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List of Indian Bengali films of 2008

2026-05-08T11:06:50Z

ZVPZulma5461169: redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 2000s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Asambhav

2026-05-03T06:43:02Z

ZVPZulma5461169:

{{about|the Hindi film|the Marathi film|Asambhav (2025 film)|the Marathi TV series|Asambhav (TV series)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Asambhav
| image = Asambhav.jpg
| caption = Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Rajiv Rai]]
| producer = [[Gulshan Rai]]
| cinematography = Sukumar Jatania
| editing = Rajiv Rai<br/>Taranjeet Singh
| writer = Rajiv Rai<br/>Naeem Sha
| starring = [[Arjun Rampal]]<br/>[[Priyanka Chopra]]<br/>[[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| music = [[Viju Shah]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|7|23}}
| studio = [[Trimurti Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]]
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/asambhav-the-impossible-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndi3nty|title=Asambhav - The Impossible|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701103348/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/asambhav-the-impossible-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zndi3nty|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}13 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=444|title=Asambhav – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920225212/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=444|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}5.16 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''''Asambhav''''' ({{translation|''The Impossible''}})<ref name=BBFC/> is a 2004 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Rajiv Rai]] and produced by [[Gulshan Rai]] under the [[Trimurti Films]] banner. It stars [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], along with [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Tom Alter]], [[Milind Gunaji]], and [[Sharat Saxena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/7161/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208183809/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/7161/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2008|title=Asambhav: Complete Cast and Crew details|publisher=IndiaFm|date=23 July 2004|accessdate=7 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=rediff.com: Films to look out for in 2004! |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/05sld8.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was shot entirely in Switzerland.

The film was released on 23 July 2004 and was a [[box-office bomb|box-office failure]], earning {{INR}}5.16 crore worldwide against a budget of {{INR}}13 crore.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/27box.htm|title=Julie conquers the BO!|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=27 July 2004|archive-date=10 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010145820/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/27box.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Captain Aditya "Adit" Arya is a special agent of the [[Indian Army]]. The Indian president Veer Pratap Singh is kidnapped by Rafiq Mabroz in exchange for cash rewarded by renowned terrorists Youssan Baksh and General Ansari. Adit is sent undercover to rescue the president and his daughter, Kinjal.

The mission is coded "Asambhav." Adit poses as a journalist for [[Indiatimes]] and makes his way to Switzerland with the help of a [[Research & Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent called Atul Bhatnagar. On the flight, Adit meets Alisha. Alisha is a singer and has come to Switzerland to do a show with Sam Hans. Her friend Shilpa accompanies her. However, the people whom Alisha and Shilpa have come to Switzerland with are drug smugglers. Shilpa is murdered when she finds this out, and Alisha pretends she knows nothing but meets Adit for help. Adit and Alisha fall in love.

Adit links events from Shilpa's murder to the president's kidnapping and sees that Sam Hans, General Ansari, Youssan Baksh, and Rafiq Mabroz are involved together. Hans' friend Ranjit Parmar, of the Indian embassy, checks files of Switzerland and learns Rafiq Mabroz is a terrorist. He informs Hans, and Hans decides to fight [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]. However, he signs a deal with ISI by kidnapping the president from Youssan Baksh and returning the president to Baksh in exchange for an offer of 50 million pounds.

Parmar suspects someone at the Indian embassy is a traitor helping terrorists. He finds out that Ms. Brar is a traitor. He informs Ambassador G.L. Sarin and is knocked out by Mabroz. Parmar awakes to discover that Ms. Brar and Sarin are both traitors and associates of Mabroz. Mabroz kills Parmar, and Sarin leaves a suicide note beside Parmar. Capt. Arya and Bhatnagar find Parmar dead by the note, but Arya reveals that the ambassador is the traitor because of his head stamp on the suicide note. Arya tries to finish Sarin, but Brar calls the police to get Arya and the ambassadors arrested. Arya shows the police his army card while Sarin and Brar flee. Arya chases them, and Gazi tries to attack Arya. Arya runs after Gazi and is attacked by ISI agents and Youssan's men in a fort. They try to kill Arya, but Arya fires back and kills all of them, including Gazi.

Adit reaches Youssan's headquarters to free the president. He kills General Ansari and all of Youssan's men. Youssan takes the president and flees. Adit chases him. Sam has captured Alisha and Kinjal but is stopped by Ambassador Sarin, who has Hans' friend Brian as a captive. Hans gives money to free Brian, but Sarin kills Brian. Hans kills Mabroz's men. Ms. Brar and Volga chase Alisha and Kinjal near a helicopter but kill each other in the crossfire. Sarin tries to finish Hans, but Hans kills him to avenge the death of Brian.

Youssan tries to kill the president, but Adit kills Youssan and saves him. Mabroz tries to shoot Adit, but Adit kills him. In the end, Adit meets Sam, who confesses sins he committed but promises to improve; so they become friends after being arch-rivals throughout the Mission Asambhav. Adit goes back to India with his girlfriend Alisha, Kinjal, the president, and Atul Bhatnagar.

==Cast==

* [[Arjun Rampal]] as [[Captain]] Aadit Arya
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Alisha
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Sameer "Sam" Hans
* [[Dipannita Sharma]] as Kinjal, the President's daughter
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as President Veer Pratap Singh
* [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Ranjit Parmar
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as G. L. Sarin
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Youssan Baksh
* [[Shawar Ali]] as Rafiq Mabroz
* [[Milind Gunaji]] as General Ansari, an ISI agent
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Hashmi
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Gazi
* [[Tom Alter]] as Brian
* [[Jameel Khan]] as Atul Bhatnagar
* [[Arif Zakaria]] as Dabral
* Tora Khasgir as Ms. Tanya Brar
* Chitrita Sharma as Shilpa
* Anupama Verma as Volga
* [[Mumaith Khan]] as a dancer in the song "Mashuqa Rubiya" (special appearance)

==Production==

===Development===
In 2001, Rai planned to shift to the action thriller genre after the failure of his romance film ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]''. In an interview with [[Filmfare|Filmfare Online]], Rai said, "I listened to several people's opinions. I made the film ('PIAM') not on intuition and belief but on marketing strategies and counsels from trade persons insisting that love stories were the trend of the day."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajiv-Rai-back-to-making-action-films/articleshow/15908684.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103174414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-14/news-interviews/27321161_1_action-films-rajiv-rai-love-stories|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Rajiv Rai back to making action films|access-date=9 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 July 2002}}</ref> Rai started his new project with a comeback to action genre and titled it ''Asambhav''.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sarita Tanwar |title=Arjun's on a roll! |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/21arjun.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=20 May 2025 |date=August 21, 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajiv-Rai-back-to-making-action-films/articleshow/15908684.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103174414/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-14/news-interviews/27321161_1_action-films-rajiv-rai-love-stories|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Asambhav -Rajiv Rai's new project|access-date=9 October 2012|date=24 May 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Dominic Ferrao}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[File:Asambhav Music Launch.jpg|thumb|Arjun Rampal, Rajiv Rai and Priyanka Chopra at ''Asambhav'' music launch (left to right)]]
Rai initially planned ''Asambhav'' as a three-hero film. Arjun Rampal, who made his acting debut with Rai's previous directorial venture ''Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat'', was initially signed as the first male lead. [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Sunil Shetty]] were also rumored to be attached to the project but Rai eventually changed the script, making it a solo hero film with Rampal as the protagonist of the movie. [[Aishwarya Rai]] was signed as the heroine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ash-Arjun-Rampal-to-star-in-Asambhav/articleshow/30882279.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103140941/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-10/news-interviews/27309695_1_arjun-rampal-rajiv-rai-pyar-ishq-aur-mohabbat|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Ash, Arjun Rampal to star in Asambhav|access-date=9 October 2012|date=10 December 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Dominic Ferrao}}</ref> Rampal and Rai had acted in ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]'' that released on 17 January 2003 and ''Asambhav'' marked their second pairing. However, Rai backed out in 2003, and [[Priyanka Chopra]] was cast in as the female lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Priyanka-Chopra-bags-Vikram-Bhatts-next-film/articleshow/44583767.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103202548/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-04-26/news-interviews/27273999_1_vikram-bhatt-priyanka-chopra-film|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Priyanka Chopra bags Vikram Bhatt's next film|access-date=9 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 April 2003}}</ref>

[[Naseeruddin Shah]] was recruited to essay the role of the villain as he had worked with Rai as a hero in ''Tridev'' and as a villain in ''Mohra''. Shah had earned critical acclaim for his villainous performance in Rai's ''Mohra'' and had earned a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] at the [[40th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103094834/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368622.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=The Nominations – 1994 |publisher=[[Filmfare Awards]] |accessdate=13 October 2012 }}</ref> Noticing on Shah's previous success in a negative role, Rai cast him as the villain in his latest action thriller.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/nasir.asp|title=Interview with Naseeruddin Shah|accessdate=13 October 2012|year=2004|author=Purva Desai|publisher=Glamsham|archive-date=22 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122232505/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/nasir.asp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/naseer1.asp|title=Interview with Naseeruddin Shah|accessdate=13 October 2012|year=2004|author=Viral Bhayani|publisher=Glamsham|archive-date=22 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122232214/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/naseer1.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The total cast was of 55 artists including model turned actress [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Tom Alter]] and [[Sharat Saxena]] among others.<ref name="Asambhav Filming"/>

During the music launch, Rajiv Rai was interviewed on casting models in important roles. He said, "I wanted a very western look to the film; I wanted it to look stylish. I have roped in many models because I wanted my film to look fresh and stylish. Models have a lot of exposure, and they are very confident in front of the camera. There are a lot of fresh faces coming into acting. I wanted fresh faces for my film. The modeling industry can act. It's not fair to pinpoint. Arjun (Rampal) himself was a model."<ref name="Asambhav Music Launch">{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/04/may/25asambhav.asp|title=Music Launch of 'Asambhav'|publisher=Glamsham|author=Purva Desai|date=25 May 2004|accessdate=13 October 2012|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316195255/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/04/may/25asambhav.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
After the casting was finalised, Rajiv Rai flew to Switzerland, and the film was shot in [[Ticino]]. He began filming in June 2003 with a schedule of 57 days. It was filmed in a multi-camera setup. While most scenes were shot with four cameras, the action sequences consisted of seven camera units. It was the first Indian action film to feature no stunts. The action sequences were digitally shot. ''Asambhav'' was the first Indian film to be graded digitally on Luster.<ref name="Asambhav Filming">{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/04/jul/14asambhav.asp|title=A Tryst with the Impossible – Asambhav|accessdate=13 October 2012|date=14 July 2004|author=Raj Lalwani|publisher=Glamsham|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316210756/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/04/jul/14asambhav.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> Filming was completed in September 2003. It was the first Indian movie to be shot in that location, in the longest filming schedule of any Indian film unit in Switzerland. ''Asambhav'' was digitised, and no duplicates were used in its development.<ref name="Asambhav Music Launch"/>

===Post-production===
''Asambhav'' was launched in March 2004. The soundtrack was composed by [[Viju Shah]] and it was launched in [[Mumbai]] on 26 May 2004.<ref name="Asambhav Music Launch"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/07/pop_up_gallery_asambhav_music_release.shtml|title=Asambhav music release|date=April 2005|access-date=9 October 2012|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-date=13 September 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040913223919/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/07/pop_up_gallery_asambhav_music_release.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Release==
''Asambhav'' was released on 23 July 2004. First 15 minutes of the film aired on [[Star Gold]] a day prior to film's release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/july/july135.htm|title=After 'Garv', Star Gold lines up 'Asambhav's' sneak peek|date=21 July 2004|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=18 February 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032949/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/july/july135.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
{{Film and game ratings
| rev1 = [[Bollywood Hungama]]
| rev1score = {{Rating|1|5}}<ref name="India FM Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/538846|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028140757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/538846|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2012|author=Taran Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=23 July 2004|accessdate=7 October 2012|title=Asambhav Movie Review}}</ref>
}}

''Asambhav'' received mixed to positive reviews from critics upon release. Ronjita Kulkarni of [[Rediff]] wrote, "''Asambhav'', starring [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], is a good film. It packs in the done-to-death Pak-bashing content, and reduces Pakistanis and Afghans to caricatures."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/23asambhav.htm|title='Asambhav': Impossible to take in!|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=23 July 2004|accessdate=7 October 2012|author=Ronjita Kulkarni|archive-date=17 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160638/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/23asambhav.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave a rating of 1 out of 5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, ASAMBHAV is a weak film in all respects. At the box-office, its chances of hit movie ''asambhav'' [impossible]."<ref name="India FM Review"/>

Subhash K. Jha of [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] wrote "Asambhav is arguably the only mainstream film ever with no mother-figure on the hectic horizon. But the absence of melodrama cannot in itself be a virtue unless it is compounded by a moist quality in the overall design of storytelling."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |authorlink1=Subhash K. Jha |title=Asambhav Movie Review |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/asambhav.asp |website=glamsham |accessdate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810091232/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/asambhav.asp |archivedate=2004-08-10 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

===Box office===

====India====
It collected {{Indian Rupees}}80,632,076 rupees in the opening weekend from all over the country. The earning in the following week was it {{Indian Rupees}}100,507,694 in the second week and {{Indian Rupees}}220,731,569 in the third week. It grossed a total of {{Indian Rupees}}500,113,339.<ref name="Bollywood Hungama - Box Office"/> [[Rediff.com]] called it an "average grosser".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/27box.htm|title=Movies: Bollywood box-office report|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=9 October 2012|date=27 July 2004|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142734/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jul/27box.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

====International====
The film collected US$19,504 in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the film hit fifteen screens in the first weekend of 23 July and collected [[Pound (currency)|£]]16,894. In the second weekend of 30 July, the screens were reduced to fourteen. ''Asambhav'' collected £2,142 and grossed a total of £30,311 in the first two weekends.<ref name="Bollywood Hungama - Box Office">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/538846|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028144220/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/boxoffice/id/538846|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2012|title=Asambhav (2004) – Box Office Earnings|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Asambhav
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Viju Shah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 May 2004
| recorded = 2003
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Tips Industries Limited|Tips]]
| director = [[Rajiv Rai]]
| producer = [[Gulshan Rai]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack of ''Asambhav'' was recorded in 2003. It was composed by [[Viju Shah]]. It was released by the [[Tips Industries Limited|Tips Music Films]] label on 22 May 2004. The lyrics were written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]], and [[Remo D'Souza]] was the choreographer of the music sequences. The soundtrack was released on 22 May 2004.

The soundtrack consisted of eleven tracks, including five songs, five instrumental versions and a special 'Asambhav Theme'. The director [[Rajiv Rai]] and the supporting actor [[Naseeruddin Shah]] also sang in the movie. They performed the song 'Raatein Badi Hain'.

{{Track listing|headline=Asambhav: Track listing|extra1 = [[Hema Sardesai]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Rajiv Rai]] & Nayan Rathod|extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]] & Kavita Krishnamurthy|extra3 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]|extra4 = [[KK (singer)|KK]]|extra5 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]|extra6 = [[Instrumental]]|extra7 = |extra8 = |extra9 = |extra10 = |extra11 = |extra_column = Singer(s) |length1 = 6:18|length2 = 6:08|length3 = 7:26|length4 = 7:44|length5 = 6:15|length6 = 7:02|length7 = 6:18|length8 = 4:49|length9 = 7:12|length10 = 7:46|length11 = 6:12|title1 = Raatein Badi Hain|title2 = Teri Dekh Dekh Ladkaiyan|title3 = Mashuqa Rubi|title4 = Main Sada Hoon|title5 = Koi Aayega|title6 = Asambhav Theme|title7 = Raatein Badi Hain (Instrumental)|title8 = Teri Dekh Dekh Ladkaiyan (Instrumental)|title9 = Mashuqa Rubi (Instrumental)|title10 = Main Sada Hoon (Instrumental) |title11 = Koi Aayega (Instrumental)}}

==Awards and nominations==
*[[Zee Cine Awards]]
**Zee Cine Award for Best Song Recording–Tanay Gajjar (nominated){{cn|date=April 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://asambhav.com/ |title=Official Website |accessdate=2012-10-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050206105405/http://asambhav.com/ |archivedate=6 February 2005 |df=dmy }}
* {{IMDb title|id=0368580|title=Asambhav}}

{{Rajiv Rai}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Trimurti Films films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viju Shah]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan in films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajiv Rai]]
[[Category:Films set in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Foreign films set in the United States]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of politicians]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Prashant Sharma (politician)

2026-04-24T19:24:45Z

ZVPZulma5461169: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prashant Sharma
| image =
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 2023
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Amber Assembly constituency|Amber]]
| predecessor1 = [[Satish Poonia]]
| successor1 =
}}

'''Prashant Sharma''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prashant Sharma(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- AMBER(JAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=16 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Rajasthan]]. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Amber Assembly constituency|Amber]] constituency in [[Jaipur district]]. He won the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=prashant sharma rajasthan amber candidate Profile,Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP News |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/prashant-sharma-rajasthan-amber-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amber Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Prashant Sharma of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/amber-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687563.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results Dec-2023 Constituency 47 - Amber (Rajasthan) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/RoundwiseS2047.htm |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=ECI.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sharma is from Civil Lines, Jaipur, Rajasthan. He is the son of Sahdev Sharma. He completed his B. Com. Honours in 1984 at Commerce College, which is affiliated with [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Sharma won from [[Amber Assembly constituency]] representing Indian National Congress in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. He polled 108,914 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Satish Poonia]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 9,092 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amber Assembly Election Results 2023: Amber Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/amber-assembly-result-20047 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Live: Amber Election Results 2023 {{!}} Rajasthan Election Results {{!}} Elections 2023 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023/amber |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] to Satish Poonia of the BJP by a margin of votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amber Constituency Election Results 2023: Amber Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/amber |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Prashant}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Jaipur district]]

Guptanath Singh

2026-04-19T10:35:10Z

ZVPZulma5461169: new the bio and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Guptanath Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://loksabha.nic.in/constituent/Constituent.aspx | title=LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (AS IN NOVEMBER, 1949) | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | accessdate=21 March 2023}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 9 December 1946
| term_end1 = 24 January 1950
| party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Guptanath Singh''' was an Indian politician. He was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from [[Bihar]].<ref name="India. Constituent Assembly 1999 p. ">{{cite book | author=India. Constituent Assembly | title=Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | issue=v. 10-12 | year=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww8NAQAAMAAJ | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=240}}</ref><ref name="Constituent Assembly Debates: V. 9 : 30 July 1949 to 18 September 1949 1999 p. ">{{cite book | title=Constituent Assembly Debates: V. 9 : 30 July 1949 to 18 September 1949 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | series=Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report | year=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySVssmb1otkC | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=1253}}</ref><ref name="Constituent Assembly Debates: V. 7 : 4 November 1948 to 8 January 1949 1999 p. ">{{cite book | title=Constituent Assembly Debates: V. 7 : 4 November 1948 to 8 January 1949 | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | series=Constituent Assembly Debates: Official Report | year=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPzEMItoHDQC | access-date=21 Mar 2023 | page=653}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{Bihar-politician-stub}}

Hindustan Ambassador

2026-04-12T03:16:46Z

ZVPZulma5461169:

{{Short description|Subcompact car produced by Hindustan Motors (1957–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox automobile
| image = The Classic Ambassador on an early sunrise.jpg
| caption = Ambassador Classic
| name = Hindustan Ambassador
| aka =
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Motors]]
| production = 1957–2014
| assembly = India: [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]]<br />India: [[Tiruvallur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]]
| layout = [[FR layout]]
| predecessor = [[Morris Oxford Series II|Hindustan Landmaster]]<br>[[Chevrolet Deluxe|Hindustan Deluxe]]
| successor = [[Hindustan Contessa]]
| class = [[Mid-size car]] ([[E-segment|E]])
| body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|saloon]]
| related = [[Morris Oxford Series III]]
| sp = uk
}}

The '''Hindustan Ambassador''' is an automobile manufactured by Indian manufacturer [[Hindustan Motors]] from 1957 to 2014. It was based on the [[Morris Oxford Series III]] by [[Morris Motors]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Fung|first=Derek|url=https://www.drive.com.au/news/hindustan-ambassador-assembly-halted-after-57-years-in-production/|title=Hindustan Ambassador assembly halted after 57 years in production|date=28 May 2014|access-date=5 October 2025|website=drive.com.au}}</ref>

On 11 February 2017, [[Hindustan Motors]] executed an agreement with [[Groupe PSA]] for the sale of the Ambassador brand, including the trademarks, for a consideration of {{INRConvert|80|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/829097/hindustan-motors-sells-ambassador-brand-to-peugeot-for-rs-80-crore|title=Hindustan Motors sells Ambassador brand to Peugeot for Rs 80 crore|author=Scroll Staff|newspaper=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-02-11|language=en-US}}</ref> The tie-up entailed two [[joint-venture]] agreements between the companies of the two groups.

