshow/59496435.cms|title=New PCMC zonal offices to open in a week - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref>

=== Deliberative Branch ===
The deliberative branch is the elected branch of the PCMC headed by the [[Mayor]].<ref name=":92">Mukhopadhyay, A., 1999. Politics and Bureaucracy in Urban Governance: The Indian Experience. Mathur, India,pp.110 [http://www.nipfp.org.in/media/pdf/books/BK_47/Chapters/4.%20%20Politics%20&%20Bureaucracy%20In%20Urban%20Governance.pdf]</ref> The city is divided into 32 electoral wards ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: प्रभाग, [[IAST]]: Prabhāg), represented by 4 [[Councillors|corporators]] each.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/pdf/election2017/PCMC%20Final%20Ward%20Rachana%20gazeete.pdf|title=Final Ward Organization, Election 2017|website=Official Website of PCMC}}</ref> Thus, the general body of the PCMC consists of 128 corporators. They are elected for a five-year term by [[Universal suffrage|adult franchise]] in municipal elections. All major [[Politics of Maharashtra#Political parties & alliances|political parties]] active in the [[Maharashtra|state]] contest the elections.

The corporators elect the Mayor, a ceremonial position with limited duties who acts as an ambassador and representative of the city, as well as a Deputy Mayor. The corporators approve the city budget and act as watchdogs on implementation of policy by the staff under the Municipal Commissioner.<ref name=":92"/>

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Pi11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pi12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Pi13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==== Committees ====
The corporators form several committees which deliberate on various issues. At present, PCMC has the following subject committees: Law, Women and Child welfare, City improvement, Biodiversity and a committee for Sports, Art, Literature and Culture.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/governing-body.php|title=PCMC {{!}} Governing Body|website=www.pcmcindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-03}}</ref> The Standing Committee is the perhaps the most important committee of the PCMC formed according to Section 20 of Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://pmc.gov.in/sites/default/files/miscellaneous/%2802%29%20The%20Mah.%20Municipal%20Corporation%20Act%20%28H-4062%29.pdf|title=Maharashtra Municipal Corporation Act, 1949|website=Official Website of the Pune Municipal Corporation}}</ref> It consists of 16 members headed by a President appointed at the first meeting of the newly elected Corporation, half of whom retire every succeeding year. A new president is also appointed every year. Besides the subject committees and the Standing Committee, there are eight ward committees representing each of the eight administrative zones (A to H) of the city.<ref name=":4" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+City Officials
!Title
!Incumbent
!Since
!Appointed/Elected
|-
|[[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]] & Administrator
|Rajesh Patil<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/rajesh-patil-is-new-pcmc-commissioner-101613148867015.html|title=Rajesh Patil is new PCMC commissioner|date=12 February 2021|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref>
|2021
| rowspan="2" |Appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|GoM]]
|-
|[[Police commissioner|Commissioner of Police]]
|Ankush Shinde<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/ankush-shinde-appointed-as-pimpri-chinchwad-police-commissioner-101650478120390-amp.html|title=Ankush Shinde appointed as Pimpri-Chinchwad police commissioner|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>
|April 2022
|-
|[[Mayor]]
|Ravi Landge
|
| rowspan="4" |Elected
|-
|Deputy Mayor
|
|
|-
|Leader of the House
|Vacant
|
|-
|President of the Standing Committee
|Vacant
|
|}

==List of Mayor==
Dnyaneshwar Pandurang Landge was the First Mayor of Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation in the Year 1986.
Later in 1990 he got elected as the MLA of Haveli Taluka and represented the area of Haveli Taluka including Pimpri Chinchwad City Effectively.

== List of Deputy Mayor ==
Hanumantrao Bhosale was the First Deputy Mayor of Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation in the Year 1986.

== Municipal elections ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Municipal Election Summary
! rowspan="2" |S.No.
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party name
! rowspan="2" |Party flag or symbol
! rowspan="2" |Coalition
! colspan="2" |Number of Corporators
!
|-
!2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1zwCB5miomxaxgtosJnwGxnW36dIqlLvVHoz6-tiQZmM/pub?gid=0|title=Result sheet - Municipal Corporation 2012|website=docs.google.com|access-date=2018-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>!! 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/pdf/election2017/Vivaran%206.pdf|title=Elections 2017 Party-wise Results|website=Official website PCMC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/pcmc-elections-2017-in-pimpri-big-guns-fall-silent-newcomers-make-winning-starts-4540831/|title=In Pimpri, big guns fall silent, newcomers make winning starts|date=9 March 2017|website=Indian Express|language=en|accessdate=9 March 2017}}</ref>
!2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Election Results 2026 Marathi News {{!}} पिंपरी चिंचवड महापालिका निवडणूक निकाल २०२६ मराठी बातम्या {{!}} PCMC Elections 2026 Latest News & Live Updates in Marathi {{!}} PCMC Election 2026 Winners List {{!}} Pimpri Chinchwad Mahanagar Palika Nikal 2026 {{!}} पीसीएमसी निवडणूक निकाल २०२६ {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/municipal-election/pimpri-chinchwad-municipal-corporation-election/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.lokmat.com/ |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| 1
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" | || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) ||
|[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
|03|| 77
|84
|-
|2
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px|center]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|14
|09
|06
|-
| 3
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" | || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px|center]]
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]

|83|| 36
|37
|-
| 4
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | || [[Indian National Congress]] (Congress) ||
|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|14|| 00
|0
|-
| 5
| style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" | || [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) || [[File:Flag of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.svg|75px|center]]
| -
|04|| 01
|0
|-
|6
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician#India|Independents]]
|[[File:No flag.svg|75px|center]]
| -
|10
|05
|01
|-
| colspan="5" |Total
|128
|128
|128
|-
|}

The 2017 municipal elections were held on 21 February. For the first time in the history of PCMC, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] emerged with an absolute majority with 77 seats. The newly elected general body elected Nitin Kalje ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) as the mayor and Shailaja More ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) in March 2017.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/a-first-in-30-years-pimpri-gets-a-bjp-mayor-shailaja-more-4569209/|title=A first in 30 years: Pimpri gets a BJP mayor|date=2017-03-15|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Kalje and More resigned on 24 July 2018 citing personal reasons. The resignations came as a part of BJP's 15-month mayorship policy to allow leadership positions to other corporators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esakal.com/pune/mayor-and-deputy-mayor-pimpri-chinchwad-are-resigned-133117|title=पिंपरी-चिंचवडचे महापौर, उपमहापौरांचा राजीनामा|website=www.esakal.com|language=mr|access-date=2018-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pimpri-chinchwad-mayor-his-deputy-resign/articleshow/65125066.cms|title=Pimpri Chinchwad mayor, his deputy resign - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-25}}</ref> On 4 August 2018, Rahul Jadhav and Sachin Chinchwade of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] were respectively elected as the mayor and deputy mayor.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/bjps-rahul-jadhav-elected-the-mayor-of-pimpri-chinchwad-municipal-corporation-1725355/|title=भाजपाचे राहुल जाधव पिंपरीचे नवे महापौर|date=2018-08-04|work=Loksatta|access-date=2018-08-04|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
*[[Pune Metropolitan Region]]
*[[Pune District]]
*[[Maharashtra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pcmcindia.in/location.asp?MID=0&PID=0&MenuID=68&Title=Location PCMC official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926100604/http://pcmcindia.in/location.asp?MID=0&PID=0&MenuID=68&Title=Location |date=26 September 2010 }}
*[http://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/schemes.php pcmcindia.gov.in]

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Pune}}

[[Category:Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Jagaddhatri (TV series)

2026-04-13T03:37:42Z

ZaidBaig: Put up first entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Bengali television series}}
{{About|the Bengali TV series|the Hindi one|Jagadhatri (TV series){{!}}''Jagadhatri'' (TV series)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Jagaddhatri.png
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Crime]]
| creator = [[Blues Productions]]
| developer =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Snehasish Chakraborty
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Argha Paik
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| voices =
| composer =
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 1201
| executive_producer = Runa Dey Sarkar Priyabrata Bhattacharya (Blues Productions) Paromita & Aditi (Zee Bangla)
| producer = Snehasish Chakraborty
| editor = Bapon Pramanik Kunal Banerjee
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Kartik Das
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Blues Productions]]
| channel = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|08|29|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|12|14|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Jagaddhatri''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Romantic film|Romantic]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama]] television series that premiered from 29 August 2022 to 14 December 2025 on [[Zee Bangla]].<ref>{{cite news |title= রূপে জগদ্ধাত্রী, পাপের বিনাশে মা দুর্গা, রইল জি বাংলার নতুন নায়িকার পরিচয়|url=https://ichorepaka.in/zee-bangla-upcoming-serial-jagadhatri-actress-real-identity/|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= রাতারাতি মহিলাদের হার্টথ্রব, 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' সিরিয়ালের নায়ক আসলে কে, রইল অভিনেতার আসল পরিচয়|url=https://ichorepaka.in/zee-bangla-jagadhatri-actor-soumyadeep-mukherjee-wiki-facts-and-biography/|language=bn}}</ref> The show is produced by Snehasish Chakraborty of ''[[Blues Productions]]'' and stars Ankita Mallick and Soumyadeep Mukherjee in lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagaddhatri: 'জগদ্ধাত্রী পা রাখে যেখানে,পাপ মুছে যায় সেখানে', জি বাংলায় আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-s-upcoming-serial-jagaddhatri-s-promo-on-air-the-show-stars-debutant-ankita-mallick-in-lead-role-31659758171982.html |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around a girl named Jagaddhatri and an orphan boy, Swayambhu, who are both friends and crime-fighting officers. Jagaddhatri is a secret crime branch officer, but only Koushiki, Kakon and Utsav know her real real identity. Later, Swayambhu and Jagadhatri get married.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Ankita Mallick in a dual role:
**Jagaddhatri Mukherjee (née Sanyal) aka Jas Sanyal: Dev's daughter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jagaddhatri: 'জগদ্ধাত্রী পা রাখে যেখানে,পাপ মুছে যায় সেখানে', জি বাংলায় আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-s-upcoming-serial-jagaddhatri-s-promo-on-air-the-show-stars-debutant-ankita-mallick-in-lead-role-31659758171982.html |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
**Durga Mukherjee: Swayambhu's & Jagaddhatri's daughter.
*Soumyadeep Mukherjee as Swayambhu Mukherjee: Jagadhatri's husband, Durga's father<ref>{{cite news |title= রাতারাতি মহিলাদের হার্টথ্রব, 'জগদ্ধাত্রী' সিরিয়ালের নায়ক আসলে কে, রইল অভিনেতার আসল পরিচয়|url=https://ichorepaka.in/zee-bangla-jagadhatri-actor-soumyadeep-mukherjee-wiki-facts-and-biography/|language=bn}}</ref>
*Rishav Bhowmik as Rishav Maitra

===Recurring===
*Rupsha Chakraborty as Kaushiki Mukherjee
*Priyantika Arohi Mukherjee as Kakon Chatterjee
**Devangana Fozdar Gungun as child Kakon Chatterjee aka Angel
*Arka Chakraborty as Utsav Mukherjee
*Sanchari Das / Ritu Rai Acharya as Mehendi Mukherjee (née Sanyal)
*[[Moumita Gupta]] as Boidehi Mukherjee (née Chatterjee)
*[[Supriyo Dutta]] as Rajnath Mukherjee aka Raju
*Tapashi Roy Chowdhury as Bhargabi Mukherjee
*Manishankar Banerjee as Dibanath Mukherjee aka Diba
*Ashim Mukhopadhyay as Chandranath Mukherjee aka Chaadu aka Chaadbodon
*Rupsha Chatterjee as Gorima Mukherjee
*Prarona Bhattacharya as Sangvi Laha (née Mukherjee)
*Twarita Chatterjee as Preetilata Ganguly (née Mukherjee) aka Preeti
*Debjoy Mallick as Debu Ganguly aka North Bengal's Debuda
*[[Kanchana Moitra]] as Shakuntala Sanyal
*Biplab Banerjee as Deb Sanyal
*[[Soma Dey]] as Mahashweta Sanyal
*Shobhana Bhunia as Upasana Ganguly
*Somasree Chaki as Nupur Sanyal
*Roshni Ghosh as Aradhana Ganguly
*Sahamita Acharya as Mouma Sanyal
*Aditya Chowdhury as Samaresh Chatterjee
*Satyam Majumdar as Sadhu Batobyal
*Gourab Ghoshal as Menan
*Sougata Dasgupta as Gunjon
*Priya Paul as Divya Sen
*Sukanya Chatterjee as Shoirindri
*Subhajit Banerjee as Inspector Aditya Bagchi
*Amitava Das as Pritam Laha
*Meghna Mukherjee as Pritam's wife
*Raja Kundu as Shambo Laha
*Sonali Chatterjee as Anjana Laha
*Suravi Sanyal as Shalini Laha
*Monalisa Das as Lekha
*Aditya Roy as Vedchandra Basu
*Susmita Roy Chakraborty as Subhadra Basu
*Siddhartha Ghosh as Sourandra
*Sayantani Majumder as Simantini
*Nandini Saha as Tinni Chatterjee
*Taniya Paul as Deepika Chatterjee
*Subhojit Bakshi as Berandra
*Ananya Biswas as Nuri Nayak
*Srideep Bhattacharjee as Siddhartha aka Dodo
*Koushiki Paul as Darpana Ganguly
*Niladri Lahiri as Dipranjan Ganguly
*Payel Sarkar as Payel
*Madhumita Chakrabarty as Madhumita
*Kaushiki Basu as Kalpona
*Akash Ghosh as Lilliput
*Pallab Chakraborty as Tarun Tirtha Tolapatra aka Double T
*Kaustuv Sengupta as Tushar Tirtha Tolapatra aka Triple T
*Meghna Halder as Barsha Kaul
*Joy Badlani as Guru Sharma
*[[Indrani Dutta]] as
**Late Mohini Roy Chowdhury
**Mallika Roy Chowdhury
*Suparna Patra as Jayanti
*Pradip Dhar as Kalipod Roy Chowdhury aka Karali
*[[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Neel Mukherjee]] as Upal Maitra
*[[Debolina Dutta]] as Bijaylakshmi Ghosh
*Mahua Halder as Anindita Sarkar
*Shambhavi Mukherjee as Ashmita Sarkar
*Arunava Dutta as Bilas Sarkar
*Kalyani Mondal as Kalyani Sarkar
*Rupsa Chatterjee as Pramita Basu aka Fake Banolata Chakraborty
*Aritra Goswami as Late Dipan Basu
*Tridip Hazra as Chiranjeet
*Priyanka Chakraborty as Late Banolata Chakraborty aka Fake Pramita Basu
*Subha Ranjan Mukherjee as Uttiyo Mukherjee
*Maitreyee Mitra as Kakoli
*Arpita Dutta Chowdhury as Bipasha
*Sandip Chakraborty as Bhaskar
*Jina Tarafder as Jiya
*Diya Ghosh as Diya
*Samm Bhattacharya as Kakoli's assistant
*Ekta Ganguly as Mala Chatterjee
*Upasana Saha as Pritha Ganguly
*Sutapa Banerjee as Dr. Sreemoti Sen
*Sayanta Modak as Sankolpo Sen
*Sayan Karmakar as Barun Das aka Babin Khan
*Subrata Mitra as Sanjit Banerjee
*Tapasya Dasgupta as Nibedita Maitra
*Rajib Banerjee as Dr. Rajib
*Madhurima Paul as Krithika
*Madhurima Mukherjee as Rimli

===Guest appearance===
*[[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Animesh Dutta from ''[[Abar Proloy]]''

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Pink; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:Pink; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Pink; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:Pink; width:13%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Pink; width:12%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Pink; width:14%;"| Notes
! style="background:Pink; width:10%;"| Ref.
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Jagaddhatri'' জগদ্ধাত্রী
| 29 August 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 14 December 2025
| Original
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Model Ankita Mallick to play a special crime branch officer in upcoming TV show 'Jagaddhatri' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/model-ankita-mallick-to-play-a-special-crime-branch-officer-in-upcoming-tv-show-jagaddhatri/articleshow/93385123.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Jagadhatri]]'' జగద్ధాత్రి
| 21 August 2023
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| Ongoing
| rowspan="7"| Remake
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/upcoming-show-jagadhatri-to-narrate-the-story-of-a-courageous-girl-working-as-undercover-officer/articleshow/102852109.cms|title=Upcoming show 'Jagadhatri' to narrate the story of a courageous girl working as undercover officer|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Sehajveer'' ਸਹਿਜਵੀਰ
| 25 March 2024
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 31 May 2025
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Punjabi Unveils Riveting New Show "Sehajveer" - A Perfect Blend of Family Drama and Action Thriller, premiering on 25th March, Mon to Sat.. at 8:30 pm|url=https://www.indianewscalling.com/news/149928-zee-punjabi-unveils-riveting-new-show-sehajveer-a-perfect-blend-of-family-drama-and-action-thril.aspx}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Ayali (2025 TV series)|Ayali]]'' அயலி
| 2 June 2025
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| rowspan="4"| Ongoing
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tejaswini-gowda-set-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-ayali/articleshow/120578078.cms|title=Tejaswini Gowda set to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Ayali'|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Tarini'' तारिणी
| 11 August 2025
| [[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=गेल्यावर्षी 'जगद्धात्री'ची घोषणा, पण गाडी पुढे सरकलीच नाही! नव्या मालिकांचे प्रोमो येताच चाहत्यांचे सवाल|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/zee-marathi-new-serials-laxmi-nivas-and-tula-japnar-aahe-coming-soon-fans-asked-about-what-happened-to-jagatdhatatri-which-was-announced-last-year/articleshow/114683362.cms|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Jagadhatri (TV series)|Jagadhatri]]'' जगद्धात्री
| 10 November 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2 October 2025|title=Jagadhatri to feature Sonakshi Batra and Farman Haider in lead roles
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jagadhatri-to-feature-sonakshi-batra-and-farman-haider-in-lead-roles/articleshow/124277844.cms|access-date=1 November 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Durga'' ദുർഗ്ഗ
| 17 November 2025
| [[Zee Keralam]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/zee-keralam-serial-durga-actors-and-characters/|title=Durga Zee Keralam Serial Actors and Characters, Jagaddhatri Remade in Malayalam|website=Kerala TV|date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Jagaddhatri'' ಜಗದ್ಧಾತ್ರಿ
| {{TBA}}
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Upcoming
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jagadhatri/0-6-4z5202574 ''Jagaddhatri''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt27159524}}

{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Salempur Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T18:59:51Z

ZaidBaig: cleanup structure also and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Salempur
| map_image = 341-Salempur.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 341
| mla = [[Vijay Laxmi Gautam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| electors = 3,44,224
}}
'''Salempur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Salempur in the [[Deoria district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. Salempur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Awadhesh Pratap Mall]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Shiv Bacchan
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref name="election1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Hari Kewal Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Durga Prasad Mishra<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Awadhesh Pratap Mall]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Suresh Yadav<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Swami Nath Yadav
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Anand Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Murad Lari]]<ref name="election1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Ghazala Lari|Fasiha Murad Lari]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Ghazala Lari]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Manbodh Prasad<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Kalicharan Prasad]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Vijay Laxmi Gautam]]<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Salempur
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vijaylaxmi Gautam
|votes = 82047
|percentage = 46.15
|change = -0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Manbodh Prasad
|votes = 65439
|percentage = 36.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rajesh Bharati
|votes = 20657
|percentage = 11.62
|change = -5.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dulari Devi
|votes = 2736
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Bharat Vyash Gautam
|votes = 2732
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1823
|percentage = 1.03
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16608
|percentage = 9.35
|change = -6.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 177800
|percentage = 51.65
|change = -0.9
}}
{{Election box end
}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Salempur
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kali Prasad
|votes = 76175
|percentage = 46.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Vijay Laxmi Gautam
|votes = 50521
|percentage = 31.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ranvijay
|votes = 28152
|percentage = 17.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Satish Kumar
|votes = 2280
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramkripal
|votes = 1055
|percentage = 0.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Munnilal Paswan
|votes = 812
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Ramesh Chanda Sahani
|votes = 661
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)
|candidate = Arun Kumar
|votes = 441
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Chandeshwar
|votes = 373
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 1951
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25654
|percentage = 15.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 162421
|percentage = 52.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box end
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.30|83.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Deoria district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Germany

2026-03-27T00:04:06Z

ZaidBaig: fixed formatting as per guidelines after review

{{Short description|Country in Western and Central Europe}}
{{About|the country}}
{{Redirect|Deutschland|other uses|Deutschland (disambiguation)}}
{{featured article}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Federal Republic of Germany
| common_name = Germany
| native_name = {{lang|de|Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}
| image_flag = Flag of Germany.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Germany.svg
| coa_size = 70
| national_anthem = {{lang|de|"[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]"|italics=no}}{{efn|From 1952 to 1990, the entire "{{lang|de|Das Lied der Deutschen|italic=no}}" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.<ref name="PresidentsOffice">{{cite web|url=http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Amt-und-Aufgaben/Wirken-im-Inland/Repraesentation-und-Integration/repraesentation-und-integration-node.html|title=Repräsentation und Integration|publisher=[[Bundespräsidialamt]]|language=de|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307221541/http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Amt-und-Aufgaben/Wirken-im-Inland/Repraesentation-und-Integration/repraesentation-und-integration-node.html|archivedate=7 March 2016|accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref>}} ''The Song of the Germans'' <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Nationalhymne der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map = {{switcher|[[File:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Germany on the globe centred on Europe|[[File:EU-Germany.svg|frameless]]|Show map of the [[European Union]]|default=1}}
| map_width = 250px
| capital = [[Berlin]]{{efn|Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and ''de jure'' seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, [[Bonn]], has the special title of "federal city" ({{lang|de|Bundesstadt}}) and is the primary seat of six ministries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/the-german-federal-government|website=deutschland.de|title=The German Federal Government|date=23 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430004825/https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/the-german-federal-government|archivedate=30 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|52|31|N|13|23|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[German language|German]]{{efn|[[Danish language|Danish]], [[Low German]], [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]], [[Romani language|Romani]], and [[Frisian languages|Frisian]] are recognised by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/09/the-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany/|publisher=Library of Congress|last=Gesley|first=Jenny|title=The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany|date=26 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525092638/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/09/the-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany/|archivedate=25 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| demonym = [[Germans|German]]
| government_type = Federal [[parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Germany|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]
| leader_title2 = [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Friedrich Merz]]
| legislature = {{hlist|[[Bundestag]]| [[German Bundesrat|Bundesrat]]}}
| area_km2 = 357,022
| area_rank = 63rd 
| area_sq_mi = 137,847 
| percent_water = 1.27<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|accessdate=11 October 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#|archivedate=24 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 83,497,147<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Current-Population/Tables/liste-current-population-basis-2022.html |title=Population by nationality and sex (quarterly figures) |publisher=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany|DESTATIS]] |date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = Q3 2025
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 82,719,540<ref name="Census2022.DE">{{cite web|url=https://www.zensus2022.de/DE/Ergebnisse-des-Zensus/_inhalt.html#toc-2 |title=Ergebnisse des Zensus 2022 – Bevölkerung (15.05.2022) |publisher=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany|Destatis]] |date=25 June 2024 |language=de |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703074423/https://www.zensus2022.de/DE/Ergebnisse-des-Zensus/_inhalt.html |archivedate=3 July 2025}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_census_rank = 19th
| population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 83491249/357596 round 0}}
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_density_rank = 63rd
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $6.324 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.DE">{{Cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=IMF Data. |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=October 2025 |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 6th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2026
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $75,480<ref name="IMFWEO.DE" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 23rd
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $5.328 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.DE" />
| GDP_nominal_rank = 3rd
| GDP_nominal_year = 2026
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $63,600<ref name="IMFWEO.DE" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 19th
| Gini = 29.4 
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income|publisher=[[Eurostat]]|accessdate=17 September 2024|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.959
| HDI_rank = 5th
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])
| currency_code = EUR
| time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| cctld = [[.de]]
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Germany|+49]]
| today =
| date_format = {{hlist|Day, month, year|Year, month, day}}
}}
'''Germany''',{{efn|{{langx|de|Deutschland}}, {{IPA|de|ˈdɔʏtʃlant|lang|De-Deutschland.ogg}}}} officially the '''Federal Republic of Germany''',{{efn|{{langx|de|Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}, {{IPA|de|ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant|lang|De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch|publisher=Dudenverlag|year=2005|isbn=978-3-411-04066-7|editor-last=Mangold|editor-first=Max|edition=6th|pages=271, 53f|language=de}}</ref>}} is a country in [[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Central Europe]]. It lies between the [[Baltic Sea]] and the [[North Sea]] to the north with the [[Alps]] to the south. Its sixteen [[States of Germany|constituent states]] have [[Demographics of Germany|a total population]] of over 82 million, making it the most populous [[member state of the European Union]] (EU). Germany borders [[Denmark]] to the north; [[Poland]] and the [[Czech Republic]] to the east; [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]] to the south; and [[France]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]], and the [[Netherlands]] to the west. The [[Capital of Germany|nation's capital]] and [[List of cities in Germany by population|most populous city]] is [[Berlin]] and its main financial centre is [[Frankfurt]]; the largest urban area is the [[Ruhr]].

Settlement in the territory of modern Germany began in the [[Lower Paleolithic]], with various tribes inhabiting it from the [[Neolithic]] onward, chiefly the [[Celts]], and [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] inhabiting the north. [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] named the area [[Germania]]. In 962, the [[Kingdom of Germany]] formed the bulk of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. During the 16th century, [[Northern Germany|northern German regions]] became the centre of the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]]. Following the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and [[Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire|the dissolution]] of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the [[German Confederation]] was formed in 1815.

[[Unification of Germany]] into the modern [[Nation state|nation-state]], [[North German Confederation Treaty|led]] by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Proclamation of the German Empire|established]] the [[German Empire]] in 1871. After [[World War I]] and [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|a revolution]], the Empire was replaced by the [[Weimar Republic]]. The [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|Nazi rise to power]] in 1933 led to the establishment of [[Nazi Germany|a totalitarian dictatorship]], [[World War II]], and [[the Holocaust]]. In 1949, [[end of World War II in Europe|after the war]] and [[Allied-occupied Germany|Allied occupation]], Germany was organised into [[Inner German relations|two separate polities]] with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), or [[West Germany]], and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or [[East Germany]]. The FRG was a founding member of the [[European Economic Community]], while the GDR was a communist [[Eastern Bloc]] state and a founding member of the [[Warsaw Pact]]. After [[Peaceful Revolution|the fall]] of the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|communist led-government]] in East Germany, [[German reunification]] saw the [[New states of Germany|former East German states]] join the FRG on [[German Unity Day|3 October 1990]].

Germany is a [[developed country]] with [[Economy of Germany|a strong economy]]; it has the [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP]]. As a major force in several industrial, [[Science and technology in Germany|scientific and technological]] sectors, Germany is both the world's [[List of countries by exports|third-largest exporter]] and [[List of countries by imports|third-largest importer]]. Widely considered a [[great power]], Germany is part of [[Foreign relations of Germany#International organizations|multiple international organisations and forums]]. It has the [[World Heritage Sites by country|third-highest number]] of UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s: [[List of World Heritage Sites in Germany|55]], of which 52 are cultural.

== Etymology ==

{{Further|Names of Germany|Germani|Germania}}
The [[English language|English]] word ''Germany'' derives from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|Germania}}, which came into use after [[Julius Caesar]] adopted it for the peoples east of the [[Rhine]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/germany00hage/page/4 |title=Germany: A New History |last=Schulze |first=Hagen |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-674-80688-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/germany00hage/page/4 4] |author-link=Hagen Schulze}}</ref> The [[German language|German]] term {{lang|de|Deutschland}}, originally {{lang|gmh|diutisciu land}} ('the German lands'), is derived from {{wikt-lang|de|deutsch}} ([[cf.]] ''[[wikt:Dutch#English|Dutch]]''), which descended from [[Old High German]] {{lang|goh|diutisc}} 'of the people' (from {{lang|goh|diot}} or {{lang|goh|diota}} 'people'), originally used to distinguish the [[Vernacular|language of the common people]] from Latin and [[Romance languages|its Romance descendants]]. This in turn descends from [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] {{lang|gem-x-proto|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz|þiudiskaz]]}} 'of the people' (see also the Latinised form {{lang|la|[[Theodiscus]]}}), derived from {{lang|gem-x-proto|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þeudō|þeudō]]}}, descended from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tewtéh₂|tewtéh₂-]]}} 'people', from which the word ''[[Teutons]]'' also originates.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA523 |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II |last1=Lloyd |first1=Albert L. |last2=Lühr |first2=Rosemarie |last3=Springer |first3=Otto |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |year=1998 |isbn=978-3-525-20768-0 |pages=699–704 |language=German |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911012455/https://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA523 |archivedate=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}} (for {{lang|goh|diutisc}}). {{cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Albert L. |title=Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II |year=1998 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=978-3-525-20768-0 |pages=685–686|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA516 |last2=Lühr |first2=Rosemarie |last3=Springer |first3=Otto |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916000730/https://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA516 |archivedate=16 September 2015 }} (for {{lang|goh|diot}}).</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Germany}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of German history}}

=== Prehistory ===
{{Main|Linear Pottery culture|Unetice culture|Urnfield culture|Celts}}

Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wagner |first1=G. A |last2=Krbetschek |first2=M |last3=Degering |first3=D |last4=Bahain |first4=J.-J |last5=Shao |first5=Q |last6=Falgueres |first6=C |last7=Voinchet |first7=P |last8=Dolo |first8=J.-M |last9=Garcia |first9=T |last10=Rightmire |first10=G. P |date=27 August 2010 |title=Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]] |volume=107 |issue=46 |pages=19726–19730 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1012722107 |pmc=2993404 |pmid=21041630 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The first non-modern human fossil (the [[Neanderthal]]) was discovered in the [[Neandertal (valley)|Neander Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html|publisher=Natural History Museum|title=Who were the Neanderthals?|last=Hendry|first=Lisa|date=5 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330003649/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html|archivedate=30 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the [[Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura|Swabian Jura]], including 42,000-year-old [[Paleolithic flute|flutes]] which are the oldest musical instruments ever found,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18196349 |title=Earliest music instruments found |date=25 May 2012 |work=BBC News |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903041534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18196349 |archivedate=3 September 2017 }}</ref> the 40,000-year-old [[Lion-man|Lion Man]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Ice-Age-iLion-Mani-is-worlds-earliest-figurative-sculpture/28595 |title=Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture |date=31 January 2013 |website=[[The Art Newspaper]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215162121/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Ice-Age-iLion-Mani-is-worlds-earliest-figurative-sculpture/28595 |archivedate=15 February 2015 }}</ref> and the 41,000-year-old [[Venus of Hohle Fels]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Nature|volume=459|title=A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany|last=Conard|first=Nicholas|year=2009|issue=7244|pages=248–252|doi=10.1038/nature07995|pmid=19444215}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/news/press-releases/newsfullview-pressemitteilungen/article/es-muss-eigentlich-eine-frau-sein.html | title="It must be a woman" – The female depictions from Hohle Fels date to 40,000 years ago... | publisher=Universität Tübingen | date=22 July 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011145105/https://www.uni-tuebingen.de/en/news/press-releases/newsfullview-pressemitteilungen/article/es-muss-eigentlich-eine-frau-sein.html | archivedate=11 October 2016 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire ===
{{Main|Jastorf culture|Germanic peoples|Germania|Migration Period|Frankish Realm}}

[[File:Trier 012.JPG|thumb|[[Aula Palatina|Basilica of Constantine]] in [[Trier]] (''[[Augusta Treverorum]]''), built in the 4th century]]
The [[Germanic peoples]] are thought to have [[Ethnogenesis|emerged]] from the [[Jastorf culture]] during the [[Nordic Bronze Age]] or early [[Pre-Roman Iron Age|Iron Age]].<ref name="Heather">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082 |title=Germany: Ancient History |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |accessdate=21 November 2020|archivedate=31 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331232159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Germanic Tribes (Teutons)|website=History Files |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianGermanics.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426121258/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianGermanics.htm |archivedate=26 April 2020 |url-status=live|accessdate=16 March 2020}}</ref> From southern [[Scandinavia]] and [[northern Germany]], they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the [[Celts|Celtic]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], [[Balts|Baltic]], and [[Early Slavs|Slavic]] tribes.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_g6n9/page/35 |title=Medieval Experience: 300–1400 |last=Claster |first=Jill N. |publisher=New York University Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8147-1381-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_g6n9/page/35 35]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Hickey |editor-first=Raymond |chapter=Contact and the History of Germanic Languages|last=Roberge|first=Paul |title=The Handbook of Language Contact |date=2020 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |isbn=978-1119485025 |edition=2nd |pages=323–325|doi=10.1002/9781119485094.ch16 }}</ref> Southern Germany was inhabited by Celtic-speaking peoples, who belonged to the wider [[La Tène culture]]. They were later assimilated by the Germanic conquerors.<ref name="Heather2">{{cite web |last=Heather |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Heather |title=Germany: Ancient History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331232159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082 |archivedate=31 March 2019 |accessdate=21 November 2020 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] }}</ref>

Under [[Augustus]], the [[Roman Empire]] began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of [[Germania Antiqua|Germania]] between the Rhine and [[Elbe]] rivers. In 9 AD, three [[Roman legion]]s were [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest|defeated]] by [[Arminius]] in the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]].<ref>{{cite book|page=13|title=The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest|last=Wells|first=Peter|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2004|isbn=978-0-393-35203-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bordewich |first=Fergus M. |title=The Ambush That Changed History |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-ambush-that-changed-history-72636736/ |date=September 2006 |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering [[Germania]] and is thus considered one of the most important events in [[European history]].{{sfn|Murdoch|2004|p=57}} By 100 AD, when [[Tacitus]] wrote ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'', Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the [[Limes Germanicus]]), occupying most of modern Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frontiers of the Roman Empire – The Lower German Limes |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1631/ |accessdate=10 April 2025 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> However, [[Baden Württemberg|Baden-Württemberg]], southern [[Bavaria]], southern [[Hesse]] and the western [[Rhineland]] had [[Germanic Wars|been incorporated]] into [[Roman province]]s.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=9–13}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Modi |first=J. J. |date=1916 |title=The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheJournalOfTheAnthropologicalSocietyOfBombay/The-Journal-of-the-Anthropological-society-of-Bombay#page/n651/mode/2up |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay |volume=10 |issue=7 |quote=Raetia (modern Bavaria and the adjoining country) |page=647}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69 |last=Rüger |first=C. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-26430-3 |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=Alan K. |edition=2nd |volume=10 |pages=527–28 |chapter=Germany |orig-year=1996 |editor-last2=Champlin |editor-first2=Edward |editor-last3=Lintott |editor-first3=Andrew |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&pg=PA528 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223193524/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&pg=PA528 |archivedate=23 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337 |last1=Bowman |first1=Alan K. |last2=Garnsey |first2=Peter |last3=Cameron |first3=Averil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-30199-2 |series=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=12 |page=442}}</ref> After the invasion of the [[Huns]] in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the [[Frankish Kingdom]] and pushed east to subjugate [[Duchy of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]]. Areas of modern eastern Germany were inhabited by [[West Slavs|Western Slavic]] tribes.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=9–13}}

{{Clear left}}

=== East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire ===
{{Main|East Francia|Holy Roman Empire}}

[[File:East Francia 843.svg|thumb|[[East Francia]] in 843]]
[[File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Martin Luther, 1528 (Veste Coburg).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Martin Luther]], born in [[Eisleben]] in 1483, challenged the indulgences of the [[Catholic Church]], giving rise to the [[Reformation]] and [[Protestantism]].]]
[[Charlemagne]] founded the [[Carolingian Empire]] in 800; it was [[Treaty of Verdun|divided in 843]].{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|p= 11}} The eastern successor kingdom of [[East Francia]] stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe river in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|p= 11}} Subsequently, the Holy Roman Empire emerged from it. The [[Ottonian]] rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major [[Stem duchy|duchies]].<ref>{{cite book|page=55|title=Franks and Saracens|last=Falk|first=Avner|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=978-0-429-89969-0}}</ref> In 996, [[Pope Gregory V|Gregory V]] became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin [[Otto III]], whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and [[Burgundy (historical region)|Burgundy]] under the [[Salian]] emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the [[Investiture Controversy]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI |last=McBrien, Richard |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2000 |page=138}}</ref>

Under the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufen]] emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east ({{lang|de|[[Ostsiedlung]]}}).{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp= 19–20}} Members of the [[Hanseatic League]], mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp= 13–24}} The population declined starting with the [[Great Famine of 1315–1317|Great Famine]] in 1315, followed by the [[Black Death]] of 1348–1350.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Lynn Harry |url=http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html |title=The Great Famine (1315–1317) and the Black Death (1346–1351) |publisher=University of Kansas |accessdate=19 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429072010/http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html |archivedate=29 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Golden Bull of 1356|Golden Bull]] issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven [[prince-elector]]s.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|p= 27}}

[[Johannes Gutenberg]] introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the [[democratization of knowledge|democratisation of knowledge]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Eisenstein|first=Elizabeth|year=1980|pages=[https://archive.org/details/printingpressasa00eise_181/page/n24 3]–43|title=The printing press as an agent of change|url=https://archive.org/details/printingpressasa00eise_181|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29955-8}}</ref> In 1517, [[Martin Luther]] incited the Protestant Reformation and [[Luther Bible|his translation of the Bible]] began the standardisation of the language; the 1555 [[Peace of Augsburg]] tolerated the "Evangelical" faith ([[Lutheranism]]), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects ({{lang|la|[[cuius regio, eius religio]]}}).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.barcelonagse.eu/sites/default/files/working_paper_pdfs/540.pdf|last=Cantoni|first=Davide |title=Adopting a New Religion: The Case of Protestantism in 16th Century Germany|year=2011 |journal=Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series |accessdate=17 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809160613/http://www.barcelonagse.eu/sites/default/files/working_paper_pdfs/540.pdf |archivedate=9 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> From the [[Cologne War]] through the [[Thirty Years' War]]s (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.<ref name="Philpott">{{Cite journal |last=Philpott |first=Daniel |date=January 2000 |title=The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations |journal=World Politics |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=206–245 |doi=10.1017/S0043887100002604|ssrn=1424223 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac0000macf/page/51 |title=The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap |last=Macfarlane |first=Alan |publisher=Blackwell |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-631-18117-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac0000macf/page/51 51]}}</ref>

The [[Peace of Westphalia]] ended religious warfare among the [[Imperial Estate]]s.<ref name="Philpott" /> The legal system initiated by a series of [[Imperial Reform]]s (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]].<ref>{{cite book|page=113 |last1=Härter |first1=Karl|chapter=The Early Modern Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1495–1806): A Multi-Layered Legal System |title=Law and Empire: Ideas, Practices, Actors|editor1=Jeroen Duindam |editor2=Jill Diana Harries |editor3=Caroline Humfress |editor4=Hurvitz Nimrod |publisher=Brill|year=2013|isbn=978-90-04-24951-6|doi=10.1163/9789004249516_007}}</ref> The [[House of Habsburg]] held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] in 1740. Following the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] and the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]], Charles VI's daughter [[Maria Theresa]] ruled as [[Queen consort|empress consort]] when her husband, [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], became emperor.<ref>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturespowereur00scot_130/page/n62 45]|title=Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century|editor1=Hamish Scott |editor2=Brendan Simms|year=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/culturespowereur00scot_130|url-access=limited|isbn=978-1-139-46377-5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=British Museum|accessdate=15 March 2020|url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=49231|title=Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia|archivedate=20 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152726/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG111929|url-status=live}}</ref>

From 1740, [[German dualism|dualism]] between the Austrian [[Habsburg monarchy]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the [[Russian Empire]], agreed to the [[Partitions of Poland]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change |url=https://archive.org/details/historyeasterneu00bide_296 |url-access=limited |last1=Bideleux |first1=Robert |last2=Jeffries |first2=Ian |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyeasterneu00bide_296/page/n171 156]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe |last1=Batt |first1=Judy |last2=Wolczuk |first2=Kataryna |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |page=153}}</ref> During the period of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], the [[Napoleonic era]] and the subsequent [[Final Recess of the Reichsdeputation|final meeting of the Imperial Diet]], most of the [[Free Imperial Cities]] were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the {{lang|de|Imperium}} was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia, and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|p= 97}}

=== German Confederation and Empire ===
{{Main|German question|German Confederation|Unification of Germany|German Empire|German colonial empire}}

[[File:German Confederation (1815).svg|thumb|The German Confederation in 1815]]
Following the fall of [[Napoleon]], the [[Congress of Vienna]] founded the German Confederation, a loose league of [[States of the German Confederation|39 sovereign states]]. The appointment of the [[emperor of Austria]] as the permanent president reflected the Congress' rejection of [[Prussia]]'s rising influence. Disagreement within [[Concert of Europe|restoration]] politics partly led to the rise of [[Liberalism in Germany|liberal]] movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman [[Klemens von Metternich]].<ref>{{cite book|pages=307–308|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789|editor1=Nicholas Atkin |editor2=Michael Biddiss |editor3=Frank Tallett|publisher=Wiley|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=Austria, Prussia, and the German Confederation: The Defense of Central Europe, 1815–1854|last=Sondhaus|first=Lawrence|pages=50–74|editor1=Talbot C. Imlay |editor2=Monica Duffy Toft|title=The Fog of Peace and War Planning: Military and Strategic Planning under Uncertainty|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-1-134-21088-6}}</ref> The {{lang|de|[[Zollverein]]}}, a tariff union, furthered economic unity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=W. O. |date=January 1934 |title=The Zollverein |journal=History |volume=19 |issue=73 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.1934.tb01791.x}}</ref> In light of [[Revolutions of 1848|revolutionary movements in Europe]], intellectuals and commoners started the [[German revolutions of 1848–1849|revolutions of 1848 in the German states]], raising the German question. King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=40963126|title='The Old Forms are Breaking Up, ... Our New Germany is Rebuilding Itself': Constitutionalism, Nationalism and the Creation of a German Polity during the Revolutions of 1848–49|last=Hewitson|first=Mark|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=125|number=516|pages=1173–1214|year=2010|doi=10.1093/ehr/ceq276}}</ref>

[[File:Berlin Nationaldenkmal Kaiser Wilhelm mit Schloss 1900.jpg|thumb|right|[[Berlin Palace]], the main residence of the Kings of Prussia and German Emperors]]
King [[William I, German Emperor|William I]] appointed [[Otto von Bismarck]] as the [[Minister President of Prussia]] in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the [[Second Schleswig War|war with Denmark in 1864]]; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866 enabled him to create the [[North German Confederation]] which excluded [[Austrian Empire|Austria]]. After the defeat of France in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its [[German Emperor|Emperor]] ({{lang|de|Kaiser}}), and Berlin became its capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/countries/issues/german-unification|title=Issues Relevant to U.S. Foreign Diplomacy: Unification of German States|publisher=US Department of State Office of the Historian|accessdate=18 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001095812/https://history.state.gov/countries/issues/german-unification|archivedate=1 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bismarck">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bismarck_otto_von.shtml|title=Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=18 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127025023/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bismarck_otto_von.shtml|archivedate=27 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the {{lang|de|[[Gründerzeit]]}} period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as [[chancellor of Germany]] secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war.<ref name="bismarck" /> However, under [[Wilhelm II]], Germany took an [[New Imperialism|imperialistic]] course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=260734 |title=Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Politics|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|volume=25|year=1990|pages=289–316 |last1=Mommsen|first1=Wolfgang J.|issue=2/3|doi=10.1177/002200949002500207 }}</ref> [[Dual Alliance (1879)|A dual alliance]] was created with the [[multinational state|multinational realm]] of [[Austria-Hungary]]; the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance of 1882]] included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp= 135, 149}} At the [[Berlin Conference]] in 1884, Germany claimed several [[List of former German colonies|colonies]] including [[German East Africa]], [[German South West Africa]], [[Togoland]], and [[Kamerun]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=100 maps |publisher=Sterling Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4027-2885-3 |editor-last=Black, John |page=202}}</ref> Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/how-imperial-germany-lost-asia/|magazine=The Diplomat|title=How Imperial Germany Lost Asia|last=Farley|first=Robert|date=17 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319015901/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/how-imperial-germany-lost-asia/|archivedate=19 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day [[Namibia]]), from 1904 to 1908, carried out the [[Herero and Nama genocide|annihilation of the local Herero and Nama peoples]] as punishment for an uprising;<ref>{{cite book|last1=Olusoga|first1= David |last2= Erichsen|first2= Casper |year=2010|title= The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism|publisher= Faber and Faber|isbn=978-0-571-23141-6}}</ref><ref name="Bazyler">{{Cite book|title=Holocaust, Genocide, and the Law: A Quest for Justice in a Post-Holocaust World|author=Michael Bazyler|author-link=Michael Bazyler|date=2016|pages=169–70|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="Germanyagrees">{{Cite news |last=Oltermann |first=Philip |date=28 May 2021 |title=Germany agrees to pay Namibia €1.1bn over historical Herero-Nama genocide |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601024320/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/28/germany-agrees-to-pay-namibia-11bn-over-historical-herero-nama-genocide |archive-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> this was the 20th century's first [[genocide]].<ref name="Bazyler" />

[[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|The assassination]] of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Austria's crown prince]] on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger [[World War I]]. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/aged-107-last-german-world-war-i-veteran-believed-to-have-died-a-530319.html |title=Last German World War I veteran believed to have died |last=Crossland |first=David |date=22 January 2008 |work=Spiegel Online |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008172434/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/aged-107-last-german-world-war-i-veteran-believed-to-have-died-a-530319.html |archivedate=8 October 2012 }}</ref> [[Armistice with Germany|a general armistice]] ended the fighting. In the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919|German Revolution]] (November 1918), Wilhelm II and the ruling princes [[abdication|abdicated]] their positions, and Germany was declared a [[federal republic]]. Germany's new leadership signed the [[Treaty of Versailles]] in 1919, accepting defeat by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years |last1=Boemeke |first1=Manfred F. |last2=Feldman |first2=Gerald D. |last3=Glaser |first3=Elisabeth |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-62132-8 |series=Publications of the German Historical Institute |pages=1–20, 203–220, 469–505 }}</ref> Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/media_nm.php?MediaId=1620 |title=GERMAN TERRITORIAL LOSSES, TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919 |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704070745/https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/media_nm.php?MediaId=1620 |archivedate=4 July 2016 |accessdate=11 June 2016}}</ref>

=== Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany ===
{{Main|Weimar Republic|Nazi Germany}}

[[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]], dictatorial ''[[Führer]]'' of Nazi Germany from 1933 until [[Death of Adolf Hitler|his suicide]] in 1945|upright]]


On 11 August 1919, President [[Friedrich Ebert]] signed the democratic [[Weimar Constitution]].{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=156–160}} [[Bavarian Soviet Republic|Communists briefly seized power in Bavaria]] and a few larger cities, while conservative elements failed to overthrow the central government in the 1920 [[Kapp Putsch]]. The [[occupation of the Ruhr]] by Belgian and French troops and a period of [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|hyperinflation]] followed. A [[Dawes Plan|plan to restructure Germany's war reparations]] and the creation of [[German Rentenmark|a new currency]] in 1924 helped stabilise the government and ushered in the [[Golden Twenties]], an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nicholls |first=AJ |title=Weimar and the Rise of Hitler |publisher=Macmillan |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-333-05806-0 |pages=56–70 |chapter=1919–1922: Years of Crisis and Uncertainty}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3113137|title=The United States and the Reconstruction of Germany in the 1920s|first=Frank|last=Costigliola |journal=The Business History Review |volume=50 |number=4|year=1976|pages=477–502|doi=10.2307/3113137 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=86|title=The Weimar Republic|last=Kolb|first=Eberhard|edition=2nd|publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-34441-8|translator1=P. S. Falla |translator2=R. J. Park}}</ref>

The worldwide [[Great Depression]] hit Germany in 1929, and by 1932 the unemployment rate had risen to 24%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dimsdale |first1=Nicholas H. |last2=Horsewood |first2=Nicholas |last3=Van Riel |first3=Arthur |date=September 2006 |title=Unemployment in Interwar Germany: An Analysis of the Labor Market, 1927–1936 |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=66 |issue=3 |page=778 |doi=10.1017/S0022050706000325 |id={{ProQuest|216448809}} }}</ref> The [[Nazi Party]] led by Adolf Hitler became the largest party in the Reichstag after the [[July 1932 German federal election|election of July 1932]], and [[President Hindenburg]] appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933.{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=155–158, 172–177}} After the [[Reichstag fire]], [[Reichstag Fire Decree|a decree]] abrogated basic [[civil rights]], and the first [[Nazi concentration camps|Nazi concentration camp]] opened.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard |last=Evans|title=The Coming of the Third Reich|publisher= Penguin|year= 2003|isbn=978-0-14-303469-8|page=344}}</ref><ref name="MNN">{{Cite journal |date=21 March 1933 |title=Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene in der Nähe von Dachau |url=http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/photo.cgi?02 |journal=Münchner Neueste Nachrichten|language=German |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510093525/http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/photo.cgi?02 |archivedate=10 May 2000}}</ref> On 23 March 1933, the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]] gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution,<ref>{{cite web |first1=Marc |last1=von Lüpke-Schwarz |title=The law that 'enabled' Hitler's dictatorship |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-law-that-enabled-hitlers-dictatorship/a-16689839 |date=23 March 2013 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427005942/https://www.dw.com/en/the-law-that-enabled-hitlers-dictatorship/a-16689839 |archivedate=27 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> and marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. His government established a centralised [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian state]], [[1933 German referendum|withdrew from the League of Nations]], and dramatically increased the [[German re-armament|country's rearmament]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/wirtschaft/index.html |title=Industrie und Wirtschaft |publisher=Deutsches Historisches Museum |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430190641/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/wirtschaft/index.html |archivedate=30 April 2011 |accessdate=25 March 2011}}</ref> A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the {{lang|de|[[Reichsautobahn|Autobahn]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|last=Evans|first= Richard |year=2005|title=The Third Reich in Power|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-14-303790-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan/page/322 322]–326, 329 |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan|url-access=registration}}</ref>

In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the [[Nuremberg Laws]] which targeted [[Jews]] and other [[Minority group|minorities]].<ref>{{cite web|magazine=Prologue|last=Bradsher|first=Greg|year=2010 |title=The Nuremberg Laws |url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/winter/nuremberg.html |volume=42|accessdate=20 March 2020|url-status=live|archivedate=25 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425130322/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/winter/nuremberg.html}}</ref> Germany also reacquired control of the [[Territory of the Saar Basin|Saarland]] in 1935,{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=188–189}} [[remilitarization of the Rhineland|remilitarised the Rhineland]] in 1936, [[Anschluss|annexed]] Austria in 1938, [[Sudetenland#Sudetenland as part of Nazi Germany|annexed]] the Sudetenland in 1938 with the [[Munich Agreement]], and, in violation of the agreement, [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|occupied Czechoslovakia]] in March 1939.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/descent-into-war.htm |publisher=National Archives|title=Descent into War|accessdate=19 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320015948/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/descent-into-war.htm|archivedate=20 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> {{lang|de|[[Kristallnacht]]}} (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007697 |title=The "Night of Broken Glass" |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075203/https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007697 |archivedate=11 February 2017 |accessdate=8 February 2017}}</ref>

In August 1939, [[Government of Nazi Germany|Hitler's government]] negotiated the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] that divided Eastern Europe into German and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spheres of influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-soviet-pact|title=German-Soviet Pact|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|accessdate=19 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311115713/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-soviet-pact|archivedate=11 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 September 1939, Germany [[invasion of Poland|invaded Poland]], beginning [[European theatre of World War II|World War II in Europe]];{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=190–195}} Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hiden|first1=John|last2=Lane|first2= Thomas|year=2003|title=The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-53120-7 |pages=143–144}}</ref> In the spring of 1940, Germany [[Operation Weserübung|conquered Denmark and Norway]], [[German invasion of the Netherlands|the Netherlands]], [[German invasion of Belgium (1940)|Belgium]], [[German invasion of Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], and [[Battle of France|France]], forcing the French government to sign an [[armistice]]. The British repelled German air attacks in the [[Battle of Britain]] in the same year. In 1941, German troops [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|invaded Yugoslavia]], [[Battle of Greece|Greece]] and the [[Operation Barbarossa|Soviet Union]], and Germany declared war on the United States. By 1942, Germany and its allies controlled most of [[German-occupied Europe|continental Europe]] and [[North Africa]], but following the Soviet victory at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], the Allied [[North African Campaign|reconquest of North Africa]] and [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|invasion of Italy]] in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets [[Eastern Front (World War II)#Summer 1944|pushed into Eastern Europe]]; the Western allies [[Operation Overlord|landed in France]] and entered Germany despite a [[Battle of the Bulge|final German counteroffensive]]. Following [[Death of Adolf Hitler|Hitler's suicide]] during the [[Battle of Berlin]], [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany signed the surrender document]] on 8 May 1945, [[End of World War II in Europe|ending World War II in Europe]]{{sfn|Fulbrook |1991|pp=190–195}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-key-dates|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|title=World War II: Key Dates|accessdate=19 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311150818/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-key-dates|archivedate=11 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and Nazi Germany. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for [[War crimes of the Wehrmacht|war crimes]] at the [[Nuremberg trials]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml |title=Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial |last=Overy |first=Richard |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316053707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml |archivedate=16 March 2011 }}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Kershaw|title=Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|page=150|isbn=978-0-521-56521-9}}</ref>

Discrimination was institutionalized through legislation and perpetrated at an industrial scale with concentration and [[Extermination camp|death camps]] across Europe. The [[crimes against humanity]] culminated but were not limited to what later became known as [[the Holocaust]], the systematic murdering of around 6 million [[Jews]]. [[Holocaust victims|Several other minority groups]] were targeted: at least 130,000 [[Porajmos|Romani]], 275,000 [[Aktion T4|disabled]], thousands of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], thousands of [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany|homosexuals]], and hundreds of thousands of [[Nacht und Nebel|political and religious opponents]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew |url-access=registration |last1=Niewyk |first1=Donald L. |last2=Nicosia, Francis R. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-231-11200-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew/page/n466 45]–52}}</ref> [[Generalplan Ost|Nazi policies in German-occupied countries]] resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million [[Polish people|Poles]],<ref>{{cite book |title= Polska 1939–1945: Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami |publisher=Institute of National Remembrance|page=9|year=2009}}</ref> 1.3 million [[Ukrainians]], 1 million [[Belarusians]] and 3.5 million [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet prisoners of war]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Maksudov|first=S|year=1994 |title=Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|volume=46|number=4 |pages=671–680 |doi=10.1080/09668139408412190|pmid=12288331}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com" /> [[German casualties in World War II|German military casualties]] have been estimated at 5.3 million,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg |last=Overmans, Rüdiger |year=2000 |publisher=Oldenbourg |isbn=978-3-486-56531-7}}</ref> and around 900,000 German civilians died.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The End; Germany 1944–45 |last=Kershaw |first=Ian |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2011 |page=279}}</ref>

During the later stages of and after World War II, around 12 million [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|ethnic Germans were expelled]] from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly [[Former eastern territories of Germany|one-quarter]] of its pre-war territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Demshuk |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySLyE6YJEn0C&pg=PA52 |title=The Lost German East |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-107-02073-3 |page=52 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201215323/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySLyE6YJEn0C&pg=PA52 |archivedate=1 December 2016}}</ref>

=== East and West Germany ===
{{Main|History of Germany (1945–1990)|Allied-occupied Germany|West Germany|East Germany}}

[[File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG|thumb|The [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] in 1989 was one of the first developments in the end of the [[Cold War]], leading ultimately to the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]].]]

After the surrender of Nazi Germany, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] ''[[de jure]]'' [[Berlin Declaration (1945)|abolished the German state]] and partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into [[Allied-occupied Germany|four occupation zones]]. The western sectors, controlled by France, the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]], were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) ({{langx|de|Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}; BRD); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] (GDR) ({{lang|de|Deutsche Demokratische Republik}}; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp009|year=2009|title=Trabant and Beetle: the Two Germanies, 1949–89|journal=History Workshop Journal|volume=68|pages=1–2}}</ref> East Germany selected [[East Berlin]] as its capital, while West Germany chose [[Bonn]] as a provisional capital to emphasize its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Capital dilemma: Germany's search for a new architecture of democracy |last=Wise |first=Michael Z. |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-56898-134-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/capitaldilemmage0000wise/page/23 23] |url=https://archive.org/details/capitaldilemmage0000wise/page/23 }}</ref>

West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a [[social market economy]]. In 1948, West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the American [[Marshall Plan]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945 |last=Carlin |first=Wendy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-49964-4 |editor-last=Crafts |editor-first=Nicholas |page=464 |chapter=West German growth and institutions (1945–90) |editor-last2=Toniolo |editor-first2=Gianni}}</ref> [[Konrad Adenauer]] was elected the first [[Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany|federal chancellor of Germany]] in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth ({{lang|de|[[Wirtschaftswunder]]}}) beginning in the early 1950s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bpb.de/izpb/10131/wirtschaft-in-beiden-deutschen-staaten-teil-1 |title=Deutschland in den 50er Jahren: Wirtschaft in beiden deutschen Staaten |first=Werner|last=Bührer |date=24 December 2002 |publisher=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung |trans-title=Economy in both German states |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201210446/http://www.bpb.de/izpb/10131/wirtschaft-in-beiden-deutschen-staaten-teil-1 |archivedate=1 December 2017 |issue=256 |language=de}}</ref> West Germany joined [[NATO]] in 1955 and was a founding member of the [[European Economic Community]].<ref>{{cite book|page=149|title=A History of Germany 1918–2014: The Divided Nation|publisher=Wiley|last=Fulbrook|first=Mary|year=2014|isbn=978-1-118-77613-1}}</ref> On 1 January 1957, [[1955 Saar Statute referendum|the Saarland joined]] West Germany.<ref name=CS>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/germany/51.htm|title=Rearmament and the European Defense Community|work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|accessdate=19 May 2023|archive-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011201535/http://countrystudies.us/germany/51.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

East Germany remained under political and military control by the [[Soviet Union]] via occupation forces and became an [[Eastern Bloc]] state, joining the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]] and [[Comecon]]. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members ({{lang|de|[[Politburo|Politbüro]]}}) of the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] that was closely aligned with the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]. An extensive domestic intelligence programme, led by the intelligence agency [[Stasi]] was launched, that utilized a vast network of informants to crush dissent.<ref>{{cite book|pages=22, 41|title=The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71|last1=Major|first1=Patrick|last2=Osmond|first2=Jonathan|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7190-6289-6}}</ref> While [[Communist propaganda|East German propaganda]] was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.<ref name="NYT_19890822">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/westward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html |title=Westward Tide of East Germans Is a Popular No-Confidence Vote |last=Protzman |first=Ferdinand |date=22 August 1989 |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004232849/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/westward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html |archivedate=4 October 2012}}</ref> The [[Berlin Wall]], built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from [[Republikflucht|escaping to West Germany]], becoming a symbol of the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/places/berlin_wall |title=The Berlin Wall |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226011158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/places/berlin_wall |archivedate=26 February 2017 |accessdate=8 February 2017|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor [[Willy Brandt]]'s {{lang|de|[[Ostpolitik]]}}.<ref>{{cite book|pages=122–123|last1=Williams |first1=Geoffrey Lee |last2=Williams |first2=Alan Lee |title=The European Defence Initiative |chapter=National Perspectives within the Alliance: Impediments to Defence Integration |date=1986|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-07825-7_8 |isbn=978-1-349-07827-1}}</ref> In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the [[Iron Curtain]] and [[Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria|open its border with Austria]], causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where [[Monday demonstrations in East Germany|regular mass demonstrations]] received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the {{lang|de|Wende}} reform process, culminating in the ''[[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany|Two Plus Four Treaty]]'' under which Germany explicitly renounced claims to the former eastern territories and regained full sovereignty from the Allies. This permitted [[German reunification]] on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the [[New states of Germany|five re-established states]] of the former GDR.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wendemuseum.org/sites/default/files/10-9-09Iconoclash%20updated%20brochure_small.pdf|publisher=Wende Museum|title=Iconoclash! Political Imagery from the Berlin Wall to German Unification|last=Deshmukh|first=Marion|accessdate=20 March 2020|archivedate=20 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152657/https://www.wendemuseum.org/sites/default/files/10-9-09Iconoclash%20updated%20brochure_small.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[fall of the Berlin Wall]] in 1989 became a symbol of the [[fall of Communism]], the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], German reunification and {{lang|de|[[Die Wende]]}} ("the turning point").<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/1999/11/burns.wall.nov8 |title=What the Berlin Wall still stands for |date=8 November 1999 |work=CNN Interactive |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206104205/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/1999/11/burns.wall.nov8/ |archivedate=6 February 2008}}</ref>

=== Reunified Germany and the European Union ===
{{Main|German reunification|History of Germany since 1990}}

[[File:Berlin reichstag west panorama 2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Berlin/Bonn Act]] made [[Berlin]] the [[capital of Germany]] again, with the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]] becoming the seat of the [[German parliament]] in 1999.]]
United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of [[West Germany]], so it retained its memberships in international organisations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/einigvtr/art_11.html |title=Vertrag zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik über die Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands (Einigungsvertrag) Art 11 Verträge der Bundesrepublik Deutschland |publisher=Bundesministerium für Justiz und Verbraucherschutz |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225035417/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/einigvtr/art_11.html |archivedate=25 February 2015 |accessdate=15 May 2015}}</ref> Based on the [[Berlin/Bonn Act]] of 1994, [[Berlin]] again became the [[capital of Germany]], while [[Bonn]] obtained the unique status of a {{lang|de|Bundesstadt}} (federal city), retaining some federal ministries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/berlin_bonng/gesamt.pdf |title=Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages vom 20. Juni 1991 zur Vollendung der Einheit Deutschlands |date=26 April 1994 |publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz |language=German |trans-title=Law on the Implementation of the Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages vom 20. Juni 1991 zur Vollendung der Einheit Deutschlands |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714155722/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/berlin_bonng/gesamt.pdf |archivedate=14 July 2016 }}</ref> The relocation of the government was completed in 1999,<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 1999 |title=Brennpunkt: Hauptstadt-Umzug |url=http://www.focus.de/panorama/boulevard/brennpunkt-hauptstadt-umzug_aid_175751.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430043907/http://www.focus.de/panorama/boulevard/brennpunkt-hauptstadt-umzug_aid_175751.html |archivedate=30 April 2011 |work=Focus |language=German}}</ref> and modernisation of the East German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/world/europe/19germany.html |title=In East Germany, a Decline as Stark as a Wall |last=Kulish |first=Nicholas |date=19 June 2009 |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403073216/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/19/world/europe/19germany.html |archivedate=3 April 2011}}</ref>

Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the [[European Union]], signing the [[Maastricht Treaty]] in 1992 and the [[Lisbon Treaty]] in 2007,<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=20787989|title=Germany's EU Policy: The Domestic Discourse|last=Lemke|first=Christiane|journal=German Studies Review|volume=33|number= 3 |year= 2010|pages= 503–516}}</ref> and co-founding the [[eurozone]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/europe/eurozone-fast-facts/index.html|publisher=CNN|title=Eurozone Fast Facts|date=21 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321015105/https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/europe/eurozone-fast-facts/index.html|archivedate=21 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the [[1999 NATO bombing in Yugoslavia|Balkans]] and sent [[Bundeswehr|German troops]] to [[Afghanistan]] as part of a NATO effort to provide [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|security in that country]] after the ousting of the [[Taliban]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/world/europe/31iht-germany.3343963.html |title=Germany is planning a Bosnia withdrawal |last=Dempsey |first=Judy |date=31 October 2006 |work=International Herald Tribune |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111000841/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/world/europe/31iht-germany.3343963.html |archivedate=11 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-extend-afghanistan-military-mission/a-47501552 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |title=Germany to extend Afghanistan military mission |first=Ben |last=Knight |date=13 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304064259/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-extend-afghanistan-military-mission/a-47501552 |archivedate=4 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the [[2005 German federal election|2005 elections]], [[Angela Merkel]] became the first female chancellor. In 2009, the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090106-germany-agrees-new-50-billion-euro-stimulus-plan |title=Germany agrees on 50-billion-euro stimulus plan |date=6 January 2009 |work=France 24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513022443/http://www.france24.com/en/20090106-germany-agrees-new-50-billion-euro-stimulus-plan |archivedate=13 May 2011}}</ref> Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of [[European integration]], the [[Energy transition in Germany|country's energy transition]] ({{lang|de|Energiewende}}) for a [[sustainable energy]] supply, the [[Debt brake (Germany)|debt brake]] for balanced budgets, measures to increase the [[Ageing of Europe#Germany|fertility rate]] ([[Natalistic politics|pronatalism]]), and [[high-tech]] strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as [[Industry 4.0]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/merkel-regierungserklaerung110.html |title=Government declaration by Angela Merkel |date=29 January 2014 |publisher=ARD Tagesschau |language=German |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101010608/http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/merkel-regierungserklaerung110.html |archivedate=1 January 2015}}</ref> During the [[2015 European migrant crisis]], the country took in over a million refugees and migrants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911 |title=Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts |date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131030536/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911 |archivedate=31 January 2016|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Germany}}

[[File:Deutschland topo.jpg|thumb|A physical map of Germany]]
Germany is the [[List of European countries by area|seventh-largest country in Europe]].<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/ |title=Germany |website=World Factbook |publisher=CIA |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075739/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany |url-status=dead }}</ref> It borders [[Denmark]] to the north; [[Poland]] and the [[Czech Republic]] to the east; [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]] to the south; and [[France]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]], and the [[Netherlands]] to the west. Germany is also bordered by the [[North Sea]] and, at the north-northeast, the [[Baltic Sea]]. German territory covers {{convert|357022|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 September 2023 |title=Germany country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607 |publisher=BBC |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920162801/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607 |archivedate=20 September 2023}}</ref> Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (with the highest point being the [[Zugspitze]] at {{convert|2963|m|ft|0|disp=or}}) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ({{lang|de|Nordsee}}) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ({{lang|de|Ostsee}}) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality [[Neuendorf-Sachsenbande]], [[Wilstermarsch]], at {{convert|3.54|m|ft|1|disp=or}} below sea level<ref>{{cite journal|title=17: Gebiet und geografische Angaben|journal=Statistische Jahrbuch Schleswig-Holstein 2019/2020|page=307|publisher=Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein|date=2020|language=de|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Schleswig-Holstein/JB19SH_17_fertig.pdf|accessdate=8 September 2020|archivedate=28 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028083227/https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Schleswig-Holstein/JB19SH_17_fertig.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>) are traversed by such major rivers as the [[Rhine]], [[Danube]] and [[Elbe]]. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, [[potash]], timber, [[lignite]], [[uranium]], copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.<ref name="CIA" />

=== Climate ===
Most of Germany has a [[temperate climate]], ranging from [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] in the north and west to [[Continental climate|continental]] in the east and southeast. Winters range from cold in the Southern Alps to cool and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Climate|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Germany: Climate|accessdate=23 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323124307/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Climate|archivedate=23 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Climate change in Germany]] is leading to long-term impacts on agriculture, more intense [[heat wave]]s and [[cold wave]]s, flash and [[coastal flooding]], and reduced water availability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2023 |title=Consequences of the climate crisis in Germany are becoming more severe |url=https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/press/pressinformation/consequences-of-the-climate-crisis-in-germany-are |website=Umweltbundesamt }}</ref>

From February 2019–February 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of {{convert|3.3|C}} in January 2020 to a high of {{convert|19.8|C}} in June 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/982472/average-monthly-temperature-germany/|website=Statista|title=Average monthly temperature in Germany from February 2019 to February 2020|date=February 2020|accessdate=23 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323124304/https://www.statista.com/statistics/982472/average-monthly-temperature-germany/|archivedate=23 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/982744/average-monthly-precipitation-germany/|website=Statista|title=Average monthly precipitation in Germany from February 2019 to February 2020|date=February 2020|accessdate=23 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323124319/https://www.statista.com/statistics/982744/average-monthly-precipitation-germany/|archivedate=23 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/982758/average-sunshine-hours-germany/|title=Average monthly sunshine hours in Germany from February 2019 to February 2020|website=Statista|date=February 2020|accessdate=23 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323124317/https://www.statista.com/statistics/982758/average-sunshine-hours-germany/|archivedate=23 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
[[File:Herbst in den Berchtesgadener Alpen.jpg|thumb|[[Berchtesgaden National Park]] in [[Bavaria]]]]
The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial [[ecoregion]]s: [[Atlantic mixed forests]], [[Baltic mixed forests]], [[Central European mixed forests]], [[Western European broadleaf forests]], and [[Alps conifer and mixed forests]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|doi-access=free|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/climate-impact-farming-land-use-change-and-forestry-germany|title=Climate impact of farming, land use (change) and forestry in Germany|last=Appunn|first=Kerstine|website=Clean Energy Wire|date=30 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513071605/https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/climate-impact-farming-land-use-change-and-forestry-germany|archivedate=13 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, [[beeches]], [[oak]]s, and other [[deciduous]] trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are [[conifers]], particularly [[spruce]] and [[pine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundeswaldinventur.de/en/third-national-forest-inventory/the-forest-habitat-more-biological-diversity-in-the-forests/spruce-pine-beech-oak-the-most-common-tree-species/|accessdate=23 March 2020|title=Spruce, pine, beech, oak – the most common tree species|website=Third National Forest Inventory|publisher=Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013625/https://www.bundeswaldinventur.de/en/third-national-forest-inventory/the-forest-habitat-more-biological-diversity-in-the-forests/spruce-pine-beech-oak-the-most-common-tree-species/|archivedate=24 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> There are many species of [[fern]]s, [[flowers]], [[fungi]], and [[mosses]]. Wild animals include [[Central European red deer|roe deer]], [[Central European boar|wild boar]], [[mouflon]] (a subspecies of wild sheep), [[Red fox|fox]], [[European badger|badger]], [[European hare|hare]], and small numbers of the [[Eurasian beaver]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Adventure Guide Germany |last=Bekker |first=Henk |publisher=Hunter |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-58843-503-3 |page=14}}</ref> The blue [[cornflower]] was once a German [[floral emblem|national symbol]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5GBAAAAMAAJ |title=Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe: Herbs |last1=Marcel Cleene |last2=Marie Claire Lejeune |publisher=Man & Culture |year=2002 |pages=194–196 |isbn=978-90-77135-04-4 |accessdate=3 June 2020 |archivedate=6 June 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606042551/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5GBAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[List of national parks of Germany|16 national parks in Germany]] include the [[Jasmund National Park]], the [[Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park]], the [[Müritz National Park]], the [[Wadden Sea National Parks]], the [[Harz National Park]], the [[Hainich National Park]], the [[Black Forest National Park]], the [[Saxon Switzerland National Park]], the [[Bavarian Forest National Park]] and the [[Berchtesgaden National Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/national-parks.html|title=National Parks|publisher=Federal Agency for Nature Conservation|accessdate=23 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013623/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/national-parks.html|archivedate=24 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, there are [[Biosphere Reserves in Germany|17 Biosphere Reserves]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/biosphere-reserves.html|title=Biosphere reserves|publisher=Federal Agency for Nature Conservation|accessdate=23 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013622/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/biosphere-reserves.html|archivedate=24 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Nature parks (Germany)|105 nature parks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/nature-parks.html|title=Nature parks|publisher=Federal Agency for Nature Conservation|accessdate=23 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419120316/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/nature-parks.html|archivedate=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> More than [[List of zoos in Germany|400 zoos and animal parks]] operate in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.americanzoos.info/Zoofacts.html |title=Zoo Facts |publisher=Zoos and Aquariums of America |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031007010357/http://www.americanzoos.info/Zoofacts.html |archivedate=7 October 2003 |accessdate=16 April 2011}}</ref> The [[Berlin Zoological Garden|Berlin Zoo]], which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zoo-berlin.de/zoo/unternehmen/historie.html |title=Der Zoologische Garten Berlin |publisher=Zoo Berlin |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430015152/http://www.zoo-berlin.de/zoo/unternehmen/historie.html |archivedate=30 April 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Politics ==
{{Main|Politics of Germany}}

{{See also|Taxation in Germany|Federal budget of Germany}}
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Germany is a [[federal republic|federal]], [[parliamentary democratic|parliamentary]], [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic.<ref name="CIA" /> Federal [[legislative power]] is vested in the parliament consisting of the {{lang|de|[[Bundestag]]}} (Federal Diet) and {{lang|de|[[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]]}} (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The {{lang|de|Bundestag}} is elected through [[direct election]]s using the [[mixed-member proportional representation]] system. The members of the {{lang|de|Bundesrat}} represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states.<ref name="CIA" />

The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the {{lang|de|[[Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany|Grundgesetz]]}} (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a [[two-thirds majority]] of both the {{lang|de|Bundestag}} and the {{lang|de|Bundesrat}}; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the [[rule of law]], are valid in perpetuity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf |title=Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany |date=October 2010 |website=Deutscher Bundestag |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619180331/https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf |archivedate=19 June 2017 |accessdate=14 April 2011}}</ref>

[[President of Germany|The president]], who has been [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] since 2017, is the [[head of state]] and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the {{lang|de|[[Bundesversammlung (Germany)|Bundesversammlung]]}} (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the {{lang|de|Bundestag}} and an equal number of state delegates.<ref name="CIA" /> The second-highest official in the [[German order of precedence]] is the {{lang|de|Bundestagspräsident}} ([[president of the Bundestag]]), who is elected by the {{lang|de|Bundestag}} and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/election-2013-the-german-parliament/a-17100952|website=DW|title=Election 2013: The German parliament|date=19 September 2013|last=Seiffert|first=Jeanette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328230357/https://www.dw.com/en/election-2013-the-german-parliament/a-17100952|archivedate=28 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The third-highest official and the [[head of government]] is the chancellor, who is appointed by the {{lang|de|Bundespräsident}} after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the {{lang|de|Bundestag}}.<ref name="CIA" /> [[Chancellor of Germany|The chancellor]], who has been [[Friedrich Merz]] since 2025, is the head of government and exercises [[executive (government)|executive power]] through [[Cabinet of Germany|his Cabinet]].<ref name="CIA" />

Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] and the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] and the [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] have also been [[German governing coalition|junior partners]] in [[coalition government]]s. Since 2007, the democratic socialist party [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] has been a staple in the German {{lang|de|Bundestag}},<ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Germany's political parties CDU, CSU, SPD, AfD, FDP, Left party, Greens – what you need to know |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-political-parties-cdu-csu-spd-afd-fdp-left-party-greens-what-you-need-to-know/a-38085900 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214204745/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-political-parties-cdu-csu-spd-afd-fdp-left-party-greens-what-you-need-to-know/a-38085900 |archivedate=14 February 2020 |website=DW}}</ref> as has the right-wing populist [[Alternative for Germany]] since 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/german-election-results-exit-poll-2017-live-latest-afd-mps-merkel-alternative-a7964796.html|website=The Independent|title=German elections: Far-right wins MPs for first time in half a century|last=Stone|first=Jon|date=24 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227224650/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/german-election-results-exit-poll-2017-live-latest-afd-mps-merkel-alternative-a7964796.html|archivedate=27 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Constituent states ===
{{Main|States of Germany|Federalism in Germany|List of current heads of government of the German federal states}}

Germany is a [[federation]] comprising sixteen constituent states referred to as {{lang|de|Länder}},<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany |title=Germany |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url-status=live |accessdate=18 March 2021 |archivedate=13 June 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613043752/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany }}</ref> thirteen of which are so-called "area-states" (''Flächenländer''). Two states, [[Berlin]] and [[Hamburg]], are [[Independent city#Stadtstaaten|city-states]] (''Stadtstaaten''), in which there is no separation between state government and local administration. The state of [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]], though officially also called a ''Stadtstaat'', consists of the cities of [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]], for which the state government also serves as the municipal administration, and the exclave of [[Bremerhaven]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Freie Hansestadt Bremen: Der Zwei-Städte-Staat |url=https://landesportal.bremen.de/zwei-staedte-staat |accessdate=7 March 2026 |website=landesportal.bremen.de |language=de}}</ref>

Each state ({{lang|de|Land}}) has its own constitution<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/GB_I/I.7/Europa/Wissenswertes/English_information/North_Rhine_Westphalia_Constitution_revised.jsp |title=Example for state constitution: "Constitution of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia" |publisher=[[Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia|Landtag (state assembly) of North Rhine-Westphalia]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011619/http://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/GB_I/I.7/Europa/Wissenswertes/English_information/North_Rhine_Westphalia_Constitution_revised.jsp |archivedate=17 January 2013 |accessdate=17 July 2011}}</ref> and is largely autonomous in its organisation.<ref name="Britannica" /> {{As of|2017}}, Germany is divided into 401 [[Districts of Germany|districts]] ({{lang|de|Kreise}}) at a municipal level; these consist of 294 [[List of rural districts of Germany|rural districts]] and 107 [[Urban districts of Germany|urban districts]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/LaenderRegionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/Archiv/Verwaltungsgliederung/Verwalt2QAktuell.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile |title=Verwaltungsgliederung in Deutschland am 30 June 2017 – Gebietsstand: 30 June 2017 (2. Quartal) |date=July 2017 |publisher=[[Statistisches Bundesamt]] Deutschland |language=German |format=XLS |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010084800/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/LaenderRegionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/Archiv/Verwaltungsgliederung/Verwalt2QAktuell.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile |archivedate=10 October 2017 |accessdate=9 August 2017}}</ref>

{{German Federal States}}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%;"
|- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;" | State !! rowspan="2" style="width:70px;" |Capital !! colspan="2" style="width:80px;" | Area<ref name="Fläche">{{Cite web |url=https://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/flaeche-und-bevoelkerung |title=Fläche und Bevölkerung |website=Statistikportal.de |language=de |accessdate=15 July 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143938/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/flaeche-und-bevoelkerung |archivedate=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> !! rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" | Population (census 2022)<ref name="Census2022.DE"/> !! colspan="2" style="width:150px;" | [[List of German states by GRP|Nominal GDP]]<ref >{{Cite web |url=https://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung/bip |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |date=28 March 2024 |language=german }}</ref> !! rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" | [[List of German states by GRP per capita|Nominal GDP per capita]] EUR (2023)<ref >{{Cite web |url=https://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung#alle-ergebnisse |title=Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung (Inhaltsverzeichnis Reihe 1991–2023) |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder|date=28 March 2024 |language=german}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | km2 !! scope="col" | mi2 !! scope="col" | Billions EUR (2023) !! scope="col" | Share of GDP (%)
|-
| [[Baden-Württemberg]] || [[Stuttgart]] || {{cvt|35751|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|11,104,040}} || {{right|615.071}} || {{right|14.92}} || {{right|54,339}}
|-
| [[Bavaria]] || [[Munich]] || {{cvt|70550|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|13,038,724}} || {{right|768.469}} || {{right|18.65}} || {{right|57,343}}
|-
| [[Berlin]] || [[Berlin]] || {{cvt|892|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|3,596,999}} || {{right|193.219}} || {{right|4.69}} || {{right|51,209}}
|-
| [[Brandenburg]] || [[Potsdam]] || {{cvt|29654|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|2,534,075}} || {{right|97.477}} || {{right|2.37}} || {{right|37,814}}
|-
| [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] || [[Bremen]] || {{cvt|420|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|693,204}} || {{right|39.252}} || {{right|0.95}} || {{right|56,981}}
|-
| [[Hamburg]] || [[Hamburg]] || {{cvt|755|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|1,808,846}} || {{right|150.575}} || {{right|3.65}} || {{right|79,176}}
|-
| [[Hesse]] || [[Wiesbaden]] || {{cvt|21115|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|6,207,278}} || {{right|351.139}} || {{right|8.52}} || {{right|54,806}}
|-
| [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] || [[Schwerin]] || {{cvt|23214|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|1,570,817}} || {{right|59.217}} || {{right|1.44}} || {{right|36,335}}
|-
| [[Lower Saxony]] || [[Hanover]] || {{cvt|47593|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|7,943,265}} || {{right|363.109}} || {{right|8.81}} || {{right|44,531}}
|-
| [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] || [[Düsseldorf]] || {{cvt|34113|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|17,890,489}} || {{right|839.084}} || {{right|20.36}} || {{right|46,194}}
|-
| [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] || [[Mainz]] || {{cvt|19854|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|4,094,169}} || {{right|174.249}} || {{right|4.23}} || {{right|41,797}}
|-
| [[Saarland]] || [[Saarbrücken]] || {{cvt|2569|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|1,006,864}} || {{right|41.348}} || {{right|1.00}} || {{right|41,617}}
|-
| [[Saxony]] || [[Dresden]] || {{cvt|18416|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|4,038,131}} || {{right|155.982}} || {{right|3.78}} || {{right|38,143}}
|-
| [[Saxony-Anhalt]] || [[Magdeburg]] || {{cvt|20452|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|2,146,443}} || {{right|78.38}} || {{right|1.90}} || {{right|35,911}}
|-
| [[Schleswig-Holstein]] || [[Kiel]] || {{cvt|15802|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|2,927,542}} || {{right|118.68}} || {{right|2.88}} || {{right|40,090}}
|-
| [[Thuringia]] || [[Erfurt]] || {{cvt|16202|km2|mi2|0|adj=ri0|abbr=values|sortable=on|disp=table}} || {{right|2,110,396}} || {{right|75.909}} || {{right|1.84}} || {{right|35,715}}
|- class=sortbottom
! style="text-align:center;" | Germany
! [[Berlin]] || 357,386 || 137,988 || 82,719,540 || 4,121.16 || 100 || 48,750
|}

=== Law ===
{{Main|Law of Germany}}

{{Further|Judiciary of Germany|Law enforcement in Germany}}

Germany has a [[civil law (legal system)|civil law system]] based on [[Roman law]] with some references to [[Germanic law]].<ref>{{cite book|pages=31–32, 62|isbn=978-0-8047-5569-6|year=2007|publisher=Stanford University Press|title=The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America|last1=Merryman|first1=John|last2=Pérez-Perdomo|first2=Rogelio}}</ref> The {{lang|de|[[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany|Bundesverfassungsgericht]]}} (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of [[judicial review]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/EN/Homepage/home_node.html |title=Federal Constitutional Court |publisher=Bundesverfassungsgericht |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213204356/http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/EN/Homepage/home_node.html |archivedate=13 December 2014 |accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> Germany's specialised supreme court system includes the [[Federal Court of Justice]] for civil and criminal cases, along with the [[Federal Labour Court]], [[Federal Social Court]], [[Federal Fiscal Court]], and [[Federal Administrative Court (Germany)|Federal Administrative Court]] for other matters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=363|website=German Law Archive|title=The Federal Constitutional Court: an Introduction|last=Wöhrmann|first=Gotthard|date=22 November 2013 |accessdate=29 March 2020|archivedate=20 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152752/https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=363|url-status=live}}</ref>

Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the {{lang|de|[[Strafgesetzbuch]]}} and the {{lang|de|[[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]}} respectively. The German penal system seeks the [[Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation of the criminal]] and the protection of the public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=§ 2 Strafvollzugsgesetz |language=de |publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvollzg/__2.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501122109/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvollzg/__2.html |archivedate=1 May 2011 |accessdate=26 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> With the exceptions of petty crimes, tried by a single professional judge, and of serious political crimes, all charges are adjudicated by mixed tribunals where [[lay judge]]s ({{lang|de|[[Schöffe]]n}}) and professional judges preside together.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V-ng-8jOoQC&pg=PA23 |title=Criminal Justice in Germany |last1=Jehle |first1=Jörg-Martin |last2=German Federal Ministry of Justice |author2-link=Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany) |publisher=Forum-Verlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-936999-51-8 |page=23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922094303/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V-ng-8jOoQC&pg=PA23 |archivedate=22 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Casper |first1=Gerhard |last2=Zeisel |first2=Hans |author-link2=:de:Hans Zeisel |date=January 1972 |title=Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts |journal=[[Journal of Legal Studies]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=135–191 |doi=10.1086/467481 |jstor=724014 |author1-link=Gerhard Casper}}</ref>

In 2016, Germany's murder rate stood at a low of 1.18 murders per 100,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dataunodc.un.org/crime/intentional-homicide-victims|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|title=Intentional Homicide Victims|accessdate=30 March 2020|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726024322/https://dataunodc.un.org/crime/intentional-homicide-victims|archivedate=26 July 2019}}</ref> In 2018, the overall [[Crime in Germany|crime rate in the country]] fell to its lowest since 1992,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-crime-rate-fell-to-lowest-level-in-decades-in-2018/a-48162310 |title=Germany's crime rate fell to lowest level in decades in 2018 |date=2 April 2019 |website=DW |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517192912/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-crime-rate-fell-to-lowest-level-in-decades-in-2018/a-48162310 |archivedate=17 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> while in 2024, it was reported that violent crime reached a 15-year high, with overall crime rising as well.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-violent-crime-reaches-15-year-high-report/a-68758122|publisher=DW|title=Germany: Violent crime reaches 15-year high — report
|date=4 June 2024|last=Martin|first=Nik}}</ref>

[[Same-sex marriage in Germany]] has been legal since 2017, and [[LGBT rights in Germany|LGBT rights in the country]] are generally protected.<ref>{{cite web |title=STONEWALL GLOBAL WORKPLACE BRIEFINGS 2018 – GERMANY |url=https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/global_workplace_briefing_germany_2018.pdf |website=Stonewall |accessdate=2 September 2023 |archivedate=2 September 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902193738/https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/global_workplace_briefing_germany_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Germany}}

[[File:Group photo of the G7 members at the Scholss Elmau summit (2).jpg|thumb|Germany hosted the [[2022 G7 summit]] at [[Schloss Elmau]] in [[Bavaria]].]]
Germany has a network of [[List of diplomatic missions in Germany|227 diplomatic missions abroad]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aamt/auslandsvertretungen |title=The German Missions Abroad |publisher=German Federal Foreign Office |accessdate=29 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327191034/https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aamt/auslandsvertretungen |archivedate=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and maintains relations with more than 190 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aamt/auslandsvertretungen/botschaften-node |title=The Embassies |publisher=German Federal Foreign Office |accessdate=29 March 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327191019/https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aamt/auslandsvertretungen/botschaften-node |archivedate=27 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Germany is a member of the [[Council of Europe]], [[NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[G7]], the [[G20]], the [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception<ref>{{Cite news |last=Freed |first=John |date=4 April 2008 |title=The leader of Europe? Answers an ocean apart |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/04/world/europe/04iht-poll.4.11666423.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501031326/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/04/world/europe/04iht-poll.4.11666423.html |archivedate=1 May 2011 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and has maintained [[Franco-German cooperation|a strong alliance with France]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2004 |title=Declaration by the Franco-German Defence and Security Council |url=http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Declaration-by-the-Franco-German,4519.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327015942/http://www.ambafrance-uk.org/Declaration-by-the-Franco-German%2C4519.html |archivedate=27 March 2014 |publisher=French Embassy UK}}</ref> and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a [[European integration|more unified European]] political, economic and security apparatus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/610644/49a58b5ecfd5a78862b051d94465afb6/gestaltungsmaechtekonzept-engl-data.pdf|title=Shaping Globalization – Expanding Partner-ships – Sharing Responsibility: A strategy paper by the German Government|publisher=Die Bundesregierung|accessdate=29 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329142145/https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/610644/49a58b5ecfd5a78862b051d94465afb6/gestaltungsmaechtekonzept-engl-data.pdf|archivedate=29 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of its [[economic power]] and political influence, Germany is widely considered to be a [[great power]].<ref name="Milena Steriob">{{cite book |last1=Sterio |first1=Milena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC |title=The right to self-determination under international law: "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415668187 |page=xii (preface)}}</ref><ref name="PaulWirtz2004">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=T.V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59 |title=Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st century |last2=Wirtz |first2=James |last3=Fortmann |first3=Michel |date=2004 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-5017-2 |page=59}}</ref>

The governments of [[Germany–United States relations|Germany and the United States]] are close political allies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-germany/|title=U.S. Relations With Germany|date=4 November 2019|publisher=US Department of State|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331094945/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-germany/|archivedate=31 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in [[Atlanticism]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2006 |title=U.S.-German Economic Relations Factsheet |url=http://germany.usembassy.gov/germany/img/assets/9336/econ_factsheet_may2006.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511123309/http://germany.usembassy.gov/germany/img/assets/9336/econ_factsheet_may2006.pdf |archivedate=11 May 2011 |accessdate=26 March 2011 |publisher=U.S. Embassy in Berlin}}</ref>

Germany's development policy functions as a distinct sector within its foreign policy framework. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bmz.de/en/index.html |title=Aims of German development policy |publisher=Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development |date=10 April 2008 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310120541/http://www.bmz.de/en/index.html |archivedate=10 March 2011 }}</ref> Germany was the world's [[List of development aid sovereign state donors|second-biggest aid donor]] in 2019 after the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/news/germany-foreign-aid-and-the-elusive-0-7-95389|website=Devex|title=Germany, foreign aid, and the elusive 0.7%|last=Green|first=Andrew|date=8 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808125018/https://www.devex.com/news/germany-foreign-aid-and-the-elusive-0-7-95389|archivedate=8 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Bundeswehr}}

[[File:Leopard 2 A5 der Bundeswehr.jpg|thumb|[[Leopard 2]] battle tanks of the German Army]]
Germany's military, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} (Federal Defence), is organised into the {{lang|de|[[German Army|Heer]]}} (Army and special forces [[Kommando Spezialkräfte|{{abbr|KSK|Kommando Spezialkräfte}}]]), {{lang|de|[[German Navy|Marine]]}} (Navy), {{lang|de|[[German Air Force|Luftwaffe]]}} (Air Force) and {{lang|de|[[Cyber and Information Domain Service|Cyber- und Informationsraum]]}} (Cyber and Information Domain Service) branches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2024 |title=Bundeswehr der Zeitenwende: Kriegstüchtig sein, um abschrecken zu können |url=https://www.bmvg.de/de/aktuelles/bundeswehr-der-zeitenwende-kriegstuechtig-sein-um-abzuschrecken-5765386|website=bmvg.de |language=de}}</ref> In absolute terms, German military spending in 2024 was the [[List of countries by military expenditures|fourth-highest in the world]].<ref name="SIPRI-2020">{{Cite web |date=April 2025 |title=Trends in Military Expenditure 2024 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2025-04/2504_fs_milex_2024.pdf#page=2 |access-date=12 December 2025 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]]}}</ref> In response to the 2022 [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that German military expenditure would be increased past the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of 100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro military budget for 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany commits €100 billion to defense spending |date=27 February 2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-commits-100-billion-to-defense-spending/a-60933724 |website=Deutsche Welle |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227113954/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-commits-100-billion-to-defense-spending/a-60933724 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schuetze |first=Christopher F. |date=27 February 2022 |title=Russia's invasion prompts Germany to beef up military funding |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/world/europe/germany-military-budget-russia-ukraine.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227133236/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/27/world/europe/germany-military-budget-russia-ukraine.html |archivedate=27 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, military spending according to NATO criteria amounted to $73.1 billion, or 1.64% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2024, Germany reported $97.7 billion to NATO, exceeding said target at 2.12% of GDP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2024 |title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014–2024) |url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2024/6/pdf/240617-def-exp-2024-en.pdf#page=8|publisher=NATO|pages=8–9 |format=PDF}}</ref>

{{as of|2024|05}}, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} has a strength of 180,215 active soldiers and 80,761 civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Personalzahlen |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/ueber-die-bundeswehr/zahlen-daten-fakten/personalzahlen-bundeswehr |accessdate=31 July 2024 |publisher=Bundeswehr |language=de}}</ref> Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad.<ref name="bwzukunft">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK9pPKUVL3ikqLUzJLsosTUtJJUvbzU0vTU4pLEnJLSvHRUuYKcxDygoH5BtqMiAMTJdF8!/ |title=Ausblick: Die Bundeswehr der Zukunft |publisher=[[Bundeswehr]] |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604001134/http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP3I5EyrpHK9pPKUVL3ikqLUzJLsosTUtJJUvbzU0vTU4pLEnJLSvHRUuYKcxDygoH5BtqMiAMTJdF8!/ |archivedate=4 June 2011 |accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref> Until 2011, [[Conscription in Germany|military service was compulsory]] for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/22/germany-abolish-compulsory-military-service |title=Germany to abolish compulsory military service |last=Connolly, Kate |date=22 November 2010 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917223043/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/22/germany-abolish-compulsory-military-service |archivedate=17 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/16/conscription-germany-army |title=Marching orders for conscription in Germany, but what will take its place? |last=Pidd, Helen |date=16 March 2011 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922000942/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/16/conscription-germany-army |archivedate=22 September 2013 }}</ref> Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/FcwxEoUgDAXAE0l6O0_x1YZ5QMSMEp2In-urs_3STC_FXzKqHIqdRpqi9KG50BK7qxpL3Qy8VHbZbk07MqtbDDerF_WJzYdGv286DbmAJj26iLgynaUMD6qutPs!/ |title=Frauen in der Bundeswehr |publisher=[[Bundeswehr]] |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429090325/http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/!ut/p/c4/FcwxEoUgDAXAE0l6O0_x1YZ5QMSMEp2In-urs_3STC_FXzKqHIqdRpqi9KG50BK7qxpL3Qy8VHbZbk07MqtbDDerF_WJzYdGv286DbmAJj26iLgynaUMD6qutPs!/ |archivedate=29 April 2011 |accessdate=14 April 2011}}</ref> According to the [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], Germany was the [[List of countries by arms exports|fifth-largest exporter of major arms in the world]] between 2020 and 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pieter D. |last1=Wezeman|first2= Katarina |last2=Djokic|first3= Mathew|last3= George|first4= Zain |last4=Hussain |first5=Siemon T. |last5=Wezeman |title=Trends in international Arms Transfer 2024 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2025/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2024 |doi=10.55163/XXSZ9056 |date=March 2025 |website=sipri.org |page=2 }}</ref>

In peacetime, the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} is commanded by the [[Minister of Defence (Germany)|Minister of Defence]]. In a [[state of defence]], the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/gg/gesamt.pdf |title=Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Artikel 65a,87,115b |publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz |language=German |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528210503/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/gg/gesamt.pdf |archivedate=28 May 2017 |accessdate=19 March 2011 }}</ref> The role of the {{lang|de|Bundeswehr}} is described in the [[Constitution of Germany]] as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994, the term "defence" has been defined not only to include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the [[security]] of Germany anywhere in the world. {{As of|2017|post=,}} the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against [[Daesh]], 980 in the NATO-led [[Resolute Support Mission]] in Afghanistan, and 800 in [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/start/einsaetze/ueberblick/zahlen/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zinSx8QnyMLI2MXIKDnQ0cQ13NQl2DHY0NzMz0wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6wSmp-pFAM8xxmuELVKQfpR-VlViWWKFXkF9UkpNaopeYDHKhfmRGYl5KTmpAfrIjRKAgN6LcoNxREQC-OoUy/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922DSSC0AUE6UESA30M0 |title=Einsatzzahlen – die Stärke der deutschen Kontingente |date=18 August 2017 |publisher=[[Bundeswehr]] |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823022636/https://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/start/einsaetze/ueberblick/zahlen/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zinSx8QnyMLI2MXIKDnQ0cQ13NQl2DHY0NzMz0wwkpiAJKG-AAjgb6wSmp-pFAM8xxmuELVKQfpR-VlViWWKFXkF9UkpNaopeYDHKhfmRGYl5KTmpAfrIjRKAgN6LcoNxREQC-OoUy/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922DSSC0AUE6UESA30M0 |archivedate=23 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 June 2020|title=Germany extends unified armed forces mission in Mali|url=https://internationalinsider.org/germany-extends-unified-armed-forces-mission-in-mali/|website=International Insider|accessdate=6 March 2021|archivedate=26 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226221509/https://internationalinsider.org/germany-extends-unified-armed-forces-mission-in-mali/|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Germany}}

{{See also|Science and technology in Germany|List of German inventions and discoveries}}
[[File:Frankfurt Skyline 2022 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Frankfurt]], a leading business and financial centre in Europe and the seat of the [[European Central Bank]]]]

Germany has a [[social market economy]] with a highly skilled [[labour force]], a low level of [[Corruption in Germany|corruption]],<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2020 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019 |url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327160133/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019 |archivedate=27 March 2020 |accessdate=29 March 2020 |publisher=Transparency International}}</ref> and a high level of [[innovation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2018.pdf|page=11|title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2018|last=Schwab|first=Klaus|accessdate=29 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224135655/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2018.pdf|archivedate=24 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP]], as well as the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|third-largest by nominal GDP]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deutschland ist wieder Nummer drei der größten Volkswirtschaften|url=https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/deutschland-ist-wieder-nummer-drei-der-groessten-volkswirtschaften-der-welt-a-4983d80b-6eef-4226-b620-097934febf6c|date=15 February 2024|work=Der Spiegel|language=de|archive-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217022701/https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/deutschland-ist-wieder-nummer-drei-der-groessten-volkswirtschaften-der-welt-a-4983d80b-6eef-4226-b620-097934febf6c|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|sixth-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.pp.cd?most_recent_value_desc=true|publisher=World Bank|title=GDP, PPP (current international $)|accessdate=18 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327113849/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.pp.cd%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue|archivedate=27 March 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Its PPP-adjusted GDP per capita amounted to 115% of the EU average in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per capita in PPS |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00114/default/bar?lang=en |accessdate=9 June 2025 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> The [[Service sector in Germany|country's service sector]] contributes approximately 72% of the total GDP, the industrial sector 27%—with Germany having the [[List of countries by manufacturing output|largest manufacturing output in Europe]]—and [[Agriculture in Germany|its agricultural sector]] 1%, {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref name="CIA" /> [[List of German states by unemployment rate|The unemployment rate]] published by [[Eurostat]] amounts to 3.2% {{as of|2020|01|lc=y}}, which is the [[List of European Union member states by unemployment rate|fourth-lowest in the EU]].<ref name="Eurostat">{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics|publisher=Eurostat|title=Unemployment statistics|accessdate=29 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406062752/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics|archivedate=6 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Germany is part of the [[European single market]] which represents more than 450 million consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market_en|title=The European single market|date=5 July 2016|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=30 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409110216/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market_en|archivedate=9 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the [[eurozone]] economy according to the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/07/05/na070717-germany-spend-more-at-home|title=Germany: Spend More At Home|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108101740/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/07/05/na070717-germany-spend-more-at-home|archivedate=8 January 2018}}</ref> Germany introduced the common EU currency, the [[euro]], in 2002.<ref name="euroc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/world/germans-say-goodbye-to-the-mark-a-symbol-of-strength-and-unity.html |title=Germans Say Goodbye to the Mark, a Symbol of Strength and Unity |last=Andrews |first=Edmund L. |date=1 January 2002 |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501031330/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/world/germans-say-goodbye-to-the-mark-a-symbol-of-strength-and-unity.html |archivedate=1 May 2011}}</ref> Its monetary policy is set by the [[European Central Bank]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Monetary policy |url=https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/monetary-policy/monetary-policy-625914 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152755/https://www.bundesbank.de/en/tasks/monetary-policy/monetary-policy-625914 |archivedate=20 June 2021 |accessdate=30 March 2020 |publisher=Bundesbank}}</ref> which is based in [[Frankfurt]], the country's largest financial centre.<ref name="frankfurt">{{cite report |url=http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/SPERI-Brief-10-Frankfurt.pdf|title=Frankfurt as a financial centre after Brexit|last1=Lavery|first1=Scott|last2=Schmid|first2=Davide|publisher=University of Sheffield|url-status=live|series=SPERI Global Political Economy Brief|year=2018|accessdate=30 March 2020|archivedate=20 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152658/http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/SPERI-Brief-10-Frankfurt.pdf}}</ref> Germany is the world's [[List of countries by exports|third-largest exporter]] and [[List of countries by imports|third-largest importer]],<ref name="CIA" /> and it has the [[List of countries by net goods exports|second-largest trade surplus]] after China. [[List of the largest trading partners of Germany|Its largest trading partners]] in 2025 were China, the United States and the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China is Germany's main trading partner |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Economy/Foreign-Trade/trading-partners.html |accessdate=4 March 2026|publisher=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]]}}</ref> [[List of exports of Germany|Germany's main exports]] are vehicles, machinery, and chemical goods.<ref name="Destatis2">{{Cite web |title=Foreign trade |url=http://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/NationalEconomyEnvironment/ForeignTrade/_Graphic/TradingGoods.png?__blob=poster |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502033130/https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/NationalEconomyEnvironment/ForeignTrade/_Graphic/TradingGoods.png?__blob=poster |archivedate=2 May 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2015 |website=Statistiches Bundesamt}}</ref>

The [[German automotive industry]] is among the most competitive and innovative in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.electrive.com/2019/12/10/cam-study-reveals-german-manufacturers-as-innovative/|publisher=Electrive|title=CAM study reveals: German carmakers are most innovative|date=10 December 2019|last=Randall|first=Chris|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510175816/https://www.electrive.com/2019/12/10/cam-study-reveals-german-manufacturers-as-innovative/|archivedate=10 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the [[List of countries by motor vehicle production|sixth-largest by production]] and largest by export value in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cars |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/cars |accessdate=8 March 2025 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity}}</ref> Germany is home to [[Volkswagen Group]], the world's [[List of automotive manufacturers by production|second-largest automotive manufacturer by vehicle production]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2022 |title=Hyundai, Now the No. 3 Carmaker, Takes Aim at Toyota and Volkswagen |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-20/now-the-world-s-third-biggest-carmaker-hyundai-takes-aim-at-toyota-volkswagen |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207223928/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-20/now-the-world-s-third-biggest-carmaker-hyundai-takes-aim-at-toyota-volkswagen |url-status=live }}</ref>

Of the world's 500 largest stock market-listed companies by revenue in 2024, the [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]], 29 were based in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/global500/2019/search/?hqcountry=Germany|website=Fortune|title=Global 500|accessdate=30 March 2020|archivedate=20 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152854/https://fortune.com/global500/2019/search/?hqcountry=Germany|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[DAX]], Germany's stock market index operated by the [[Frankfurt Stock Exchange]], includes 30 major Germany-based companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/DAX:IND|publisher=Bloomberg|title=DAX|accessdate=30 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521105452/https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/DAX:IND|archivedate=21 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Prominent [[German companies]] include [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[BMW]], [[Volkswagen]], [[Audi]], [[Porsche]], [[Siemens]], [[Adidas]], [[SAP]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] and [[BASF]]. [[Berlin]] is a [[Startup ecosystem|hub]] for [[Startup company|startup companies]] and has become the leading location for venture capital-funded firms in the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frost |first=Simon |date=28 August 2015 |title=Berlin outranks London in start-up investment |url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/innovation-industry/berlin-outranks-london-start-investment-317140 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106224621/http://www.euractiv.com/sections/innovation-industry/berlin-outranks-london-start-investment-317140 |archivedate=6 November 2015|website=euractiv.com}}</ref> Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised [[small and medium enterprises]] known as the {{lang|de|[[Mittelstand]]}};<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/connect/small-business/driving-growth/secrets-growth-power-of-germany-mittelstand/|website=The Telegraph|title=Secrets of growth: the power of Germany's Mittelstand|last=Dakers|first=Marion|date=11 May 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306134928/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/connect/small-business/driving-growth/secrets-growth-power-of-germany-mittelstand/|archivedate=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> these companies represent around 48% of the global market leaders in their segments, labelled [[hidden champions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40796571|work=BBC News|title=Germany's 'hidden champions' of the Mittelstand|last=Bayley|first=Caroline|date=17 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522010803/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40796571|archivedate=22 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Research and development]] efforts form an integral part of the German economy,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bmbf.de/pub/Federal_Report_on_Research_and_Innovation_2014.pdf |title=Federal Report on Research and Innovation 2014 |date=2014 |publisher=Federal Ministry of Education and Research |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160514110947/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/Federal_Report_on_Research_and_Innovation_2014.pdf |archivedate=14 May 2016 |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> with the country [[List of sovereign states by research and development spending|ranking fourth]] in research and development expenditure since 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gross domestic spending on R&D |url=http://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |accessdate=17 December 2023 |publisher=[[OECD]] |archive-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215212810/https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, Germany [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|ranked fourth]] globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/top-ten-countries-leading-scientific-publications-in-the-world/|last=McCarthy|first=Niall|title=The countries leading the world in scientific research|publisher=World Economic Forum|date=13 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312073822/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/top-ten-countries-leading-scientific-publications-in-the-world|archivedate=12 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and third in the quality-adjusted [[Nature Index]] in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Plackett |first1=Benjamin |date=18 June 2024 |title=Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders: India follows in China's footsteps as top ten changes again |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/news/nature-index-research-leaders-india-follows-china-footsteps |website=Nature Index }}</ref> Well-known research institutions in Germany include the [[Max Planck Society]], the [[Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres|Helmholtz Association]], the [[Fraunhofer Society]], and the [[Leibniz Association]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Nature|title=An introduction to the complexities of the German research scene|date=27 March 2019|first=Hristio|last=Boytchev|volume=567|issue=7749|pages=S34–S35|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-00910-7|pmid=30918381|doi-access=free }}</ref> Germany is the largest contributor to the [[European Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2019/04/20191128_esa-ministerial-2019.html|publisher=German Aerospace Centre|date=28 November 2019|title=Germany invests 3.3 billion euro in European space exploration and becomes ESA's largest contributor|accessdate=17 May 2020|archivedate=20 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152742/https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2019/04/20191128_esa-ministerial-2019.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The country was ranked 11th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |doi=10.34667/tind.588647}}</ref>

=== Infrastructure ===
{{Main|Transport in Germany|Energy in Germany|Telecommunications in Germany|Water supply and sanitation in Germany}}

[[File:ICE 3 Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg|thumb|High-speed trains like this [[ICE 3]] connect the [[High-speed rail in Germany|whole of Germany]].]]
With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/statistics/investment/Country-responses/Germany.pdf |title=Assessment of strategic plans and policy measures on Investment and Maintenance in Transport Infrastructure |year=2012 |publisher=[[International Transport Forum]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101013052/http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/statistics/investment/Country-responses/Germany.pdf |archivedate=1 January 2015 |accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Its road network is among the [[List of countries by road network density|densest in Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Archive:Transport_infrastructure_at_regional_level|publisher=Eurostat|title=Transport infrastructure at regional level|accessdate=30 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915230224/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Archive:Transport_infrastructure_at_regional_level|archivedate=15 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The motorway (''[[Autobahn]]'') is widely known for having no general federally mandated [[Speed limits in Germany|speed limit]] for some classes of vehicles.<ref name="wa 16-09-2013">{{cite news |last=Jeremic |first=Sam |title=Fun, fun, fun on the autobahn |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/motors/a/-/motors/18958067/fun-fun-fun-on-the-autobahn/ |date=16 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012020747/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/motors/a/-/motors/18958067/fun-fun-fun-on-the-autobahn/ |archivedate=12 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Intercity Express]] or ''ICE'' train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurail.com/en/get-inspired/trains-europe/high-speed-trains/ice|title=ICE High-Speed Trains|publisher=Eurail|accessdate=3 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011052444/http://eurail.com/en/get-inspired/trains-europe/high-speed-trains/ice|archivedate=11 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest [[List of airports in Germany|German airports]] are [[Frankfurt Airport]], [[Munich Airport]] and [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adv.aero/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/12.2022-ADV-Monatsstatistik.pdf |title=ADV Monthly Traffic Report 12/2022 |publisher=Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Verkehrsflughäfen e.V. |date=13 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216140438/https://www.adv.aero/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/12.2022-ADV-Monatsstatistik.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Port of Hamburg]] is the [[List of busiest ports in Europe|third-busiest port in Europe]] and one of the twenty [[List of world's busiest container ports|largest container ports in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/statistics/top-20-container-ports|publisher=Port of Hamburg|title=Top World Container Ports|accessdate=3 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010080235/https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/statistics/top-20-container-ports|archivedate=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2019|alt=In 2019}}, Germany was the world's [[List of countries by energy consumption|seventh-largest consumer of energy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/DEU |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605135256/https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/DEU |archivedate=5 June 2023 |accessdate=30 August 2023 |publisher=US Energy Information Administration}}</ref> All [[Nuclear power plants in Germany|German nuclear power plants]] were phased out in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Paddison |last2=Schmidt |last3=Kappeler |first1=Laura |first2=Nadine |first3=Inke |date=15 April 2023 |title='A new era': Germany quits nuclear power, closing its final three plants |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/europe/germany-nuclear-phase-out-climate-intl/index.html |publisher=CNN |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422050759/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/europe/germany-nuclear-phase-out-climate-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Germany meets its power demands using 40% [[renewable energy|renewable sources]] (2018),<ref>{{cite web |last=Wettengel |first=Julian |date=2 January 2019 |title=Renewables supplied 40 percent of net public power in Germany in 2018 |url=https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/renewables-supplied-40-percent-net-public-power-germany-2018 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152813/https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/renewables-supplied-40-percent-net-public-power-germany-2018 |archivedate=20 June 2021 |accessdate=10 April 2020 |website=Clean Energy Wire}}</ref> and has been called an "early leader" in [[solar panel]]s and [[Offshore wind power|offshore wind]].<ref name="International Energy Agency-2021">{{Cite web |publisher=International Energy Agency |date=16 December 2021 |title=Germany |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/germany |accessdate=24 May 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524012051/https://www.iea.org/countries/germany |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Energy transition in Germany|German energy transition]] ({{lang|de|Energiewende}}) is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Federal Ministry for the Environment |url=http://www.dlr.de/dlr/Portaldata/1/Resources/bilder/portal/portal_2012_1/leitstudie2011_bf.pdf |title=Langfristszenarien und Strategien für den Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland bei Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung in Europa und global |date=29 March 2012 |publisher=Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) |trans-title=Long-term Scenarios and Strategies for the Development of Renewable Energy in Germany Considering Development in Europe and Globally |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921145218/http://www.dlr.de/dlr/Portaldata/1/Resources/bilder/portal/portal_2012_1/leitstudie2011_bf.pdf |archivedate=21 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="International Energy Agency-20212">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2021 |title=Germany |url=https://www.iea.org/countries/germany |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524012051/https://www.iea.org/countries/germany |archive-date=24 May 2022 |accessdate=24 May 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}</ref> with the country being called "the world's first major renewable energy economy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany: The World's First Major Renewable Energy Economy |url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/germany-the-worlds-first-major-renewable-energy-economy |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329212358/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/04/germany-the-worlds-first-major-renewable-energy-economy |archivedate=29 March 2015 |accessdate=24 February 2024}}</ref> Germany has reduced its [[primary energy consumption]] by 11% between 1990 and 2015<ref>{{cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=China and Germany – Working for an Energy Efficient Future |url=https://www.energypartnership.cn/newsroom/energy-efficiency/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204135141/https://www.energypartnership.cn/newsroom/energy-efficiency/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |website=Energiepartnershcaft}}</ref> and set itself goals of reducing it by 30% until 2030 and 50% by 2050.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.energypartnership.cn/fileadmin/user_upload/china/media_elements/Documents/200407_BMWi_Dossier_Energy_Efficiency_Strategy_2050.pdf |title=Germany's Energy Efficiency Strategy 2050 |date=March 2020 |publisher=Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130115350/https://www.energypartnership.cn/fileadmin/user_upload/china/media_elements/Documents/200407_BMWi_Dossier_Energy_Efficiency_Strategy_2050.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The country is committed to the [[Paris Agreement]] and several other treaties promoting biodiversity,<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |title=Committed to Biodiversity |url=https://www.cbd.int/financial/2017docs/germany-commitment2016.pdf |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212170157/https://www.cbd.int/financial/2017docs/germany-commitment2016.pdf |archivedate=12 February 2020 |accessdate=10 April 2020 |publisher=Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development}}</ref> low emission standards,<ref>{{cite news |last=Eddy |first=Melissa |date=15 November 2019 |title=Germany Passes Climate-Protection Law to Ensure 2030 Goals |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/world/europe/germany-climate-law.html |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313200755/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/15/world/europe/germany-climate-law.html |archivedate=13 March 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and [[water management]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanright2water.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/WL-Country-Mapping-Germany.pdf|title=Legal Country Mapping: Germany|publisher=WaterLex|date=6 July 2018|accessdate=27 March 2021|archivedate=28 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928114238/http://humanright2water.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/WL-Country-Mapping-Germany.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2017, Germany's household recycling rate is among the [[Recycling rates by country|highest in the world]], at around 65%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climateaction.org/news/germany-is-the-worlds-leading-nation-for-recycling|publisher=Climate Action|title=Germany is the world's leading nation for recycling|date=11 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911230531/http://www.climateaction.org/news/germany-is-the-worlds-leading-nation-for-recycling|archivedate=11 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Germany was the 14th highest emitting nation of [[greenhouse gas]]es.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olefs |first1=M. |last2=Formayer |first2=H. |last3=Gobiet |first3=A. |last4=Marke |first4=T. |last5=Schöner |first5=W. |last6=Revesz |first6=M. |date=1 June 2021 |title=Past and future changes of the Austrian climate – Importance for tourism |journal=Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism|volume=34 |article-number=100395 |doi=10.1016/j.jort.2021.100395|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Germany}}

[[File:Brandenburger Tor abends.jpg|thumb|The [[Brandenburg Gate]] in Berlin]]
Domestic and international travel and tourism directly contributed over €105.3 billion to German GDP in 2015.<ref name=":1" /> Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supported nearly 4.2 million jobs in 2015.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/wirtschaftsfaktor-tourismus-in-deutschland-lang.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3|title=Tourism as a driver of economic growth in Germany|publisher=Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy|date=November 2017|accessdate=5 July 2020|archivedate=8 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708124326/https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/wirtschaftsfaktor-tourismus-in-deutschland-lang.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2024, Germany is the [[World Tourism rankings|seventh-most-visited country]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/UNWTO_Barom23_02_May_EXCERPT_final.pdf?VersionId=gGmuSXlwfM1yoemsRrBI9ZJf.Vmc9gYD|journal=World Tourism Barometer|volume=21|issue=2|date=May 2023|title=International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering 2019 levels in the first quarter|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802171252/https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-05/UNWTO_Barom23_02_May_EXCERPT_final.pdf?VersionId=gGmuSXlwfM1yoemsRrBI9ZJf.Vmc9gYD|url-status=live}}</ref> Its most popular landmarks include [[Cologne Cathedral]], the [[Brandenburg Gate]], the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]], the [[Dresden Frauenkirche]], [[Neuschwanstein Castle]], [[Heidelberg Castle]], the [[Wartburg]], and [[Sanssouci Palace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-most-visited-landmarks/a-19432005|publisher=DW|title=Germany's most visited landmarks|accessdate=5 July 2020|archivedate=6 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706112642/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-most-visited-landmarks/a-19432005|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Europa-Park]] near [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]] is Europe's second-most popular theme park resort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/236193/attendance-at-the-europa-park-rust-theme-park/|publisher=Statista|title=Attendance at the Europa Park Rust theme park from 2009 to 2018 (in millions)|date=19 June 2020|accessdate=5 July 2020|archivedate=1 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801004437/https://www.statista.com/statistics/236193/attendance-at-the-europa-park-rust-theme-park/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Germany}}

{{See also|Germans}}
With a population of 84.7 million according to the 2023 German census,<ref>{{cite news |title=Immigration Drives Germany's Population Growth to 84.7 Million |url=https://etias.com/articles/germany-population-growth-2023 |work=[[European Travel Information and Authorisation System|ETIAS]] |date=30 January 2024}}</ref> Germany is the most populous [[member state of the European Union]], the [[List of European countries by population|second-most populous country in Europe]]{{efn|Excluding [[Turkey]], which only has around 3% of its territory and 10% of its population in Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm |editor=Metz, Helen |title=Turkey: A Country Study | Geography |year=1995 |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115045721/https://countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm |archivedate=15 November 2025}}</ref>|name="turkey"}} after [[Russia]],<ref name="CIA" /> and the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|nineteenth-most populous country in the world]]. Its [[population density]] stands at {{convert|236|/km2|/mi2|disp=preunit|inhabitants |inhabitants|}}. The [[Total fertility rate|fertility rate]] of 1.57 children born per woman (2022 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate|lowest in the world]].<ref name="CIA" /> Since the 1970s, Germany's [[death rate]] has exceeded its [[birth rate]]. However, the country is witnessing increased birth and migration rates since the early 2010s. Germany has the [[List of countries by median age|fourth oldest population in the world]], with an average age of 47.8 years.<ref name="CIA" />
[[File:Hubschrauberflug Hamburg.jpg|thumb|[[Hamburg]] is Germany's [[List of cities in Germany by population|second-most populous city]], with [[Port of Hamburg|its seaport]] being the country's largest by volume.]]
Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as national minorities because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries:<ref name="BMI 2010">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/2010/nat_minderheiten.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |title=National Minorities in Germany |date=May 2010 |publisher=[[Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421151141/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/2010/nat_minderheiten.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |archivedate=21 April 2013 |accessdate=23 June 2014}}</ref> There is a [[Danes|Danish]] minority in the northernmost state of [[Schleswig-Holstein]];<ref name="BMI 2010" /> the [[Sorbs]], a [[Slavic people|Slavic population]], are in the [[Lusatia]] region of [[Free State of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Brandenburg]]; the [[Romani people|Roma]] and [[Sinti]] live throughout the country; and the [[Frisians]] are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of [[Lower Saxony]].<ref name="BMI 2010" />

Germany is [[Immigration to Germany|a major destination for immigrants]], ranking second in the world after the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Webb |first=Alex |date=20 May 2014 |title=Germany Top Migration Land After U.S. in New OECD Ranking |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-20/immigration-boom-propels-germany-past-u-k-in-new-oecd-ranking |archive-date=17 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317014944/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-20/immigration-boom-propels-germany-past-u-k-in-new-oecd-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, following the [[2015 European migrant crisis|2015 refugee crisis]], the Population Division of the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] listed Germany as host to the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population|second-highest number of international migrants worldwide]], about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015_Highlights.pdf |title=International Migration Report 2015 – Highlights |year=2015 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513001608/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2015_Highlights.pdf |archivedate=13 May 2016 |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref> Refugee crises have resulted in substantial population increases;<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany: Asylum applications rose sharply in 2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-asylum-applications-rose-sharply-in-2023/a-67928269 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=9 January 2024}}</ref> for example, the major influx of Ukrainian immigrants following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], whereby over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany as of April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current population |url=https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Current-Population/_node.html |date=20 June 2023 |publisher=Federal Statistical Office |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826024032/https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Society-Environment/Population/Current-Population/_node.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Germany ranked seventh among EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 13.1%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/migration/foreign-population.htm#indicator-chart|publisher=OECD|title=Foreign population|accessdate=28 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313152632/https://data.oecd.org/migration/foreign-population.htm#indicator-chart|archivedate=13 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, there were 23.8 million people—28.7 percent of the total population—who had a [[migration background]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 April 2023|publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt|title=Pressemitteilung Nr. 158 vom 20. April 2023|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2023/04/PD23_158_125.html|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107012216/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2023/04/PD23_158_125.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Germany has [[List of cities and towns in Germany|over 2,000 cities and towns]], and 11 officially recognised [[metropolitan regions in Germany|metropolitan regions]]. The [[List of cities in Germany by population|country's most populous city]] is [[Berlin]], and its largest urban area is the [[Ruhr]].<ref name="Demographia">{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |work=Demographia|title= World Urban Areas|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503021711/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archivedate=3 May 2018|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
{{Largest cities of Germany}}

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Germany}}

{{further|Catholic Church in Germany|Evangelical Church in Germany|History of the Jews in Germany|Islam in Germany}}

[[File:Kölner Dom, Köln-Altstadt-Nord - Luftaufnahme-0276 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Cologne Cathedral]], a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]]]
According to the 2022 census, [[Christianity in Germany|Christianity]] is the largest religion in Germany at 49.7% of the population; 23.1% identified as [[Protestantism|Protestant]] and 25.1% as [[Catholic Church|Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit im Zensus 2022 und im Zensus 2011 - je Bundesland |url=https://www.zensus2022.de/DE/Ergebnisse-des-Zensus/Sonderauswertung_Religionszugehoerigkeit.html |date=2 July 2024 |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt |language=de}}</ref>

A study in 2023 estimated that 46.2% of the population are not members of any religious organisation or [[religious denomination|denomination]] and that a majority of the population no longer belongs to a Christian denomination (48.5% Christians).<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2024 |title=Religionszugehörigkeiten 2023 |url=https://fowid.de/meldung/religionszugehoerigkeiten-2023|website=fowid.de |language=de}}</ref> [[Irreligion in Germany]] is strongest in major metropolitan areas and throughout the former [[East Germany]], which used to be predominantly Protestant before the imposition of [[state atheism]] under communism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/sep/22/atheism-east-germany-godless-place |title=Eastern Germany: the most godless place on Earth |last=Thompson|first=Peter |date=22 September 2012 |work=The Guardian|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929114047/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/sep/22/atheism-east-germany-godless-place |archivedate=29 September 2013 }}</ref><ref name="georgetown1">{{Cite web |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/germany |title=Germany |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324170951/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/germany |archivedate=24 March 2015 |accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref>

[[Islam]] is the second-largest religion in the country.<ref name="Zensus 2011">{{Cite web |url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:00,BEG_4_2_6,m,table |title=Bevölkerung im regionalen Vergleich nach Religion (ausführlich) -in %- |date=9 May 2011 |website=Zensus 2011 |publisher=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] |page=Zensus 2011 – Page 6 |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621101339/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#StaticContent:00,BEG_4_2_6,m,table |archivedate=21 June 2013 }}</ref> In the 2011 census, 1.9% of respondents (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this faith (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Zensus 2011 – Fakten zur Bevölkerung in Deutschland" am 31. Mai 2013 in Berlin |publisher=[[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2013/Zensus2011/Statement_Egeler_zensus_PDF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |language=German |accessdate=28 September 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010094954/https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressekonferenzen/2013/Zensus2011/Statement_Egeler_zensus_PDF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |archivedate=10 October 2017 |trans-title=2011 Census – Facts about the population of Germany on 31 May 2013 in Berlin |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, there were an estimated 5.3–5.6 million Muslims with a [[migrant background]]{{efn|A migrant background is defined as having been born or having at least one parent born in a country from a prespecified list of countries with a significant Muslim population, or as having citizenship or at least one parent with citizenship of one of these countries.<ref name=BAMF2020/>}} (6.4–6.7% of the population), in addition to an unknown number of Muslims without a migrant background.<ref name="BAMF2020">{{cite web|title=Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland 2020|publisher=[[Federal Office for Migration and Refugees]]|date=April 2020|url=https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Forschung/Forschungsberichte/fb38-muslimisches-leben.html|accessdate=9 August 2021}}</ref> Most of the Muslims are [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] and [[Alevism|Alevis]] from Turkey, but there are a small number of [[Shia Islam|Shi'ites]], [[Ahmadiyya]]s and other denominations. Other religions each comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.<ref name="Zensus 2011" />

In 2011, formal members of the [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jewish community]] represented no more than 0.2% of the total German population, and 60% of them resided in [[Berlin]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Germany: Berlin Facing Challenge Of Assimilating Russian-Speaking Jews|date=8 April 2008|url=http://www.rferl.org/a/1078688.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|accessdate=12 March 2017|archivedate=29 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029115657/http://www.rferl.org/a/1078688.html|url-status=live}}</ref> An estimated 80 to 90 percent of these Jews in Germany are Russian-speaking immigrants from the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Union]] who came to Germany from the 1980s onwards.<ref>{{cite web|title=German Jews more than victims, community head says|url=http://jewishjournal.com/news/world/86509/|work=Jewish Journal|date=5 January 2011|archivedate=31 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031005406/http://jewishjournal.com/news/world/86509/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jewish Berlin: Myths and Fragmentation|url=http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/109-jewish-berlin-myths-and-fragmentation|publisher=Humanity in Action|accessdate=12 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313043802/http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/109-jewish-berlin-myths-and-fragmentation |archivedate=13 March 2017}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Germany}}

{{See also|German language}}
[[File:Bilinguale Straßenbeschilderung Cottbus b.jpg|thumb|A bilingual street sign in both [[German language|German]] and [[Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]] in [[Cottbus]] (''Chóśebuz''), [[Brandenburg]]]]

German is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany.<ref name="Eurobarometer Languages">{{Cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey) |year=2006 |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414102658/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf |archivedate=14 April 2016 |accessdate=28 March 2011}} {{Cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary) |last=[[European Commission]] |year=2006 |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430202903/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf |archivedate=30 April 2011 |accessdate=28 March 2011}}</ref> It is one of 24 official and working [[languages of the European Union]], and one of the three [[Languages of the European Union|procedural languages]] of the [[European Commission]], alongside English and French.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_13_825|title=Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe|date=26 September 2013|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=5 July 2020|archivedate=5 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705223150/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_13_825|url-status=live}}</ref> German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/culture/the-german-language-surprising-facts-and-figures|title=The German Language|date=20 February 2018|publisher=FAZIT Communication GmbH|accessdate=5 July 2020|archivedate=2 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002203206/https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/culture/the-german-language-surprising-facts-and-figures|url-status=live}}</ref>

Recognised native minority languages in Germany are [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Low German]], [[Low Rhenish]], [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[North Frisian language|North Frisian]] and [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]; they are officially protected by the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]. The most used immigrant languages are [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and other [[Balkan languages]], as well as [[Russian language|Russian]]. Germans are typically multilingual: 74% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 35% in at least two.<ref name="EU-Lang">{{Cite book |publisher=European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication |title=Special Eurobarometer survey "Europeans and their languages" |date=May 2024|url=https://europa.eu/eurobarometer/surveys/detail/2979 |doi=10.2766/28257 |isbn=978-92-68-12045-3}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Germany}}

[[File:Heidelberg Universitätsbibliothek 2003 b.jpg|thumb|[[Heidelberg University]], Germany's oldest institution of higher learning and generally considered one of its most renowned]]
Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual [[States of Germany|states]]. Optional [[kindergarten]] education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which [[Schulpflicht|school attendance is compulsory]] for at least nine years depending on the state. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years.<ref name="ED">{{Cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf |title=Country profile: Germany |date=April 2008 |publisher=Library of Congress |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427060904/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf |archivedate=27 April 2011 |accessdate=28 March 2011}}</ref> Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue [[college-preparatory school|academic]] or [[vocational education]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wenr.wes.org/2016/11/education-in-germany|title=Education in Germany|author=Trines, Stefan|date=8 November 2016|website=World Education News and Reviews|accessdate=5 July 2020|archivedate=5 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405120422/https://wenr.wes.org/2016/11/education-in-germany|url-status=live}}</ref> A system of apprenticeship called {{lang|de|[[Dual education system|Duale Ausbildung]]}} leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school.<ref name="ED" /> This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4f43b5c4-a32b-11e1-8f34-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2RApE4hJA |title=A German model goes global |website=Financial Times |date=21 May 2012 |url-access=registration |accessdate=28 September 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728095341/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4f43b5c4-a32b-11e1-8f34-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2RApE4hJA |archivedate=28 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Most of the [[List of universities in Germany|German universities]] are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://theconversation.com/should-we-follow-the-german-way-of-free-higher-education-23970 |title=Should we follow the German way of free higher education? |first1=Tim |last1=Pitman |date=18 March 2014 |work=The Conversation |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318031926/http://theconversation.com/should-we-follow-the-german-way-of-free-higher-education-23970 |archivedate=18 March 2014 |last2=Hannah Forsyth}}</ref> The general requirement for attending university is the {{lang|de|[[Abitur]]}}. According to an OECD report from 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/where-to-study/europe/germany/growing-popularity-international-study-germany |title=The Growing Popularity of International Study in Germany |first=Laura|last=Bridgestock |date=13 November 2014 |website=QS Topuniversities |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413063050/http://www.topuniversities.com/where-to-study/europe/germany/growing-popularity-international-study-germany |archivedate=13 April 2016}}</ref> The established universities in Germany include some of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest in the world]], with [[Heidelberg University]] (established in 1386), [[Leipzig University]] (established in 1409) and the [[University of Rostock]] (established in 1419) being the [[List of oldest German universities|oldest in the country]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/rankings/ |title=Rankings: Universität Heidelberg in International Comparison|publisher=Universität Heidelberg |first=Björn |last=Bertram |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921065348/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/rankings/ |archivedate=21 September 2014 |accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref> The [[Humboldt University of Berlin]], founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], became the academic [[Humboldtian model of higher education|model for many Western universities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/humboldt-university-berlin|website=Times Higher Education|title=Humboldt University of Berlin|accessdate=5 July 2020|archivedate=15 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615201758/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/humboldt-university-berlin|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drc.uns.ac.rs/presentations/05_DS/03-Prof.Dr.HeinrichKern.pdf|website=26th Annual Meeting of the Danube Rectors Conference|title=Humboldt's educational ideal and modern academic education|author=Kern, Heinrich|year=2010|accessdate=5 July 2020|archivedate=24 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224180046/http://www.drc.uns.ac.rs/presentations/05_DS/03-Prof.Dr.HeinrichKern.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Germany}}

{{Further|Healthcare in Germany}}
[[File:Heiligen-Geist-Hospital (Lübeck).jpg|thumb|The [[Hospital of the Holy Spirit]] in [[Lübeck]], established in 1286, is a precursor to modern hospitals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.luebeck-tourism.de/discover/sights/hospital-of-the-holy-spirit.html |title=Hospital of the Holy Spirit Lübeck |publisher=Lübeck + Travemünde |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215044833/http://www.luebeck-tourism.de/discover/sights/hospital-of-the-holy-spirit.html |archivedate=15 December 2014 |accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref>]]

Germany's system of hospitals, called {{lang|de|Krankenhäuser}}, dates from medieval times, and the country has the world's oldest [[universal health care]] system, dating from [[Otto von Bismarck#Social legislation|Bismarck's social legislation]] of the 1880s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/80776/E68952.pdf |title=Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany |publisher=European Observatory on Health Care Systems |year=2000 |page=8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513054407/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/80776/E68952.pdf |archivedate=13 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced [[health care system]]. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded in 2013.<ref name="health">{{Cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country.country-DEU?lang=en |title=Germany statistics summary (2002–present) |publisher=World Health Organization |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606194340/http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country.country-DEU?lang=en |archivedate=6 June 2016 |accessdate=4 June 2016}}</ref> In 2024, Germany spent 12.27% of its GDP on health care.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS |title=Global Health Expenditure Database |date=December 2025 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref>

Germany [[List of countries by life expectancy|ranked 21st]] in the world in 2019 in life expectancy with 78.7 years for men and 84.8 years for women according to the WHO, and it had a very low [[infant mortality rate]] of 4 deaths per 1,000 [[Live birth (human)|live births]]. {{As of|2019|alt=In 2019}}, the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/419459/Country-Health-Profile-2019-Germany.pdf?ua=1|publisher=WHO|title=Germany Country Health Profile 2019|accessdate=9 March 2020|archivedate=20 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152704/https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/419459/Country-Health-Profile-2019-Germany.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Obesity in Germany]] has been increasingly cited as a major health issue: a 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics|title=Overweight and obesity – BMI statistics|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=14 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325112121/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics|archivedate=25 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Germany has an extensive psychiatric care system, with rising demand for mental health services; roughly 27.8% of adults experience a mental disorder annually.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobi |first1=Frank|first2=M |last2=Höfler|first3= J |last3=Strehle|first4= S|last4= Mack|first5= A |last5=Gerschler|first6= L |last6=Scholl|first7= M A |last7=Busch|first8= U|last8= Maske|first9= U |last9=Hapke|first10= W|last10= Gaebel|first11= W |last11=Maier|first12= M |last12=Wagner|first13= J|last13= Zielasek|first14= H-U |last14=Wittchen|title=Mental disorders in the general population : Study on the health of adults in Germany and the additional module mental health (DEGS1-MH)|journal=Der Nervenarzt|doi=10.1007/s00115-013-3961-y |year=2014|volume=85|issue=1|pages=77–87}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trautmann |first=Caroline |last2=Kleißle |first2=Christian |last3=Müller |first3=Christoph |title=Guide to: The Psychiatric Health Care System in Germany |url=https://www.bapk.de/fileadmin/user_files/bapk/projekte/bapk_ratgeber_02_gesundheitssystem_ENGL_v2_FERTIG.pdf |publisher=Bundesverband der Angehörigen psychisch kranker Menschen e.V.|edate=2017}}</ref> While the system offers comprehensive, insurance-covered care, it faces a shortage of psychotherapists and [[Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic|a pandemic-driven surge]] in anxiety and depression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stoffers-Winterling |first=J. M. |last2=Wiegand |first2=H. F. |last3=Broll |first3=J. |last4=Schäfer |first4=S. K. |last5=Adorjan |first5=K. |last6=Tüscher |first6=O. |last7=Lieb |first7=K. |date=3 April 2025 |title=[The COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: mental health trajectories, resilient and vulnerable groups] |journal=Der Nervenarzt |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=266–271 |doi=10.1007/s00115-025-01824-8 |pmc=12058912 |pmid=40180657}}</ref> In 2023, 37.7% of adults rated their mental health as excellent or very good.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-rated mental health (from 18 years) |url=https://www.gbe.rki.de/EN/Topics/HealthStatus/SubjectiveHealth/Self-ratedHealth/Self-ratedMentalHealth/Self-ratedMentalHealth_node.html? |accessdate=24 March 2026|publisher=[[Robert Koch Institut]]}}</ref> In 2019, Germany had the third-highest rate of chronic depression among EU countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=7.2% of people in the EU suffer from chronic depression |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20210910-1 |date=10 September 2021 |website=Eurostat}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Germany}}

[[File:Striezelmarkt 2009 00950.jpg|thumb|The [[Striezelmarkt]], a [[Christmas market]] in [[Dresden]]]]
Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and [[secularism|secular]], and [[List of German scientists by century|German scientists]], writers and philosophers have played a significant role in the development of Western thought.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607 |title=Germany country profile |date=25 February 2015 |website=BBC News|url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602194632/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607 |archivedate=2 June 2015}}</ref> Global opinion polls from the [[BBC]] revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 May 2013 |title=BBC poll: Germany most popular country in the world |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523014312/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104 |archivedate=23 May 2013 |newspaper=BBC News}}</ref> and 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2014/world-service-country-poll |title=World Service Global Poll: Negative views of Russia on the rise |date=4 June 2014 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812221010/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2014/world-service-country-poll |archivedate=12 August 2014 }}</ref>

Germany is well known for such folk festivals as the [[Oktoberfest]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacGregor, Neil |date=28 September 2014 |title=The country with one people and 1,200 sausages |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29380144 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210062000/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29380144 |archivedate=10 December 2014 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and [[Weihnachten|Christmas customs]], which include [[Advent wreath]]s, [[Nativity play|Christmas pageants]], [[Christmas tree]]s, [[Stollen]] cakes, and other practices.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/ |title=Christmas Traditions in Austria, Germany, Switzerland |publisher=German Ways |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225193546/http://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/ |archivedate=25 December 2014 |accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, [[UNESCO]] inscribed [[World Heritage Sites in Germany|55 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/de |title=World Heritage Sites in Germany |publisher=UNESCO |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323055317/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/de |archivedate=23 March 2016 |accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref> There are a number of [[public holidays in Germany]] determined by each state; 3 October has been a [[national day]] of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the {{lang|de|Tag der Deutschen Einheit}} ([[German Unity Day]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buzer.de/s1.htm?g=Einigungsvertrag&a=2 |title=Artikel 2 EV – Vertrag zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik über die Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands (Einigungsvertrag – EV k.a.Abk.) |publisher=buzer.de |language=German |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224034/http://www.buzer.de/s1.htm?g=Einigungsvertrag&a=2 |archivedate=23 September 2015 |accessdate=15 May 2015}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Germany}}

{{See also|Opera in German}}
[[File:Joseph Karl Stieler's Beethoven mit dem Manuskript der Missa solemnis.jpg|thumb|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]] (1770–1827), one of the most famed composers of [[classical music]], was born in [[Bonn]].]]
German [[classical music era|classical music]] includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. [[Dieterich Buxtehude]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] and [[George Frideric Handel|Georg Friedrich Händel]] were influential composers of the [[Baroque music|Baroque period]]. [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and [[Romantic music|Romantic]] eras. [[Carl Maria von Weber]], [[Felix Mendelssohn]], [[Robert Schumann]] and [[Johannes Brahms]] were significant Romantic composers. [[Richard Wagner]] was known for his operas. [[Richard Strauss]] was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early [[20th-century classical music|modern]] eras. [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]] and [[Wolfgang Rihm]] are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Grove Music Online|title=Germany, Federal Republic of|last1=Kmetz |first1=John |first2=Ludwig |last2=Finscher |first3=Giselher |last3=Schubert |first4=Wilhelm |last4=Schepping |first5=Philip V. |last5=Bohlman|date=20 January 2001|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40055}}</ref>

In 2013, Germany was the second-largest music market in Europe, and [[List of largest recorded music markets|fourth-largest in the world]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2013E.pdf |title=The Recorded Music Industry in Japan |year=2013 |publisher=Recording Industry Association of Japan |page=24 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818080109/http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2013E.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2013 |accessdate=8 February 2014 }}</ref> German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of [[Neue Deutsche Welle]], [[Pop music|pop]], [[Ostrock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]/[[German rock|rock]], [[German punk|punk]], [[pop rock]], [[Indie rock|indie]], [[Volksmusik]] (folk music), [[Schlager music|schlager pop]] and [[German hip hop]]. German [[electronic music]] gained global influence, with [[Kraftwerk]] and [[Tangerine Dream]] pioneering in this genre.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dw.de/kraftwerk-maintain-their-legacy-as-electro-pioneers/a-6497092 |title=Kraftwerk maintain their legacy as electro-pioneers |date=8 April 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404040323/http://www.dw.de//kraftwerk-maintain-their-legacy-as-electro-pioneers//a-6497092 |archivedate=4 April 2013 |website=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> DJs and artists of the [[techno]] and [[house music]] scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. [[Paul van Dyk]], [[Felix Jaehn]], [[Paul Kalkbrenner]], [[Robin Schulz]] and [[Scooter (band)|Scooter]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nye |first=Sean |title=Minimal Understandings: The Berlin Decade, The Minimal Continuum, and Debates on the Legacy of German Techno |url=https://www.academia.edu/3813069 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Popular Music Studies |date=2013 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=154–184 |doi=10.1111/JPMS.12032 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101013427/http://www.academia.edu/3813069/Minimal_Understandings_The_Berlin_Decade_The_Minimal_Continuum_and_Debates_on_the_Legacy_of_German_Techno |archivedate=1 January 2015 |accessdate=12 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Art, design and architecture ===

{{Main|German art|Architecture of Germany|German fashion}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| width1 = 132
| image1 = Caspar David Friedrich - Wanderer above the sea of fog.jpg
| caption1 = [[Caspar David Friedrich|C.D. Friedrich]], ''[[Wanderer above the Sea of Fog]]'' (1818)
| width2 = 155
| image2 = Franz Marc 020.jpg
| caption2 = [[Franz Marc]], ''Roe Deer in the Forest'' (1914)
}}

[[German painters]] have influenced [[Art of Europe|Western art]]. [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], [[Matthias Grünewald]] and [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] were important German artists of the [[Renaissance]], [[Johann Baptist Zimmermann]] of the [[Baroque]], [[Caspar David Friedrich]] and [[Carl Spitzweg]] of [[Romanticism]], [[Max Liebermann]] of [[Impressionism]] and [[Max Ernst]] of [[Surrealism]]. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; {{lang|de|[[Die Brücke]]}} (The Bridge) and {{lang|de|[[Der Blaue Reiter]]}} (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of [[German Expressionism|expressionism]] in Munich and Berlin. The [[New Objectivity]] arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include [[neo-expressionism]] and the [[New Leipzig School]].<ref name="groveart">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Grove Art Online|author1=David Jenkinson|author2=Günther Binding|author2-link=Günther Binding|author3=Doris Kutschbach|author4=Ulrich Knapp|author5=Howard Caygill|author5-link=Howard Caygill|author6=Achim Preiss|author7=Helmut Börsch-Supan|author8=Thomas Kliemann|author9=April Eisman|author10=Klaus Niehr|author11=Jeffrey Chipps Smith|author12=Ulrich Leben|author13=Heidrun Zinnkann|author14=Angelika Steinmetz|author15=Walter Spiegl|author16=G. Reinheckel|author17=Hannelore Müller|author18=Gerhard Bott|author19=Peter Hornsby|author20=Anna Beatriz Chadour|author21=Erika Speel|author22=A. Kenneth Snowman|author23=Brigitte Dinger|author24=Annamaria Giusti|author25=Harald Olbrich|author26=Christian Herchenröder|author27=David Alan Robertson|author28=Dominic R. Stone|author29=Eduard Isphording|author30=Heinrich Dilly|title=Germany, Federal Republic of|date=10 December 2018|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T031531|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref>

German designers became early leaders of modern [[product design]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5918142/8-beautiful-things-from-bauhaus-the-single-most-influential-school-of-design |title=Bauhaus: The Single Most Influential School of Design |date=13 June 2012 |website=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221015122/http://gizmodo.com/5918142/8-beautiful-things-from-bauhaus-the-single-most-influential-school-of-design |archivedate=21 December 2014}}</ref> The [[Berlin Fashion Week]] and the fashion trade fair [[Bread & Butter (tradeshow)|Bread & Butter]] are held twice a year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/germanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844 |title=Berlin as a fashion capital: the improbable rise |date=12 January 2012 |publisher=Fashion United UK |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508051452/http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/germanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844 |archivedate=8 May 2015}}</ref>

Architectural contributions from Germany include the [[Carolingian architecture|Carolingian]] and [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian]] styles, which were precursors of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]. [[Brick Gothic]] is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. [[Weser Renaissance]]).<ref name="groveart" /> [[Vernacular architecture]] in Germany is often identified by [[Fachwerkhaus|its timber framing]] ({{lang|de|Fachwerk}}) traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles.<ref name="Heinrich Stiewe 2007">{{cite book|first=Heinrich |last=Stiewe|year=2007|title=Fachwerkhäuser in Deutschland: Konstruktion, Gestalt und Nutzung vom Mittelalter bis heute|publisher=Primus Verlag|isbn=978-3-89678-589-3}}</ref> When industrialisation spread across Europe, [[classicism]] and a distinctive style of [[Historicism (art)|historicism]] developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as {{lang|de|[[Gründerzeit]]}} ''style''. [[Expressionist architecture]] developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced [[Art Deco]] and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early [[modern architecture|modernist movement]]: it is the home of [[Deutscher Werkbund|Werkbund]] initiated by [[Hermann Muthesius]] ([[New Objectivity (architecture)|New Objectivity]]), and of the [[Bauhaus]] movement founded by [[Walter Gropius]].<ref name="groveart" /> [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade [[skyscraper]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0 |title=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-860678-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofarch00curl_0/page/880 880] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Renowned contemporary [[List of German architects|German architects]] and offices include [[Pritzker Prize]] winners [[Gottfried Böhm]] and [[Frei Otto]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=100 Contemporary Architects |last=Jodidio |first=Philip |year=2008 |publisher=Taschen |isbn=978-3-8365-0091-3 |edition=1}}</ref>