==History==
[[File:Morris Oxford Series III.jpg|thumb|left|1955 [[Morris Oxford Series III]] was launched in India in 1957 as Ambassador Mark I]]
[[File:Morris Oxford Series III side.jpg|thumb|left|Side view of 1956 Morris Oxford Series III that remains unchanged till date except for frontal grill changes]]

===Design and development===
In 1956 [[Morris Motors]] (then a part of [[British Motor Corporation]]) sold the rights and tooling of the [[Morris Oxford Series III]] to [[Hindustan Motors]], as it had done for its previous Series I and Series II models which were sold by Hindustan Motors as Hindustan 14 and Landmaster. The Series III model itself was a derivative of the [[Morris Oxford]] Series II model which was developed prior to the [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] and [[Morris Motors|Morris]] merger.

The Ambassador replaced the [[Morris Oxford Series II]] based Hindustan Landmaster, which was quite similar, and the larger Hindustan Deluxe based on the [[Chevrolet Deluxe]].

===Birla Group===
Hindustan Motors Limited (HM), part of the [[Birla family|Birla group]] was India's pioneering car manufacturing company and later a flagship company of the C.K. Birla Group. The company was established just before [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], in 1942 by [[B.M. Birla]]. They began operations in a small assembly plant in Port Okha near [[Gujarat]] by assembling the then Morris 10 as the Hindustan 10.

In the mid-1950s, they planned to upgrade their existing Hindustan models based on the Morris Oxford Series II (''Hindustan Landmaster''), and eventually acquired rights for the new Morris Oxford Series III. The car initially came with a side-valve engine but was later improved with an overhead-valve engine. The Ambassador was quite innovative, with a fully enclosed monocoque chassis, making it spacious inside.

The Morris MO Series models were introduced by 1949 as the Hindustan 14, with production continuing until 1954. The Landmaster based on the Morris Oxford Series II was introduced, with the same 1476 cc side valve engine, drawn from the earlier Hindustan I4. The same engine was used for the older Ambassadors Mark I from 1958 to 1960.

===Production years===
The political influence of the Birla family helped ensure that the Ambassador was one of the few cars that were in production following the 1954 government policy of promoting an indigenous Automobile industry. It dominated the market for several decades, mostly due to its spacious size and ruggedness compared to its rivals like the [[Premier Padmini]] and [[Standard 10]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/hindustan-motors-stops-production-of-ambassador-cars-530535|title=Hindustan Motors Stops Production of Ambassador Cars|publisher=NDTV.com}}</ref> By the early 1980s, the comparatively expensive Ambassador's low fuel economy and poor quality began to hinder sales. It still represented more than two thirds of Indian car production, but wait lists were still at 12 months, while the Premier Padmini had a wait list nearly five years long.<ref name=AC4459a>{{cite magazine | ref = VR1 | magazine = [[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] | title = Motoring for the millions | first = Vaughan | last = Robinson | publisher = IPC Business Press Ltd. | page = 23 | date = 1982-06-05 | volume = 156 | number = 4459 }}</ref> The Ambassador remained dominant in the official and company sectors, while also popular as a taxi, but private motorists gradually abandoned the "Amby" in the 1980s and 1990s.

Production of Hindustan Ambassador at its plants outside the cities of Kolkata and Chennai ended owing to weak demand and financing problems. Prior to the cancellation, the company had sold 2,200 Ambassadors in the financial year which ended in March 2014, only a tenth of the sales of the Ambassador reached in the mid-eighties.<ref>{{cite news|title=Production of India's Ambassador car suspended| work=BBC News | date=25 May 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27563784|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=ETpeu>{{cite web | url = http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/hindustan-motors-sells-ambassador-car-brand-to-peugeot/57091332 | title = Hindustan Motors sells Ambassador car brand to Peugeot | first = Udit | last = Mukherji | date = 2017-02-11 | publisher = ETAuto.com | access-date = 2017-08-03 }}</ref>

In 2022, HM confirmed that the company was working with the French Auto maker [[Peugeot]] to bring back Ambassador in its new design whose work was already in advanced stages. Earlier in 2017 Hindustan Motors had sold the Ambassador brand to the French auto manufacturer [[Peugeot]] for Rs 80 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2022 |first=Udit Prasanna |last=Mukherji |title=Ambassador 2.0 to hit roads in 2 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ambassador-2-0-to-hit-roads-in-2-years/articleshow/91800310.cms |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Export to the United Kingdom ===
The Ambassador was briefly sold in the United Kingdom in 1992, imported as the Fullbore Mark 10.<ref name="indy">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/what-on-earth-has-the-hindustan-motor-corporations-rd-department-been-doing-for-the-last-25-years-1319446.html|title=What on earth has the Hindustan Motor Corporation's R&D department been doing for the last 25 years?|last=Glancey|first=Jonathan|date=1996-02-17|access-date=2014-01-09|archive-date=2010-09-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911145447/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/what-on-earth-has-the-hindustan-motor-corporations-rd-department-been-doing-for-the-last-25-years-1319446.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|publisher=Independent Print}}</ref> The cars were retrofitted with a heater and [[seat belts]] in order to comply with [[European Union|European]] [[car safety|safety]] legislation, but only a tiny number were ever sold and the importer went into liquidation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aronline.co.uk/blogs/2011/09/03/the-cars-hindustan-ambassador/ |title= The Everlasting Amby... | last = Simeli | first = Asopée |date= 3 September 2011 |publisher=ARonline.co.uk |access-date=2011-11-04}}</ref>

===Reintroduction===
On 28 May 2022 Hindustan reported that the Ambassador nameplate will be reintroduced with a new engine and design.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/ambassador-car-all-set-to-make-a-comeback-hindustan-motors-confirms-development/articleshow/91828756.cms | title=Ambassador car all set to make a comeback! Hindustan Motors confirms development | newspaper=The Times of India | date=28 May 2022 }}</ref> It was also reported that the design process for the revived Ambassador's new engine was already in an advanced stage of development, and that the new models would be produced at Hindustan's production line in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador Likely To Make A Comeback By 2024 |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/the-sarkaari-gaadi-ambassador-likely-to-be-reintroduced-in-a-new-avatar-29131.htm |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=CarDekho |language=en}}</ref>

==Evolution==
The Ambassador remained in continuous production from its inception, with very few improvements or changes. [[File:Official Hindustan Ambassador cars parked outside North Block, Secretariat Building, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|Official Hindustan Ambassador cars parked outside North Block, Secretariat Building, New Delhi]]
[[File:Kolkata Taxi by Piyal Kundu.jpg|thumb|Yellow Taxis in Calcutta/Kolkata]]

In 1948, Hindustan Motors shifted its assembly plant from Port Okha in Gujarat to [[Hindustan Motors factory, Uttarpara|Uttarpara/Hindmotor]] in West Bengal's Hooghly district and strengthened its manufacturing capacity in the automobile segment.

The 1954 Morris Oxford Series II in India was licence-built at [[Uttarpara]], (Hooghly district), [[West Bengal]], three years after its debut in England and labelled as the 1957 Hindustan Landmaster.

Engaged in the manufacture of the Ambassador, Contessa and utility vehicles like the Trekker, Porter and Pushpak, the plant hardly introduced any innovations or improvements. Hindustan Motors was the only manufacturing facility in the world to manufacture parts for the obsolete Bedford trucks.

Sale of Ambassador taxis has been outlawed since 1 April 2011, a year after [[Bharat Stage emission standards|BS IV emission standards]] were rolled out in 11 Indian cities, including [[Kolkata]].

In later years, Hindustan Motors fitted the cars with a cleaner diesel engine in order to comply with new emission rules, allowing it to resume taxi service in Kolkata, one of the cities in which the vehicle had been banned.

{{clear}}

==Models and versions==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2025|reason=This section needs further reliable sourcing.}}

===Mark I (1957–1963)===
{{Infobox automobile
|image = Gedee Car Museum-Indian Cars Section-Hindustan Ambassador MK I - OHV-WUS-05386.jpg
|name = Mark I (First generation)
|production = 1957–1963
|engine = {{cvt|1489|cc|L|1}} [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
}}
The Hindustan Ambassador was introduced in 1957, as a [[rebadging|rebadge]] of the [[Morris Oxford Series III]].

Hindustan Motors, to further earlier collaboration with [[Morris Motors]] entered into an agreement to manufacture the 1956 Morris Oxford Series III in India. All the tooling was transferred to Uttarpara plant in India. After introduction the [[Morris Oxford Series II]]-derived Hindustan Landmaster was discontinued.<ref name=WOC>{{cite journal | title = World of Cars 2006·2007 | journal = World of Cars: Worldwide Car Catalogue | editor-first = Eligiusz | editor-last = Mazur | publisher = Media Connection Sp. z o.o. | location = Warsaw, Poland | page = 150 | year = 2006 | issn = 1734-2945 }}</ref> The new model included deep headlamp cowls and small rear wing "tail fins". The dashboard and steering wheel were completely redesigned. The Landmaster's flat-plane two-spoke steering wheel gave way to a dished steering wheel with three spokes made-up of four wires per spoke, for the Ambassador. Also a new, dimpled bonnet made its debut. These models had an Austin Motors derived 1476 cc side-valve petrol engine. In 1959 the side-valve engine was replaced by a 1489 cc, {{cvt|55|bhp|kW|0}} overhead-valve [[BMC B-series engine|BMC B-series]] petrol engine.

{{clear}}

===Mark II (1963–1975)===
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Mark II (Second generation)
|image = Gedee Car Museum-Indian Cars Section-Hindustan Ambassador Mk 2-WUS-05388.jpg
|production = November 1963 – June 1975
}}
In November 1963, the Ambassador underwent a frontal facelift with a closely chequered grille more reminiscent of the [[Morris Mini]]. The interior had a redesigned dashboard and instrument cluster. The early models had a sun mica sheet but it was replaced by a wood grain coated plywood and an aluminium bezel in later models (1968 onwards). This model was named as the Ambassador Mark II, and the early version quickly got dubbed as Mark I in the market, while it was never officially christened as such in its production days.

The mid-sixties model again had minor changes to the tail lamp with integrated lens for indicator and brake lamp and the tall ornamented bumper stopper from the Mark I was redesigned with a smaller chrome metal stopper to keep up with the time. This model was sold until mid-1975 and was eventually replaced by the Mark III model. Being one of the ubiquitous early models of Ambassador, numerous older versions can be found in restoration, garages and in numerous Indian movies of that era. In its final year in 1975, it had no competition other than the [[Premier Padmini]] and its smaller rival the [[Standard (Indian automobile)#Gazel|Standard Gazel]].

A short-lived estate or wagon version was launched in the early 1970s, the Ambassador Estate.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/features/a-look-at-station-wagons-in-india/ | title=A look at station wagons in India }}</ref>

{{clear}}

===Mark III (1975–1979)===
{{Infobox automobile
|image = Hindustan Ambassador Mark III of M.G. Ramachandran.jpg
|name = Mark III (Third generation)
|production = 1975–1979
}}

In 1975, the Mark III version was launched with another frontal facelift. The front grille had horizontal louvres giving it a modern feel and a round profile indicator lamp now isolated from the grille. At the rear a more modern looking number plate bezel replaced the early design which was commonly used by many other British cars as well. The interior now had a new dashboard with 3 standard instruments mounted on a black recessed mesh again moving away from the early coated wooden base with aluminium strip design. By 1978, the Mark 3 was available in its Standard and Deluxe versions. The Deluxe version had a newer dashboard with four meters plus the speedometer. Just before the launch of the Mark 4, the Mark 3s had their front windscreen wiper configuration changed, with a common direction sweep for both wipers. This configuration was prevalent in the new Ambassadors until the end of production. This has a short span of less than 3 years in production before being replaced with a Mark - IV model in 1977.

In 1977 and 1978, the Ambassador Mark 3 was available with a 1760 cc version of the Morris 1.5-litre inline-four, specifically to have enough power to propel a full air conditioning system. This option continued to be available as a Mark IV, but very few were sold and it was discontinued in 1979.

{{clear}}

==={{anchor|4th|MkIV|Mark4}}Mark 4 (1979–1990)===
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Mark 4 (Fourth generation)
|image = Hindustan Ambassador Taxi in Goa India, October 1994 (16668303387).jpg
|production = 1979–1990
|engine = {{ubl
| {{convert|1489|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[BMC B-series engine|BMC B-series]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| {{convert|1760|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} I4
| {{convert|1489|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[BMC B-series engine|BMC B-series]]'' [[Diesel engine|diesel]] I4
}}
}}

In 1979, the Ambassador's front underwent a major facelift departing from the flatter design of the 1950s which was retained until its end in 2014. The front grille was much smaller in height with a larger chequered grille and square park lamps. Now separate amber indicator lamps were incorporated on the semi front lip spoiler below the bumper which was mounted higher up. This model was named as the Mark IV. In addition to the existing petrol version, a diesel variant was launched in 1980, powered by a 1489 cc, {{cvt|37|bhp|kW|0}} [[BMC B-series engine|BMC B-series]] diesel engine. It was the first diesel car in India and was well received by the Indians, although it was initially only available as a taxi or for government usage, as the Indian government restricted private ownership of diesel automobiles. It was, at the time, the most expensive car built in India, at a 25 percent markup over a petrol Mark 4.<ref name=AC4459a/>

The Mark IV was the last of the Mark cars. For a short period, the cars were available as Deluxe and later it was renamed Ambassador Nova. The Ambassador of 1990 (except for the front cowl area) was virtually identical to the 1956 original, with most changes being light and cosmetic. The changes were mainly the front styling and minor changes to the dashboard. This technological stagnation was mainly because of the protectionist policies being pursued by the Indian government at the time, and there was little incentive on the part of Indian companies to innovate. During that time, the newly [[Hindustan Contessa]] started getting produced, intended to replace the Ambassador, however, the Ambassador proved to be more popular, and so surpassed the Contessa in production.

The car celebrated the Golden Jubilee of its production in 2008 (1958–2008). The Ambassador has emerged as the car mass-produced for the longest period, with minimal design changes, on the same assembly line (Uttarpara, West Bengal, India) in the whole world until 2014.

It was during the Mark IV's model run that India launched a controlled economic liberalisation in the mid-1980s which allowed many Japanese companies to establish joint ventures in India. [[Maruti Suzuki]] launched its Maruti 800 in the then non-existing small car category. The then existing manufacturers [[Standard Motors]], [[Premier Automobiles Limited]] and [[Hindustan Motors]] were licensed for larger category cars. The Ambassador still remained the principal family car of choice in the middle segment in spite being a pre-modern design with dated styling. The company also earmarked for a major upgrade for its mechanical and power plant systems, creating a model later launched as Nova.

{{clear}}

===Ambassador Nova===
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Nova (Fifth generation)
|image = Hindustan Ambassador Nova, New Delhi Secretariat.jpg
|production = 1990–1999
|engine = {{ubl
| {{convert|1489|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[BMC B-series engine|BMC B-series]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| {{convert|1489|cc|L|1|abbr=on}} ''[[BMC B-series engine|BMC B-series]]'' [[Diesel engine|diesel]] I4
}}
}}
[[File:Ambassador Car Doctorpadi.jpg|thumb|left|The updated dashboard of the Ambassador Nova]]
[[File:Ambassador Nova.jpg|thumb]]

The Ambassador Nova was launched in 1990 in two variants—a {{cvt|55|bhp|kW|0}} petrol-powered Deluxe version and a {{cvt|37|bhp|kW|0}} diesel-powered Diesel DX version. The Ambassador Nova received a newly designed steering wheel, new steering column, better brakes and electricals. The brake pedal was now top-hinged, while the earlier central instrumentation flanked by two glove compartments was replaced by a more conventional setup with a single glovebox. It also had some cosmetic changes which included a new radiator grille, while retaining the square turn signals of the earlier Mark IV.

{{clear}}

==={{anchor|Classic}} Ambassador 1800 ISZ, Classic, Grand===
{{Infobox automobile
|name = Classic (Sixth generation)
|image = 20150704Ambassador.jpg
|production = {{ubl |1992–2010 (1800 SZ)|1998–2010 (Classic)|2003–2014 (Grand)}}
|engine = {{ubl
| 1489 cc ''[[BMC B-series engine|BMC B-series]]'' [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| 1817 cc ''[[List of Isuzu engines#4ZB1|4ZB1]]'' I4
| 1489 cc ''[[BMC B-series engine|BMC B-series]]'' [[Diesel engine|diesel]] I4
| 1995 cc ''[[List of Isuzu engines#4FC1|4FC1]]'' diesel I4
}}
}}
[[File:Ambassador Classic on the NH 748 of Goa-Karnataka Border.jpg|alt=|thumb|left| Ambassador Classic on the NH 748 of Goa-Karnataka Border]]
In an attempt to increase its appeal, in 1992 another version became available. Dubbed the Ambassador 1800 ISZ, this model featured a {{cvt|75|bhp|kW|0}} 1817 cc [[Isuzu]] [[inline-four engine]] and a five-speed [[manual gearbox]] with a floor shift.<ref name=CCM0913>{{cite magazine | magazine = Classic Car Mart | title = His Excellency | location = India | page = 30 | ref = CCM1 | last = Wilson | first = Steve | date = September 2013 }}</ref> This also had the benefit of allowing the option of bucket seats, as opposed to the earlier bench seats. Also, the entire dashboard was redesigned. Instrumentation panels were shifted from the centre of the dashboard to the right, behind the steering wheel. Seat belts became standard.

The Isuzu 1817 cc engine that was used in its luxury model HM Contessa 1.8 GL that produced a power of {{cvt|88|bhp|kW|0}} was slightly detuned for the new Ambassador. The same power plant was available since 1985, for the special order armour plated, VIP models. By the early 1990s, this 1817 cc {{cvt|75|bhp|kW|0}} (at 5000 rpm), OHC, Isuzu engine, that had four in-line cylinders and a max torque of {{cvt|13.8|kgm|Nm lbft|0}} at 3000 rpm, was available as an option, in all the Ambassadors commonly available for sale and this very reliable modern Japanese engine proved to be a success that would last its entire production run.