=== Literature and philosophy ===
{{Main|German literature|German philosophy}}

[[File:Grimm.jpg|thumb|[[Brothers Grimm]], who collected popular German folk tales and published them in [[Grimms' Fairy Tales|a collection]]]]
German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as [[Walther von der Vogelweide]] and [[Wolfram von Eschenbach]]. Well-known German authors include [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Friedrich Schiller]], [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] and [[Theodor Fontane]]. The collections of folk tales published by the [[Brothers Grimm]] popularised [[German folklore]] on an international level.<ref name="D99ff">{{cite journal |last=Dégh|first= Linda |year=1979|title=Grimm's Household Tales and its Place in the Household|journal=Western Folklore|volume=38 |number=2|pages=99–101|doi=10.2307/1498562 |jstor=1498562}}</ref> The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their {{lang|de|[[Deutsches Wörterbuch]]}}, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.<ref name="DWBhistory">{{cite web|title=History of the ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' |url=http://150-grimm.bbaw.de/start.htm |website=DWB 150th Anniversary Exhibition and Symposium|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015142342/http://150-grimm.bbaw.de/start.htm |archivedate=15 October 2015|publisher= Humboldt-Universität|year= 2004|language=de|accessdate= 27 June 2012}}</ref>

Influential authors of the 20th century include [[Gerhart Hauptmann]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Hermann Hesse]], [[Heinrich Böll]], and [[Günter Grass]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Kjell Espmark|Espmark, Kjell]] |year=2001 |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature |publisher=Nobelprize.org |url-status=live |archivedate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426075458/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html}}</ref> The German book market is the third-largest in the world, after the United States and China.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/2014/IPA-annual-report-2014.pdf |accessdate=6 July 2016 |title=Annual Report |date=October 2014 |publisher=International Publishers Association |page=13 |archivedate=11 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711214707/http://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/reports/2014/IPA-annual-report-2014.pdf}}</ref> The [[Frankfurt Book Fair]] is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of the Frankfurt Book Fair |last1=Weidhaas |first1=Peter |last2=Gossage |first2=Carolyn |last3=Wright |first3=Wendy A. |year=2007 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffrankfu0000weid |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55002-744-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffrankfu0000weid/page/n143 11] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The [[Leipzig Book Fair]] also retains a major position in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dw.de/leipzig-book-fair-cultural-sideshow-with-a-serious-side/a-18313879 |title=Leipzig Book Fair: Cultural sideshow with a serious side |last=Chase |first=Jefferson |date=13 March 2015 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425203420/http://www.dw.de/leipzig-book-fair-cultural-sideshow-with-a-serious-side/a-18313879 |archivedate=25 April 2015 }}</ref>

German philosophy is historically significant: [[Gottfried Leibniz]]'s contributions to [[rationalism]]; the [[Age of Enlightenment|enlightenment]] philosophy by [[Immanuel Kant]]; the establishment of classical [[German idealism]] by [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] and [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling]]; [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]'s composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of [[communist theory]] by [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]; [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'s development of [[perspectivism]]; [[Gottlob Frege]]'s contributions to the dawn of [[analytic philosophy]]; [[Martin Heidegger]]'s works on Being; [[Oswald Spengler]]'s historical philosophy; and the development of the [[Frankfurt School]] have all been very influential.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy |last=Searle, John |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=1987 |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{Main|Media of Germany}}

{{Further|Cinema of Germany}}
[[File:Filmstudio Babelsberg Eingang.jpg|thumb|[[Babelsberg Studio]] in [[Potsdam]], the first large-scale film studio in the world]]
The largest internationally operating [[Mass media|media]] companies in Germany are [[Bertelsmann]], [[Axel Springer AG|Axel Springer SE]] and [[ProSiebenSat.1 Media]]. [[Television in Germany|Germany's television market]] is the largest in Europe, with over 38 million TV households as of 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.astra.de/16795168/tv-verbreitung_in_deutschland |title=Distribution of TV in Germany (German) |work=Digitaler Sat-Empfang via ASTRA: Überirdisch fernsehen |date=19 February 2013 |publisher=Astra Sat|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101012509/http://www.astra.de/16795168/tv-verbreitung_in_deutschland |archivedate=1 January 2015 }}</ref> Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of [[Public broadcasting#Germany|free-to-view public]] and [[Commercial broadcasting|commercial]] channels.<ref name="media" /> There are more than [[List of radio stations in Germany|300 public and private radio stations in Germany]]; Germany's national radio network is the [[Deutschlandradio]], while the public [[Deutsche Welle]] is the main radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages.<ref name="media" /> Germany's print media market is the largest in Europe.<ref name="media">{{cite web|url=https://medialandscapes.org/country/germany|title=Germany|publisher=Media Landscapes|accessdate=14 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327081145/https://medialandscapes.org/country/germany|archivedate=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[German newspapers]] with the highest circulation are {{lang|de|[[Bild]]}}, {{lang|de|[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]}}, {{lang|de|[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]}} and {{lang|de|[[Die Welt]]}}.<ref name="media" /> The largest [[German magazines]] include {{lang|de|[[ADAC Motorwelt]]}} and {{lang|de|[[Der Spiegel]]}}.<ref name="media" /> Germany has [[Video gaming in Germany|a large video gaming market]], with over 34 million players nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-07-16-german-consumers-spent-4-4bn-on-video-games-in-2018|title=German consumers spent €4.4bn on video games in 2018|last=Batchelor|first=James|date=16 July 2019|website=GamesIndustry.biz|accessdate=15 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509014644/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-07-16-german-consumers-spent-4-4bn-on-video-games-in-2018|archivedate=9 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The annual [[Gamescom]] held in [[Cologne]] is the world's largest [[gaming convention]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacDonald |first=Keza |date=23 August 2022 |title=Pushing Buttons: What to expect from the world's biggest games convention |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/games/2022/aug/23/pushing-buttons-gamescom-worlds-biggest-gaming-convention |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726020832/https://www.theguardian.com/games/2022/aug/23/pushing-buttons-gamescom-worlds-biggest-gaming-convention |url-status=live }}</ref>

German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the [[Max Skladanowsky|Skladanowsky Brothers]] were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned [[Babelsberg Studio]] in [[Potsdam]] was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with [[German expressionist cinema|German expressionists]] such as [[Robert Wiene]] and [[Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau]]. Director [[Fritz Lang]]'s ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as {{lang|de|[[Rubble film|Trümmerfilm]]}} (rubble film). East German film was dominated by the state-owned film studio [[DEFA (film studio)|DEFA]], while the dominant genre in West Germany was the {{lang|de|[[Heimatfilm]]}} ("homeland film").<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Brockmann|title=A Critical History of German Film|url=https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryg00broc |url-access=limited |publisher=Camden House|year= 2010|page= [https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryg00broc/page/n296 286]|isbn=978-1-57113-468-4}}</ref> The [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] ("Oscar") went to the German production ''[[The Tin Drum (film)|The Tin Drum]]'' ({{lang|de|Die Blechtrommel}}) in 1979, to ''[[Nowhere in Africa]]'' ({{lang|de|Nirgendwo in Afrika}}) in 2002, and to ''[[The Lives of Others]]'' ({{lang|de|Das Leben der Anderen}}) in 2007. [[List of German-speaking Academy Award winners and nominees|Various Germans]] won an Oscar for their performances in films. The annual [[European Film Award]]s ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the [[European Film Academy]]. The [[Berlin International Film Festival]] known as "Berlinale", awarding the "[[Golden Bear]]" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading [[film festival]]s. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the [[Deutscher Filmpreis|German Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite book|page=331|title=Historical Dictionary of German Cinema|author1=Reimer, Robert |author2=Reimer, Carol|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2019|isbn=978-1-5381-1940-2}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|German cuisine}}

[[File:BavarianLunch.jpg|thumb|Bavarian [[Bratwurst]] with mustard, a [[pretzel]], and [[Beer in Germany|German beer]]]]
[[German cuisine#Bread|Bread]] is a significant part of German cuisine, with German bakeries producing about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and [[Bread roll|rolls]] ({{lang|de|Brötchen}}).<ref>{{cite book|page=344|title=The World of Wine and Food: A Guide to Varieties, Tastes, History, and Pairings|last=Philpott|first=Don|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4422-6804-3}}</ref> [[List of German cheeses|German cheeses]] account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20190119-1|publisher=Eurostat|title=Where does our cheese come from?|date=19 January 2019|accessdate=15 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204144839/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20190119-1|archivedate=4 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including [[Bratwurst]] and [[Weißwurst]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://germanfoods.org/german-food-facts/german-hams-sausages-meats-guide/ |title=Guide to German Hams and Sausages |publisher=German Foods North America |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322084957/http://germanfoods.org/german-food-facts/german-hams-sausages-meats-guide/ |archivedate=22 March 2015 |accessdate=26 March 2015 }}</ref>

The national alcoholic drink is [[Beer in Germany|beer]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/recipes/in-depth-look-at-germanys-national-drink-beer/videoshow/16419704.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 September 2012|title=In-depth look at Germany's national drink – beer|archivedate=30 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930074944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/recipes/in-depth-look-at-germanys-national-drink-beer/videoshow/16419704.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Germany's beer consumption per capita stood at {{convert|110|litres|0}} in 2013 and remains among the [[List of countries by beer consumption per capita|highest in the world]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/top-10-heaviest-beer-drinking-countries-czech-republic-germany-sink-most-pints-1475764 |title=Top 10 Heaviest Beer-drinking Countries: Czech Republic and Germany Sink Most Pints |first=Samantha |last=Payne |date=20 November 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513195740/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/top-10-heaviest-beer-drinking-countries-czech-republic-germany-sink-most-pints-1475764 |archivedate=13 May 2015 |work=International Business Times}}</ref> [[Reinheitsgebot|German beer purity regulations]] date back to the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/492-years-of-good-beer-germans-toast-the-anniversary-of-their-beer-purity-law-a-549175.html |title=492 Years of Good Beer: Germans Toast the Anniversary of Their Beer Purity Law |date=23 April 2008 |work=Spiegel Online |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506121630/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,549175,00.html |archivedate=6 May 2008}}</ref> [[German wine|Wine]] has become popular in many parts of the country, especially near the [[List of German wine regions|German wine regions]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.germanwineusa.com/press-trade/statistics.html |title=German Wine Statistics |publisher=Wines of Germany, Deutsches Weininstitut |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217205618/http://www.germanwineusa.com/press-trade/statistics.html |archivedate=17 December 2014 |accessdate=21 February 2026}}</ref> In 2019, Germany was the [[List of countries by wine production|ninth-largest wine producer in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/240638/wine-production-in-selected-countries-and-regions/|website=Statista|title=Wine production worldwide in 2019, by country (in million hectoliters)|accessdate=14 March 2021|archivedate=1 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401002003/https://www.statista.com/statistics/240638/wine-production-in-selected-countries-and-regions/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 2018 ''[[Michelin Guide]]'' awarded [[List of Michelin starred restaurants#Germany|eleven restaurants in Germany three stars]], giving the country a cumulative total of [[List of Michelin-starred restaurants in Germany|300 stars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/news/germany-michelin-stars|website=Food and Wine|title=Germany Was Just Awarded Its 300th Michelin Star|last=Heller|first=Charlie|date=15 November 2017|accessdate=15 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228210645/http://www.foodandwine.com/news/germany-michelin-stars|archivedate=28 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sport in Germany}}

[[File:Germany champions 2014 FIFA World Cup.jpg|thumb|The [[Germany national football team|German national football team]] after winning the [[FIFA World Cup]] for the fourth time in 2014]]
[[Football in Germany|Football]] is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the [[German Football Association]] (''Deutscher Fußball-Bund'') is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/dfb-presidential-candidate-fritz-keller-promises-no-more-one-man-show/a-50119403|website=DW|title=DFB: presidential candidate Fritz Keller promises 'no more one-man show'|last=Schalling|first=Herbert|date=21 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329034515/https://www.dw.com/en/dfb-presidential-candidate-fritz-keller-promises-no-more-one-man-show/a-50119403|archivedate=29 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and the German top league, the [[Bundesliga]], attracts the second-highest [[List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues|average attendance]] of all professional sports leagues in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/attendance-sports-leagues-world-2015-5|website=Business Insider|title=The NFL and Major League Baseball are the most attended sports leagues in the world|last=Gaines|first=Cork|date=22 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831191916/https://www.businessinsider.com/attendance-sports-leagues-world-2015-5|archivedate=31 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Germany national football team|German men's national football team]] won the [[FIFA World Cup]] in [[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]], [[1974 FIFA World Cup|1974]], [[1990 FIFA World Cup|1990]], and [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/|publisher=FIFA|title=FIFA World Cup Timeline|accessdate=7 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305190808/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/|archivedate=5 March 2020}}</ref> the [[UEFA European Championship]] in [[1972 UEFA European Championship|1972]], [[UEFA Euro 1980|1980]] and [[UEFA Euro 1996|1996]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/|publisher=UEFA|title=History|accessdate=7 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050335/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html|archivedate=18 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[FIFA Confederations Cup]] in [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup|2017]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/|publisher=FIFA|title=Confederations Cup|accessdate=7 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312140436/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/|archivedate=12 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Germany is one of the world's leading [[Motorsport in Germany|motor sports]] countries, with constructors such as [[BMW]] and [[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]] playing prominent roles in international competition. [[Porsche]] has won the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] race 19 times, and [[Audi]] 13 times, {{As of|2024|04|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Damien|title=Porsche to make Le Mans 24 Hours return in 2023|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motorsport-news/porsche-make-le-mans-24-hours-return-2023|work=Autocar|date=15 December 2020|accessdate=12 April 2021|archivedate=12 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412125853/https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motorsport-news/porsche-make-le-mans-24-hours-return-2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The driver [[Michael Schumacher]] has set many motor sport records, having won seven [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Formula One World Drivers' Championships]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport |title=What we will miss about Michael Schumacher |last=Ornstein |first=David |date=23 October 2006 |work=The Guardian |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108044532/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport |archivedate=8 January 2014 }}</ref> [[Sebastian Vettel]] is also among the most successful [[Formula One]] drivers of all time.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/vettel-makes-formula-one-history-with-eighth-successive-victory-29761655.html |title=Vettel makes Formula One history with eighth successive victory |date=17 November 2013 |work=Irish Independent|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024830/http://www.independent.ie/sport/vettel-makes-formula-one-history-with-eighth-successive-victory-29761655.html |archivedate=3 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Germany at the Olympics|German athletes]] historically have been successful contenders in the [[Olympic Games]], ranking third in an [[all-time Olympic Games medal count]] when combining [[East Germany|East]] and [[West German]] medals prior to [[German reunification]].<ref>{{cite book|page=99|title=Success and Failure of Countries at the Olympic Games|doi=10.4324/9781315757308|publisher=Routledge|last=Reiche|first=Danyel|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-63277-1}}</ref> In 1936, Berlin hosted the [[1936 Summer Olympics|Summer Games]] and the [[1936 Winter Olympics|Winter Games]] in [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Large |first=David Clay |url=https://archive.org/details/nazigamesolympic00larg |title=Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-393-05884-0 |pages=136, 337 |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Munich]] hosted the [[1972 Summer Olympics|Summer Games of 1972]].{{sfn|Large|2007|p=337}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Germany|European Union}}
* [[Outline of Germany]]
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book|last=Fulbrook|first=Mary|year=1991|title=A Concise History of Germany|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36836-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521368360}}
* {{cite book |last1=Murdoch |first1=Adrian |year=2004 |chapter=Germania Romana |editor1-last=Murdoch |editor1-first=Brian |editor1-link=Brian O. Murdoch |editor2-last=Read |editor2-first=Malcolm |title=[[Early Germanic Literature and Culture]] |url= |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer]] |pages=55–73 |isbn=1-57113-199-X}}

== External links ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|date=27 May 2023|Germany 2023.ogg}}
{{Sister project links|Germany|collapsible=collapsed|voy=Germany}}

* [https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en Official site of the federal government]
* [https://www.germany.travel/en/home.html Official tourism site]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607 Germany] from [[BBC News]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20260115204708/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/ Germany]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [https://data.oecd.org/germany.htm Germany] from the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]
* [https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/germany_en Germany] at the [[European Union|EU]]
* {{osmrelation-inline|51477}}

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Mission Kashmir

2026-03-24T23:59:42Z

ZaidBaig: update details for consistency as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mission Kashmir
| image = Mission Kashmir.jpg
| director = [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
| producer = Vidhu Vinod Chopra
| writer = {{Ubl|[[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]]|Vidhu Vinod Chopra|[[Suketu Mehta]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sanjay Dutt]]|[[Hrithik Roshan]]|[[Preity Zinta]]|[[Sonali Kulkarni]]|[[Jackie Shroff]]}}
| music = [[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| editing = [[Rajkumar Hirani]]
| studio = [[Vinod Chopra Films|Vinod Chopra Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2000|10|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}200 million<ref name="BOI"/>
| gross = {{INR|433 million}}<ref name="BOI"/> 
}}

'''''Mission Kashmir''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[thriller film]] directed and produced by [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]. The film stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Preity Zinta]], and [[Sonali Kulkarni]]. Set against the backdrop of [[Kashmir conflict|conflict in Kashmir]], the film explores themes of [[terrorism]], revenge, and the [[psychological trauma]] of children affected by [[war]].

The narrative follows Altaaf Khan, a young boy whose family is accidentally killed during a police operation led by Inayat Khan, the very officer who later adopts him. Upon learning the truth, Altaaf escapes and is radicalized into terrorism, returning years later with a mission that brings him into direct conflict with his past. The film examines the complex emotional consequences of violence and the blurred lines between justice and vengeance.

''Mission Kashmir'' was released theatrically on 27 October 2000<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/mission-kashmir/movieshow/61237106.cms |title=Mission Kashmir Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-07-10 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> during the [[Diwali]] festival and was screened at the [[Stockholm International Film Festival]]. It received an R rating in the United States due to strong depictions of violence. The film opened alongside [[Aditya Chopra]]’s ''[[Mohabbatein]]'', which featured [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]. Despite the box office clash, ''Mission Kashmir'' emerged as a commercial success, earning approximately ₹433 million (US$5.1 million) worldwide and ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2000|third highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].<ref name="BOI">{{cite web |title=Mission Kashmir – Movie |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=713 |access-date=20 May 2021 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> It received praise for its action sequences, cinematography, and performances, particularly that of Dutt.

At the [[46th Filmfare Awards]], the film received six nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Chopra), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Dutt), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Kulkarni), and won Best Action ([[Allan Amin]]).

==Plot==
Inayat Khan, the [[Senior superintendent|Senior Superintendent]] of Police in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]], loses his young son, Irfaan, after local doctors refuse treatment due to a [[fatwa]] issued by the wanted [[militant]] Malik Ul Khan, which forbids medical assistance to an honest police officer, and their families. Seeking revenge, Inayat leads a successful operation to eliminate Malik and his associates. However, during the raid, a [[civilian]] couple is killed this enrages, in the crossfire, leaving their young son, Altaaf, as the sole survivor.

At the urging of his wife, Neelima, Inayat adopts Altaaf but conceals the circumstances of his parents’ death. Years later, Altaaf uncovers the truth, attempts to kill Inayat, and flees. He is eventually found and radicalized by Hilal Kohistani, the leader of a militant group, who raises him to become a terrorist.

A decade later, Altaaf returns to Srinagar as part of “Mission Kashmir,” a terrorist operation that ostensibly aims to assassinate the [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]]. As part of the plan, Altaaf reconnects with his childhood friend and television personality, Sufiya Parvez. Though he falls in love with her, he uses the relationship to attempt an attack on the city’s TV tower. His actions make him a wanted criminal, and when Sufiya learns of his true identity, she breaks off their relationship.

Altaaf later plants a bomb intended for Inayat, but Neelima is killed in the explosion. Devastated by her death, both Altaaf and Inayat are pushed further into conflict. Inayat discovers that the true objective of "Mission Kashmir" is not political [[assassination]] but a plan to bomb both Hindu and Muslim religious sites, inciting communal violence and destabilizing the region. The prime minister’s assassination was merely a diversion. Hilal had kept the full extent of the plan hidden from Altaaf, fearing his rejection, and secretly ordered Altaaf’s execution should he refuse to comply.

Inayat captures Hilal and proposes a deal—allowing the mission to proceed if Hilal agrees to kill Altaaf. During the confrontation, Altaaf overpowers Inayat, who then reveals the real intent of the mission. When ordered to execute Inayat, Altaaf hesitates and ultimately refuses, moved by memories of Neelima’s kindness. He kills Hilal instead and dismantles the missile launchers, foiling the operation and killing enraged the remaining militants. Wounded in the process, Altaaf is rescued by Inayat.

The terrorist plot is later exposed by the media. Altaaf awakens from a dream and reconciles with Sufiya and Inayat, finally accepting the latter as his father once again.

== Cast ==
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as IG Inayat Khan
* [[Hrithik Roshan]] as Altaaf Khan
* [[Preity Zinta]] as Sufiya Parvez
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Neelima Khan
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Hilal Kohistani
* [[Puru Raaj Kumar]] as Malikul Khan
* Abhay Chopra as Avinash Mattoo
* Vineet Sharma as Gurdeep Singh
* [[Rajendra Gupta]] as Chief Secretary
* [[Ashok Banthia]] as Sharafat
* Mohsin Memon as Young Altaaf
* Heenaa Biswas as Young Sufia
* Yogin Soni as Irfaan Khan
* Rohit Dua as Guru
* Sandeep Mehta as Dr. Akhtar
* [[Suchita Trivedi]] as Dr. Akhtar's wife
* Ram Awana as Zuber
* Papa Pencho as Himself
* Manoj Mishra as Koisha

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] for ''Mission Kashmir'' began in late 1999, with several sequences filmed on location in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. At the time, lead actor [[Hrithik Roshan]] had not yet made his acting debut, as his first film ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000) had not been released. During the initial days of filming, Roshan appeared on set dressed as a Kashmiri militant, in line with his character in the film. Due to his appearance and the heightened security in the region, he was reportedly mistaken for a local insurgent by security personnel and denied access to the set.

Following the release of ''Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai'' on 14 January 2000, Roshan gained nationwide recognition, which led to fewer such incidents for the remainder of the shoot.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2013 |title=As recalled by journalist Anupama Chopra (wife of ''Mission Kashmir'' director Vidhu Vinod Chopra) when introducing industry superstar Hrithik Roshan as her primary guest for that evening's show -- "The Front Row with Anupama Chopra" on Star World India TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqRV5ql4xpY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527234730/https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=xqRV5ql4xpY |archive-date=2015-05-27 |access-date=29 September 2017 |via=[[YouTube]] |quotation=(Starts at 08:10 of the broadcast.)}}</ref>

==Release==
''Mission Kashmir'' was released theatrically on 27 October 2000 during the [[Diwali]] festival, simultaneously with Aditya Chopra’s ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Mission Kashmir'' emerged as a commercial success at the box office. Domestically, it earned approximately ₹365 million, with an additional ₹68 million from overseas markets, bringing its total worldwide gross to around ₹433 million (US$5.1 million). It ranked as the [[List of Hindi films of 2000|third highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]], following ''Mohabbatein'' and ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]''.

=== Critical reception ===
''Mission Kashmir'' received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its performances, technical quality, and intent to address socio-political issues, though some noted shortcomings in its depth and execution.

Saisuresh Sivaswamy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' called it "a story from the director's heart, not his head," and commended the emotional sincerity evident "in frame after frame."<ref>{{cite web |title=Review |url=http://www.rediff.co.in/entertai/2000/oct/27kash.htm |access-date=11 February 2013 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> N. K. Deoshi of ''ApunKaChoice'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, writing, "Beneath all the drama that goes on in the movie there lurks the aspiration to get across to people the message of what people of Kashmir are actually going through."<ref>{{cite web |title=Review |url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/mis/mission-kashmir/mid_82/reviews-editor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407174742/http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/mis/mission-kashmir/mid_82/reviews-editor/ |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=11 February 2013 |website=Apunkachoice.com}}</ref>

Savitha Padmanabhan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the film as "a cut above the rest of the commercial Hindi films that have been made on terrorism" and praised its performances and production values.<ref>{{cite news |date=2000-11-03 |title=Review |url=http://hindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/09030222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020130203151/http://www.hindu.com/2000/11/03/stories/09030222.htm |archive-date=30 January 2002 |access-date=11 February 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A review from ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' lauded the sincerity of Chopra’s approach and the cast’s performances but noted that "there is very little of [[Kashmiriyat]] in the story, which is more of a personal conflict between the victim of a police shoot-out and a police officer."<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Tarafdar |first1=Suman |date=27 October 2000 |title=Mission Kashmir |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/movies/reviews/mk.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010208071418/http://www.indiatimes.com/movies/reviews/mk.html |archive-date=8 February 2001 |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>

Suman Tarafdar of ''[[Filmfare]]'', however, criticized the film for lacking a serious examination of the political conflict at its core.<ref name=":0" /> Vinayak Chakravorty of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' awarded it 3.5 stars and described it as "a good show," with particular praise for [[Sanjay Dutt]]’s performance, which he called "perfect."<ref>{{cite news |author=Chakravorty, Vinayak |date=2000 |title=Mission Kashmir |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsmissionk.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820225348/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsmissionk.shtml |archive-date=20 August 2001 |access-date=19 April 2020 |newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Jitendra Kothari of ''[[India Today]]'' described ''Mission Kashmir'' as "a gripping film on a trenchantly topical issue" and commended its emotional complexity, stating it "avoids apportioning blame by intermingling strains of loss and guilt."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kothari |first1=Jitendra |date=2000 |title=Mission Kashmir — Mission Accomplished |url=http://movies.india-today.com/reviews/reviewmission.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222061221/http://movies.india-today.com/reviews/reviewmission.shtml |archive-date=22 February 2001 |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
!Result
! scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="14" |20 January 2001
|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Mission Kashmir''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="14" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Screen Videocon Awards 2000 |url=http://www.screenindia.com/svawards/winom.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040219220635/http://www.screenindia.com/svawards/winom.htm |archive-date=2004-02-19 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.screenindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Sanjay Dutt]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Sonali Kulkarni]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
|[[Jackie Shroff]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]] for "Bumbro"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|Atul Tiwari
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Saroj Khan]] (for "Bumbro")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|[[Binod Pradhan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Art Direction
|[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Action
|[[Allan Amin]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Sound Recording
|Jitendra Chaudhary, Mike Dowson, Shantanu Hudlikar, and Manoj Sikka
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|''Mission Kashmir''
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |[[46th Filmfare Awards|17 February 2001]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Mission Kashmir''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" align="center" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 2001 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/2001/101 |access-date=2025-06-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Vidhu Vinod Chopra
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Sanjay Dutt
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Sonali Kulkarni
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|Jackie Shroff
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|Binod Pradhan
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|Allan Amin
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |3 March 2001
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Mission Kashmir''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2001 – Zee Cine Awards |url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2001/ |access-date=2025-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Vidhu Vinod Chopra
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor]]
|Sanjay Dutt
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Sonali Kulkarni
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
|Jackie Shroff
|{{nom}}
|-
|Premiere Choice Award – Male
|Sanjay Dutt
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="8" |28 April 2001
|Best Film
|''Mission Kashmir''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="8" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ballot/ballot.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020407134036/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/ballot/ballot.html |archive-date=2002-04-07 |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.bollywoodawards.com}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Vidhu Vinod Chopra
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
| rowspan="2" |Sanjay Dutt
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor (Critics)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Villain
|Jackie Shroff
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Saroj Khan]] (for "Bumbro")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|Binod Pradhan
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Costume Design
|[[Neeta Lulla]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |3 June 2001
|Best Actor
|[[Hrithik Roshan]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|Sanjay Dutt
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Performance in a Negative Role
|Jackie Shroff
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="7" |[[2nd IIFA Awards|16 June 2001]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Mission Kashmir''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2001 – 2nd International Indian Film Academy Awards - Electrolux IIFA |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/iifa-awards-2001-397.html |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|Vidhu Vinod Chopra
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Sanjay Dutt
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|Sonali Kulkarni
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Villain]]
|Jackie Shroff
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|Binod Pradhan
|{{won}}
|}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mission Kashmir
| type = [[Album]]
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 October 2000
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips]]
| producer = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| prev_title = [[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Dil Chahta Hai (soundtrack)|Dil Chahta Hai]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

The soundtrack of ''Mission Kashmir'' features seven songs and marks an early collaboration of the composer trio [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], who worked on the album individually rather than jointly. [[Ehsaan Noorani]] composed three tracks, while [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and [[Loy Mendonsa]] contributed two compositions each. The lyrics were penned by various lyricists, including [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]].

The album received critical appreciation for blending traditional Kashmiri folk influences with contemporary arrangements. Notably, the track "Bumbro," based on a Kashmiri folk melody, became particularly popular and was later recreated under the same title for the film [[Notebook (2019 film)|''Notebook'']] (2019).

According to ''[[Box Office India]]'', the soundtrack sold approximately 1.5 million units, making it the third highest-selling Bollywood soundtrack of 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce |archive-date=15 February 2008 |access-date=20 December 2016 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Composer !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| "Bumbro"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| [[Ehsaan Noorani]]
| [[Rahat Indori]]
|-
| "Chupke Se Sun"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| [[Sameer Anjaan]]
|-
| "Rind Posh Maal"
| Shankar Mahadevan
| [[Loy Mendonsa]]
| Sameer Anjaan
|-
| "Socho Ke Jheelon Ka"
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik & Shankar Mahadevan
| [[Ehsaan Noorani]]
| Sameer Anjaan
|-
| "Maaf Karo"
| Shankar Mahdevan, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| [[Ehsaan Noorani]]
| Rahat Indori
|-
| "So Ja Chanda"
| [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| [[Loy Mendonsa]]
| Rahat Indori
|-
| "Dhuan Dhuan"
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| Rahat Indori
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0248185}}

{{Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}
{{Vinod Chopra Films}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about jihadism]]
[[Category:2000s action war films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Jammu Kashmir Police]]

LIC Building

2026-03-21T03:34:06Z

ZaidBaig: Put up basic entry added tags

{{Short description|Southern headquarters of the Life Insurance Corporation of India in Chennai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = LIC Building, Chennai
| native_name =
| image = LIC building.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = LIC Building at [[Chennai]], was the tallest skyscraper in [[India]] when it was inaugurated in 1959.
| alternate_names =
| location = [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| address = 102, Anna Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 002, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.064283|80.266065|display=inline,title}}
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| highest_start = 1959
| highest_end = 1961
| highest_region = [[India]]
| highest_reflabel =
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|1953}}
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1959}}
| inauguration_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1959|8|23}}
| building_type = Commercial offices<ref>{{Cite web | title = LIC Building | publisher = Emporis.com | url = http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=licbuilding-chennai-india&lng=3 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130409034731/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=licbuilding-chennai-india&lng=3 | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 9 April 2013 | access-date = 8 Oct 2011}}</ref>
| antenna_spire =
| roof = {{convert|54|m|abbr=on}}
| top_floor = {{convert|44|m|abbr=on}}
| floor_count = 15
| elevator_count =
| architectural_style = [[Modernism]] (RCC-framed construction)
| cost = {{INR}}87 [[lakh]] {{INR}}330 [[crore]] (2016 prices)
| floor_area = {{convert|11700|m2|sqft|-3|abbr=on}}
| architect = H. J. Brown and L. C. Moulin (1953-1957) L. M. Chitale (1958)
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer = [[Murugappa Group|Coromandel Engineering Limited]] ([[Murugappa Group]])<ref>{{Cite web | title = History | publisher = Coromandel Engineering | url = http://coromandelengg.com/AU_History.html | access-date = 8 Oct 2011 | archive-date = 25 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051945/http://coromandelengg.com/AU_History.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| owner = [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]]
| operator =
| references = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306091014/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104430 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 March 2016 |title=Emporis building ID 104430 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref>
}}

'''LIC Building''' is a 15-storied building in [[Chennai]], [[India]], serving as the southern headquarters of the [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]]. It is the [[List of tallest buildings in India|first skyscraper]] built in India<ref name="ReachingTheSky"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=1951 A.D. to 2000 A.D.|publisher=Chennaibest.com|url=http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/sightseeing/history/1951.asp|access-date=8 Oct 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205062627/http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/sightseeing/history/1951.asp|archive-date=2012-02-05}}</ref> and an important landmark in the city. Located on the arterial [[Anna Salai]] (formerly Mount Road), the building is {{convert|54|m|abbr=on}} tall. Initially built with 12 floors, the LIC Building was the [[Tallest buildings in India|tallest building in India]] when it was completed in 1959<ref name="ReachingTheSky">{{Cite news
| last = Srivathsan
| first = A.
| title = Reaching the sky
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 July 2007
| url = http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071450191100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070918053410/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071450191100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 18 September 2007
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 8 Oct 2011}}</ref> and was surpassed by [[Mumbai]]'s first skyscraper, the [[Usha Kiran Building]], in 1961, which is about {{convert|80|m|abbr=on}} high.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Drawings of Usha Kiran
| work = skyscraperpage.com
| url = http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?buildingID=8141
| access-date = 8 Oct 2011}}</ref> The building marked the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns in the region.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Kannan
| first = Shanthi
| title = GREEN buildings
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 March 2005
| url = http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031900110100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050507154431/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031900110100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 May 2005
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 8 Oct 2011}}</ref> The building is also known for using pile foundation technique for the first time in the region.<ref name="DC_ATallLandMark"/> It was the tallest building in Chennai for over 35 years before being surpassed by the [[Hyatt Regency Chennai|Hyatt Regency Building]] (erstwhile Magunta Oberoi) on Anna Salai and the [[Arihant Majestic Towers]] in [[Koyambedu]], both in the mid-1990s.

==History==
Before the construction of the LIC building, the Madras Publishing House, a printing and publishing organization, occupied the place<ref name="Muthiah2014">{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 80–81| isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref> and establishments such as Murray & Company auctioneers and Pioneer Laundry service (started in 1918) stood on the same plot.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/><ref name="VSriram_InLICShadow">{{Cite news
| last = Sriram
| first = V.
| title = In LIC Building's shadow
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 June 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/in-lic-buildings-shadow/article3496023.ece
| access-date = 29 Sep 2017}}</ref> In 1943, the [[Raja of Bobbili]] took over the plot, and in 1951 he sold it as real estate to the United India Insurance Company.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/> [[M. Ct. M. Chidambaram Chettyar]], the founder of [[Indian Overseas Bank]] and the [[United India Insurance Company|United India Insurance]], decided to construct an 18-storey building for his group's headquarters, and conceived the building in 1952 as the head office of United India Life Assurance and New Guardian Life Insurance. As technology to build tall buildings was not available in India back then, the [[London]]-based architects H. J. Brown and L. C. Moulin was assigned to design the building.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/><ref>{{Cite news
| last = Ramanathan
| first = Lakshmy
| title = LIC of lore, now fifty, loses lustre
| location = Chennai
| date = 24 August 2008
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-24/chennai/27916114_1_lic-tallest-building-development-officer
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120918111430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-24/chennai/27916114_1_lic-tallest-building-development-officer
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 18 September 2012
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 8 Oct 2011}}</ref> The building was built on the lines of the [[United Nations Headquarters|UN Secretariat]] building in [[New York City]]. Although the construction was commenced in 1953, the architects withdrew in 1957; the rest of the construction was overseen by L. M. Chitale, a city-based architect. The building was constructed by the Murugappa Group's Coromandel Engineering. However, Chidambaram died in an air-crash in [[Singapore]] on 13 March 1954, when the building was still under construction.<ref name="VSriram_InLICShadow"/> Much of the raw materials for the building were brought from England.<ref name="DC_ATallLandMark"/> When insurance was nationalised in 1956, the government took over the building's construction, and the height of the building was reduced to 12 floors.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/> The construction was completed in the year 1959, and the building was unveiled on 23 August the same year by the then-Union Finance Minister [[Morarji Desai]].<ref>{{Cite news
| title = LIC building turns 50
| location = Chennai
| date = 23 August 2008
| url = http://hindu.com/2008/08/23/stories/2008082351240200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080826030030/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/23/stories/2008082351240200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 August 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 8 Oct 2011}}</ref> The completed office building was to become the zonal and Madras divisional office of Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and not that of the United India Life Insurance due to the nationalisation of the insurance service, and all the assets were made over to LIC.

Two additional floors were added following a refurbishment of the building after a fire accident<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fire Accident in LIC |title=A disastrous fire broke out on July 11, 1975 |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=8658913&ST=HI&SNM=0841fe1&SC=Disaster%20and%20Accident |website=The Hindu Images |publisher=THE HINDU |access-date=6 October 2022}}</ref> damaged the building in 1975.<ref name="Muthiah2014"/>

==Design and structure==
[[File:LIC Bldg Chennai 02 07.JPG|thumb|upright=0.80|left|A view of the building from the southwestern side]]
Built on a 55-ground plot, the building was of enclosed construction with glass facings at front and rear. The building consists of 15 floors—13 levels with 2 basement floors. The building is of RCC-framed construction designed for central air conditioning, designed in the shape of well-proportioned box with strip glass façade. The air conditioning plant is in the sub-basement floor. The top floor of the building reaches a height of 44 meters, and the total height of the building is 177 feet.<ref name="ReachingTheSky" /> The building occupies 52,800 sq ft.<ref name="HinduArchive_BornAmidCloudySkies">{{Cite news
| title = When India's 'tallest building' was born amid cloudy skies
| newspaper = The Hindu (originally published 24 August 1959)
| location = Chennai
| date = 25 August 2017
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-indias-tallest-building-was-born-amid-cloudy-skies/article19558662.ece
| access-date = 1 October 2017}}</ref> The total floor area of the building is 1,26,000 sq ft. The building stands on 521 [[pneumatic caisson]] piles that run to a depth of 35 ft below the ground. The building was built at a cost of {{INR}} 8.7 million in 1959. The building consumed about 26,000 sq ft of special glass that was treated with [[infra-red]] rays, stove enameled, and made water resistant with synthetic [[enamel paint]]. About 1,000 tons of [[steel]] and 3,000 tons of [[cement]] were used in the construction of the building.<ref name="ReachingTheSky" /> The building could provide modern office accommodation for over 1,500 persons, and was built with five automatic lifts.<ref name="HinduArchive_BornAmidCloudySkies" />

The building is the first structure in Chennai to have electric elevator and 400-tonne centrifugal air-conditioning plant.<ref name="DC_ATallLandMark"/><ref>{{Cite news
| last = Narayanan
| first = Ayush
| title = The Mount Road that was
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 5 (MetroPlus)
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 2 July 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-architectural-gems-of-mount-road-and-the-history-behind-them/article28250379.ece
| access-date = 21 July 2019}}</ref>

;Fire-fighting design
As fire fighting arrangement, the building has one 15-cm diameter riser feeding first-aid hose reels as well as fire extinguishers. For feeding the hose reels, there are two overhead tanks. Connected to the air-conditioning plant is two large vertical shafts located at one end of the building going up to the roof—one meant for the supply of conditioned air and the other for return air. These shafts are closed at the top except for a small vent. All the floors have false ceilings made of Sitatex boards on wooden frames. The space above the false ceilings is utilised as plenum with three horizontal ducts running through the length of the building acting as supply air ducts. The central duct is of [[galvanization|galvanised]] iron sheets. The side walls, above which the glass facings are fitted, has several openings on the window sills, through grills which communicate with the side ducts in the floor just below. These openings are also for the supply of conditioned air. The plenum as well as supply air ducts connected with vertical shafts are provided with inspection doors made of timber which open out directly to the staircase landings on each floor. At each end, a staircase is provided. The lift shafts are adjoining the vertical air shafts at one end.<ref name="LICFire"/>

;Energy-saving design
The building has concrete walls on the eastern and western sides, preventing sun rays from penetrating the building during sunrise and sunset and keeping the temperature inside the building stable, and glass windows on the southern and northern sides. Owing to this design, the glass windows provide enough lighting without heating up the building.<ref name="DC_ATallLandMark"/>

==Incidents==
[[File:LIC Building Anna Salai Chennai.jpg|thumb|180px|left|View from the northern side]]
Four fire incidents have been reported in the building's history in 1964, 1975, 2016, and 2023.<ref name="TH_BillboardFire">{{Cite news
| title = Billboard atop LIC building on Anna Salai catches fire
| location = Chennai
| date = 2 April 2023
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/billboard-atop-lic-building-on-anna-salai-catches-on-fire/article66691931.ece
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 3 April 2023}}</ref>

On 11 July 1975, a major fire incident occurred in the building.<ref name="ENVIS_Monograph">{{Cite web
| title = Monograph on Fire Hazard: Fire Hazards in Metro Cities of India
| work = Fire Hazards in Metro Cities of India
| publisher = ENVIS Centre on Human Settlements
| url = http://www.spaenvis.nic.in/pdfs/monographs/fire-hazard.pdf
| access-date = 8 Oct 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110928183807/http://www.spaenvis.nic.in/pdfs/monographs/fire-hazard.pdf
| archive-date = 28 September 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> The fire was first observed on the first floor at about 8.00 pm local time, and it spread rapidly to the floors above through several vertical openings and shafts. The incident necessitated deployment of the entire fire fighting resources of the city, including units from the [[Chennai Port Trust]], refineries, and so on. The operations continued overnight and concluded at about 6.00 pm the following day. During the initial stages, the fire-fighting operations were seriously hampered due to falling splinters of glass, burning fragments and molten metal from window frames made of aluminum. In addition, heavy sea breeze aided the rapid spread of fire. As the city hydrants had paucity of water, the fire-fighting operations mostly depended upon the fleet of water lorries provided by the [[Corporation of Chennai]] which were utilized for relaying water from the [[Cooum river]] which was about 0.5 km away. Although there was no reported loss of life, some members of the fire service unit sustained injuries. From the second floor upwards, all the floors were severely damaged due to the fire. In the upper floors, there was nothing left except the charred and twisted steel furniture. However, the basement housing the IBM machine and air-conditioning plant, the ground floor and the first floor were saved. Some of the upper floors were seen to have developed cracks on the walls and columns. Since the structural stability of the building was in doubt, the building remained out of use for a long time until it was inspected by experts and got repaired. The fire was thought to have originated from some waste materials at the bottom of the vertical shafts. The LIC Building fire had led to focus the existing shortcomings and inadequacies in the design and the state of fire protection of multi-storied buildings in India, and helped in formulating comprehensive recommendations for strengthening fire-protection measures for such high-rise buildings. The total loss was estimated to be {{INR}}50 million.<ref name="LICFire">{{Cite web
| title = LIC Building Fire, Chennai
| publisher = Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service
| url = http://www.tnfrs.tn.nic.in/major-incid.htm#lic-bldg
| access-date = 8 Oct 2011}}</ref>

On 15 June 2009, the building received a bomb threat in the evening, which later turned to be a hoax.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Bomb hoax at LIC building
| location = Chennai
| date = 16 June 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/16/stories/2009061658760300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090619072318/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/16/stories/2009061658760300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 19 June 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 8 Apr 2012}}</ref>

In June 2012, a crack developed on the eleventh floor of the building, which has been attributed to [[Chennai Metro Rail|Metro Rail]] work. It is said that the building experienced a tremor on 25 June 2012, which the occupants suspect is due to the usage of vibratory hammer used by [[CMRL]] for tunneling. However, CMRL denies the charge.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Srinivasan
| first = Meera
| title = LIC says building felt tremor last month
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 20 July 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3658965.ece
| access-date = 9 Aug 2012}}</ref>

On 2 April 2023, a billboard atop the building caught fire at around 6:00 pm local time, perhaps as a result of an electrical short-circuit in the billboard's LED lights. The fire was doused in 20 minutes and there was no casualty.<ref name="TH_BillboardFire"/><ref>{{Cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Fire breaks out at landmark LIC building in Chennai, casualties
| newspaper = The Hindustan Times
| location = Chennai
| date = 3 April 2023
| url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/fire-breaks-out-at-landmark-lic-building-in-chennai-no-causalities-video-101680482976495.html
| access-date = 3 Apr 2023}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:LIC Chennai.JPG|250px|thumb|The LIC building at night]]
Along with the [[Chennai Central|Chennai Central Railway Station]] and the [[Anna Flyover]], LIC Building is one of the most prominent landmarks in the city that is often featured in movies and other pop culture in the region.<ref name="DC_ATallLandMark">{{Cite news
| last = Balasubramanyan
| first = C. P.
| title = LIC: A tall landmark in Chennai
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 23 December 2013
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131223/news-current-affairs/article/tall-landmark-chennai
| access-date = 29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| last = Balaji
| first = R.
| title = LIC to build on real estate
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 26 January 2005
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/01/26/stories/2005012601121900.htm
| access-date = 8 Oct 2011}}</ref>

Since the time the building was built, the maximum permissible building height in Chennai was limited to 40 m until 1998, when it was increased to 60 m. Being the first skyscraper of Chennai and the tallest of a few skyscrapers built in the city until that time, the building was regionally considered synonymous for height that it gave birth to the local catch-phrase "as tall as the LIC".<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Parthasarathy
| first = Anusha
| title = Tunes from an old city
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 16 February 2011
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Tunes-from-an-old-city/article15445478.ece
| access-date = 29 November 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in India]]
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Office highrises in Chennai]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 1959]]
[[Category:Indian superlatives]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Madras State]]

Tourism in West Bengal

2026-03-20T16:40:33Z

ZaidBaig: started basic entry needs work

{{Short description|none}} 
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

West Bengal is a state in the [[East India|eastern]] region of [[India]] and is the nation's [[List of states and union territories of India by population|fourth-most populous state]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=x|title=India: Administrative Divisions (population and area)|publisher=Census of India|access-date=17 April 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217193754/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=x|archive-date=17 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state capital is [[Kolkata]]. The state encompasses two broad [[natural region]]s: the [[Gangetic Plain]] in the south and the sub-Himalayan and [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] area in the north. The '''tourism in West Bengal''' is maintained by [[West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation|WBTDCL]], a state government owned enterprise.

West Bengal is located on the eastern bottleneck of India stretching from the [[Himalaya]]s in the north to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south. Some of India's most preferred travel destinations like; the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] in the northern extreme of the state, the highest peak of the state [[Sandakphu]] ({{convert|3636|m|ft|0|disp=or|abbr=on}})<ref>{{cite news|title=Top of world in kingdom of cloud|last=Pal|first=Supratim|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070514/asp/ranchi/story_7772890.asp|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=14 May 2007|access-date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731124809/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070514/asp/ranchi/story_7772890.asp|archive-date=31 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Sundarbans]] [[mangrove]] forests in the extreme south.
[[File:Darjeelinghimalayanrailway.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] or Toy Train is West Bengal's third wonder]]

During the [[British Empire|British colonial era]] from 1700 to 1912, Kolkata was the capital of [[British India]] and witnessed a spate of frenzied construction of buildings, largely influenced by the conscious intermingling of Neo-Gothic, Baroque, Neo-Classical, Oriental and Islamic schools of design. Unlike many north Indian cities, whose construction stresses minimalism, the layout of much of the architectural variety in Kolkata owes its origins to European styles and tastes imported by the British and to a much lesser extent, by the Portuguese and French.

Currently [[Bollywood]] star [[Shah Rukh Khan]] is the brand ambassador of West Bengal Tourism. The promotional films on West Bengal starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] have been directed by [[Indian National Award]] winning filmmaker [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI|title=SRK becomes brand ambassador of West Bengal|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-13/india/31054384_1_brand-ambassador-west-bengal-srk|access-date=24 November 2012|date=13 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031190444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-13/india/31054384_1_brand-ambassador-west-bengal-srk|archive-date=31 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Shah Rukh Khan to promote Mamata's brand Bengal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-to-promote-mamata-banerjee-brand-bengal-117713-2012-10-02|access-date=24 November 2012|magazine=India Today|date=3 October 2012|author=Soudhriti Bhabani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106203322/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-to-promote-mamata-banerjee-brand-bengal/1/223285.html|archive-date=6 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After Big B-SRK, other states too roped in stars|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-22/news-interviews/35256838_1_brand-ambassador-gujarat-tourism-khushboo-gujarat-ki|access-date=24 November 2012|date=22 November 2012|author=Tanvi Trivedi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723195138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-22/news-interviews/35256838_1_brand-ambassador-gujarat-tourism-khushboo-gujarat-ki|archive-date=23 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Architectural and geographical==
{{Multiple image
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| header =
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| footer =
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| image1 = Howrah Bridge.png|thumb
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| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Howrah Bridge]]
| image2 = Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden - Howrah 2011-01-08 9728.JPG|thumb
| width2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[The Great Banyan|The Great Banyan Tree]] as a whole
}}
The state of West Bengal has significant architectural and natural heritage. The capital of the state, Kolkata is also known as the "City of Palaces". It is also known as the "City of Joy" as coined by French author Dominique Lappierre through his synonymous book.<ref>{{cite book|title=West Bengal General Knowledge Digest|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0F6QKfiktQC&q=kolkata+known+as+city+of+palaces&pg=PA72|author= Dr.S.N.Pandey|access-date=24 November 2012|isbn=9788174822826}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tourist Places of Asia|year=2006|publisher=Dreamland Publications|pages=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81qusxvhcHUC&q=kolkata+known+as+city+of+palaces&pg=PA37|access-date=24 November 2012|isbn=9788173018824}}</ref> West Bengal is famous for its [[List of temples in Bishnupur|terracotta temples of Bishnupur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Terracotta temples of Bengal|year=1995|publisher=Friendship Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdrVAAAAMAAJ&q=west+bengal's+terracotta+temples|author=S. S. Biswas|author2=Zulekha Haque }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur|year=2009|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC&q=west+bengal's+terracotta+temples&pg=PA49|author=Samira Dasgupta|author2=Rabiranjan Biswas and Gautam Kumar Mallik|access-date=24 November 2012|isbn=9788183242943}}</ref>

[[Hazarduari Palace]], a tourist attraction, is known to have the second largest chandelier in the world and also the largest staircase in India. This three-storey palace was built in 1837 by Duncan McLeod for [[Humayun Jah|Nawab Nazim Humaun Jah]], the then [[Nawab of Bengal]]. The palace was built in the Indo-European style.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Hazarduari'' Palace|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/places-topic-hazarduari-palace.htm|publisher=Murshidabad.net|access-date=24 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223040922/http://murshidabad.net/history/places-topic-hazarduari-palace.htm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> It derives its name from the thousand doors in the palace (among which only 900 are real). In 1985, the palace was handed over to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) for better preservation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Slice of history slips past Hazarduari doors|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100813/jsp/bengal/story_12806034.jsp|access-date=24 November 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=13 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145113/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100813/jsp/bengal/story_12806034.jsp|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hazarduari Palace Museum, Murshidabad (West Bengal) handed over to ASI of India|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_murshidabad.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=24 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507095350/http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_murshidabad.asp|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hazarduari Palace Museum is regarded as the biggest site museum of ASI and has 20 displayed galleries containing 4742 antiquities, 1034 of which are displayed for the public. They include various weapons, oil paintings of Dutch, French and Italian artists, marble statues, rare books, old maps, land revenue records and [[palanquin]]s (mostly belonging to 18th and 19th centuries). [[Cooch Behar Palace]] built in 1887, was designed on the model of [[Buckingham Palace]] in London, during the reign of Maharaja [[Nripendra Narayan]].
The [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], [[Howrah Bridge]] (''Rabindra Setu'') and the [[Second Hooghly Bridge]] (''Vidyasagar Setu'') are iconic of Kolkata. Aside from colonial and heritage buildings, there are also high rising monuments and skyscrapers in the city. There are also a couple of cemeteries established by the British when Kolkata was the capital of [[British India]]. These include the [[South Park Street Cemetery]] and [[Scottish Cemetery at Calcutta|Scottish Cemetery]].<ref>The South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta, published by the Association for the Preservation of Historical Cemeteries in India, 5th ed. (2009)</ref>[[File:Morgan House Kalimpong 2.jpg|thumb|[[Morgan House, Kalimpong|Morgan House]] is a classic example of colonial architecture in Kalimpong|225x225px]] The [[River Ganga]] flows through the state.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghana Waters: Development and Management|date=27 August 2012|publisher=CRC Press|pages=423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFvVY4jAJfgC&q=ganga+flows+through+west+bengal&pg=PA39|author=Mahesh Chandra Chaturvedi|access-date=24 November 2012|isbn=9781439873762}}</ref> World heritage sites in West Bengal include the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] and the [[Sundarbans National Park]]. [[Neora Valley National Park]], which is one of the richest biological zones in the entire Northeast, situated in the [[Kalimpong]] subdivision under [[Darjeeling District]], is in West Bengal.

The [[Ganges Delta]] (also known as the Ganges–Brahmaputra Delta,<ref name="Merriam-WebsterInc1997">{{cite book|author=Merriam-Webster|title=Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA412|access-date=23 April 2011|year=1997|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=412|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527101938/http://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA412|archive-date=27 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> the Sunderbans Delta, or the Bengalla Delta) is in the South Asia region of [[Bengal]], consisting of West Bengal and its neighbouring country of [[Bangladesh]]. It is the world's largest delta, and empties into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname "The Green Delta". It stretches from the [[Hooghly River]] on the west to the [[Meghna River]] on the east. It is approximately {{convert|350|km|mi|abbr=on}} across at the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="Merriam-WebsterInc1997"/> Kolkata and [[Haldia]] are the principal Indian seaports on the delta.

The [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]] or Calcutta Botanical Garden (previously known as Indian Botanic Garden)<ref>"Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah." BSI. Web. 28 February 2011. <{{cite web |url=http://164.100.52.111/indianBotanicgarden.shtm |title=Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah |access-date=2011-07-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703132710/http://164.100.52.111/indianBotanicgarden.shtm |archive-date=3 July 2011 }}></ref> is the largest and oldest reserve of greeneries of its kind in [[Southeast Asia]]. It is also a premier institution for botanical and horticultural research in India. The garden is situated on the west bank of the River Hooghly in [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]], nearly 8 km from center of city Kolkata. Located here is [[The Great Banyan|the Great Banyan Tree]]. It was the widest tree in the world in terms of the area of its canopy and is estimated to be about 200 to 250 years old. It became diseased after it was struck by lightning, so in 1925 the middle of the tree was excised to keep the remainder healthy.

West Bengal also has some more [[List of Geographical Indications in India|geographical indications]] like [[Nakshi Kantha]] (handicraft), [[Darjeeling tea]] (agricultural), ''Santipore'' saree (handicraft), [[Shantiniketan|Shantiniketan leather goods]] (handicraft), Fazli mango (agricultural), Khirsapati or ''Himsagar'' mango (agricultural), ''Laxman Bhog'' mango (agricultural), ''Baluchari'' saree (handicraft) and ''Dhaniakhali'' saree (handicraft).<ref>{{cite book|title=''Nakshi kantha''|year=1989|publisher=Indian Society of Oriental Art|pages=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYXWAAAAMAAJ&q=Nakshi+Kantha|author=Gopen Roy|access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Handicrafts of W. Bengal: a retrospect|year=1990|pages=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIHWAAAAMAAJ&q=Shantiniketan+Leather+Goods|author=Ashish Basu|access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Sea beaches==
[[File:Mandarmani Sea Beach.jpg|thumb|Mandarmani Sea Beach]]
West Bengal stretches to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south. The coastal strip of West Bengal, extending from the Gangetic Delta to the border of [[Odisha, India|Odisha]], has some scenic coastal settlements, such as [[Digha]], [[Shankarpur]], [[Mandarmani]], [[Bakkhali]], [[Gangasagar]] and [[Tajpur, West Bengal|Tajpur]]. Some of these have beaches which are hard enough for cars to drive on.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sea beaches in West Bengal|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/beach|publisher=Government of West Bengal|access-date=24 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703031843/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/beach|archive-date=3 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Hill stations==
There are many hill stations in North West Bengal, of which [[Darjeeling]] is world-famous. Others are [[Kurseong]], [[Kalimpong]], [[Rimbick]], [[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]] and [[Loleygaon]], [[Mirik]] and [[Sandakfu]].
[[Bagmundi]] is also famous among tourist, it is situated in Southern Part of West Bengal

==Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks==
[[File:Chintamani Kar Bird Sanactuary, Kolkata.JPG|thumb|right|Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary.]]
West Bengal has 3.26% of its geographical area under protected areas comprising 15 wildlife sanctuaries and 5 national parks<ref name="fsiwbforest"/> – [[Sundarbans National Park]], [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]], [[Gorumara National Park]], [[Neora Valley National Park]], [[Singalila National Park]], and [[Jaldapara National Park]]. West Bengal also has wildlife sanctuaries and bird sanctuaries like [[Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary]] and [[Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]].

==Flora and fauna==
{{Multiple image
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As of 2009, recorded forest area in the state is {{convert|11879|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} which is 13.38% of the state's geographical area,<ref name="fsiwbforest">{{cite web|url=http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009/westbengal.pdf|title=Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: West Bengal|work=India state of forest report 2009|publisher=Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India|access-date=4 March 2012|pages=163–166|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501210225/http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009/westbengal.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2013}}</ref> compared to the national average of 21.02%.<ref name="fsiindiaforest">{{cite web|url=http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009/chapter2.pdf|title=Forest cover|work=India state of forest report 2009|publisher=Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India|access-date=4 March 2012|pages=14–24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501200954/http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009/chapter2.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=hdrchap9>{{cite book
|title= West Bengal Human Development Report 2004
|url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf
|access-date= 5 March 2012
|publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal
|isbn= 81-7955-030-3
|pages= 180–182
|chapter= Environmental Issues
|date= May 2004
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130501041613/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf
|archive-date= 1 May 2013
|url-status= live
}}</ref> Part of the world's largest [[mangrove]] forest, the [[Sundarban]]s, is located in southern West Bengal.<ref name=mangrove>{{cite news
| first = Sadiq
| last = Islam
| title = World's largest mangrove forest under threat
| url = http://archives.cnn.com/2001/fyi/student.bureau/06/29/sundarbans/index.html
| publisher = CNN
| date = 29 June 2001
| access-date = 31 October 2006
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070822215926/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/fyi/student.bureau/06/29/sundarbans/index.html
| archive-date = 22 August 2007
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

The southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the [[Gangetic plain]] and the [[littoral]] mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.<ref name=Mukherji>{{cite book
| last = Mukherji
| first = S.J.
| year = 2000
| title = College Botany Vol. III: (chapter on Phytogeography)
| publisher = New Central Book Agency
| location = Calcutta
| pages = 345–365
}}</ref> The coastal region of [[Purba Medinipur]] exhibits coastal vegetation. A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous ''sundari'' (''Heritiera fomes''), from which the forest gets its name.<ref name="vegetation">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452|title=Sundarbans National Park|work=World heritage list|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Center|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306224515/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452|archive-date=6 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

The distribution of vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the ''[[Dooars]]'', are densely wooded with Sal and other tropical evergreen trees.<ref name=India123>{{cite web
| url = http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/forest.htm#N
| title = Natural vegetation
| access-date = 31 October 2006
| work = West Bengal
| publisher = Suni System (P) Ltd
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060523204956/http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/forest.htm#N
| archive-date = 23 May 2006
| url-status = live
}}</ref> However, above an elevation of {{convert|1000|m|ft}}, the forest becomes predominantly subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above {{convert|1500|m|ft}}, temperate-forest trees such as [[oak]]s, [[conifer]]s, and [[rhododendron]]s predominate.<ref name=India123/>

[[File:Gorumara National Park Panorama.JPG|thumb|1100px|center|[[Gorumara National Park]] Panorama from Jatraprosad watch tower]]
Wildlife include [[Indian rhinoceros]], [[Indian elephant]], deer, [[bison]], [[leopard]], [[gaur]], tiger and crocodiles, as well as many bird species. Migratory birds come to the state during the winter.<ref name=flora2>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/indian-states/westbengal/General.htm
| title = West Bengal: General Information
| access-date = 25 August 2006
| work = India in Business
| publisher = Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060819094729/http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/indian-states/westbengal/General.htm| archive-date = 19 August 2006}}</ref> The high-altitude forests of Singalila National Park shelter [[barking deer]], [[red panda]], [[chinkara]], [[takin]], [[serow]], [[pangolin]], [[minivet]] and [[Kalij pheasant]]s. The Sundarbans are noted for a reserve project conserving the endangered [[Bengal tiger]], although the forest hosts many other endangered species, such as the [[Gangetic dolphin]], river [[terrapin]] and estuarine [[crocodile]].<ref name=hdrchap10>{{cite book
|title= West Bengal Human Development Report 2004
|url= http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf
|access-date= 5 March 2012
|publisher= Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal
|isbn= 81-7955-030-3
|pages= 200–203
|chapter= Problems of Specific Regions
|date= May 2004
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130501041613/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf
|archive-date= 1 May 2013
|url-status= live
}}</ref> The mangrove forest also acts as a natural fish nursery, supporting [[coastal fish]]es along the Bay of Bengal.<ref name=hdrchap10/> Recognizing its special conservation value, Sundarban area has been declared as a [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves|Biosphere Reserve]].<ref name="fsiwbforest"/>

==Culture==
The culture of West Bengal attracts tourists from around the world. It has its roots in [[Bengali literature|literature]], [[Bengali music|music]], fine arts, drama and [[Cinema of West Bengal|cinema]]. The [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] shows a different cultural aspect. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] is Asia's first [[Nobel laureate]] and composer of [[Jana Gana Mana|India's national anthem]]. [[Swami Vivekananda]] was a key figure in introducing [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] in Europe and the USA.<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite book
| last = Georg
| first = Feuerstein
| author-link = Georg Feuerstein
| title = The Yoga Tradition
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 2002
| page = 600
| isbn = 3-935001-06-1
}}
</ref>
They all belong from West Bengal, and their houses and residencies like [[Shantiniketan]] and [[Jorasanko Thakur Bari]] attract many tourists.

West Bengal also has a long tradition of popular literature, music and drama largely based on Bengali folklore and [[Hindu]] [[Indian epics|epics]] and [[Puranas]].
[[File:394 baul-singers-sml.jpg|thumb|right|Baul singers at [[Basanta-Utsab]], [[Shantiniketan]]]]

The [[Baul]] tradition is a unique heritage of Bengali folk music, which has also been influenced by regional music traditions.<ref name=baulbengalonline>{{cite web|url=http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul|title=The Bauls of Bengal|access-date=26 October 2006|work=Folk Music|publisher=BengalOnline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030119135124/http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul|archive-date=19 January 2003|url-status=live}}</ref> Other folk music forms include [[Gombhira]] and [[Bhawaiya]]. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the [[ektara]], a one-stringed instrument. West Bengal also has a heritage in [[Hindustani classical music|North Indian classical music]]. "[[Rabindrasangeet]]", songs composed and set into tune by Rabindranath Tagore, and "[[List of works of Kazi Nazrul Islam|Nazrul geeti]]" (by Kazi Nazrul Islam) are popular. Also prominent are other musical forms like [[Dwijendralal Ray|Dwijendralal]], [[Atulprasad Sen|Atulprasad]] and [[Rajanikanta Sen|Rajanikanta]]'s songs and ''"adhunik"'' or modern music from films and other composers.

However, since the early 1990s, there has been an emergence and popularisation of [[Indian rock#Rock scenes|new genres]] of music, including fusions of Baul and jazz by several [[Bangla band]]s, as well as the emergence of ''Jeebonmukhi Gaan'' (a modern genre based on realism). Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance traditions. [[Chau dance]] of Purulia is a rare form of mask dance. West Bengal is known for Bengali folk music such as [[baul]] and [[kirtan]]s and ''gajan'', and modern songs including Bengali "''adhunik''" (modern) songs.

[[File:A jatra actor prepares before the performance, Sunderbans.jpg|thumb|left|A ''jatra'' actor prepares before the performance, [[Sunderbans]]]]

The state is home to a [[Cinema of West Bengal|thriving cinema industry]], dubbed "Tollywood". [[Tollygunj]]<nowiki/>e in [[Kolkata]] is the location of numerous Bengali movie studios, and the name "Tollywood" (similar to Hollywood and [[Bollywood]]) is derived from that name. The Bengali film industry is well known for its [[art film]]s, and has produced acclaimed directors like [[Satyajit Ray]] and actors like [[Uttam Kumar]] and singers like [[Arijit Singh]].

Among other types of theatre, West Bengal has a tradition of folk drama known as ''[[Jatra (Bengal)|jatra]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author= Chakraborty, Ajanta |title= Meet the new Mamata Banerjee |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Meet-the-new-Mamata-Banerjee/articleshow/9113109.cms |access-date= 23 January 2012 |date= 5 July 2011 |quote= The jatra industry based out of Kolkata's Chitpur Road has gone through a severe blow with the growth of video parlours. |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120708093752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-05/kolkata/29738036_1_jatra-mamata-banerjee-bangladeshi |archive-date= 8 July 2012 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= Niyogi, Subhro |title= Red alert For Jatra |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Red-Alert-For-Jatra/articleshow/6811931.cms |access-date= 23 January 2012 |date= 26 October 2010 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707165658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-26/kolkata/28219209_1_jatra-firms-script-success |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |url-status= live }}</ref>

West Bengal has been the harbinger of modernism in fine arts.

Kolkata was also the workplace of several social reformers, like Raja Ram Mohan Ray, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and Swami Vivekananda. These social reforms have eventually led to a cultural atmosphere where practices like sati, dowry and caste-based discrimination or untouchability, the evils that crept into the Hindu society, were abolished.

''[[Kumortuli]]'' is a famous tourist attraction in Kolkata. It is traditionally a potters' quarter in North Kolkata. By virtue of their artistic productions these potters have moved from obscurity to prominence. This Kolkata neighbourhood not only supplies clay idols of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] gods and goddesses to ''[[barowari]] pujas'' in Kolkata and its neighbourhoods, but also exports a number of idols. It is one of the seven wonders in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/7-wonders/kolkata.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Seven wonders of Kolkata | access-date=27 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211000535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/7-wonders/kolkata.cms | archive-date=11 February 2012 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Bengal is also well known for its variety of handwoven Sarees.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sareesofbengal.com/index.php/|title=Sarees of Bengal|first=Sarees|last=Bengal|website=sareesofbengal.com|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100632/https://sareesofbengal.com/index.php/|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It is home to exquisite sarees such as Jamdani Sarees, Baluchari Sarees,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sareesofbengal.com/index.php/collections/baluchari.html|title=Baluchari Silk Sarees|first=Sarees|last=Baluchari|website=sareesofbengal.com|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190245/https://sareesofbengal.com/index.php/collections/baluchari.html|archive-date=2 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kantha stitch Sarees, Tussar Silk Sarees, Muslin Sarees and Matka Sarees. These variety of handwoven sarees in a single place is a rarity in today's modern times.

== Cuisine ==
Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, ''machhe bhate bangali'' ([[Bengali language]]:{{lang|bn|মাছে ভাতে বাঙালী}}) that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".<ref name="machhe">{{cite web|url=http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf|title=Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh|access-date=22 October 2006|author=Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif|publisher=Aqua KE Government|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101103614/http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf|archive-date=1 November 2006}}</ref> Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes [[hilsa]] preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on the texture, size, fat content and bones.

Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. It is an ancient custom among both Hindu and Muslim Bengalis to distribute sweets during festivities. The confectionery industry has flourished because of its close association with social and religious ceremonies. Competition and changing tastes have helped to create many new sweets. Bengalis make distinctive [[confectionery|sweetmeats]] from milk products, including ''[[Rasgulla|rôshogolla]]'', ''chômchôm'', ''kalojam'' and several kinds of ''[[Sandesh (confectionery)|sondesh]]''. [[Pitha]], a kind of sweet cake, bread or dim sum are specialties of winter season. Sweets like coconut-naru, til-naru, moa, and payesh are prepared during the festival of Lakshmi puja. Popular [[street food]] includes ''aloor chop'', [[beguni]], [[kati roll]] and [[phuchka]].<ref name=rolltelegraph>{{cite news|first=S|last=Saha|title=Resurrected, the kathi roll – Face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060118/asp/calcutta/story_5733258.asp|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=18 January 2006|access-date=26 October 2006|location=Calcutta, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228160826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060118/asp/calcutta/story_5733258.asp|archive-date=28 February 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=streetfood>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangalinet.com/mobile_foodstalls.htm|title=Mobile food stalls|access-date=26 October 2006|publisher=Bangalinet.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021122336/http://bangalinet.com/mobile_foodstalls.htm|archive-date=21 October 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Darjeeling Himalayan Hill Region==
{{Main|Culture of Darjeeling}}
[[File:Darjeelingflags.jpg|thumb|left|Colourful Buddhist prayer flags around Mahakal Temple at Observatory Hill, Darjeeling]]
Apart from the major Hindu religious festivals like [[Diwali]], Christmas, [[Navrati|Dussera]], [[Holi]], [[Ram Navami]], the diverse ethnic populace of [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] celebrates several local festivals. The [[Tibet]]an ethnic groups like the Lepchas, Bhutias, Gurungs, and Tamangs celebrate new year called [[Losar]] in January/February, [[Maghe Sankranti]], [[Chotrul Duchen]], [[Buddha Jayanti]] and [[Tendong Lho Rumfaat]], to name a few, which provide the "regional distinctness" of Darjeeling's local culture from the rest of West Bengal.<ref name=frontline2003>
{{cite journal | last = Chattopadhyay | first = S.S. | date = December 2003 | title = The spirit of Darjeeling | journal = Frontline | volume = 20 | issue = 25 | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm | access-date = 24 November 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060513215230/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2025/stories/20031219000306600.htm | archive-date = 13 May 2006 }}</ref>

A popular food in Darjeeling is the ''[[momo (food)|momo]]'', a steamed dumpling containing either mutton, pork, beef or vegetables cooked in a doughy wrapping served with a watery vegetable soup and spicy tomato sauce/chutney. [[Wai-Wai (food)|Wai-Wai]] is a favourite packaged snack of Darjeeling hills comprising noodles which are eaten either dry or with soup. ''[[Churpee]]'', a kind of hard cheese made from cow or [[yak]]'s milk, is another popular mini-snack that is both nutritious and a pastime. A form of [[noodle]] called ''[[thukpa]]'', served with soup and vegetables, is popular in and around the hills of Darjeeling. ''[[Chhaang|Chhang]]'' and ''[[tongba]]'' are local alcoholic beverages made from [[millet]].<ref name="Nepalese traditions">{{cite web |url=https://www.holidaystory.in/nepalese-traditions/ |title=Nepalese traditions nature culture festivals food and song |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2018 |author=Ruma Dey Baidya |website=Holiday Story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620102044/https://www.holidaystory.in/nepalese-traditions/ |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Pilgrimages==
West Bengal attracts tourists for pilgrimages to the holy places of different religions.