This model gained the "Classic" moniker at the 1998 Delhi Motor Show, and Ambassador Classics have since been available with the gamut of 1.5 to 2.0-liter petrol, CNG, and diesel engines installed across the Ambassador lineup.<ref name=WOC/> The 1500 diesel engine, the main seller for Hindustan, did not pass Bharat IV emissions and as of 2011 it was no longer allowed to be sold in 13 of India's major cities.<ref name=topgearp3>{{cite web | url = http://www.topgear.com/india/car-gallery/ambassador-encore-the-immortal/itemid-89?currentid=10558 | ref = Immortal | page = 3 | last = Karkera | first = Girish | publisher = BBC Worldwide Ltd. | work = Top Gear India | title = Ambassador Encore: the immortal | date = 2013 | access-date = 2017-08-05 }}</ref> This meant the end of the Classic range, as it eliminated most of the taxi market.

===Final Generation===

====Ambassador Grand====
[[File:2013 Hindustan Ambassador Grand in showroom, front right.jpg|thumb|2013 Hindustan Ambassador Grand 2000DSZ in a showroom.]]
The Ambassador Grand was launched in 2003 and as per the manufacturer, the new version had 137 changes compared to its predecessor. The changes included a switch to body coloured wrap around bumpers, camel coloured interiors, fabric seats, remote shift gear lever, moulded roof and door trims, Salisbury axle, bigger rear wheel drums, improved suspension with anti roll bar and Metlon bushes, central door lock, factory fitted music system and an optional sun roof. The acoustic insulation of the Ambassador Grand was developed by {{ill|Trèves S.A.S.|fr|Trèves (entreprise)}} of France. The Grand version of Ambassador was available only in 2.0L and 1.8L engines at first and later in 2007 the 1.5L model was added to the line.
[[File:2003 Ambassador Grand Engine.jpg|thumb|2003 Ambassador Grand engine]]

====Ambassador Avigo====
{{Infobox automobile
|image = Hindustan Motors Ambassador Avigo 4281.jpg
|name = Hindustan Motors Avigo
|aka = Hindustan Avigo
|manufacturer = [[Hindustan Motors]]
|production = 2004–2010
|platform =
|layout = [[FR layout]]
|predecessor = Hindustan Ambassador
|successor =
|class =
|engine = {{ubl | 1817 cc [[Inline-four engine|I4]] | 1995 cc [[Diesel engine|diesel]] I4 }}
|wheelbase = {{convert|2464|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|length = {{convert|4325|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|width = {{convert|1662|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|1593|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}
|body_style = 4-door [[sedan (car)|saloon]]
|related = [[Morris Oxford Series III]]
}}

The Avigo model launched in 2004 was the most radical revision of the venerated Ambassador, a part of a brand revitalisation kicked off in the middle of 2003. The change of name, a break from the Ambassador marque, indicated a different marketing strategy. The Avigo was launched in the summer of 2004. The revitalized lineup consisted of the Ambassador Classic of mid-2003, the Ambassador Grand of late 2003, and the aforementioned Avigo, with the exterior designed by Manvindra Singh. However, the most overpowering influence on the front bonnet has been that of the original Landmaster series (also based on Morris Oxford). The main panels at the rear remained the same but the tail lamp and name plate bezels were redesigned. In interior the Avigo, however, has much more classic-touch internals. The entire dashboard console was redesigned with a classic retro theme reminiscent of the early models with central mounted meter new clusters (like the Mark IV models). Seats were specially built for this model with dual tone beige coloured scheme and wood-grain interiors. A factory fitted 6CD Kenwood audio system and new air-conditioning system was installed. The car was priced higher than the existing models.

====Ambassador Encore====
This new model was launched in September 2013, to match the BS IV standards of the metropolitan cities with the 1.5-liter diesel, the same basic 1489 cc Overhead Valve (OHV) now fitted with an intercooler turbocharger. This version was developed with the aid of Austria's [[Magna Steyr]].<ref name=topgearp3/> The new car looks just like an Ambassador Grand and has the same overall dimensions as that of the BS III Ambassadors, although power had climbed to {{cvt|36.25|kW|bhp|1|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/cars/hindustan-motors-reveals-tech-specs-ambassador-encore-bs4-diesel-74427/|title=Hindustan Motors reveals tech specs of Ambassador Encore BS4 Diesel - Indian Cars Bikes|website=www.indiancarsbikes.in}}</ref> The steering wheel was the two-spoke affair first seen in the Nova. In 2013, left-hand drive versions were still built in small numbers for export, to tertiary markets like [[Nigeria]].<ref name=topgearp7>[[#Immortal|Karkera]], [http://www.topgear.com/india/car-gallery/ambassador-encore-the-immortal/itemid-89?currentid=10562 p. 7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805111644/http://www.topgear.com/india/car-gallery/ambassador-encore-the-immortal/itemid-89?currentid=10562 |date=5 August 2017 }}</ref>

==Engines==

In the early 1990s, the old Austin-designed B-Series OHV straight-4 [[BMC B-Series engine#Engine types|BMC]] 1.5L petrol engine was replaced in favour of an [[List of Isuzu engines#Isuzu G engine|Isuzu 1.8 litre engine]] and became the fastest production car in India, beating [[Fiat]]s, and the [[Maruti Suzuki]] cars at that time. The engines currently available are the 1500 DSL (1.5L {{cvt|37|bhp|kW|0|disp=sqbr}} diesel engine), 1800 ISZ (1.8 L {{cvt|75|bhp|kW|0|disp=sqbr}} [[Manifold injection#Multi-point injection|MPFI]] [[petrol engine]]), 2000 DSZ (2.0 L {{cvt|50|bhp|kW|0|disp=sqbr}} Isuzu [[diesel engine]]) and 2000 DSZ Turbo (2.0 L {{cvt|75|bhp|kW|0|disp=sqbr}} turbocharged intercooled Isuzu [[diesel engine]]).

In the late 1970s a limited batch of Mark III Ambassadors were produced with 1,760 cc engines. They were fitted with Constant Velocity SU side-draft carburettors of an earlier era instead of the more common indigenous variable velocity Solex down-draft units. The engine blocks of these cars had "1760" etched on them instead of the usual "1500". These were probably produced to handle the extra load of the piston-driven air conditioner compressors available in those days. The trim (metal beading) of these cars were a throwback to the sixties because they were chrome plated instead of aluminium.

== Reception ==
The Ambassador was claimed to be the best taxi in the world by ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' in Episode 2 of their 20th series.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gerard|last=O'Donovan|date=7 July 2013|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/top-gear/10157181/Top-Gear-series-20-episode-2-BBC-Two-review.html|title=Top Gear: series 20, episode 2, BBC Two, review|work=Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ambassador-ranked-the-best-taxi-in-the-world-by-Top-Gear/articleshow/21209757.cms|title=Ambassador ranked the best taxi in the world by Top Gear|work=Times of India|date=21 July 2016}}</ref>

An article by Hormazd Sorabjee entitled ''An Epitaph for India's "Appalling" National Car'' appeared in a July 2014 issue of BBC Magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28085095|title=An epitaph for India's 'appalling' national car|work=BBC News |date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

===Other variants===
A local customiser, Parikh Coach Builders, had created an Ambassador limousine which had found its place in the [[Limca Book of Records]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-stretch-limo-hits-clogged-city-roads-1031742|title=Stretch limo hits clogged city roads|work=DNA India|date=21 Nov 2013|first=Shweta|last=Karnik}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Automotive industry in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hindustan Ambassador}}
*{{Official website|http://www.hindmotor.com//}}

{{Groupe PSA}}
{{Hindustan Motors}}

[[Category:Hindustan vehicles|Ambassador]]
[[Category:1960s cars]]
[[Category:1970s cars]]
[[Category:1980s cars]]
[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Cars introduced in 1957]]
[[Category:Cars discontinued in 2014]]
[[Category:Cars of India]]
[[Category:Saloons]]
[[Category:Station wagons]]
[[Category:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles]]

Tissot

2026-03-27T09:12:48Z

ZVPZulma5461169: minor refine section per sources further and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Swiss watch manufacturer}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tissot SA
| logo = Tissot Logo (2023).png
| logo_size = 200px
| image = Le Locle, usine Tissot.JPG
| image_size = 230px
| image_caption = Tissot's headquarters in Le Locle, Switzerland
| type = Subsidiary
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1853|df=yes}} in [[Le Locle]]
| founders = Charles-Félicien Tissot<br />Charles-Emile Tissot
| location_country = [[Switzerland]]
| location = [[Le Locle]]
| key_people = Sylvain Dolla (CEO)<br />Georges Nicolas Hayek Jr. (chairman of the board)
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Watchmaking]]
| products = Watches, timing devices and systems
| revenue = €1.0 billion (2017)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees = 250
| parent = [[The Swatch Group]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| website = [https://www.tissotwatches.com/ tissotwatches.com]
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tissot''' '''SA''' ({{IPA|fr|ti'so}}) is a Swiss luxury watch brand owned by [[the Swatch Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9548261|title=Company Overview of Tissot SA|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> The company was founded in [[Le Locle]], Switzerland by Charles-Félicien Tissot and his son, Charles-Émile Tissot, in 1853.<ref name="Tissot: The Brand">{{cite web|title=Tissot: The Brand|url=http://www.tissot.ch/thebrand.html|publisher=Tissot|access-date=10 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202222443/http://www.tissot.ch/thebrand.html|archive-date=2 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=fallet/>

Tissot is not associated with [[Mathey-Tissot]], another Swiss watchmaking firm.

==History==

=== Independent company ===
Tissot was founded in 1853 by Charles-Félicien Tissot and his son Charles-Émile Tissot in the Swiss city of Le Locle, in the [[Neuchâtel]] canton of the [[Jura Mountains]] area.<ref name="Tissot: The Brand"/> The father and son team worked as a casemaker (Charles-Félicien Tissot) and watchmaker (Charles-Emile), with the son having expressed an interest in watchmaking from a young age. The two turned their house at the time into a small 'factory'.<ref>"A LOOK BACK AT TISSOT." Montres Publiques, 26 July 2021, https://montrespubliques.com/new-1minute-reads/a-look-back-at-tissot</ref> Charles-Emile Tissot left for Russia in 1858 and succeeded in selling their [[Pocket watch#Hunter-case watches|savonnette pocket watches]] across the [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="Tissot Official">{{cite web |url=http://www.tissot.ch/?mod_communication/chapter_history |title= Tissot Official Website: History |publisher=Tissot |access-date=2009-09-18}}</ref> Russia became Tissot's greatest market, with the brand gaining popularity even in the Tsar's court; so Charles Tissot, Charles-Émile's son, moved to Moscow in 1885 to manage the branch his father had set up there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tissot watches, Innovation Since 1853 |url=https://www.firstclasswatches.co.uk/blog/2018/05/tissot-innovation-since-1853/ |website=First Class Watches |date=14 May 2018 |access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2026 |title=Tissot History - From Le Locle to the World |url=https://tickingtales.com/tissot-history-from-le-locle-to-the-world/ |access-date=25 February 2026 |website=TickingTales}}</ref>

===Omega, SSIH, ASUAG, SMH===
In 1929, the global financial collapse brought the entire watch industry to a standstill, and [[Omega SA|Omega]] and Tissot forged an alliance under the leadership of Paul Tissot-Daguette, who had been trained at Tissot and became Omega's chief executive officer in 1930.<ref name="Watchmaster">{{cite web |title=From SSIH to Swatch Group: The rescue of the Swiss watch industry |url=https://www.watchmaster.com/en/journal/stories-en/how-ssih-became-the-swatch-group-which-rescued-the-swiss-watch-industry |website=Watchmaster |access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref> The merger formed [[Société Suisse pour l'Industrie Horlogère]] (SSIH),<ref name=fallet/>{{rp|208}} and Tissot-Omega watches from this era are sought after by collectors.

Tissot's first engagement as an official timekeeper was in 1938 where they timed a series of ski races in [[Villars-sur-Ollon]], near the company's home town in swiss Alps. Tissot was used for timing downhill skiing in Switzerland in 1938, and for the [[1957 Davis Cup|Davis Cup in 1957]].<ref name="Superwatchman">{{cite web |title=A Brief Tour of Tissot |url=https://superwatchman.com/a-brief-tour-of-tissot/ |website=Superwatchman |date=6 December 2022 |publisher=Superwatchman AB |access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref>

SSIH-ASUAG was formed in 1983 (Allgemeine Schweizerische Uhrenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft, ASUAG, was a holding company supplying the watch industry),<ref name=fallet>{{Cite book|url=https://www.tissotwatches.com/media/downloadable/pocket_book_en.pdf|title=The Story of a Watch Company|author=Estelle Fallet|publisher=Tissot|year=2002|isbn=2-940333-00-9}}</ref>{{rp|208–209}} then SMH (Société Suisse de Microélectronique et
d’horlogerie; 1983–1985).<ref name=fallet/>{{rp|20–22}}

=== Swatch subsidiary ===
SMH took the name of ''the Swatch Group'' in 1998.<ref name=fallet/>{{rp|20–22}} Tissot SA remained in [[Le Locle]], Switzerland, and marketed in 160 countries. Tissot watches are classified by the Swatch Group as "mid-range market" products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swatchgroup.com/brands_and_companies/watches_and_jewelry/middle_range|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422170501/http://www.swatchgroup.com/brands_and_companies/watches_and_jewelry/middle_range|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=unfit|title=Middle Range watches – (Tissot, Balmain, Certina, Mido, Hamilton, Calvin Klein)|website= The Swatch Group}}</ref>

Tissot is an official timekeeper for the world championships in cycling, motorcycling, fencing and ice hockey, etc. Tissot was a sponsor for the Formula One car-racing teams Lotus, Renault, and Sauber. In the past handheld stopwatches were sufficient to provide official timings; in more recent times manufacturers and sporting bodies together develop more accurate systems for specific events. In competitive cycling, for instance, sensors are placed on the bikes and track, and linked by computers to provide track timings and performance data.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cycling |url=https://www.swisstiming.com/sports/cycling-track/ |website=Swiss Timing |access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref>

===PRX===

Swatch distinguished itself on the global watch market in 2021 with the re-release of the PRX, a stainless steel watch with integrated bracelet. The first PRX was released in 1978 and enjoyed a brief but successful run before it was discontinued in the 1980s. Positive word-of-mouth, the variety of face colors offered, and the watch's perceived general affordability and versatility (combined with its durability) served to make the watch one of the most successful timepieces of the 2020s. Shortly after its release, the watch rivaled Rolex in popularity, with Tissot stores struggling to keep the watch in stock.<ref name=past>{{cite web|url=https://oracleoftime.com/the-tissot-prx-history/|title=The Past and Present of the Tissot PRX Collection|website= Oracle of Time |date=15 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name=teddy>{{cite web|url=https://teddybaldassarre.com/blogs/watches/tissot-prx-watch?srsltid=AfmBOoodbd5DzsN3CGmY9aIvPjVhtU0o1IcZh15YBtM0sGzfqT6wAruC|title=Tissot PRX|website= Teddy |date=12 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tissot PRX: The Iconic Swiss Watchmaking Revelation |url=https://timesourcejewelers.com/blogs/news/tissot-prx-the-most-iconic-revelation-in-the-history-of-swiss-watchmaking?srsltid=AfmBOoqSrpf7XV-dH6M6Ta2ohkMr5hKyGtjpRb0oy0799LxqfvMPV9DK|website=Time Source}}</ref>

In November 2025, Tissot announced the 38mm PRX in Damascus Steel and Titanium versions. The 38mm models were welcomed by fans, as the 38mm size become popular amongst collectors. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025 |title=Tissot PRX 38mm: Titanium and Damascus Steel Release |url=https://tickingtales.com/tissot-prx-38mm-titanium-and-damascus-steel-release/ |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=TickingTales}}</ref>

== Motto and slogan ==
[[File:HK 上水 Sheung Shui 上水廣場 Landmark North mall shops November 2020 SS2 27.jpg|thumb|Tissot store in Hong Kong]]
The company motto/slogan of Tissot is "Innovators by Tradition"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@swisswatchbrand/tissot-the-innovator-by-tradition-240de7e82112|title=Tissot — The "Innovator By Tradition"|author=|date=30 March 2018|website=Swiss Watch Brand|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> and its mission statement is "gold value at silver price".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tissot® official website |url=https://www.tissotwatches.com/en-us/collection/all-our-watches/t-gold.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=Tissot Watches}}</ref>

== Innovations ==
Tissot introduced the first mass-produced pocket watch as well as the first pocket watch with two time zones in 1853 and the first anti-magnetic watch, in 1929–30.<ref name="Tissot Official" /> Tissot was also one of the first companies to manufacture an antimagnetic wristwatch in the early 1930s.<ref>"THE 1-MINUTE HISTORY OF ANTI-MAGNETIC WATCHES." Montres Publiques, 12 June 2019, https://montrespubliques.com/1minute-reads/the-1-minute-history-of-anti-magnetic-watches?rq=tissot</ref> The Tissot company was also the first to make watches out of plastic (Idea 2001 in 1971), stone (the Alpine [[granite]] [[RockWatch (watch)|RockWatch]] in 1985), [[mother of pearl]] (the Pearl watch in 1987), and wood (the Wood watch in 1988).<ref name="Tissot: The Brand" />

Tissot introduced its first tactile watch, with "T-Touch," technology in 1999; watches containing this technology have touch-sensitive sapphire crystals to control various functions including compass, barometer, altimeter and thermometer. The 2014 T-Touch Expert Solar and T-Touch Lady Solar had 25 functions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anytimewatches.com/en/the-new-tissot-t-touch-expert-solar.html|title=The New Tissot T-Touch Expert Solar|publisher=Anytime Watches|date=14 November 2014}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tissot - 1958.jpg|Tissot watch from 1958, manual winding, 33 millimeters, in-house movement with [[Manual winding]]
File:Tissot watch.jpg|Tissot 1853 hand watch in [[Chennai]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
File:Tissot_Couturier_watch_on_hand.jpg|Tissot Couturier
File:Tissot Handaufzug, 1958.jpg|Tissot 1958
File:Tissot Twotimer.jpg|Tissot Twotimer, 1990
File:Tissot PRC 200 T17.1.586.52.jpg|Tissot PRC 200 (T17.1.586.52)
File:Tissot pocket watch, open - 20110212.jpg|Tissot pocket watch, open
</gallery>

==Marketing==
Tissot has partnered with a wide range of celebrities from basketball players, actors, cricket players, to MotoGP racers to be their brand ambassadors. Tissot brand ambassadors have included: [[Tony Parker]], [[Liu Yi Fei]], [[Virat Kohli]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Huang Xiaoming]], [[Jorge Lorenzo]], [[Thomas Lüthi]], [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Marc Márquez]] and [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Gong Jun | Simon Gong Jun]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tissotwatches.com/en-us/tissot-world-ambassadors|title=Official Tissot Website – Meet our ambassadors|website=www.tissotwatches.com|access-date=2023-09-07}}</ref>

Tissot has been the official [[timekeeping]] partner of the [[National Basketball Association]] since the [[2015–16 NBA season]] (along with the [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]]), providing timing devices, including the on-court clock and [[shot clock]] for the league's venues, along with offering league-specific watches which are worn and promoted by the two league's players and coaches.<ref name="NBA">{{cite web |title=NBA Renewal announcement 2021 |url=https://www.tissotwatches.com/en-en/magazine-news-55.html |website=www.tissotwatches.com |access-date=9 June 2023 |date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

== Clientele ==
Tissot watches have been worn by [[Catherine, Princess of Wales]], [[Sarah Bernhardt]], singer [[Carmen Miranda]], [[Grace Kelly]], and [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name="Tissot Official" />

==In popular culture==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
[[James Stewart]] wore a Tissot watch in ''[[Rear Window]]''. T-Touch watches have been worn by [[Angelina Jolie]] in the movies ''[[Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life]]'' and ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)|Mr. & Mrs. Smith]]''. [[Simon Pegg]] wore a T-Touch in ''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}. [[Richard Roundtree]] appears to wear a Tissot PR 516 with steel rally bracelet in ''[[Shaft (1971 film)|Shaft]]''. Indian actor [[Kamal Haasan]] wore a Tissot watch in 2008 Tamil film ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''. In episode 13 of ''[[The Prisoner]]'', ''[[Patrick McGoohan]]'' uses his Tissot watch to hypnotize the character "No.86".

== Sponsorships ==
Tissot has been the official timekeeper responsible for timing in several sports including [[MotoGP]], the [[International Ice Hockey Federation]], the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]], the [[International Basketball Federation]] (FIBA), the [[International Fencing Federation]], the [[Women's National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/13813208/nba-watchmaker-tissot-announce-multi-year-partnership|title=NBA, watchmaker Tissot announce multiyear partnership|date=5 October 2015 |publisher=ESPN|access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> the [[NBA G League]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/services/archive/2025/tissot-expands-global-partnerships|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615185137/https://www.swatchgroup.com/en/services/archive/2025/tissot-expands-global-partnerships|title=TISSOT EXPANDS GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS - Swatch Group|publisher=Tissot|archive-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> for many years. In basketball it has sponsored the [[Switzerland national basketball team|Swiss national team]],<ref>[http://www.fiba.basketball/eurobasket/2017/qualifiers/Switzerland/#iset=716054ac-6f03-4c86-8f2a-8e4bccbd32dc&iid=73368a21-f38b-4a95-a006-2d913f206dd5 FIBA EuroBasket 2017], FIBA.com, Retrieved 31 August 2017.</ref> the [[Chinese Basketball Association]], the [[NBA]] and other related events, teams, and organizations. On 20 November 2019 it was announced that Tissot would serve as the official timekeeper and results service for the [[2022 World Games]].<ref>[https://www.theworldgames.org/news/The-World-Games-2022-32/Tissot-Official-Timekeeper-of-The-World-Games-2021-1975 Tissot Official Timekeeper of The World Games 2021], The World Games, Retrieved 16 July 2022</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}

* [[List of watch manufacturers]]
* [[Swiss Made]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:The Swatch Group]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Swiss companies established in 1853]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1853]]
[[Category:Le Locle]]
[[Category:Swiss watch brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in the canton of Neuchâtel]]

Dhanbad Junction railway station

2026-03-25T05:52:36Z

ZVPZulma5461169:

{{short description|Railway station in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]]<br />{{font color|blue|DHANBAD JUNCTION}}
| style = Indian Railways
| symbol_location =
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image =
Dhanbad6.jpg
| image_upright =
| image_caption = Dhanbad Junction
| address = Station Road, [[Dhanbad]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.7922|N|86.4283|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{Convert|235.00|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| line = [[Asansol–Gaya section]] of [[Grand Chord]], [[Howrah–Gaya–Delhi line]], [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]], Dhanbad–Singrauli line (CIC Section), Dhanbad–Pradhankunta–Pathardih-Bhojudih–Adra Line, [[Railways in Jharia Coalfield]] Dhanbad–Jharia–Pathardih Line (Now dismantled due to the hazard of underground fire & Land Subsidence in Jharia Coalfields.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jharia-may-turn-into-a-ghost-town-soon/articleshow/2715918.cms|title=Jharia may turn into a ghost town soon|date=20 January 2008|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>)
| platform = 1–8 including 1A
| tracks = 11
| structure = NSG-2 Grade
| parking = Available
| accessible = Available
| status = Operational
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = DHN
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Dhanbad}}
}}
| opened = {{start date and age|1894}}
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|1956}}
| electrified = {{start date and age|1960}}
| former =
| passengers = 100,000+
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| route_map = {{Dhanbad–Koderma line|inline=1}}
| map_type = India#India Jharkhand#India
| map_dot_label = Dhanbad Junction
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location with Dhanbad
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Dhanbad Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
{{Railways in Jharia Coalfield|collapse=yes}}
{{Grand Chord|collapse=yes}}

'''Dhanbad Junction railway station''', station code '''DHN''', is a railway station of the Indian railway serving the city of [[Dhanbad]], the headquarters of [[Dhanbad district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. It is the largest railway station in Jharkhand, handling over 100 trains and 100000+ passengers every day. It is one of the Top 100 booking stations of Indian Railways. Dhanbad is also the headquarters of the [[Dhanbad railway division|Dhanbad Rail Division]] of the [[East Central Railway zone]]. [[Grand Chord]] rail-line that connects [[Howrah]] and [[New Delhi]] passes through Dhanbad junction. Dhanbad is located at {{Coord|23|47|32|N|86|25|42|E|}}.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/4498107/DHANBAD-Jn |title=Dhanbad Junction |publisher=Wikimapia |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> It has an elevation of {{Convert|235|m|ft}}.

One of the largest and busiest railway junctions, it is one of the most important stations on the [[Grand Chord]]. CIC rail line starts from [[Dhanbad]] and ends at [[Singrauli]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Besides the CIC section there was a direct line to [[Ranchi]] which goes through [[Bokaro Steel City railway station|Bokaro]] and [[Chandrapura]]. Most trains bound for [[Ranchi]] take this route. Dhanbad has a rail connectivity with the other major parts of the country such as [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Jammu]], [[Katpadi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bikaner]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kochi]], [[Indore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Gwalior]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Firozpur]], [[Nagpur]], [[Guwahati]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Patna]], [[Daltonganj]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Bhubaneswar]], etc. Another rail line passing through the district, starts at [[Kharagpur]] and ends at [[Gomoh]], this rail line comes under [[South Eastern Railway (India)|South Eastern Railway]]. Dhanbad is connected with most of the states through rail network.

There used to be another railway line from Dhanbad connecting it to [[Jharia]] and [[Pathardih]]. The line used to intersect the CIC section, requiring a [[diamond crossing]] near Purana Bazar. Now that the line has been dis-mantled, the Diamond Crossing is no longer operational.
Previously when there were much less trains from [[Ranchi]] and adjoining areas, Dhanbad along with [[Tatanagar railway station]] served as the main railway stations for the entire state of [[Jharkhand]].

==Overview==
The entire belt between Durgapur (158 km from Howrah), and all the way up to Dhanbad and beyond is industrialized. Apart from factories, there are many coalmines, some closed now, and some with fires burning deep in the mineshafts. The mining area extends for a large area, mostly to the south of the tracks. Quite a portion of the track passes through cuttings, where the surrounding area is higher than the track level, resulting in the profusion of characteristic small masonry bridges crossing the tracks." This description is from "Gomoh loco shed and CLW trip record" by Samit Roychoudhury.<ref>{{cite web|title= Gomoh loco shed and CLW trip record |work= Indian Railway Reports|publisher=IRFCA }}</ref>

==History==
The [[East Indian Railway Company]] extended its lines to Katrasgarh via Dhanbad in 1894.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:p469ydldNAUJ:www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b80_313.pdf+Bengal+Coal+Company&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESix39Oxq6nkv-dwbiEejZhcEHWTbwOp2Y2Hjlzdv96113hN3d5s3wvUGK9z0pIBp4o9-ratWlE6Z8mJu9MKTKsk0CtGKFNMl87YONECfX4OoZgivRJYqiMkApfWOcrCAaye3bBe&sig=AHIEtbRg6aEBzktSsFPhDWuByzL5Lg7Btw |title = History of Coal Mining in India| last = E.R. |first = Gee |work = pages 314-315| access-date= 17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Committee |first1=Great Britain Indian Railway |title=East India (Railway Committee, 1920-21).: Evidence taken in London |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/East_India_Railway_Committee_1920_21_Evi/RPM2AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=DHANBAD+CONNECTED+EAST+INDIAN+STATE+RAILWAY&dq=DHANBAD+CONNECTED+EAST+INDIAN+STATE+RAILWAY&printsec=frontcover |access-date=3 March 2026 |language=en}}Dhanbad was connected at end of 1894 East Indian Railways</ref>

In the [[Railways in Jharia Coalfield]], amongst the major sections of EIR were the Dhanbad-Phularitand section (21.6 km) opened in 1894 to Katrasgarh and extended to Phularitand in 1924, and the Dhanbad-Jharia-Pathardih section opened in 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/pdf/gztr_8.CHAPTER%20%20%20%20VII%20Communications%20page%20no%20356-382.pdf |title = Chapter VII – Communications |publisher = Dhanbad district administration| access-date= 17 July 2013}}</ref>

;New developments
In February 2012, The [[Indian Railways]] had planned to set up a Railway Station Development Corporation (RSDC) that will work on improving the major railway stations including Dhanbad Junction by building and developing restaurants, shopping areas and food plazas for commercial business and improving passenger amenities.<ref name=RSDC>{{cite news|title=Railways to set up body to develop stations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railways-to-set-up-body-to-develop-stations/articleshow/11843446.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209011516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-11/patna/31049817_1_passenger-amenities-railway-plan-rail-land-development-authority|url-status=live|archive-date=9 December 2012|access-date=27 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 February 2012}}</ref>

==Electrification==
The Kumardhubi–Dhanbad, Pradhankhanta–Pathardih and Dhanbad–Gomoh sectors were electrified in 1960–61.<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date= 17 July 2013}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The station houses all the major facilities like waiting rooms, computerized reservation facility, dormitory, retiring rooms, cafeteria, bookshop, food plaza etc.<ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web |title=List of Locations (Irrespective Of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |publisher=Official website of the [[Indian Railways]] |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> Existing facilities are being revamped for developing it as model station. The Railway station is a divisional headquarters of East Central Railway and houses a number of non-passenger related facilities like loco sheds, washing lines etc. in its premises.
From 21 November 2016 free RailWire WiFi facility is also available. If You have to come on Manaitand and Joraphatak Area then come across the Platform No. 8, If You have to reach central area of Dhanbad then come across the Platform No. 1A main gate.
You can also get various types of Magazines, NewsPapers, and more facilities on Platform No. 1,2 & 3.

Escalator has been installed in platform 2 and 3 at the station. This proves to be of high help to the senior citizens and the handicapped.
{{external media
| float=right
| width = 270px
| video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuYjgkNTPsI Video of Rajdhani Express from Dhanbad Junction]''retrieved 8.03.2012''
}}

==Transport and connectivity==
Dhanbad station is very well connected by roadways. There is a bus stand just outside the railway station, where buses for nearby cities like [[Kolkata]], [[Patna]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Ranchi]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Giridih]], [[Asansol]] and [[Durgapur]] are easily available.

Outside the station, there is a taxi stand wherein a lot of taxis are always available.

[[Dhanbad]] along with [[Ranchi]] and [[Jamshedpur]] were provided with buses under [[JNNURM]] scheme, for city transportation. These buses can be used for local transportation.

Autos remain the mainstay of civilian transport in the city. These autos can be used to travel throughout the length of the city, using very nominal fares.

==Trains==

Some of the major trains through Dhanbad are :–

• 12301/02 [[Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express]]

• 12313/14 [[Sealdah Rajdhani Express]]

• 12259/60 [[Sealdah–Bikaner Duronto Express]]

• 22303/04 [[Howrah–Gaya Vande Bharat Express]]

• 12019/20 [[Howrah-Ranchi Shatabdi Express]]

• 13379/80 [[Dhanbad - Mumbai LTT Weekly Express]]

• 16619/20 [[Podanur - Dhanbad Amrit Bharat Express]]

• 13065/66 [[Howrah–Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express|Howrah - Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express]]

• 12329/30 [[West Bengal Sampark Kranti Express]]

• 22317/18 [[Sealdah–Jammu Tawi Humsafar Express]]

• 22323/24 [[Shabd Bhedi Superfast Express]]

• 12323/24 [[Howrah–Barmer Superfast Express]]

• 12379/80 [[Jallianwalla Bagh Express]]

• 13167/68 [[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Express]]

• 12319/20 [[Kolkata–Agra Cantonment Superfast Express|Kolkata–Gwalior Superfast Express]]

• 12175/76 [[Howrah–Gwalior Chambal Express]]

• 12307/08 [[Howrah–Jodhpur Express]]

• 12937/38 [[Garba Superfast Express]]

• 12495/96 [[Pratap Express|Pratap Superfast Express]]

• 12987/88 [[Ajmer–Sealdah Express]]

• 12321/22 [[Howrah–Mumbai CSMT Mail (via Gaya)]]

• 17005/06 [[Hyderabad–Raxaul Express]]

• 13351/52 [[Dhanbad–Alappuzha Express]]

• 13307/08 [[Ganga Sutlej Express]] (Dhanbad–Firozpur Cantt)

• 13329/30 [[Ganga Damodar Express]] (Dhanbad-Patna)

• 11045/46 [[Deekshabhoomi Express]] (Dhanbad–Kolhapur)

• 13301/02 [[Swarnarekha Express]] (Dhanbad–Tatanagar)

• 11447/48 [[Shaktipunj Express]]

• 22387/88 [[Black Diamond Express]]

• 12339/40 [[Coalfield Express]]

• 15027/28 [[Maurya Express]]

• 15661/62 [[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express]]

• 19413/14 [[Ahmedabad–Kolkata Express]]

• 13009/10 [[Doon Express]]

• 12311/12 [[Netaji Express]]

• 17007/08 [[Secunderabad - Darbhanga Express]]

• 18621/22 [[Patna–Hatia Patliputra Express]]

• 13403/04 [[Vananchal Express|Ranchi - Bhagalpur Vananchal Express]]

• 13331/32 [[Dhanbad - Patna Intercity Express]]

• 13305/06 [[Dhanbad–Gaya Intercity Express]]

• 13303/04 [[Dhanbad–Ranchi Intercity Express]]

• 11631/32 [[Bhopal–Dhanbad Express|Bhopal - Dhanbad Express]]

• 18403/04 [[Bhubaneswar–Dhanbad Express|Bhubaneswar - Dhanbad Express]]

• 17321/22 [[Vasco-da-Gama - Jasidih Express|Vasco-da-Gama - Jasidih Weekly Express]]

• 18603/04 [[Ranchi - Godda Express]]

• 18185/86 [[Tatanagar Godda Express]]

And many more trains

==Significance==
Dhanbad Jn is a Category NSG-2 ,<ref name="railnews">{{cite web|url=http://www.railnews.co.in/?p=19704|title=Dhanbad Railway Station to provide a host of amenities shortly | RailNews|publisher=railnews.co.in|access-date=30 June 2014}}</ref> station as well as the divisional headquarters. It is the largest station in the adjoining area, and every train has a halt here. Lying centrally on the [[Grand Chord]] it is flanked by [[Gaya Junction]] on the Delhi side and [[Asansol railway station]] on the [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] side. It is not uncommon to find long-distance trains getting their locomotives and rakes (occasionally) changed here. All the trains including [[Duronto Express]] passing through Dhanbad have a stoppage here. Due to shortage in spaces, Dhanbad does-not have any loco-shed at present. It used to have a steam loco shed earlier. It has a trip loco shed at its outer section, has its electric loco shed at [[Gomoh]] and its diesel loco shed at [[Patratu]]. Being the largest station in the area it finds a very heavy patronage and a huge number of passengers use this station every day. A lot of people from adjoining districts like [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Koderma]], [[Giridih]] come to Dhanbad early morning to catch the 'morning trains' to various destinations like [[Kolkata]], [[Durgapur]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Ranchi]], [[Patna]], [[Burdwan]] and [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]. Dhanbad also became the 1st station in the country to have an [[Howrah–Dhanbad Double Decker Express|AC double-decker express]] running till {{stnlnk|Howrah Junction}} which is now discontinued.

==Further extension==
{{Madhupur–Giridih–Koderma line|collapse=y}}
Railways is mulling to connect Dhanbad with {{stnlnk|New Giridih}} via Pradhankhunta, Govindpur and Tundi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-rail-track-will-be-built-between-dhanbad-and-giridih-18814850.html|title=मोदी सरकार ने खींचा धनबाद-गिरिडीह के बीच रेल लाइन का खाका|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Dhanbad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Dhanbad}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130823/jsp/jharkhand/story_17261848.jsp#.UpeJCMTQmko|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131128183129/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130823/jsp/jharkhand/story_17261848.jsp%23.UpeJCMTQmko|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2013|title=Coal town station first in state to score an A1|publisher=telegraphindia.com|access-date=30 May 2014}}

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Dhanbad railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Dhanbad]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1894]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

Prem Ratan Dhan Payo

2026-03-17T03:56:57Z

ZVPZulma5461169: cleanup

{{Short description|2015 film by Sooraj Barjatya}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Prem Ratan Dhan Payo.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sooraj R. Barjatya]]
| producer = Kamal Kumar Barjatya<br>Rajkumar Barjatya<br>Ajit Kumar Barjatya
| screenplay = Sooraj R. Barjatya
| starring = {{ubl|[[Salman Khan]]|[[Sonam Kapoor]]|[[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]|[[Anupam Kher]]}}
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br>'''Score:'''<br>[[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]<br>[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cinematography = [[V. Manikandan]]
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| studio = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| distributor = [[Fox Star Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|11|12|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 164 minutes<ref name="runtime">{{cite web | url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-film | archive-url=https://archive.today/20151119013519/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-film | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 November 2015 | title=''Rofique Khan'' (12A) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=6 November 2015 | access-date=10 November 2015}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|link=yes}}60–900 million<ref name="budget">{{cite web|title=Prem Ratan Dhan Payo collects Rs 200 crore worldwide|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-khan-rocks-box-office-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-collects-rs-200-crore-worldwide/story-4RS4TUqN35yUsm0iYAJxYM.html|website=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=18 November 2015 |quote=Made on an estimated budget of Rs 60 crore.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Makers of Prem Ratan Dhan Payo spent ₹15 crore on Lighting the Sets?|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/makers-of-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-spent-rs-15-cr-on-lighting-the-sets-1239937|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=26 September 2022|quote=The film's budget is pegged to be around ₹90 crore.}}</ref>
| gross =  {{estimation}} {{INR|link=yes}}4.32 billion<ref name="BOI">{{cite web|title=Best of 2015: Top 6 highest grossing films|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-best-of-2015-top-6-highest-grossing-films-2157811|website=[[DNA India]]|access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
}}
'''''Prem Ratan Dhan Payo'''''<ref>[http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sooraj-barjatya-and-salman-khans-next-finally-has-a-name-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-134224.html Sooraj Barjatya And Salman Khan's Next Finally Has A Name – Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]. ''The Times of India''. (13 March 2014). Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref> ({{translation|I found a jewel called love}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic [[Drama (film and television)#Family drama|family drama]] film written and directed by [[Sooraj Barjatya]]. Produced by [[Rajshri Productions]], it stars [[Salman Khan]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-movie-review.asp |title= PREM RATAN DHAN PAYO Movie Review: PREM RATAN DHAN PAYO is like a well wrapped sweet box with cheap halwa inside. |publisher= Glamsham |access-date= 12 November 2015 |archive-date= 13 November 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151113015202/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-movie-review.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2015-11-09 |title='Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' is only for Salman: Sooraj Barjatya |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-is-only-for-salman-sooraj-barjatya-115110900300_1.html |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Swara Bhaskar]], [[Armaan Kohli]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]] and Aashika Bhatia play supporting roles. It is the fourth collaboration between Barjatya and Khan after their previous films ''[[Maine Pyar Kiya]]'' (1989), ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994), and ''[[Hum Saath Saath Hain]]'' (1999), and it is the second collaboration between Khan and Kapoor after ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007).