;Hinduism
[[File:Maa Bhavatarini's face @ Dakshineshwar Kali Temple.JPG|thumb|right|Face of the idol of [[Bhavatarini|Goddess Bhavatarini]] from the Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]]
People from different sections of the world come to West Bengal for holy pilgrimages as Kolkata is one of the [[Shakti Peethas#List of 4 Adi Shakti Pithas|four ''adi'']] ''[[Shakti Peethas|Shaktipeethas]]''. Among the [[Shakti Peethas#The 52 Shakti Pithas|other 52 ''shaktipeethas'']], some are located in West Bengal. They are as follows:
* [[Bardhaman]]
* [[Gangasagar]]
* [[Bahula]], on the banks of [[Ajay River]] at [[Ketugram]], 8 km from Katwa, Burdwan, West Bengal
* Ujaani, 16 km from Guskara station under [[Burdwan district]] of West Bengal
* A temple locally known as ''Bhramari Devi'', behind a rice mill, near [[Jalpesh Temple]] in [[Jalpaiguri]], West Bengal
* ''Yoga Adya'' at Khirgram; under Burdwan district, West Bengal
* [[Kalighat Kali Temple|Kalighat Kalipeeth]] in Kolkata
* Kireet at Kireetkona village, 3 km from Lalbag Court Road station under [[Murshidabad district]], West Bengal
* [[Kankalitala]], on the banks of [[Kopai River]] 10 km north-east of [[Bolpur|Bolpur station]] in [[Birbhum district]]. Devi locally known as Kankaleshwari.
* Vibhash, at [[Tamluk]], under district Purba Medinipur, West Bengal
* [[Tarapith]]

Only one ''Maha Shaktipeethas'', known as Pradyumna, existed. This temple is currently non-existent. Only ruins are found in these places. Instead, [[Sringeri]] in Karnataka is believed to be the Shakti Peeth of this aspect of the Goddess.

Other than the ''shaktipeethas'' many other famous temples also exist. They are the famous [[Belur Math]], [[Mayapur|Mayapur ISKCON Temple]], [[Hangseshwari Temple]], [[Tarakeswar#Temple of Taraknath|Tarakeshwar Temple]], Thakurnagar Thakur Ari Temple, [[Baranagar Math]] and [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].

;Jainism
[[File:Calcutta Jain Temple-Sheetalnath Mandir-P1080642.jpg|thumb|[[Calcutta Jain Temple]] ]]
[[File:Belgachhia Pareshnath Mandir.jpg|thumb|Belgachhia [[Parshwanatha]] temple]]
* [[Purulia district#Tourism|Pakbirra Jain temple]], Purulia
* [[Calcutta Jain Temple]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Belgachia#Jain Temple|Shree Digambar Jain Pareswanath Temple]], [[Belgachia]]
* [[Deul|Sat Deul]]
* [[Harmasra#Culture|Harmasra Jain temple]]

;Islam
[[File:The Nizamat Imambara-Hazarduari.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[Nizamat Imambara]] is the largest one in India and [[Bengal]]]]
There are countless mosques in West Bengal but some of them are famous like the ''[[Nizamat Imambara]]'' in [[Murshidabad]], [[Katra Mosque]] which is also in Murshidabad, [[Furfura Sharif]] and [[Tipu Sultan Mosque|Tipu Sultan Shahi Mosque]] on [[Chowringhee Road]] in Kolkata.

;Sikhism

There are many Gurudwaras in West Bengal like Gurudwara Bari Sangat in Kolkata, Gurudwara Chhoti Sangat, Gurudwara Nima Serai Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur, [[Gurudwara Sikh Sangat, Howrah|Gurudwara Sikh Sangat]] and Gurudwara Liluah Belur Sikh Sangat in [[Liluah]].

;Christianity

There are also many churches in West Bengal like the [[Bandel Church|Basilica of the Holy Rosary]] in [[Bandel]], [[St. John's Church, Kolkata|St. John's Church]], [[St. James' Church, Kolkata|St. Jame's Church]] (''Jora Girja''), [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]] and [[Church of the Lord Jesus (Calcutta)|Church of the Lord Jesus]].
 [[File:St. Paul's Cathedral in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|right|[[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]] in Kolkata]]

;Buddhism
There are also many Buddhist monasteries in West Bengal, especially in the hilly regions, like the [[Ghum Monastery|Ghoom Monastery]], [[Bhutia Busty Monastery]], [[Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery]], [[Tharpa Choling Monastery]] and [[Zang Dhok Palri Phodang]].

==Seven wonders of West Bengal==
[[File:Sun in Sunderbans.jpg|thumb|[[Sundarbans|Sunderbans]] is the first wonder of West Bengal]]
[[NDTV]] along with the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], [[Government of India]], conducted a nationwide campaign for searching the "Seven Wonders of India" in 2008–09. The campaign started with shortlisting 200 places from all of the Indian states and then inviting the public to cast their vote for their favourites. It also included seven wonders of particular states. In West Bengal a total 13 were selected of which the "Seven Wonders of West Bengal" were shortlisted. The list of the 30 selected places are as follows:
* [[Cooch Behar Palace]]
* [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] ("Toy Train")
* [[Hazarduari Palace]]
* [[Adina Mosque]]
* [[Gaur, West Bengal]]
* [[Shantiniketan]]
* [[List of temples in Bishnupur|Bishnupur Terracotta Temples]]
* [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]] with the [[The Great Banyan|Great Banyan Tree]]
* [[Howrah Bridge]]
* [[B. B. D. Bagh]] (formerly called Dalhousie Square)
* [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]]
* [[Second Hooghly Bridge]]
* [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]]
* [[Sunderbans]]
* [[St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata|St. Paul's Cathedral]]

The shortlisted list, compiling of the "Seven Wonders of West Bengal" as per the votings is as follows:
* [[Sunderbans]]
* [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]]
* [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] ("Toy Train")
* [[List of temples in Bishnupur|Bishnupur Terracotta Temples]]
* [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden]] with the [[The Great Banyan|Great Banyan Tree]]
* [[Howrah Bridge]]
* [[B. B. D. Bagh]] (formerly called the Dalhousie Square)

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Vidyasagar-Setu.jpg|The [[Second Hooghly Bridge]] illuminated at night
File:Victoria Memorial situated in Kolkata.jpg|[[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]] situated in Kolkata
File:Howrah Station.jpg|The [[Howrah Station]] is one of the five intercity train stations serving [[Howrah]] and [[Kolkata]]; the others are [[Sealdah Station]], [[Shalimar Station]], [[Santragachi railway station]] and [[Kolkata railway station]] in Kolkata
File:Eden gardens ipl 2011.jpg|[[Eden Gardens]] is the largest cricket stadium in India and second-largest in the world by [[seating capacity]]<ref name="cric">{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html|title=Eden Gardens|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=12 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509201052/http://content.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html|archive-date=9 May 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:Salt Lake Stadium - Yuva Bharati Krirangan, Kolkata.jpg|[[Salt Lake Stadium]] is the [[List of stadiums by capacity|second largest]] non-auto racing stadium in the world and the largest in the Indian sub-continent. The stadium was built in 1984 and holds 120,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium/ |title=East Bengal Football Club |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828233510/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/stadium/ |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> people in a three-tier configuration.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation]]
* [[Tourism in North East India]]
* [[West Bengal]]
* [[Tourism in India]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Kolkata]]
* [[Tourist attractions in West Bengal]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|West Bengal}}
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.wbtourism.gov.in/ Official website of Department of Tourism : Govt. of West Bengal]
* [http://www.wbtdc.gov.in/ WBTDCL Office in Kolkata]
{{Tourism in India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Tourism in West Bengal| ]]

Director of the Intelligence Bureau

2026-03-19T03:36:07Z

ZaidBaig: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|Chief executive of the Intelligence Bureau in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Short description|Seniormost non-elected official of India's internal intelligence agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Director of Intelligence Bureau
| body = India
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of India
| image = Shri Tapan Kumar Deka (cropped).jpg
| incumbent = [[Tapan Deka]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| incumbentsince = 1 July 2022
| residence = Classified
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| reports_to =
* [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[Union Home Minister of India|Union Home Minister]]
* [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]]
| member_of = [[Strategic Policy Group]] [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]]
| seat = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[New Delhi]]
| termlength = Typically 2 years (extendable)
| formation = 1887
| inaugural = T. G. Sanjeevi Pillai
| salary = {{INRConvert|225000}} monthly
| succession = 25th {{small|(on the [[Indian order of precedence]])}}
| department = [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
| status = Head of IB
| website = Classified
| native_name = ''खुफिया ब्यूरो के निदेशक''
}}

The '''director of the Intelligence Bureau''' ('''DIB''') is the head of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]], India's premier domestic-intelligence agency.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE INDIAN POLICE SERVICE (UNIFORM) RULES,1954|url=http://persmin.gov.in/Archive/Acts_Rules_Archive/AISRules_Archive/IPSRules/IPS(Uniform)Rules(Revised).htm#_ftnref21|publisher=Govt of India|accessdate=2 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208194152/http://persmin.gov.in/Archive/Acts_Rules_Archive/AISRules_Archive/IPSRules/IPS(Uniform)Rules(Revised).htm#_ftnref21|archive-date=8 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current director of the Intelligence Bureau is [[Tapan Deka]], incumbent since 1 July 2022.

Since the bureau's inception, the office has always been held by an [[Indian Police Service]] officer. It is the highest rank attainable by any member of the service; the director of the Intelligence Bureau is therefore at any given time, the senior-most police officer in India.

==Authority==
The DIB is a member of the [[Strategic Policy Group]] and the [[National Security Council Secretariat]] (NSCS), but intelligence inputs go through the regular channels in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] to the NSCS. DIB reports to the Prime Minister, Home Minister and the Home Secretary of the Government of India.

Although the director of the Intelligence Bureau is entitled to wear the uniform of an officer of four-star rank, the highest such police rank in India, he is not expected to per precedent and generally does not don a uniform even on ceremonial occasions.

[[File:Car stars Police.jpg|215px]]
[[File:IPS 4 star.png|Shoulder insignia of Director of the Intelligence Bureau|80px]]

== List of directors of the Intelligence Bureau==
The following is the list of directors of the Intelligence Bureau.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bprd.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1052.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-08-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816020917/http://www.bprd.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1052.pdf |archivedate=2013-08-16 }}</ref>

{|+ List of Directors of the Intelligence Bureau
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! No.
! Director
! Took office
! Left office
|- style="background:#def;"
| 1
| [[T. G. Sanjeevi Pillai]]
| 12 April 1947
| 14 July 1950
|- style="background:#def;"
|2
|[[Bhola Nath Mullik|B. N. Mullik]]
|15 July 1950
|9 October 1964
|- style="background:#def;"
| 3
| [[S. P. Verma]]
| October 1964
| January 1968
|- style="background:#def;"
| 4
| [[M. L. Hooja|M. M. L. Hooja]]
| January 1968
| November 1971
|- style="background:#def;"
| 5
| [[Atma Jayaram]]
| November 1971
| August 1975
|- style="background:#def;"
| 6
| S. N. Mathur
| August 1975
| February 1980
|- style="background:#def;"
| 7
| [[T. V. Rajeswar]]
| February 1980
| August 1983
|- style="background:#def;"
| 8
| [[R. K. Kapoor]]
| August 1983
| November 1984
|- style="background:#def;"
| 9
| [[Hari Anand Barari]]
| November 1984
| March 1987
|- style="background:#def;"
| 10
| [[M. K. Narayanan]]
| April 1987
| December 1989
|- style="background:#def;"
| 11
| [[R. P. Joshi]]
| December 1989
| December 1990
|- style="background:#def;"
| 10
| [[M. K. Narayanan]]
| January 1991
| February 1992
|- style="background:#def;"
| 12
| [[V. G. Vaidya]]
| March 1992
| July 1994
|- style="background:#def;"
| 13
| [[D. C. Pathak]]
| August 1994
| August 1996
|- style="background:#def;"
| 14
| [[Abhijit Mitra]]
| August 1996
| September 1996
|- style="background:#def;"
| 15
| [[Arun Bhagat]]
| September 1996
| April 1998
|- style="background:#def;"
| 16
| [[Shyamal Datta]]
| April 1998
| May 2001
|- style="background:#def;"
| 17
| [[K. P. Singh (civil servant)|K. P. Singh]]
| May 2001
| July 2004
|- style="background:#def;"
| 18
| [[Ajit Doval]]
| July 2004
| January 2005
|- style="background:#def;"
| 19
| [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| February 2005
| December 2006
|- style="background:#def;"
| 20
| [[P. C. Haldar]]
| January 2007
| December 2008
|- style="background:#def;"
| 21
| [[Rajiv Mathur]]
| January 2009
| December 2010
|- style="background:#def;"
| 22
| [[Nehchal Sandhu]]
| 2010
| 2012
|- style="background:#def;"
| 23
| [[Syed Asif Ibrahim]]
| 1 January 2013
| 31 December 2014
|- style="background:#def;"
| 24
| [[Dineshwar Sharma]]
| 1 January 2015
| 31 December 2016
|- style="background:#def;"
| 25
| [[Rajiv Jain]]
| 1 January 2017
| 26 June 2019
|- style="background:#def;"
| 26
| [[Arvind Kumar (civil servant)|Arvind Kumar]]
| 26 June 2019
| 30 June 2022
|- style="background:#def;"
| 27
| [[Tapan Deka]]
| 1 July 2022
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Home Secretary (India)]]
*[[Secretary of the Research and Analysis Wing]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Four-star officers]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India)]]
[[Category:Police ranks of India]]

Prabhu Narayan

2026-03-15T03:53:40Z

ZaidBaig: New New Article More To Come - done

{{Short description|Indian independence activist (1921–42)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Shaheed]]
| name =
|image=
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = 1921
| birth_place = Marar village, [[Khagaria district]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1942|08|13|}}
| death_place = Mungeria square, Khagaria
| death_cause = [[Murder]]
| monuments =
| movement =
| father = Shital Mahto/Sita Mahto
}}
'''Prabhu Narayan''' also spelt as '''Prabhu Narain''' was an Indian independence activist, who is known for his participation in [[Quit India movement]] of 1942. A resident of [[Khagaria district]] of [[Bihar]], Narain was killed in 1942 while leading a flag procession during police firing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chaturvedi|first=R. |year=2007|title= Bihar Through the Ages|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-798-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCnRzJwcqSQC&dq=prabhu+narain+khagaria&pg=PA308|access-date=2024-05-07|archive-date=2024-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507164251/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gCnRzJwcqSQC&pg=PA308&dq=prabhu+narain+khagaria&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjT-qyg6fuFAxU4j68BHQIrDBQQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=prabhu%20narain%20khagaria&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Life==
Prabhu Narain was born in 1921 to Sheetal Prasad Singh also known as Shital Mahto and Champa Devi in a [[Koeri]] family, in a village called Marar in [[Khagaria district]] of Bihar. He was an agitator from his early days and used to work for the right of agricultural labourers in his village. He was often also involved in protesting against their employers for the fair wages. His primary education was completed at Ramganj while he completed his middle school education from Shyamlal High school. He was married to Siya Devi at a young age and during his martyrdom his wife was pregnant. She gave birth to his son who was named Himmat Singh.<ref name=Hindustan>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-prabhunarayan-gave-martyrdom-in-just-21-years-for-the-country-39-s-independence-6882706.html|title=Prabhu Narayan gave martyrdom at the age of 21 for country|website=Hindustan|accessdate=7 May 2024|archive-date=7 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507061657/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-prabhunarayan-gave-martyrdom-in-just-21-years-for-the-country-39-s-independence-6882706.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS VOL.I. (n.d.). India: Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting.</ref>

For higher education, he moved to [[Banaras Hindu University]]. During this period there used to be a special class on Indian national movement in the university to bring more and more educated youths in the India's freedom struggle.<ref name=Hindustan/> Narain was motivated to join Indian independence movement at the call of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and in August 1942, he moved from [[Banaras]] to Khagaria to take part in [[Quit India movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/khagaria-memories-of-sahid-prbhu-narain-of-khagaria-district-18313172.html|title=याद किए गए शहीद प्रभुनारायण, माड़र में दूर-दूर से पहुंचे लोग|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]|access-date=2024-05-07|archive-date=2024-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507164251/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/khagaria-memories-of-sahid-prbhu-narain-of-khagaria-district-18313172.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 August 1942, he was joined by another independence activist Bharat Poddar who was a resident of Thana Chowk in Khagaria in the protest of 1942. The protesters were led by Narain, and they marched towards police station near Mungeria square to unfurl the national flag of India in order to show their resentment to colonial rule. At Benjamin square, they were joined by activist Motilal and Munshilal Verma. As the protesters marched forward, British Indian police fired upon them, killing Narain. After the news of his death spread, the commoners gathered from the nearby villages and in association with the protesters, they looted the Olapur police station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/khagaria-khagaria-news-22967814.html|title=याद करो बलिदान : जब बलिदनी प्रभु नारायण को गोली लगी, तो भरत पोद्दार बगल में खड़े थे|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=2024-05-07|archive-date=2024-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507164222/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/khagaria-khagaria-news-22967814.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Commemoration==
In commemoration of Narain's role in 1942 movement, the place of his death was named as Shaheed Prabhu Narain square upon his name and a life size statue of Narain has been established there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-wreath-laying-on-the-statue-of-martyr-prabhunarayan-6935665.html|title=Wreath laying on statue of martyr|website=Hindustan|access-date=2024-05-07|archive-date=2024-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507164329/https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/khagaria/story-wreath-laying-on-the-statue-of-martyr-prabhunarayan-6935665.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nanak Bheel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Verma, J. L. (2012). The Quit India Movement in Bihar & Jharkhand. India: Janaki Prakashan.
*Roy, P. K. (1991). The Quit India Movement in Bihar: The Special Reference to the Old Division of Bhagalpur. India: Capital Publishing House.
*Datta, K. (1957). History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar. India: Government of Bihar.
*Kumar, R. (2002). Champaran to Quit India Movement. India: Mittal Publications.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Prabhu}}
[[Category:People from Khagaria district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Quit India Movement]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Assassinated revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Assassinated Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian anti-imperialists]]

Ramgarh district

2026-03-15T00:47:35Z

ZaidBaig: refined article per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Ramgarh Cantonment|its eponymous community development block|Ramgarh (community development block)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{directory|date=September 2019}}{{cleanup lang|date=July 2021}}{{original research|date=July 2021}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = September 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramgarh district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]] of [[Jharkhand]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/1
| image1 = Patratu Valley at night.jpg
| image2 = Patratu dam on cloudy day.jpg
| image3 = District Collectorate, Ramgarh 2.png
| image4 = Chhinnamastika Temple Rajrappa.jpg
}}
| image_caption = Top to bottom: Patratu Valley at night, Patratu Dam, District Collectorate, Ramgarh, [[Chhinnamasta Temple]]
| image_map = Ramgarh in Jharkhand (India).svg
| map_caption = Location of Ramgarh district in Jharkhand
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Ramgarh Cantonment
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Jharkhand|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Chotanagpur Division|North Chotanagpur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ramgarh Cantonment]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = Ramgarh
| area_total_km2 = 1341
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 949,443
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 4,372
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 73.17%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 921
| leader_title = [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Shri Chandan Kumar ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]],[[Barkagaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barkagaon]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = JH-24
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 20 (India)|NH 20]] and [[NH 23]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://ramgarh.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
| area_rank = 23
| population_rank = 24
}}
'''Ramgarh district''' is one of the 24 districts in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]]. It was also a military district during the British Regime, referred to then as Ramgarh district. It is the part of State Capital Region (SCR).

Ramgarh was made a district on 12 September 2007. It was carved out of erstwhile Hazaribagh District. Ramgarh lies at the heart of the Jharkhand state. It is a mining, industrial and cultural hub with the Maa Chhinnamasta Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/26-aug-2012-212-Ranchi-Page-1.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 August 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233123/http://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/26-aug-2012-212-Ranchi-Page-1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1670s, the king Dalel Singh shifted the capital of [[Ramgarh Raj]] to Ramgarh and named it after his father Ram Singh. The district of Ramgarh has been named after the town Ramgarh, its present headquarters.

==Etymology==
The word ''Ram'' is derived from ''Murram'' and ''Gadh'' is derived from ''Beluagadha''. In Hazaribagh district, there is Sitagadha and Vishnugadha.{{Clarify|reason=What are these? Needs clarification|date=July 2021}} Thus, the name ''Ramgarh'' must have been derived by using syllables of these places.

==History==
{{Prose|section|date=August 2025}}
=== Ancient history ===
'''Stone age''': Along the river [[Damodar River|Damodar]] in Ramgarh, early Stone Age ([[Lower Paleolithic]]) tools<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhandtourism.in/History/hazaribag.htm|title=HistoricJharkhand}}</ref> were found.

'''Mahajanapadas:''' The gigantic king [[Jarasandh]] was very powerful. Chotanagpur<ref name="ReferenceA">District gazetteer, hazaribagh chapter IV, page no. – 65</ref> was in his jurisdiction; probably the Chhotanagpur was under sub-ordination of Mahapadam of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]] Nand Ugrasen of Nagwanshi's.

'''Maurya Empire''': It is also said that entire Chhotanagpur was under sub-ordination of [[Ashoka]] the Great ({{Circa|273|232}} BC) so that in Buddha period.{{Clarify|reason=poor grammar|date=July 2021}}

'''Buddhism and Jainism''': It is certified by the symbolic relics of Buddha period in the temple of Gola. Probably in the 8th century BC. (3) Jain Trithankar was constructed in Parasnath.

'''Gupta Empire:''' King [[Samudragupta]] ({{Circa|385|380}} AD)<ref name="ReferenceA"/> had invaded Eastern Deccan by passing through this area.

=== Medieval period ===
In Turk-Afghan period (1206-1526 AD.), Jharkhand the forest country was under subordination of ruler of that time. The [[Ramgarh Raj]] was established in 1368.<ref>District Gazetteer, Hazaribagh, Chapter IV, Page no.- 68</ref> The founder King of Ramgarh regime was King Bagdeo Singh. At that time the capital of Ramgarh was in Sira. The headquarters of the capital was moved to Urda, Badam, Ramgarh and [[Padma]] one by one. In 1670 the headquarters of Ramgarh regime was moved to Ramgarh. The Ramgarh Regime is also known as Padma Raja or Regime.<ref>District Gazetteer, Hazaribagh, Chapter IV, Page no.- 69</ref>

=== British regime ===
[[File:Map of present-day Jharkhand region by Rennell, 1779.jpg|thumb|Greater Ramgarh in the 1770s, map by [[James Rennell]].]]
The power of obtaining reference from Ramgarh regime was given to [[East India Company]] by King [[Shah Alam II]].

In 1771, Captain Comac was made Military Collector of Ramgarh District,<ref>District Gazetteer, Hazaribagh Page no.- 70,</ref> whose headquarters was in [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]]. The military district of Ramgarh contained Nagpur, [[Palamu district|Palamu]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Chatra, Jharkhand|Chatra]], [[Giridih]] and [[Kodarma]]. At that the headquarters of Ramgarh Battalion<ref>District Gazetteer, Hazaribagh Chapter IV, Page no.- 72</ref> was [[Hazaribagh]], whose commander was a European. The district name is often spelled "Ramghur" in English documents of the time.<ref>{{cite journal |author=University of Calcutta Department of English |year=1853 |title=The Grand Trunk Road – its Localities |journal=Calcutta Review |volume=21 |issue=41 |pages=170–224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3tEAQAAMAAJ}} Page 190–191 of the reference describes the location of Ramghur district, revealing it to be the modern Ramgarh.</ref>

In 1811, Ramgarh Battalion was used for suppressing the [[Munda people|Munda]], [[Oraon people|Uraon]] and Tamad Revolt and Kol revolt. In 1837, Ramgarh was a police station for the British government. In 1938, a new G.T. road was built and Banaras road was closed. It is worth mentioning the name of Lubia Manghi. Bainu Manjhi and Arjun Manjhi. In Sitagarh, coffee was grown. The name of Rupu Manjhi is famous in the first national revolt of 1857.

On 8 January 1856, Sheik Bhikari and Thakur Upraon Singh were hanged on a bunyan tree in Chhuttupalu valley. This valley is also known as lalki Ghaati and that bunyan tree is called ''Phansiyahi bore''.{{Which lang|date=July 2021}}

[[Ramgarh Cantonment]] council was structured in 1941. There are two Army training centers, [[Sikh Regiment|Sikh Regimental Centre]] (SRC) and [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regimental Centre]] (PRC).

[[File:Nehru bajaj sarojini khan azad1940a.jpg|thumb|right| Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, andMaulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh Session of the Indian National Congress]]
In March 1940, INC 53rd Session<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329044757/http://aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php|url=http://aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php|title=All India Congress Committee - AICC|archive-date=29 March 2009|website=aicc.org.in}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Danik jagran Ranchi Page No.14, 2 October 2011</ref> was accomplished under the presidency of [[Abul Kalam Azad|Maulana Abul Qalam Azad]] at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh now Ramgarh Cantonment [[Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images/Photographs/Personalities/Mahatma_Gandhi/1940&image=IMPHPEMG|title=Error|website=www.gandhimedia.org|access-date=21 August 2012|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002845/http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images%2FPhotographs%2FPersonalities%2FMahatma_Gandhi%2F1940&image=IMPHPEMG|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sardar Patel]], [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Acharya J.B. Kripalani]], Industrialist [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] and other leaders<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g7.htm|title=Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)|website=www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org}}</ref> of the Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianmovements.blogspot.com/2010/01/ramgarh-session-1940.html|title=RAMGARH SESSION-1940}}</ref> Mahatma Gandhi also opened khadi{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} and village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html|title=Chronology 1940|access-date=20 August 2012|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215617/http://gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At that time, under the leadership of Netajee [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], a conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhsha Chandra Bose was seen as president of All India Forward Block and M.N. Roy was seen as leader of the radical democratic party.

=== Post-independence ===
After independence in 1947, the territory of the present-day Ramgarh district became a part of erstwhile Hazaribagh district. In 1952 Ramgarh Block was created and in 1991 Ramgarh Subdivision was formed. Sikh Regimental Centre was shifted from Merrut to Ramgarh Cantonment in 1976. On 12 September 2007, Ramgarh was made a district consisting of Ramgarh, Gola, Mandu and Patratu Block, taking the total count of districts in the state to 24.

On 13 September 2012, Ramgarh become the first district in the country where payment of government schemes like KCC and Indra Awash was done through UID{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} or [[Aadhaar|Aadhaar cards]].

== Administration ==
Ramgarh district consists of six blocks (or 'mandals'). These include [[Ramgarh (community development block)|Ramgarh]], [[Gola (community development block)|Gola]], [[Mandu (community development block)|Mandu]], [[Patratu (community development block)|Patratu]], [[Chitarpur (community development block)|Chitarpur]], and [[Dulmi (community development block)|Dulmi]] blocks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ramgarh.nic.in/block/|title=Block - District Ramgarh, Government of Jharkhand, India}}</ref>

=== Panchayats and Villages ===
See: [[List of villages in Ramgarh district]]

== Geography ==

===Physiography===
The district is a part of Chotanagpur plateau. Important physiographic regions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Hazaribagh_Introduction.pdf|title=Forest Resources Survey, Hazaribagh – 2006 {{!}} Introduction Vol. - 1|date=2006|website=jharkhandforest.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028111157/http://www.jharkhandforest.com/files/Hazaribagh_Introduction.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-28|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref> of the district are [[Damodar River|Damodar]] Trough or Upper Damodar basin or Damodar Valley. The majority of the district falls in the Damodar Valley. Damodar Valley is bounded by [[Hazaribag]] Plateau in north and [[Ranchi]] Plateau in south. Ranchi and Hazaribag plateau is separated by east–west running Damodar Valley.
[[File:A View of Ranchi plateau and Damodar Valley.jpg|thumb|left| A View of Ranchi Plateau and Damodar Valley, between Ramgarh and Chutupallu]]

Barka Pahar (Marang Buru)<ref>Survey of India, toposheet No.F45B6, 2009.</ref> {{cvt|1049|m}} high above [[sea level]] located along the Ramgarh-Ranchi border is probably the highest peak, and it also separates the districts.

===Soils and climate===
There are mainly two types of soil, red soil and sand loam.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

In terms of climate, the area lies in the sub-humid region of Chotanagpur Plateau and has a semi-extreme type of climate. The day temperature rises to around {{Convert|40|C|}} during the summers and drops to around {{Convert|10|C|}} during the winter.

The winter season broadly runs from November to February, the hot season from March to May, and the rainy season from June to October.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

===Forests and wildlife===
The forest area of the district is {{Convert|487.93|km2||abbr=on}}. The district is rich in flora and fauna. The government has planned a deer park in the district.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120605/jsp/jharkhand/story_15570775.jsp#.UDHWoqllSM8 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152302/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120605/jsp/jharkhand/story_15570775.jsp#.UDHWoqllSM8 | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 September 2015 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | title=Deer park in Ramgarh | date=2012-06-05}}</ref> The park will come up on {{cvt|25|acre}} on Gola-Muri Road in Gola block. 30 villages in the district are affected by elephants.<ref>{{cite news|date=2012-03-21|title=Proposal to ward off tuskers in 30 villages in Ramgarh district|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Proposal-to-ward-off-tuskers-in-30-villages-in-Ramgarh-district/articleshow/12359411.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-21/ranchi/31219757_1_tuskers-ramgarh-villages|archive-date=2013-12-30}}</ref>

===Rivers and river basins===
Damodar is the main river of the district and it also forms a major river basin, comprising a number of tributaries. Important amongst them are: Naikari, Bhervi or Bhera and Bokaro river.
[[File:Naikari Dam, Patratu.jpg|thumb|right|Naikari Dam, Patratu]]

In [[Hindu mythology]] and [[folklore]] Damodar is a Nad means Male River.{{Clarify|date=July 2021}}

Small rivers include the Hurhuri, Gomti, Barki, Kurum, Kochi, Sherbhuki, and Dhobdhab rivers.

Suwarn Rekha River flow south eastern part of district.<ref name="ReferenceC">Survey of India, toposheet No.F45B11 and 73/E.</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Flows into? Through?|date=July 2021}} Tributaries of Suwarn Rekha River include Kadamgara and Khatgara.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|1901|1,23,154
|1911|1,34,733
|1921|1,33,503
|1931|1,58,638
|1941|1,83,100
|1951|2,02,533
|1961|2,65,261
|1971|3,62,188
|1981|5,44,330
|1991|6,98,081
|2001|8,39,482
|2011|9,49,443
|source=Census of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43353/download/47042/20%20A-2%20Jharkhand.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Ramgarh district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.55}}
{{Bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.59}}
{{Bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|3.41}}
{{Bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.76}}
{{Bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.27}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Ramgarh district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 949,443,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Ramgarh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/564/download/1904/DH_2011_2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Fiji]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Fiji 883,125 July 2011 est. | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[Delaware]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Delaware 897,934
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=19 October 2013
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 459th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/>
The district has a population density of {{convert|708|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.06%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Ramgarh has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 921 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 73.17%. 44.13% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 11.20% and 21.19% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

{{Pie chart
|caption= Languages of Ramgarh district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value1 = 56.63 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 18.2 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 8.17 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 3.72 |color4 = darkturquoise
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value5 = 2.91 |color5 = gold
|label6 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] |value6 = 2.78 |color6 = crimson
|label7 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value7 = 1.89 |color7 = burlywood
|label8 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]|value8 = 1.59 |color8 = orchid
|label9 = Others |value9 = 4.11 |color9 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 56.63% of the population in the district spoke [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 18.2% [[Hindi]], 8.17% [[Urdu]], 3.72% [[Santali language|Santali]], 2.91% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 2.78% [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and 1.59% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Rail ===
In 1927, Bengal Nagpur Railway (BNR)<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407154217/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,397|title=South Eastern Railway|archive-date=7 April 2011|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,397|website=www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> opened the {{Convert|72|mi||adj=on}} Chandil-Barkakana section to traffic. The same year, the Central India Coalfields (CIC) Railway opened the Gomoh-Barkakana line. It was extended to Daltonganj in 1929. Later it was extended to Sonnagar on Howrah-Delhi Grand Chord line and one more branch was extended to Singrauli from Garwa Road.

At present the district railway network is divided between two zone East Central Railways and South Eastern Railway.

Ramgarh Cantonment, Mael, Barkipona, Gola Road, Harubera, Sondimra and Barlanga Station come under Ranchi Division of SER.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serranchi.org/about/abt_div.htm |title=South Eastern Railway Ranchi | Jharkhand |access-date=2012-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530031719/http://www.serranchi.org/about/abt_div.htm |archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref>

Ranchi Road, Chainpur, Argada, Barkakana Junction, Bhurkunda, Patratu and Tokisud station come Under Dhanbad Division of ECR.

Barkakana is a railway sub-division under Dhanbad division of East Central Railway zone. Doubling of Danea-Ranchi Road line has announced in the [[Railway Budget]] 2013–14.

==== New rail line project ====
[[Ranchi]]-Koderma-Tilaiya Junction<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPWp8LboNwA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/IPWp8LboNwA |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=Construction of Barkakana Ranchi new line section 11 06 2017|date=3 July 2017 |via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> railway station (Bihar) new rail line project<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110119/jsp/jharkhand/story_13462613.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124004246/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110119/jsp/jharkhand/story_13462613.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 January 2011 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Vishvendu | last=Jaipuriar | title=Off Track | date=2011-01-19}}</ref> of the state passes through the district. The district portion between Sidhwar-Barkakana-Kuju and Mandu is already completed. The distance between Ranchi and Barkakana by train will be reduced by half with the new rail line. Completion of this project will also shorten the distance between<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/shanki-sani/12343|title=Shanki Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Anupam Enosh|last=Sarkar|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> Barkakana, Patna and Delhi. The Bakhtiyarpur–Rajgir line was extended to Tilaiya in 2010. After completion of the line, Barkakana will be connected to Bakhtiyarpur. Rajgir, Biharsharif, etc. Tilaiya Junction railway station is situated near Rajoli of Nawada district of Bihar, not to be confused with Tilaiya, Tilaiya Dam, or Jhumri Tilaiya of Jharkhand.
[[File:A View of New Rail Line between Kuju & Mandu.jpg|thumb|right| A view of the new rail line between Kuju and Mandu]]

The {{Convert|57|km||abbr=on|adj=}}-long Barkakana-Hazaribagh section of the new Koderma-Ranchi line project was inaugurated on 7 December 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=155002|title=Minister of Railways in the presence of Chief Minister of Jharkhand inaugurates Hazaribagh-Barkakana section of Koderma Ranchi New Railway Line Project}}</ref> by Railway Minister Suresh Prabhu in the presence of Chief Minister Raghubar Das.

Special passenger train service started<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403015059/https://im22-c75.kxcdn.com/0/2216755/0/d210041038.jpg|url=https://im22-c75.kxcdn.com/0/2216755/0/d210041038.jpg|language=hi|title=गाड़ी सं. 03311/03312 बरकाकाना-सिथवार-बरकाकाना स्पेशल गाड़ी का परिचालन|trans-title=Operation of Train No. 03311/03312 Barkakana-Sithwar-Barkakana Special Train|archive-date=3 April 2017|website=im22-c75.kxcdn.com}}</ref> on 31 March 2017<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403015128/https://im23-c75.kxcdn.com/0/2216337/0/img20170330191603.jpg|title=बरकाकाना-सिधवर नई रेल लाईन पर दिनांक 31.03.2017 से परिचालन प्रारंभ|language=hi|trans-title=On Barkakana-Sidhawar new rail line - Commencement of Operations from 31.03.2017 |url=https://im23-c75.kxcdn.com/0/2216337/0/img20170330191603.jpg|archive-date=3 April 2017|website=im23-c75.kxcdn.com}}</ref> from Barkakana Junction to Sidhwar station of Barkakana–Ranchi new line<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403015339/https://im23-c75.kxcdn.com/0/2216337/0/img20170330191609.jpg|title=Barkakhana - Sidhwar New Line (07 KM)|archive-date=3 April 2017|url=https://im23-c75.kxcdn.com/0/2216337/0/img20170330191609.jpg|website=im23-c75.kxcdn.com}}</ref> section.

A trial run of the passenger train between Tatisilwai and Sanki railway stations (31.4 km) on Ranchi Barkakana's new rail line was conducted on 17 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ramgarh/story-first-train-reached-tatisilwai-from-sanki-in-25-minutes-1753412.html |title=first train reached Tatisilwai from Sanki in 25 minutes - 25 मिनट में सांकी से टाटीसिलवे पहली बार पहुंची ट्रेन |date= 17 January 2018|author= |access-date=30 June 2021|language=hi}}</ref>

The new railway line between Tatisilwai and Sanki was inaugurated by CM Ragubar Das on 29 August 2019. Two new pairs of passenger trains between Hatia and Sanki stations were implemented on 29 August 2019.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

=== Roads ===
[[File:NH 33 Between Ramgarh and Chutupallu.jpg|thumb|NH 20 Between Ramgarh and Chutupallu]]
[[File:State Highway No.2 between Patratu and Ranchi.jpg|thumb|State Highway No.2 between Patratu and Ranchi]]
Road are the major means of transportation in the district. Three major expressways (NH-20, NH-23 and SH-2) pass through the district. The State Highways Authority of Jharkhand (SHAJ) is planning to construct a four-lane road between Patratu and Dhanbad<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.bhaskar.com/ranchi/109/13022013/jarkhand/1/|title=ranchi epaper: ranchi Latest Hindi news ePaper Online - Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=5 March 2013|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234724/http://epaper.bhaskar.com/ranchi/109/13022013/jarkhand/1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> via Sayal, Naya Mor, Chas Mor and Raj Ganj.

'''National highway'''

The main national highways<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410034725/http://morth.nic.in/statedetailsmain.asp?state=26|url=http://morth.nic.in/statedetailsmain.asp?state=26|title=Department of Road Transport & Highways|archive-date=10 April 2009|website=morth.nic.in}}</ref> crossing the district are NH-20 and NH-23.

National Highway 23 connects to NH-20 at Mahatma Gandhi Chowk, Ramgarh Cantonment.

State highways serving the area include State Highway No.2.<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030121551/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/DEPTDOCUPLOAD/uploads/21/D201121122.pdf|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/DEPTDOCUPLOAD/uploads/21/D201121122.pdf|title=State Highways (SH) in Jharkhand|archive-date=30 October 2012|website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Airport ===
[[Birsa Munda Airport]] ({{Convert|45|km||abbr=on}}) at Ranchi is the nearest airport. Direct links are available to prominent cities such as [[Delhi]], [[Patna]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]].

== Economy ==
The district holds a strong position on the mineral map of the country. The district is endowed with a large and rich deposit of coal and [[coalbed methane]] (CBM) and also possesses various other minerals like [[limestone]] as well as [[fire clay]].

The coalfields of the Ramgarh district lie in the Damodar Valley. The important geological formation of the district is the Gondwana System and the rocks of the Damuda Group of Lower Gondwana age comprises the most important coal seams. The district's coal deposits are mainly found in South Karanpura, West Bokaro and Ramgarh coalfields.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fossil.energy.gov/international/Publications/Coal_Beneficiation_Workshop/DT_OP_CCL_presentation.pdf |title=WELCOME TO Presentation on|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

=== Industries ===
Ramgarh is an important industrial district of East India. Several mineral-based industries like steel, sponge iron, cement, refractory and thermal power plants are established due to the availability of coal and other minerals.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

=== Agriculture ===
The main occupation of the people of Ramgarh is farming. There are three main agricultural seasons in the district: [[Kharif crop|kharif]], [[Rabi crop|rabi]], and [[Zaid crops|zaid]]. Rice, maize, [[Finger millet|ragi]], fruits and vegetables are the main crops<ref>:Page 147, Bihar a physical, Economic and Regional Geography by [[Enayat Ahmad]]</ref> of the district.

== Education ==

=== Schools ===
* Kendriya Vidyalaya :<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318033612/http://www.winentrance.com/Schools/Kendriya/Jharkhand/Default.htm|url=http://www.winentrance.com/Schools/Kendriya/Jharkhand/Default.htm|title=Jharkhand Kendriya Vidyalaya Portal for Education Schools Details CBSE School, entrance exam|archive-date=18 March 2006|website=www.winentrance.com}}</ref>
* D A V Public School:<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318032900/http://www.winentrance.com/Schools/CBSE/Jharkhand/Default.htm|url=http://www.winentrance.com/Schools/CBSE/Jharkhand/Default.htm|title=Jharkhand CBSE Schools, Kendriya Vidyalaya Portal for Education Schools Details CBSE School, entrance exam|archive-date=18 March 2006|website=www.winentrance.com}}</ref>
* Agrasen D. A. V. Public School, Bharech Nagar, Ramgarh.
* Army Public School,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apsramgarhcantt.com/ |title=Army Public School, Ramgarh Cantt |access-date=2012-03-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331102124/http://apsramgarhcantt.com/ |archive-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Ramgarh Cantonment. (Army Welfare Education Society)

=== Colleges ===
* Ramgarh College,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramgarhcollege.org/|title=Ramgarh College, Ramgarh, Jharkhand - B.Com.Sem-I (Hons) 2016-19 - Electrol Roll 2016}}</ref> Ramgarh<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vbu.co.in/website/nonconst_college.html|title=Vinoba Bhave University Hazaribag - Constituent College|website=Vinoba Bhave University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219020730/http://www.vbu.co.in/website/nonconst_college.html|archive-date=2013-02-19|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-12-15}}</ref>

;Engineering colleges
Ramgarh Engineering College opened in 2013. The government is also planning to open Jharkhand state's first women's engineering college in Ramgarh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/scite/pdf/Five%20Year%20Plan%202012-17.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030121701/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/scite/pdf/Five%20Year%20Plan%202012-17.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{As of?|date=July 2021}}

;Medical colleges
The government is planning to open a new ESI Medical College<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/story1.aspx?id=50556&boxid=104370696&ed_date=16-oct-2012&ed_code=212&ed_page=15|title=Story|access-date=16 October 2012|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403122745/http://epaper.jagran.com/story1.aspx?id=50556&boxid=104370696&ed_date=16-oct-2012&ed_code=212&ed_page=15|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the district.{{As of?|date=July 2021}}

;Management College
Birsa Institute of Technical Education (B.I.T.E. Ramgarh)<ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308044819/http://www.bite.edu.in/about-b-i-t-e/|url=http://www.bite.edu.in/about-b-i-t-e/|title=About B.I.T.E.|archive-date=8 March 2013|website=www.bite.edu.in}}</ref> opened in 2012 in Ramgarh.

==Culture and heritage==
=== Fairs and festivals ===
The major and most celebrated fairs and festivals include [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Durga Puja]] or [[Navaratri]], [[Dussehra]], [[Ramanavami]], [[Karam (festival)|Karam]] or Karma, Sarhul, Tusu, Eid, Sarsawati puja, [[Chhath]], Makar Sankranti, and [[Jivitputrika]] or Jitiya ({{langx|hi|जिउतिया}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ramgarh-9737516.html|title=जिउतिया पर माताओं ने रखा उपवास, शाम को की पूजा|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> Due to the presence of industry and mining activities, [[Vishwakarma Puja]] is also an important festival. Makar Sankranti fair<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlytravelguide.com/jharkhand/spiritual/rajrappa.php|title=Rajrappa Temple, Ranchi Rajrappa Temple, Tourism on Rajrappa temple, Rajrappa temple in Jharkhand, Rajrappa travel guide, Rajrappa Pilgrimage|website=www.onlytravelguide.com}}</ref> at Rajrappa Mandir also attracts many people. Fairs are also organized during Jitiya,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ramgarh-here-heading-in-english-for-story8243959-8243959.html|title=तालाटांड में जिउतिया मेला 27 को|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> Karma and other festivals.

=== Cuisine ===
Ramgarh has a variety of foods and cuisines. The most well-known and common cuisine in Ramgarh includes [[roti]] ([[chapati]]) or ''phulka'', rice or ''bhat'', [[dal]], [[Curry|sabzi]] or [[tarkari]] and [[South Asian pickle|achar]] (South Asian pickles). ''[[Dhooska|Dhuska]]'' and [[Vada (food)|''barra'']] are popular local fast foods. ''Dhuska'' is made from rice and [[Vigna mungo|urad dal]]. ''Barra'' is also prepared using urad dal. Different types of flowers and leaves are used including [[bamboo shoot]]s (''karil''), fried pumpkin flower [[pakora]], ''khukri'' and mushroom ''tarkari''. [[Khoa|Khoya]] [[peda]]s of Rajrappa mandir is also a famous dry sweet.

=== Places of interest ===
{{how-to|section=yes|date=March 2019}}

====Pilgrimage sites====
* Tooti Jharna Temple: Situated about {{Convert|7|km||abbr=on}} from Ramgarh Cantonment on NH-33 [[Ranchi]]-[[Patna]] highway, is a temple devoted to Lord [[Shiva]] where water from the river falls through a canal on [[Shivalinga]]. The Raghu baba{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} of this temple is from the nearby village Digwar and hence most of the Digwar villagers are connected to this temple. It is very near Ranchi road, just {{Convert|2-3|km||abbr=on}} ahead towards the way of Village Digwar.
* Mayatungri Temple: It is also known as Daughter of the Hills and is {{Convert|5|km||abbr=on}} South of Ramgarh in the Chutupalu Valley. Although it is located on a height of {{Convert|300|ft||abbr=on}}, it takes only 15 minutes to march to its peak. Every year the local festival of karma is celebrated here with gaiety and fanfare by the people of the surrounding villages. It is popularly believed that worshipping on the hill brings rain to this area.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} Nowadays on the occasion of Durgapuja, Nawratra is performed twice a year on this hill.
* Kaitha Shiv Mandir:<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114105713/https://epaper.jagran.com/epaper/|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2018|title=Dainik Jagran ePaper: Hindi News Paper, Today Newspaper, Online Hindi Epaper|website=epaper.jagran.com}}</ref> This ancient temple of Shiva is located on NH-23 and is {{Convert|3|km||abbr=on}} away from Ramgarh Cantonment. It has been declared a national monument. The temple was built in 1670. The [[Shivalinga]] in the temple is located at a height which is accessible by means of two stairs. At present this temple is in a dilapidated condition.
* Khere Math: Khere Math temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.jagran.com/story1.aspx?id=57365&boxid=102869672&ed_date=25-jan-2013&ed_code=276&ed_page=9|title=Story|access-date=25 January 2013|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214444/http://epaper.jagran.com/story1.aspx?id=57365&boxid=102869672&ed_date=25-jan-2013&ed_code=276&ed_page=9|url-status=dead}}</ref> of [[Gautama Buddha]] is situated at Matwa-tand village near NH-23 of Gola Block.
* Gurudawara Singh Sabha: This Gurudwara was established and inaugurated by the Sikh community of Ramgarh around 1940 in a small room situated on Shivajee road in Ramgarh. Today a grand structure has taken the form of Gurudwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha in place of that small room. It is the centre of attraction for its great tomb and minarets. The interior decoration of the Darbar hall of Gurudwara Sahib is picture squire.{{Clarify|date=July 2021}}

==== Rajrappa Mandir ====
{{Cleanup lang|section|date=July 2021}}{{Main|Chhinnamasta Temple}}

The Maa Chhinmastika temple (मां छिन्नमस्तिका मंदिर)<ref>[http://astrobix.com/hindudharm/post/chinnamastika-shakti-peeth-rajrappa-shakti-peeth).aspx] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402201545/http://astrobix.com/hindudharm/post/chinnamastika-shakti-peeth-rajrappa-shakti-peeth%29.aspx|date=2 April 2012}}</ref> is situated at [[Rajrappa]] (रजरप्पा), {{Convert|28|km||abbr=on}} away from [[Ramgarh Cantonment]] on the confluence of rivers [[Damodar River|Damodar]] and Bhairavi (भैरवी) or Bhera (भेड़ा). This temple is noted in the [[Vedas]] and [[Puranas]] and it has been recognized as an ancient and strong source of [[Shakti]], or divine energy. The Chhinamastika Temple is a place of Hindu pilgrimage. Devotees from all parts of the country visit this holy place throughout the year. The temple is very old and its architectural design is the same as that of other temples of tantrik importance, though its antiquity is yet to be dated. Marriages are also solemnized here on a large scale. The headless statue of the goddess Chhinamastika (छिन्नमस्तिका) stands upon the bodies of [[Kamdeo]] and [[Rati]] in a lotus bed. A number of other temples have come up around the original temple, particularly, the temples of [[Mahavidyas]] (Tara, Shodashi, Bhubneswari, Bhairavi, Bagla, Kamla, Matangi, and Dhumavati) built in a series as well as other temples. These include the [[Sun God]] temple, [[Lord Shiva]] temple, [[Hanuman]] temple, and Ma [[Kali]] temple. In Hindu mythology, Damodar is considered an incarnation of the god Shiva and while Bharvi is the [[Devi|goddess]] Shakti. The confluence of both rivers in Rajrappa is considered a scared union of Damoder (Shiva) and Bharvai (Shakti). The water of the river Bharvi flows down from the top to the river Damoder which flows below, which also shows goddess or ''devi'' power. Many take a dip in the river before offering [[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]. According to the chapter "Ramgarh" from the book ''East India Gazetteer'' by Walter Hamilton, published in 1828, as well as ''Comprehensive History of Bihar'' by Dr. Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha published in 1974, there is no evidence of pilgrimage places like Rajrappa or existence of the Chhinamastika Temple at Rajrappa in the Ramgarh area of undivided Bihar.

A hundred years ago,{{As of?|date=July 2021}} the Damodar river was known as Damuda; {{Lang|unr|damu}} means 'sacred' and {{Lang|unr|da}} means 'water' in the [[Mundari language]]. {{Lang|unr|Rajrappa}} means 'the burning place of kings' in Mundari; {{Lang|unr|rappa}} means 'burn'. According to historian G. S. Sardesai, Rajputs from West India came to Bengal in [[Balaji Baji Rao|Peshwa Nana Saheb]]'s train. There was a last clash between Peshwa and [[Raghoji I Bhonsle|Raghuji Bhonshle]] between present-day Gola and the Chitrapur mountain pass of Ramgarh in 1743. Peshwa's advance troops missed their passage to Ramgarh and turned towards the jungle, reaching an area near the confluence of the Bera river near Damuda. The missing unfortunate general was likely the Prince of Jawa (Mewar) [[Karam Singh]] with his troops, and they never joined Peshwa due to the dense forest and unknown mountain pass. Some Rajpoots passed away and were burnt there; later, this wild place was recognised as Rajrappa by Mundari-speaking people. After some years the area became prominent due to the daughter of [[Karam Raja Tusu]]. She became a [[Sati (practice)|sati]] by sacrificing her life in the Rajrappa waterfall after one day of Makar to get rid of Mirza Ramjani, brother of the deceased Mogul Nawab Siraj. After that, there was a tradition of immersing Tusu's idol at Rajrappa on the anniversary of her death. Later on, her soul was worshiped by her men{{Clarify|date=July 2021}} and local people at Rajrappa in a small [[Hindu temple|mandir]] by Sabar priest. Still now the Makar [[Melā|mela]] (fair) is very famous among the local people, but several years ago{{When|date=July 2021}} Tusu's immersion was declined for many reasons described by the natives. Some [[Brahmin|Bramhin]] priests from Medinpur settled near Rajrappa due to the gathering of people and the popularity of the small mandir. Tusu's name was later forgotten and her small mandir was shifted some feet above near the waterfall and converted to Chhinamastika Temple recently.{{When|date=July 2021}}

[[File:Maa Chhinnamasta Temple.jpg|thumb|left| Maa Chhinnamasta Temple]]

[[File:Dakshina Kali temple.jpg|thumb|right|Dakshina Kali temple]]

[[File:Temples of Mahavidyas built in a series.jpg|thumb|left|Temples of Mahavidyas built in a series]]

[[Rajrappa]] is not only famous for [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]] (शाफ्त पीठ, shrines) but is also a [[picnic]] spot. Food, cooking materials, groceries, milk, fruits and fresh vegetables are also available in the market.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
One portion of the sand beach by the river Bharvi is prepared for picnics by ''madir samiti''{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} with the help of a caretaker or agent. They will provide space with Chatai,{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} table, etc. after paying a nominal charge. During the rainy season the paid sand beach is submerged with water.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

[[File:Damodar River (western side)Rajrappa Mandir.jpg|thumb|left|Damodar River (western side) Rajrappa Mandir]]
[[File:Damodar River (estern side)Rajrappa Mandir.jpg|thumb|right|Damodar River (eastern side) Rajrappa Mandir]]

'''Event'''

'''Rajrappa Mohatsav:'''
[[File:Stage of Rajrappa Mohatsav.jpg|thumb|Stage of Rajrappa Mohatsav]]
The two-day grand Rajrappa Mahatsav is a tourism event organized for the promotion of the historic Rajrappa Temple of [[Jharkhand]]. With the joint efforts of Ramgarh District Administration, [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]] (CCL) authorities, CSR of corporate houses and Chinamastika Temple Administration, it was marked as a huge success on the first attempt. Many renowned artists including Abhijit Bhatacharya, Pooja Gaitonde, [[Chetan Joshi]], Padamshree Mukund Nayak, Megha Dalton, and Bharat Sharma performed during the Mohatsav. The event was held for the first time on 25 and 26 February 2017.

=== Historic monuments ===
'''Mahatama Gandhi Samadhi Sathal''':<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi Samadhi Ramgarh.jpg|thumb|left| [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Samadhi Sathal, Ramgarh]]
This ''sthal'' popularly known as Gandhi Ghat is situated on the bank of river [[Damodar River|Damodar]] in Ramgarh. [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] had visited<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g6.htm|title=Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)|website=www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org}}</ref> Ramgarh in 1940 at the time of the [[Indian National Congress]] session at Ramgarh. After the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, the pitcher containing the remains of the departed were dispatched to different places of the country including Ramgarh. A [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhi]] of Gandhiji was erected on it. Earlier, a fair used to be organized here on the occasion of the birthday and anniversary of Bapu{{Definition needed|date=July 2021}} but now this practice has been abandoned. The samadhi is made of black granite stones.

'''China Cemetery''':<ref name="auto"/> Situated {{Convert|5|km||abbr=on}} away from Ramgarh Cantonment, the China ''Kabristan'' (cemetery) is a famous historical monument. At the outbreak of World War II, some soldiers who rose up against [[Mao Zedong]], the leader of the Chinese [[Cultural Revolution]] and who were also supporters of the friendly states, were captured and imprisoned at Ramgarh. After a few days the soldiers died of hunger and snakebites. A collective burial ground for the soldiers was made; there are a total of 667 graves. In the middle of the graveyard, a pillar in memory of [[Chiang Kai-shek]] was erected. The total area covered by the graveyard is around {{Convert|7|acres|hectare}}. There is a Buddhist temple also in its vicinity. Three cantonments have come into existence around the graveyard.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} Inside the graveyard the [[Pucca housing|pucca]] roads have been endorsed with rows of flowers. The China ''Kabristan'' is a material witness to the annals of the history of Ramgarh.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

'''Megalithic sites of Ramgarh District''':<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090612/jsp/jharkhand/story_11099740.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616114827/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090612/jsp/jharkhand/story_11099740.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=16 June 2009 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Amit | last=Gupta | title=ASI green light to Honhe megalith excavation | date=2009-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090219/jsp/jharkhand/story_10528357.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227032521/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090219/jsp/jharkhand/story_10528357.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 December 2013 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph | first=Vishvendu | last=Jaipuriar | title=Enemy man for heritage sites | date=2009-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922114241/http://intachranchi.com/sitesramgarh.html|url=http://intachranchi.com/sitesramgarh.html|title=Ramgarh|archive-date=22 September 2013|website=intachranchi.com}}</ref> Ramgarh district is very rich in ancient and historical sites. Different [[megalith]] sites have been identified near Chitarpur, Gola and Kuju.

=== Nature tourism ===
[[File:A View of Patratu Dam From vally.png|thumb|A view of Patratu Dam from the valley]]
[[File:Nakari(Patratu) dam.jpg|thumb|Nakari (Patratu) dam]]
[[File:Patratu Dam Ghat.png|thumb|Patratu Dam Ghat]]
'''Patratu Dam''' or '''Nalkari Dam''': Constructed on Nalkari and other small rivers; it is around {{Convert|5|km||abbr=on}} from Patratu. Surrounded by hills, forest and rivers, Nalkari dam is used for picnicking and boating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ramgarh-9987852.html|title=पीटीपीएस डैम भी स्वागत को तैयार|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref> The dam was constructed with the purpose of supplying water to Patratu Thermal Power Station. The total storage capacity of this dam is 81 square miles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ramgarh.nic.in/tourist-place/patratu-dam/|title=Patratu Dam | District Ramgarh, Government of Jharkhand | India}}</ref> Boating began on 14 January 2010 on the dam. Patratu dam is located 28 km from Ramgarh Cantonment and 35 km from Ranchi.

'''Dhur-duria Fall''': Dhur-duria Fall is situated near Sidhwar village, about {{Convert|4|km||abbr=on}} from Ramgarh Cantonment. The fall is created on the course of Sherbhuki river. The road only goes up to Sidhwar village, so an approach road should be constructed from Sidhwar village to fall.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} The water falls from approximately {{Convert|50|ft||abbr=on}} height.<ref name="jagran.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ramgarh-9990878.html|title=खास है सिद्धवार का धुरधुरिया झरना|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>

'''Am-Jharia Fall''': Situated near the border of Halwadi and Sidhwar village.<ref name="jagran.com"/>

'''Nimi Fall''': Nimi Fall is situated near Nimi village and around {{Convert|5|km||abbr=on}} from Bhurkunda.

'''Dhara Fall''': Dhara Fall is situated near Khakara village under Gola Block. The government is planning to construct an approach road from NH-23 (between Gola and Peterwar) to the fall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ramgarh-10018100.html|title=धारा फॉल स्थल का होगा विकास : सिंह|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>

'''Gandhaunia''' (Hindi: {{Lang|hi|गंधौनिया}} ({{Lang|hi|गरम पानी कुंड}})): Situated at about {{Convert|20|km||abbr=on}}. near Mandu.{{Clarify|reason=from Mandu?|date=July 2021}} It is a hot water spring (pond).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ramgarh-9990893.html|title=गंझुनिया गर्म कुंड में भी पहुंच रहे लोग|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref>

'''Chutupallu''': Situated about {{Convert|10|km||abbr=on}} from Ramgarh on the Ramgarh - Ranchi [[National Highway 33 (India)|NH 33]] is a hill top with many [[dhaba]]s (roadside eateries) and motels in the way after crossing Chutupallu that offer food.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

'''Bankhetta''': Situated near Chutupallu. Water falls from a height giving the feeling of rainfall in a cave when someone claps inside.

'''Liril Fall''': Situated between Ramgarh and Chutupallu, it looks like the fall from the old [[Liril]] soap advertisement. It is popularly known as Liril Fall.

'''Barso Paani:''' Situated at about {{Convert|30|km||abbr=on}} from Ramgarh, near Charhi towards Hazaribagh. Water falls from the ceiling, giving the feeling of rainfall in a cave when someone claps.

'''Hundru Fall:''' The Hundru Fall located near the Ranchi-Ramgarh district border is created on the course of the Subarnarekha River.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

==Politics==
[[Lok Sabha]] Constituencies: Hazaribagh<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
[[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] Constituencies:<ref name=delimitation2008/>
# Ramgarh: Ramgarh Police Station (excluding G.Ps. Terpa, Patratu, Koto, Palani, Hapuhua, Harikarpur, Gegda, Deoria, Bargama, Pali, Salgo, Sanki, Jabo, Chaingari, Chikor, Lapanga, Ghutua, Barkakana and Sidhwar-Kalan) and Gola Police Station.
# Mandu (Part): Mandu Police Stations.
# Barkagaon (Part): G.Ps. Terpa, Patratu, Koto, Palani, Hapuhua, Harijarpu Gegda, Deoria, Bargama, Pali, Salgo, Sanki, Jabo, Chaingara, Chikor, Lapanga, Ghutua, Barkakana and Sidhwar-Kalan in Ramgarh Police Station.
{{transcluded section|source=6th Jharkhand Assembly}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:6th Jharkhand Assembly|Ramgarh district}}
{{end}}

== See also ==
* [[Kaitha village]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand]]
* [[South Karanpura Coalfield]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/ashishkd123 Ashish Kumar Dangi]
* [http://ramgarh.nic.in/ Ramgarh district website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Ramgarh district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Bokaro district]]
|East =
|Southeast = [[Purulia district]], [[West Bengal]]
|South =
|Southwest = [[Ranchi district]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Hazaribagh district]]
}}

{{Districts of Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

{{coord|23|37|12|N|85|31|12|E|region:IN-JH_type:adm2nd_source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramgarh District}}
[[Category:Ramgarh district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Jharkhand]]

Alai Darwaza

2026-03-13T06:50:51Z

ZaidBaig:

{{short description|Mosque gateway in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Alai Darwaza
| native_name = {{nq|علائی دروازه}}
| native_language = Urdu
| image = File: Alai Darwaza.JPG
| caption = Alai Darwaza
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_date = 1993 (17th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_partof = [[Qutb Minar complex|Qutb Minar and its monuments]]
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria = iv
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|India]]
| location = [[Qutb Minar complex]], [[Delhi]], India
| built = {{start date and age|1311}}
| rebuilt =
| architect =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5242|77.1857|display=inline}}
| locmapin = India
}}

'''The Ala'i Darwaza''' ({{Langx|ur|{{nq|علائی دروازه}}|lit=Gate of [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin]]}}) is the southern gateway of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque in [[Qutb Minar complex|Qutb complex]], [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]], India. Built by Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] in 1311 and made of red [[sandstone]], it is a square domed gatehouse with arched entrances and houses a single chamber.

It has a special significance in [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] as the first Indian monument to be built using Islamic methods of construction and ornamentation and is a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="ASI" />

==Background==
The Alai Darwaza was built by Delhi Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Khalji dynasty]] in 1311. It was a part of his plan to extend the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque on four sides. Although he planned to construct four gates, only the Alai Darwaza could be completed, as he died in 1316.<ref name="RS1">{{cite book |author1=Renu Saran |title=Monuments of India |date=2014 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=9789351652984 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNOBAAAQBAJ&dq=alai+darwaza+location&pg=PT21}}</ref> It serves as the southern gateway of the mosque.<ref name="ASI">{{cite web |title=Qutb Minar |url=http://asi.nic.in/qutb-minar/ |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref> It is located at the southern part of the [[Qutb Minar complex|Qutb complex]].<ref name="RS1"/>

In 1993, the Darwaza and the other monuments of the complex were designated a [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233 |publisher=UNESCO |accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref>
The surroundings of Qutb Minar including many tombs, the mosque, and the Iron Pillar is called [[Qutb Minar complex|Qutb Complex]].

==Architecture==
The Alai Darwaza is made up of a single hall whose interior part measures {{convert|34.5|ft|m}} and exterior part measures {{convert|56.5|ft|m}}.<ref name="RS1"/> It is {{convert|60|ft|m}} tall and the walls are {{convert|11|ft|m}} thick.<ref name="OB">{{cite book |author1=Ronald Vivian Smith |title=The Delhi that No-one Knows | page = 4 | date=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788180280207}}</ref>

The gatehouse, from 1311, still shows a cautious approach to the new technology, with very thick walls and a shallow dome, only visible from a certain distance or height. Bold contrasting colors of masonry, with red [[sandstone]] and white [[marble]], introduce what was to become a common feature of Indo-Islamic architecture, substituting for the polychrome tiles used in Persia and Central Asia. The pointed arches come together slightly at their base, giving a mild [[horseshoe arch]] effect, and their internal edges are not cusped but lined with conventionalized "spearhead" projections, possibly representing [[lotus flower|lotus]] buds. Net, stone [[openwork]] screens, are introduced here; they already had been long used in temples.<ref>Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M., ''The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800'', p. 151, 1995, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300064659}}</ref>

The height of the dome is {{convert|47|ft|m}}.<ref name="RS1"/> It is the first true dome built in India, as previous attempts to construct a true dome were not successful.<ref name="RS1"/>

The entire Darwaza is made up of red [[sandstone]] with white colored marbles inlaid on the exterior walls.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ghulam Sarwar Khan Niazi |title=The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji |date=1992 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788171563623 |page=144}}</ref> There is extensive [[Arabic calligraphy]] on the walls of the Darwaza. The arches are [[horseshoe]] shaped,<ref name="OB"/> the first time such arches were used in India. The façade has pre-Turkish carvings and patterns.<ref name="RS1"/> The windows have marble lattices. The surface decoration consists of interweaved floral tendrils and is repeated with symmetry on three doorways.<ref name="RS1"/><ref>{{cite book |author1=Margaret Prosser Allen |title=Ornament in Indian Architecture |date=1991 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |isbn=9780874133998 |page=144}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File: Alai Darwaza, Qutub Complex, Delhi in the 1870s.jpg|Alai Darwaza in the 1870s
File: Qutub Minar Alai Darwaza Imam Zamin Delhi India - panoramio.jpg|Alai Darwaza with the Tomb of Imam Zamin in the foreground
File:Alai Darwaza-Qutub-Complex.jpg|Doorway of the Darwaza
File: Window at Alai Darwaza, Qutb complex.jpg|Window of the Darwaza
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Qutb complex}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alai Darwaza}}
[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Delhi]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Khalji dynasty]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1311]]

Dhanbad–Alappuzha Express

2026-03-12T02:56:05Z

ZaidBaig:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Dhanbad–Alappuzha Bokaro Express
| image = Dhanbad-Alappuzha Express.jpg
| image_width = 400px
| caption = Dhanbad-Alappuzha Bokaro Express train board.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status = Operating
| locale = Kerala, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1966|04|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}} (DHN)
| stops = 85
| end = {{stnlnk|Alappuzha}} (ALLP)
| distance = {{convert|2530|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 51h 40m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC first, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering Pantry Car
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = Wide Windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = 110 kv 50 Hertz
| trainnumber = 13351 / 13352
| speed = {{convert|49|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map = [[File:Bokaro Express (Dhanbad - Alappuzha) and (Tatanagar - Alappuzha) Link Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 13351 / 13352 '''Dhanbad–Alappuzha Bokaro Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Alappuzha}} in India. It is currently being operated with 13351/13352 train numbers on a daily basis, earlier it runs between Bokaro and Chennai so it was named as Bokaro-Madrass express .<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/changes-in-operation-of-trains-on-july-10-11/article19248263.ece "Changes in operation of trains on July 10 & 11"]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/trains-rescheduled/article19097355.ece For undertaking engineering works, the Southern Railway has announced changes in train schedule]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035416/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170616/jsp/jharkhand/story_157049.jsp Mob missiles target trains on open line]</ref>

== Service==

The 13351/Dhanbad–Alappuzha Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 2546 km in 57h. The 13352/Alappuzha–Dhanbad Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 2546 km in 55h 30m. From April first 2019 the train will not touch Shornur Junction, pass through link line and will halt at Ottappalam and Wadakkanchery in both directions.

== History of the Train ==
The train was originally introduced in 1970 as the [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|TATA]]–[[Chennai Central railway station|Madras]] service. In 1975, it was extended up to [[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro]]. Later, in 1981, the service was reorganised into two separate trains — the [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|TATA]]–[[Chennai Central railway station|Madras]] and a new [[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro]]–[[Chennai Central railway station|Madras]] service via [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi]], with both trains operating in coordination up to [[Rourkela Junction railway station|Rourkela]].

During the 1991–92 Railway Budget, the [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|TATA]] / [[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro]]–[[Chennai Central railway station|Madras]] service was further extended up to [[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]] (ALLP). Subsequently, in the 2003–04 Railway Budget, approval was granted to extend the [[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro]]–[[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]] service up to Dhanbad, thereby enhancing connectivity to the coalfield region.

The extension of the train up to [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad]] was primarily undertaken due to maintenance and operational constraints, as [[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro]] faced limitations in providing adequate maintenance facilities for the rake.

In the post-COVID operational period, rake linking with the Tatanagar–Alappuzha Express was discontinued, following which both services began operating independently in terms of scheduling and rake management.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''{{stnlnk|Dhanbad Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Katrasgarh}}
* {{stnlnk|Chandrapura Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}}
* {{stnlnk|Kotshila Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhalida}}
* {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hatia}}
* {{stnlnk|Govindpur Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Bano}}
* {{stnlnk|Nuagaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Bondamunda}}
* {{stnlnk|Rourkela Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajgangpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Bamra}}
* {{stnlnk|Jharsuguda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rengali}}
* {{stnlnk|Sambalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Attabira}}
* {{stnlnk|Bargarh Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Barpali}}
* {{stnlnk|Balangir junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Titlagarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kesinga}}
* {{stnlnk|Muniguda}}
* {{stnlnk|Rayagada}}
* {{stnlnk|Parvathipuram Town}}
* {{stnlnk|Parvathipuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Bobbili Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kottavalasa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Somhachalam}}
* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Duvvada}}
* {{stnlnk|Anakapalle}}
* {{stnlnk|Elamanchili}}
* {{stnlnk|Narsipatnam Road}}
* {{stnlnk|Tuni|Andhra Pradesh}}
* {{stnlnk|Annavaram}}
* {{stnlnk|Pithapuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Samarlkota Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anaparti}}
* {{stnlnk|Dwarapudi}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
* {{stnlnk|Nidadavolu Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tadepalligudem}}
* {{stnlnk|Eluru}}
* {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tenali Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nidubrolu}}
* {{stnlnk|Bapatla}}
* {{stnlnk|Chirala}}
* {{stnlnk|Ongole}}
* {{stnlnk|Singarayakonda}}
* {{stnlnk|Kavali}}
* {{stnlnk|Nellore}}
* {{stnlnk|Nayudupeta}}
* {{stnlnk|Sullurupeta}}
* {{stnlnk|MGR Chennai Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruvallur}}
* {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jolapettai}}
* {{stnlnk|Tirupattur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Samalpatti}}
* {{stnlnk|Bommidi}}
* {{stnlnk|Salem Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Erode Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruppur}}
* {{stnlnk|Coimbatore Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Palakkad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ottappalam}}
* {{stnlnk|Wadakancheri}}
* {{stnlnk|Thrissur}}
* {{stnlnk|Aluva}}
* {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Turavur}}
* {{stnlnk|Cherthala}}
* {{stnlnk|Mararikulam}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Alappuzha}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has standard [[LHB coach|LHB rakes]] with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consists of 22 coaches. It consist one 1st AC, two 2nd AC, six 3rd AC, six Sleeper, four General second class, two SLRD/EOG & one Pantry Car Coach.
<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1552254852880707584|user=EastCoastRail|title=.@RailMinIndia #ECoRupdateDhanbad-Alappuzha-Dhanbad Express will run with LHB coach as per the following... 👇…|date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction two times:

* {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chennai Central}}

== Rakes ==

The train has six dedicated rakes.
It ran as link train with 18189/18190 [[Tatanagar–Alappuzha Express]] but was discontinued when Indian Railways started phasing out link services.