The film was released worldwide on 12 November 2015 during [[Diwali]] season.<ref name="rd">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khans-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-to-release-in-pakistan/|title=Salman Khan's 'Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' to release in Pakistan|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref> With a worldwide gross of {{INR}}432 crore, it is the [[List of Bollywood films of 2015|second highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2015]]. The core plot of the film is reportedly inspired by the 2012 South Korean film ''[[Masquerade (2012 film)|Masquerade]]'', which was itself loosely based on the 1894 novel ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'' by [[Anthony Hope]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Food-to-lingo-India-goes-on-a-K-trip/articleshow/55641575.cms|title=Food to lingo, India goes on a K-trip|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-the-prisoner-of-zenda-2137828|title=Prem Ratan Dhan Payo = The Prisoner of Zenda?|date=24 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/17-most-popular-bollywood-films-that-are-a-remake-of-korean-movies-1194177?amp | title=17 Most popular Bollywood films that are a remake of Korean movies | date=8 October 2022 }}</ref>

== Plot ==

Yuvraj Vijay Singh, a wealthy crown prince of Pritampur is soon to be crowned King. He's engaged to Rajkumari Maithili Devi, a princess of the royal family of the neighbouring kingdom Devgarh. However, due to his stiff, stubborn nature, Vijay faces many issues with Maithili and his siblings. His rich half-sisters, Rajkumari Chandrika and Rajkumari Radhika, live in a separate rented bungalow outside the royal palace with Chandrika working as an accounts head in a municipal school, and have filed a case against Vijay for a share in the royal property, because they felt their mother (a poet and later mistress to the late King) was wronged by the Queen when she disgraced her in the presence of all of the King's children. Furthermore, Chandrika and Maithili, who were best friends during school times, find their friendship shattered owing to her engagement with Vijay. Similarly, his half brother Yuvraj Ajay Singh vows vengeance and has been wanting to kill him and take the crown for himself. He enlists the help of his manager Chirag Singh and Vijay's secretary Sameera. Chirag misguidings Ajay at every step while betraying him behind his back. Vijay barely escapes an assassination plan coordinated by Ajay and Chirag to kill him but is badly injured. He is hidden in a secret chamber maintained by two doctors.

Meanwhile, Vijay's doppelganger Prem Raghuvanshi aka Prem Dilwale, a love guru, a perky, lively and carefree stage actor who falls in love with Princess Maithili, reaches Pritampur to meet her along with his friend Kanhaiya. At a bus stop, the Security Head of Pritampur Palace, Sanjay, notices him by chance and takes him to Diwan Sahab. Upon witnessing the striking resemblance between Prem and Yuvraj Vijay, Diwan asks Prem to take Yuvraj Vijay's place while Yuvraj recovers from coma. Prem acts as Yuvraj Vijay but with his simple, caring nature, he impresses Maithili who earlier wanted to break up with Vijay and falls in love with Prem unknowingly. Prem also attempts to reconcile with Vijay's sisters by bringing them back to the royal palace; he prepares legal documents handing over all of the royal family's properties to them. His half-sisters are so moved by this gesture that, with a little push from Maithili, they eventually have a change of heart and decline to deprive the prince of his fortune and reconcile with him as his sisters.

Meanwhile, Yuvraj Ajay and Chirag find out that Prem is only playing the part of the prince and thus they kidnap the real Vijay. Chirag decides to double cross Ajay, as he frees Vijay and feeds him false information to pit him against Ajay and Prem. Vijay and Ajay get involved in a sword fight when Prem and Kanhaiya intervene and clear the confusion. Chirag tries to shoot them down but falls to his death. Ajay regrets his deeds and Vijay reconciles with him. Maithili is shocked to know the truth about Prem not being Yuvraj Vijay after Prem has left to return to his home and is left heartbroken. In the end, the royal family reaches Prem's house to reunite Prem and Maithili, and they happily marry along with Kanhaiyya and Sameera.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Salman Khan]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Prem Raghuvanshi aka Prem Dilwale: An [[Ayodhya]] based love guru; Kanhaiya's friend; Maithili's husband
** Yuvraj Vijay Singh: Crown prince of Pritampur; Dhananjay and Nandita's son; Ajay, Chandrika and Radhika's half-brother; Maithili's ex-fiancé
* [[Sonam Kapoor]] as Rajkumari Maithili Devi Singh Raghuvanshi: Crown princess of neighbouring kingdom Devgarh; Chandrika's friend; Vijay's ex-fiancé; Prem's wife
* [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] as Yuvraj Ajay Singh: Dhananjay and Bhagwanti's son; Vijay's half-brother and enemy; also Chandrika and Radhika's half-brother
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Jagdish "Bapu" Diwan / Diwan Sahab
* [[Armaan Kohli]] as Chirag Singh: The Royal family's business manager
* [[Deepak Dobriyal]] as Kanhaiya "Musoorie" Chaturvedi: Prem's friend; Sameera's husband
* [[Samaira Rao]] as Sameera Sharma: Chirag and Ajay's agent; Kanhaiya's wife
* [[Swara Bhaskar]] as Rajkumari Chandrika Singh: Dhananjay and Sangeeta's elder daughter; Vijay and Ajay's half-sister; Radhika's sister; Maithili's friend
* Aashika Bhatia as Rajkumari Radhika Singh: Dhananjay and Sangeeta's younger daughter; Vijay and Ajay's half-sister; Chandrika's sister
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Raja Dhananjay Maan Singh: King of Pritampur; Bhagwanti, Nandita and Sangeeta's husband; Vijay, Ajay, Chandrika and Radhika's father
* [[Lata Sabharwal]] as Sangeeta Devi Singh: A singer and [[courtesan]] of the Royal Family; Dhananjay's mistress turned third wife; Chandrika and Radhika's mother
* [[Karuna Pandey]] as Maharani Bhagwanti Singh: Queen of Pritampur; Dhananjay's second wife; Ajay's mother
* [[Namrata Thapa]] as NGO Worker
* [[Yuvika Chaudhary]] as Unknown Girl
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Estate Agent
* [[Alok Pandey]] as Manish "Monty" Verma
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Sanjay: Head of security of the Royal Palace
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Gopinath Chaubey: Head of the drama troupe
* Mukesh S Bhatt as Chuttan
* [[S M Zaheer]] as Dr. Farooq Ansari
* Micky Makhijja as Dr. Pankaj Nambiar
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Bhuvnesh Bhandari: Advocate of Pritampur royal family
* [[Suhasini Mulay]] as Savitri "Dadisa" Devi: Maithili's grandmother
* [[Md Jakir Hossain]] as Prem's Friend
* Yash Abbad as Rajkumar of Rajasthan
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
It was announced in June 2013 by [[Salman Khan]] and [[Sooraj Barjatya]] and pre-production work of the film began in January 2014 until June 2014. It was titled ''Bade Bhaiya'' and later changed to ''Prem Ratan Dhan Payo'', inspired by the well-known Hindu hymn "[[Payo Ji Maine Ram Ratan Dhan Payo]]" of [[Mirabai]]. [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[V. Manikandan]] and Sanjay Sankala roped as a music composer, cinematographer and editor in the film.

=== Casting ===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}
Initially, [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Daisy Shah]] and [[Deepika Padukone]] were rumoured to play leading ladies but they turned down the offer. Finally, [[Sonam Kapoor]] was signed on to play a leading lady in this film which marked her second film with Khan after 2007 film ''[[Saawariya]]'', helmed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Armaan Kohli]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Samaira Rao]] and [[Swara Bhaskar]] were signed on to play supporting characters. [[Amrita Rao]] was considered to play Khan's half-sister and her role went to Bhaskar. Previously, Rao acted in ''[[Vivah (2006 film)|Vivah]]''.

=== Filming ===
Filming began after 1000 days of preparation on 26 June 2014 and wrapped on 2 September 2015 after 200 days of shoot. It was shot in [[Rajkot]], [[Gondal, India|Gondal]], [[Udaipur]], [[Athirapally Falls]] and [[Mumbai]]. It was shot at several extravagant locations across India. From grand sets to elaborate costumes, ''Prem Ratan Dhan Payo'' was undeniably a visual delight for all the viewers. The makers of the film released a 'behind-the-scene' video from the film titled 'Larger Than Life', wherein they revealed that the royal palace of Pritampur in the film is 'one of the biggest sets ever made' which was spread around 100,000 sq. feet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Larger than life| date=22 October 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag5LOZog2nw|via=YouTube}}</ref> Each actor from the film is also heard speaking about the lavish scale of the film with each shot being 'grand'. Production Designer Nitin Chandrakant Desai said that "An attempt to give life to each element has been made.

== Release ==
''Prem Ratan Dhan Payo'' was released worldwide on 12 November 2015, coinciding with [[Diwali]] season, in [[Hindi]] alongside [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version with the Tamil version titled as ''Meimarandhen Paaraayo'' ({{translation|See, I've lost myself}}) and Telugu version titled as ''Prema Leela'' ({{translation|Love games}}).<ref name="rd"/><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jkH9MRQ5-E|title=Prema Leela – Official Trailer (Telugu) – Salman Khan & Sonam Kapoor – Sooraj Barjatya – Diwali 2015|date=23 October 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsCXV20mObI|title=Meymarandhen Paaraayo Official Trailer – Salman Khan & Sonam Kapoor – Sooraj Barjatya – Diwali 2015|date=23 October 2015|via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
{{Over-quotation|date=November 2015}}
Taran Adarsh of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 4.5/5 stating that "On the whole, PRDP is the perfect Diwali entertainer for the entire family. The film will win abundant love [prem], while its investors will reap a harvest [dhan], making it a memorable Diwali for all concerned."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/597898|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102160656/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/597898|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2013|title=Prem Ratan Dhan Payo|work=bollywoodhungama|date=12 November 2015|access-date=13 November 2015|first=Taran|last=Adarsh}}</ref> Srijana Mitra Das of [[Times of India]] rated the film with 3.5/5 stars stating that PRDP is Salman Khan's triumph and he " simply blows the top off the theatres with a double role that makes you laugh, gasp, sigh – and cry." She also appreciated the performance of [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Deepak Dobriyal]], Aashika Bhatia and [[Swara Bhaskar]].<ref>{{cite web|title='Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Prem-Ratan-Dhan-Payo/movie-review/49757980.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> Sonia Chopra of [[Sify]] gave 3/5 stars rating saying that the film has its faults, but with actor [[Salman Khan]]'s dual role, the movie is sure to hit the right spots with the family audience.<ref>{{cite web|title='Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' review: Salman is real 'ratan' in this tradition-soaked romance|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-review-salman-is-real-ratan-in-this-tradition-soaked-romance-review-bollywood-pllsmadhgagjc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112223035/http://www.sify.com/movies/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-review-salman-is-real-ratan-in-this-tradition-soaked-romance-review-bollywood-pllsmadhgagjc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 2015|website=[[Sify]]|date=12 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] gave the film a rating of 3/5 stars saying that the director employed the same successful formula he had tried in his previous films, but now "the tropes have gotten rusty, the emotions seldom feel genuine, and the writing is strictly surface level". He concluded that the film's only saving grace is the presence of [[Salman Khan]] who is in good form.<ref>{{cite web|title='Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' review: Salman Khan is the sole draw of this film|work=IBNLive |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-review-salman-khan-is-the-sole-draw-of-this-film-1163634.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=12 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of [[Indian Express]] gave the film a low rating of 1.5/5 stars, calling it a re-imagining of Ramayan and its million stories, criticizing it as "an out-dated, overblown rehash of the director's previous films",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-review-nothing-is-a-fit-in-this-salman-khan-film/| title='Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' review: Nothing is a fit in this Salman Khan, Sonam Kapoor film|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 November 2015|access-date=13 November 2015|first=Shubhra|last=Gupta}}</ref> while Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film only 2/5 stars, calling it "as a film straight out of the '80s" rehashing the director's same formula, but appreciated music director [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and lead actor [[Salman Khan]] as "quite likeable and his comic timing has gotten better".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-review-beautiful-yet-average/story-T53vZmVDyBnFEaYM7IKSNN.html|title=Prem Ratan Dhan Payo review: Family saga Rajshri style|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=13 November 2015|access-date=13 November 2015|first=Rohit|last=Vats}}</ref> Anna MM Vetticad of [[Firstpost|First Post]] thrashed the film as "half-baked, lifeless, low-IQ film with its juvenile humour and family politics that resembles circumstances in the cheapest saas-bahu soaps now running on Hindi fiction TV." and "lacks even the few qualities that made his earlier ventures bearable".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-review-a-double-dose-of-salman-not-enough-to-lift-this-half-baked-lifeless-low-iq-rajshri-film-2504642.html|title=Prem Ratan Dhan Payo review:Double dose of Salman adds nothing to this regressive, low-IQ Rajshri film|work=firstpost|date=13 November 2015|access-date=13 November 2015|first=Anna|last=Vetticad}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film a 2.5/5 stars stating, "PRDP sticks to its beliefs on sibling affection, family values and coy courtship and takes a lengthy route to assert so. Yet it is not the predictability but the lop-sided sentimentality of the director's narrative that hurts PRDP's intentions the most." She criticized the director for recycling "men versus women sporting contests, midnight kitchen rendezvous and the pristine aura of Prem", but appreciated the performance of [[Salman Khan]] even though it never matched his previous ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' act.<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Prem works. Rest is just rah-rah!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-prem-works-rest-is-just-rah-rah/20151112.htm|publisher=Rediff|date=12 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

== Box office ==

=== India ===
The gross collections of the film was {{INRConvert|550|m}} on the first day, which is highest in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2179|title=Top Openings India – All Films All Languages}}</ref>

The film grossed {{INRConvert|587|m}} in Mumbai circuit alone from its first week and earned second-highest first week gross in that circuit after ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1616#.Vl1-ANDhVzQ|title=Top First Week Mumbai Grossers – PRDP Second |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{main|Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack features 10 songs, composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and lyrics were written by [[Irshad Kamil]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Himesh and Irshad come together for Prem Ratan Dhan Payo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/himesh-and-irshad-come-together-for-prem-ratan-dhan-payo/ |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref> While [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] composed the [[Film score|original background score]] for the film.
[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] acquired the music rights of the film at a cost of {{INRConvert|170|m}}, which was the biggest music deal for any Bollywood film till that date.<ref>{{cite news |title=You won't believe this: Prem Ratan Dhan Payo music rights have been sold for... |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/you-wont-believe-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-music-rights-have-been-sold-for-salman-khan-sonam-kapoor-sooraj-barjatya-264718-2015-09-24 |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=India Today |date=24 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan's Prem Ratan Dhan Payo's music rights sold for a mega 17 crores |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khans-prem-ratan-dhan-payos-music-rights-sold-for-a-mega-17-crores/ |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

The first song, "Prem Leela" was released as a single on October 7, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=T. N. M. |title='Prem Leela': First song from Salman Khan's 'Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/prem-leela-first-song-salman-khans-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-out-34956 |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=The News Minute |date=7 October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> The full [[Soundtrack album|music album]] was released on 10 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/prem-ratan-dhan-payo-original/1071067674|title=Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|publisher=Himesh Reshammiya|access-date=8 February 2017|date=19 October 2015}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/movies/salman-khan-starrer-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-bags-four-awards-at-big-star-entertainment-awards-1177088.html|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News, Latest News India, Current News Headlines|website=News18}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:5%;"| Year
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:35%;"| Nominee
! style="width:10%;"| Result
|-
|rowspan="7" |2015
|Most Entertaining Actor of the Year
|[[Salman Khan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Most Entertaining Actor – Female in a Romantic role
|[[Sonam Kapoor]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Most Entertaining Film of the Year
|Rajshri Production
|{{won}}
|-
|Most Entertaining Music
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Most Entertaining Song (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
| [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Most Entertaining Singer (Female)
|Palak Mucchal (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Choreography (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
|Radhika Rao/Vinay Sapru
|{{nom}}
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Stardust Awards]]
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:35%;"| Nominee
! style="width:10%;"| Result
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
|Best Music Director
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Singer Female
|Palak Muchhal (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
|{{won}}
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Star Guild Awards]]
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:35%;"| Nominee
! style="width:10%;"| Result
|-
|rowspan="1" |2016
|Best Singer Female
|Palak Muchhal (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
|{{won}}
|-
! colspan="6" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:35%;"| Nominee
! style="width:10%;"| Result
|-
|rowspan="1" |2016
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Singer – Female]]
|Palak Muchhal (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
|{{nom}}
|-
! colspan="6" | Zee Cine Awards
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:30%;"| Category
! style="width:35%;"| Nominee
! style="width:10%;"| Result
|-
|rowspan="1" |2016
|Best Song of the Year
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]] (Prem Ratan Dhan Payo)
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== Game ==
An official game titled ''Prem Game'', based on this film has been released by [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama Digital]], for Android mobile phone users.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.hungama.prdp|title=Prem Game: PRDP Game|first=Hungama Digital|last=Services|date=12 November 2015|via=Google Play}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bollywood 100 Crore Club]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Indian films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|prem-ratan-dhan-payo}}
* {{Mojo movie}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sooraj Barjatya}}
{{The Prisoner of Zenda}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Rajshri Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]
[[Category:Films based on The Prisoner of Zenda]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sooraj Barjatya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2015 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]

Moradabad

2026-03-16T11:42:03Z

ZVPZulma5461169: basic expanded layout per standard format based on references

{{Short description|City in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the town in Uttar Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Moradabad district|other uses|Moradabad (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/3/2

| image1 = New Moradabad Skyline NH 24.jpg
| caption1 = New Moradabad Skyline
| image2 = Pili Kothi Circle, Moradabad.jpg
| caption2 = Pili Kothi Chowk
| image3 = Welcome sign near Pili Kothi Moradabad.jpg
| caption3 = Pilikothi Welcome Sign
| image4 = Sai Temple Moradabad.jpg
| caption4 = Sai Mandir
| image5 = Methodist Church Moradabad.jpg
| caption5 = Philips Memorial Methodist Church
| image6 = Jama Masjid Moradabad.jpg
| caption6 = Jama Masjid
| image7 = Moradabad Railway Station Night View.jpg
| caption7 = Moradabad Railway Station
| image8 = Moradabad Entry Gate.png
| caption8 = Moradabad Entry Gate (Zero Point)
}}
| nickname = Brass City
| image_map = Map of Moradabad (1955).jpg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = An old map of Moradabad (1955)
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt = Moradabad
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|28|49|55|N|78|46|35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1625<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moradabad.nic.in/about-district|title=About District - District Moradabad|website=moradabad.nic.in|access-date=12 October 2018}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Ruchi Veera]] ([[Samajwadi Party|SP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 79
| elevation_m = 198
| population_total = 889810
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Moradabadi
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 244001
| area_code = 0591
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-21
| website = {{URL|https://moradabad.nic.in/}}
| pushpin_label = Moradabad
| leader_title2 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name2 = Vinod Agarwal ([[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]])
| leader_title3 = [[District Magistrate]]
| leader_name3 = Shri Anuj Singh, ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| leader_name4 = [[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]] ([[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]])
| leader_title4 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| named_for = [[Murad Bakhsh]]
}}

'''Moradabad''' ({{IPA|hi|mʊɾaːd̪aːbaːd̪|audio=Moradabad.ogg}}) is an industrial city, [[Commissioner of Police (India)|police commissionerate]] and [[municipal corporation]] in [[Moradabad district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is on the banks of the [[Ramganga]] river, {{convert|165|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the national capital, [[New Delhi]] and 356 km north-west of the state capital, [[Lucknow]]. Based on the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], it is the tenth most populous city in the state<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Districts by Population, Sex Ratio, Literacy 2011 Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> and 54th most populous city in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-05-07 |access-date=2024-03-27 }}</ref> It is one of the largest cities in the [[Western Uttar Pradesh|Western UP]] region, and a hub for employment, education, industry, culture and administration.

The city is sometimes called ''Pital Nagri'' ("Brass City") for its [[brass]] handicrafts,<ref name="Husain">{{cite book |author=Majid Husain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9VGKfQ-sQsC&pg=RA7-PA16 |title=Understanding: Geographical: Map Entries: for Civil Services Examinations: Second Edition |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-07-070288-2 |page=7 |access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> which are exported across the world. In the last few decades it has started emerging as a hub for working in other metals also, including aluminium, steel, and iron.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Official Website of One District One Product Uttar Pradesh / Moradabad |url=https://odopup.in/en/article/Moradabad |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=odopup.in}}</ref> In October 2014, financial daily ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]'' included Moradabad in its list of "25 emerging cities to watch out for in 2025".<ref name="Indias growth engines and gateways">{{cite web |date=2014-10-30 |title=Indias growth engines and gateways |url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/Z3wxhbTwvSHYrJCM3Ugp3M/Indias-growth-engines-and-gateways.html |access-date=2015-01-09 |website=Livemint.com}}</ref>

Moradabad is also among the 100 [[smart city|smart cities]] being modernised under the [[Smart Cities Mission|National Smart Cities Mission]] of the Union [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jeelani |first1=Mehboob |date=27 August 2015 |title=Centre unveils list of 98 smart cities; UP, TN strike it rich |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-releases-list-of-98-cities-for-smart-city-project/article7586751.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126124324/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-releases-list-of-98-cities-for-smart-city-project/article7586751.ece |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=21 April 2017 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

During its four centuries of existence, the city has gone through multiple regime changes. It was firstly a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], then flourished under the [[Mughal Empire]], then was annexed into the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]] in 1742, and then came under the control of [[Oudh State]] in 1774 after the fall of Rohillas in the [[First Rohilla War]]. Finally, it was ceded to the [[British East India Company]] by the [[Nawab of Oudh]] in 1801.<ref name="gazetter pg 429">{{cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 17, page 429 -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V17_435.gif |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> In the early 19th century, the British divided the [[Rohilkhand]] area into the [[Rampur State]] and two districts: the [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]] and Moradabad districts. The city of Moradabad then became the headquarters of the latter.

Moradabad was connected with railway lines during the latter half of the nineteenth century. A line connecting Moradabad to [[Chandausi]] was built in 1872 and it was continued up to [[Bareilly]] in 1873. The Bareilly-Moradabad chord via [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] was completed in 1894, which was extended to [[Saharanpur]] in 1886. A branch line to [[Aligarh]] via Chandausi was opened in 1894, while Moradabad was linked to [[Ghaziabad]] in 1900.<ref name=orr>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | title = Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management Ebooks | access-date = 17 January 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140111051716/http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | archive-date = 11 January 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title = IR History – Early Days II (1870-1899)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 17 January 2014}}</ref> It is also the divisional headquarter of the Moradabad division of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] (NR).<ref name="NR">{{cite web |title=Northern Railway: Moradabad Division |url=http://www.moradabadrail.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801215150/http://moradabadrail.in/ |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=2015-07-29 |publisher=Moradabadrail.in |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Moradabad (UP), India | Official Website |url=http://moradabad.nic.in |access-date=2015-07-29 |publisher=Moradabad.nic.in}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The settlement was founded by Rustam Khan, the governor of [[Rohilkhand|Katehar]] under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. Moradabad is named after prince [[Murad Bakhsh]], the youngest son of the emperor. It was originally known as Chaupala and was a part of the Katehar region, before falling to Mughal governor Rustam Khan Dakhani in 1624, who changed its name to Rustamnagar after himself.

The name Rustamnagar, however, was short-lived. Shah Jahan called Rustam Khan to his court and demanded an explanation for why he had exceeded his orders. In an attempt to placate the emperor, Rustam Khan named the city Muradabad in honour of the young prince, Murad Bakhsh. The emperor was satisfied and permitted Rustam Khan to remain in charge of the new city, which replaced Sambhal as the Mughal governors' capital of the Katehar region, and the names Muradabad or Moradabad have remained.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1= |first1= |url=https://ia801402.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.181620/2015.181620.Moradabad---A-Gazetteer_text.pdf |title=Moradabad - A Gazetteer |date=1911 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages= |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Delhi Sultanate era (12th century–16th century) ===
Moradabad was originally part of the Katehr (pronounced ''K-the-r'') region, and was a stronghold of the Katheria Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> The Katherias were known for insurrections and surprise attacks against their Muslim rulers, and because of that the rulers often attacked and plundered the region. Between 1200 and 1424 several attacks were made on the region by rulers of different dynasties under the [[Delhi Sultanate]], each intending to destroy it and kill the inhabitants. Katheria Rajputs survived by hiding in the jungles. The cycle of violence ended only in 1424 when [[Khizr Khan]], the leader of the [[Khalji dynasty]] ruling over the region, died and Har Singh, a leader of the Katherias, agreed to be subject to rule by the Delhi sultanate. The region remained largely in peace for the next two hundred years.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

=== Mughal empire (1539–1742) ===
In 1530, the Katehr region came under the control of the Mughal emperor [[Humayun]] and was then conquered by [[Sher Shah Suri]] of [[Sur Empire]]. It remained under the Sur empire for 16 years before being reconquered by Humayun.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

Under the [[Mughal Empire]], Moradabad city was known as '''Chaupala''', and was part of the Mugalpura [[pargana]], which in turn was part of the [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]] of [[Sambhal]] as per [[Ain-i-Akbari]].<ref name="Ain-i-Akbari">{{cite book |last1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak |url=https://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |title=The Ain-i-Akbari |last2=Jarrett |first2=Henry Sullivan |date=1891 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |page=290 |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> It produced a revenue of 1,340,812 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and provided a force of five hundred infantry and a hundred cavalry to the Mughal army.
[[File:Jama Masjid Moradabad Facade.jpg|left|thumb|The facade of Moradabad's Jama Masjid founded by Rustam Khan]]
In 1624, a Katheria leader of Rampur, Raja Ram Singh, invaded the [[Tarai]] region. The raja of [[Kumaon Kingdom]] complained about it to Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]], who sent his general and governor of [[Sambhal district]] Rustam Khan Dakhani to deal with the disturbance. Rustam Khan captured Chaupala, put Ram Singh to death, and refounded the city as '''Rustamnagar'''. He built a fort and mosque (Jama Masjid) on the banks of Ramganga river, and shifted the capital from Sambhal to the new city. It was the first Jama Masjid to be built on the banks of a river, and is still there, with an inscription dated to 1632.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

Shah Jahan, however, was displeased with the actions of Rustam Khan. He summoned Rustam to his ''darbar'' and asked him why he had exceeded the instructions of the emperor and what name he had given to the new city. Rustam Khan sensed the mood of the emperor, and said that the name Muradabad honoured prince Murad Bakhsh, a son of Shah Jahan. The emperor was satisfied and allowed Rustam Khan to remain in charge of the city.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

==== Rohilkhand state (1742–1774) ====
In the 1730s, people from a number of Afghan tribes, collectively known as [[Rohilla]]s, were fleeing [[Afghanistan]] due to [[Nader Shah]]'s invasion. They arrived in large numbers and settled in all parts of the Katehr region, including Moradabad. One of them, [[Ali Mohammed Khan]], acquired considerable estate in the region and attained the status of [[Nawab]] under the protection of Moradabad's Mughal governor Sheikh Azmatullah. Under the protection of the Mughal empire in 1742, he then founded the Ruhelkhand state, consisting of the Moradabad district as well as Bareilly, Rampur, and Amroha. The region largely prospered under Rohillas despite the invasions of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. However, in their final invasion Marathas plundered and ravaged the city of Sambhal and Moradabad.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

==== Oudh state (1774–1801) ====
The Nawab of Oudh, [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], promised the Rohillas that he would drive the Marathas out of the Rohilkhand region in exchange for a sum of Rs. 40 lakhs. He kept his part of the promise, but the Rohillas did not make the payment. The Nawab of Oudh then staked a claim to the entire Rohilkhand region, and started occupying its cities and bringing Rohilla leaders under his influence, including the governors of Moradabad. He defeated the Rohilla leader [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan Barech]] in the battle of Miranpur Katra, putting an end to the Rohilkhand state and bringing all of its territory, including Moradabad, under Oudh rule in 1774. By that time, Moradabad was already devastated because of the Maratha invasion, and under Oudh rule its condition deteriorated further.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

=== British Empire (1801–1947) ===
Oudh state had incurred significant debts from the British empire by maintaining British troops in their dominion for the purpose of security from invaders. Since it was unable to pay those debts, in 1801 the Oudh state ceded the entire Rohilkhand region to the British empire.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> The already deteriorated economic condition of the city worsened further under British rule because of their ignorance of the landholding class of the city. Their policies neglected existing landowners and tried to create a new landholding class through a bidding system. The landholders used force to protect their lands.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Husain |first=Iqbal |date=1993 |title=The Gentry and People in Muradabad and Badaun, 1857 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143029 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=54 |pages=563–573 |jstor=44143029 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

For ordinary people, average income and wages almost halved. The discontent this produced led to the rebellion against British rule in 1857.<ref name=":4" />

==== The Rebellion of 1857 ====
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], British officers were forced out of the city and the rebels formed an alternative government. Unlike other places where rebelling was largely limited to [[sepoy]]s and a few unsocial elements, in Moradabad both landowners and ordinary people supported the rebellion because of the repressive policies of the British rule.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

On 15 May 1857, a battle took place between the rebel sepoys of 20th Native Infantry and the forces of 29th Native Infantry led by [[John Cracroft Wilson]]. One sepoy was killed, while eight were captured and taken prisoners. Three days later on 19 May the rebellion spread to the 29th Native Infantry; the district jail was broken into and 170 prisoners and rebel sepoys escaped.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

On 8 May the news of Mutiny in Bareilly came to the city, and its effect was instantaneous: "the sepoys of 29th Native Infantry overtook the British treasury and challenged their English officers".<ref name="Gazetteer" /> The British officers and their family members had to escape to the valleys of [[Nainital district]], and those who did not were killed. [[Nawab Majju Khan]], a leader of the rebels and a descendant of Sheikh Azmatullah, became the new governor of Moradabad. He was overthrown on 23 June by Asad Ali Khan, the uncle of Rampur's [[Yusef Ali Khan]], who supported the British.<ref name="Gazetteer" /> But despite having appointed his uncle in charge of the city Nawab Rampur had little control over the state of affairs in the city as there was a feeling of resentment and anger among the public against the British and their supporters. Violence and anarchy continued in the city.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

A year later, the British Army returned to the city on 21 April 1858, with a bigger force, and started capturing the freedom fighters. Those who were captured were killed in brutal ways to terrorize the public. They were shot dead, hanged, and many were thrown alive into lime furnaces. Nawab Majju Khan was captured and shot dead, with his body hanged on a Tamarind tree in Galshaheed area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=रहमान |first=उबैदुर |date=2022-08-14 |title=Independence Day Special: भुलाई नहीं जा सकती शहीद नवाब मज्जू खां की कुर्बानी, इनके डर से पहाड़ों में छिप गए थे अंग्रेज |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/moradabad-uttar-pradesh-freedom-struggle-of-1857-nawab-majju-khan-raised-voice-against-british-ann-2191806 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> On April 30, 1858, the British rule over Moradabad was re-established.<ref name="Gazetteer" />

==== Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Movement ====
Moradabad played a major role in the [[Civil disobedience]] and [[Quit India Movement]] initiated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. The Civil Disobedience Movement was planned at the 1920 convention of Oudh state Congress in Moradabad, attended by all major leaders of the Congress party, including [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sarojini Naidu]] and [[Annie Besant]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=महात्मा गांधी की एक आवाज पर घर से निकल पड़ा था मुरादाबाद का बच्चा, बूढ़ा और जवान, पढ़ें 1920 की कहानी - Gandhi Jayanti 2022 Moradabad Person Left House on Mahatma Gandhi Voice read Story of 1920 |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-gandhi-jayanti-2022-moradabad-person-left-house-on-mahatma-gandhi-voice-read-story-of1920-23113627.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> When the movement began in 1932, Moradabad's people took part to protest against the unlawful arrests and repression of freedom fighters.

The Quit India Movement saw large-scale violence in Moradabad, including a massacre at Pan Dariba in which six people were killed and more than two hundred injured by the police firing on the protesters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=आज भी जिंदा हैं क्रांतिकारियों की यादें |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/11548275784-moradabad-news |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=अगस्त क्रांति में मुरादाबाद में भी शहीद हुए थे आजादी के क्रांतिकारी - martyred in Moradabad also in August revolution Freedom revolutionaries |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-martyred-in-moradabad-also-in-august-revolution-freedom-revolutionaries-20622817.html |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> There were more protests and violence in the city afterwards.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

=== Post-independence (1947–present) ===
India became independent in 1947, and since Moradabad was not a part of any princely state, it became part of the newly-independent country immediately. The city became industrialised. A major Hindu-Muslim riot took place in 1980.

==== 1980 Hindu-Muslim riots ====
{{Main|1980 Moradabad riots}}
The 1980 Moradabad riots are sometimes described as Uttar Pradesh's first major incident of communal violence in Independent India.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=The death of a report: Moradabad was UP's first big riot after 1947; the rest you have heard before | work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/moradabad-was-ups-first-big-riot-after-1947-8613856/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517143817/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/moradabad-was-ups-first-big-riot-after-1947-8613856/ |archive-date=17 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=The Moradabad riots of 1980: the incident and its political fallout | work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-moradabad-riots-of-1980-the-incident-and-its-political-fallout-8615182/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518055230/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-moradabad-riots-of-1980-the-incident-and-its-political-fallout-8615182/ |archive-date=18 May 2023 }}</ref> The immediate catalyst for rioting was a rumour that a stray animal had entered the Eidgah on 13 August 1980, the day of [[Eid al-Fitr]] when more than 50,000 Muslims had gathered at the Eidgah for their prayers.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24" /> When the Muslims asked the police on duty to remove the animal, it led to heated arguments between both sides, followed by stones thrown at the police.

The police and [[Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) personnel started firing, which resulted in hundreds of civilians being killed.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24" /> The official death toll (including missing people) reported by the state government of that time was 289, though unofficial sources claimed the figure to be much higher. The violence spread to other nearby cities including [[Sambhal]], [[Bareilly]], and [[Delhi]], eventually reaching as far as [[Aligarh]] and [[Prayagraj]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24" /> It took several months for normality to return.

== Geography ==
<mapframe latitude="28.829035" longitude="78.773346" zoom="12" width="200" height="300" text="A map of the city" align="left" />Moradabad is in the Western part of Uttar Pradesh at 28°49′55″N 78°46′35″E. The city has an area of 79 km square, and is in the upper part of Ganga's plains. It is surrounded by rural towns and villages, including Dalpatpur, Pakbada, Fatehpur Khas, Lodhipur, Ratanpur, Husainpur Hamir, Dilari, Bijna and Ghatuawala, making up the Moradabad district. The city is in the high damage risk [[Seismic zone|Seismic Zone IV]], which means it is an earthquake-prone area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simplified Guidelines for Earthquake Safety |url=https://upsdma.up.nic.in/2023/Simplified%20Guideline%20For%20Earthquake%202023.pdf |access-date=March 29, 2024 |website=Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (UPSDMA)}}</ref>

The city is rich in groundwater resources. It is at an elevation of 198 meters from sea level on the banks of the Ramganga river, which is a tributary of the [[Ganges]]. Another small river, called Gagan, flows through the city. These rivers form the main water flow system of the city, with direction of the flow north-west to south-east.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Master Recharge Plan - District Moradabad.pdf |url=https://upgwd.gov.in/MediaGallery/Moradabad.pdf |access-date=March 29, 2024 |website=Uttar Pradesh Ground Water Department}}</ref>

The city has minimal forest cover, but green zones have been established in some areas. There are at least 29 trees in the city that are more than a hundred years old, all of which have been preserved under the city administration's Green Heritage project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अब ग्रीन हेरिटेज बताएगा शतकवीर पेड़ों का इतिहास, लोग जान सकेंगे पेड़ ने अब तक कितनी दी आक्‍सीजन - 100 years old trees will be preserved in green heritage in Moradabad |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-100-years-old-trees-will-be-preserved-in-green-heritage-in-moradabad-22834144.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=शहर की विरासत बनेगा 110 साल पुराना बरगद का पेड़ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-city-39-s-heritage-will-become-110-year-old-banyan-tree-3845498.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Hindustan |date=10 February 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> Most of these trees fall in the central Civil Lines area of the city, and they include [[Neem]], [[Banyan]], [[Badlapur Jamun|Indian Blackberry]] and ''[[Ficus virens]]''.