== See also ==

* [[Alappuzha railway station]]
* [[Dhanbad Junction railway station]]
* [[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]]
* [[Ernakulam–Patna Express (via Chennai)]]
* [[Ernakulam–Patna Express (via Tirupati)]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/33 13351/Dhanbad–Alappuzha (Bokaro) Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/406 13352/Alappuzha–Dhanbad (Bokaro) Express]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanbad-Alappuzha Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Dhanbad]]
[[Category:Transport in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

2024 AIFF Super Cup

2026-03-11T09:25:03Z

ZaidBaig: Made New Stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Super Cup
| year = 2024
| other_titles = Kalinga Super Cup
| country = [[India]]
| dates = ''Qualifying:'' 8 January ''Competition proper:'' 9 – 28 January
| num_teams = ''Competition proper:'' 16 ''Total (maximum):'' 17
| venue = [[Kalinga Stadium]] (main pitch, pitch 1), [[Bhubaneswar]]
| image = Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg
| caption = [[Kalinga Stadium]] hosted the final on 28 January
| image_size = 300px
| winners = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| count = 1
| second = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| continental_cup_title = [[2024-25 AFC Champions League Two|AFC Champions League Two]]
| continental_cup_qualifiers = East Bengal
| matches = 28
| goals = 86
| attendance =
| scoring_leader = [[Cleiton Silva]] (5 goals)
| award = [[Isak Vanlalruatfela]]
| prev_season = [[2023 Super Cup (India)|2023]]
| next_season = [[2025 AIFF Super Cup|2025]]
}}

The '''2024 AIFF Super Cup''', officially known as the '''2024 Kalinga Super Cup''' for sponsorship reasons, was the fourth edition of the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] and the 42nd season of the national [[single-elimination tournament|knockout]] [[association football|football]] competition in [[football in India|India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup will kick off in Odisha from January 9, 2024 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kalinga-super-cup-will-kick-off-in-odisha-from-january-9-2024 |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201093010/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kalinga-super-cup-will-kick-off-in-odisha-from-january-9-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] were the defending champions, having defeated [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] in the 2023 [[2023 Indian Super Cup final|final]].

[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] defeated the defending champions [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] 3–2 in the final to win their first national title in 12 years.<ref name="SuperCup24">{{cite web |first=Akhil |last=Rawat |department=AIFF Media Team |location=Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup |title=12 years of pall of gloom lifted: East Bengal win a spine-chiller to take home Kalinga Super Cup |date=28 January 2024 |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128201257/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup |url-status=live}}</ref> As the winners, East Bengal have qualified for the [[2024–25 AFC Champions League Two]] preliminary stage.

==Format==
Competition format consists of a Qualifying round, Group stage and a knock-out stage. Group stage featured 16 teams across the top two divisions of Indian football. All 12 from the [[Indian Super League|ISL]] qualify directly for the group stage. Among the [[I-League]] teams confirming their participation ([[Gokulam Kerala FC]], [[Sreenidi Deccan FC]], [[Shillong Lajong FC]], [[Inter Kashi]], and [[Rajasthan United FC]]), the top three per [[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]] standings on 24 December qualify for the group stage. The remaining two teams contested a single-leg qualifying play-off to determine the fourth and final I-League team in the group stage.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

The 16 qualified teams were drawn into four groups of four each, competing in a single round-robin format, with group winners making it through to the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111164127/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Teams ==

{{location map+|India3|float=right|width=390|alt=Locations of the Super Cup teams|caption=Locations of the Super Cup teams|places={{location map~ |India3 |lat=26.90 |long=75.80 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position:relative">[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=12.969590 |long=77.593502 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]}} |position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=13.085638 |long=80.271630|label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}} |position=right}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=15.289557 |long=73.962166 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[FC Goa|Goa]]}} |position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=22.806189 |long=86.193083 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]}} |position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=19.129004 |long=72.835476 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai]]}} |position=right}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=30.699 |long=76.693 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]}} |position=right}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=26.115940 |long=91.760227 |label_size=90 |label=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] |position=right}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=20.287967 |long=85.823808 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]}} |position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=9.997308 |long=76.300763 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}} |position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=25.58 |long=91.89 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;position">[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=11.25 |long=75.77 |label= <div style="font-size:100%">{{nowrap|[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=25.318889 |long=83.012778 |label= <div style="font-size:100%;">{{nowrap|[[Inter Kashi]]}}</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=22.56933 |long=88.40908 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|'''Kolkata'''}}|mark=Blue pog.svg |position=bottom}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=19.00 |long=87.00 |label_size=90 |label='''{{nowrap|[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] teams:}}''' 
[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]}}
|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India3 |lat=17.446333 |long=78.344129 |label_size=90 |label={{nowrap|'''Hyderabad'''}}|mark=Blue pog.svg |position=bottom}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=15.00 |long=87.00 |label_size=90 |label='''{{nowrap|[[Hyderabad]] teams:}}''' 
[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] 
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]}}
|position=right}}}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Group stage direct entrants:
! scope="col" style="width:150px" | Team
! scope="col" style="width:150px" | League
! scope="col" style="width:100px" | {{abbr|App|Appearances}} (last)
|-
| [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| rowspan="12" align="center" | [[Indian Super League]]
| 4th ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| 4th ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| 3rd ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| 4th ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| 2nd ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| 4th ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| 4th ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| 3rd ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]])
|-
| [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| 4th ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| 4th ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| 2nd ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| 2nd{{efn|Previously played in [[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]] as [[Roundglass Punjab]]}} ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.the-aiff.com |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111164127/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 3rd ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|-
| [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
| 2nd ([[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018]]) 
|-
| [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| 2nd ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]]) 
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Qualification entrants:
!Team
!League
!{{abbr|App|Appearances}} (last)
|-
| [[Inter Kashi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
| 1st
|-
| [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| 2nd ([[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]])
|}

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Phase
!Round
!Match dates
|-
|Qualification round
|Qualifier
|8 January 2024
|-
| rowspan="3" |Main tournament
|Group stage
|9–22 January 2024
|-
|Semi-finals
| 24–25 January 2024
|-
|Final
| 28 January 2024
|}

==Venues==
The matches were held in two different [[Kalinga Stadium]] pitches in Odisha.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|-
|Main Pitch{{Efn|Center}}
|Pitch 1{{Efn|Top left}}
|-
| Capacity: '''15,000'''
| Capacity: ~'''1000'''{{efn|It is a practice pitch with temporary stands}}
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | [[File:KalingaStadium.jpg|250px]]
|}

==Qualification round==
{{OneLegStart}}
{{OneLegResult|'''[[Inter Kashi]]'''||5–0|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]||}}
{{end}}
{{football box collapsible
| round =
|id=| date = 8 January 2024
| time =14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| score = 5–0
| penaltyscore =
| aet =
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26067
| team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| goals1 = * [[Mario Barco|Barco]] {{goal|10||75}}
* [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Haobam Tomba Singh|Haobam]] {{goal|87}}
* Ajsal {{goal|88}}
| goals2 =
| penalties1 =
| penalties2 =
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium =
[[Kalinga Stadium]] Pitch 1
| motm = [[Mario Barco]]
| referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|attendance =250
}}

==Group stage==
{{main|2024 Indian Super Cup group stage}}
===Group A===
{{:2024 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A}}

===Group B===
{{:2024 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B}}

===Group C===
{{:2024 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group C}}

===Group D===
{{:2024 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group D}}

==Knockout stage==
===Bracket===
<onlyinclude><section begin=Bracket/>
{{4TeamBracket
| score-width = 75px
| team-width = 150px
| RD2=Final
| RD1-seed1 = '''A1'''
| RD1-team1 = '''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed2 = B1
| RD1-team2 =[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| RD1-score2 = 0
| RD1-seed3 = C1
| RD1-team3 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| RD1-score3 = 0
| RD1-seed4 = '''D1'''
| RD1-team4 = '''[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]'''
| RD1-score4 = '''1'''
| RD2-seed1 = '''SFW1'''
| RD2-team1 = '''[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]''' {{aet}}
| RD2-score1 = '''3'''
| RD2-seed2 = SFW2
| RD2-team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| RD2-score2 = 2
}}<section end=Bracket /></onlyinclude>

===Semi-finals===
{{football box
| round = SF1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|24|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/27265
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
* [[Hijazi Maher|Maher]] {{goal|19}}
* [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|47}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance = 1,080
| motm = [[Hijazi Maher]] (East Bengal)
| referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta
}}

----

{{football box
| round = SF2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|25|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 0–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/27266
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = * [[Diego Mauricio|Mauricio]] {{goal|44|pen.}}
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance = 3,348
| motm = [[Isak Vanlalruatfela]] (Odisha)
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}

=== Final ===
{{main|2024 Indian Super Cup final}}
<section begin=Final />
{{football box
| round = Final
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 3–2
| aet = yes
| report = https://web.archive.org/web/20240129192454/https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/27789
| team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| goals1 =
* [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Saúl Crespo|Crespo]] {{goal|62|pen.}}
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] {{goal|111}}
| goals2 =
* [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|39}}
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] {{goal|90+9|pen.}}
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance = 10,121
| motm = [[Saúl Crespo]] (East Bengal)
| referee = Venkatesh R.
}}<section end=Final />

==Top scorers==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Rank
! Player
! Club
! Goals<ref name="SC">{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |title=Kalinga Super Cup |website=the-aiff.com |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129122422/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/super-cup |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]
| align="left" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| rowspan="1" | 5
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|MAR}} [[Ahmed Jahouh]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| rowspan="7" | 3
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Carlos Martínez]]
| align="left" | [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Néstor Albiach]]
| align="left" | [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Diego Maurício]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|NGA}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
| align="left" | [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ayush Chhikara
| align="left" | [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|GRC}} [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]]
| align="left" | [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
| rowspan="12" | 3
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|GHA}} [[Kwame Peprah]]
| align="left" | [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| rowspan="12" | 2
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
| align="left" | [[Inter Kashi]]
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ramhlunchhunga]]
| align="left" | [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|BRA}} [[William Alves (footballer, born 1991)|William Alves]]
| align="left" | [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]
| align="left" | [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|SEN}} [[Mourtada Fall]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| align="left" | [[Inter Kashi]]
|-
| align="left" | {{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]
| align="left" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandhakumar Sekar]]
| align="left" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javier Siverio]]
| align="left" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Hijazi Maher]]
| align="left" | [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Award
!Winner
!Club
!Prize
|-
|Best Goalkeeper
|[[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
|Odisha
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Best Defender
|[[Hijazi Maher]]
|East Bengal
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Best Midfielder
|[[Ahmed Jahouh]]
|Odisha
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Highest Goalscorer
|[[Cleiton Silva]]
|East Bengal
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Player of the Tournament
|[[Isak Vanlalruatfela]]
|Odisha
|₹ 2,50,000
|-
|Runners-up
| colspan="2" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|₹ 15,00,000
|-
|Champions
| colspan="2" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|₹ 25,00,000
|-
! colspan="4" |Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20240128201257/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/12-years-of-pall-of-gloom-lifted-east-bengal-win-a-spine-chiller-to-take-home-kalinga-super-cup AIFF]
|}

==Broadcasting==
The 2024 Kalinga Super Cup is streaming live on [[JioCinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/2024-01-indian-football-kalinga-super-cup-telecast-jiocinema |title=JioCinema to broadcast Kalinga Super Cup 2024 |date=3 January 2024 |website=khelnow.com |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111203629/https://khelnow.com/football/2024-01-indian-football-kalinga-super-cup-telecast-jiocinema |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* '''Men'''
** [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023-24 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2023–24 I-League]] (Tier II)
** [[2023–24 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2023–24 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2023–24 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[2023 Durand Cup]]
** [[Reliance Foundation Development League|2024 Reliance Foundation Development League]]
* '''Women'''
** [[2023–24 Indian Women's League]]
** [[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}
{{2023–24 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2024 AIFF Super Cup]]
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup seasons|2024 Super Cup]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Asian men's domestic association football cups|Indian Super Cup]]
[[Category:2024 in Asian domestic association football cups|India]]
[[Category:January 2024 sports events in India]]

Ropuiliani

2026-03-04T22:05:37Z

ZaidBaig: New New Entry Initial Version

{{short description|Mizo Chieftainess (1828–1895)}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ropuiliani
| image =
| title = Chieftainess of Denlung "Denlung Lalnu
| caption =
| succession =
| reign = 1889–8 August 1893
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Vandula]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1828
| birth_place = Aizawl
| death_date = {{death date and age|1895|1|3|1828|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rangamati]], [[British Raj]]
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| consort =
| issue = Lalsavuta, Lalropuii, Hrangphunga, Sangliana, Thanhula, Darpuiliani, Lalṭhuama, Dotawna
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house =
| father = [[Lalsavunga]]
| mother =
| religion =
| type = Chieftainess
| burial_date =
| burial_place = Denlung Mizoram, Hnahthial District
| signature =
}}
'''Ropuiliani''' (1828–3 January 1895) was a Mizo chieftainess in south Mizoram (Lushai Hills) in the nineteenth century. She is remembered for her resistance against British colonial forces after the death of her husband, [[Vandula]].<ref name=:0>{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883-1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM |page=49}}</ref> She was the chieftainess for Denlung and eight other villages,<ref name=:1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satyaagrah.nilus.in/sanatan/veer-gaatha/709-how-britishers-were-challenged-by-ropuiliani|title=How Britishers Were Challenged by Ropuiliani}}</ref> near present-day [[Lunglei]] in [[Mizoram]].<ref name=":0" /> She died in confinement at a prison in [[Rangamati|Rangmati]], [[Bangladesh]] on 3 January 1895.<ref name=:2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themizo.us/l/ram-tana-nun-hlantu-ropuiliani/|title=Ram Tana Nun Hlantu Ropuiliani|date=27 July 2021 }}</ref>

==Reign==
Ropuiliani was the daughter of [[Lalsavunga]], the chief of [[Aizawl]], and was born and raised in present-day Mizoram Governor Compound, Mizoram. In 1847 she was married to Vandula, the chief of Denlung.<ref name=":2" /> When her eldest son Dotawna died, leaving only minor heirs, Ropuiliani stepped into the role of regent and chieftainess. She upheld her late husband's policies of non-cooperation and resistance to British colonial authority, refusing to engage in negotiations or comply with British demands. [[Tax]]es, [[forced labour|labor levies]], and rice tributes were all withheld under her leadership, signaling her defiance against colonial encroachment.<ref name=":1" />

===Resistance===
The British settlement at [[Lunglei|Lungleh]] marked a turning point in her resistance efforts. Viewing it as a threat to her community's autonomy, Ropuiliani galvanized her allies Zakapa and Dokapa, urging them to take a stand against the colonial presence. Her leadership and strategic instigation of allied chiefs highlighted her resolve to resist British dominance and maintain the sovereignty of her people. Ropuiliani's actions during this period cemented her legacy as a fierce and principled leader who refused to yield to colonial pressure.<ref name=":1" />

Ropuiliani's resistance against British rule reached a critical point with the killing of H.R. Browne. She and her son Lalṭhuama refused to attend the Chief's Durbars in 1890, boycotting all three sessions. British efforts to persuade her, including sending her brothers Seipuia and Lalluava to negotiate, failed. The situation escalated when the British sent an interpreter known as a ''Rashi'', which enraged Ropuiliani, leading to the interpreter's execution by a ''pasalṭha'' named Hnawncheuva.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robin |first1=K|date=June 2008 |title=Imperial Hegemony and Subaltern Resistance in Mizoram |url=https://www.pondiuni.edu.in/files/publications/IJSAS/sasvol21_2009.pdf#page=86 |journal=International Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=2 |issue=1|pages=170–176 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>

==Arrest==
The British decided to raid Ropuiliani's village upon hearing of the execution. The raid was organized under [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|Captain John Shakespeare]] and R.H.S Hutchinson and Pugh. It was discovered that Ropuiliani, Lalṭhuama, and a northern chief, Doakoma, planned an [[uprising]] against the British.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shakespear |first=L.W|date=1929 |title=History of the Assam Rifles |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461654 |location=Aizawl |publisher=Firma KLM |page=}}</ref> An ultimatum was given to pay a fine of several guns, pigs, fowls and rice.

After some resistance, the British captured Ropuiliani and her son Lalṭhuama, which left the settlement leaderless. Ropuiliani was carried in a palanquin claiming she was unable to walk with her captors. In jail she was offered the opportunity for peace and freedom if she submitted to British rule which was rejected once again. Ropuiliani and her son were eventually moved to a prison in [[Rangamati]] out of fear of her influence.{{sfn|Robin|2008|p=175}}

==Death==
Ropuiliani's old age and health was reasons of concern to free her from jail. Before she could be released, she died in confinement due to [[diarrhea]] on 3 January 1895. Her death ultimately decentralized coordinated efforts to resist [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British takeover of the Lushai Hills]]. Guns amounting up to 100 in Ropuiliani's village and 500 in allies settlements were seized subsequently.{{sfn|Robin|2008|p=176}}

Lalṭhuama was released and allowed to assist his mother's dead body. Ropuiliani was laid to rest in Denlung, as she prefer to laid with her husband Vandula .<ref name=":1" />

Historical and Archaeological Evidence for the Burial Site of Chieftainess Ropuiliani

There is an ongoing historical debate concerning the burial location of Chieftainess Ropuiliani. Strong evidence suggests she was interred at Denlung, in accordance with her wish to be buried alongside her husband. Her descendants have consistently affirmed the location of her burial at Denlung.

Key supporting evidence includes:
A 1924 response to an inquiry by Superintendent of South Lushai District Sairuma, son of Lalțhuama, explicitly identified Denlung as her burial place.

The excavation of the Denlung grave site yielded artifacts consistent with historical records, specifically a ceramic cup and a charge sheet book, as documented in T.H. Lewin's diary entries from 1896.

Conversely, the grave site excavated at Ralvawng is maintained by Thanhulha's descendants to be the burial location of Thanhulha and his wife, Ropuiliani's son and daughter-in-law, respectively. This further supports the claim that Ropuiliani herself was buried at Denlung.

===Aftermath===
After Ropuiliani's death, the little resistance led to the murder of many Mizo chiefs by the British. Not only her chiefdom's nine villages, but the whole of Lushai Hills came under the control of the British by 1895 and was formally declared as part of [[British India]].<ref name=":1"

==In popular culture==
The inclusion of Ropuiliani's portrait at the [[Red Fort]] sparked mixed reactions, with TBC Lalvenchhunga celebrating it as a symbol of her valour against British colonialism, while critics like theologian Rca Jongte and concerned citizen F Lalramhluni argued that portraying her as an Indian freedom fighter misrepresents her resistance, which was to protect Mizo sovereignty, not India's independence. This criticism aligns with broader concerns over cultural assimilation by the RSS, as similar resistance emerged in Manipur where depictions of war hero Paona Brajabasi as an Indian freedom fighter led to protests and bans, and earlier opposition from Mizo student bodies to the classification of figures like [[Khuangchera]] as Indian freedom fighters, emphasizing that these warriors fought for their territories long before the concept of Indian independence existed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2022/08/16/false-projection-of-ropuiliani-mizo-freedom-fighter-vs-indias-independence/|title=False projection of Ropuiliani? Mizo freedom fighter vs India's independence|date=16 August 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:Eastern Lushai chiefs]]

Anita Devi (politician)

2026-03-03T11:13:39Z

ZaidBaig: Made New Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Anita Devi''' (born 1970)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She was a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nokha, Bihar Assembly constituency|Noka Assembly constituency]] in [[Rohtas district]], representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] Party. She won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-27 |title=Bihar Assembly election 2020: All you need to know about Nokha constituency |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-all-you-need-to-know-about-nokha-constituency/story-cj3LFvTfWdjP4S7OdlP6AL.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2024-06-27 |archive-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627092658/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-all-you-need-to-know-about-nokha-constituency/story-cj3LFvTfWdjP4S7OdlP6AL.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Nokha Election Results 2020: नोखा सीट पर RJD की अनिता देवी की वापसी, JDU के नागेंद्र चंद्रवंशी को दी मात |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/nokha-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-nokha-seat-rjd-anita-devi-tejashwi-yadav-jdu-nitish-kumar-lbs-1159516-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=आज तक |language=hi |archive-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627092654/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/nokha-election-results-2020-bihar-chunav-vidhan-sabha-seat-counting-nokha-seat-rjd-anita-devi-tejashwi-yadav-jdu-nitish-kumar-lbs-1159516-2020-11-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317112503/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>. In 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, she was defeated.

== Early life and education ==
Devi is from Nokha, [[Rohtas district]]. She married Anand Mohan Singh. She passed her Class 12 in 1991.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anita Devi(RJD):Constituency- NOKHA(ROHTAS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9859 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=www.myneta.info |archive-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627092702/https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9859 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Devi became a second time MLA winning the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Nokha, Bihar Assembly constituency|Noka Assembly constituency]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] Party. She polled 65,690 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Nagendra Chandrawansi, of [[Janata Dal (United)]] by a margin of 17,672 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Nokha Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Anita Devi of RJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nokha-election-result-2020-live-updates-nokha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061313.html |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627093541/https://www.news18.com/news/india/nokha-election-result-2020-live-updates-nokha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061313.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier, she became an MLA for the first time in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[Rameshwar Prasad (politician, born 1947)|Rameshwar Prasad]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 22,998 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nokha Elections 2020: Bihar Assembly or Vidhan Sabha Chunav Dates, 2020 Rohtas Constituency MLA Election, Schedule, Latest News {{!}} Opinion Poll and Exit Poll Results and Survey Online |url=https://www.firstpost.com/bihar-assembly-elections/nokha-election-results-2020-s04a211 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330210159/https://www.firstpost.com/bihar-assembly-elections/nokha-election-results-2020-s04a211 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Anita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Rohtas district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]

Vadhyawan State

2026-02-28T16:38:24Z

ZaidBaig: started the data with sources

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Vadhyawan State
|common_name =Vadhyawan
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Vadhyawan in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =12.691
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =147
|footnotes =
}}
'''Vadhyawan State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]] <ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 147 and an area of 4.9 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up</ref>

It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 51 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up</ref>

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neieghbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states omly subjugated in 1839. In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 24 £ (240 Rupees) <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, 597, 605-606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The Rulers had the title of Naik <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 30, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref>

* Lakshman Ráma fl. 1880 <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, 606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Mohanya walad Phulaingh (b. 1849) fl. 1893 <ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", p. 363, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n585/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Gangaram Ankush (b. 1869), April 7, 1903 - fl. 1939 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Hardaspur Nisfi

2026-02-19T05:37:50Z

ZaidBaig: Put up a details initial version - done

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{other uses|Hardaspur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hardaspur Nisfi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Hardaspur Nisfi.png
| map_caption = Map showing Hardaspur Nisfi in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.03373|N|78.4973|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.105
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1797
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283208
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hardaspur Nisfi''' ({{IAST|Hardāspur Nisfī}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. As of 2011, it had a population of 1,797, in 266 households.

== Geography ==
Hardaspur Nisfi is located well to the southeast of Firozabad, close to the [[tehsil]] boundary with [[Shikohabad]]. The surrounding terrain is basically all level farmland. Nearby villages include [[Datauli, Firozabad|Datauli]] about 2 km to the east, [[Nargapur]] to the south, and [[Sengai]] and [[Nanpi Pithni]] to the northwest.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Hardaspur Nisfi had a population of 1,797, in 266 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|126}} This population was 55.0% male (989) and 45.0% female (808). The 0–6 age group numbered 306 (148 male and 158 female), making up 17.0% of the total population. 77 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 4.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|116-7}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Hardaspur Nisfi as having a population of 961 people (537 male and 424 female), in 139 households and 138 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|196-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Hardaspur Nisfi as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 202 people (99 male and 103 female), in 35 households and 23 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 191 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|xcvi}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Hardaspur Nisfi had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>{{rp|126-31}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Ram Gharib Chaube

2026-02-15T01:21:23Z

ZaidBaig:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Lead too long|date=February 2024}}
'''Ram Gharib Chaube''' was an Indian scholar who assisted [[William Crooke]] in various ethnographic researches during the period of the [[British Raj]].

Chaube was from the eastern [[North-Western Provinces]]{{sfn|Bayly|2000|p=354|ps=}} and an intelligent scholar with a BA from [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in Calcutta.{{sfn|Naithani|2006|p=4|ps=}} His first collaboration with William Crooke appears to have been in 1892 when he provided information for ''North Indian Notes and Queries''. Crooke had recently taken control of that journal from [[Richard Carnac Temple]] and had renamed it from the original title of ''Punjab Notes and Queries''.{{sfn|Naithani|2006|p=44-45|ps=}} Although intended for the British audience in India, as were numerous other such publications of the time, it was Indians who provided almost all of the content for the revised ''Notes and Queries'' format{{sfn|Naithani|Crooke|Chaube|2002|p=xxiii-xxiv|ps=}} that Sadhana Naithani believes demonstrates "the emergence and growth of that brand of ethnography for which Crooke should be better known and in which he differs from most other colonial ethnographers." The defining feature of the journal, which was based heavily on folklore, was that it considered its subjects in the context of the popular culture of the present day rather than dwelling on the past.{{sfn|Naithani|2006|p=44-45|ps=}}

Chaube became much involved in ''Notes and Queries'' and proved himself to be a methodical collector, collator and translator{{sfn|Naithani|2006|p=38|ps=}} whose specialism was local custom that was not recorded in [[Sanskrit]] works.{{sfn|Bayly|2000|p=354|ps=}} He subsequently claimed to have assisted with much information in Crooke's ''Popular Religion and Folklore'', which was first published in 1894, quickly sold out and was then re-issued as a two-volume revised and illustrated edition in 1896.{{sfn|Naithani|2006|p=49-50|ps=}} Chaube resented that his input was not acknowledged by Crooke. His contribution to ''Tribes and Castes of the North Western Provinces'', published in 1896, was only briefly acknowledged in two footnotes.{{sfn|Naithani|2006|p=49-51|ps=}} The relative contributions to the latter have been described by Chandrashekhar Shukl: "While Chaube was going places collecting information, Crooke used to sometimes delve into collecting tit bits."{{sfn|Naithani|2006|p=50-51|ps=}}{{sfn|Shukl|1952|p=98|ps=}} Crooke did, however, pay Chaube well and, although he was himself an employee of the Raj, he did so from his own pocket.{{sfn|Naithani|Crooke|Chaube|2002|p=xli|ps=}}

Sandra B. Freitag sees the relationship between Crooke and Chaube as "... a key example of the inter-related processes by which British decisions over ''what'' to emphasise [in their amateur studies of social science] were given their ''substance'' by the social preoccupations and prejudices of their indigenous informants". She notes this as an opinion shared by [[Shahid Amin]], who had voiced it in his introduction to the [[Oxford University Press]] reprint of Crooke's ''A Glossary of North Indian Peasant Life'', published in 1989.{{sfn|Freitag|1991|p=242|ps=}} However, [[Christopher Bayly]] interprets the views of Amin differently, believing him to be saying that informants such as Chaube "... were simply providers of fact; they did not really influence the form of colonial knowledge."{{sfn|Bayly|2000|p=354|ps=}}

Chaube went on to work as an employee of the [[Linguistic Survey of India]] between September 1898 and August 1900. That survey was headed by [[George Abraham Grierson]], who had been a contemporary and friend of Crooke when they were students at [[Trinity College, Dublin]].{{sfn|Amin|2011|p=6-7|ps=}}{{efn|Shahid Amin notes that Crooke and Grierson both joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in 1871 and that "Crooke and Grierson were [respectively] Collector-ethnologist and Collector-linguist par excellence of the Ganga valley".{{sfn|Amin|2011|p=6-7|ps=}}}}

== Works ==

=== Bhojpuri ===

* Jangal me Mangal
* Nagari Vilaap

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{notelist}}

'''Citations'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{citation |title=The Marginal Jotter: Scribe Chaube and the Making of the Great Linguistic Survey of India c. 1890-1920 |first=Shahid |last=Amin |publisher=India International Centre |series=Occasional Publication |issue=27 |year=2011 |url=http://www.iicdelhi.nic.in/publications/uploads_diary_files/302712June172011_Occ%20Pub%2027.pdf |accessdate=7 January 2013}}
*{{citation |title=Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 |first=Christopher Alan |last=Bayly |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780521663601 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC}}
*{{citation |title=Crime in the Social Order of Colonial North India |first=Sandra B. |last=Freitag |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=May 1991 |pages=227–261 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |jstor=312511 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00010660|s2cid=144935929 }} {{subscription required}}
*{{citation |title=Folktales from northern India |first1=Sadhana |last1=Naithani |first2=William |last2=Crooke |first3=Pandit Ram Gharib |last3=Chaube |edition=Reprinted |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-57607-698-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcK2l0yE1OsC |accessdate=2011-08-06}}
*{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmyVKwxmeyUC |title=In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke |first=Sadhana |last=Naithani |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-253-34544-8 |author-link=Sadhana Naithani}}
*{{citation |title=Ramchandra Shukl: jeevan aur Krititva |first=Chandrashekhar |last=Shukl |year=1952 |location=Varanasi |publisher=Vanivitan Prakashan}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=To Tell a Tale Untold: Two Folklorists in Colonial India |first=Sadhana |last=Naithani |journal=Journal of Folklore Research |volume=39 |issue=2/3 |date=May–December 2002 |pages=201–216 |publisher=Indiana University Press |jstor=3814691 |doi=10.2979/jfr.2002.39.2-3.201}} {{subscription required}}
*{{cite journal |title=Caste, Colonialism, and the Speech of the Colonized: Entextualization and Disciplinary Control in India |first=Gloria Goodwin |last=Raheja |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=23 |issue=3 |date=August 1996 |pages=494–513 |jstor=646349 |doi=10.1525/ae.1996.23.3.02a00030}} {{subscription required}}
*{{cite book |chapter=The Erasure of Everyday Life in Colonial Ethnography |first=Gloria Goodwin |last=Raheja |title=Everyday Life in South Asia |editor1-first=Diane P. |editor1-last=Mines |editor2-first=Sarah |editor2-last=Lamb |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMOYWRBp5q0C |isbn=9780253215215}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]

Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi

2026-02-13T07:09:33Z

ZaidBaig: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian independence movement activist (1887–1971)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = K M Munshi.jpg
| caption = Munshi in June 1950
| office1 = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Govind Ballabh Pant]] [[Sampurnanand]]
| term_start1 = 2 June 1952
| term_end1 = 9 June 1957
| predecessor1 = [[Homi Mody]]
| successor1 = [[V. V. Giri]]
| office = [[Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Union Minister of Food and Agriculture]]
| primeminister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| term_start = 13 May 1950
| term_end = 13 May 1952
| predecessor = [[Jairamdas Daulatram]]
| successor = [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1887|12|30}}
| birth_place = [[Bharuch]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1971|2|8|1887|12|30}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Freedom fighter]], politician, lawyer, writer
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|Baroda College]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IndianPost – KANHAIYALAL M MUNSHI |url=http://indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Unwatermarked%20Gummed%20coated%20stamp%20paper/KANHAIYALAL%20M%20MUNSHI |website=indianpost.com |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401162141/https://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Unwatermarked%20Gummed%20coated%20stamp%20paper/KANHAIYALAL%20M%20MUNSHI |url-status=live }}</ref>
| known_for = Founder of [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] (1938) Home Minister of [[Bombay State]] (1937–40) Agent-General of India in [[Hyderabad State]] (1948) Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] Member of Parliament Minister for Agriculture & Food (1952–53)
| party = [[Swaraj Party]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Swatantra Party]], [[Jan Sangh]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Atilakshmi Pathak|1900|1924|end=her death}}
* {{marriage|[[Lilavati Munshi|Leelavati Sheth]]|1926}}
}}
| children = Jagadish Munshi, Sarla Sheth, Usha Raghupathi, Lata Munshi, Girish Munshi
| module = {{Infobox writer
| embed = yes
| pseudonym = Ghanshyam Vyas
| language = Gujarati, Hindi and English
| period = Colonial India
| genre = Mythology, Historical Fiction
| subjects = Krishna, Indian history
| movement =
| notable_works = [[Patan trilogy]]
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 1915-1970
}}
}}

'''Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi'''<ref name="Correct spelling 'Kanaiyalal'">{{cite book|title=Krishnavatara (Vol. I) – The Magic Flute|year=1973|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=dust cover flap}}</ref> ({{IPA|gu|kə.nəi.ya.lal ma.ɳek.lal mun.ʃi|pron|}}; 30 December 1887 – 8 February 1971), popularly known by his pen name '''Ghanshyam Vyas''', was an [[Indian independence movement]] activist, politician, writer from [[Gujarat]] state. A lawyer by profession, he later turned to author and politician. He is a well-known name in [[Gujarati literature]]. He founded [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], an educational trust, in 1938.<ref name="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, New Delhi">{{cite web|title=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, New Delhi|url=http://www.bvbdelhi.org/|access-date=11 January 2012|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728112835/https://www.bvbdelhi.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Munshi wrote his works in three languages namely Gujarati, English and Hindi. Before independence of India, Munshi was part of [[Indian National Congress]] and after independence, he joined [[Swatantra Party]]. Munshi held several important posts like member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]], minister of agriculture and food of India, and governor of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In his later life, he was one of the founding members of [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]].

==Early life==
Munshi was born on 30 December 1887 at [[Bharuch]], a town in [[Gujarat State]] of [[British Raj|British India]] in a [[Bhargav Brahmins|Bhargav Brahmin]] family.<ref name="Sheth1979">{{cite book|last=Sheth|first=Jayana|title=Munshi : Self-sculptor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u969WD39ct8C|edition=1st|year=1979|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|location=Bombay|pages=239–243|oclc=568760494|access-date=29 October 2019|archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208063647/https://books.google.com/books?id=u969WD39ct8C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Richard H. |title=Lives of Indian Images |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1997 |pages=210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chowdhry |first=Prem |title=Colonial India and the Making of Empire Cinema: Image, Ideology, and Identity |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2000 |pages=123}}</ref> Munshi took admission at [[Baroda College]] in 1902 and scored first class with 'Ambalal Sakarlal Paritoshik'. In 1907, by scoring maximum marks in the [[English language]], he received 'Elite Prize' along with degree of [[Bachelor of Arts]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Gujarati Vishwakosh|last=Thakar|first=Dhirubhai|publisher=Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust|year=2002|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=236, 237|title-link=Gujarati Vishwakosh}}</ref> Later, he was given [[honoris causa]] from same university.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/economy/msu-doctorate-for-mukesh-ambani/articleshow/2415180.cms|title=MSU doctorate for Mukesh Ambani|date=2007-09-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116190135/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/economy/msu-doctorate-for-mukesh-ambani/articleshow/2415180.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He received degree of [[LLB]] in Mumbai in 1910 and registered as [[lawyer]] in the [[Bombay High Court]].<ref name=":2" />

One of his professor at Baroda College was Aurobindo Ghosh (later [[Sri Aurobindo]]) who had a profound impression on him. Munshi was also influenced by [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of Baroda, [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Sardar Patel]] and [[Bhulabhai Desai]].<ref name="Bhagavan">{{cite journal |last=Bhagavan |first=Manu |title=The Hindutva Underground: Hindu Nationalism and the Indian National Congress in Late Colonial and Early Post-Colonial India |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=43 |pages=39–48 |number=37 |year=2008 |jstor=40277950}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Indian independence movement ===
Due to influence of Sri Aurobindo, Munshi leaned towards a revolutionary group and got himself involved into the process of [[bomb-making]]. But after settling in the Mumbai, he joined the [[Indian Home Rule movement]] and became secretary in 1915.<ref name=":2" /> In 1917, he became the secretary of the Bombay presidency association.<ref name=":2" /> In 1920, he attended the annual congress session at [[Ahmedabad]] and was influenced by its president [[Surendranath Banerjee]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1927, he was elected to the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly|Bombay legislative assembly]] but after [[Bardoli Satyagraha|Bardoli satyagraha]], he resigned under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name=":2" /> He participated in the [[civil disobedience movement]] in 1930 and was arrested for six months initially. After taking part in the second part of same movement, he was arrested again and spent two years in the jail in 1932.<ref name=":2" /> In 1934, he became secretary of Congress parliamentary board.<ref name=":1" />

Munshi was elected again in the [[1937 Bombay Presidency election|1937 Bombay presidency election]] and became Home Minister of the [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name=":2" /> During his tenure of home minister, he suppressed the communal riots in Bombay.<ref name=":2" /> Munshi was again arrested after he took part in [[August Offer|Individual satyagraha]] in 1940.<ref name=":2" />

As the demand for [[Pakistan]] gathered momentum, he gave up non-violence and supported the idea of a civil war to compel the Muslims to give up their demand. He believed that the future of Hindus and Muslims lay in unity in an "[[Akhand Bharat|Akhand Hindustan]]".<ref name=vhp>{{cite book |last=Katju |first=Manjari |title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-250-2476-7}}</ref> He left Congress in 1941 due to dissents with Congress, but was invited back in 1946 by Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name=Bhagavan/><ref name=":2" />

==== Offices held ====
* Member of Bombay Legislative Assembly<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://upgovernor.gov.in/en/post/shri-kanhaiyalal-maneklal-munshi|title=Official Website of Governor's Secretariat, Raj Bhavan Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, India. / Shri Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi|website=upgovernor.gov.in|access-date=2019-10-29|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331033409/http://upgovernor.gov.in/en/post/shri-kanhaiyalal-maneklal-munshi|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Member of Working committee of Indian National Congress (1930), Member of [[All India Congress Committee]] (1930–36,1947)<ref name=":1" />
* Secretary of Congress Parliamentary Board (1934)<ref name=":1" />
* Home Minister of Government of Bombay (1937–40)<ref name=":1" />

===Post-independence India===
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru driving a tractor at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 2 October 1952.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] driving tractor with Munshi and Rajkumari Amrita Kaur. (From right to left, Munshi wore goggles and [[Gandhi cap]])]]
He was a part of several committees including Drafting Committee, Advisory Committee, Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights.<ref>[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/k_m_munshi Constituent Assembly Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104192355/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/k_m_munshi |date=4 January 2018 }}. Cadindia.clpr.org.in. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref><ref>[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search?tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=K.M.+Munshi&document_type%5B%5D=1&document_type%5B%5D=0&sort_by=Relevant+Day&filter_tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=15360&date_of_debate= Speaker: K. M. Munshi]. Cadindia.clpr.org.in (20 February 1947). Retrieved on 2018-12-07.</ref> Munshi presented his draft on Fundamental Rights to the Drafting and it sought for progressive rights to be made a part of Fundamental Rights.<ref>[http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search?tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=K.M.+Munshi&keyword%5B%5D=fundamental+rights&document_type%5B%5D=1&document_type%5B%5D=0&sort_by=Relevant+Day&filter_tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=15360&date_of_debate= Speaker: K. M. Munshi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816013526/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search?tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=K.M.+Munshi&keyword%5B%5D=fundamental+rights&document_type%5B%5D=1&document_type%5B%5D=0&sort_by=Relevant+Day&filter_tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=15360&date_of_debate= |date=16 August 2022 }}. Cadindia.clpr.org.in. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref>

After the [[independence of India]], Munshi, Sardar Patel and [[N. V. Gadgil]] visited the [[Junagadh State]] to stabilise the state with help of the Indian Army. In Junagadh, Patel declared the reconstruction of the historically important [[Somnath temple]]. Patel died before the reconstruction was completed. Munshi became the main driving force behind the renovation of the [[Somnath]] temple even after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s opposition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gabriel |first1=Marie Cruz |title=A Silence In The City And Other Stories |date=1996 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan|Orient Longman]] |isbn=978-81-250-0828-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-04-14|title=In Nehru vs Patel-Prasad on Somnath, a context of Partition, nation building|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/somnath-temple-rahul-gandhi-babri-demolition-ram-rath-yatra-ram-mandir-ayodhya-verdict-hindutvain-nehru-sardar-patel-4971403/|date=9 December 2017|website=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Uma|last=Vishnu|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920235555/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/somnath-temple-rahul-gandhi-babri-demolition-ram-rath-yatra-ram-mandir-ayodhya-verdict-hindutvain-nehru-sardar-patel-4971403/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Makkhan|last1=Lal|access-date=2020-04-14|title=On KM Munshi's birth anniversary, remembering his fight to rebuild Somnath Temple|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/on-km-munshis-birth-anniversary-remembering-his-fight-to-rebuild-somnath-temple/25283/|date=30 December 2018|website=[[ThePrint]]|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019011258/https://theprint.in/opinion/on-km-munshis-birth-anniversary-remembering-his-fight-to-rebuild-somnath-temple/25283/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Munshi was appointed diplomatic envoy and trade agent (Agent-General) to the princely state of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], where he served until its accession to India in 1948. Munshi was on the ad hoc Flag Committee that selected the [[Flag of India]] in August 1947, and on the committee which drafted the [[Constitution of India]] under the chairmanship of [[B. R. Ambedkar]].

Besides being a politician and educator, Munshi was also an environmentalist. He initiated the [[Van Mahotsav]] in 1950, when he was Union Minister of Food and Agriculture, to increase area under forest cover. Since then Van Mahotsav a week-long festival of tree plantation is organised every year in the month of July all across the country and lakhs of trees are planted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/epic-channel-celebrates-van-mahotsav-the-national-tree-plantation-festival/|title=EPIC Channel celebrates 'Van Mahotsav' – The National Tree Plantation Festival|date=2019-07-05|website=TelevisionPost|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-28|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215020254/https://www.televisionpost.com/epic-channel-celebrates-van-mahotsav-the-national-tree-plantation-festival/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Munshi served as the [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]] from 1952 to 1957.<ref name=":1" /> In 1959, Munshi separated from the Nehru-dominated (socialist) [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] and started the [[Akhand Hindustan]] movement. He believed in a strong opposition, so along with [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]], he founded the Swatantra Party, which was right-wing in its politics, pro-business, pro-free market economy and private property rights. The party enjoyed considerable success and eventually died out.

In August 1964, he chaired the meeting for the founding of the [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] organisation [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] at Sandipini ashram.<ref name="vhp" />

==== Posts held ====
* Member of constituent assembly of India and its drafting committee (1947–52)<ref name=":1" />
* Union minister of food and agriculture (1950–52)<ref name=":1" />
* Agent general to the Government of India, Hyderabad (1948)<ref name=":1" />

== Academic career ==
[[File:K M Munshi bust.jpg|thumb|Bust of Munshi at [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]]]
Munshi was thinking of giving an institutional foundations to his ideas and ideals since 1923. On 7 November 1938, he established [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] with Harshidbhai Divatia and his wife [[Lilavati Munshi]] at [[Andheri]], [[Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=K.M. Munshi|last=Kulkarni|first=V. B|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=2014|pages=268}}</ref> Later, he established Mumbadevi Sanskrit Mahavidyalaya to teach [[Sanskrit]] and ancient Hindu texts according to traditional methods.<ref>{{Cite book|title=K.M. Munshi|last=Kulkarni|first=V. B|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|year=2014|pages=269}}</ref>

Apart from founding [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]], Munshi was instrumental in the establishment of [[Bhavan's College, Andheri|Bhavan's College]], [[Hansraj Morarji Public School]], [[Rajhans Vidyalaya]], [[Rajhans Balvatika]] and Panchgani Hindu School (1922). He was elected Fellow of the [[University of Bombay]], where he was responsible for giving adequate representation to regional languages. He was also instrumental in starting the department of Chemical Technology.

He served as Chairman of Institute of Agriculture, Anand (1951–71), trustee of the Birla Education Trust (1948–71), executive chairman of [[Indian Law Institute]] (1957–60) and chairman of Sanskrit Vishwa Parishad (1951–1961).<ref name=":1" />

== Global policy ==
He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a [[world constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961 |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703034807/https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B149-F04-022.1.8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials |url=https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Helen Keller Archive |publisher=American Foundation for the Blind |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703034812/https://www.afb.org/HelenKellerArchive?a=d&d=A-HK01-07-B154-F05-028.1.6 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, for the first time in human history, a [[World Constituent Assembly]] convened to draft and adopt the [[Constitution for the Federation of Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preparing earth constitution {{!}} Global Strategies & Solutions {{!}} The Encyclopedia of World Problems |url=http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=The Encyclopedia of World Problems {{!}} Union of International Associations (UIA) |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719215501/http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/strategy/193465 }}</ref>

== Literary career and works ==
Munshi, with pen name ''Ghanshyam Vyas'', was a prolific writer in Gujarati and English, earning a reputation as one of Gujarat's greatest literary figures.<ref name=":2" /> Being a writer and a conscientious journalist, Munshi started a Gujarati monthly called Bhargava. He was joint-editor of Young India and in 1954, started the Bhavan's Journal which is published by the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] to this day. Munshi was President of the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] and the {{ill|Hindi Sahitya Sammelan|hi|अखिल भारतीय हिंदी साहित्य सम्मेलन}}.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Bhagavan" />

Munshi was also a [[Literature|litterateur]] with a wide range of interests. He is well known for his historical novels in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], especially his [[Patan trilogy|trilogy]] ''Patan-ni-Prabhuta'' (The Glory of Patan), ''Gujarat-no-Nath'' (The Lord and Master of Gujarat) and ''Rajadhiraj'' (The King of Kings). His other works include ''Jay Somnath'' (on [[Somnath]] temple), ''[[Krishnavatara]]'' (on Lord [[Krishna]]), ''Bhagavan Parasurama'' (on [[Parshurama]]), and ''Tapasvini'' (The Lure of Power) a novel with a fictional parallel drawn from the Freedom Movement of India under [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Munshi also wrote several notable works in English.

Munshi has written some fictional historical themes namely; ''Earlier Aryan settlements in India'' (What he calls Gaurang's – white skinned), ''Krishna's endeavors in Mahabharata times'', ''More recently in 10th century India around Gujarat, Malwa and Southern India.''.

K.M. Munshi's novel ''[[Prithivivallabh (novel)|Prithivivallabh]]'' was made into a movie of the same name twice. The adaptation directed by Manilal Joshi in 1924 was very controversial in its day: [[Prithvi Vallabh (1943 film)|the second version]] was by [[Sohrab Modi]] in 1943.

In 1948 he wrote a book about Mahatma Gandhi called ''Gandhi: The Master''.

=== "Pseudo-secularism" ===
{{Main|Pseudo-secularism}}
According to the Indian lawyer, historian [[A. G. Noorani]], "pseudo-secularism" was coined by K.M. Munshi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noorani |first=A.G. |title=The Babri Masjid Question, 1528-2003: A Matter of National Honour, Volume 1 |publisher=[[Tulika Books]] |isbn=9788185229782 |pages=11-12}}</ref>

===Works in Gujarati and Hindi===
His works are as following:<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|title=Source: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai}}</ref><ref name=kh>[https://openlibrary.org/search?author_key=OL4167A&language=hin Open Library – Books of Kanhiyalal Munshi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329040539/https://openlibrary.org/search?author_key=OL4167A&language=hin |date=29 March 2019 }}. Openlibrary.org. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref>
{{div col}}
'''Novels'''
* ''Mari Kamala'' (1912)
* ''Verni Vasulat'' (1913) (under the pen name ''Ghanashyam'')
* ''[[Patan trilogy|Patanni Prabhuta]]'' (1916)
* ''[[Patan trilogy|Gujaratno Nath]]'' (1917)
* ''[[Patan trilogy|Rajadhiraj]]'' (1918)
* ''[[Prithivivallabh (novel)|Prithivivallabh]]'' (1921)
* ''Svapnadishta'' (1924)
* ''Lopamudra'' (1930)
* ''Jay Somanth'' (1940)
* ''Bhagavan Parashurama'' (1946)
* ''Tapasvini'' (1957)
* ''[[Krishnavatara]]'' (in eight volumes) (1970)last novel, still remained incomplete
* ''Kono vank''
* ''Lomaharshini''
* ''Bhagvan Kautilya''
* ''Pratirodha'' (1900)
* ''Atta ke svapana'' (1900)
* ''Gaurava kā pratīka'' (1900)
* ''Gujarat ke Gaurava'' (1900)
* ''Sishu aura Sakhi'' (1961)
* ''Avibhakta Atma''
'''Drama'''
* ''Brahmacharyashram'' (1931)
* ''Dr. Madhurika'' (1936)
* ''Pauranik Natako''
'''Non-fiction'''
* ''Ketlak Lekho'' (1926)
* ''Adadhe Raste'' (1943)
{{div col end}}

===Works in English===
Source:<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
{{div col}}
* ''Gujarat and Its Literature''
* ''Imperial Gujaras''
* ''Bhagavad Gita and Modern Life''
* ''Creative Art of Life''
* ''To Badrinath''
* ''Saga of Indian Sculpture''
* ''The End of An Era''
* ''President under Indian Constitution''
* ''Warnings of History: Trends in Modern India''
* ''Somanatha, The shrine eternal''
{{div col end}}

== Personal life ==
In 1900, he married Atilakshmi Pathak, who died in 1924. In 1926, he married [[Lilavati Munshi]] ([[née]] Sheth).<ref name="Sheth1979" /><ref name=":2" />

==Popular culture==
[[File:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 1988 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Munshi on a 1988 stamp of India]]
Munshi was portrayed by [[K. K. Raina]] in the [[Shyam Benegal]]'s mini-series ''[[Samvidhaan]]''.

==Memorials==
* A school in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] is named after him as Bhavan's Kulapati K.M. Munshi Memorial Vidya Mandir Sapthat.
* A postage stamp was issued in his honor in 1988.<ref>[http://indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Unwatermarked%20Gummed%20coated%20stamp%20paper/KANHAIYALAL%20M%20MUNSHI Indian postage stamp on Munshi – 1988] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401162141/https://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Paper/Unwatermarked%20Gummed%20coated%20stamp%20paper/KANHAIYALAL%20M%20MUNSHI |date=1 April 2023 }}. Indianpost.com. Retrieved on 7 December 2018.</ref>
* The [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] has instituted an award in his honor – The Kulapati Munshi Award – awarded to recognise and honor a citizen of the Kendra who has done excellent and outstanding service to society in any special field.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kulapati Munshi Award conferred|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kulapati-munshi-award-conferred/article4499566.ece|access-date=1 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 March 2013|archive-date=5 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305172113/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/kulapati-munshi-award-conferred/article4499566.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A boys hostel named as K. M. Munshi Hall at Main campus, The [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], Vadodara, Gujarat.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Kulkarni|first=V. B.|title=K.M. Munshi|url=https://archive.org/details/kmmunshi00kulk|series=Builders of Modern India|year=2014|orig-year=1959|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-230-1917-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Nayak|first=Ratilal S.|title=મુનશી-અભ્યાસ : જીવન અને સાહિત્ય|script-title=gu:Munaśi-abhyasa : Jīvana ane Sāhitya|trans-title=Study of Munsh's Life and Works|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKMRAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Anada Book Depo|location=Ahmedabad|oclc=20835599|language=gu}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes}}

* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Kanaiyalal Munshi}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Governors of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{World Constitutional Convention call signatories}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munshi, Kanaiyalal Maneklal}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Governors of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:University and college founders]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Hindu activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:World Constitutional Convention call signatories]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]

Swapan Saha

2026-02-12T03:07:53Z

ZaidBaig: quick update

{{Short description|Indian Film Director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swapan Saha
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1930|01|10}}
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Film director, Score composer
}}
'''Swapan Saha''' (born 10 January 1930) is an Indian film director, producer, story writer and score composer associated with [[Cinema of West BEngal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://buzz18.in.com/news/movies/filmmaker-swapan-saha-joins-tv/27424/0
|title=Filmmaker Swapan Saha joins TV- Buzz18 Entertainment
|publisher=buzz18.in.com
|accessdate=2008-10-27
|last=
|first=
}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=540874&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP
|title=SWAPAN SAHA: Film Database - CITWF
|publisher=www.citwf.com
|accessdate=2008-10-27
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Bedenir Prem'' (1992)
* ''Maan Samman'' (1993)
* ''Biswas Abiswas'' (1994)
* ''Danga'' (1994)
* ''Sujan Sakhi'' (1995)
* ''Naginkanya'' (1995)
* ''[[Bhai Amar Bhai]]'' (1996)
* ''Jhinukmala'' (1996)
* ''Sakhi Tumi Kar'' (1996)
* ''[[Abujh Mon]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Adarer Bon]]'' (1997)
* ''Kamalar Banabas'' (1997)
* ''[[Bakul Priya]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mayer Dibyi]]'' (1997)
* ''Tomake Chai'' (1997)
* ''[[Pita Mata Santan]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Nishpap Asami]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Sabar Upare Maa]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mayar Badhan]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Matir Manush]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Praner Cheye Priyo]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Nayaner Alo]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Nag Nagini]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Gharer Lakshmi]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Baba Keno Chakar]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Sundari (film)|Sundari]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Shimul Paru]]l'' (1998)
* ''[[Swamir Adesh]]'' (1998)
* ''Tomay Pabo Bole'' (1999)
* ''[[Swamir Ghar]]'' (1999)
* ''Satyam Shivam Sundaram'' (1999)
* ''[[Santan Jakhan Satru]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Manush Kano Beiman]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Madhu Malati]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Kanchanmala]]'' (1999)
* ''Satbhai'' (2000)
* ''Gariber Samman'' (2000)
* ''Ei Ghar Ei Sansar'' (2000)Remake from Ei Ghor Ei Songsar 1996
* ''Bhalobasi Tomake'' (2000)
* ''Jabab Chai'' (2001)
* ''[[Guru Shisya]]'' (2001)
* ''Streer Maryada'' (2002)
* ''[[Shatrur Mokabila]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Kurukshetra (2002 film)|Kurukshetra]]'' (2002)
* ''Sukh Dukkher Sansar'' (2003)
* ''[[Sneher Protidan]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Sabuj Saathi]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kartabya]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Guru (2003 film)]]'' (2003)
* ''Tyag'' (2004)
* ''[[Sajani (2004 film)|Sajani]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Coolie (2004 film)|Coolie]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Annaye Atyachar]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Agni (2004 film)|Agni]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Rajmohal]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Debi (2005 film)|Debi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Agnishapath]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Swarthopar]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Shakal Sandhya]]'' (2006) - Remake of ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''
* ''[[MLA Fatakeshto]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Hero (2006 film)|Hero]]'' (2006) - Remake of ''[[Appu (2002 film)|Appu]]''
* ''[[Hangama (film)|Hangama]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Ghatak (2006 film)|Ghatak]]'' (2006) - Remake of ''[[Dhool]]''
* ''[[Abhimanyu (2006 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Tiger]]'' (2007) - Remake of ''[[Ramanaa (film)|Ramanaa]]''
* ''[[Minister Fatakeshto]]'' (2007) - Remake of ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
* ''[[Greptar]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Takkar (2008 film)|Takkar]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Jor (film)|Jor]]'' (2008) - Remake of ''[[Okkadu]]''
* ''[[Janmadata]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Golmaal (2008 film)|Golmaal]]'' (2008) - Remake of ''[[Thenkasipattanam]]''
* ''[[Aamar Pratigya]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Rajkumar (2008 film)|Rajkumar]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Achena Prem]]'' (2011) - Remake of ''[[Mussanjemaatu]]''
* ''[[Shrestha Bangali]]'' (2017)
{{div col end}}

===Producer===

* ''Manush Kano Beiman'' (1999)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3235404}}
*[http://www.upperstall.com/people/swapan-saha www.upperstall.com]
*[http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=540874 www.citwf.com]

{{Swapan Saha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Swapan}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]
[[Category:Film directors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Film producers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]

Pratima Bandopadhyay

2026-02-11T14:34:27Z

ZaidBaig: cleanup section and improved wording for accuracy

{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Srimati Pratima Bandopadhyay
| image = Pratima Bandyopadhyay.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = শ্রীমতী প্রতিমা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়
| birth_name = Pratima Chattopadhyay
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1934|12|21}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2004|07|29|1934|12|21}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Playback singer]]
| occupation = Singer
}}

'''Pratima Bandopadhyay''' ({{langx|bn|প্রতিমা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}}; 21 December 1934 – 29 July 2004; born as '''Pratima Chatterjee''' aka '''Pratima Chattopadhyay''') was a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] playback singer from [[Kolkata]], who sang numerous songs in popular Bengali language movies and non-film as well, particularly during the 1940s, 50s, 60s and 70s.<ref name="out">{{cite news |title=Outlook 30 July 2004 |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/legendary-bengali-singer-pratima-bandopadhyay-dead/238806|accessdate=2017-09-06}}</ref> She was also known as '''Pratima Banerjee'''.

== Early life ==
Pratima Bandopadhyay's ancestors came from Baherak ({{langx|bn|বাহেরক}}), [[Bikrampur]] (now [[Munshiganj]]), [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]. She lost her father Mani Bhushan Chattopadhyay at the age of one. Her mother Kamala Chattopadhyay raised her in their house at [[Bhabanipur, Kolkata]]. She started taking lessons in music at a very early age from Sri Prakash Kali Ghoshal.<ref name="kajla">{{cite web |title=কাজলা দিদি|url=http://oldsite.dailyjanakantha.com/news_view.php?nc=20&dd=2009-12-24&ni=3703|accessdate=2017-09-06}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pratima Bandyopadhyay's first record appeared in 1945 through Senola Records. In famous radio programme of [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] the song "Amala Kirane" was introduced in the late 40s, another song a duet with [[Dwijen Mukhopadhyay]] "He Charupurno Somoshikhorini" was introduced in the year 1952 which increased her popularity. She made her debut in playback singing in Bengali films in 1951 when she recorded "''Totini ami, Tumi sudurer chand''" under the music direction of Shri Sudhirlal Chakraborty in film "''Sunandar Biye''". Over three decades, she lent her voice to more than 65 Bengali movies and numerous non-film songs.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==Death and legacy==
After the death of Pratima's husband Shri Amiyo Kumar Bandyopadhyay in 1986, her health deteriorated rapidly, and on 29 July 2004 she died. She was survived by her daughter Raikishori Bandyopadhyay and son Amarnath Bandyopadhyay and family.<ref name="out" />

== Memoirs ==
*[[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]], the famous and noted lyricist of Bengal of the yesteryear, mentioned in his memoir: ''"When the song "Ke prothom kachhe esechhi", written by me and sung by [[Manna Dey]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]], became popular, I received a call from a mysterious fan, praising the lyrics. She did not reveal her name. Since then I used to receive call from her whenever a song written by me became a sensation. At last one day she agreed to come to meet me at certain location in Elgin road at 5 o'clock in the afternoon. I was overwhelmed. The time was approaching, and cleaned my car and got dressed. Then the phone rang. It was [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]. He insisted that I should visit his house for creation of Puja songs at 5 o'clock. Pratima Bandopadhyay would be there waiting. All my persuasion to change the date failed. While driving my car towards Hemanta-da's house, the clock was approaching 5, I was thinking about the mysterious lady, and first two lines came in to my mind, "Baro saadh jaage, ekbar tomay dekhi" (I wanna see you just for once). Never heard of the lady ever after. Pratima recorded the song."''<ref name="pulak">{{cite book|first=Pulak|last=Bandyopadhyay|title=''Kathay Kathay Raat Hoye Jay'' ({{langx|bn|কথায় কথায় রাত হয়ে যায়}})|publisher= Ananda Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|year= 1999|isbn= 978-8-172-15977-1}}</ref>
*[[Nirmala Mishra]] recalled: "''One night at about 12 o'clock I received a phone call. It was a great surprise for me, because the caller was none other than the famous artist Pratima Bandopadhyay. She told, 'Nirmala, Manab Babu had given us a song. Let us practice it here.' Regularly Pratima Bandopadhyay used to call me after mid night for practice.''" The song was: ''Abire Rangalo Ke Amay'' /Film ''Mukhujjye Paribar'' (1956).<ref>{{YouTube|BhdtRjaTfSw|Nirmala Mishra Says about Pratima Bandopadhyay}}; (accessed 30 August 2017)</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Pratima Bandyopadhyay Discography
|-
! Year
! Song
! Film/album
! Lyrics
! Music
! Code {{Clarify|date=February 2026}}
|-
| - || ''Amala Kirane Tribhubana Manoharini'' || Album: ''Mahishasura Mardini'' – An Oratorio invoking the Goddess Durga || Bani Kumar || [[Pankaj Mullick|Pankaj Kumar Mallik]] ||
|-
| - || ''He Charupurno samashikhorini'' || Album: ''Mahishasura Mardini'' – An Oratorio invoking the Goddess Durga || Bani Kumar || [[Pankaj Mullick|Pankaj Kumar Mallik]] ||
|-
| - || ''Shanti dile bhori'' up to 1962 then the song was sung by Utpala Sen || Album: ''Mahishasura Mardini'' – An Oratorio invoking the Goddess Durga || Bani Kumar || [[Pankaj Mullick|Pankaj Kumar Mallik]] ||
|-
| - || ''Antorjami Tumi Toh'' ||''Shothe Shathyong'' || || ||
|-
| 1965 || ''Aabire Rangalo Key Amay'' (duet with Nirmala Mishra) || ''Mukhujjye Paribar'' || Shyamal Gupta || Manabendra Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1950 || ''Aaja Ab Toh Aja'' (Not used in the Film) || ''Anarkali'' || Rajinder Krisnan || C. Ramachandra ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Aaji Murli Baaje'' || ''Goriber Meye'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Aajo Jege Achhi'' || Puja Album || Prabir Majumdar || Prabir Majumdar ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Aakash Mor Aloye Diyechho Bhore'' || ''Lalu Bhulu'' || || Rabin Chattopadhay ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Aakashe Chander Alo'' || ''Rajodrohi'' || || Ali Akbar Khan ||
|-
| 1965 || ''Aakashe Jaage Kato Je Alo'' || || Arun Chattopadhyay || Lakshmikant Pyarelal ||
|-
| || ''Aalo Ki Sona Sona'' || AIR Ramyageeti || Kabita Singha || Kalipada Sen ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Aalor Thikana Tumi'' || ''Shapath Nilam'' || || Sukumar Mitra ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Aamar Bakul Phul Koi'' || || Gouriprasanna Majumder || Shyamal Mitra ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Aamar Duchokh Keno'' || || Mohini Choudhury || Ratu Mukhopadhyay ||
|-
| || ''Aamar Duchokhe Ghum Nei'' || || || ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Aamar Gaane Sur Chhilo'' || ''Taser Ghar'' || Bimal Chandra Ghosh || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Aamar Haat Dhore Tumi'' (remake from Angurbala's song) ||''Chhuti'' || Dhiren Chatterjee || Bhutnath Das ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Aamar Jemon Beni Temni Rabe'' || ''Natun Fashal'' || || Ustad Vilayet Khan (''m. dir.'' Rai Chand Boral) ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Aamar Jiban Nadir Opaare'' || ''Chhuti'' || Atul Prasad Sen || Atul Prasad Sen ||
|-
| || ''Aamar Mon Radhikar Mon Chhilo Je'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Robin Chattopadhyay ||
|-
| || ''Aamar Mone Ichha Achhe'' || AIR Shyama Sangeet || Kamalakanto || Unknown ||
|-
| || ''Aamar Moner Manusher Sone'' || || Lalan Fakir || Lalan Fakir || akl0ltMdB78
|-
| 1962 || ''Aamar Prabhat Madhur Holo'' (duet with Hemanta Mukherjee) || ''Mayar Sansar'' || || Rabin Chatterjee ||
|-
| 1953 || ''Aamar Sona ChNader Kona'' || ''Laljhuti Kakatua'' || Pranab Ray || Husnlal Bhagatram ||
|-
| || ''Aamay Diyona Tumi Kshnik Biram'' || AIR Deshbandana || Pranab Ray || Husnlal Bhagatram ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Aami Anek Cheyeo Parini Bhulite'' || || || ||
|-
| || ''Aami Bondhur Premagune Pora'' || Folk || || Nirmalendu Chowdhury ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Ami Ekela Cholechhi Ei Bhobe'' || ''Bisarjan'' || Rabindranath Tagore || Rabindranath Tagore ||
|-
| || ''Ami Gaaner Majhe Benche Thakbo'' || || || ||
|-
| || ''Aami Jege Thaki Ar Raat Je Ghumay'' || || Ratan Saha || Buddhdeb Gangopadhyay ||
|-
| || ''Aami Keno Ailam'' (chorus with Sumitra Sen) || Folk – Dhamail || || ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Aami Kuheli Naa Swapna'' ||''Harano Sur'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| || ''Aami Mela Theke Taalpatar'' || || || Mrinal Bandopadhyay ||
|-
| || ''Aami Mon Haralam Taar Kajol Chokhe'' || || || ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Aami Nishither Maya'' || ''Aparadhi'' || Pranab Roy || Gopen Mallick || reUhEdIMCOc
|-
| || ''Ami Priya Habo Chhilo Sadh'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Rabin Chattopadhay ||
|-
| || ''Aamtalay Jhamur Jhumur'' (chorus with Sumitra Sen)|| Folk || || || UNf9G2p4CUI
|-
| 1981 || ''Aandhar Aamar Bhalo Lage'' || || Mukul Datta || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Aankhi Bale Chalo'' ||''Sabarmati'' || Gouri Prasanna Majumdar || Gopen Mullick ||
|-
| || ''Aar Amare Maris Ne Maa'' || || Lalan Fakir || Lalan Fakir ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Aar Kato Kal Thakbo Bose Duar Khule'' || ''Jadhubangsha'' || Atul Prasad Sen || Atul Prasad Sen ||
|-
| 1964 || ''Aar Toh Parina Saheli'' || Album Puja || Miltu Ghosh || Anal Chattopadhyay ||
|-
| || ''Aay Ke Jabi Opare'' || || Lalan Fakir || Lalan Fakir ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Ato Bhalo Basi Tabu Keno Elona'' (duet with Dhananjay Bhattacharya) ||''Angeekar '' || || V Balsara ||OvtNutmhjx8
|-
| 1954 || ''Babul Mora'' || ''Jodu Bhatta'' || || Wajid Ali Shah ||(m. dir. Jnan Prakash Ghosh)
|-
| || ''Bajay Na Banshi Omon Kore'' || AIR Ramyageeti || Shantimoy Karforma || Unknown ||
|-
| || ''Bandhu Samay Jano Na'' || Folk || Lalan Fakir || Nirmalendu Chowdhury ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Bansh Baganer Mathar Opor'' || || Jatindra Mohan Bagchi || [[Sudhin Dasgupta]] ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Banshori Go Bajo Tumi'' || || Shyamal Gupta || Alok De ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Baro Sadh Jage Ekbar Tomay Dekhi'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1962 || ''Bawri Bhayi Piya'' || ''Bandhan'' || Gouriprasanna Majumdar || Rajen Sarkar ||
|-
| || ''Bhalobasa Asbe Bole'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Manna De ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Bhalobaso Tumi Gaan Shunte'' || || Shyamal Gupta || Alok De ||
|-
| 1956 || ''Bhor Holo Dor Kholo'' || || Anal Chattopadhyay || Shyamal Mitra ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Bhramara Gun Gun Gunjariya Aase'' || || [[Abhijit Banerjee]] || Abhijit Banerjee ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Bhuli Kamone Ajo Je Mone'' (duet with Manna De) || ''Asamay'' || || Kazi Najrul Islam ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Boner Chameli Phire Aay'' (remake from Shailo Devi's song – 1940)|| || Sailen Roy || Himangshu Datta ||
|-
| 1963 || ''Bisher Baanshi Ke Bajay Re'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Rotu Mukhopadhyay ||
|-
| || ''Chal Tusu Chal Khelte Jabo'' (chorus with Nilima Banerjee) || Folk || || ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Chand Dube Gele'' || ''Hrod'' || Shyamal Gupta || Manabendra Mukhopadhyay ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Chand Bhabe Jyotsna Dhelechhe'' || || || Nachiketa Ghosh ||
|-
| || ''Cheyona Mochhate Cheyona'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| || ''Chhalke Pare Kalke Phule'' || || || ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Chhilo Sur Chhilo Gaan'' || ''Aparadhi'' || Pranab Roy || Gopen Mallick ||tQGdDzDC9Ig
|-
| 1959 || ''Chholke Pare Kolke Phule'' || ''Ek Gochha Rajanigandha'' || Probodh Ghosh || Anal Chatterjee ||
|-
| || ''Chhotto Ekta Pakhi Kine'' || AIR Ramyageeti || Babu Guha Thakurta || V Balsara ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Chinbi Kemone'' (with [[Nirmalendu Choudhury]]) || ''Natun Fashal'' || || Rai Chand Boral ||
|-
| || ''Chirodin Ami Je Tomay'' || || || ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Chupi Chupi Elo Ke'' (duet with Prasun Bandyopadhyay) || ''Dhuli'' || || Rajen Sarkar ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Dakhin Samiran Sathe'' || ''Asamay'' || Kazi Nazrul Islam || Kazi Nazrul Islam ||
|-
| || ''Daras Bin Dukhaan Laage Nayan'' || Meera Bhajans || || ||
|-
| 1964 || ''Dekha Dao Dekha Dao'' || ''Kasti Pathar'' || || Manabendra Mukhopadhyay ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Din Jay kshon Jay'' || ''Atmo Darshan'' || Pabitra Chattopadhyay || Pabitra Chattopadhyay || 0mE6OofCnXk
|-
| || ''Dole Dole Oi'' || || || ||
|-
| || ''Du Chokhe Brishitike Dhorechhi'' || || || ||
|-
| || ''Dure Oi Piyal Shakhay'' || AIR Ramyageeti || Shyamal Gupta || Aloknath De ||
|-
| || ''Durgam Giri Kantar Moru'' || || || Kazi Najrul ||
|-
| || ''E Baro Ajab Kudrati'' || Folk || Lalan Fakir || Lalan Fakir (m. comp. Dinendra Chowdhury) ||
|-
| || ''E Dal Bhangile BNadhu'' || || Ajay Bhattacharya || Ashok Roy ||
|-
| || ''E Ki Sei Tumi'' || || Subir Hajra || Prashanta Bhattacharya ||
|-
| 1955 || ''E Pare Ganga O Pare Ganga'' || || Bhaskar Basu || Sudhin Dasgupta ||
|-
| || ''E Shudhu Bhuler Bojha'' || || Gouriprasanna Majumdar || Shyamal Mitra ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Ei Kathati Mone Rekho'' || ''Chowranghee'' || Rabindranath Tagore || Rabindranath Tagore ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Ei Lobhinu Sanga Tabo'' (Duet with [[Chinmoy Chattopadhyay]]) || ''Chhuti'' || Rabindranath Tagore || Rabindranath Tagore ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Ei Mon Rajhangsi'' || ''Ek Saathe'' || Ranjit Dey || Mrinal Banerjee ||
|-
| || ''Ei Sur Jhara Khelate'' || || Ananda Mukhopadhyay || Sailen Mukhopadhyay ||
|-
| || ''Ei Toh Abar Nayane Amar'' || AIR Ramyageeti || Prakashkali Ghosal || Prakashkali Ghosal ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Ek Baat Kahu Tumse'' (Hindi) || ''Sahara'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Eka Mor Gaaner Tori'' || ''Ekhane Pinjar'' || Atul Prasad Sen || Atul Prasad Sen ||
|-
| || ''Eki Sei Tumi'' || || || ||
|-
| || ''Ekhano Achhe To Oi Duti Dana'' || || || ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Ekta Gaan Likho Amar Janyo'' || || Subir Hajra || Sudhin Dasgupta ||
|-
| || ''Ekti Phul Bhalo Na Ektu Hashi Bhalo'' || || || ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Ektu Jodi Bhalo Laage'' || ''Maroner Pore'' || Mohini Choudhury || Sargam ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Elo Ghoniye Barosha'' || QUM2KSVnqwo || Arup Bhattacharya || Chitto Roy ||
|-
| 1964 || ''Gaaner Majhe Beche Thakbo'' || ''Kasti Pathar'' || Shyamal Gupta || Manabendra Mukhopadhyay ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Ghir Ayi Badariya'' || ''Mathur'' || Meerabai || Dilip Kumar Roy || 6JNL7WxNPpw
|-
| 1955 || ''Ghoom Aay Re Aay'' || || Mangalacharan Chattopadhyay || Salil Choudhury ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Ghum Ghum Nijhhum Nirabata'' || ''Harano Sur'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Giriraj Konya Uma'' || ''Pratham Basanta'' || || Robin Chatterjee ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Golape Golape Ranga'' || ''Shri Shri Tarakeswar'' || Sailen Roy || Pabitra Chattopadhyay ||
|-
| 1952 || ''Hay Amar Je Ghor Chhilo'' || || Mohini Choudhury || Nitai Ghatak ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Hoi Jodi Baralok Masto'' || ''Sadanander Mela'' || || Kalipada Sen ||
|-
| || ''Ja Ja Ja Jare Mon'' || || Manas Chakrabarty || Manas Chakrabarty ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Jabe Tulsitalay Priyo Sandhyabelay'' (first recording by Padma Rani Chattopadhyay 1938 ) || || Kazi Nazrul Islam || Kamal Dasgupta ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Jage Kusume Gondho'' (with Utpala, Alpana, Gayatri) || ''Harishchandra'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Jakhan Abar Dekha Holo'' || || Miltu Ghosh || Hemanta Mukherjee || e_Y4JkixeV8
|-
| 1955 || ''Jale Bhasha Padma Ami'' || || Shibdas Banerjee || Bupen Hazarika ||
|-
| || ''Jao Jao Tumi Phire'' (first recording by Indubala Debi 1931 ) || || Kazi Nazrul Islam || Kazi Nazrul Islam ||
|-
| || ''Jibaner Taape Shudhu'' || || || ||
|-
| 1962 || ''Jibanta Bhai Railer Gari'' || ''Mayar Sangsar'' || || Robin Chatterjee ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Har Dil Me Umang Nache'' || ''Maroner Pore'' || Mohini Choudhury, Pranab Roy || Sargam ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Kaise Kaate Rajani'' (duet with Ustad Amir Khan) || ''Kshudito Pashan'' || Pandit Bhushan || Ali Akbar Khan ||
|-