The soil in the city is [[loam]] and clay loam with high fertility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Moradabad - I |url=https://moradabad.kvk4.in/district-profile.php |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=moradabad.kvk4.in}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Moradabad has a [[Subtropics|subtropical]] humid climate<ref name=":2" /> characterised by hot summers, bracing winters, and generally low precipitation (except in the southwest [[monsoon]] season). The city has four distinct seasons in a year, starting with winters followed by spring, summer, monsoon and autumn in the same order, before returning to winter towards the end of the year. Average annual maximum temperature of the city is 30.4 °C, while average annual minimum temperature is 18.7 °C.<ref name=":0" />

During summers, the temperature usually ranges between 24 °C to 40 °C and during winters it is between 5 °C to 20 °C. The hottest month of the year is May, with average maximum temperature at 38.9 °C and average minimum temperature at 24.4 °C. The coldest month of the year is January with average maximum temperature at 19.9 °C and average minimum temperature at 7.9 °C. The highest temperature recorded was 48.2 °C on 22 June 1985, and the lowest temperature was 0.0 °C on 12 January 1983.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=MORADABAD - IMD Pune |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/climinfo/smartcities/MORADABAD.pdf |website=India Meteorological Department (IMD)}}</ref>

Average annual rainfall in the city is 107.7 cm, with almost 87% during the southwest monsoon season between July and August. The average highest rainfall is recorded in August at 34.4 cm, and average annual rainy days are 42. Average lowest rainfall is recorded in the month of November at 0.3 cm. The single day heaviest rainfall recorded was 12 February 1996, with 40 cm of rain within 24 hrs.<ref name=":0" />

{{Weather box
| location = Moradabad (1991–2020, extremes 1967–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 28.5
| Feb record high C = 33.0
| Mar record high C = 39.4
| Apr record high C = 45.0
| May record high C = 45.5
| Jun record high C = 45.9
| Jul record high C = 44.0
| Aug record high C = 39.7
| Sep record high C = 39.0
| Oct record high C = 37.0
| Nov record high C = 34.7
| Dec record high C = 30.1
|year record high C = 48.2
| Jan high C = 19.0
| Feb high C = 23.9
| Mar high C = 29.6
| Apr high C = 36.4
| May high C = 38.9
| Jun high C = 37.3
| Jul high C = 33.4
| Aug high C = 32.3
| Sep high C = 31.8
| Oct high C = 30.8
| Nov high C = 26.7
| Dec high C = 22.0
|year high C = 30.3
| Jan low C = 8.4
| Feb low C = 11.7
| Mar low C = 16.3
| Apr low C = 21.7
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 26.5
| Jul low C = 26.1
| Aug low C = 25.7
| Sep low C = 24.6
| Oct low C = 20.1
| Nov low C = 14.6
| Dec low C = 10.1
|year low C = 19.4
| Jan record low C = 0.0
| Feb record low C = 2.0
| Mar record low C = 5.0
| Apr record low C = 10.0
| May record low C = 16.0
| Jun record low C = 17.0
| Jul record low C = 19.0
| Aug record low C = 14.0
| Sep record low C = 16.0
| Oct record low C = 12.1
| Nov record low C = 5.0
| Dec record low C = 2.0
|year record low C = 0.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 18.9
| Feb rain mm = 24.7
| Mar rain mm = 14.0
| Apr rain mm = 7.0
| May rain mm = 24.9
| Jun rain mm = 111.0
| Jul rain mm = 299.4
| Aug rain mm = 319.4
| Sep rain mm = 183.2
| Oct rain mm = 28.5
| Nov rain mm = 3.8
| Dec rain mm = 8.8
|year rain mm = 1043.6
| Jan rain days = 1.3
| Feb rain days = 1.8
| Mar rain days = 1.2
| Apr rain days = 0.7
| May rain days = 2.0
| Jun rain days = 5.4
| Jul rain days = 10.8
| Aug rain days = 11.6
| Sep rain days = 7.0
| Oct rain days = 1.2
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.6
|year rain days = 44.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 71
| Feb humidity = 59
| Mar humidity = 48
| Apr humidity = 36
| May humidity = 40
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 75
| Aug humidity = 81
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 64
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 67
|year humidity = 61
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Moradabad Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 499–500
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M221
| access-date = 27 April 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Moradabad City (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|51.68}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|46.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.61}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.43}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.49}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
|width=290px}}

=== Population ===
Moradabad's estimated population in 2025 (based on growth rate data) is at least 1,296,000.<ref name="census2011" /> These are estimates and accurate population can be known only after a census has taken place.

In the census of 2011, Moradabad City had a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 887,871.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Moradabad City Population 2024 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/96-moradabad.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Census 2011 India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> The city had 464,580 males and 423,291 females, which translates into a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 911 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males.<ref name="census2011" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 25.25%. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] make up 10.45% of the population.<ref name="census2011" />

Children aged up to six years made up 13.08% of the city's population mix at 116,149. There were 60,803 male and 55,346 female children, which translates to a child sex ratio of 910 females per 1,000 males.<ref>[http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf MINUTES OF THE 34th MEETING OF EMPOWERED COMMITTEE TO CONSIDER AND APPROVE REVISED PLAN FOR BALANCE FUND FOR THE DISTRICTS OF GHAZIABAD, BAREILLY, BARABANKI, SIDDHARTH NAGAR, SHAHJANPUR, MORADABAD, MUZAFFAR NAGAR, BAHRAICH AND LUCKNOW (UTTAR PRADESH) UNDER MULTI-SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN MINORITY CONCENTRATION DISTRICTS HELD ON 22nd JULY, 2010 AT 11.00 A.M. UNDER THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930090010/http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/34thEC.pdf|date=30 September 2011}} F. No. 3/64/2010-PP-I, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF MINORITY AFFAIRS</ref>
{{pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages in Moradabad (2011)<ref name="Lang"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 81.16 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 18.27 |color2 = green
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.57 |color3 = grey
|radius=99}}

=== Religion ===
Moradabad is a [[Hindus|Hindu]]-majority city with an almost equal number of [[Muslims]]. 51.68% of the population in the city follows [[Hinduism]]. [[Islam]], which is followed by 46.79% of people. [[Christianity]], [[Sikhism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] are practised by 0.61%, 0.43%, 0.03% and 0.05%, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad District Religion Data - Hindu/Muslim |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/506-moradabad.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

=== Language ===
Moradabad is largely a Hindi/Urdu speaking city. [[Hindi]] is the predominant language, with more than 81% of people speaking and understanding it. [[Urdu]] is second with more than 18% of speakers. The dialect spoken is [[Kauravi dialect]].<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

=== Literacy ===
The 2011 census found 530,584 literate people in the city, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 58.67%. 291,605 of literate people were male and 238,979 were females. This is a male literacy rate of 72.21% and a female literacy rate of 64.95%.{{clarify|reason=both of these rates are higher than the overall literacy rate|date=October 2025}}

== Government and politics ==

=== Civic administration ===
[[File:Moradabad Municipal Corporation.jpg|thumb|The building of Moradabad Municipal Corporation or Nagar Nigam Moradabad]]
The civic administration of Moradabad city is managed by the Moradabad [[municipal corporation]], also known as Nagar Nigam Moradabad (NNM). It is one of the only 17 Nagar Nigams in the state of Uttar Pradesh. By comparison, there are 200 [[Nagar Palika Parishad Bah|nagar palikas]] and 545 [[nagar panchayat]]s in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://urbandevelopment.up.nic.in/ |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=Urban Development, Government of Uttar Pradesh}}</ref> It was given the status of Nagar Nigam in 1994; before that it was a Nagar Palika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad News: 28 साल के नगर निगम इतिहास में एक उप चुनाव भी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/by-election-municipal-corporation-history-moradabad-news-c-15-1-mbd1026-115105-2023-04-14 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

The Nagar Nigam of Moradabad is led by an elected [[mayor]] who is chosen through voting by the public, and holds the post for five years. Seventy ward councillors are elected by the public, each of whom represents a specific area (known as a "ward" in administrative terms) of the city. A [[Municipal commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] is a permanent executive of Nagar Nigam, and most of the executive powers vested in the various committees are under their chairmanship. The commissioner is usually a [[Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)|Provincial Civil Service]] (PCS) officer appointed by the state government, and is responsible for all day-to-day functions of the municipal corporation.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Nagar Nigam Moradabad |url=https://www.nagarnigammoradabad.in/Water%20Works%20Department.php |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.nagarnigammoradabad.in}}</ref>

The Nagar Nigam Board, consisting of [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]], [[Member of parliament|MP]], Municipal Commissioner, and the [[district magistrate]], organises periodic meetings chaired by the mayor to discuss and plan for development works and issues of Moradabad. The councillors raise issues related to their wards in these meetings. The budget of Nagar Nigam is approved through these meetings, and agreed spend is carried out under the watch of the municipal commissioner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=मुरादाबाद : 51560 लाख के प्रस्तावित बजट को नगर निगम कार्यकारिणी की मंजूरी |url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/402524/moradabad--municipal-corporation-executive-approves-the-proposed-budget-of-rs-51560-lakh |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=www.amritvichar.com |language=hi}}</ref>

The works carried out by NNM include:

* [[Street lighting]]
* Road construction and management
* [[Water supply]] management
* Birth and [[death registration]] and issuance of their certificates
* Horticulture development and management
* Development and management of parks and other public spaces
* [[Waste management]]

The Nagar Nigam relies largely on grants from the Central and State [[Finance Commission]]s. It generates some revenue from house, water and property taxes, from trade license fees and from income generated from roadside advertisements.<ref name=":18" />

==== Municipal finance ====
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the Moradabad Nagar Nigam reported total revenue receipts of ₹303 crore (US$36 million) and total expenditure of ₹245 crore (US$29 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 8.9% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹261 crore in grants during the financial year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moradabad Nagar Nigam Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/moradabad |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Moradabad city is a part of the [[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency]], and sends one MP to the parliament. It sends two MLAs to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], one each from [[Moradabad Nagar Assembly constituency|Moradabad Nagar]] and [[Moradabad Rural Assembly constituency|Moradabad Rural]] assembly constituencies. The Lok Sabha constituency has not sent an incumbent MP back to the parliament for two successive terms since 1999. The current MP is [[Ruchi Veera]] of [[Samajwadi Party]], who defeated the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh]] with a majority of 105,762 votes in the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 6 - Moradabad (Uttar Pradesh) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S246.htm |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Since its creation in 1952, the Moradabad Lok Sabha seat has been won eleven times by seven Muslim candidates, and six times by five Hindu candidates.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2024-03-17 |title=मुरादाबाद लोकसभा सीटः क्या BJP को दूसरी बार यहां पर मिलेगी जीत, या फिर विपक्ष का चलेगा जादू |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/uttar-pradesh-chunav/moradabad-lok-sabha-constituency-profile-bjp-opposition-alliance-india-bsp-elections-2024-2336301.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-09 |title=Moradabad constituency of Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election 2024: Date of voting, result, candidates list, main parties, schedule |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/moradabad-constituency-of-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-2024-date-of-voting-result-candidates-list-main-parties-schedule/articleshow/109173028.cms |access-date=2024-04-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The Moradabad Nagar constituency has been won eleven times by six Hindu candidates and seven times by five Muslim candidates. It is not a swing constituency as it has a history of returning the incumbents since 1951. This trend was almost broken in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], when the current MLA [[Ritesh Kumar Gupta]] won against SP's [[Mohammad Yusuf Ansari]] with a majority of 782 votes only.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2428.htm?ac=28 |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> It is a BJP-stronghold, as BJP has won it five out of seven times since 1993.

The Moradabad Rural assembly constituency has since its creation in 1957 been won thirteen times by seven Muslim candidates, and four times by three Hindu candidates. The current MLA is [[Mohammed Nasir]] of SP, who defeated BJP's KK Misra in 2022 by 56,820 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2427.htm?ac=27 |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> These results show the contrast in politics of urban and local centres of the city. Since 1996 the rural constituency has been a stronghold of the Samajwadi Party, which has won it five out of six times.

==Economy==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Brass Handicrafts of Moradabad.jpg
| image2 = Brass deities of Moradabad.jpg
| image3 = Designer Brass Showpieces of Moradabad.jpg
| perrow = 1/2
| align = left
| total_width = 399
| width1 = 399
| alt1 = Brass handicrafts in a production unit
| caption1 = Brass handicrafts in a production unit of Moradabad
| alt2 = Brass Idols of Hindu deities
| caption2 = Brass Idols of Hindu deities made in Moradabad
| alt3 = Brass showpieces
| caption3 = Designer brass showpieces in a showroom of Moradabad
| caption_align = center
}}

Moradabad is a major industrial city of Uttar Pradesh and one of India's biggest export hubs. It is one of the seven industrial corridors declared by the State Government in Industrial Policy of 1999–2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/16%20DIPS%20Moradabad1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110114427/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/16%20DIPS%20Moradabad1.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=6 April 2017}}</ref> The city relies heavily on its brass and metalworks industry, which exports metal handicrafts and other items to more than 80 countries in North America, Europe, and other parts of Asia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020 |title=Uttar Pradesh, Moradabad, Handicraft Industry, Business During Covid Period, During The Recession Of The Corona Era, New Industry ware Was Formed Here, Exported 12 Thousand Crores To 80 Countries, The Reason The World Was Disillusioned With Chinese Handicraft |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/news/uttar-pradesh-during-the-recession-of-the-corona-era-new-industry-ware-was-formed-here-exported-12-thousand-crores-to-80-countries-the-reason-the-world-was-disillusioned-with-chinese-handicraft-128664358.html |access-date= |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Economy {{!}} District Moradabad {{!}} India |url=https://moradabad.nic.in/economy/ |access-date=2024-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Its metalcrafts industry accounts for more than 40% of total handicraft exports from India.

Most of this industry belongs to the [[Unorganised sector (India)|unorganised sector]], so data about it are largely in the form of estimates from industry associations, such as the Brass Handicrafts Manufacturers Association (BHMA) and the Peetal Basti Dastkar Association (PBDA). The industry is prone to challenges of the [[informal economy]], such as unavailability of credit, poor access to government schemes, [[commoditisation]], outdated technology, and low [[job security]].<ref name="p420">{{cite book | editor-first1=Bruno|editor-last1=Lavin|editor-first2=Sacha|editor-last2=Vincent-Wunsch|editor-first3=Soumitra|editor-last3=Dutta|publisher=Cornell University / INSEAD / World Intellectual Property Organization| title=The Global Innovation Index 2013: The Local Dynamics of Innovation | date=2013 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB9zDwAAQBAJ&q=delhi%2520public%2520global%2520school%2520moradabad&pg=PA110 | access-date=27 October 2025 | page=110|first=Samir|last=Mitra|chapter=Innovation Clusters Initiative: Transforming India's Industry Clusters for Inclusive Growth and Global Competition}}</ref>

Estimates about employment generated from the industry range between 150,000 to 250,000 to 500,000 to 800,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2021-01-22 |title=Budget 2021: Moradabad brass, handicraft industries expect supportive measures |url=https://www.livemint.com/videos/budget-2021-moradabad-brass-handicraft-industries-expect-supportive-measures-11611312307199.html |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.livemint.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2021 |title=Manufacturing trouble: Covid robs Moradabad's Brass City of its polish |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/manufacturing-trouble-covid-robs-moradabad-s-brass-city-of-its-polish-121070701477_1.html |access-date=10 April 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Most of these jobs are those of artisans and laborers involved in the manufacturing, packaging, enamelling, engraving and polishing of brass products.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News, News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture |url=https://thewire.in/labour/in-indias-brass-city-an-overwhelmingly-muslim-workforce-stares-at-a-looming-crisis |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=thewire.in}}</ref> Over the years the brass industry has grown in size despite facing challenges such as the [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation]], the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] and wars in [[Syrian civil war|Syria]], [[Libyan civil war (2011)|Libya]] and [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Russia-Ukraine]].

In 2007, Moradabad's export [[revenue]] was ₹3,200 crores, increased to ₹4,000 crores in 2012.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=Moradabad, India's Brass City Crying Help |url=http://www.supportbiz.com/articles/vertical-view/moradabad-indias-brass-city-crying-help.html |access-date=2014-12-21 |publisher=Supportbiz.com}}</ref> By 2018, it had a metalcraft business [[sales turnover]] of ₹9,700 crores out of which ₹5,400 crores was export revenue; the same year Moradabad was counted amongst India's manufacturing hubs by ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=India's Manufacturing Hubs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/check-out-the-list-of-indias-manufacturing-hubs/moradabad/slideshow/64619821.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |publisher=economictimes.com}}</ref> By 2020, it had reached ₹15,000 crores, of which ₹10,000 crores was export revenue.<ref name=":12">{{cite news |date=2 February 2020 |title=Moradabad Business Budget 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/budget-2020-has-nothing-for-us-says-moradabads-renowned-brass-industry/articleshow/73851912.cms |access-date=2021-10-08 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2018, around 75 industrial units involved in the manufacturing of brassware were shut down by the state government following a [[National Green Tribunal]] order regarding the pollution of Ramganga river.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-10 |title=E-waste on Ramganga banks: NGT summons Uttar Pradesh chief secretary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/e-waste-on-ramganga-banks-ngt-summons-up-chief-secretary-5349212/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Then the industry was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020–21, the brass export turnover declined to ₹7,000 crores, and in 2021-22 declined further to ₹6,500 crores.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=रहमान |first=उबैदुर |date=2023-01-31 |title=मुरादाबाद: कोरोना की वजह से उबर नहीं पाया है पीतल कारोबार, कारोबारियों को बजट से काफी उम्मीदें |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/budget-2023-expectations-brass-dealers-high-expectations-from-budget-after-corona-moradabad-ann-2322176 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Samyak |date=2021-10-25 |title=Demand down, revenue down but costs up: Pandemic takes shine away from UP's 'peetal nagri' |url=https://theprint.in/economy/demand-down-revenue-down-but-costs-up-pandemic-takes-shine-away-from-ups-peetal-nagri/754919/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> As a result, manufacturers and exporters of Moradabad have started diversifying their businesses into other metalworks, including iron, steel and aluminium.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Estimated Annual Turnover of Moradabad's Brass Industry Over The Years
!Financial Year
!Turnover (in crores of INR)
!Export Turnover (in crores of INR)
|-
|2007-08
|NA
|3,200<ref name=":10" />
|-
|2011-12
|NA
|4,000<ref name=":10" />
|-
|2017-18
|9,700<ref name=":11" />
|5,400<ref name=":11" />
|-
|2018-19
|15,000<ref name=":12" />
|10,000<ref name=":12" />
|-
|2019-20
|8,500<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Ganga |first=A. B. P. |date=2021-12-22 |title=अमेरिका और चीन के झगड़े से मुरादाबाद के हस्तशिल्प कारोबारियों को फायदा, जानें कैसे |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/moradabad-handicrafts-traders-benefit-from-the-fight-between-america-and-china-ann-2021869 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|NA
|-
|2020-21
|9,500<ref name=":14" />
|7,000<ref name=":13" />
|-
|2021-22
|8,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=मुरादाबाद के पीतल कारोबार में आई मंदी, पलायन करने को मजबूर हुए कारोबारी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-slowdown-in-moradabad-brass-business-businessmen-forced-to-migrate-5240423.html |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
|6,500<ref name=":13" />
|}

=== Manufacturing ===
Manufacturing industries of brassware and other metalware are the largest economic drivers and employment generators of Moradabad. While there are more than 9,000 registered industrial units in the city according to government records,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> the estimates provided by industry associations suggest that there are between 30,000 and 40,000 manufacturing units involved in the brass industry.<ref name=":9" /> The most manufactured items in these industrial units are home decoration items such as lamps, flower pots and showpieces, utensils, and idols of various gods.

=== Export ===
Moradabad is known as the Brass City of the country. Countries like Britain, the US, Middle East, Germany and Canada import [[brassware]] from Moradabad. There are about 4,000 export units in the city, of which six hundred are registered with the government.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> Other major products exported from Moradabad include iron sheets, metalwares, aluminium, artworks and glassware. Mint worth several crores is also exported from Moradabad.