| 1955 || ''Kakhan Je Phul Phutlo'' || ''Dasyu Mohan'' || Bimal Ghosh || Rajen Sarkar ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Kal Boli Kala Gelo Madhupure'' || ''Mathur'' || Chandidas || Dilip Kumar Roy || 9STXNxIOoqI
|-
| || ''Kalankeri Bhaye Sakhi'' || || || ||
|-
| 1965 || ''Kalari Banshite'' (duet with Mrinal Chakraborty) || ''Mahalagna'' || || ||
|-
| 1956 || ''Kankabotir Knankon Baje'' || || Anal Chatterjee || Shyamal Mitra ||
|-
| 1962 || ''Kanthe Amar Kantar Mala'' || ''Dadathakur'' || || ||
|-
| 1956 || ''Kanya Tomar Kajol'' (Duet with Satinath Mukhopadhyay) || ''Asamapta'' || || Anil Bagchi ||
|-
| || ''Katha diye keno balo Shyam'' || Bhajan - All India Radio || || - ||
|-
| || ''Kato tuku Lekha Jay Chithite'' || || || Anupam Ghatak ||
|-
| || ''Kaajal Dhoya Chokher Jale'' || || || ||
|-
| 1956 || ''Ke Jane Kakhon Meghe'' || ''Sinthir Sindur'' || || Kalipada Sen ||
|-
| || ''Keno Ailam Go'' (chorus with Sumitra Sen) || Folk – ''Dhamail'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Keno Phul Phote'' || || || ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Kemone Toribo Tara'' || ''Anindita'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| || ''Khejur Patay Nupur'' || || || ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Khoka Ghumalo Para Juralo'' || ''Bindur Chhele'' || || Kalipada Sen ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Ki Rup Herinu'' || ''Neelachole Mohaprobhu'' || Baishnab Mahajan || Rai Chand Baral || V6cEnDVKLN4
|-
| || ''Kishori Baani Shuniya'' || ''Padabali Kirtan'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Klanto Shephalira Ghumiye Porechhe'' || || || ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Kon Se Gaaner Chhanda Niye'' || ''Punarmilan'' || Leela Debi || Kalipada Sen ||
|-
| || ''Koi Go Koi Go Koi'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Shyamal Mitra ||
|-
| || ''Kshamiyo Hey Shib'' || || Atul Prasad Sen || Atul Prasad Sen ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Kusum Dolay Dole Shyam Rai'' || ''Parineeta'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| || ''Lalita Go Dhik Rahu Jibane'' || Album Padavali Kirtan || || || Ec6IQNcC0e4
|-
| 1958 || ''Ma Ami Tor Khyapa Baul'' || || Swami Styananda || Rathin Ghosh ||
|-
| || ''Maa Thakuma Bolto Paan Kheye Thont Laal'' || || || || rXKjL9Gaeo
|-
| 1957 || ''Madhab Bahut Minati'' || ''Neelachale Mahaprobhu'' || || Rai Chand Baral ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Madhur Madhur Mskaye'' || ''Dasyu Mohan'' || Pandit Bhushan || Rajen Sarkar || PaPVOVzPtQc
|-
| 1976 || ''Mago Emon Hoy Na Keno'' || || Anal Chattopadhyay || Anal Chattopadhyay ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Maharah Maharaj Phire Eso'' (duet with Manna De) || ''Harishchandra'' || Gouriprasanna Majumdar || Nachiketa Ghosh ||L1No6D4uPWk
|-
| 1961 || ''Main Ho Gayee Diwani'' || ''Jhinder Bondi'' || Pandit Bhushan || Ali Akbar Khan ||
|-
| || ''Main Toh Lio Pio Mol'' || Meera Bhajans || || ||
|-
| 1945 || ''Mala Khani Diye Amare'' (in the name: Pratima Chatterjee) || Senola Records || Sukriti Sen || Sukriti Sen ||
|-
| || ''Mala Theke Phul'' || || || ||
|-
|1956 || ''Manmohan Shyam Hamare'' || ''Shyamoli'' || Pandit Bhshan || Kalipada Sen || JEraPsbIup0
|-
| || ''Mayur Je Nachhe'' || || Gauriprasanna Majumdar || Nachiketa Ghosh ||
|-
| 1959 || ''Megh Rangano Asto Akash'' || || Prabodh Ghosh || Anal Chattopadhyay || 455U_19GieU
|-
| 1955 || ''Meghla Bhanga Rod Uthechhe'' || ''Tar Aar Par Nei'' || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Nachiketa Ghosh ||
|-
| || Michhe Dosh Diyo Na Amay || || Mukul Datta || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1963 || ''Mon Je Khushi Khushi Aaj'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Rotu Mukhopadhyay ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Mon Nile Mon Dite Hoy'' || ''Rajodrohi'' || || Ali Akbar Khan ||
|-
| || ''Mone Agun Jwale'' || || || ||
|-
| || ''Mor Na Mitite Asha Bhangilo Khela'' || Abnibeena || Kazi Nazrul Islam || Kazi Nazrul Islam ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Murali Baaje Prem Brindabone'' (duet with Samaresh Ray) || ''Goriber Meye'' || Bimal Ghosh || 5iloaHZumts
|-
| - || ''Musafir Kya Subha abhi ja'' || || || 5iloaHZumts
|-
| || ''Na Thak Na Thak Aaj'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Naba Manjari Oi Phutechhe'' || || || ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Nache Mayuri Radha Kunja Majhe'' || ''Aalo Aamar Aalo'' || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Pabitra Chattopadhyay ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Nai Jodi Keu Shone'' || ''Sadanander Mela'' || || Kalipada Sen ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Nao Gaan Bhore Nao Pran Bhore'' || || Salil Choudhury || Salil Choudhury ||
|-
| 1952 || ''Natun Alor Gaan Amra'' || ''Andhar Surjyo'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Nibhe Ja Raat Nibhe Jaa'' || || Barun Biswas || Sudhin Dasgupta ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Ningariya Neel Shari'' || ''Dhuli'' || || Rajen Sarkar ||
|-
| || ''Nirab Nijhum Nishiraat'' || || || ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Nohe Nohe Priyo E Noy Ankhijal'' || Album: Gems From Kazi Nazrul Islam || Kazi Nazrul Islam || Kazi Nazrul Islam ||
|-
| 1974 || ''O Bishakha'' || ''Alo O Chhaya'' || || Bijan Pal ||
|-
| 1964 || ''O Ganga Onge Tomar'' || Album Puja || Arup Chattopadhyay || Anal Chattopadhyay ||
|-
| 1966 || ''O Tiya Tore'' || ''Ek Saathe'' || || Mrinal Banerjee ||
|-
| 1967 || ''O Shalik Shalik'' || ''Miss Priyangbada'' || Shankar Bhattacharya || Subir Sen ||
|-
| 1963 || ''Ogo Sagar Ami Bahir Holem'' || ''Dwiper Naam Tiyarang'' || || Shyamal Mitra ||
|-
| || ''Oi Akashe Klanti Nei'' || || || Abhijit Banerjee ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Oi Jhilmil Nil Akashe'' || ''Prabesh Nishedh'' || Sudhin Dasgupta || Sudhin Dasgupta ||
|-
| || ''Oi Kalo Rupe Laj'' || || || ||
|-
| 1953 || ''Oke Dharile To'' || ''Bau Thakuranir Haat'' || || Dwijen Chowdhury ||
|-
| || ''Patho Hara Pakhi'' || Album ''Amar Ganer Bulbuli'' || Kazi Nazrul Islam || Kazi Nazrul Islam ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Phaguya Brij Dekhan'' || ''Dhuli'' || || Rajen Sarkar || Y8eIyZV3Y8M
|-
| 1961 || ''Phande Pariya Boga Kande'' || Folk songs of Bengal – Bhaowaiya || || ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Phul Bolleo Bhul Hoy'' || ''Sujata'' || || ||
|-
| 1966 || ''Phuler Hasite Aar Olir Banshite'' || ''Harano Prem'' || || ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Piya Bina Jiya Mora'' (duet with A T Kanan") || || || ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Piya Jao Jao'' || || || ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Pradip Kohilo Dakhina Samire'' || || Arup Bhattacharya || Durga Sen || yYCLFM2onu4
|-
| 1962 || ''Prajapati Prajapati Re'' || || Prabodh Ghosh || Anal Chattopadhyay || C-LWku7eNV4
|-
| 1969 || ''Prem Shudhu Ek Mombati'' || || Sunil Baran || Sudhin Dasgupta ||
|-
| || ''Priya Jao Jao Jao'' || || || || fNtmRviQdjI
|-
| 1945 || ''Priyo Khule Rekho Batayon'' (in the name: Pratima Chatterjee) || Senola Records || Sukriti Sen || Sukriti Sen ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Purush Je Tor Parashpathar'' || ''Kapalkundala'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1952 || ''Raat Nijhum Hok Na Andhar Kalo'' || ''Andhar Surya'' || || Rabin Chatterjee || VQFU8kX7tQ0
|-
| || ''Raater Deule Jage Birohi Tara'' || || || Himangshu Datta ||
|-
|1954
| ''Ratisukhsaare Gatamabhisaare'' (duet with Dwijen Mukhopadhyay)|| ''Jaydeb'' || Jaydeb || Nachiketa Ghosh || huoGGtUaUlk
|-
|1954 || ''Ras Ke Bhare More Nain'' || ''Dhuli'' || || Rajen Sarkar ||
|-
| || ''Rum Jhum Jhum Rum Jhum Jhum'' || || || Kazi Nazrul Islam ||
|-
| || ''Sab-i Jodi Bhul'' || || Prakashkali Ghosha || Prakashkali Ghosha ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Sajani Go Rajanike Chole Jete Daao'' || || Miltu Ghosh || Sudhin Dasgupta ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Sakaler Alo Andharer Kalo'' || ''Jiban Jigyasa'' || || Shyamal Mitra ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Sansare Jodi Nahi Pai Sara'' || ''Parineeta'' || [[Atul Prasad Sen]] || [[Atul Prasad Sen]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''Saat Ronga Ek Pakhi'' || || Subir Hajra || Sudhin Dasgupta
|-
| 1961 || ''Saatti Tarar Ei Timir'' || || Subir Hajra || Sudhin Dasgupta ||
|-
| 1960 || ''Saadh Kare Pushilam Moyna'' (Duet with [[Nirmalendu Choudhury]]) || ''Natun Fashal'' || || Rai Chand Boral ||
|-
| 1953 || ''Se Din Guli Phiriye Dao'' || || Mohinee Choudhury || Nitai Ghatak ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Shukno Patar Nupur Paye'' || Album ''Sanjher Pakhira Phirilo Kulaye'' || Kazi Najrul Islam || Kazi Najrul Islam ||
|-
| || ''Shyam Tumi Jodi Radha Hote'' || || || ||
|-
| 1958 || ''Sobuj Ghaser Bone'' || ''Saat Bhai Champa'' || || ||
|-
| || ''Sonar Tari Noy Go Amar'' || || || ||
|-
| 1963 || ''Sondhya Belar Ekti'' || ''Kalsrot'' || Shyamal Gupta || Manabendra Mukhopadhyay ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Shraaban Raate'' (duet with Shyamal Mitra|| ''Aalo Andhare'' || || Mrinal Bandyopadhyay ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Sur Jhora Ei Nishi Raat'' || ''Teen Aadhyay'' || || Gopen Mullick ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Tandrahara Raat Oi Jege Roy'' || || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Taras Taras Gaye'' (duet with Swaruplata) || ''Antariksha'' || Pandit Bhushan || Ustad Ali Akbar Khan ||
|-
| || ''Tobu Amay Mone Rekho'' || || Biswanath Ganguly || Ustad Ali Akbar Khan ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Tomar Bhubane Tumi'' || ''Teen Aadhay'' || || Gopen Mullick ||
|-
| || ''Tomar Deeper Alote Noy'' || || || ||
|-
| || ''Tomar Deoya Anguriyo'' || || Barun Biswas || Sudhin Dasgupta ||
|-
| 1957 || ''Tomar Du Chokhe Amar Swapna'' || || Pulak Bandyopadhyay || Abhijit Banerjee ||
|-
| || ''Tomare Cheyechhi Bole'' || || || ||
|-
| || ''Tomari Jharnatalar Nirjane'' || || Rabindranath Thakur || Rabindranath Thakur ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Tomay Keno Lagchhe Eto Chena'' || || Pulak Bandopadhyay || Bhupen Hazarika ||
|-
| || ''Tomay Peyechhi Ami'' || AIR Ramyageeti || Prakashkali Ghoshal || Unknown ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Tora Sab Amar Bhadur Rupti Dekhe'' || ''Pratima'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Tribeni Tirthapathe Ke Gahilo Gaan'' (duet with [[Chinmoy Lahiri]]) || ''Shap Mochan'' || || Hemanta Mukherjee ||
|-
| || ''Tumi Chokher Samne Dharo'' || || Pulak Bandopadhyay || Manna De ||
|-
| 1954 || ''Tumi Ele Aaj Ki Debo Tomay'' || || Arup Bhattacharya || Durga Sen ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Tumi Jodi Radha Hote Shyam'' || || Kazi Najrul Islam || Kazi Najrul Islam ||
|-
| 1951 || ''Uchhal Totini Ami'' || ''Sunonda'r Biye'' || || Sudhirlal Chakraborty ||
|}
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of Films (as playback singer)
! Year
! Film
|-
|1951
|''Sunonda'r Biye''
|-
|1952
|''Andhar Surjyo''
|-
|1953
|''Bouthakuranir Haat''
|-
|1953
|''Laljhuti Kakatua''
|-
|1954
|''Dhuli''
|-
|1954
|''Jodu Bhatta''
|-
|1954
|''Jaydev''
|-
|1954
|''Sadanander Mela''
|-
|1955
|''Aparadhi''
|-
|1955
|''Bhalobasa''
|-
|1955
|''Dasyu Mohan''
|-
|1955
|''Hrod''
|-
|1955
|''Shap Mochan''
|-
|1955
|''Tar Aar Par Nei''
|-
|1955
|''Shap Mochan''
|-
|1956
|''Asamapta''
|-
|1956
|''Putrabodhu''
|-
|1956
|''Shyamali''
|-
|1956
|''Sinthir Sindur''
|-
|1957
|''Aalo Andhare''
|-
|1957
|''Daata Karna''
|-
|1957
|''Harano Sur''
|-
|1957
|''Harishchandra''
|-
|1957
|''Neelachale Mahaprobhu''
|-
|1957
|''Punarmilan''
|-
|1957
|''Tasher Ghar''
|-
|1958
|''Bandhu''
|-
|1958
|''Kalamati''
|-
|1958
|''Sahara (Hindi)''
|-
|1959
|''Ek Gochha Rajanigandha''
|-
|1959
|''Janmantar''
|-
|1959
|''Lalu Bhulu''
|-
|1960
|''Goriber Meye''
|-
|1960
|''Kshudito Pashan''
|-
|1960
|''Natun Fasal''
|-
|1960
|''Prabesh Nishedh''
|-
|1961
|''Jhinder Bondi''
|-
|1962
|''Bandhan''
|-
|1962
|''Bipasha''
|-
|1962
|''Dadathakur''
|-
|1962
|''Mayar Sangsar''
|-
|1963
|''Dwiper Naam Tiyarang''
|-
|1963
|''Kalsrot''
|-
|1963
|''Uttarayan''
|-
|1964
|''Kasti Pathar''
|-
|1965
|''Mahalagna''
|-
|1965
|''Mukhujjye Paribar''
|-
|1966
|''Angeekar''
|-
|1966
|''Ek Saathe''
|-
|1966
|''Harano Prem''
|-
|1966
|''Rajodrohi''
|-
|1967
|''Chhuti''
|-
|1967
|''Miss Priyambada''
|-
|1968
|''Chowranghee''
|-
|1968
|''Teen Adhyaya''
|-
|1969
|''Parineeta''
|-
|1969
|''Sabarmati''
|-
|1970
|''Pratima''
|-
|1971
|''Ekhane Pinjar''
|-
|1971
|''Jiban Jigyasa''
|-
|1971
|''Pratham Basanta''
|-
|1972
|''Aalo Aamar Aalo''
|-
|1972
|''Anindita''
|-
|1972
|''Shapath Nilam''
|-
|1973
|''Bindur Chhele''
|-
|1974
|''Alo O Chhaya''
|-
|1974
|''Bisarjan''
|-
|1974
|''Jadu Bangsha''
|-
|1974
|''Sujata''
|-
|1974
|''Thagini''
|-
|1976
|''Asamay''
|-
|1977
|''Golap Bou''
|-
|1978
|''Joy Maa Tara''
|-
|1979
|''Heerey Manik''
|-
|1981
|''Kapalkundala''
|-
|1987
|''Lalan Fakir  ''
|}

=== Others ===
;Musical Opera
Pratima Bandopadhyay also rendered her voice in the following Musical Opera:
*Alibaba (Opera) Part-1 & 2 (Children Opera) created by Kshirod Prasad Bidyabinod. Drama: Pranab Ray, Music: V Blsara.
*Shree Radhar Manbhanjan (Religious Opera). Compilation: Pranab Ray, Music: Rabin Chattopadhyay.

;Music Composition by Pratima Bandopadhyay
* Tandrahara Raat - Hemanta Mukhopadhyay; Lyrics - Debashis Chattopadhyay; Music - Pratima Bandopadhyay; (code 2vY3CeAHI8M).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm1716134}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandopadhyay, Pratima}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

List of airports in Bihar

2026-02-05T14:18:17Z

ZaidBaig:

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:Narendra_Modi_at_Darbhanga_airport.jpg|thumb|PM [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Darbhanga Airport]]]]
[[File:Gaya_Airport_GAY.jpg|thumb|Gaya Airport-Bodh Gaya Airport is located in the city Gaya in the state of Bihar, India.]]

[[Bihar]], a state of India, has airports which have access to international flights, domestic and some non used airstrips for emergency purposes.<ref name="India Airport">{{cite web |title=List of Airports in Bihar |url=https://indiaairport.com/states/bihar/index.htm |website=India Airport |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> All the airports in Bihar are operated by [[Airport Authority of India|Airports Authority of India]].

== List ==
The list includes domestic, military, and non-operational airports with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.<ref name="India Airport"/>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size: 95%"
! style="width:10em;"|Area served
! style="width:25em;"|Airport name
! style="width:5em;"|IATA
! style="width:5em;"|ICAO
! style="width:10em;"|Airport type
! style="width:5em;"|Operational
! style="width:15em;"|Owned/operated by
|-
| [[Begusarai]]
| [[Begusarai Airport]]
| —
| —
| style="background:ForestGreen; color:white;" |'''Domestic'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Bhagalpur]]
| [[Bhagalpur Airport]]
| —
| —
| style="background:ForestGreen; color:white;" |'''Domestic'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Bihta]]
| [[Bihta Air Force Station]]
| —
| —
| style="background:DarkSlateGray; color:white;" |'''Military'''
| style="background:PaleGreen; color:black;"|Operational
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]]
|-
| [[Birpur, Supaul|Birpur]]
| Birpur Airport
| —
| —
| style="background:DarkSlateGray; color:white;" |'''Defence'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Chhapra]]
| Chapra Airport
| —
| —
| style="background:DarkSlateGray; color:white;" |'''Defence'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Darbhanga Airport]]
| DBR
| VEDH
| style="background:ForestGreen; color:white;" |'''International (CE)'''
| style="background:PaleGreen; color:black;"|Operational
| MoD and AAI
|-
| [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| [[Gaya Airport]]
| GAY
| VEGY
| style="background:Chocolate; color:white;" |'''International'''
| style="background:PaleGreen; color:black;"|Operational
| [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]
|-
| [[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]]
| [[Sabeya Airport]]
| —
| —
| style="background:DarkSlateGray; color:white;" |'''Military'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]]
|-
| [[Katihar]]
| Katihar Airport
| —
| —
| style="background:DarkSlateGray; color:white;" |'''Defence'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Munger]]
| [[Munger Airport]]
| —
| —
| style="background:ForestGreen; color:white;" |'''Domestic'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| [[Muzaffarpur Airport]]
| MZU
| VEMZ
| style="background:ForestGreen; color:white;" |'''Domestic'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]
|-
| [[Patna]]
| [[Jay Prakash Narayan Airport]]
| PAT
| VEPT
| style="background:Chocolate; color:white;" |'''International'''
| style="background:PaleGreen; color:black;"|Operational
| [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]
|-
| [[Purnia]]
| [[Purnia Airport]]
| PXN
| VEPU
| style="background:ForestGreen; color:white;" |'''International (CE)'''
| style="background:PaleGreen; color:black;"|Operational
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] and [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]
|-
| [[Raxaul]]
| [[Raxaul Airport]]
| —
| VERL
| style="background:ForestGreen; color:white;" |'''Domestic'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]
|-
| [[Saharsa]]
| Saharsa Airport
| —
| —
| style="background:ForestGreen; color:white;" |'''Domestic'''
| style="background:LightCoral; color:black;" |Closed
| [[Government of Bihar]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Airports in India}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Bihar|*]]
[[Category:Lists of airports in India|Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar-related lists|Airports]]

Ludhiana Junction railway station

2026-02-04T17:42:17Z

ZaidBaig:

{{Short description|Railway station in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ludhiana Junction
| type = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 340
| perrow = 1/2
| image1 = Ldhjun.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Ludhiana railway station.jpg
| caption2 =
| image3 = Ldh junction.jpg
| caption3 =
}}
| image_caption = Ludhiana Junction
| address = Kamla Nehru Market, Old Ludhiana, Ludhiana, Punjab 141001
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.912|N|75.848|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|246|m|ft}}
| line = [[Ambala–Attari line]], [[Ludhiana–Fazilka line]], [[Ludhiana–Jakhal line]], [[Ludhiana–Chandigarh line]]
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 7
| tracks = 18 {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = {{start date and age|1864}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1996–97
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = LDH
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Firozpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Punjab#India
| map_dot_label = Ludhiana Junction
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Ladhowal|right=Dhandari Kalan|type=[[Ambala–Attari line]]
|line2=Northern Railway zone|left2=|right2=Model Gram|type2=[[Ludhiana–Fazilka line]]
|line3=Northern Railway zone|left3=|right3=Gill|type3=Ludhinana–Jakhal line}}
}}

'''Ludhiana Junction railway station''' (station code: '''LDH''') is a railway station located in [[Ludhiana district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Ludhiana]]. It is located in about the centre of the city and is among the busiest railway stations of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is also among the cleanest of railway stations of India. This railway station is taken up for being upgraded to model railway station by Railways Department, Government of India.

==The railway station==
[[File:LDH PF4.JPG|thumb|left|Nameboard of Ludhiana Railway Station on PF4]]
Ludhiana railway station is at an elevation of {{convert|246|m|ft}} and was assigned the code – LDH.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/ludhiana-junction-ldh/342 |title= Ludhiana railway station|publisher=indiarailinfo.com | access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]] completed the {{convert|483|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long {{stnlnk|Amritsar}}–[[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantt]] – {{stnlnk|Saharanpur}}–{{stnlnk|Meerut}}–{{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}} line in 1870 connecting [[Multan Cantonment railway station|Multan]] (now in Pakistan) with [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]].<ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railway History timeline |author=R.P. Saxena |publisher=[[IRFCA]] |access-date=2012-02-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The Ludhiana–Jakhal line was laid in 1901, possibly by the Southern Punjab Railway Co.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_sang9.htm#ch7c|title= Chapter VII – Communications|access-date= 26 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083351/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_sang9.htm#ch7c|archive-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref>

The extension from the Macleodganj (later renamed Mandi Sadiqganj and now in Pakistan) railway line to Ludhiana was opened by the Southern Punjab Railway Company in 1905.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|title= Chapter VII Communications|access-date= 20 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140223172820/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%207.htm|archive-date= 23 February 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref>

The {{stnlnk|Sahnewal}}–{{stnlnk|Chandigarh}} rail link (also referred to as Ludhiana–Chandigarh rail link) was inaugurated in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130419/ldh1.htm |title= New Rail Link |work= The Tribune|date=19 April 2013| access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Mandi Gobindgarh-Ludhiana sector was electrified in 1996–97.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| title=History of Electrification| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

==Loco sheds==
Ludhiana Diesel Loco Shed holds 184+ locos including [[WDM-2]], [[WDM-3A]] and [[WDG-3A]]/[[WDG-4D]]. [[Electric Loco Shed, Ludhiana|Ludhiana Electric Loco Shed]] was commissioned in 2001 and houses [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] (now transferred to other sheds), [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]], [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] (now transferred to TKD DLS) locos.

==Passenger movement==
Ludhiana is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/ludhiana-junction-ldh/342 Trains at Ludhiana]
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Ludhiana}}

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1870]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Ludhiana]]

Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-02T09:16:18Z

ZaidBaig: started the article w/ infobox

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shirdi
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Shirdi.map}}
| map_caption =Shirdi Lok Sabha Constituency map
| established = 2008
| mp = [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 16,77,335 (2024)
| assembly_cons = [[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]] [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]] [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]] [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]] [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] [[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]
}}
'''Shirdi''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]]) [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|constituencies]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. This constituency was created on 19 February 2008 as a part of the implementation of the [[President of India|Presidential]] notification based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted on 12 July 2002.<ref name=delimit/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228022947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2008|title=Delimitation notification comes into effect|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 February 2008}}</ref> This constituency is one of the two Lok Sabha constituencies in [[Ahmednagar district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Delimitation-to-set-new-equations/articleshow/4214806.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023170046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-03/pune/28001345_1_assembly-constituencies-assembly-seats-maval|url-status=live|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Delimitation to set new equations|author=Yadav, Radheshyam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2009}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]] of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]. As of the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 elections]], its current MP is [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]] also of [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] .

==Assembly segments==
Currently, the Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Downloads/Notification%20_English.pdf|page=25|title=Delimitation Commission of India Notification|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra|accessdate=8 November 2014}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! colspan=2 |Winning {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|216
|[[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]] (ST)
| rowspan="6" |[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|[[Kiran Lahamate]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 217
|[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]
|[[Amol Khatal]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|218
|[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]
|[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|219
|[[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]
|[[Ashutosh Ashokrao Kale|Ashutosh Kale]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|220
|[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] (SC)
|[[Ogale Hemant Bhujangrao|Hemant Ogle]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|221
|[[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]
|[[Vitthal Langhe]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Before 2008 : See [[Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency|Kopargaon]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure|Bhausaheb Wakchaure]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure|Bhausaheb Wakchaure]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Shirdi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
|candidate=[[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]]
|votes=476900
|percentage=45.00
|change=''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
|votes = 4,26,371
|percentage = 40.23
|change = {{decrease}}7.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
|candidate=Utkarsha Rupwate
|votes=90,929
|percentage=8.58
|change={{increase}}2.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Bhausaheb Ramnath Wakchaure
|votes =14,006
|percentage = 1.32
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramchandra Namdev Jadhav
|votes =7,040
|percentage = 0.66
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ravindra Kallayya Swamy
|votes =5,537
|percentage = 0.52
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate= [[None of the above]]|votes=5,380|percentage=0.51|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=50,529|percentage=4.77|change={{down}}6.40}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,60,418|percentage=63.12|change={{down}}1.81}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Shirdi]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
|votes = 4,86,820
|percentage = 47.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhausaheb Malhari Kamble]]
|votes = 3,66,625
|percentage = 35.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Sanjay Laxman Sukhdan
|votes = 63,287
|percentage = 6.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Pradip Sunil sarode
|votes = 12,946
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Adv. Bansi Satpute
|votes = 20,300
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,20,195
|percentage = 11.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,30,502
|percentage = 64.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Shirdi]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archivedate=2 July 2014|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1338.htm?ac=38|title=Maharashtra - Shirdi|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=7 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519225801/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1338.htm?ac=38|archivedate=19 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate =[[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
|votes = 5,32,936
|percentage = 57.14
|change = +2.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]]
|votes = 3,33,014
|percentage = 35.71
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Nitin Udmale
|votes =11,580
|percentage = 1.24
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahendra Dadasaheb Shinde
|votes = 10,381
|percentage =1.11
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Santosh Madhukar Roham
|votes = 9,296
|percentage =1.00
|change = N/A
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,99,922
|percentage = 21.43
|change = +1.44
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,32,893
|percentage = 63.80
|change = +13.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Shirdi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=98–99|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=30 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archivedate=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure|Bhausaheb Wakchaure]]
|votes = 3,59,921
|percentage = 54.21
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
|candidate = [[Ramdas Athawale]]
|votes = 2,27,170
|percentage = 34.22
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Premanand Rupawate
|votes = 22,787
|percentage = 3.43
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kacharu Nagu Waghmare
|votes = 8,408
|percentage =1.27
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,32,751
|percentage = 19.99
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,63,881
|percentage = 50.37
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Ahmednagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/shirdi/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Shirdi lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.8|74.5|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra created in 2008]]
[[Category:Shirdi]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]

Seema G. Nair

2026-02-01T15:36:07Z

ZaidBaig: cleanup

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seema G. Nair
| image =
| caption = Seema G Nair at a family function
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mundakayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| years_active = 1984{{En dash}}present
}}
'''Seema G. Nair''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and [[Television|TV series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalamcinema.com/meet-star/profile/seema-g-nair|title=SEEMA G NAIR|website=www.malayalamcinema.com|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808170024/https://www.malayalamcinema.com/meet-star/profile/seema-g-nair|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Seema enjoys listening to Ghazal songs, cooking, traveling and cherishing 'me time'. Her favorite color is black, with her wardrobe predominantly featuring black, red, and white.<ref name=":0" /> She particularly favors the traditional Kerala dress.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Actor Seema Nair on her life and power-packed dress sense |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2020/12/02/seema-g-nair-on-life-power-packed-dress-sense.html |access-date=2024-06-15 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

==Career==
Seema is the Vice President of ATMA (Association of Television Media Artistes).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140618/entertainment-tvmusic/article/north-indian-invasion-south-silver-screen|title=North Indian invasion on the south silver-screen|first=elizabeth|last=thomas|date=18 June 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She is a member of Make-A-Wish Foundation, for Kerala division, a charity Organization based in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mangalam Varika 15-Apr-2013|url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/83/14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419014019/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/83/14|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2013|publisher=mangalam.com|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref> Both Nair and her mother Cherthala Sumathi won the Kerala State Amateur Drama Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mathrubhumi: ReadMore -'Sweeping come back for Seema' |url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/5244 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304033444/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/5244 |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2021 - Mother Teresa Award<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Sep 23, 2021|title=Mother Teresa award for Seema G Nair {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/mother-teresa-award-for-seema-g-nair/articleshow/86437193.cms|access-date=2022-01-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
*2019 - [[Asianet Communications|Asianet]] Television Award for Best Character actress: Vanambadi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asianet television awards 2019 Winners List {{!}} Telecast Details|url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2019/08/asianet-television-awards-2019-winners.html|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref>
* 1992 Kerala State Amateur Drama Awards<ref>{{cite web|title=Snehita - Arangu|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSdOcl9r02o|publisher=amritatv.com|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1984|| ''[[Paavam Krooran]]'' ||Murdered lady||
|-
| ''[[Parannu Parannu Parannu]]'' ||College student||
|-
| ''[[Aduthaduthu]]''|| Kumudham||
|-
|1986|| ''[[Neram Pularumbol]]'' ||Nun||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000|| ''Thottam''||-||
|-
|''Man Kolangal''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mazha]]''||Doctor||
|-
|2001||''The Gift of God''|| ||
|-
|2002|| ''Bheri''|| ||
|-
|2003 || ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' || Kunjulakshmi||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004|| ''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]] ''||Pushkaran's wife||
|-
| ''Kaazhcha ''||-||Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005 || ''[[Rappakal]]''||Gauri's sister||
|-
| ''[[Nerariyan CBI]] ''||Thulasi||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006|| ''[[Mahasamudram]]''||Devi's sister||
|-
| ''[[Karutha Pakshikal]]'' ||Pankajam||
|-
|''[[Vaasthavam]]''||Shobha||
|-
|''[[Pakal (film)|Pakal]]''||Panchayat President||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007||''[[Changathipoocha]]''||Jaanu||
|-
|''[[Thakarachenda]]''||Vasanthi||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008||''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]'' || Neelantan's wife||
|-
|[[Aandavan (2008 film)|''Aandavan'']] ||Sarasu||
|-
| ''[[Swarnam]]''||Suicided man's mother||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 || ''[[Swantham Lekhakan]]'' ||Kamalakshi||
|-
|[[Malayali (film)|''Malayali'']] || Madhavan's sister||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Mukham]]'' ||Sudhi's kin||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2010 || ''Vazhiyariyathe'' || Savithri || Short film
|-
|''[[Oridathoru Postman]]'' ||Chandrappan's wife||
|-
|[[Pulliman (2010 film)|''Pulliman'']]||Amina||
|-
|''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]''||Meenu teacher||
|-
| ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' ||Omana||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2011 || [[Kayam (2011 film)|''Kayam'']] ||Muthu's mother||
|-
| ''[[Bombay March 12]]'' ||Police officer||
|-
| ''[[Sarkar Colony]]'' ||Colony resident||
|-
| ''[[Maharaja Talkies]]'' ||Aida||
|-
|''[[Koratty Pattanam Railway Gate]]''||Sebatti'smother ||
|-
| rowspan="8" |2012 || ''[[Vaadhyar]]''||School teacher||
|-
| ''[[Veendum Kannur]]''||-||
|-
| [[Asuravithu (2012 film)|''Asuravithu'']] ||Boat conductress ||
|-
|''[[Perinoru Makan]]''||Remani||
|-
| ''[[No. 66 Madhura Bus]]'' ||Sumithra||
|-
|''[[Red Alert: The War Within|Red Alert]]''||-||
|-
| [[Friday (2012 film)|''Friday'']] ||-||
|-
| ''Pratheekshayode ''||Anjali Ravikumar||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2013|| [[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|''Black Butterfly'']] ||Mary||
|-
| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' ||Vimala||
|-
| ''[[Ayaal]]''||Kochellu||
|-
| ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]'' ||Clara||
|-
| ''Weeping Boy''||Ammu||
|-
| ''For Sale''||Lola||
|-
| [[Memories (2013 film)|''Memories'']] ||Valsamma||
|-
| ''[[Mizhi]]''||Savithri||
|-
| rowspan="12" |2014 ||''Flat No. 4B''||Mallika||
|-
| [[1983 (film)|''1983'']] ||Rameshan's mother||
|-
| [[Happy Journey (2014 Malayalam film)|''Happy Journey'']] ||Liza||
|-
|''Solar Swapnam''||-||
|-
| ''Thomson Villa''||Malathy Menon||
|-
| ''Moksham''||Rajappan's wife|| Short film
|-
| ''Tharangal''||Sujatha||
|-
|''69 Oru Thala Thirinja Katha''||-||Short film
|-
| ''[[Bhaiyya Bhaiyya]]'' ||Jameela||
|-
|''Iniyum Ethra Dooram ''||Doctor||
|-
| [[Apothecary (film)|''Apothecary'']] ||Clara ||
|-
|''The Dolphins''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="14" |2015|| ''[[Perariyathavar]]''||Chami's wife ||
|-
|''Mashithandu''||Janaki||
|-
|''[[Mariyam Mukku]]'' ||Marykutty||
|-
| ''[[Mayapuri]] 3D''||Umma||
|-
|''Sarathi''||Lathika||
|-
|''[[Jamna Pyari]] ''||Tony's mother||
|-
| ''[[Vishwasam... Athallae Ellaam]]'' ||Leelamma||
|-
|''Just Married''||Vimala||
|-
| ''[[Kunjiramayanam]]''|| Sumathi||
|-
|''Snehamaapinikal Undaayirunnenkil''|| - ||Short film
|-
|''Kunjipennu''||-||Album
|-
|''Pickles ''||Abhi'smother||
|-
|''ATM''||Remani||
|-
| ''[[Aana Mayil Ottakam]]'' ||Prakashan's mother||
|-
| rowspan="13" |2016|| ''Mezhukuthiri''||{{N/A}}||Voice only Short film
|-
| ''Thaye Bhagavathi''||-||Album
|-
| ''Janmandharangal''||-||Short film
|-
| ''Ee Yathrayil''||Vinod's mother||Short film
|-
| ''Angane Thanne Nethave Anjettanam Pinnale''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Namasthe]]'' ||Mohanan's wife||
|-
| ''[[Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti]]'' ||Vinayan'smother||
|-
| [[Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya (film)|''Oru Murai Vanthu Parthaya'']] ||Aswathy's mother||
|-
| ''[[168 Hours]]'' ||Treesa's mother||
|-
| ''[[Swarna Kaduva]]'' ||Binoy's mother||
|-
| ''[[Kattappanayile Hrithik Roshan]]'' ||Kani's mother||
|-
|''Paulettante Veedu''||Paul's wife||
|-
|''Irandu Manam Vendum''|| -||Tamil movie
|-
| rowspan="9" |2017 ||''Paathi''||Radha||
|-
| ''[[Bairavaa]]''||Vaishali'smother||Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Fukri]]''||Gauthami ||
|-
| ''[[Alamara]]''||Sukumari||
|-
| [[Sakhavu (2017 film)|''Sakhavu'']] ||Janaki's mother||
|-
| ''[[Aakashamittayi]]''||Aparna's mother||
|-
|''6 Viralukal''||-||
|-
|''Sadrishyavakyam 24:29''||Radha ||
|-
|[[Crossroad (2017 film)|''Crossroad'']] ||Mariyamma||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2018|| ''Thira Pole''||-||
|-
| ''Dear Mom''||-||Short film
|-
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]''||Binu's mother||
|-
|''[[Panchavarnathatha]]''||Deepa Udayan||
|-
|''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]''||Subin's mother||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' ||GP's wife||
|-
|''Aikkarakoanathe Beeshgwaranmar''||Madhavi||
|-
|''Karinkannan''||Dasan's mother||<ref>{{cite news |title=Karinkannan movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/karinkannan/movie-review/67010291.cms |access-date=2 April 2024 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]'' ||Rajan's wife||
|-
| [[Ladoo (film)|''Ladoo'']] ||S.K.'s Mother||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2019||''Mathrujam''||Revathy|| Short film
|-
|[[Thirumanam (2019 film)|''Thirumanam'']]||Vadivambal||Tamil film
|-
|''Vallikettu''||Karthu||
|-
|''1948 Kaalam Paranjathu''|| ||
|-
|''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' ||Vicky's mom||
|-
|''Nan Petta Makan''||Manohari||
|-
|''Mafi Dona''||Sheeba||
|-
|''Thankabhasmakuriyittu Thampuratti''|| Manu's mother||
|-
|''March Randam Vyazham''||Kayal Devi||
|-
|''Puthusseri Kavilamma''||Nanu Nair's wife||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020||''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]'' ||{{N/A}}||Dubbed for [[Kalarenjini]] Character : Kamala
|-
|''Vatsalyam''|| Amma||Music video
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021||''Sneha Seema''|| Amma||Music video Singer also
|-
|''Enpathukalile Epyanmar''||Fathima||
|-
|''Masaladasa''||Prostitute||Short film
|-
|''Minutes''||Mary||Short film
|-
|''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]''||Keshu's sister||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022||''Moori''||-||
|-
|''Ulkkazhcha''||-||
|-
|''Vaamanan''|| ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2023 || ''Vanitha'' || Sridevi ||
|-
| ''Uppumaavu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Within Seconds]]'' || Leelaamma ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Trailer Of Indrans' Malayalam Movie Within Seconds Out; Watch Here |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/trailer-of-indrans-malayalam-movie-within-seconds-out-watch-here-7720105.html |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]'' || Ismail's wife || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Padmini (2023 film)|Padmini]]'' || Santha ||
|-
| ''[[Corona Dhavan]]'' || Sumithra ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=vipinvk |title=സുമിത്രയായി സീമ ജി നായര്‍; കൊറോണ ധവാന്‍റെ പുതിയ കാരക്ടര്‍ പോസ്റ്റര്‍ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/corona-dhavan-new-character-poster-seema-g-nair-as-sumithra-vvk-rxixng |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''Somante Krithavu'' || Soman's mother ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somante Krithavu review: A message-oriented film with an underwhelming script|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/somante-krithavu-movie-review/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2024 || ''[[LLB: Life Line of Bachelors]]'' || Sarojini ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-31 |title=Sreenath Bhasi opens up about the 2022 controversy and describes the experience as traumatic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sreenath-bhasi-opens-up-about-the-2022-controversy-and-describes-the-experience-as-traumatic/articleshow/107288010.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]'' || Leela ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-04-14 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Detective Ujjwalan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/14/dhyan-sreenivasans-detective-ujjwalan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Page'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=താരനിരയിൽ വി.ശിവൻകുട്ടിയും എം.ബി. രാജേഷും; 'പേജ്' ഇന്ന് 100 സ്കൂളുകളിൽ പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/page-film-ministers-anti-drug-release-jo6dezet|access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Mathrubhumi News|language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Christina (2026 film)|Christina]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=Sudheer Karamana's Christina gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/29/sudheer-karamanas-christina-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Television==
===Television serials (Partial)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!! Title !!Language !!Channel !!Role!! Notes
|-
|2004||[[Minnukettu]]||rowspan="3"|[[Malayalam]]||rowspan="2"|[[Surya TV]]|| ||
|-
|2011||[[Akashadoothu (TV series)|Akashadoothu]]||Jessy||
|-
|2017||[[Vanambadi (TV series)]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Bhadra / Kalyani||
|-
|2017-2020||[[Mouna Raagam (Tamil TV series)|Mouna Raagam]]||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Star Vijay]]||Swarna Pazhaniswamy||
|-
|2020||[[Uyire (TV series)|Uyire]]||[[Colors Tamil]]||Veeralakshmi||Replaced [[Sona Nair]]
|-
|2021-2024||[[Sundari (Malayalam TV series)|Sundari]]||rowspan="2"|[[Malayalam]]||[[Surya TV]]||Mallika||
|-
|2021||Ente Bharya||[[Flowers TV]]||||
|-
|2022-2023||[[Mouna Raagam 2]]||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||rowspan="2"|[[Star Vijay]]||Swarna Pazhaniswamy||
|-
|2024-2025||[[Panivizhum Malarvanam (TV series)|Panivizhum Malarvanam]]||Raja Rajeshwari ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Star Vijay launches Panivizhum Malarvanam|url=https://www.disneystar.com/newsroom/star-vijay-launches-panivizhum-malarvanam/|work=Disney Star}}</ref>
|-
|2024-present||[[Snehakoottu]]||rowspan="2"|[[Malayalam]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Shobha ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Snehakoottu Malayalam Serial on Asianet Launching on 05 August at 06:30 PM, Monday to Saturday|url=https://www.news.keralatv.in/snehakoottu-malayalam-serial/|work=Kerala TV|date=30 July 2024|access-date=31 July 2024|archive-date=7 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007105628/https://www.news.keralatv.in/snehakoottu-malayalam-serial/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2025-present||Chattambipaaru||[[Surya TV]]||Paaru's mother ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-malayalam-serial-chattambipaaru/detail/219056/0|title=Chattambipaaru - Sun NXT|publisher=Sun NXT}}</ref>
|}

===TV shows===
* [[Onnum Onnum Moonu]] - Participant

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1032596}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=6852|title=Seema.G.Nair|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com|accessdate=2014-03-04}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Seema+G+Nair Seema G Nair at MSI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041401/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Seema+G+Nair |date=4 March 2016 }}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20140304033848/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Seema%20G%20Nair-900

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Seema G.}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Kerala State Television Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Alexander Garbis

2026-01-29T19:07:40Z

ZaidBaig: cleanup citations further and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|English cricketer (1921–1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Alexander Garbis
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Alexander Spiro Garbis
| birth_date = {{birth date|1921|1|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], British India
| death_date = May 1999
| death_place = [[Thanet_District|Thanet]], England
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 27 March 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28945.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Alexander Garbis''' (3 January 1921 – May 1999) was an Indian [[cricket]]er. He played three [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] between 1946 and 1948.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28945.html |title=Alexander Garbis |access-date=27 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Garbis died in Thanet, England in May 1999 at the age of 78.<ref>{{cite web |title=England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007 |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/4404741:7579?tid=&pid=&queryId=2af7740d-9b4e-47b3-b4bd-424cf4003b7c&_phsrc=MZA225&_phstart=successSource |website=Ancestry |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alexander Garbis |url=https://stats.acscricket.com/Archive/Players/13/13490/13490.html |website=Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Bengal cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/28945.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garbis, Alexander}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1920s-stub}}

Nachna Hindu temples

2026-01-24T03:56:44Z

ZaidBaig: fixed citations for consistency and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Early stone temples in India}}
{{for|the village in Rajasthan|Nachna, Rajasthan}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Nachna Hindu temples
| image = Nachna 1999 Parvati-Tempel.JPG
| alt = 5th- or 6th-century Parvati stone temple
| caption = Parvati Temple
| map_type = India #India Madhya Pradesh
| relief = yes
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|23|57.3|N|80|26|51.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Panna district|Panna]]<ref name="asibhopal.nic.in">{{cite web |title=Nachna Kuthara Parvati Temple |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Bhopal Circle |url=http://asibhopal.nic.in/monument/panna_nachna_nachnakutharaparvatitemple.html}}</ref>
| location = Ganj
| elevation_m = 225
| deity = [[Shiva]], [[Parvati]], [[Durga]], [[Vishnu]], others
| architecture_style = [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara]]
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 5th or 6th century
}}
'''Nachna Hindu temples''', also referred to as '''Nachana temples''' or '''Hindu temples at Nachna-Kuthara''',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hardy|first=Adam|year=2014|title=Nagara Temple Forms: Reconstructing Lost Origins|journal=Journal of History and Social Sciences|volume=5|issn=2229-5798|url=http://jhss.org/articleview.php?artid=238}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Nietupski|author2=Joan O'Mara|title=Reading Asian Art and Artifacts: Windows to Asia on American College Campuses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k231LXNkyKMC&pg=PA52 |year=2011|publisher=Lehigh University Press|isbn=978-1-61146-072-8|page=52}}</ref> in [[Panna district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
are some of the earliest surviving stone temples in central India along with those at Bhumara and Deogarh. Their dating is uncertain, but comparing their style to structures that can be dated, some of the Nachna temples are variously dated to the 5th- or 6th-century [[Gupta Empire]] era. The Chaturmukha temple is dated to the 9th century.<ref name="Wiesner1978p45">{{cite book|author=Ulrich Wiesner|title=Nepalese Temple Architecture: Its Characteristics and Its Relations to Indian Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoYeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45|year=1978|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-05666-1|pages=45–51}}</ref> These temples illustrate a North Indian style of Hindu temple architecture.<ref>{{cite book|author=Radhakumud Mookerji|title=The Gupta Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA146| year=1959| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0440-1|page=146}}</ref><ref name="Michell1977p95">{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA95|year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1|pages=95–96}}</ref>

Most of the temples in the area are in ruins. The best preserved and most studied monument is the Parvati temple at Nachna. The temples are built on a raised and moulded plinth, a square plan, a square sanctum that is surrounded by a circumambulation passage with perforated screen stone windows. The entrance into the sanctum is flanked by goddess Ganga and Yamuna. The Parvati temple has an upper storey with a doorway. The temple includes both religious motifs and secular scenes such as amorous [[mithuna]] couples.<ref name="Michell1977p95"/><ref name="Wiesner1978p45"/> The temples are notable for some of the earliest known stone friezes narrating several scenes from the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref>B.C. Shukla (1990), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148342 The Earliest Inscription of Rama-Worship], Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 51, pp. 838-841</ref><ref name="Iyengar2005p126">{{cite book|author=Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa Iyengar|title=Asian Variations in Ramayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU92nFk5fU4C&pg=PA126|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1809-3|pages=126–127, 9 with Photograph Plate 3}}</ref><ref name="Bose2004p337">{{cite book|author=Mandakranta Bose|title=The Ramayana Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ar2Qfr-UeQC |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516832-7|pages=337, 355}}</ref>

The temples are near the Panna National Forest, are now a pilgrimage site, which is also referred to as '''Chaumukhnath'''.

== Location ==
The temple site is near the Ganj village. It gets its name from the first publication in 1885 by Cunningham that brought it to the attention of western archaeologists during the British colonial era. Cunningham called it the Nachna-Kuthara temples in Volume 21 report of the Archaeological Survey of India, deriving it from the name of the district and another village in the region. The site is about {{convert|60|km}} southwest of [[Satna]], {{convert|100|km}} southeast of [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], {{convert|100|km}} north of [[Katni]], and about {{convert|400|km}} northeast of [[Bhopal]]. The nearest railway station is located in the city of [[Satna]], while the closest major airport with daily services is Khajuraho ([[IATA]]: HJR).<ref>{{cite book|author=Swati Mitra|title=Temples of Madhya Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THW_OkoTuE4C&pg=PA40|publisher=Goodearth|isbn=978-93-80262-49-9|pages=40–41}}</ref>

The site is deep inside a forest territory, at the entrance of a difficult to traverse valley within the Vindhya mountains. This, speculated Cunningham, may have contributed to the temple's survival during the Muslim invasion of this region.<ref name=cunningham21>A. Cunningham, [https://archive.org/stream/reports14indigoog#page/n112/mode/2up Bundelkhand and Rewa], ASI Report Vol. 21, pages 95-99</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Nachna Unfinished Inscription of Vyaghradeva.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Nachna unfinished inscription of Vyaghradeva]]
The early history of the site is not known. Cunningham, in his first publication, mentioned that the way to the site was full of ruins and partially bricked monuments, except for the two stone temples with stone reliefs at the site were in remarkably well-preserved condition. According to him, regional people knew about these temples, visited them and thought that Nacchna-Kuthara was an ancient capital city of the Bundelkhand region.<ref name=cunningham21/> Other findings suggest that the site has attracted significant numbers of pilgrims for centuries, and up to the present day. After Cunningham's visit, the upper cella of the Parvati temple collapsed, and it was later reconstructed. The site originally had not yielded any inscriptions in its immediate vicinity, but later two rock inscriptions were found at Nachna site of Ganj. These have been dated to the 470–490 CE period, attributed to Vyaghradeva who inscribes his allegiance to the [[Vakataka]] king Prithvisena.<ref name="Brancaccio2010p100"/> One theory identifies Vyaghradeva with the [[Uchchhakalpa]] king Vyaghra, but this identification is disputed.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ajay Mitra Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Vākāṭakas: Sources and History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVlmAAAAMAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-123-4 |page=179 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the discovery confirms that Nachna region was geo-politically important in the 5th century, and it politically links this region to an era when [[Ajanta Caves]] were also being built.<ref name="Brancaccio2010p100">{{cite book|author=Pia Brancaccio|title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA100 |year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18525-8|pages=100–101}}</ref> According to Pia Brancaccio, the artists who built the Aurangabad Buddhist Caves and the Nachna Hindu temples may have come from the same school because the "visual and design elements of cave 3 at Aurangabad display surprising similarities with images and ornamental patterns", particularly when compares the sculpture on Parvati temple's window to those in Aurangabad. She states that at least some of the 5th-century artisans building Buddhist, Hindu and Jain images in Nachna, Ajanta and Aurangabad regions may have come from the same guild or school, even though the sites are separated by a distance of about {{convert|1000|km}}.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pia Brancaccio|title=The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA100 |year=2010|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-18525-8|pages=99–101 with images on pages 308–310}}</ref>

===Date===
The two temples of significance at Nachna site are the [[Parvati]] temple built earlier and the Chaumukhnath Mahadeva (Shiva) Temple probably built centuries later.<ref name="Williams1982p40">{{cite book|author=Joanna Gottfried Williams|title=The Art of Gupta India: Empire and Province|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQl_QgAACAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-10126-2|pages=40–48, 105–107 with Plate 149}}</ref> The Chaumukhanatha temple shows signs of additions and reconstruction in later centuries which makes it difficult to place it chronologically.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} The region has yielded many ruins in the form of foundation remains, sculpture and decorative parts from what Madhusudan Dhaky calls some ancient Hindu temples that are "now not extant".<ref>{{cite book|author=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|title=The Indian Temple Traceries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnLqAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-246-0223-2|pages=60–61}}</ref>

Most scholars such as Radhkumud Mookerji place the Parvati Nachna temple in the [[Gupta Empire]] era, more specifically the second half of the 5th century).<ref name="Mookerji">{{cite book|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|title=The Gupta Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA146|year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120804401|page=146}}</ref><ref name="Williams">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Joanna Gottfried|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA160|year=1981|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004064980|page=160}}</ref><ref>University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Division [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ic/id/7853 ''Nachna Kuthar Parvati Temple'']. UW Digital Collections. Retrieved July 20, 2015</ref> Michael Meister, an art historian and professor specializing in Indian temple architecture, places it more specifically to 465 CE.<ref>Michael W. Meister (1986), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20166752 On the Development of a Morphology for a Symbolic Architecture: India], RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, No. 12 (Autumn, 1986), University of Chicago Press, page 45 with Figure 4</ref> George Michell, another professor specializing in Indian temple architecture, states that dating this temple is difficult and places it a few decades later in the 6th century.<ref name="Michell1977p95"/>

The Chaumukhanatha temple is generally placed in the 9th century,<ref name="Wiesner1978p45"/> or at least few centuries after the stone temple dedicated to goddess Parvati. For example, Cunningham's original estimate in 1885 for the Chaumukhanatha temple was 600 to 700 CE, in contrast to his estimate of 400 CE for the Parvati temple.<ref name=cunningham21/>

== Temples ==
[[File:5th century Nachna Parvati Hindu temple plan.jpg|thumb|Parvati temple plan (square sanctum not shown).]]
The two most important temples of Nachna are close together. The Chaumukhnath Temple (translated as 'man with four faces') is dedicated to [[Shiva]] and has a four-faced [[mukhalinga]] in its sanctum. It stands in front of the 'Parvati Temple', but its sanctum image is missing.<ref name="Wiesner1978p45"/>

=== Parvati Temple ===

==== Architecture ====
The Parvati Temple is a two-storey building with almost perfect square plan thick-walled sanctum of {{convert|15|ft}} side on the outside, and is {{convert|8|ft}} sided square inside (the ''garbhagriya'' is a cube). The temple opens to the west and stands on a ''jagati'' (platform) that is {{convert|4.5|ft}} above the ground. The pilgrim reaches its sanctum using a stairway, and after passing through a mandapa that is {{convert|12|ft}} square. The sanctum is surrounded by a roofed ''pradakshina patha'' (circumambulation pathway) that is {{convert|33|ft}} on the outside and {{convert|26|ft}} on the inside.<ref name="Wiesner1978p45"/>{{refn|group=note|The Parvati temple was in a better condition in the late 19th-century with its ambulatory walls and second-floor masonry cella intact. This collapsed and scholarly studies after 1950 have relied on colonial-era photographs in addition to site visits and archaeological discoveries at the site.<ref name="Williams1982p40"/>}}

[[File:Nachna Parvati-Tempel 1999 (3).JPG|thumb|left|The stonework flanking the entrance have concentric panels of reliefs. The inner layer show two standing Shaiva dvarapalas, two seated gana and floral motifs. The outer panel shows the Hindu river goddesses at the bottom; then amorous couples in courtship and love scenes.]]
The outer walls have perforated stone windows (trellises) to allow natural light in. The upper-story is relatively plain. It lacks a roof or tower, but the structure suggests that it was likely a flat roof temple. This style of construction is seen in a few early temples (such as [[Sanchi]], Temple No. 45; [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], Kuraiya-Bir Temple, Lad Khan Temple in [[Aihole]]).<ref name="DattaBeynon2016p54"/>

The Nachana temple is one of the prototypal Hindu temple styles that has survived from ancient India. It includes the cubical sanctum, narrates spiritual legends with carvings of divine legends and secular themes in a certain sequence both outside and inside the temple.<ref name=meisterfull>Michael W. Meister (1986), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20166752 On the Development of a Morphology for a Symbolic Architecture: India], RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, No. 12 (Autumn, 1986), University of Chicago Press, pages 33-50</ref><ref name="Williams1982p40"/>

==== Sanctum entrance, door reliefs ====
The entrance to the sanctum (''garbhagriha'') has multiple columns, each decorated with carvings, with none monolithic. At their base is a (''[[Kalasha]]''). The lintel are also intricately carved. The doorway is flanked by guard figures in the lower part with [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] with river crocodile and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]] with river turtle. Beside them towards the inside are symmetrically placed graceful Shaiva ''dvarapalas'' (door guardians), each holding the trident. Each is relatively larger than the river goddesses, but about {{convert|1|ft}} in height. Concentric to the entrance are panels of intricate carvings. The first panel has floral and geometric motifs from the 5th century. Concentric to these are 10 friezes, 5 on each side above the river goddesses. These carvings show courtship and love making scenes (''[[mithuna]]s''). On top of the lintel of the doorway are seated men and women miniatures shown as if they are leaning in and peering into the center of the sanctum. The style of sanctum door has stylistic similarities with those found in the Lakshmana Temple in the [[Sirpur Group of Monuments]] in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="Wiesner1978p45"/><ref name="Williams1982p40"/><ref name="DattaBeynon2016p54">{{cite book|author1=Sambit Datta|author2=David Beynon|title=Digital Archetypes: Adaptations of Early Temple Architecture in South and Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CkAHDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-15093-0|pages=54–59}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Mithuna, Nachna, Parvati-Tempel 1.jpg|Mithuna
File:Mithuna, Nachna, Parvati-Tempel 2.jpg|Mithuna
File:Zwerg, Nachna.jpg|Dwarf with Tendrils
</gallery>

[[File:Nachna Parvati-Tempel Jali 1999.JPG|thumb|Perforated stone window at Parvati Temple]]

==== Perforated window ====
Two of the oldest trellises ([[jali]]s, perforated windows) of the Parvati temple show [[Gana]]s playing music, dancing or abstract decor. These probably date back to the third period of the 5th century.

In the 'rocky landscape' of the platform walls several small animal reliefs (resting gazelles etc.) were created, of which only a few have been preserved.

=== Chaumukhnath Temple ===
The Chaumukhnath temple, also referred to as the Chaturmukh Mahadeva temple, is named after the colossal linga inside the temple whose surface is carved with four faces on the four cardinal directions.<ref name=cunningham21/> The five faces are believed to express the five aspects of Shiva, namely, creation ([[Vamadeva]]), maintenance ([[Tatpurusha]]), destruction ([[Bhairava|Aghora]]), beyond space ([[Ishvara|Isana]]) and introspection ([[Sadyojata]]). The walls of the temple have images of divine attendants and each corner has the image of Dikpalaka. There are five storeys with images of carvings of ganas and river goddess on windows and doors.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Grand temples of Madhya Pradesh|journal=Tattvaloka|date=September 2018|volume=XLI|issue=6|publisher=Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Mahaswamigal Educational Trust|location=[[Sringeri]]|issn=0970-8901|last=Ramakrishna|first=Lalitha|pages=47–52}}</ref>

==== Architecture ====
Comparable in ground plan and dimensions to the Parvati temple is the Chaumukhnath temple. The temple also has a square plan and has a door design similar to the Parvati temple, but otherwise it very different in style. The building is concentric squares, {{convert|16.75|ft}} outside and {{convert|11.75|ft}} inside. It does not have the two-storey structure of the Parvati temple, but presents another style in the form of a spire (''shikhara'') instead symbolically mimicking Shiva's Kailash mountain. The Shikhara is slightly curved as it rises towards the sky, with the total height of about {{convert|40|ft}}. This temple too stands on a ''jagati'' platform, but unlike the Parvati temple it has stairs to enter the temple from multiple directions.<ref name=cunningham21/><ref name=meisterfull/><ref name="Williams1982p40"/>

[[File:Nachna Chaumukhnath 1999.JPG|thumb|upright|Chaumukhnath ''[[mukhalinga]]''.]]
Offset from the Parvati temple, it opens towards the east, toward the rising sun. The architectural history of the temple is unusual and complex. It is likely that there was a Shiva temple here with its linga, but the temple was largely rebuilt in the 9th century on the original 5th-century platform and it reused as many parts as it could, such as the windows of the late-5th-century temple. The outer wall of the temple is divided in several places with the rich architectural decoration consisting of trellises, figures (''mithunas''), niches and decorative panels (''udgamas'') of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] style being attached at various levels, which lends the temple an unusual and interesting appearance. Visually and architecturally separated by a peripheral ledge of the outer wall sanctum, its tower was set up shortly afterwards.<ref name="Williams1982p40"/>

==== Lingam ====
[[File:Nachna, Chaumukhnath-Tempel Jali-Fenster (1999).jpg|thumb|Chaumukhnath trellis, possibly from the 5th century, with dancing and music-making Ganas and the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna]]

The interior of the small sanctum (''garbhagriha'') holds an approximately {{convert|4.67|ft}} high Shiva-[[lingam]] with four faces (''[[mukhalinga]]'') with elaborate hair style, three of which exude calm with meditating closed eye, smiling posture. The fourth face of Shiva is shown as energized and in action, with wide open mouth, raised nostrils and slightly bulging open eyes likely the terrible aspect in his form as [[Bhairava]]. [[Stella Kramrisch]] dates the linga inside this temple to the 8th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|authorlink=Stella Kramrisch|title=Exploring India's Sacred Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxPeWwFz9MkC&pg=PA258|date=30 April 1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1208-6|pages=258–259}}</ref> The faces of the ''mukhalinga'' represent the ''[[Panchamukha]]'' aspects of Shiva iconography, where Tatpurusha, Aghora (Bhairava, Rudra), Vamadeva and Sadyojata face the four cardinal directions, while Ishana the fifth is beyond space, all directions and time as the formless absolute in Hindu theology. They symbolize the creation (Vamadeva), maintenance (Tatpurusha), destruction (Aghora), and introspective subtle reflective Sadyojata aspects of Shiva as the metaphysical [[Brahman]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|authorlink=Stella Kramrisch|title=Exploring India's Sacred Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxPeWwFz9MkC&pg=PA258|date=30 April 1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1208-6|pages=143–145}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pratapaditya Pal|title=Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zt9e6Ttr_IcC&pg=PA109|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05407-3|pages=109–110}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Mahadev Chakravarti|title=The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMFwMHH4HzMC&pg=PA161|year=1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0053-3|pages=160–173}}</ref>

==== Trellis: stone window ====
[[File:Nachna, Vishnu-Pfeiler (1999).jpg|thumb|upright|Nachna [[Vaishnavism]] themed ruin with four Vishnu [[Avatar]] representations; above: left is man-lion [[Narasimha]], right is boar-headed [[Varaha]].]]

Three [[Jali]] windows, which let little light into the dark sanctum, are among the temple's attractions. Its multi-layered composition and decorative figures are significantly more elaborate than the Jalis at Parvati Temple and more representative of the local adornments artistically-speaking. The actual window panel consists of two shells with rich profiled—reminiscent of wooden model—lattices inside and three small arcades in the exterior, formed as [[horseshoe arch]]es. The polygonal broken pillars standing on a cubic base have a pumpkin-shaped pinnacle (''[[amalaka]]'') and end in a block-like attachment with [[Abacus architecture|abaco panel]].

All three windows display music playing and dancing Ganas at the bottom, with symmetrically arranged river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna appearing in addition to their ''[[vahana]]s'', in this case, each a river monster (''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|Makara]]''). The recessed frame mounts (''shakhas'') are richly decorated.

=== Other temples ===

About 400 meters south of the archaeological site of Nachna are more, relatively new temples (Teliya Madh temple, Rupani Temple), in which at its later establishment were fitted many century old figures and relief parts from destroyed Gupta temples. The ruins around the site suggest that in Nachna there were formerly several more temples from the Gupta-era.

An old stone window from the 5th century with horseshoe-shaped keyhole openings and several sculptures found were set up in the immediate vicinity of the Main Zone.

== Environment ==

Several smaller archaeological sites are found in a 15 km radius of Nachna: Pipariya, Khoh, [[Bhumara]], and others. These are also attributed to the Gupta period, but are much less known and explored. In 1979 the Shiva temple of Bhumara was restored; it is one of the best preserved. The Gupta Temple of [[Tigawa]] is located about 80 km south-west, with another Gupta temple in [[Sanchi]]. The ruins of [[Bharhut]] Buddhist stupas are 12 km east. [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh|Dashavatara Temple]] is in Deogarh.

== Significance ==

The stone-based architecture and artwork at the temple site has survived, while the brick temples have not. Among the stone reliefs are some of the earliest known Ramayana friezes, such as the scene where Ravana appears in front of Sita pretending to be a recluse monk begging for food, while in reality seeking that she cross the protective ''Lakshmana Rekha'' so that he can kidnap her.<ref name="Iyengar2005p126"/> Other ''Ramayana'' scenes depicted in Nachna site panels are among the most sustained ancient visual narratives of the epic,{{refn|group=note|Four of the studied scenes found at the Nachna site are: [a] Ravana pretending to beg alms from Sita as a monk; [b] Upset Sita rebuking Lakshmana who places his hand on his ears because he doesn't want to hear it; [c] Rama hesitating in shooting his arrow to kill the heroic Vali who looks just like Sugriva; [d] The monkey army leaders including Hanuman offering respect to Rama.<ref name="Bose2004p337"/>}} comparable in significance to those found in the Vishnu temple in Deogarh. However, these are not the oldest known ''Ramayana'' depiction such as those found in Bharhut site dated to the 2nd century BCE, and at the Sanchi site generally dated to 1st century BCE to 1st century CE.<ref name="Bose2004p337"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-81-7536-113-3}}
*{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1}}
*{{cite book|author1=Alice Boner|author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā|title=Silpa Prakasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-8120820524}}
*{{cite book|author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy|author2=Michael W. Meister|title=Essays in Architectural Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-0-19-563805-9}}
*Dehejia, V. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}.
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=The Temple Architecture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ |year=2007|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470028278}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-93-81406-41-0}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*{{cite book|author=Monica Juneja|title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8178242286}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|year= 1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC|year= 1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
*{{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4}}
* Michael W. Meister et al. (Eds.): ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture. North India—Foundations of North Indian Style'' Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988, {{ISBN|0-691-04053-2}}, p. 39f.
* Michael W. Meister, MA Dhaky (Eds.): ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: North India—Period of Early Maturity'' Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1991, {{ISBN|0-691-04053-2}}, p. 69ff.
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC|year=1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Hindu Art and Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}}
*{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C |year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5}}
*{{cite book|title=South Indian Temples|author=Burton Stein|isbn=978-0706904499|publisher =Vikas|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ| year=1978}}
*{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
*{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=David Arnold|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}
* Joanna Gottfried Williams: ''The Art of Gupta India: Empire and Province'' Princeton University Press, Princeton 1982, {{ISBN|0-691-03988-7}}, pp. 105–114.
* RD Trivedi: ''Temples of the Pratihara Period in Central India'' Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi 1990, p. 125ff.
* George Michell: ''The Hindu temple: Architecture of a world religion'' DuMont, Cologne 1991, {{ISBN|3-7701-2770-6}}, p. 122f.
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43485318 Le problème des temples à toit plat dans l'Inde du Nord], Odette Viennot, Arts asiatiques (1968, in French, Fig. 22-24: 1919 photos of Nachna temples, Discussion: pp. 30–32)

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Culture of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:5th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]
[[Category:Satna district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Manushi Chhillar

2026-01-14T15:49:14Z

ZaidBaig:

{{short description|Indian actress and model (born 1997)}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = File:Manushi Chhillar and others grace Bvlgari event in Mumbai (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Chhillar in 2025
| name = Manushi Chhillar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|05|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], Haryana, India
| spouse =
| signature = Manushi Chhillar signature.jpg
| height = 1.70 m<ref name="Vanity">{{cite news |title=Miss Mondo 2017 è l'indiana Manushi Chhillar |url=https://www.vanityfair.it/people/mondo/2017/11/19/miss-mondo-2017-e-lindiana-manushi-chhillar |access-date=24 May 2019 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190328214147/https://www.vanityfair.it/people/mondo/2017/11/19/miss-mondo-2017-e-lindiana-manushi-chhillar |archive-date=28 March 2019 |language=it |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Goyal, 2017">{{cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Sandeep |author-link1=Sandeep Goyal |title=Blog: Why Manushi Chhillar's Miss World Crown should mean more to us |url=http://www.campaignindia.in/article/blog-why-manushi-banti-chhillars-miss-world-crown-should-mean-more-to-us/441261 |website=[[Campaign (magazine)|Campaign]] |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171208212150/http://www.campaignindia.in/article/blog-why-manushi-chhillars-miss-world-crown-should-mean-more-to-us/441261 |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = {{Hlist|Model|actress}}
| alma_mater = [[Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College]]
| title = {{ubl|[[Femina Miss India 2017]]|[[Miss World 2017]]}}
| years_active = 2017–present
}}

'''Manushi Chhillar''' (born 14 May 1997) is an Indian actress, model and the winner of [[Miss World 2017]] pageant. She represented her state of [[Haryana]] at the [[Femina Miss India 2017]] pageant and won the title of [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India World 2017]] and then went on to become the sixth Indian to be crowned [[Miss World]] after 17 years.<ref name=Vaid />

Chhillar made her acting debut with the role of [[Sanyogita]] in the historical drama ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' (2022),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Manushi Chhillar on Samrat Prithviraj, "It was a dream launch, I learnt so much from everyone" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manushi-chhillar-samrat-prithviraj-dream-launch-learnt-much-everyone/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and has since appeared in ''[[The Great Indian Family]]'' (2023)<ref>{{cite news |title=When Manushi Chhillar thought she was going to be presented like Kareena Kapoor Khan in The Great Indian Family: Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-manushi-chhillar-thought-she-was-going-to-be-presented-like-kareena-kapoor-khan-in-tashan-exclusive/articleshow/108234236.cms |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj |title='Bade Miyan Chote Miyan' movie review: Akshay and Tiger jest and joust in this loud and clear mass entertainer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bade-miyan-chote-miyan-movie-review-akshay-and-tiger-jest-and-joust-in-this-loud-and-clear-mass-entertainer/article68053757.ece |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 April 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Chhillar was born on 14 May 1997<ref name=Vaid>{{Cite web |first=Kritika |last=Vaid |date=14 May 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Manushi Chhillar: Her Journey From Being a Medical Student to Miss World 2017 and a Bollywood Diva |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-happy-birthday-manushi-chhillar-her-journey-from-being-a-medical-student-to-miss-world-2017-and-a-bollywood-diva-4028357/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |website=India.com}}</ref> in [[Rohtak]] into a [[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]] family,<ref name="SG">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Swati |title=Glorious moment: Haryana girl brings back the coveted 'blue crown' to India |url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/11744-haryana-girl-brings-back-coveted-blue-crown-india |access-date=8 December 2017 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171208213552/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/11744-haryana-girl-brings-back-coveted-blue-crown-india |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live |quote=Born in Rohtak, Haryana, on 14 May 1997, Manushi comes from a family of doctors.}}</ref> although her ancestral home is in Bamnoli village of [[Jhajjar district]].<ref name="DC">{{cite news |last=Dheer |first=Gautam |title=Manushi effect: Haryana villages gives thumbs down to celebratory firing |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/645415/manushi-effect-haryana-villages-gives.html |access-date=2 June 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=29 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129161903/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/645415/manushi-effect-haryana-villages-gives.html |archive-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=live |quote=It began in Manushi's ancestral village Bamnoli in Jhajjar district.}}</ref><ref name="IND-Express_Manushi_Chhillar_Native">{{cite web |title=CM Khattar, ministers laud Manushi Chhillar; native village erupts in joy. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cm-khattar-ministers-laud-manushi-chhillar-native-village-erupts-in-joy-4945121/ |work=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2017}}</ref> Her father, Mitra Basu Chhillar, is a physician who served at the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and now practices regenerative medicine at Soma Wellness in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soma Wellness Clinic |url=https://somawellnessclinic.com/ |access-date=5 November 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> while her mother, Neelam Chhillar, is also a medical doctor and departmental head of [[neurochemistry]] at the [[Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences]], New Delhi.<ref name="SG17">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Swati |title=Glorious moment: Haryana girl brings back the coveted 'blue crown' to India |url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/11744-haryana-girl-brings-back-coveted-blue-crown-india |access-date=8 December 2017 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171208213552/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/fashion/11744-haryana-girl-brings-back-coveted-blue-crown-india |archive-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/drdo-friends-and-family-celebrates-manushi-chillars-miss-india-victory/articleshow/59457607.cms |title=DRDO, friends and family celebrate Manushi Chillar's Miss India victory |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 July 2017}}</ref>

Chhillar studied at [[St. Thomas' School (New Delhi)]] and was academically brilliant, having topped the all India [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] in English subject in class 12, and scored 96 per cent in her boards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/she-is-gifted-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-is-a-would-be-doctor-poet-painter-and-dancer/story-giZ9Tu8XtInbBViMX1YouK_amp.html |title='She is gifted': Miss World Manushi Chhillar is a poet, painter, dancer and a would-be doctor |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 November 2017 |author=Hardik Anand, Hindustan Times, Rohtak}}</ref> She cleared the [[All India Pre Medical Test]] (now, [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]]) in her first attempt.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/viral-videos-trending/video-manushi-chhillar-2015-clip-cleared-aipmt-exam-miss-world-2017-4949645/ |title=WATCH: This old video of Miss World Manushi Chhillar after clearing the medical exam is going viral now |work=The Indian Express |date=22 November 2017 |access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref> She was pursuing a medical degree ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]) at the [[Bhagat Phool Singh Medical College]] in [[Sonipat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/femina-miss-india-world-2017-haryana-girl-manushi-chhillar-walks-away-with-crown-title-3745619.html |title=Femina Miss India World 2017: Haryana girl Manushi Chhillar walks away with crown, title |publisher=Firstpost |date=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/haryana-girl-manushi-is-femina-miss-india-world-2017/story-ueVRc7ma4aNRnzDMOvodzJ.html |title=Haryana girl Manushi Chhillar is Femina Miss India World 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=25 June 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

Chhillar is fluent in [[Hindi]] and English, apart from her mother tongue, [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-miss-india-haryana-pageant-winner-things-you-need-to-know-lifest-1089405-2017-11-18 |title=All you need to know about Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar |work=India Today |date=18 November 2017}}</ref> She is a trained [[Kuchipudi]] dancer, and had acquired her training under [[Raja and Radha Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/5-unknown-facts-about-Miss-India-Haryana-2017/5-unknown-facts-about-Miss-India-Haryana-2017/eventshow/58220471.cms |title=5 unknown facts about Miss India Haryana 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 April 2017 |access-date=26 June 2017 |archive-date=14 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814140355/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/5-unknown-facts-about-Miss-India-Haryana-2017/5-unknown-facts-about-Miss-India-Haryana-2017/eventshow/58220471.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Pageantry==
===Femina Miss India===
{{Main|Femina Miss India 2017}}
Chhillar ventured into pageantry with [[Big Bazaar|Fashion Big Bazaar]] sponsored Campus Princess 2016, where she was crowned as one of the finalists from [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in December 2016. It was conducted by the [[Femina Miss India|Miss India Organization]].<ref name="TOI_Manushi Pulse Fest">{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillars-incredible-journey-from-campus-princess-to-miss-world/articleshow/61722141.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar's incredible journey from Campus Princess to Miss World |work=The Times of India |date=20 November 2017 |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222064925/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillars-incredible-journey-from-campus-princess-to-miss-world/articleshow/61722141.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Thereafter, she went on to win the title of Femina Miss India Haryana in April 2017. Chhillar represented the state of [[Haryana]] in the annual [[Femina Miss India]] contest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/haryana-is-a-state-of-farmers-and-fighters-manushi-chillar/articleshow/59052996.cms |title=Haryana is a state of farmers and fighters: Manushi Chhillar |website=The Times of India |date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222065419/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/haryana-is-a-state-of-farmers-and-fighters-manushi-chillar/articleshow/59052996.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> During the competition, Chhillar was crowned Miss Photogenic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2017/manushi-chhillar/contestantprofile/58211939.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar |work=Femina Miss India |publisher=Entertainment Times - Beauty Pageants |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070029/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-contestants/2017/manushi-chhillar/contestantprofile/58211939.cmsna-is-a-state-of-farmers-and-fighters-manushi-chillar/articleshow/59052996.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

Chhillar, as a top 15 semi-finalist was asked by [[Karan Johar]]: "The government is considering to ban [[surrogacy in India]]. What is your opinion regarding this?"
<blockquote>
I feel everyone in the world should have a right to be a parent. So, instead of banning surrogacy in India, the government should focus on preventing its exploitation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/miss-india-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-talks-about-surrogacy-laws-in-india/videoshow/59457298.cms |title=Miss India World 2017 Manushi Chhillar Talks About Surrogacy Laws In India |work=The Times of India |date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009190125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/miss-india/miss-india-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-talks-about-surrogacy-laws-in-india/videoshow/59457298.cms |archive-date=9 October 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown |access-date=21 April 2024 }}</ref>
</blockquote>

During the final question and answer round of Femina Miss India 2017, the top 5 delegates were asked the same question - "You have spent 30 days with 30 fellow contestants at Femina Miss India. What lesson will you take back with you?", to which Chhillar responded:
<blockquote>
These days that I have spent with my fellow contestants has been the most dynamic period of my life. The only thing that was certain during the whole experience was uncertainty. The one belief that I would take back with me is that, yes...I can change the world. When I entered Miss India, there was only passion. However, through this journey, I acquired a vision in life. That vision and the belief that I can change the world, is something I'm going to take back with me.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/erendesangma/best-responses-in-history-of-miss-india-pageant |title=The 11 Answers That Won These Women The Miss India Crown |work=BuzzFeed |date=31 January 2018 |first=Erende |last=Sangma |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070330/https://www.buzzfeed.com/amphtml/erendesangma/best-responses-in-history-of-miss-india-pageant |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=http://m.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/leaving-behind-29-contestants-haryana-girl-manushi-chhillar-wins-54th-femina-miss-india-title-324639.html |title=Leaving Behind 29 Contestants, Haryana Girl Manushi Chhillar Wins 54th Femina Miss India Title |work=The Times of India |date=26 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222070617/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/leaving-behind-29-contestants-haryana-girl-manushi-chhillar-wins-54th-femina-miss-india-title-324639.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
</blockquote>

She later went on to win the contest's main title Femina Miss India World 2017, in the finale event hosted at the [[Yash Raj Films|Yash Raj Film Studio]], on 25 June 2017. By winning, she earned the right to represent India at [[Miss World 2017]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/haryana-girl-manushi-is-femina-miss-india-world-2017/story-ueVRc7ma4aNRnzDMOvodzJ.html |title=Haryana girl Manushi Chhillar is Femina Miss India World 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222071159/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/haryana-girl-manushi-is-femina-miss-india-world-2017/story-ueVRc7ma4aNRnzDMOvodzJ.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/miss-india-2017-winner-announced-lifest-984759-2017-06-26 |title=Manushi Chhillar from Haryana wins the title of Miss India 2017 |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222071440/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what's-hot/story/miss-india-2017-winner-announced-lifest-984759-2017-06-26 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

===Miss World 2017===
[[File:Achintya Holte Nilsen visiting National Museum of Indonesia with Miss World Winners (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Chhillar (center) together with [[Miss Indonesia 2017|Miss World Indonesia 2017]]-[[Achintya Holte Nilsen]] (left) and [[Miss World 2016]]-[[Stephanie Del Valle]] (right) visiting [[National Museum of Indonesia]] on 21 February 2018.<ref name="Ministry of education">{{cite web |url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/munas/miss-world-kunjungi-museum-nasional/ |title=Miss World Indonesia 2017 dan Para Pemenang Miss World 2016-2017 kunjungi Museum Nasional Indonesia |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=[[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)]] & [[National Museum of Indonesia]] |date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222072116/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/munas/miss-world-kunjungi-museum-nasional/ |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>]]
Chhillar represented India at Miss World 2017, where she became a finalist in the Top Model, People's Choice, and Multimedia competitions, and was the winner of the Head-to-Head Challenge from Group Nine and co-winner of the [[Beauty with a Purpose]] competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss World 2017: Top 30 of Top Model Fast Track |url=https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2017/11/11/miss-world-2017-top-30-top-model-fast-track/ |date=11 November 2017 |publisher=The Great Pageant Community }}</ref> She is India's fourth Beauty with a Purpose winner at Miss World and the first woman to win Miss World and Beauty with a Purpose jointly. Chhillar's Beauty with a Purpose project was titled Project Shakti. The campaign's goal is to spread awareness about [[menstruation|menstrual hygiene]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/glamour/fashion/miss-india-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-on-her-mission-1.2051867 |title=Miss India World 2017 Manushi Chhillar on her mission |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=2 July 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222072737/https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/fashion/miss-india-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-on-her-mission-1.2051867 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She visited about 20 villages for the project and treated over 5,000 women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/i-am-going-to-make-sure-that-the-world-remembers-india-manushi-chhillar/articleshow/61169387.cms |title=I am going to make sure that the world remembers India: Manushi Chhillar |website=The Times of India |date=22 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222072959/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/i-am-going-to-make-sure-that-the-world-remembers-india-manushi-chhillar/articleshow/61169387.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

During the final question and answer round, Chhillar was asked - "Which profession should receive the highest salary in the world?" Responding to the same, she answered:

{{blockquote|text=Since I am very close to my mother, I think that a mother deserves the highest respect. When you talk about salary, I don't think it's just about cash, but the love and respect that you give to someone. My mother has been the biggest inspiration in my life. All mothers, they just sacrifice so much for their kids. So, I believe the profession which deserves the highest salary, respect and love should be of a mother.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/gender/manushi-chillar-miss-world-2017-answer-on-motherhood |title=Let's Discuss Manushi Chhillar's Brilliant Answer About Motherhood |work=[[The Quint]] |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222073253/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/neon/gender/manushi-chillar-miss-world-2017-answer-on-motherhood |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/19/manushi-chhillars-amazing-answer-that-won-her-miss-world-2017-title-1705075.amp |title=Manushi Chhillar's amazing answer that won her Miss World 2017 title |work=The Indian Express |date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222073452/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/nov/19/manushi-chhillars-amazing-answer-that-won-her-miss-world-2017-title-1705075.amp |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>}}

On 18 November 2017, Chhillar was crowned [[Miss World 2017]] by the outgoing titleholder [[Miss World 2016]], [[Stephanie Del Valle]] from Puerto Rico in the finals in [[Sanya]], China. She became the sixth Indian woman to win the crown, and the first since [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Miss World 2000]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty/hair/manushi-chhillar-crowned-as-miss-world-2017_-68892.html |title=Manushi Chhillar crowned as Miss World 2017 |date=18 November 2017 |work=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] |last=Ranjan |first=Richa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222073857/https://www.femina.in/beauty/hair/manushi-chhillar-crowned-as-miss-world-2017_-68892.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world-india-s-manushi-chillar-crowned-miss-world-2017-412717 |title=India's Manushi Chillar crowned 'Miss World 2017' |publisher=[[India TV]] |access-date=18 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222074254/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world-india-s-manushi-chillar-crowned-miss-world-2017-412717 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

===Reign as Miss World===
{{Overly detailed|section|date=June 2022}}
As Miss World 2017, Chhillar returned to India on 26 November, where she was greeted by a large crowd.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-returns-to-india-gets-a-warm-welcome-at-the-airport-334460.html |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar Returns To India, Gets A Warm Welcome At The Airport |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222090840/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-returns-to-india-gets-a-warm-welcome-at-the-airport-334460.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillars-press-meet-in-mumbai |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar's Press Meet in Mumbai |work=Free Press Journal |date=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222091136/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/cmcm/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillars-press-meet-in-mumbai |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She was one of the celebrity speakers at the 2017 [[Global Entrepreneurship Summit]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/nov/29/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-at-global-entrepreneurship-summit-2017-101064.html |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar at Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2017 |work=The Indian Express |date=29 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222091555/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2017/nov/29/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-at-global-entrepreneurship-summit-2017-101064.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Chhillar was announced as the brand ambassador for Anaemia Free Haryana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/thrilled-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-anemia-free-haryana-campaign-manushi-chillar/india/news/1062758.html |title=Manushi Chhillar to be ambassador of 'Anaemia Free Haryana' drive |publisher=United News of India |date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222091739/http://www.uniindia.com/thrilled-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-anemia-free-haryana-campaign-manushi-chillar/india/news/1062758.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
Her Beauty with a Purpose campaign, 'Project Shakti' was given government aid of [[Indian rupee|₹]]18 crore (approximately $2.8 million), ensuring free availability of sanitary napkins for all girls in the government schools of Haryana by [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Minister]] of the state [[Manohar Lal Khattar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/health/story/haryana-cm-khattar-manushi-chhillar-free-sanitary-napkins-government-schools-lifest-1097513-2017-11-30 |title=Haryana CM Khattar, with Manushi Chhillar, announces free sanitary napkins in schools |work=India Today |date=30 November 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222091909/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/health/story/haryana-cm-khattar-manushi-chhillar-free-sanitary-napkins-government-schools-lifest-1097513-2017-11-30 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She was honoured with the Special Achievement Award at the 2017 [[CNN-IBN Indian of the Year]] Awards for winning the Miss World crown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-live-team-baahubali-pv-sindhu-activist-afroze-shah-among-nominees-4235653.html |title=Virat Kohli named CNN-News18 Indian of the Year; says, 'Would love for cricket to be Olympic sport' |work=First Post |date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222092340/https://www.firstpost.com/india/cnn-news18-indian-of-the-year-live-team-baahubali-pv-sindhu-activist-afroze-shah-among-nominees-4235653.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Chhillar was also India's top trending personality on Google search in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sonam |last=Joshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manushi-chhillar-was-indias-top-trending-personality-of-2017-on-google/articleshow/62051923.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar was India's top trending personality of 2017 on Google |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222092453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manushi-chhillar-was-indias-top-trending-personality-of-2017-on-google/articleshow/62051923.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She received Proud Maker of India award at Six Sigma Healthcare Leadership Summit 2017 in New Delhi.<ref name="Indiatimes_Healthcare_Summit2018">{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-awarded-with-proud-maker-of-india-award/eventshow/62219044.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar awarded with Proud Maker of India Award |work=The Times of India |date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222092737/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-awarded-with-proud-maker-of-india-award/eventshow/62219044.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> Chhillar was also a guest speaker at the 10th C4IO by [[Hewlett-Packard|Hewlett-Packard Enterprise]] at [[Pushkar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/RAJ-JAI-HMU-MAT-latest-jaipur-news-034004-1085653-NOR.html |title=मिस वर्ल्ड मानुषी छिल्लर जयपुर आईं. |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi |date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222092932/https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/RAJ-JAI-HMU-MAT-latest-jaipur-news-034004-1085653-NOR.html |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> She made an appearance in [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET India]]'s television special, ''Super Nights With Padman'' to promote her Beauty with a Purpose project on menstrual hygiene, in association with [[Akshay Kumar]]'s starring film, [[Pad Man (film)|Pad Man]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-in-super-nights-with-padman/articleshow/62618655.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar in 'Super Nights with Padman' |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093046/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-in-super-nights-with-padman/articleshow/62618655.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Manushi-Chhillar snapped at a press meet in St. Regis, Mumbai.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Chhillar's first press conference as Miss World, at the [[St. Regis Hotels & Resorts#Locations|St Regis Hotel]], Mumbai.]]
After her homecoming ceremony, Chhillar's first visit was to London along with [[Julia Morley]], the chairman and CEO of Miss World. They joined the royal honouring ceremony of Marsha Rae Ratcliff [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], the Past Master of The [[Worshipful Company of Carmen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-welcomed-by-the-queen-in-london/articleshow/61998657.cms |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar In London |work=The Times of India |date=9 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093216/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-welcomed-by-the-queen-in-london/articleshow/61998657.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Manushi in London">{{cite web |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1176 |title=Manushi Chhillar dazzles VIP guests at a Private Dinner in London |publisher=Miss World |date=10 December 2017}}</ref> Chhillar returned to India and visited the [[Bennett University]] in [[Greater Noida]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/manushi-chhillar-gets-nostalgic-at-bennett-university/articleshow/62580735.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar gets nostalgic at Bennet University |work=The Times of India |date=23 January 2018 |first=Riya |last=Sharma |access-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/manushi-chhillar-gets-nostalgic-at-bennett-university/articleshow/62580735.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-visits-bennett-university/articleshow/62557177.cms |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar visits Bennett University. |work=The Times of India |date=18 January 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-visits-bennett-university/articleshow/62557177.cms |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> In a Q&A session organised by the university, she interacted with the faculty and students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-bennett-university-launch-party-audi-q5-1502568881.html/amp |title=Manushi Chhillar at Bennett University and launch party of Audi Q5 |work=The Statesman |date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222093704/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-bennett-university-launch-party-audi-q5-1502568881.html/amp |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

In February 2018, she started the first leg of her [[Beauty With A Purpose]] tour with Miss World 2017 continental winners - Magline Jeruto (''Africa''), Ha Eun Kim (''Asia''), Annie Evans (''Oceania''), [[Stephanie Hill (model)|Stephanie Hill]] (''Europe''), Solange Sinclair (''Caribbean''), [[Andrea Meza]] (''Americas'') and Miss World 2016, [[Stephanie Del Valle]] at the 1st global edition of 'Feminine Hygiene Awareness' campaign in [[Hyderabad]] in collaboration with Government of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-begins-beauty-with-purpose-tour-in-hyderabad/articleshow/62754496.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar begins beauty with purpose tour in Hyderabad |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223090609/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-begins-beauty-with-purpose-tour-in-hyderabad/articleshow/62754496.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021}}</ref> They continued the campaign at [[Kolkata]], where [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] hosted a special ''[[Adda (South Asian)|adda]]'' session on ''Feminine Hygiene'' in association with Miss World Beauty With a Purpose world tour team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/manushi-in-kolkata/articleshow/62789024.cms |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar visits Kolkata for menstrual hygiene awareness campaign |work=The Times of India |date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223090713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/manushi-in-kolkata/articleshow/62789024.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> They visited "New Light" [[Non-governmental organisations in India|NGO]] in slum area of Kolkata and also learnt to make low cost biodegradable [[menstrual pad|sanitary pads]] at the [[Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers|Jute Industries Research Association]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/education-is-a-must/article22713200.ece |title=Education is a must |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223090921/https://www.thehindu.com/society/education-is-a-must/article22713200.ece |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The team further worked on spreading awareness about menstruation and ensuring the availability of sanitary pads in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/manushi-chillar-in-kolkata/articleshow/62755403.cms |title=It's unfortunate that so many people aren't aware of basic hygienic practices: Manushi Chhillar |work=The Times of India |date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/manushi-chillar-in-kolkata/articleshow/62755403.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> They joined hands with Aakar Innovations, an NGO that works on the same issue, to create more low cost, biodegradable sanitary napkins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/manushi-chhillar-miss-world-2017-beauty-with-a-purpose-menstrual-hygiene-biodegradable-sanitary-pads-5053854/ |title=Manushi Chhillar spreads menstrual hygiene awareness on 'Beauty with a Purpose' tour |work=The Indian Express |date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091215/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/health/manushi-chhillar-miss-world-2017-beauty-with-a-purpose-menstrual-hygiene-biodegradable-sanitary-pads-5053854/ |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also visited Mumbai's [[Dharavi]] slum for 'Save the Girl Child' event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/in-pictures-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-visit-mumbais-dharavi-slum-for-save-girl-child-event |title=In pictures: Miss World Manushi Chhillar visit Mumbai's Dharavi slum for save girl child event |work=Free Press Journal |date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091449/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/cmcm/in-pictures-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-visit-mumbais-dharavi-slum-for-save-girl-child-event |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Manushi, along with the Miss World team, also met [[Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu]], the [[Vice-President of India]], and [[Sushma Swaraj]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], to discuss her beauty with a purpose project.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-is-touring-india-with-the-miss-world-team-to-raise-awareness-about-feminine-hygiene-1162512-2018-02-06 |title=Manushi Chhillar is touring India with the Miss World team to raise awareness about feminine hygiene |work=India Today |date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091736/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/after-china-manushi-chhillar-reaches-indonesia-for-her-beauty-with-a-purpose-tour-1162512-2018-02-06 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She visited Indian cities [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and Delhi for her 42-day beauty with a purpose tour. Chhillar then reached Hong Kong city<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/foreign-pageants/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-exploring-hong-kong-city/videoshow/61784774.cms |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar Exploring Hong Kong City |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 October 2018 |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/beauty-pageants/foreign-pageants/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-exploring-hong-kong-city/videoshow/61784774.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was later invited by [[China Central Television]] to star in the biggest live event Chinese New Year's Gala at China. The Miss World team landed in Indonesia in continuation with the humanitarian tour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/after-china-manushi-chhillar-reaches-indonesia-for-her-beauty-with-a-purpose-tour-1162512-2018-02-06 |title=After China, Manushi Chhillar reaches Indonesia for her Beauty with a Purpose tour |work=India Today |date=6 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223091736/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/after-china-manushi-chhillar-reaches-indonesia-for-her-beauty-with-a-purpose-tour-1162512-2018-02-06 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
During her stay in Indonesia, Manushi visited The Golden Bridge, a Beauty with a Purpose project which was completed by Miss Indonesia 2014, [[Maria Rahajeng]], participated in humanitarian activities and also crowned Miss Indonesia 2018, the representative of Indonesia for [[Miss World 2018]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-talks-about-her-journey-of-crowning-miss-indonesia-2018-1177842-2018-02-26 |title=Manushi Chhillar talks about her journey of crowning Miss Indonesia 2018 |work=India Today |date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223092257/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-talks-about-her-journey-of-crowning-miss-indonesia-2018-1177842-2018-02-26 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After this, Chhillar along with the Miss World team landed in the [[British Virgin Islands]]. They met the governor of British Virgin Islands and worked to raise funds for the beauty with the purpose project of [[Miss British Virgin Islands#Miss World|Miss British Virgin Islands 2017]], Helina Hewlet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Manushi-Chhillar-arrives-in-British-Virgin-Islands/Manushi-Chhillar-arrives-in-British-Virgin-Islands/eventshow/63092110.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar arrives in British Virgin Islands |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223092954/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Manushi-Chhillar-arrives-in-British-Virgin-Islands/Manushi-Chhillar-arrives-in-British-Virgin-Islands/eventshow/63092110.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She and the Miss World team later attended a gala dinner and auction at the Moorings Mariner Inn.<ref name="vinews">{{cite web |url=https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/domains/virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-to-visit-vi |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar to visit VI |publisher=virginislandsnewsonline.com |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226032212/https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/domains/virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-to-visit-vi |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also attended the second annual ‘Beauty with A Purpose’ (BWAP) philanthropic award.<ref name="vinews"/> She subsequently visited the United States, where she was a presenter and performer for a 16-hour TV show on channel [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], the 44th [[Variety, the Children's Charity|Variety Children's Charity Telethon]] held in [[Iowa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar's Western and Indian takes on pastel pinks are summer inspirations. |work=The Indian Express |first=Ishita |last=Goel |date=6 March 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/manushi-chhillar-iowa-anita-dongre-sari-zara-umrigar-5087765/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093314/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/manushi-chhillar-iowa-anita-dongre-sari-zara-umrigar-5087765/ |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was felicitated at South Asian Women Empowerment gala held on [[International Women's Day]] in New York City along with other women achievers<ref name="South Asian">{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/Manushi-Chhillar-to-attend-South-Asian-Women-Empowerment-Gala/eventshow/62969620.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar to attend South Asian Women Empowerment Gala |publisher=Beauty Pageants |access-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226040105/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/Manushi-Chhillar-to-attend-South-Asian-Women-Empowerment-Gala/eventshow/62969620.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and also joined as a presenter for "South Asian Empowerment Awards".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/miss-world-manushi-chillar-presents-south-asian-empowerment-awards/ |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar presents South Asian Empowerment Awards |publisher=The Indian Panorama |date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093449/https://www.theindianpanorama.news/unitedstates/miss-world-manushi-chillar-presents-south-asian-empowerment-awards/ |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first part of her beauty with a purpose tour ended with her United States visit.<ref name="BWAP Tour nutshell">{{cite web |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillars-bwap-2018-tour-in-a-nutshell/articleshow/63256876.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar's BWAP 2018 Tour in a nutshell |publisher=Beauty Pageants Indiatimes |date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093553/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillars-bwap-2018-tour-in-a-nutshell/articleshow/63256876.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> After returning to India, she was one of the guest speakers at [[The Economic Times]] Women's Forum 2018.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/et-womens-forum-miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-says-women-must-take-risks-and-make-their-own-decisions/articleshow/63330528.cms |title=ET Women's Forum: Miss World 2017, Manushi Chhillar, says women must take risks, and make their own decisions |work=The Economic Times |date=16 March 2018 |last1=Basu |first1=Sreeradha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093746/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/et-womens-forum-miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-says-women-must-take-risks-and-make-their-own-decisions/articleshow/63330528.cms |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Chhillar reached Brazil in continuation of her humanitarian tour. She visited the Government Palace in the State of [[São Paulo]], where the First Lady of the State, Professor Lucia Franca discussed various social projects supported by the state with Chhillar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/trending/article/manushi-chhillar-visits-a-street-spice-shop-in-brazil-says-it-reminds-her-of-home/218686 |title=Manushi Chhillar visits a street spice shop in Brazil, says it 'reminds her of home' |publisher=Times Now |date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225055239/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/lifestyle/trending/article/manushi-chhillar-visits-a-street-spice-shop-in-brazil-says-it-reminds-her-of-home/218686 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She initiated an awareness program to prevent and fight against [[leprosy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/getahead/report/achiever-manushi-chhillar-the-indian-beauty-queen-with-a-heart-of-gold/20180426.htm |title=The Indian beauty queen with a heart of gold |publisher=Rediff |date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226022422/https://m.rediff.com/getahead/report/achiever-manushi-chhillar-the-indian-beauty-queen-with-a-heart-of-gold/20180426.htm |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to Chhillar, the aim was to teach people about the early signs of the disease and the ways to seek treatment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-spends-time-with-leprosy-patients/eventshow/63924343.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar spends time with leprosy patients |publisher=Beauty Pageants |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226023831/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-spends-time-with-leprosy-patients/eventshow/63924343.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She also met and interacted with the children from the APAE, an organisation that primarily works towards the welfare of children suffering from [[Down syndrome]].<ref name="TOI_Manushi in Brazil">{{cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-honoured-by-the-parliament-of-brazil/articleshow/63856865.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar honoured by the Parliament of Brazil |work=The Times of India |date=21 April 2018 }}</ref> She gave a presentation on behalf of the organisation to the Governor of the [[Brasília|Federal District of Brasília]], [[Rodrigo Rollemberg]], at the Charity Gala arranged by APAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/manushi-chhillar-walks-the-ramp-with-a-down-syndrome-patient-1217784-2018-04-22 |title=Manushi Chhillar walks the ramp alongside person with Down Syndrome |work=India Today |date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226024340/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/manushi-chhillar-walks-the-ramp-with-a-down-syndrome-patient-1217784-2018-04-22 |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She highlighted the works done by the organisation and requested the Governor to help build a new third floor to the APAE building, so that all the children with Down Syndrome in the state could be helped.<ref name="TOI_Manushi in Brazil" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-kickstarts-her-brazil-trip/eventshow/63760125.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar's Brazil trip |work=The Times of India |date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225061957/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-kickstarts-her-brazil-trip/eventshow/63760125.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/manushi-chhillar-walks-the-ramp-with-a-down-syndrome-patient-1217784-2018-04-22 |title=Manushi Chhillar walks the ramp alongside person with Down Syndrome |work=[[India Today]] |date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225062348/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/manushi-chhillar-walks-the-ramp-with-a-down-syndrome-patient-1217784-2018-04-22 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was invited by Foreign Affairs Chairman, Congressman Nielson Pinto and the National Defense Committee, and was honoured by the [[National Congress of Brazil#Houses|Parliament of Brazil]] for her humanitarian works.<ref name="TOI_Manushi in Brazil" />

In May 2018, Chhillar reached [[Manila]], Philippines for the press presentation and inauguration of [[Mister World 2019]] contest which was to be venued in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/651828/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-arrives-in-phl-thanks-fans-for-warm-welcome/story/?amp |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar arrives in PHL, thanks fans for warm welcome |publisher=GMA News |date=1 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225062714/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/651828/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-arrives-in-phl-thanks-fans-for-warm-welcome/story/?amp |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chhillar later reached New Zealand as part of the Beauty with a Purpose campaign.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World to arrive in Aotearoa today |publisher=Māori Television |date=11 June 2018 |url=https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/regional/miss-world-arrive-aotearoa-today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225063411/https://www.teaomaori.news/miss-world-arrive-aotearoa-today |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World welcomed by Maori |publisher=Miss World |date=11 June 2018 |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1370}}</ref> Chhillar, along with the Miss World team visited the [[Ronald McDonald House Charities|Ronald McDonald House]] in Auckland, and served in the charity house as volunteers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar at the Ronald McDonald House Auckland |work=The Times of India |date=12 June 2018 |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-at-the-ronald-mcdonald-house-auckland/videoshow/64556767.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225063642/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-at-the-ronald-mcdonald-house-auckland/videoshow/64556767.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World, Manushi Chhillar prepares for a "Kids Cook In" |publisher=Miss World |date=12 June 2018 |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1377}}</ref> She was named as a judge for the [[Femina Miss India 2018]] contest held on 19 June 2018. She crowned her national successor, [[Anukreethy Vas]] at the end of the event.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu's Anukreethy Vas Crowned 'Miss India World 2018' |work=Indiawest |date=21 June 2018 |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-s-anukreethy-vas-crowned-miss-india-world/article_06e18568-74c6-11e8-91a5-cb67f6c1ef29.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225070346/https://www.indiawest.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-s-anukreethy-vas-crowned-miss-india-world/article_06e18568-74c6-11e8-91a5-cb67f6c1ef29.html |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Anukreethy Vas and Manushi Chhillar (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|270x270px|Chhillar (right) with her Miss India successor [[Anukreethy Vas]] (left) at the grand finale of [[Femina Miss India 2018]], in [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium|NSCI Dome]], Mumbai]]

She then visited South Africa to take her project on menstrual hygiene forward.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa welcomes Manushi Chhillar, Miss World 2017 |work=The Times of India |date=17 July 2018 |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/South-Africa-welcomes-Manushi-Chhillar/eventshow/65020409.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071038/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/South-Africa-welcomes-Manushi-Chhillar/eventshow/65020409.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
During the first day of the visit, she along with the Miss World team visited the [[Metro FM|Metro Radio]] in [[Johannesburg]] to commemorate the Nelson Mandela centenary celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar's style is impossibly chic. These 8 outfits from her South Africa tour confirm it. |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/manushi-chhillar-s-style-is-impossibly-chic-these-8-outfits-from-her-south-africa-tour-confirm-it/story-jnhCugMuYQJuA9nbHRQDnM_amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071426/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/manushi-chhillar-s-style-is-impossibly-chic-these-8-outfits-from-her-south-africa-tour-confirm-it/story-jnhCugMuYQJuA9nbHRQDnM_amp.html |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of Chhillar's [[Beauty With A Purpose|Beauty With A Purpose Project]] on feminine hygiene, machines that manufacture low cost and compostable [[Sanitary napkin|sanitary pads]] were installed in [[Nelson Mandela]]'s birthplace [[Mvezo]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World 2017, Manushi Chhillar's tribute to Nelson Mandela |work=India Today |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-is-having-a-blast-in-south-africa-see-all-photos-1289314-2018-07-18/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071757/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-is-having-a-blast-in-south-africa-see-all-photos-1289314-2018-07-18/3 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The President of South Africa, [[Cyril Ramaphosa]], led the official ceremony of unveiling the first Sanitary Pads Unit, on 18 July 2018, which marked the 100th birth anniversary of Nelson Mandela. Chhillar, along with Miss World 2014, [[Rolene Strauss]], inaugurated the first sanitary pad manufacturing unit set up by them in South Africa.<ref name="Manushi_South Africa">{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar Achieved A Milestone By Launching Her First Sanitary Pad Unit In South Africa |date=20 July 2018 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/people-manushi-chillar-on-nelson-mandela-birth-anniversary-launches-low-cost-sanitary-pad-manufacturing-unit-453688 |publisher=India TV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225072749/https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/people-manushi-chillar-on-nelson-mandela-birth-anniversary-launches-low-cost-sanitary-pad-manufacturing-unit-453688 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the launch of the sanitary pad unit, Mandela's birthday was celebrated by handing out more than 200 [[blanket]]s and [[Winter clothing|winter hats]] to the elderly at the newly opened 'Nosekeni Nongaphi Health Center'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hand in hand: Ramaphosa and Zuma spend Mandela Day together in Eastern Cape |publisher=The South African |date=18 July 2018 |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ramaphosa-zuma-mandela-day-together/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225073542/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/ramaphosa-zuma-mandela-day-together/ |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Miss World team also donated 100 bicycles to school children in Mvezo, Mandela's home village.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World hands out 200 blankets to elderly citizens of Mveso |publisher=Miss World News |date=18 July 2018 |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1402}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar's project on menstrual hygiene in South Africa |date=19 July 2018 |url=https://www.indianwomenblog.org/manushi-chillar-achieved-a-milestone-by-launching-her-first-sanitary-pad-unit-in-south-africa |first=Priyasha |last=Khandelwal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225073717/https://www.indianwomenblog.org/manushi-chillar-achieved-a-milestone-by-launching-her-first-sanitary-pad-unit-in-south-africa/?amp_markup=1 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

She returned to England and joined [[Stephanie Hill (model)|Stephanie Hill]], Miss World Europe 2017 for the presentation of £15,000 raised by the charity projects of [[Miss England]] contestants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar's London Diary |work=The Times of India |date=27 July 2018 |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillars-london-diary/eventshow/65185461.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225073929/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillars-london-diary/eventshow/65185461.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was donated to the Mid Derbyshire Riding School for the disabled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World presents £15,000 to Mid Derbyshire Riding School for the Disabled |date=27 July 2018 |url=https://missworld.com/#/news/1411}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar's photos from her London diaries |publisher=Times Now |date=29 July 2018 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/manushi-chhillar-is-making-heads-turn-with-these-photos-from-her-london-diaries/261775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074141/https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/entertainment/news/people/article/manushi-chhillar-is-making-heads-turn-with-these-photos-from-her-london-diaries/261775 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> During her reign, she suffered a leg injury and was unable to perform her duties for a month.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar goes without make-up in her new photo. |work=India Today |date=28 August 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-goes-without-make-up-for-new-photoshoot-see-pic-1325197-2018-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074449/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/manushi-chhillar-goes-without-make-up-for-new-photoshoot-see-pic-1325197-2018-08-28 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Manushi_Rakshabandan">{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar celebrates Raksha Bandhan 2018 with broken leg. |work=India Today |date=26 August 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-celebrates-raksha-bandhan-2018-with-broken-leg-see-pics-1324047-2018-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074615/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-celebrates-raksha-bandhan-2018-with-broken-leg-see-pics-1324047-2018-08-27 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> After her recovery, she landed in Los Angeles, California for Miss World America 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar jets off to Los Angeles looking chic like never before. |date=17 September 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-jets-off-to-la-looking-chic-like-never-before-1341630-2018-09-17 |work=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074807/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-jets-off-to-la-looking-chic-like-never-before-1341630-2018-09-17 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar Slays in Cherry Red Printed Dress While Vacationing in California. |date=19 September 2018 |url=http://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/manushi-chillar-latest-pictures-from-california-vacay-is-hard-to-miss-140130/manushi-chhillar-slays-in-cherry-red-printed-dress-while-vacationing-in-california-140140/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225074952/https://www.facebook.com/plugins/feedback.php?app_id=178196885542208&channel=https%3A%2F%2Fstaticxx.facebook.com%2Fx%2Fconnect%2Fxd_arbiter%2F%3Fversion%3D46%23cb%3Df2213900134532%26domain%3Dwww.india.com%26is_canvas%3Dfalse%26origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.india.com%252Ff1240d7db41a984%26relation%3Dparent.parent&container_width=0&height=100&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Fphotos%2Fentertainment%2Fmanushi-chillar-latest-pictures-from-california-vacay-is-hard-to-miss-140130%2Fmanushi-chhillar-slays-in-cherry-red-printed-dress-while-vacationing-in-california-140140%2F&locale=en_US&sdk=joey&version=v2.10&width |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chhillar reached Sri Lanka and met [[John Amaratunga]], the Minister of Tourism Development of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-meets-sri-lankan-tourism-minister-john-amaratunga/eventshow/66069095.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar meets Sri Lankan Tourism Minister, John Amaratunga |work=The Times of India |date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075128/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-meets-sri-lankan-tourism-minister-john-amaratunga/eventshow/66069095.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She later visited the Philippines for the second time to attend the coronation event of [[Miss World Philippines 2018]], as one of the judges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/10/09/1858549/davao-beauty-crowned-2018-miss-world-philippines |title=Davao beauty crowned 2018 Miss World Philippines |work=The Philippine Star |first=Celso de |last=Guzman Caparas |date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075336/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/10/09/1858549/davao-beauty-crowned-2018-miss-world-philippines |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She reached France to attend the presentation event of 'Beauty with a Purpose' documentary in [[Cannes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/manushi-chhillar-glams-up-cannes-in-pink-off-shoulder-gown-1368882-2018-10-16 |title=Manushi Chhillar glams up Cannes in pink off-shoulder gown |work=India Today |date=16 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075539/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/manushi-chhillar-glams-up-cannes-in-pink-off-shoulder-gown-1368882-2018-10-16 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chhillar then visited [[Sanya]], China and was a member of the jury in [[Miss China World]] 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-is-ravishing-in-thigh-high-slit-gown-see-pics-1372818-2018-10-22 |title=Manushi Chhillar is ravishing in thigh slit gown in China |date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075729/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/manushi-chhillar-is-ravishing-in-thigh-high-slit-gown-see-pics-1372818-2018-10-22 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She inaugurated the 'Haryana Film Policy' in the Indian city of [[Gurgaon]], along with the Chief Minister of Haryana, [[Manohar Lal Khattar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/gurgaon/manushi-chhillar-supports-boost-for-haryanas-film-industry-in-gurgaon/articleshow/66401558.cms |title=Manushi Chhillar supports boost for Haryana's film industry in Gurgaon |work=The Times of India |first=Divya |last=Kaushik |date=29 October 2018 |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225075909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/gurgaon/manushi-chhillar-supports-boost-for-haryanas-film-industry-in-gurgaon/articleshow/66401558.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-inaugurates-haryana-film-policy/eventshow/66389717.cms |title=In Pics: Manushi Chhillar inaugurates Haryana Film Policy |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225080329/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-inaugurates-haryana-film-policy/eventshow/66389717.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Chhillar crowned her successor [[Vanessa Ponce]] of Mexico at the end of [[Miss World 2018]], which took place in [[Sanya]], China on 8 December 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-is-ready-for-new-adventures-her-family-cannot-keep-calm-1406983-2018-12-11 |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar is ready for new adventures. Her family cannot keep calm. |work=India Today |date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225080604/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/lifestyle/celebrity/story/miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-is-ready-for-new-adventures-her-family-cannot-keep-calm-1406983-2018-12-11 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MW18">{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/manushi-chhillar-stuns-in-black-sabyasachi-lehenga-at-miss-world-2018-see-pics/story-puxsKZMJHmj3HkRJPigwlO.html |title=Manushi Chhillar stuns in black Sabyasachi lehenga at Miss World 2018. |work=Hindustan Times |first=Sanya |last=Panwar |date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225080809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/manushi-chhillar-stuns-in-black-sabyasachi-lehenga-at-miss-world-2018-see-pics/story-puxsKZMJHmj3HkRJPigwlO.html |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Chhillar signed a three-film deal contract with [[Yash Raj Films]], and made her debut with ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/manushi-chhillar-i-gave-my-first-shot-for-prithviraj-on-same-day-i-won-miss-world-two-years-ago-1620234-2019-11-18 |title=I gave my first shot for Prithviraj on same day I won Miss World two years ago |date=18 November 2019 |access-date=27 December 2019 |work=India Today |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> After several auditions and trails, she was cast in the film as the Princess of [[Kannauj]], Prithviraj's (played by [[Akshay Kumar]]) wife.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chillar will be playing Samyukta in Prithviraj Chauhan, has been preparing for nine months. |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bollywood/news/manushi-chillar-will-become-a-sanyogita-in-prithviraj-chauhan-01687417.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=16 November 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> Elaborating her role, Chhillar stated, "It's a huge responsibility to play princess Sanyogita, a powerful personality who stood up for what is right and took the most important decisions of her life herself".<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar to make a grand Bollywood debut as Prithviraj's Sanyogita |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manushi-chhillar-to-make-a-grand-bollywood-debut-as-prithvirajs-sanyogita/articleshow/72061713.cms |work=The Times of India |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> The film was a box office failure and her performance received negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie Review:Akshay's Samrat Prithviraj is less Prithviraj Chauhan, more Prithviraj Kapoor|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-s-samrat-prithviraj-is-less-prithviraj-chauhan-more-prithviraj-kapoor-movie-review-1957806-2022-06-03|website=India Today|date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603085822/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-s-samrat-prithviraj-is-less-prithviraj-chauhan-more-prithviraj-kapoor-movie-review-1957806-2022-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Chhillar appeared in ''[[The Great Indian Family]]'', a [[comedy film]] backed by the same banner, where she was seen opposite [[Vicky Kaushal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushal-manushi-chhillar-to-star-in-comedy-film-as-part-of-yrf-project-50-2799983.html |title=Vicky Kaushal, Manushi Chhillar to Star in Comedy Film as Part of YRF Project 50 |website=[[News18]] |date=19 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-manushi-chhillars-next-yash-raj-films-gets-title/ |title=Vicky Kaushal and Manushi Chhillar's next with Yash Raj Films gets a title |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 March 2021}}</ref> Chhillar's performance was poorly received by critics, with [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' dismissing her as "strictly ornamental". The film was a commercial failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-great-indian-family-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-kind-of-film-bollywood-shouldnt-be-making-8951234/|work=[Reddif]|access-date=22 September 2023|title=The Great Indian Family movie review: Just the kind of film Bollywood shouldn't be making|date=22 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-great-indian-family-box-office-collection-day-6-vicky-kaushal-starrer-struggles-to-cross-rs-10-crore/articleshow/104008550.cms|title=Vicky Kaushal starrer struggles to cross Rs 10 croreaccess-date=28 September 2023|website=Times of India| date=28 September 2023 }}</ref>

In 2024, Chhilar portrayed a [[wing commander]] opposite [[Varun Tej]] in the Hindi-Telugu bilingual, ''[[Operation Valentine (film)|Operation Valentine]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/its-a-wrap-for-varun-tej-and-manushi-chhillars-operation-valentine | title=It's a Wrap for Varun Tej and Manushi Chhillar's Operation Valentine | website=[[Film Companion]] | date=20 October 2023 | access-date=20 January 2024 | archive-date=30 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030055617/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/its-a-wrap-for-varun-tej-and-manushi-chhillars-operation-valentine | url-status=live }}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Manushi's sincere performance gets lost in translation due to lacklustre screenplay" and criticised her chemistry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation Valentine Review: Varun Tej's film crash lands due to faulty script|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/operation-valentine-review-varun-tej-manushi-chillar-film-crash-lands-due-to-faulty-script-2509205-2024-03-01|website=India Today|access-date=4 March 2024 |date=1 March 2024}}</ref> Later in 2024, Chhilar starred in the Akshay Kumar and [[Tiger Shroff]]-led ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' which received negative reviews and was a box office bomb.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=Bade Miyan Chote Miyan|id=bade_miyan_chote_miyan_2024|type=m|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>

Chillar played a local gangster's wife in ''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]'', her first release of 2025 opposite [[Rajkummar Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=Rajkummar Rao and Manushi Chhillar to team up for director Pulkit's next film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkummar-rao-and-manushi-chhillar-to-team-up-for-director-pulkits-next-film/articleshow/112352938.cms |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2025-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417205623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajkummar-rao-and-manushi-chhillar-to-team-up-for-director-pulkits-next-film/articleshow/112352938.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Anuj Kumar stated that she plays her predictable part well.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Maalik' movie review: Rajkummar Rao rules in this rambling action drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maalik-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-manushi-chhillar-prosenjit-chatterjee-pulkit/article69800299.ece/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=11 July 2025 }}</ref> She will next be seen opposite [[John Abraham]] in [[Dinesh Vijan]]'s ''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar joins forces with John Abraham for 'Tehran' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manushi-chhillar-joins-forces-with-john-abraham-for-tehran/articleshow/92972561.cms |access-date=19 July 2022 |work=The Times Of India|date=19 July 2022 }}</ref>

==Other work==
===Social work===
In May 2018, Chhillar joined hundreds of women in a 3 km walk through the streets of Delhi to create social awareness on the [[Menstrual Hygiene Day|World Menstrual Hygiene Day]].<ref>{{cite news |title=World Menstrual Hygiene Day: Miss World Manushi meets NTMC students |work=The Times of India |date=29 May 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/menstrual-hygiene-day-miss-world-manushi-chillar-meets-ndmc-students/articleshow/64356741.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar interacts with students on Menstrual Hygiene Day |agency=Press Trust of India |date=28 May 2018 |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/pti-stories/manushi-chhillar-interacts-with-students-on-menstrual-hygiene-day-118052900022_1.html}}</ref> Supporting the [[Fit India Movement|Fit India Campaign]], Chhillar along with the [[Vice-President of India]], Venkaiah Naidu waved the flag at the starting line to initiate the race, as thousands of cyclists made it to the streets of Delhi celebrating the [[World Bicycle Day]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vice President M Venkaiah Naidu, Miss World Manushi Chillar attend "World Bicycle Day" |publisher=ANI |date=3 June 2018 |url=https://www.aninews.in/videos/national/watch-vice-president-m-venkaiah-naidu-miss-world-manushi-chillar-attend-world-bicycle-day/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar attends the World Bicycle Day event |work=The Times of India |date=3 June 2018 |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-attends-world-bicycle-day/articleshow/64436074.cms}}</ref> She is a strong advocate for vegetarianism and has expressed her views on the subject on various platforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/international-meatless-day-vegetarian-personal-choice-says-manushi-chillar/ |title=International Meatless Day: "For me, being vegetarian was more of a personal choice" – says Manushi Chillar |date=25 November 2020 |work=Bollywood Hungama |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/manushi-chhillar-voted-as-the-sexiest-vegetarian-personality-by-peta-3888052/ |title=Manushi Chhillar Voted as The 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' by PETA |work=India.com |date=24 December 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Manushi Chhillar - Commission on Human Rights and Participatory Legislation.jpg|thumb|257x257px|Chhillar at a meeting with Commission on Human Rights and Participatory Legislation (HRC)]]
Chhillar was appointed as the ambassador for [[Government of Haryana]]'s campaign to curb [[Anemia]], which was instituted since almost 61 per cent of the women in the state were effected from the disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar to be ambassador of 'Anaemia Free Haryana' drive |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-to-be-brand-ambassador-for-anemia-free-haryana-campaign-1502537569.html/amp |work=The Statesman |date=13 November 2019}}</ref> She expanded the scope of her [[Beauty with a Purpose]] campaign, Project Shakti and initiated awareness programme among rural women for [[HIV/AIDS]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/entertainment/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-promotes-aids-awareness/ |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar Promotes AIDS Awareness |work=The Sentinel |date=1 December 2019}}</ref> On initiating this programme, she expressed:
{{blockquote|text=AIDS awareness among women will be one of the key initiatives of Project Shakti, because I feel women of our country are at risk due to lack of awareness programs. We work with hundreds of women across India and we are looking to educate them about AIDS awareness so that they can convey this message in their respective communities. It is absolutely essential for our country to fight HIV/AIDS and I am looking forward to doing my bit for the cause.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Miss World Manushi Chillar to spread AIDS awareness among women in India |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/former-miss-world-manushi-chillar-to-spread-aids-awareness-among-women-in-india |work=Medical Dialogues |date=2 December 2019}}</ref>}}

Chhillar collaborated with the [[UNICEF]]'s campaign to raise awareness on the [[COVID-19 pandemic|Coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar Raises Coronavirus Awareness Through UNICEF Campaign |url=https://www.theprevalentindia.com/manushi-chhillar-raises-coronavirus-awareness-through-unicef-campaign/#s |work=The Prevalent India |date=15 November 2019}}</ref> In a video released by UNICEF India, she urged people to stay at home and practice social distancing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/photos/entertainment/former-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-joins-unicef-in-new-campaign-against-covid-19-172983/ |title=Former Miss World Manushi Chhillar Joins UNICEF in New Campaign Against COVID-19 |date=11 April 2020 |first=Vineeta |last=Kumar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19: Manushi Chhillar Raises Awareness Through UNICEF Campaign |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/covid-19-manushi-chhillar-raises-awareness-through-unicef-campaign-2572827.html |work=News 18 |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> Chhillar also urged state governments in India to distribute [[sanitary napkin|sanitary pads]], along with daily ration to the female [[migrant workers]] who were prone to severe risks due to shortage of funds in their hands during the [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|migrant labourers' crisis in India]], which arose as a result of the strict lockdown imposed to contain the spread of SARS CoV-2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar: Supply free sanitary pads with ration to poor |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=700582 |date=24 April 2020}}</ref>

In 2021, the [[UN Women|United Nations Women]] affiliated with Chhillar in order to raise awareness regarding gender-based violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar roped in by United Nations to bat for women safety |url=http://www.businessworld.in/amp/article/Manushi-Chhillar-roped-in-by-United-Nations-to-bat-for-women-safety/02-01-2021-360717/ |date=2 January 2021 |work=Business World |author=Asian News International |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar to raise awareness on violence against women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/manushi-chillar-awareness-gender-violence-women-orange-the-world-7129930/lite/ |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=2 January 2021 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> She supports an initiative titled 'Orange the World', and works towards curbing online harassment of women among other forms of harassment, and spreading more awareness pertaining to this issue.<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |title=United Nations selects Manushi Chhillar to bat for women's safety |url=https://www.newsindiatimes.com/united-nations-selects-manushi-chhillar-to-bat-for-womens-safety/ |date=3 January 2021 |work=News India Times |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former Miss World Manushi Chhillar roped in by United Nations to bat for women safety |url=https://sanjhisoch.com/english/former-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-roped-in-by-united-nations-to-bat-for-women-safety/ |date=2 January 2021 |work=Sanjhi Soch |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar groups up with United Nations to lift consciousness about violence towards girls |work=Aaj Ki Taaza News - Get Latest News |date=2 January 2021 |url=https://aajkitaazanews.com/manushi-chhillar-groups-up-with-united-nations-to-lift-consciousness-about-violence-towards-girls/amp/ |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

In March 2021, Chhillar along with [[Dipika Pallikal]] and [[Nikhat Zareen]], became part of a campaign launched by [[Adidas]] called ''Make A Move'', with the vision to encourage and motivate women to overcome psychological and social barriers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

===Endorsements===
Chhillar has modelled for brands like [[Bata (company)|Bata]],{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[Big Bazaar|Fashion Big Bazaar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=FBB Big Bazaar - 'The Hello Sunshine' look worn by Manushi Chhillar |url=https://www.advertgallery.com/newspaper/fbb-big-bazaar-the-hello-sunshine-look-worn-by-manushi-chhillar-ad/ |date=8 July 2017}}</ref> [[Cinnamon Hotels & Resorts]],<ref>{{cite web |title=This is Sri Lanka by Manushi Chhillar Miss World 2017 - Cinnamon Hotels and Resorts. | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=mO0LWbUaJ1g |date=19 July 2019}}</ref> [[Giordano (store)|Gio]] watches,<ref>{{cite web |title=Manushi Chhillar in Inara by Gio Collection watches. |url=https://www.advertgallery.com/newspaper/inara-by-gio-collection-watches-you-light-the-world-ad/ |date=31 August 2019}}</ref> [[Club Factory]],<ref name="FreePressJournal_Manushi Club Factory">{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar: Great experience working with Ranveer Singh |work=Free Press Journal |date=6 July 2018 |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/manushi-chhillar-great-experience-working-with-ranveer-singh/1311478}}</ref> [[H&M]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Yashvi |title=H&M with Jim Sarbh takes you on a mysterious journey with the #BrighterThanEver campaign |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/2022/10/hm-jim-sarbh-brighterthanever-campaign/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=www.socialsamosa.com |language=en}}</ref> Sabyasachi,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Manushi Chhillar's ethnic photos in Sabyasachi lehenga is jaw-dropping! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai-guide/famous-personalities/article/Manushi-Chhillar-s-Queen-of-Tropics-photos-in-Sabyasachi-lehenga-have-gone-viral-20683158 |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> [[Schweppes|Schweppes India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=8 February 2023 |title=Manushi Chhillar and Siddhant Chaturvedi roped in as the new face of Schweppes : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manushi-chhillar-siddhant-chaturvedi-roped-new-face-schweppes/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Dior]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar in all-Dior attire attends the label's first-ever India event |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/lifestyle/manushi-chhillar-in-all-dior-attire-attends-the-label-s-first-ever-india-event-101670041455254.html |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Samsonite]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=bureau |first=afaqs! news |title=Enormous teams up with influencers for Samsonite 'tests' campaign |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/influencer-marketing/enormous-teams-up-with-influencers-for-samsonite-tests-campaign |access-date=21 October 2024 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Jimmy Choo (fashion house)|Jimmy Choo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=20 April 2022 |title=Manushi Chhillar turns up the heat in an enchanting black strappy dress and bright lime Jimmy Choo heels worth Rs.55,847 55847 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/manushi-chhillar-turns-heat-enchanting-black-strappy-dress-bright-lime-jimmy-choo-heels-worth-rs-55847/ |access-date=21 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In April 2018, she was announced as the brand ambassador for the retail jewellery group, [[Malabar Gold and Diamonds]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://silverscreen.in/hindi/photos/manushi-chhillar-announced-the-brand-ambassador-of-malabar-gold-and-diamonds/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915203251/https://silverscreen.in/hindi/photos/manushi-chhillar-announced-the-brand-ambassador-of-malabar-gold-and-diamonds/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2018 |title=Manushi Chhillar Announced The Brand Ambassador of Malabar Gold And Diamonds |publisher=Silverscreen |date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-joins-kareena-kapoor-khan-for-first-brand-endorsement/1251908 |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar joins Kareena Kapoor Khan for first brand endorsement |work=Free Press Journal |date=6 April 2018}}</ref> She has promoted brands like [[Audi Q5]] and [[Panasonic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=3q_EuyHwIJQ |title=Panasonic Refrigerators: Exploring Beauty and Intelligence with Manushi Chhillar |work=Panasonic India |date=19 January 2021}}</ref> She is also the official brand ambassador for [[Adidas]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Adidas ropes in Manushi Chhillar as brand ambassador |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/adidas-ropes-in-manushi-chhillar-as-brand-ambassador/76193962 |work=ET BrandEquity |date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former Miss World Manushi Chhillar joins Rohit, Hima as Adidas brand ambassador |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/former-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-joins-rohit-hima-as-adidas-brand-ambassador-6074141.htm/amp |work=CNBC TV18 |date=4 June 2020}}</ref> and [[Pantene]] in India. In May 2023, she was announced as the brand ambassador for the American multinational cosmetics company, [[The Estée Lauder Companies]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefashionenthusiast.uk/stories/manushi-chillar-has-been-appointed-as-estee-lauders-brand-ambassador |title=Manushi Chillar has been appointed as Estée Lauder's brand ambassador |publisher=The Fashion Enthusiast|date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, Chhillar was appointed as the global brand ambassador of [[Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council]] (GJEPC) for promoting India's diamond, gem and jewellery creations to the global diaspora.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://retailjewellerindia.com/gjepc-launches-former-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-as-its-brand-ambassador/#:~:text=Shah%20announced%20that%20Manushi%20Chhillar,creations%20to%20the%20global%20diaspora. |title=GJEPC launches former Miss World Manushi Chhillar as its brand ambassador|publisher=The Retail Jeweller (India)|date=19 July 2023}}</ref> The Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council of India organised an event called “The Ambassador Meet 2023" to showcase finest of Indian jewels to ambassadors of the leading countries of the world, where Chhillar was officially announced as their brand ambassador.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-world/manushi-chhillar-become-the-new-global-brand-ambassador-of-gjepc/articleshow/101988570.cms|title=Manushi Chhillar become the new Global Brand Ambassador of GJEPC|publisher=Femina|date=20 July 2023}}</ref> In May 2024, Chhillar was announced as the new brand ambassador of Clovia, a premier lingerie, sleep, and personal care brand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clovia announces Manushi Chhillar as its new brand ambassador |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/clovia-announces-manushi-chhillar-as-its-new-brand-ambassador/110118062 | access-date=26 May 2024|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

=== Entrepreneurship ===
Chhillar has ventured into entrepreneurship with two notable businesses. She co-founded Soma Wellness, a holistic health and wellness brand, with innovative regenerative therapies that blend advanced science with holistic care.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Beauty, Brains, and Business with Manushi Chhillar: Miss World to Retail Entrepreneurship - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/beauty-brains-and-business-with-manushi-chhillar-miss-world-to-retail-entrepreneurship/111641742 |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, she introduced Dweep, a sustainable and inclusive brand<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar forays into fashion business with her swimwear brand, Dweep |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2024/05/24/manushi-chhillar-forays-into-fashion-business-with-her-swimwear-brand-dweep.html |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref> specialising in women's swimwear and resort wear, in collaboration with stylist Sheefa J Gilani.<ref>{{cite news |title=The new wave of Indian swimwear |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/style/swimwear-westside-manushi-chhillar-dweep-sazo-11724328807123.html |access-date=3 November 2024 |work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref>

==In the media==
[[File:Estée Lauder India appoints former Miss World, Manushi Chhillar as the new face of Advanced Night Repair product in 2022 (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Chhillar at an event in 2022]]

Subsequent to her win at Miss World, Chhillar received widespread recognition and attention from the media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar crowned Miss World 2017. Wishes Pour in on social media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/manushi-chhillar-crowned-miss-world-2017-wishes-pour-in-on-twitter-1777327?amp=1&akamai-rum=off |access-date=17 March 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World 2017: That winning moment! Watch Manushi Chhillar's 1st reaction after she won crown |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/miss-world-2017-that-winning-moment-watch-manushi-chhillars-1st-reaction-after-she-won-crown/939306/lite/ |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=19 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar returns to India, receives grand welcome at the Mumbai Airport |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/live-updates-miss-world-2017-manushi-chhillar-returns-to-india-huge-welcome-planned-at-mumbai-airport/articleshow/61798262.cms |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Mumbai Mirror |date=26 November 2017}}</ref> Chhillar was recognised for her achiements by [[CNN-News18|CNN-IBN]], and she was awarded at the 2017 [[CNN-IBN Indian of the Year|Indian of the Year]] awards, by the organisation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chhillar recognised for 'Special Achievement' at CNN IBN Indian of the Year 2017 Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/manushi-chhillar-recognised-for-special-achievement-at-indian-of-the-year-2017-awards-4963266/lite/ |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 December 2017}}</ref> She was voted as the Most Desirable Woman of India in the 2018 internet survey conducted by [[The Times of India|Times of India]].<ref name="TOI_Most Desirable Woman">{{cite news |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar in the Most Desirable Woman of 2017 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-is-the-most-desirable-woman-of-2017/articleshow/64201795.cms}}</ref> In 2019, she was named as the 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' in India, by [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Miss World Manushi Chhillar becomes the 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/241219/ex-miss-world-manushi-chhillar-becomes-the-sexiest-vegetarian-personality.html |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Asian Age |date=24 December 2019}}</ref> She reacted to the award by expressing, "Being a vegetarian has actually been a way of life for me. My parents were vegetarians and while they gave me a choice, I never felt like I was missing on something. I've always been a vegetarian and have never felt like I needed to change that."<ref>{{cite news |title=Manushi Chillar is the 'Sexiest Vegetarian Personality' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/manushi-chillar-is-the-sexiest-vegetarian-personality20191224131103/?amp=1 |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=Asian News International (ANI) |date=24 December 2019}}</ref> In the annual award show organised by [[Lokmat]] newspaper, she was named as the most promising Fresh Face in the industry.<ref name=Lokmat_Manushi>{{cite news |title=Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2019: Most Stylish Fresh Face - Manushi Chhillar |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/lokmat-most-stylish-awards-2019-most-stylish-fresh-face-manushi-chhillar/ |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=Lokmat |date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

In May 2023, Chhillar made her debut at the Cannes Film Festival, where her appearance garnered significant attention, showcasing her evolving journey from pageantry to the film industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cannes 2023: A Parade Of Elegance And Style On The Red Carpet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/et-al-express-trending/cannes-2023-a-parade-of-elegance-and-style-on-the-red-carpet/ |access-date=24 October 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sonakshi |title=Cannes Film Festival 2023: Indians' best beauty looks from Day 1 |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/indians-best-beauty-looks-cannes-film-festival-day-1 |access-date=24 October 2024 |work=[[Vogue India]] |date=17 May 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref(s)
|-
|2022
| scope="row" | ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''
| [[Sanyogita]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-yash-raj-films-announces-theatrical-release-dates-bunty-aur-babli-2-prithviraj-jayeshbhai-jordaar-shamshera/ |title=Breaking: Yash Raj Films announces theatrical release dates for Bunty Aur Babli 2, Prithviraj, Jayeshbhai Jordaar and Shamshera! |date=26 September 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/confirmed-manushi-chillar-to-make-bollywood-debut-opposite-akshay-kumar-in-prithviraj-1619226-2019-11-15 |title=Confirmed: Manushi Chhillar to make Bollywood debut opposite Akshay Kumar in Prithviraj |date=15 November 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| scope="row" | ''[[The Great Indian Family]]''
| Jasmeet Kaur Randhawa
|
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chillar-bags-her-second-film-opposite-vicky-kaushal-42951.amp |title=Manushi Chillar Bags her Second Film Opposite Vicky Kaushal |date=19 August 2020 |work=Filmfare |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal and Manushi Chhillar's next with Yash Raj Films gets a title |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-manushi-chhillars-next-yash-raj-films-gets-title/ |date=1 March 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=2 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| scope="row" | ''[[Operation Valentine (film)|Operation Valentine]]''
| Aahna "Eva" Gill
| Bilingual film
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/vt-13-manushi-chhillar-team-varun-tej-telugu-hindi-aerial-action-drama/ |title=VT 13: Manushi Chhillar to team up with Varun Tej in Telugu-Hindi aerial action drama|date=3 March 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Varun Tej and Manushi Chhillar's film titled Operation Valentine; Release date revealed|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/varun-tej-manushi-chhillars-film-titled-operation-valentine-release-date-revealed-1235742|work=Pinkvilla|date=14 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (2024 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
| Captain Misha Kapoor
|
| <ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/bade-miyan-chote-miyan-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-in-india-tiger-shroff-shares-bts-pic-1209864 |title=Bade Miyan Chote Miyan wraps up the first schedule in India; Tiger Shroff shares BTS PIC|date=19 February 2023 |work=Pinkvilla |access-date=6 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| scope="row" |''[[Maalik (2025 film)|Maalik]]''
| Shalini
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=After Stree 2 success, Rajkummar Rao starts shooting with Manushi Chhillar for Pulkit's next in Lucknow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/after-stree-2-success-rajkummar-rao-starts-shooting-with-manushi-chhillar-for-pulkit-s-next-in-lucknow-101724747566251.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917202121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/after-stree-2-success-rajkummar-rao-starts-shooting-with-manushi-chhillar-for-pulkit-s-next-in-lucknow-101724747566251.html |archive-date=17 September 2024 |access-date=2025-04-03 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]''
| Divya Rana
|
| <ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-joins-john-abraham-dinesh-vijans-tehran-see-photos/ |title=Manushi Chhillar joins John Abraham in Dinesh Vijan's Tehran|date=19 July 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan=3| 2018
| ''[[Miss World 2018]]''
| Herself/Reigning Miss World
| International pageant
| <ref name="MW18"/>
|-
| ''[[63rd Filmfare Awards]]''
| Herself/Performer
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Miss World Manushi Chhillar shakes a leg with Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-best-moments-of-the-night/miss-world-manushi-chhillar-shakes-a-leg-with-shah-rukh-khan/photostory/62586448.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2018 |access-date=28 March 2021 |author=The Times News Network}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television#Specials|Super Night with Padman]]''
| Herself
| Awareness program by [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET India]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/behind-the-scenes/super-night-with-padman-on-the-sets/manushi-chillar/articleshow/62523344.cms | title=Manushi Chillar looked gorgeous as she striked a pose on the sets of 'Super Night with PadMan' - Photogallery }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Miss World 2017]]''
| Herself/Contestant/Winner
| International pageant
| <ref name="TOI_Manushi in Brazil"/>
|}

==Accolades==

=== Film awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2023
| [[68th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations For The 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 With Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58094.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Other awards and recognition ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Association
! Category
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|2017
| [[CNN-IBN Indian of the Year]]
| Special Achievement
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/manushi-chhillar-recognised-for-special-achievement-at-indian-of-the-year-2017-awards-4963266/ |title=Manushi Chhillar recognised for 'Special Achievement' at CNN IBN Indian of the Year 2017 Awards |work=The Indian Express |date=2 December 2017 |access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2019
| [[Lokmat Stylish Awards]]
| Fresh Face
| {{won}}
| <ref name="Lokmat_Manushi" />
|-
|2022
|[[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
|Super Stylish Emerging Talent (Female)
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards Winners List: Find out who won what at the starry night |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-winner-list-find-out-who-won-what-at-the-starry-night-1145089 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
|Most Stylish Trailblazer
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete List of Winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|}

===Media titles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Awarding Organisation
! Title
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| [[The Times of India]]
| Most Desirable Woman of India
| <ref name="TOI_Most Desirable Woman" />
|-
| 2019
| [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]]
| India's Hottest Vegetarian
| <ref>{{cite news |title=PETA announces India's Hottest Vegetarians of 2019 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/news-manushi-chillar-sunil-chhetri-peta-india-s-hottest-vegetarians-of-2019-571934 |date=17 December 2019 |publisher=India TV |access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Manushi Chhillar}}
* {{BH person|manushi-chhillar}}
* {{IMDb name|10035940}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Stephanie Del Valle]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss World]]
|years= [[Miss World 2017|2017]]}}
{{S-aft|after={{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Vanessa Ponce]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Priyadarshini Chatterjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Femina Miss India]]
|years = [[Femina Miss India 2017|2017]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Anukreethy Vas]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Indian Beauty Pageant Representatives}}
{{Miss World 2017 delegates}}
{{Miss World titleholders}}
{{Big Four Pageants titleholders
|Year = 2017
|Miss Universe={{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Demi-Leigh Tebow|Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters]]
|Miss World={{flagicon|India}} '''Manushi Chhillar'''
|Miss International={{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Kevin Lilliana]]
|Miss Earth={{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Karen Ibasco]]
}}
{{Miss India winners in the Big Four pageants}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhillar, Manushi}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Miss World 2017 delegates]]
[[Category:Miss World winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Haryana]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]

Forrest Lucas

2026-01-13T06:31:18Z

ZaidBaig:

{{Short description|American businessman (1942–2025)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Forrest Lucas
| image = Forrest Lucas.jpg
| caption = Lucas in 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|2|1}}
| birth_place = [[Ramsey, Indiana]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|8|23|1942|2|1}}
| death_place =
| spouse = Charlotte Lucas (m. 1982)
| children = 7
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
}}

'''Forrest Lucas''' (February 1, 1942 – August 23, 2025)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Benbow |first=Dana Hunsinger |title=Forrest Lucas, the unlikely self-made multimillionaire and namesake of Colts stadium, dies |url=https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2025/08/23/forrest-lucas-death-self-made-multimillionaire-indiana-lucas-oil-stadium-lucas-oil-raceway-park/85802942007/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=The Indianapolis Star |language=en-US}}</ref> was an American businessman, known for being the founder of [[Lucas Oil]] and the founder of [[Protect the Harvest]] that opposed animal rights legislation.

==Early life==
Lucas was born in February 1942,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/DEfONeoTPtJjoMjgNGy03fPfGmk/appointments |title=Forrest LUCAS - Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House) |website=Beta.companieshouse.gov.uk |date=January 9, 2002 |accessdate=November 11, 2016}}</ref> in [[Ramsey, Indiana]], where he grew up, the eldest of four children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://protecttheharvest.com/who-we-are/forrest-lucas/ |title=Forrest Lucas |publisher=Protect The Harvest |date=June 20, 2014 |accessdate=November 11, 2016}}</ref> His parents Raymond and Marie had a small farm in [[Elkinsville]], where he and his three sisters lived in "rural deprivation".<ref name="Communications2007" />

He was educated to a high school level.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibj.com/articles/55007-the-interview-issue-forrest-lucas |title=The Interview Issue: Forrest Lucas | 2015-09-24 | Indianapolis Business Journal |website=IBJ.com |date=September 26, 2015 |accessdate=November 11, 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Lucas bought his first truck when he was 19, and his first [[semi-trailer]] at 21.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> He got a job with [[Mayflower Transit]]. He built up a fleet of 13-14 trucks, and started [[freight]] brokerage. Following the deregulation of freight in 1980, he was the first to get a full licence to deliver freight in 48 states.<ref>{{cite web|last=Babcock |first=Stephane |url=http://www.truckinginfo.com/article/story/2016/03/q-a-forrest-lucas-on-starting-and-building-lucas-oil-products.aspx |title=Q&A: Forrest Lucas on Starting and Building Lucas Oil Products - Article |website=TruckingInfo.com |date=May 2, 2016 |accessdate=November 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 1988, he founded [[Lucas Oil]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In 2018, he founded [[Forrest Films]], a film production company.<ref name="deadline">{{cite news |last1=Hayes |first1=Dade |title=Lucas Oil Founder And Actor-Driver Ali Afshar Launch Forrest Films |url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/forrest-film-launches-forrest-lucas-ali-afshar-warner-bros-distribution-1202523122/ |accessdate=September 25, 2019 |publisher=Deadline |date=December 19, 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Protect the Harvest==
{{Main article|Protect the Harvest}}
Lucas was a founder of [[Protect the Harvest]], a [[501(c)(3)|nonprofit organization]] which opposes [[animal rights]]. It is particularly opposed to the [[Humane Society of the United States]], which it claims is "a wealthy and successful attack group".<ref name="Beckel">{{cite web | last=Beckel | first=Michael | title='Radical Animal Rights Movement' Gets New Foe | website=The Huffington Post | date=May 29, 2014 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/29/animal-rights-super-pac_n_5412975.html | accessdate=August 6, 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
His first wife "couldn't stand to save money ... she'd spend it as fast as I made it", and they divorced in 1969.<ref name="Communications2007">{{cite book|author=Emmis Communications|title=Indianapolis Monthly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111|date=January 2007|publisher=Emmis Communications|pages=107–111|issn=0899-0328}}</ref>

He married Charlotte Lucas in 1982, and they had seven children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucasoil.com/158-archive/archive/821-forrest-lucas-entrepreneur-blends-success-downhome-style |title=Forrest Lucas: Entrepreneur Blends Success, Downhome Style |website=Lucasoil.com |date=November 5, 2012 |accessdate=November 11, 2016}}</ref>

Lucas died on August 23, 2025, at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite news |title=Forrest Lucas, self-made entrepreneur and longtime NHRA partner, passes away |url=https://www.nhra.com/news/2025/forrest-lucas-self-made-entrepreneur-and-longtime-nhra-partner-passes-away |access-date=24 August 2025 |publisher=NHRA |date=23 August 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lucas Oil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucas, Forrest}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Harrison County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Critics of animal rights]]
[[Category:Lucas Oil|* Lucas, Forrest]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the oil industry]]
[[Category:American film production company founders]]

Microhyla kodial

2025-12-18T04:14:33Z

ZaidBaig: created the stub with sources

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Mangaluru narrow-mouthed frog
|image = Microhyla kodial.jpg
|image_caption = Mangaluru narrow-mouthed frog. [[File:Call of Microhyla kodial.wav|center|thumb|Calls.]]
|genus = Microhyla
|species = kodial
|authority = [[Kumar K. Vineeth|Vineeth]] ''et al.'', 2018
}}

'''''Microhyla kodial''''', the '''Mangaluru narrow-mouthed frog''', is a frog species belongs to family [[Microhylidae]]. It is likely [[Endemism|endemic]] to a small portion of [[India]], and was discovered in the urban part of [[Mangalore]]. This new discovery was published at international journal ''[[Zootaxa]]'' on Tuesday May 16, 2018.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Zootaxa|title=A new species of Microhyla Tschudi, 1838 (Anura: Microhylidae) from West Coast of India: an integrative taxonomic approach|url=http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4420.2.1|journal=Zootaxa|year=2018|volume=4420|issue=2|page=151|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4420.2.1|pmid=30313540|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Description==
''Microhyla kodial'' is a very small species with a snout to vent length of about 16.9-17.4mm in male and 18.0 to 20.4mm in female. Its [[snout]] is rounded in ventral and dorsal view, the [[canthus rostralis]] is indistinct and the snout protrudes beyond mouth in ventral view. Vertebral stripes are absent along with the absence of [[superciliary tubercles]].

[[File:Microhyla kodial (Dorsal view).jpg|right|thumb|Dorsal view.]]

==Distribution and habitat==
The exact distribution of ''M. kodial'' is uncertain, but it is believed to be restricted to a small geographical area around [[Mangalore]] on the west coast of [[India]], where its typical habitat is marshy vegetation with open grassland with herbs and shrubs.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Microhyla kodial|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Microhyla&where-species=kodial}}</ref> However, it is not closely related to any of the native Indian ''Microhyla'' species, and genetic analysis indicates that its closest relatives are ''Microhyla'' species in [[Southeast Asia]], namely the ''[[Microhyla achatina]]'' clade. The area in which it was found is also known to have formerly been a dumping area for imported timber. Thus, it has been speculated that ''M. kodial'' is actually native to Southeast Asia and was introduced to India on timber shipments, where it established a small population.<ref name=":0" /> However, the subsequent discovery of the closely related ''[[Microhyla irrawaddy|M. irrawaddy]]'' in the dry savannas of central [[Myanmar]] indicates that members of the ''M. achatina'' clade are capable of dispersing westwards and potentially surviving in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]'s drier habitats, supporting ''M. kodial'' being a native species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorin |first=Vladislav A. |last2=Solovyeva |first2=Evgeniya N. |last3=Hasan |first3=Mahmudul |last4=Okamiya |first4=Hisanori |last5=Karunarathna |first5=D. M. S. Suranjan |last6=Pawangkhanant |first6=Parinya |last7=Silva |first7=Anslem de |last8=Juthong |first8=Watinee |last9=Milto |first9=Konstantin D. |last10=Nguyen |first10=Luan Thanh |last11=Suwannapoom |first11=Chatmongkon |date=2020-07-03 |title=A little frog leaps a long way: compounded colonizations of the Indian Subcontinent discovered in the tiny Oriental frog genus Microhyla (Amphibia: Microhylidae) |url=https://peerj.com/articles/9411 |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=8 |article-number=e9411 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9411 |issn=2167-8359|doi-access=free |pmc=7337035 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0Bj8xWng8k
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhAlQj_fFuo
* https://macaulaylibrary.org/asset/222099

{{Taxonbar|from=Q53783292}}

[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Microhyla|kodial]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]

Vellangallur Grama Panchayath

2025-11-13T23:06:53Z

ZaidBaig: started a article added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}{{refimprove|date=September 2013}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vellangallur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Panchayath
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.3013|N|76.2160|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Thrissur
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1953
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 26.61
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 32,846
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 680662 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincodelookup.com/|title=Pin code Search, Pincode List and Post Office Details India|website=pincodelookup.com|accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website = isgkerala.in/vellangallurpanchayat
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vellangallur''' is a [[Gram panchayat|Grama Panchayath]] situated in [[Thrissur district]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Post Office VELLANGALLUR, THRISSUR|url=https://pincode.org.in/kerala/thrissur/v/vellangallur|publisher=pincode.org.in|accessdate=18 Feb 2015}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The nearest towns are [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Kodungallur]] and [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]].

Vellangallur Panchayat office is situated in [[Konathukunnu]]. [[Vallivattom|Vallivattam]], [[Thekkumkara]], [[Vadakkumkara]], and [[Karumathra]] villages are included in this panchayat.

Vallivattom is a village in the [[Mukundapuram]] [[Taluk]] with an area of 845 hectares and harbouring 2112 households with total population of 8537 as per the 2011 Census.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB.html}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The village is located at the junction of [[State Highway 22 (Kerala)|State Highway 22]] (Thrissur-Kodungallur) and Chalakudy-Mathilakam Road which connects [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] and [[National Highway 544 (India)|NH 544]]. The nearest railway station is [[Irinjalakuda railway station|Irinjalakuda]] (11 km). The nearest airport is [[Cochin International Airport]] (37km).

== Demographics ==
The population is 32,846, including 15,599 men and 17,247 women.

The literacy rate is 88.19%. Male literacy is 93.22% and female literacy is 83.76%.

== Economy ==
Bank branches in this Panchayat include [[Canara Bank]], [[Indian Overseas Bank]], [[South Indian Bank]], [[Punjab National Bank]], [[Federal Bank]] and [[Dhanlaxmi Bank|Dhanalakshmi Bank]]. Several other Cooperative banks are present.

Salim Ali Foundation runs a sustainable development project. The Project envisages development without damaging the environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vellangallur: Towards a Model Panchayat - Salim Ali Foundation|url=http://salimalifoundation.org/vellangallur/|website=salimalifoundation.org|accessdate=17 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://irinjalakudaonline.com/ Internet News Portal]
{{Thrissur district}}
[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

Fergusson College

2025-10-28T23:42:20Z

ZaidBaig: rework content and fixed typos

{{Short description|College in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

{{Cleanup|date=September 2022|reason=The article needs to be as per [[BP:UNIGUIDE]]}}{{Infobox university
| name = Fergusson College (Autonomous), Pune
| native_name = फर्ग्युसन महाविद्यालय (स्वायत्त), पुणे
| native_name_lang = mar
| image = Deccan Education Society logo badge.jpg
| caption = Shield of the [[Deccan Education Society]]
| motto = ''Knowledge is Power''
| established = {{start date and age|1885}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] – Private
| principal = Dr. Shyam Mude
| head_label = Vice principals
| head = P. M. Pawar Dr. Radhika Jadhav<ref name="fc_admin">{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/article/Administration_Details1.html|title=Fergusson College, Pune|website=www.fergusson.edu|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325105703/http://www.fergusson.edu/article/Administration_Details1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| students =
| faculty =
| administrative_staff =
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|18.523969|N|73.839219|E|type:edu|display=title}}
| address = Fergusson College Road, Shivajinagar
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], {{convert|65|acre|m2}}
| sports =
| mascot =
| affiliation = {{ubl|[[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.fergusson.edu}}
}}

'''Fergusson College'''<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/fergusson-is-now-a-university-xaviers-amp-mithibai-on-wait-list/articleshow/64325859.cms|title=Fergusson is now a university, Xavier's & Mithibai on wait list|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 May 2018 |access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref> is an autonomous public-private college offering various courses in the streams of [[The arts|arts]] and [[science]] in the city of [[Pune]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Punes-Fergusson-College-gets-academic-autonomy/articleshow/52787330.cms|title=Pune's Fergusson College gets academic autonomy|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Fergusson-College-is-now-autonomous/articleshow/52809145.cms|title=Fergussonians give a thumbs up to autonomy|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/fergusson-becomes-3rd-autonomous-college-in-pune-2857770/|title=Fergusson becomes 3rd autonomous college in Pune|work=Indian Express}}</ref> It was founded in 1885 by Vaman Shriram Apte, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], Vishnushashtri Chiplunkar, Mahadeo Ballal Namjoshi and [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020740/http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|url-status=dead|title=History of Foundation|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> Professor [[Vaman Shivram Apte]] was its first principal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fergusson.edu/arts.html |title=Home >> Academics >> Courses >> Arts |access-date=2013-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227122925/http://www.fergusson.edu/arts.html |archive-date=2012-12-27 }}</ref> Social reformer, journalist, thinker and educationist [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]] served as the second principal from August 1892, till his death in June 1895.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=5&id=360 |title=Gopal Ganesh Agarkar |access-date=2013-04-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408081342/http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=5&id=360 |archive-date=2012-04-08 }}</ref>

The college is named after [[Scottish people|Scottish]]-born [[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet|Sir James Fergusson]], the [[Governor of Bombay]], the college has been under the jurisdiction of the [[University of Pune]]. In May 2018, Fergusson college was upgraded to a unitary university following an update from Ministry of HRD.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

The college has two sections:
* The Junior Wing ([[junior college]]) is for students graduating from school. Courses are offered in Arts and Science streams, at the end of which students may appear for the Higher-Secondary State Certificate examination.
* The Senior Wing offers bachelor's degrees in 29 disciplines and master's degrees in 16 disciplines.

Fergusson College is known for its close association with Indian politics. Its founders were pioneers of the [[Indian National Congress]],<ref>Founders [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|BG Tilak]], [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale|GK Gokhale]] were early leaders of the [[Indian National Congress|INC]]</ref> as well as, [[Socialism in India|Indian Socialist Movement]].<ref>Founders [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar|GG Agarkar]] and MB Namjoshi were early socialists in Maharashtra.</ref> The college has produced, several ministers and legislators, including two [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Ministers]].<ref name=REF1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx |title=About Us >> History |access-date=2008-12-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020740/http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx |archive-date=2015-07-12 }}</ref><ref name=REF2>See [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]</ref><ref name="REF3">{{cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news|title=Scottish News - The Scotsman|website=www.scotsman.com}}</ref>

Fergusson was among the 19 colleges to get a heritage tag by the central government and [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] in 2015. So, the college receives financial help from UGC for the conservation of campus and buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/xaviers-fergusson-among-19-colleges-to-get-heritage-status-2329442.html|title=Xavier's, Fergusson among 19 colleges to get|website=Firstpost|date=6 July 2015 }}</ref>

==History==

===Foundation===
[[File:Sir James Fergusson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet|Sir James Fergusson]], [[Governor of Bombay]]]]
After the suppression of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], reformers in India felt a pressing need to modernise the [[Education in India|education system]] in order to advance the cause of reform. Prominent [[Indian nationalism|nationalists]], such as [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Vishnushastri Chiplunkar]] and [[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar]] led efforts to found a school designed for the general advancement of the Indian public; leading to the creation of the [[New English School (Thane)|New English School]]. Inspired by the school's success, the [[Deccan Education Society]] was formed in 1884; a year later the Fergusson College was established. An area of {{convert|37|acre|m2}} of land was leased for 99-years by Shirole, the erstwhile ''[[Patil (title)|Patil]]'' of the village of [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Bhamburde]] on the west bank of the [[Mutha River]].<ref>{{citation |last=Karve |first=D. D. |title=The Deccan Education Society |year=1961 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=205–212 |doi=10.2307/2050484 |jstor=2050484 |s2cid=161328407 }}</ref>

The college was inaugurated by William Wordsworth, a namesake grandson of [[William Wordsworth|the British poet]] and principal of [[Elphinstone College]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Other leaders such as [[R. G. Bhandarkar]] and [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]] played a part in its construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020740/http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|url-status=dead|title=History|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> The college was named after the then [[Governor of Bombay]], [[Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet|Sir James Fergusson]]. The [[Bombay Presidency|British colonial government in Bombay]] allowed the college to remain autonomous, giving it a free hand in education.

In 1935, during the celebrations marking 50 years of the college's founding, Sir [[CV Raman]] noted,{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}} {{cquote| … Standing here today, I feel that history has been written in Poona- history of self-help, history of self-reliance, history of great and constructive national effort- that history has been written in Poona, has been written on this very spot … }}
[[Mahatma Gandhi]], in a message to then Principal Dr. Mahajani wrote, {{cquote|Who will fail to be enthused over the noble record of the service rendered by the D. E. Society and the Fergusson College to the cause of education?<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020740/http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Gandhi|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>}}
[[File:Lokmany tilak.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] was one of the founders of the college]]

===Post-independence===
Post-1947, Fergusson College has produced leaders in the fields of politics, academia, literature and art. [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], India's first president, was the chief guest of the platinum jubilee function. He said on the occasion,
{{cquote|The Fergusson College was established at a time when the attitude of the Indian masses towards higher education of the western type was yet in a formative stage and when facilities for such education for the generality of Indian students were inadequate… It was an enterprise, which benefited the Nation without offending or alienating the then rulers of India. Fergusson College is the foremost fruit of that effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020740/http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Prasad|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>}}

In 1985, the college completed its centenary. [[Rajiv Gandhi]], the then prime minister was the president of the ceremony. [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|PV Narasimharao]], India's 12th prime minister and former student, said, {{cquote|This college, born like a twin of the Indian National Congress, has always kept abreast of the country's history. It has produced political leaders of all hues of the political spectrum including ultras and infras, if I may say so, administrators, eminent scholars, researchers, writers, sportsmen and many other categories of celebrities, which any country can be proud of.<ref name=REF4>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020740/http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Narasimha|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>}}

A two-part history of the college was written by Dr. VM Bachal, former principal. The book, ''Vatchal Sawashe Varshanchi'' (''A Journey of 125 Years'') was published in January 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-1660 |title=Magnum opus author |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110559/http://educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-1660 |archive-date=2017-10-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2018, Fergusson was given University status by the Ministry of Human resource development.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

===Association with Indian politics===
Fergusson College has been given many epithets by political leaders, including 'cradle of Indian polity' and 'twin of the Congress'.<ref name=REF4 /> [[File:Fergusson College Main.jpg|thumb|The Main Building]]
The founders of Fergusson College, most notably [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak|Tilak]] and [[Gopalkrishna Gokhale|Gokhale]], were leaders of the Indian National Congress in its early stages from 1885 to 1920. In fact, most historians divide the history of the INC into two eras — the Tilak Era and the Gandhi era.<ref>[[Indian National Congress|Tilak Era]]</ref> The college has produced as alumni, notable Congress leaders including [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] and [[PV Narasimha Rao]], [[Jivatram Kripalani]] and [[Babubhai J Patel]]. (See comprehensive list below.)

Among the founders, Agarkar and [[Mahadev Ballal Namjoshi|Namjoshi]] were early [[Socialists]] of Maharashtra.<ref>[[Gopal Ganesh Agarkar|Socialists]]</ref> Alumni such as [[Vitthal Ramji Shinde]], [[S.M. Joshi]], and Nanasaheb Gore were eminent socialists, inside and outside the Congress fold. The [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]], founded to fight for Maharashtra's statehood, included several alumni such as [[Prahlad Keshav Atre]], SM Joshi and Gore. V.D Savarkar, in 1902, enrolled in Fergusson College. As a young man, he was inspired by the new generation of radical political leaders —
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai — along with the political struggle against the partition of Bengal and the rising Swadeshi campaign. After completing his degree, nationalist activist Shyamji Krishna Varma helped Vinayak to go to England to study law, on a scholarship.<ref>[[Prahlad Keshav Atre|Samyukta Mah.]]</ref>

Fergusson is the only institution in India to have in its alumni two Indian [[Prime Minister of India|prime ministers]].<ref name=REF1 /><ref name=REF2 /><ref name=REF3 />

==Campus==
From the {{convert|37|acre|m2}} leased out by Shirole, the erstwhile Patil of Bhamburde in 1881, the college expanded to {{convert|65|acre|m2}} by the time of Independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712020740/http://www.fergusson.edu/History.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Shitole lease|archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> The campus extends until the slopes of a hillock, popularly called Fergusson Hill. Several educational institutions are around the hillock. The college is largely built in accordance with the [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] school of architecture, although it has some [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and traditional Indian styles as well.

===Buildings===
[[File:Fergusson College Main 1.JPG|thumb|Department of History]]
[[File:Fergusson College Staff Offices.JPG|thumb|Staff offices]]
The Main Building is at the inner entrance of the college. Built entirely in Victorian style, the two-storey structure houses the central office and the principals' chambers. The Statistics and Psychology Departments lie to the east of the main building; the Economics Department lie to the west. The computer science and the life science buildings are also to the west.

On the southern side are the RP Paranjpye building, Pittie Chemistry building, Botany, Zoology, Geology, Electronics and Physics departments. The building overlooks the central garden to the north and has two lecture halls and the staffs' chambers. There are 55 laboratories and 51 lecture halls in all.

===NM Wadia Amphitheatre===
[[File:Fergusson College Amphitheatre.JPG|thumb|NM Wadia Amphitheatre]]
The three-storeyed amphitheatre building, to the west of the central garden, has Victorian-Gothic influences. Apart from several lecture halls, the building houses an auditorium with a capacity of 1,000 people. In 2012, this amphitheatre celebrated its 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-wadia-amphitheatre-turns-100-takes-its-place-of-pride-1737008|author= DNA India|title= Wadia Amphitheatre turns 100, takes its place of pride}}</ref>

===Bai Jerbai Wadia Library===
Bai Jerbai Wadia Library was built in 1929 by industrialists Sir Cusrow Wadia and Sir Ness Wadia in memory of their mother. The Main Library on the ground floor has more than 300,000 books and research journals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/Library.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907150319/http://www.fergusson.edu/Library.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Library|archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref> Research scholars and book-lovers have donated their collections.

The first floor (the floor above the ground floor) of the library serves as a Reading Hall for students and accommodates 400 students. The floors above this floor are not publicly accessible without prior arrangement and house books, manuscripts, and articles of historic and cultural importance. The library has a collection of statues and posters, dedicated to national leaders and educationalists. The building was extended in 1955, with government grants and then in 1982 with grants from the [[Central government]].

===Kimaya===
Kimaya is an open-air theatre on the north side of the campus. It was conceived by litterateur and alumni [[PL Deshpande]] on his return from a visit to Japan.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} It encompasses elements of modern architecture and is built without beams. It has eight walls fused together, which function as [[trusses]].

===Botanical Gardens===
The {{convert|2|acre|m2|adj=on}} Botanical Gardens on the campus were founded in 1902 by a teacher, Professor Shevade. Botany students from the college planted specimens here, including [[Elaeocarpus]], [[Araucaria]] and [[Mahogany]]. In 1961, the garden was destroyed when the nearby Panshet dam was [[List of dam failures|breached]]. Years later, it was reinstated by the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC), the Association of Herbal Drugs, and Deccan Education Society. Some plants found there are Saraca Indica (Sita Ashok), the bark of which is used to heal skin diseases and as a tonic; and [[Terminalia arjuna]], the extract of which is used to treat jaundice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45425062.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802011446/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/45425062.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2009|title=The rejuvenation of the Fergusson Gardens - Pune Times - City - NEWS - The Times of India|date=2 August 2009}}</ref>

===Gymkhana and grounds===
Cricket, hockey and football are played on the main ground which has a drainage system, enabling play during monsoons. Two asphalted basketball courts are next to the main ground. A second ground, to the south, has courts for volleyball and handball as well as facilities for Indian sports like Kabaddi, Kho-Kho and Mallakhamb. Services for badminton and other indoor games are available, and the Gymnasium Building provides training for boxing, wrestling, judo, weight lifting and yoga. The college has tennis courts on the eastern side of the campus.

===New academic complex===
The new academic complex was built in 2004 at the northern end of the campus. Unlike the other buildings, it is designed in a modern [[Modern architecture|functionalist]] style. It houses the Junior College and the DES Law College.

===Residences===
[[File:Fergusson College Boy's Hostel - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Residence hall]]
For students, there are six hostel blocks, four blocks for boys and two for girls. The total intake capacity of the hostels is 587 students. The gents hostel blocks are to the north of the campus and the ladies hostel blocks lie to the east.

The college has some quarters for the faculty and staff and also for employees of other DES Institutes.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

The principal resides in an independent bungalow at the main entrance of the college. Some members of the teaching staff have been provided with residential facilities on the campus. This facility includes independent bungalows. There are some flats constructed with financial aid from the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].

==Academics==
In 2014 Fergusson College started special courses for upgrading skills of the national youth. The following courses have begun in the same year:
# Bachelor of Vocation in Media and Communication
# Bachelor of Vocation in Digital Art and Animation

The courses offer hands on skill experience with overall personality development of the student. The course consists of Photography, Voice Over, Script Writing, Media Research, Advertising, Video Editing, Journalism, Broadcast Journalism, Short Film making, and Media Research. In 2019 and 2020 Media and Communication Department organised ''Fergusson International Short Film Festival''. It was one of the biggest short film festival organised by any college department in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmfreeway.com/FergussonShortFilmFestival|title=Fergusson Short Film Festival|website=FilmFreeway}}</ref>

===Rankings===
The college is ranked 45th among colleges in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type =

| NIRF_C_2024 = 45
}}

===Departments===
Senior wing of Fergusson University has 14 arts and 16 science departments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fergusson.edu/departments/seniorcollegedepartments|title=Fergusson College, Pune|website=www.fergusson.edu|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=28 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528160838/https://www.fergusson.edu/departments/seniorcollegedepartments|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Arts

Departments:
Marathi,
Hindi,
Economics,
English,
French,
Geography,
German,
Gymkhana,
History,
Philosophy,
Political science,
Psychology,
Sanskrit, and
Sociology.

;Science

Departments:
Animation,
Biotechnology,
Botany,
Chemistry,
Computer Science,
Digital Art and Animation,
Electronics Science,
Environmental science,
Geology,
Mathematics,
Media and Communication,
Microbiology,
Photography,
Physics,
Statistics, and
Zoology.

===Associated institutes===
The college shares its campus with the [[Institute of Management Development and Research, Pune]] (IMDR) and Jaganath Rathi Vocational Guidance and Training Institute (JRVGTI), both governed by the Deccan Education Society. [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]] (BMCC), established in 1943, is closely associated with Fergusson College. At the northern end of the campus, next to the New Academic Building, lies DES Law College.

==Student life==

===National Cadet Corps===
[[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] training began in Fergusson College in 1921 with the University Training Corps unit which had two platoons. In 1926, the UTC strength of increased to three platoons. In June 1930, one platoon of the [[College of Engineering, Pune|College of Engineering]] was transferred to the Fergusson College and since then Fergusson College enjoyed the privilege of contributing full company — α coy — and was reputed as the Best Drilling Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fergusson.edu/article/ncc.html|title=Fergusson College, Pune|website=www.fergusson.edu}}</ref>

There are two units of NCC in Fergusson College — Army and Navy wings. In the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|Army wing]], cadets are trained by the representative of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] at the junior and senior level. They are seen as future officers or army personnel or as possible reserves in the case of national emergency. In the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|Naval wing]], cadets are trained as per the naval rules and discipline at the senior as well as on junior level. They are considered as reserves, second in line of defence in case of national emergency. Apart from these, the open units in the college are Girls Wing, Air Wing, Signal Wing, Armed Squadron and Medical Wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/NCC.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920144202/http://www.fergusson.edu/NCC.aspx|url-status=dead|title=NCC|archive-date=20 September 2008}}</ref>

===National Service Scheme===
[[National Service Scheme]] (NSS) is a community service program sponsored by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Human Resources Development]], [[Government of India]]. The motto of the NSS is ‘Not Me But You’, and its objective is developing the personality of the student through community service.

The NSS Unit of Fergusson College was started in 1975 with about 50 students. Presently the NSS Unit consists of about 200 students from senior college and 100 students from junior college. The activities of the NSS are to help the students understand community, their relation with community, National Integration, and Social problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fergusson.edu/NSS.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307121100/http://www.fergusson.edu/NSS.aspx|url-status=dead|title=NSS|archive-date=7 March 2009}}</ref>

===Periodicals===
The photography department, with contributions from current and former students, brings out an e-magazine, ''Fergzine''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fergusson.edu/EMagzine/editorial.html |title=Fergzine: The e magazine of the college |access-date=2010-03-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415235141/http://www.fergusson.edu/EMagzine/editorial.html |archive-date=2008-04-15 }}</ref>

===Astro Club===
The Astro Club is an activity started in 1997. Apart from weekly lectures, problem solving sessions and documentary screening, students also organise Physics/Astronomy exhibitions, seminars, workshops, sky observations, Space Week and Asteroid hunt program. "Frontiers in Physics" is a unique annual seminar organised by the students exclusively for the students with speakers from national and international institutions. Students also publish "Dimensions" a special science bulletin each term.

== In popular culture ==
# A scene from the [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winning film ''[[Gandhi (film)|'''Gandhi''']]'' was filmed at the Gymkhana building and grounds of Fergusson College. The location was used to depict a town hall in Cape Town, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahapedia |url=https://map.sahapedia.org/article/Fergusson-College/2737heritage-value/articleshow/69019586.cms&ved=2ahUKEwj-xInOyJ6KAxVDSGwGHVziLRMQFnoECB0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw39ybPUIxQSg3wejlhevqdG |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=map.sahapedia.org |language=en}}</ref>
# The novel ''[[Kosala (novel)|'''Kosala''']]'' (''Cocoon''), written by [[Jnanpith Award]]-winning author and Fergusson College alumnus [[Bhalchandra Nemade]], is loosely inspired by his experiences as a student at the college. Much of the narrative contains descriptions strikingly similar to Fergusson College.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ranadive |first=Abhijeet |date=2013-05-01 |title=Kosala - When Marathi Fiction Was Caught Napping |url=https://www.academia.edu/12939283/Kosala_When_Marathi_Fiction_Was_Caught_Napping |journal=50 Writers, 50 Books - The Best of Indian Fiction}}</ref>
# 1984 Hindi film [[Holi (1984 film)|'''Holi''']], directed by [[Ketan Mehta]], which explores student unrest and rebellion was shot at Fergusson College. The film features actors like [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and includes scenes around the Main Building as well the college's iconic banyan tree, which had just fallen at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0087417/trivia/?item=tr3811195 |title=Holi (1984) - Trivia - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-11 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>
# Some parts of the film '''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''' were shot at Fergusson College.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0319736/locations/ |title=The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002) - Filming & production - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2024-12-11 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
* [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] (1921–2004) — 9th [[Prime Minister of India]]
* [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] (1931–2008) — 7th [[Prime Minister of India]].
* [[Aluru Venkata Rao]] (1880-1964) — Father of The Unification of Karnataka and Karnataka Kulapurohita.
* [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] (Veer Savarkar) (1883–1966) — [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] advocate, president of the [[Hindu Mahasabha]], Author, Poet, a Nationalist & reformer
* [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] (born 1959) - former India women captain, [[Arjuna]] awardee and secretary of erstwhile Women's Cricket Association of India
* [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande|P. L. Deshpande]] (1919–2000) — [[Marathi literature|Marathi]] writer, actor, music composer, film and television producer, film director, music director & a great philanthrope. Famous as "Maharashtra's beloved personality"
* [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]] (1885–1919) — Marathi playwright, poet and writer
* [[Prahlad Keshav Atre]] (1898 – 1969) — playwright (''[[Shyamchi Aai (film)]]''); leader of the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra Movement]]
*[[B. V. Doshi]] - An Indian [[architect]], first [[Indian people|Indian]] architect to receive the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]], awarded with [[Padma Shri]] and the [[Padma Bhushan]]
* [[Shreedhar Mahadev Joshi]] (1904-1989) - An Indian Socialist politician who played a major role in the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti]] for the creation of [[Maharashtra]] state.
* [[R. P. Paranjpye]] (1876–1966) — mathematician, first Indian to become [[Senior Wrangler]] at [[Cambridge University]], former principal of Fergusson College
* [[Shriram Lagoo]] (born 1927–2019) — film and theatre actor
* [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]] (1899–1967) — activist for freedom of [[Hyderabad State]], 2nd [[Hyderabad State#Chief Ministers of Hyderabad State|Chief Minister]] of the state
* [[Smita Patil]] (1955–1986) — film actress (''Mirch Masala, Manthan, Chakra''); double [[National Film Awards (India)|National Award]] Winner for Best Actress
* [[Narayan Sitaram Phadke]] (1894-1978) — Marathi writer
* [[J. B. Kripalani]] (1888–1982) — Indian independence activist, former president of the [[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar]]- author, The first [[Marathi people|Marathi]] author to win the prestigious [[Jnanpith Award]]
*[[D. R. Bendre|D.R. Bendre]] - Kannada Poet, [[Jnanpith Award]]
* [[Vasant Kanetkar]] — playwright, [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Madhav Gadgil]] (born 1942) — Ecologist, [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[Sai Paranjpye]] (born 1938) — Film Director & Screen Writer, Winner of [[National Film Awards]] & [[Filmfare Awards]], [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
* [[Bhalchandra Nemade]] (born 1938) — [[Marathi language]] writer, [[Padma Shri]] and [[Jnanpith Award]] recipient
* [[Dattatreya Gopal Karve]] (1898–1967) — Economist, first principal of [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]], Vice Chancellor of Pune University and Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Irawati Karve]] (1905–1970) — sociologist, anthropologist, educationist, and writer
* [[Stephie D'Souza]] (1936–1998) — Indian athlete who won gold, silver and bronze medals at the [[Athletics at the 1954 Asian Games|1954]] and [[Athletics at the 1958 Asian Games|1958]] Asian Games.
* [[N. H. Antia]] (1922–2007) — plastic surgeon and [[Padma Shri]] recipient
* [[Radhika Apte]] (born 1985) — actress
* [[Padmanabhan Balaram]] — biochemist, [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient
* [[Pooja Batra]] (born 1979) — actress and model, Miss India 1993
* [[Milind Date]] — composer, flautist
* [[Bhaskar Chandavarkar]] (1936–2009) — [[sitar]] player, academic and composer
* [[Chandrashekhar Agashe]] (1888–1956) — industrialist

* [[Suyash Tilak]] (born 1987) — film and television actor
* [[Prahlad Kakkar]] (born 1950) — ad film maker
* [[Suresh Kalmadi]] (born 1944) — politician and sports administrator
* [[D. R. Kaprekar]] (1905–1986) — mathematician, discovered [[Kaprekar's constant]] and the [[Kaprekar number]]
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] (born 1974) — film actress, columnist and writer
* [[Shital Mahajan]] (born 1982) — skydiver, [[Padma Shri]] recipient
* [[Kiran Nagarkar]] (born 1942) — playwright, novelist

* [[Vitthal Ramji Shinde]] (1873–1944) — social activist, founder of Depressed Classes Mission in Mumbai
* [[Pandurang Vasudeo Sukhatme]] (1911–1997) — [[statistician]]
* [[S. R. Rana]] (1870–1957) — Indian political activist
* [[Suniti Ashok Deshpande]] — educator and promoter of Russian language and culture in India; recipient of the [[Medal of Pushkin]]
* [[Kranti Kanade]] — film director and screenwriter
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]] — Marathi film actress
* [[Nandini Nimbkar]] — president, Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute; member, Senate and Academic Council, [[Shivaji University]]
* [[Babubhai J. Patel]] (1911-2002) — 6th [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Chief Minister of Gujarat]]
* [[Kaka Kalelkar]] - Indian independence activist, social reformer, journalist and an eminent follower of the philosophy and methods of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* [[Chandrakant Sardeshmukh]] — sitar player, first Master Fellow of the [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)]]
* [[Balasaheb Thorat]] — member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and former Minister of Agriculture and Revenue, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
* [[Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi]] (1907–1966), former head of the Dept of Mathematics at Ferguson College
* [[B.S. Baviskar]] (1930 - 2013) — Sociologist, former head of the Department of Sociology, University of Delhi.
* [[Y. K. Sohoni]] (1911-2003) - Professor of French (1944–58) and recipient of the ''[[Ordre des Palmes Académiques|Chevalier dans l'Ordre Palmes Académiques]]'' awarded by the Government of France
* [[Devesh Chandra Thakur]] — Member of Parliament in [[18th Lok Sabha]] representing [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency]], Former Chairman and Member of Bihar Legislative Council from [[Tirhut division|Tirhut graduate]] constituency and Former Cabinet Minister of Bihar.
* [[Gautam Bambawale]] - Senior diplomat. Indian envoy to China.
* [[Vasantrao Ghatge]]- Businessman
* [[Sriram Raghavan]]-Film maker, Director
* [[Kalyani Bondre]] (born 1981) Hindustani Classical Singer, Economist, Kathak Dancer
* [[Manu S. Pillai]]-Writer, Historian, Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar awardee(2017)
* [[Amandeep Singh (footballer)|Amandeep Singh]] — Indian Footballer
* [[Supratim Bhol]] - Indian Cinematographer
* [[Aarya Ambekar]] (born 1994) — singer
* [[Parna Pethe]] born 1990
* [[Manjari Fadnis]] - film actress
* [[Ansar Shaikh]] - [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/upsc-rank-holder-speaks-his-mind-i-am-shaikh-not-shubham-can-tell-everyone-now-2794302/ |title=UPSC rank holder speaks his mind: 'I am Shaikh, not Shubham, can tell everyone now' |date=11 May 2016 |author=Express News Service |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Fergusson College}}
* {{Official}}

{{Pune topics}}
{{Bal Gangadhar Tilak}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Fergusson College| ]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pune]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Bal Gangadhar Tilak]]
[[Category:Deccan Education Society]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1884]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

Ramakrishnananda

2025-10-17T17:05:09Z

ZaidBaig: New A Post Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian missionary (1865–1911)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Religious text primary|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Ramakrishnananda
| image = Sashi maharaj.jpg
| caption = Ramakrishnananda
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1863|07|13}}
| birth_place = [[Ichapur]],
[[Hooghly district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| birth_name = Shashi Bhushan Chakravarty
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1911|8|21|1863|7|13}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], India
| guru = [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| honors =
| footnotes =
}}
{{quote box|width=22em|title=Quotation|quote=Science is the struggle of man in the outside world. Religion is the struggle of man in the inner world. Religion begins where science ends.}}
[[File:Vivekananda Baranagar 1887.jpg|thumb|250px|Group photo taken on 30 January 1887 in [[Baranagar Math]], Kolkata. '''Standing''': (l–r) ) [[Shivananda]], Ramakrishnananda, [[Vivekananda]], Randhuni, Debendranath Majumdar, [[Mahendranath Gupta]] (Shri M), [[Trigunatitananda]], H.Mustafi '''Sitting''': (l–r) [[Niranjanananda]], [[Saradananda]], Hutko Gopal, [[Abhedananda]]]]
'''Ramakrishnananda''' (13 July 1863 – 21 August 1911) was one of the direct disciples of [[Ramakrishna]]. Known for his "Gurubhakti" [Service to the Guru], he served the [[Baranagore Math]] for 12 years without missing a single day.

== Biography ==
Ramakrishnananda was born as Shashi Bhushan Chakravarty on 13 July 1863. His father Ishwara Chandra Chakravarty was an expert in ritualistic worship, and Shashi imbibed from him love for ritualistic worship. After passing out of the village school, he went to Kolkata and lived with his cousin Sharat (later, Swami Saradananda) for higher education. A brilliant student, he chose mathematics for the B.A. course, which, however, he could not complete owing to the terminal illness of [[Ramakrishna]] at Cossipore.

While studying in a Calcutta college, Shashi and Sharat joined the Brahmo Samaj, and heard about [[Ramakrishna]] from Keshab Chandra Sen himself. In October 1883 they visited [[Dakshineswar]] and were deeply attracted to Ramakrishna, who used to say that Shashi and Sharat had been the followers of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] in their previous birth.

Shashi distinguished himself most by the self-sacrificing spirit and devotion with which he served Ramakrishna during his last illness at Shyampukur and [[Cossipore]]. After the Master's passing he joined the Baranagar Math and underwent sannyasa ordination, assuming the name
Ramakrishnananda. He took charge of the worship of the Atmaramer kauta, the urn containing the relics of Ramakrishna in the Math's shrine. He felt the living presence of the Master, and so his worship was not a mere ritual but loving service to a living God. It was Swami Ramakrishnananda who formulated and introduced the system of daily ritualistic worship to Ramakrishna that is followed in the Ramakrishna Movement.

He seldom went out on pilgrimage, and devoted himself to daily worship at the Math. But when [[Vivekananda]], after his return from the West, asked him to go to Madras (presently called Chennai) and open a branch centre of Ramakrishna Math there, he obeyed without any hesitation. The saga of sacrifice and hardship that he underwent in preaching the message of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda for 14 years under unfavourable conditions has been recorded in letters of gold in the annals of the Ramakrishna Movement. In the South he travelled extensively. The starting of centres in Trivandrum, Mysore, Bangalore and Mumbai owed much to his pioneering efforts. His last and the greatest accomplishment was to arrange for the visit of [[Sarada Devi]] to South India in 1911 which event gave great impetus to the growth of Ramakrishna Movement all over India and South India in particular. He introduced his colleague Swami Nirmalananda to friends of [[Ramakrishna Mission]] in South India, especially those in Bangalore and Kerala, which led to Nirmalananda taking up the mantle and continuing till 1938 in expanding the works started by Ramakrishnananda.

Incessant work, especially his service to Sarada Devi during her travels in the South, told upon his health, and he contracted tuberculosis. He spent some weeks in Bangalore with a hope of getting better in the salubrious climate there under the care of his brother disciple Nirmalananda. But since the deterioration continued he was sent to Calcutta (presently called Kolkata) He died in a state of ecstasy on 21 August 1911.
<ref>{{cite web |author=Belur Math, The Headquarters of Ramakrishna Math & Ramakrishna Mission |url=http://www.belurmath.org/ramakrishnananda.htm |title=Swami Ramakrishnananda : Direct Disciple of Sri Ramakrishna |publisher=Belurmath.org |date=26 April 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233212/http://www.belurmath.org/ramakrishnananda.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2019/when-the-rk-math-put-down-madras-roots.html |title=We care for Madras that is Chennai |publisher=Madras Musings |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>

=== Teachings ===
Swami Ramakrishnananda, known for his deep asceticism and devotion, often emphasized the importance of purity, self-discipline, and childlike surrender in the spiritual path. The following statements, drawn from his teachings and recorded discourses, illustrate core aspects of his spiritual philosophy:

* ''“The child’s devotion to the mother is the best model for devotion to God.”''
* ''“A characterless man is a slave to worldly enjoyment.”''
* ''“If you would raise yourself, you must crucify the body and conquer the senses.”''
* ''“You have been worshipping the god of your body for so many lives.”''

== Legacy ==
* He introduced ritualistic worship of Ramakrishna and formulated Brahmacharya vows for novices of the Ramakrishna Order
* He started ''[[Sri Ramakrishna Math Chennai]]'', ''Sri Ramakrishna Math Bangalore'', ''[[Ramakrishna Mission Students Home]]'' in Mylapore, ''National School for Girls'', George Town, Chennai, Publication of books on ''Ramakrishna – Vivekananda'' from Madras.
* Extensive travels to Bangalore, Mysore, Trivandrum, Allepey, Ernakulam, Machilipatnam, Tirunelveli, Rangoon, Bombay and other places. As a result of his visits, many centres of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission came up in some of the places later
* His writings and lectures include ''Life of Sri Ramanuja'', ''God and Divine Incarnation'', ''The Message of Eternal Wisdom'', ''Sri Krishna: Pastoral and the King Maker'', ''For Thinkers on Education'', ''The Ancient Quest'', ''Consolations'', ''The Soul of Man'', ''The Universe and Man'', ''Path to Perfection'', ''Sri Ramkakrishna and His Mission''<ref>{{ISBN|81-7823-400-9}} Swami Ramakrishnananda a Portrait in Pictures, Appendix II</ref>
* For the relief work of 1897 famine in Bengal, he collected substantial amount. This was helpful to [[Akhandananda]] who was directly involved in the ground work of that relief.<ref>Swami Ramakrishnanandar (2012), ''Virivana Vazhkai Varalaru'', SriRamakrishna Math, Chennai, pp. 147–8, {{ISBN|978-81-7823-681-0}}</ref>

==Testimonials==
According to the Ramakrishna Math, [[Vivekananda]] had once said, "I shall send you one who is more orthodox than the most orthodox Brahmins of the South and who is at the same time incomparable in performing worship, scriptural knowledge and meditation on God." They say that he was referring to Ramakrishnananda, who was sent in March 1897.<ref>Ramakrishna Math. ''Swami Ramakrishnananda (Shashi Maharaj) : a portrait in pictures'' Mylapore: Ramakrishna Math (2006) p.25 {{ISBN|81-7823-400-9}}</ref>

Ramakrishnanda was said to be a student of all of the great scriptures. He knew the Bible and expounded it. A disciple wrote {{blockquote|He knew the Bible from cover to cover and expounded it in a spirit and with an understanding which are rare even in Christian countries…My whole being was stirred by the living reality of his words and as we drove home, I asked how he could make them so real and living. He sat silent for a moment, then he said quietly and simply: "My Master used to tell me that in a previous life Saradananda and I were Christ's disciples."|Laura Glenn (Also known as Sister Devamata).<ref>Gopal Stavig; Shuddhidananda. ''Western Admirers of Ramakrishna and his disciples'', Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama (2010) pp.921–923, {{ISBN|81-7505-334-8}}</ref>}}

== Quotes ==
{{Copy to Wikiquote}}
# It is apparently absurd, but really true, when i say God is nearer to you than you are to yourself. Where are you at present? where your mind is there you must be. And where your mind is? Scattered all over the world and attached to it so firmly that you deem it almost impossible to bring it back inside yourself. And where God is? He is always seated in your Heart. So God is always within you, and you are always outside yourself, or in other words "God is nearer to you than you are to yourself".<ref name="His life and legacy">Swami Ramakrishnananda : His life and legacy P. 169 – 195,{{ISBN|978-81-7823-487-8}}</ref>
# Actually very few of us believe in God all the time. How do we know this ? Because we allow anxieties and fears to arise in our minds.<ref name="His life and legacy"/>
# The more, you will be able to minimise your attachment to your sensual enjoyments, the more it will be possible to concentrate your mind. As it is impossible to fill up a jar with water, even if you keep it under a water pipe for hours and hours together, so it is impossible to control your mind if you allow it to escape every now and then through the openings of your senses. If you allow your mind to drink unduly of the liquor of sensual enjoyments, how can you ever expect to make it calm and sober?<ref name="His life and legacy"/>
# Do your Duty; never grow anxious and do not think of the future. Whenever anxiety arises in you, you become an atheist; you do not believe in God and that he cares for you. If you have real faith, you can never never grow anxious.<ref name="His life and legacy"/>
# Steadiness in devotion means that though you may be busy with many things, still your mind is always turned towards God. It should be like the needle of the compass; the needle may swing a little to this side or that, but always has tendency to point back to north.<ref name="His life and legacy"/>
# To see God everywhere is the Highest worship; meditation is the next best; prayer and repetition of divine names are lower than that; external worship is the lowest. Ordinary people perform worship to escape from the displeasure of God or in expectation of fulfilling some desires.All these are low motives. Real worship is not done until devotion overflows the heart and tears roll down from the eyes for a glimpse of God. A true devotee takes God's name with every breath, is filled with sincere devotion and offers flowers, leaves and water to God without any selfish motive, saying 'O Mother Divine, worship and prayer are nothing but opportune moment to call on You'.<ref name="His life and legacy"/>
# Science is the struggle of man in the outside world. Religion is the struggle of man in the inner world. Religion begins where science ends.<ref name="His life and legacy"/>

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://belurmath.org/swami-ramakrishnananda/ Swami Ramakrishnananda Biography]
* {{Internet Archive author}}

{{Ramakrishna}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishnananda, Swami}}
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]

Indira Gandhi Stadium (Alwar)

2025-09-26T18:52:59Z

ZaidBaig: Put up first post from scratch

{{Short description|Multi-purpose stadium in Alwar, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Indira Gandhi Stadium
| nickname =
| country = India
| image =
| location = [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]]
| establishment = 1993 (first recorded match)
| seating_capacity = 40,000
| end1 = n/a
| end2 =
| club1 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| year1 = 1993-1995
| date = 10 August
| year = 2015
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57866.html Ground profile
}}

'''Indira Gandhi Stadium''' is a multi-purpose stadium used mostly for [[association football]] and [[field hockey]] and also for [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] in [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The ground first held a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match in December 1993 when [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] played the [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] in the 1993/94 [[Ranji Trophy]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1993-94.html Scorecard]</ref> The ground has held 4 further first-class matches, the last of which came in the 1995/96 Ranji Trophy when [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and the [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/61/61278.html Scorecard]</ref>

In October 2012, over 6,000 youths mobbed into the stadium while taking part in Army recruitment drive which on the rampage for four hours.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Mob-at-Army-rally-goes-on-the-rampage-in-Alwar/articleshow/16679500.cms | title=Mob at Army rally goes on the rampage in Alwar | date=5 October 2012 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Rajendra | last=Sharma | access-date=15 June 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://wikimapia.org/8284337/indira-gandhi-stadium wikimapia]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57866.html ESPNcricinfo]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/883.html CricketArchive]

{{Coord|27.5453499|N|76.6091329|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Alwar]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Athletics venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Alwar]]
[[Category:Football venues in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1993]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Shirala

2025-09-15T14:41:08Z

ZaidBaig: correct article as per guidelines additionally and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shirala
| other_name = Battis Shirala
| nickname = Battis Shirala
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Shirala Police Station.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Republic day parade at Shirala Police Station
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.984011|N|74.124151|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 594
| population_total = 28000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Shirala2.html Retrieved 9 September 2009]</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415408
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02345
| registration_plate = MH 10
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Kolhapur, [[Uran Islampur]], [[Sangli]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Hatkanangle
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Shirala (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Morana Dam.jpg|thumb|right|Morana Dam near Shirala]]
[[File:Panoramic View of Shirala on a Monsoon Day.jpg|thumb|right|Panoramic East Shirala on a Monsoon day]]
[[File:Naag Panchami.jpg|thumb|King Cobra being worshiped during Shirala Naag Panchami]]

'''Shirala''' also called '''Battis [32] Shirala''' is a town and tehsil in [[Sangli District]], [[India]], away 60 kilometres west of the [[district]] headquarters, [[Sangli]] and about 350 kilometres from [[Mumbai]], [[Capital (political)|capital]] of [[Maharashtra]] [[States of India|state]]. It is particularly known for its Hindu festival of the snake god.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web | title =Face to face with the holy cobras | work =During the Hindu festival of the snake god, farmers capture cobras from their fields and let villagers shower them with offerings. They believe it will bring good fortune for next year. Jeremy Grange joined some of them in Shirala, in the Indian state of Maharashtra. | publisher =BBC News | date = 4 October 2007 | url =https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7017971.stm | format =web | access-date = 2008-01-23 }}</ref>

==History==
Shirala is a town located in western [[Maharashtra]], India's most prosperous state.
During the [[Rashtrakuta]] period the region was ruled by [[Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra|Shilaharas]]. (from 765 to 1020)

==The name==
Shirala comes from word "[[Shilaharas of Southern Maharashtra|Shilahara]]".The prefix ‘battis’ is the number thirty-two (32). It is said that thirty-two small villages surround this larger town. Historically, Battis Shirala has been major market.

==Local economy==
The major source of income for people in this town is from agriculture. Since this place is capital of tehsil or taluka, large numbers of people are employed in various government offices, schools, colleges, banks, hospitals and other service industry. A couple of agriculture-based industries (sugar and starch) also contribute to the town’s economy. Water supply for drinking and agricultural purposes is available from [[Morna Dam, Shirala]] located 5 kilometres from town. The tehsil has large area under thick forests due to heavy monsoon rains. It provides patronage to variety of wild life in ‘Chandoli abhay-aranya', a national forest.

The town holds weekly farmers market on every Monday (aka "Monday Bajar"). Farmers and small vendors from the area put up temporary tents on small streets of town for the entire day. Fresh vegetables, meat, fish and other goods including clothing are sold in this market.

Recently, a dozen of small-scale agro-industries have been set in Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) area near Shirala. With special economic concessions offered due to remoteness of the area, the MIDC has attracted number of investors in relatively short time.

==Transportation==

Shirala is about 350 km. from [[Mumbai]]. State transport and private buses daily run between Mumbai and Shirala. [[Kolhapur]] is the nearest city, which is 60 km. away. Kolhapur is connected to Mumbai through daily trains.

Pune is connected to all major Indian cities through daily flights and trains. If you are visiting Shirala for Naag Panchami (Snake festival) only, a day trip from Pune is possible.

==Noted annual festival==
Recently court has banned catching of snakes due to animal (snake) abuse cases as rough handling of snakes can result in their death.
Battis Shirala is famous for its annual [[Nag Panchami]] [[Snake festival]], which is attended by hundreds of thousands people.

In shirala, a day approximately two weeks before the festival, farmers clean their cows and bulls, decorate them and feed them with special food; villagers go snake-hunting, after getting kaul (permission) from Goddess Amba Bai by placing a flower on her head. If the flower falls, voluntarily on left side then that family is not allowed to catch snake that year. It is believed that only natives of Shirala are allowed to catch the snakes. Snakes (including the venomous Indian [[King Cobra]]) are tracked by their body marks in the soil. The ground is dug up carefully and the snakes are captured in such manner that they should not get hurt. A lot of care is taken so that snakes are not hurt as if they are hurt it is considered as a bad thing for that family. Hundreds of hours of searching produces seven or eight snakes per group if they are lucky. These snakes are then stored in a big circular earthen<ref>[http://www.musicoutfitters.com/ethnic/ghatam.htm Jug Drums (Ghatams and Matkas)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112163118/http://www.musicoutfitters.com/ethnic/ghatam.htm |date=2008-01-12 }}</ref> pot with a smaller circular earthen pot placed on the top opening. Finally a cloth is used to cover the top and is tied with a rope. These pots are usually hung outside house. Every morning till the actual festival, these snakes are taken out of their earthen pots and fed with a rat or frog. This feeding is called Dav Pajane or feeding dew to a snake.

On the day of festival, the snakes are displayed in a huge procession. The procession begins with the blessings of the village goddess Amba-bai. 70 to 80 groups and organisations take part in this procession. In the morning before the procession snakes are taken to few neighboring homes so that women in those homes can worship the snakes.
The snakes that were caught before the festival, are released at the same place from which they were caught.

Myth is one of the families in Shirala use to worship snake murti.
When one of the Navnatha ([[Gorakhnath]]) visited their place, he gave them permission and blessing to catch actual snake and worship it. Shirala has Gorkhnath Temple. Once in 12 years all the followers of Nath panti ([[Nath Sampradaya]]) visit Shirala and leave one of them behind to take care of this temple for the next 12 years.

Shirala is famous for one of the eleven Maruti temples built by Marathi saint [[Samarth Ramdas]]. This 17th-century temple is located about 200 feet away from main bus station of the town and is visited by many devotees on Saturdays. The town has a fort build by great [[Maratha]] warrior, Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]]. Currently, it is maintained by forest services office of town.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Sangli district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sangli district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

1521 in India

2025-09-15T10:49:01Z

ZaidBaig: rework lead for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{year in India|1521}}

Events from the year '''1521 in India'''.

==Events==
* [[Duarte de Menezes]] becomes [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|governor]] of [[Portuguese India]] (until [[1524 in India|1524]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Floor|first1=Willem M.|last2=Hakimzadeh|first2=Farhad|title=The Hispano-Portuguese Empire and Its Contacts with Safavid Persia, the Kingdom of Hormuz and Yarubid Oman from 1489 to 1720: A Bibliography of Printed Publications, 1508-2007|date=2007|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042919525|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOgGVaequz4C&pg=PA57|language=pt}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]

{{India year nav}}
{{Year in Asia|1521}}

[[Category:1521 in India| ]]
[[Category:1521 by country|India]]
[[Category:1521 in Asia|India]]
[[Category:1520s in India]]
[[Category:Years of the 16th century in India]]

{{India-year-stub}}

Simri Bakhtiyarpur subdivision

2025-08-28T14:20:15Z

ZaidBaig: started basic article v1

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Saharsa district, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Simri Bakhtiyarpur subdivision
| coordinates = {{coord|25.7237810|86.5800323|display=inline,title|type:adm3rd}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 280,582
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 852127
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = BR-19
}}

'''Simri Bakhtiyarpur subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision in the [[Saharsa district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. Its administrative headquarters is the town of '''[[Simri Bakhtiyarpur]]'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |title=Subdivision & Blocks |publisher=District Administration, Saharsa |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
'''Simri Bakhtiyarpur subdivision''' lies in the alluvial Kosi river basin of north Bihar and forms part of the cultural region of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. The subdivision is located at {{coord|25.7237810|86.5800323|display=inline}}. The terrain is predominantly flat and subject to seasonal flooding from the Kosi and its tributaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/ |title=Saharsa District – Official Website |publisher=District Administration, Saharsa |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>

==Administration==
'''Simri Bakhtiyarpur''' is one of two civil subdivisions of Saharsa district. The subdivision comprises three community development blocks (CD blocks):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |title=Subdivision & Blocks – Simri Bakhtiyarpur Subdivision |publisher=District Administration, Saharsa |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
* '''[[Simri Bakhtiyarpur]]'''
* '''[[Salkhua]]'''
* '''Banma Itahri'''

Block-level administration is carried out by the respective Block Development Offices (BDOs) under the District Administration of Saharsa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/divisions/block/ |title=Block – Simri Bakhtiyarpur (BDO & block information) |publisher=District Administration, Saharsa |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census of India (Primary Census Abstract and District Census Handbook):
* '''Total population (2011):''' 280,582<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40893 |title=Primary Census Abstract – C.D. Block wise (PCA): Bihar – Saharsa – Simri Bakhtiyarpur |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
* '''Male population (2011):''' 147,626<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40893 |title=Primary Census Abstract – C.D. Block wise (PCA): Bihar – Saharsa – Simri Bakhtiyarpur |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
* '''Female population (2011):''' 132,956<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40893 |title=Primary Census Abstract – C.D. Block wise (PCA): Bihar – Saharsa – Simri Bakhtiyarpur |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
* '''Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males):''' 901<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40893 |title=Primary Census Abstract – C.D. Block wise (PCA): Bihar – Saharsa – Simri Bakhtiyarpur |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>
* '''Overall literacy rate (2011):''' 48.80% (Simri Bakhtiyarpur CD block). Detailed tables showing male and female literacy rates and village/town-wise literate counts are provided in the District Census Handbook, Saharsa (Part B: Census Tables).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/307/download/878/DH_2011_1012_PART_B_DCHB_SAHARSA.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Saharsa, Part B (Census Tables) |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of the subdivision is predominantly agrarian. Local cropping and agri-processing are the main occupations in the CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/demography/ |title=Demography and District overview |publisher=District Administration, Saharsa |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==
'''Simri Bakhtiyarpur''' is served by local roads connecting the subdivision to the Saharsa district headquarters and the wider road network of Bihar. [[Simri Bakhtiyarpur railway station]] serves passenger rail needs for the subdivision’s headquarters and nearby villages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |title=How to Reach Saharsa |publisher=District Administration, Saharsa |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>

==Education and public services==
Government primary and secondary schools, anganwadis, public health centres and administrative offices for the blocks are listed on the official Saharsa district pages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/divisions/block/ |title=Block – Simri Bakhtiyarpur (BDO & block information) |publisher=District Administration, Saharsa |access-date=28 August 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Saharsa district]]
* [[Mithila (region)]]
* [[Simri Bakhtiyarpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://saharsa.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ Official Saharsa district – Subdivision & Blocks]

[[Category:Subdivisions of Saharsa district]]

Hinduism in Malawi

2025-05-12T08:30:59Z

ZaidBaig: put up a bio...

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Hinduism by country}}
'''Hinduism in Malawi''' arrived when Indian colonists and mercantilists were brought by the colonial British administrators in the late 19th and early 20th-century in what was then known as British Central Africa and later [[Nyasaland]].<ref name="MittalThursby2009p87"/><ref name="Knott2016p91">{{cite book|author=Kim Knott|title=Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ts6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874554-9|pages=91–92}}</ref> They were a part of a global movement of workers to parts of [[East Africa]], to help build infrastructure projects, establish services, retail markets and for administrative support.<ref name="MittalThursby2009p87">{{cite book|author1=Sushil Mittal|author2=Gene Thursby|title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdBFq2Ia79AC&pg=PA87|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-41829-9|pages=87–88}}</ref><ref name="Knott2016p91"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=DAVID LEVINSON|author2=KAREN CHRISTENSEN|title=Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1geOjQ6R0MC&pg=PA592|year=2003|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-2598-9|page=592}}</ref> The immigrants, some educated and skilled but mostly poor and struggling in famine prone areas of Punjab, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, helped construct the first railway line between Malawi and Mozambique.<ref name="Knott2016p91"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Frederic L. Pryor|title=Malaŵi and Madagascar|url=https://archive.org/details/malawimadagascar0000pryo |url-access=registration|year=1990|publisher=World Bank|isbn=978-0-19-520823-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/malawimadagascar0000pryo/page/29 29]–34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Harry Brind|title=Lying Abroad: Diplomatic Memoirs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06I32BhzaDkC |year=1999|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-86064-377-4|pages=189–195}}</ref>

Hinduism has a very small minority presence in predominantly Christian Malawi. The government tracks Christian and Muslim demographics, but does not recognize other religions separately, considers Hindus as well as the traditional African religions as a part of the "Others" category. The "Others" were about 3.1% in 2006.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71311.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2006, Malawi], State Department of the United States</ref><ref>[http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/cp/malawiatlas/malawiatlas_06.pdf Malawi] IFPRI</ref>

According to the 1994 constitution of Malawi, many seats in its Senate are reserved for "major religious faiths of Malawi", and only [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]] are recognized as "major faiths". Malawi thus constitutionally bars people with faiths such as Hinduism from political representation in its Senate, and allows only Christians and Muslims to hold the set aside seats of political power.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeroen Temperman|title=State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C |year=2010|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-18148-9|pages=94–95 with footnote 4–5}}</ref>

After colonialism ended, Hindus (along with Jains and Sikhs) were discriminated against in East Africa, where various East African governments promoted [[Africanization#Africanization of civil services|Africanization]] enacting laws and policies that required commercial and professional sectors of the economy to be owned by non-Europeans, non-Asians, and only indigenous Africans.<ref name="Vertovec2013p87">{{cite book|author=Steven Vertovec|title=The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRRUAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-36712-0|pages=87–89|chapter=Chapter 4}}</ref> Many Hindus previously residing in Malawi migrated to other countries during this period, particularly the [[United Kingdom]] starting with the 1960s.<ref name="MittalThursby2009p87"/>

Gujarati, Sindhi and Bengali are the main languages of hindus in Malawi. Sub-traditions of Hinduism such as the [[Brahma Kumaris]] have a Raja Yoga Centre at Trikum Mansion in [[Blantyre]].<ref>[http://www.brahmakumaris.org/afr/malawi/home_html Brahma Kumaris in Malawi], Brahma Kumaris Official Site, Malawi</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Steven Vertovec|title=The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRRUAQAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-36712-0 }}
*{{cite book|author=Richard Carver|title=Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyIpVV3FZlAC&pg=PP4|year=1990|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=978-0-929692-73-9}}
*{{cite journal|author=Nandini Patel|year=1996|title=The Hindus in Malawi|journal=Religion in Malawi|number=6|pages=39-40}}

{{Africa in topic|Hinduism in}}

[[Category:Hinduism by country|Malawi]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Africa|Malawi]]
[[Category:Religion in Malawi]]

Atmabodhendra Saraswati

2025-05-09T12:14:33Z

ZaidBaig:

{{Short description|Kanchi Matha a traveler}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=December 2024}}
'''Atma Bodhendra Saraswati''' was the 58th Pontiff of the [[Kanchi Matha]] from 1586 AD to 1638 AD. He was a native of [[Vridhachalam]], Tamil Nadu. He was born in the year 1586. His pre-monastic name was Visvesvara. In some texts name him as Vishwakendra Saraswati or Girvanendra Saraswati. Sri [[Neelakanta Dikshitar]] in Guru Ratna Malika praised him as Girvanendra Saraswati of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam]]. He toured south India extensively and stayed at [[Benares]]. He wrote a commentary on the Vedic Sri Rudram. It was Atma Bodhendhra who instructed the great Avadhuta Sri Sadasiva Brahmendra to write the Guru ratna Malika stotram on the Gurus of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam. For Sadasiva brahmendra saraswathi and Atma Bodendra Saraswathi, the common guru is 57th Pontiff of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam, Sri Paramasivendra Saraswathi who attained siddhi at Tiruvengadu. [[Atma Bodhendra Saraswathi]] is the immediate guru of [[Bodhendra Saraswathi]], the 59th pontiff of Sri Kanchi Mutt who attained siddhi at Govindapuram, near Kumbakonam.

Sri Atma Bodhendra Saraswathi attained Siddhi on the banks of the river Dakshina Pinakini, in 1638 AD. The Maha Samadhi of Sri Atma Bodhendra Saraswathi is located in [[Vadavambalam]], in villupuram district. The Adhistanam was discovered by Pujyasri [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Chandrasekarendra Saraswathi]] swamigal and was consecrated on 17 January 1927. The second Kumbabhishekam was performed on 17 January 1981.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kamakoti.org/kamakoti/details/June%202010%20-vadavambalam.html |title=Adhistanam at Vadavambalam |publisher=Kamakoti.org |accessdate=June 22, 2013}}</ref> The Adhistanam was again renovated and Kumbabhishekam done on 21 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drlsravi.blogspot.in/2010/06/vizhupuram-and-vadavambalam.html|title=Ravi's blog on Villupuram Adhistanam|last=|first=|date=14 December 2019|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas of Kanchipuram|A]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]

Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)

2025-03-15T22:10:34Z

ZaidBaig: adjusted content as per guidelines and fixed typos for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Discovery Kids (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
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Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt. Ltd.

2024-12-02T08:09:44Z

ZaidBaig:

{{short description|2022 Indian drama web television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date = July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt Ltd poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| language = Hindi
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|07|8|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Amruta Subhash]]
*[[Anup Soni]]
*[[Yamini Das]]
*[[Anjana Sukhani]]
*Manu Bisht
*Nikhil Chawla
*Shreyansh Kaurav
}}
| director = Apoorv Singh Karki
| writer = Abhishek Srivastava Swarnadeep Biswas
| music = Nilotpal Bora
| cinematography = Arjun Kukreti
| editor = Sumeet Kotian
| runtime = 20–45 minutes
| company = [[The Viral Fever]]
| executive_producer = Vijay Koshy Shreyansh Pandey
| producer = [[Arunabh Kumar]]
| genre = [[Comedy drama]]
}}

'''Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt Ltd''' is an Indian [[Drama (genre)|Drama]] web-series created by [[Arunabh Kumar]] and Apoorv Singh Karki under [[The Viral Fever]] for [[ZEE5]]. Directed by Karki and produced by Kumar, the series features [[Amruta Subhash]], [[Anup Soni]], [[Yamini Das]], [[Anjana Sukhani]], Manu Bisht, Nikhil Chawla, and Shreyansh Kaurav in prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt Ltd Trailer: Amruta Subhash Is Here With an 'Aam Kahaani' To Make It 'Khaas' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/saas-bahu-achaar-pvt-ltd-trailer-amruta-subhash-is-here-with-an-aam-kahaani-to-make-it-khaas-5457103.html |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The series premiered on 8 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt Ltd trailer: Amruta Subhash leads this underdog TVF story. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/saas-bahu-achaar-pvt-ltd-trailer-amruta-subhash-underdog-tvf-story-watch-7995579/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Based in the historic lanes of Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi, ‘Saas Bahu Aachar Pvt. Ltd.’ revolves around Suman who constantly struggles to set up an achaar business and kickstart her entrepreneurial journey with a pure-hearted intent to get her kids back from her ex-husband, Dilip. In this struggle, her support system is her ex mother in-law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=Saas Bahu Aur Achaar Pvt Ltd trailer: Amruta Subhash and her mom-in-law turn entrepreneurs in a warm tale |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/saas-bahu-aur-achaar-pvt-ltd-trailer-amruta-subhash-101656481228068.html |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पंचायत मेकर्स की नई वेब सीरीज 'सास बहू अचार' का ट्रेलर रिलीज, नजर आएंगी नेशनल अवॉर्ड विनर अमृता |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/web-series/latest/saas-bahu-achaar-pvt-ltd-trailer-panchayat-makers-new-web-series-saas-bahu-achar-starrer-by-amruta-subhash/articleshow/92519807.cms |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Amruta Subhash]] as Suman Shrivastava: Dilip's ex-wife; Juhi and Rishi's mother and Shukla Ji's partner.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title='Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt Ltd' trailer: Amruta Subhash in show about pickles and empowerment |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1027164/saas-bahu-achaar-pvt-ltd-trailer-amruta-subhash-in-show-about-pickles-and-empowerment |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Scroll.in |date=28 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Yamini Das]] as Dadi: Dilip's mother; Juhi, Rishi, Vivaan's grandmother and Suman's mother-in-law<ref>{{Cite web |title='सास बहू अचार प्राइवेट लिमिटेड' का ट्रेलर हुआ जारी, नजर आएंगी नेशनल अवॉर्ड विनर अमृता सुभाष |url=https://ndtv.in/web-series/saas-bahu-achar-pvt-ltd-trailer-released-national-award-winner-amruta-subhash-will-be-seen-3107100 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=NDTVIndia}}</ref>
*Anandeshwar Dwivedi as Shukla Ji: Suman's partner.
*[[Anup Soni]] as Dilip Shrivastava: Suman's ex-husband, Manisha's husband and Juhi, Rishi and Vivaan's father <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-29 |title=Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt. Ltd: आ रही है 'पंचायत' के मेकर्स की नई वेब सीरीज, जानें कब और कहां होगी रिलीज |url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/article/saas-bahu-achaar-pvt-ltd-amruta-subhash-when-and-where-to-release/419081 |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=www.timesnowhindi.com |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Anjana Sukhani]] as Manisha Srivastava: Dilip's second wife, Vivaan's mother and Juhi & Rishu's step-mother.
*Manu Bisht as Juhi: Suman and Dilip's daughter, Rishu's sister and Vivaan's half-sister.
*Nikhil Chawla as Rishi: Suman and Dilip's son, Juhi's brother and Vivaan's half-brother.
*Shreyansh Kaurav as Vivaan: Manisha and Dilip's son, Juhi and Rishu's half-brother.
*Nisha Jindal as Komal.
*Priya Gupta as Sadhna.
*Ankit Motghare as Reporter.
*Salim Siddiqui as Rohan Joshi

== References ==

<references />

https://popcornreviewss.com/saas-bahu-achaar-pvt-ltd-2022-series-review/

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=tt20753964}}

''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/saas-bahu-achaar-pvt-ltd/0-6-4z5172356 Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt. Ltd.]'' at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]

Anadi Charan Das

2024-09-05T11:04:23Z

ZaidBaig:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1935–2023)}}
{{distinguish|Anadi Das}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anadi Charan Das
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|1|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bijipur, [[Cuttack]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|6|16|1935|1|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| constituency = [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| term = 1971–1977
1980–1996
| predecessor =
| successor =
| otherparty = [[Janata Dal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse =Netramani Das
| children = 4 sons and 1 daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/2070?from=members
}}

''' Anadi Charan Das''' (4 January 1935 – 16 June 2023) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from the [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]] constituency of [[Odisha]] in 1971, 1980 and 1984 as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and in 1989 and 1991 as a member of the [[Janata Dal]] but rejoined the [[Indian National Congress]] in controversial circumstances which helped save [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]] Government on 28 July 1993 no confidence vote along with a group led by [[Ram Lakhan Singh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S18/partycomp04.htm | title=Partywise Comparison since 1977 Jajpur Parliamentary Constituency | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | accessdate=24 October 2015 | archive-date=22 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222151322/http://eci.nic.in/archive/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S18/partycomp04.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/former-mp-sent-to-jail-for-threatening-jmm-case-witness-197021301071_1.html | title=Former Mp Sent To Jail For Threatening Jmm Case Witness | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=13 February 1997 | accessdate=28 October 2015 | archive-date=22 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095811/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/former-mp-sent-to-jail-for-threatening-jmm-case-witness-197021301071_1.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/29jmm1.htm | title=Chronology of the JMM MPs' bribery case | publisher=Rediff | date=29 September 2000 | accessdate=28 October 2015 | archive-date=13 December 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213020319/http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/29jmm1.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

Das died on 16 June 2023, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/five-times-mp-from-odisha-anadi-charan-das-passes-away/Sports/news/2992773.html | title=Five times MP from Odisha Anadi Charan Das passes away | publisher=UniIndia | date=16 June 2023 | accessdate=21 June 2023 | archive-date=19 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619030027/http://www.uniindia.com/~/five-times-mp-from-odisha-anadi-charan-das-passes-away/Sports/news/2992773.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2070.htm Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Anadi Charan}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:People from Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]

{{Odisha-INC-politician-stub}}
{{Odisha-JD-politician-stub}}