===Special Economic Zone===
Moradabad [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) is the only Uttar Pradesh Government developed SEZ in northern India.<ref name="moradabadsez.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Moradabad Special Economic Zone |url=http://moradabadsez.gov.in/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913060444/http://moradabadsez.gov.in/about.html |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |access-date= |website=Moradabad SEZ |df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is led by the development commissioner of the [[Noida]] SEZ and locally governed by the assistant development Commissioner. It was set up in 2003 at Pakbara–Dingarpur Road in Moradabad on a 421.565-acre plot of land and became operational in April 2007. According to data published by the Noida SEZ on behalf of NSDL, it had merchandise exports of ₹272 crores in FY 22–23.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad SEZ 2022-23 data.pdf |url=https://nsez.gov.in/Resources/Moradabad%20SEZ%202022-23%20data.pdf |website=NSEZ}}</ref> More than 42% of the export from this SEZ went to the [[United States]], with [[Germany]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] second and third at 14% and 8%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ExportShippingBillData2022-23 (Moradabad SEZ) |url=https://moradabadsez.gov.in/resources/Moradabad%20SEZ%202022-23%20Export.pdf }}</ref>

The Uttar Pradesh Government has invested ₹110 crores on its development through the [[UP State Industrial Development Corporation]] (UPSIDC). The SEZ provides infrastructure, support services, and sector-specific facilities for the handicraft trade. Proximity to Delhi-NCR and availability of skilled workers makes it ideal for handicrafts and allied fields. In spite of the global slowdown in the handicraft trade, the Moradabad SEZ has grown from one unit in 2007 to 58 operational units in 2021.<ref name="moradabadsez.gov.in" />

Infrastructure, supportive services and trade related facilities have been upgraded. Moradabad SEZ offers access to the global telecommunication network, uninterrupted power supply and a local transport system. An RSU Telephone Exchange has been installed, and there are mobile communication towers. An independent feeder line has been provided for uninterrupted power supply, and the reliability and quality of power supply has improved with the 32 / 11 KVA / 5.0 MVA power sub-station within Moradabad SEZ. Proximity to Delhi-NCR provides access to the financial and commercial infrastructure of the capital. Customs wing ensures clearances of export/import consignments through a web-based system, ''SEZ Online.''<ref name="moradabadsez.gov.in" />

== Cityscape ==
Moradabad's cityscape consists mostly of two and three-storey buildings developed by individual residents. Higher buildings (up to 10 storeys or more) are generally found in private [[Townships#India|townships]] of the city or in commercial establishments, such as hospitals or colleges. Many of these [[high-rise buildings]] were built after 2010 as the city's population grew because of people arriving from neighbouring states and cities in search of education or employment. The state government's [[Department of Housing and Urban Planning]] has built apartment complexes of up to four storeys in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MDA News : नया मुरादाबाद को बसाने में लग जाएंगे कई साल, मकान के ल‍िए पांच द‍िन में आए केवल 15 आवेदन - MDA New Moradabad Housing Scheme, MDA News It will take many years to settle the new Moradabad Only 15 applications for house came in five days |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-mda-news-it-will-take-many-years-to-settle-the-new-moradabad-only-15-applications-for-house-came-in-five-days-21803802.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The trend is expected to continue with more private townships towards the outer areas of the city.{{clarify|reason=what is a private township? Reference doesn't use the term|date=October 2025}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-12 |title=Lohia group to develop projects in Moradabad, Lucknow and Delhi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/lohia-group-to-develop-projects-in-moradabad-lucknow-and-delhi/articleshow/108437848.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chadha Group and TMU will make integrated township; market street will be built on Delhi-Kanth Road |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/news/chadha-group-and-tmu-will-make-integrated-township-market-street-will-be-built-on-delhi-kanth-road-130598537.html |access-date=March 29, 2024 |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref>

=== Parks and recreation spaces ===
[[File:Company Baag Moradabad.jpg|thumb|A view of the Company Baag at night]]
Moradabad has parks and recreational spaces in all of its neighbourhoods and localities. They include Company Baag, the Eco Herbal Park, Gautam Budh Park and Ambedkar Park. Company Baag, in the Civil Lines has existed since the days of the British East India Company. Legend says that it used to be a residential centre for the English officers before being burned down in the rebellion of 1857.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-17 |title=Moradabad News: कभी अंग्रेजों की थीं यहां कोठियां,1857 में जलाकर बना दिया पार्क, अब लीज पर देने की है तैयारी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-moradabad-company-bagh-was-built-by-burning-cells-of-british-during-1857-gadar-movment-5400261.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> After that the Britishers made it a garden for recreational purposes.

=== Shopping centres ===
[[File:Town Hall Market Moradabad.jpg|thumb|View of a local market in Moradabad]]
[[File:Wave Mall Moradabad.jpg|thumb|A view of the Wave Mall, one of the first and largest shopping malls in Moradabad]]
There are general purpose markets, product-specific markets, brand outlets and shopping malls. General purpose markets include Budh Bazaar, Town Hall, and markets on Tadikhana chauraha and Gurhatti chauraha. provide residents with all sorts of shopping needs. Weekly markets are held on Sunday and Tuesday in some areas.

== Sports ==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Sonakpur stadium pavillion.jpg
| alt1 = Sonakpur stadium pavilion
| caption1 = Pavilion of Sonakpur Stadium
| image2 = Sonakpur stadium Basketball court.jpg
| alt2 = Basketball Court
| caption2 = Basketball Court at the Stadium
| align = left
| image3 = Sonakpur Stadium view from Pavillion.jpg
| alt3 = View of stadium from the stands
| caption3 = Stadium view from the Stands
| perrow = 2/1
| caption_align = center
| width3 = 399
| total_width = 399
}}

Moradabad is a hub of sports activities not only for its own players but also for the aspiring players of neighbouring towns, such as [[Sambhal]], [[Amroha district|Amroha]], [[Gajraula]] and [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]. The most popular sport is [[cricket]], and there have been at two international cricketers from the city: [[Piyush Chawla]] and [[Arun Lal]]. [[Arjuna Award]] winner [[Mohammed Shami]] used to practice in the city during his initial cricketing days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Shami: मुरादाबाद की पिच पर तराशा गया अमरोहा का 'अर्जुन', 15 साल की उम्र में रोजाना आते थे 25 किमी दूर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/mohammed-shami-amroha-arjun-was-honed-on-pitch-of-moradabad-at-age-of-15-he-used-to-travel-25-km-daily-2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Another cricketer from the city, [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]], plays in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] for [[Lucknow Super Giants]] and is known for his lethal fast bowling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bikhchandani |first=Raghav |date=2022-05-17 |title=How UP boy Mohsin Khan overcame a bad shoulder injury to become this IPL's rising star |url=https://theprint.in/sport/how-up-boy-mohsin-khan-overcame-a-bad-shoulder-injury-to-become-this-ipls-rising-star/955043/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

These cricketers first practised in the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Sports Stadium, known as Sonakpur Stadium of Moradabad, which is the centre for sports events and activities in the city. The Moradabad zone [[Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|Under-19]] cricket team is based in the city, and draws players from nearby towns and villages as well as from the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुरादाबाद जोन की क्रिकेट टीम तैयार, 17 खिलाड़ी चयनित |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/17-players-selected-for-moradabad-jone-cricket-team-city-news-mbd431272885 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> In 2021, twenty players from Moradabad were selected for the zonal final of Uttar Pradesh Under 25 Ranji team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुरादाबाद के 20 खिलाड़ियों का अंडर 25 रणजी टीम में चयन, जानिए कौन हैं चयनित खिलाड़ी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-20-players-from-moradabad-selected-in-under-25-ranji-team-know-who-are-the-selected-players-4845777.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Hindustan |date=17 October 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> In 2022, two of the city's players were selected for the [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team]] in the [[Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad: मुरादाबाद के दो खिलाड़ियों का रणजी ट्राफी के लिए चयन, उत्तर प्रदेश की ओर से ईडन गार्डन में खेलेंगे - two players from Moradabad selected for Ranji Trophy will play in Eden Gardens |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-two-players-from-moradabad-selected-for-ranji-trophy-will-play-in-eden-gardens-23251452.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In 2023, eleven women cricketers were selected from Moradabad for the Under-23 trials of [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=अंडर 23 यूपी ट्रायल में मुरादाबाद से सबसे ज्यादा ग्यारह खिलाड़ी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-maximum-eleven-players-from-moradabad-in-under-23-up-trial-8599792.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Hindustan |date=20 August 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

[[association football|Football]], [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], and [[kabaddi]] are other popular games in the city. In March 2024, three players from the city were selected for a national football camp set up to select players for the first Indian Under-20 Men's Football Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad News: नेशनल फुटबाल कैंप में मुरादाबाद के तीन खिलाड़ियों का चयन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/three-players-from-moradabad-selected-in-national-football-camp-moradabad-news-c-15-1-mbd1044-369628-2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Two players from Moradabad were selected for the regional Kabaddi team in 2022 for a state-level Kabaddi championship in Jhansi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कबड्डी की मंडलीय टीम में मुरादाबाद दो खिलाड़ी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-moradabad-two-players-in-kabaddi-39-s-regional-team-2125097.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Hindustan |date=15 August 2018 |language=hi}}</ref> In 2021 Moradabad's Kabaddi team won a state-level Kabaddi championship organised by the Youth Games Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=सब जूनियर कबड्डी में मुरादाबाद की टीम बनी व‍िजेता, ख‍िलाड़‍ियों ने द‍िखाया दम - Youth Games Association, Moradabad Sports News, Moradabad team wins in sub junior kabaddi The players showed strength |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-moradabad-team-wins-in-sub-junior-kabaddi-the-players-showed-strength-21420928.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Culture==

Moradabad has a rich cultural heritage and legacy of peaceful Hindu-Muslim coexistence. This culture, called [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]], has been shaped by a fusion of ideas and values from both religions for centuries. Residents of modern Moradabad carry this legacy forward by living, studying, working, and enjoying festivals together. There are places of worship in the city that are more than a hundred years old, including the Old Central Methodist Church, Jama Masjid, and several temples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ओल्ड मेथाेडिस्ट चर्च की मीनार से दिखता था रामपुर का किला - Rampur fort was visible from the tower of the Old Methodist Church |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-rampur-fort-was-visible-from-the-tower-of-the-old-methodist-church-21188743.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Moradabad: ये हैं मुरादाबाद का सबसे पुराना चर्च, जानिए इतिहास और क्रिसमस की तैयारी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-know-oldest-church-story-of-moradabad-preparation-in-merry-christmas-5075405.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200" caption=Some hundred-year-old places of worship decorated for festivals in Moradabad>
File:Old Central Church Moradabad.jpg|Old Central Methodist Church, built in 1874<ref name=":3" />
File:Jama Masjid Moradabad With Lights.jpg|Jama Masjid, built in 1637<ref>{{Cite web |title=चार सौ सालों का इतिहास समेटे हुए है जामा मस्जिद |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-jama-masjid-boasts-a-history-of-four-hundred-years-2012031.html |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Hindustan |date=13 June 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>
File:Prachin Hanuman Mandir Moradabad.jpg|Prachin Hanuman Mandir, built at least 100 years ago<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=UP: मुरादाबाद के इस हनुमान मंदिर में हर मनोकामना होती है पूरी, बस करना होगा ये काम |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-every-wishes-is-fulfilled-in-hanuman-temple-of-moradabad-of-uttar-pradesh-know-history-of-hindu-temple-upns-4809955.html |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Arts and literature ===
[[File:Jigar Moradabadi.jpg|left|thumb|210x210px|A portrait of Jigar Moradabadi, a prominent twentieth-century poet]]
As the Brass City, Moradabad has produced artisans and craftspeople who are skilled at decorating brass items with complex textures and designs. This includes [[Padma Shri]] awardees [[Ustad Dilshad Hussain]] and [[Babu Ram Yadav]], whose brass products have been exhibited at exhibitions across the country and given to the heads of other states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=रहमान |first=उबैदुर |date=2024-01-26 |title=मुरादाबाद के 74 साल के बाबूराम यादव को मिलेगा पद्मश्री, पहले भी मिल चुके है कई अवार्ड |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/moradabad-74-year-old-baburam-yadav-padmashree-award-ann-2595487 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> For instance, in 2022 Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] gave a [[kalasha]] decorated with the artwork of Ustad Dilshad Hussain to German Chancellor [[Olaf Scholz]] at the [[G7|G7 Summit]] in Italy. Ustad Dilshad was invited to display his decorated brassware items at the [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Padma Shri Award 2023 Who is Dilshad Hussain Biography |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/padma-shri-award-2023-who-is-dilshad-hussain-moradabad-dilshad-hussain-padma-shri-in-hindi-swt |access-date=2024-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Designer brassware Moradabad.jpg|thumb|Designer flower pots created by the artisans of Moradabad in a showroom]]
Poets, singers and artists have lived in the city. This includes Hindi poet and humourist [[Hullad Moradabadi]], who was known for his plays, films and books, [[Jigar Moradabadi]], an Urdu poet known for his Sufi poems, and [[Jwala Prasad Mishra]], author and editor of classical Sanskrit texts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मशहूर हास्य कवि हुल्लड़ मुरादाबादी नहीं रहे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/news-archives/india-news-archives/hullad-muradabadi-no-more |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

[[Mushaira]]s, [[qawwali]]s and Hindi stage plays and acts are performed in the city. People who have taken part in these events include [[Munawwar Rana]], [[Mehshar Afridi]], [[Juhi Babbar]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Guru Randhawa]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munawwar Rana: जब मुनव्वर ने मुशायरे के पेमेंट में लिए हलीम-चावल, 1988 में पहली बार मुरादाबाद आए थे राना |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/when-munawwar-rana-took-haleem-rice-in-payment-for-mushaira-came-to-moradabad-in-1988-2024-01-16 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad News: हमारी खुशनसीबी है कि हम भारत में रहते हैं... |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/we-are-lucky-that-we-live-in-india-moradabad-news-c-15-1-mbd1044-333147-2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad News: आज मुरादाबाद में नाट्य प्रस्तुति देंगी अदाकार जूही बब्बर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/actress-juhi-babbar-will-give-a-theatrical-performance-moradabad-news-c-15-1-mbd1044-365485-2024-03-18 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रॉकऑन : सोनू निगम के सुर से टीएमयू स्टार नाइट में दीवानगी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-rockon-with-sonu-nigam-12283668.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मुख्यमंत्री अखिलेश व सुनिधि चौहान आज शहर में - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-10968257.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गुरु रंधावा के तू बन जा मेरी रानी और स्लोली-स्लोली गाने पर युवाओं ने जमकर की मस्ती |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-the-youth-had-a-lot-of-fun-on-guru-randhawa-39-s-songs-tu-ban-ja-meri-rani-and-slowly-slowly-7920177.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Hindustan |date=20 March 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

In literature, the historic library maintained by the city's corporation has many books that are more than a hundred years old. Among them are Urdu translations of Hindu scriptures [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Gitanjali]], which many Muslims also go to read and learn from.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Moradabad News: इस लाइब्रेरी में रखी है 100 साल पुरानी उर्दू में लिखी भगवत गीता, पढ़ने आते हैं मुस्लिम समुदाय के लोग |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-100-years-old-urdu-bhagwat-gita-is-in-this-library-people-of-muslim-community-come-to-read-6126951.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Urdu translators from the city, such as [[Hakim Muhsin Faruqi]], translated popular foreign literature such as ''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'' into Urdu during the early twentieth century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naim |first=C. M. |date=2023-08-19 |title=A Moradabad-born hakim's love for Sherlock Holmes and English gave birth to Urdu crime fiction |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/a-moradabad-born-hakims-love-for-sherlock-holmes-and-english-gave-birth-to-urdu-crime-fiction/1720274/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:Daal Moradabadi.png|thumb|Moradabadi Daal and Jalebis]]
Moradabad's cuisine is a fusion of its Rajput and Mughlai roots. Mughal Prince Murad Bakhsh is known for blending the two cultures, which included blending their foods as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITC Grand Central showcases the culinary legacy of Moradabadi cuisine |url=https://bwhotelier.businessworld.in/article/ITC-Grand-Central-showcases-the-culinary-legacy-of-Moradabadi-cuisine-/02-03-2021-382727/ |access-date=March 28, 2024 |website=Business World}}</ref> The result was a diverse cusine including vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes in equal parts. Two of the most popular dishes are Moradabadi [[Moong dal]] and Moradabadi [[biryani]].<ref name="dal">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/food-story-the-saga-of-moradabadi-dal/|title=Food Story: The saga of Moradabadi dal|website=Indianexpress.com|date=9 October 2014|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="dal2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/92642/food-history-dal-lentils-india/|title=We Indians Love Our Dal. But Do You Know the Fascinating History of Our Favourite Comfort Food?|date=23 March 2017|website=Thebetterindia.com|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="biryani">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/biryani-moradabadi-style/article6574448.ece|title=Biryani, Moradabadi style|first=Rahul|last=Verma|date=7 November 2014|access-date=5 March 2022|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="biryani2">{{Cite web|url=https://food.ndtv.com/how-to/watch-how-to-make-classic-muradabadi-chicken-biryani-at-home-2303342|title=Watch: How To Make Classic Muradabadi Chicken Biryani At Home|website=Food.ndtv.com|access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref> There is a tale that Prince Muradh Bakhsh was so fond of the Muradabadi dal that he used to have it several times a day, each time spiced differently.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-10-09 |title=Food Story: The saga of Moradabadi dal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/food-story-the-saga-of-moradabadi-dal/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> That tradition of garnishing and serving the Moradabadi dal with different flavours like lemon juice, chaat powder, coriander leaves and green chillies still exists.

Other dishes in the city include [[seekh kebab]]s, [[jalebi]]s, [[samosa]]s, [[mutton korma]], Moradabadi [[gosht]] and Moradabadi [[paneer makhani]]. All these dishes can be found on street food stalls and in restaurants.

The dishes in Muradabadi cuisine derive their taste from the use of brass vessels and whole spices, such as khada [[garam masala]] and raw onions, to cook the food. Brass vessels preserve the natural taste of dishes by distributing heat evenly and preventing burning,{{cn|date=October 2025}} and whole spices add to the aroma and taste. Moradabad is also credited for introducing the first iteration of chaat masala to the country.<ref name=":1" />

==Education==
===Higher education===

Moradabad is a major education hub in the western UP region with public as well as private higher education institutions. For technical education, it has a government polytechnic and private institutions like the [[Moradabad Institute of Technology]] (MIT) and [[RSD Academy College of Management and Technology]], both affiliated to [[Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University]]. For arts, sciences, and professional courses it has colleges affiliated to the [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University|Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly]], which include. These include [[Hindu College, Moradabad|Hindu College]] and [[Kedarnath Girdharilal Khatri College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KGK College Moradabad online registration form :Kedar Nath Girdharilal Khatri PG College (KGK) Moradabad Uttar Pradesh, INDIA |url=https://kgkpgonline.com/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=kgkpgonline.com}}</ref>
[[File:Rsd Academy Moradabad.jpg|thumb|A view of the RSD Academy, Moradabad]]

The city has two private universities: [[Teerthanker Mahaveer University]] and the [[IFTM University]], both of which provide higher education in management and technology-related fields.

There are several institutes for training in medicine, pharmacy and dentistry.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

A government university,[[Guru Jambheshwar University, Moradabad|Guru Jambheshwar University]], is under construction in the city. Its first academic session started in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP: गुरु जम्भेश्वर विवि कहलाएगी मुरादाबाद यूनिवर्सिटी, जिले में है 493 साल पुराना मंदिर, यह है इसकी मान्यता |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/up-guru-jambheshwar-university-will-be-called-moradabad-university-there-493-year-old-temple-in-district-2024-03-17 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Schools ===

Schools in Moradabad include the [[Methodist Girls Inter College]] and the [[Parker Inter College]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Government Gazette of Uttar Pradesh | date=1962 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PN8oSnScm7MC&q=Methodist+Girls+Inter+College+moradabad | access-date=27 October 2025 | page=359}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Pathak | first=Sumit | title=Roots and Resilience: Traversing Time, Tradition and Travels in the Heart of India and Abroad | publisher=Notion Press | date=2025 | isbn=979-8-89673-793-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYJDEQAAQBAJ&q=%2522Parker+Inter+College%2522 | access-date=27 October 2025 | page=5}}</ref> Most of the city's schools are affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] or, for the Hindi-medium schools, the [[Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education]]. There is also a [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] in the city.

===Police training institutions===
[[File:Police Academy Moradabad.jpg|thumb|Police Academy in Moradabad]]
Moradabad has three of the nine police training institutions in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=uppolice.gov.in{{!}} Official Website of Uttar Pradesh Police {{!}} Training |url=https://www.uppolice.gov.in/article/en/training |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.uppolice.gov.in}}</ref> These include:

* [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar]] Police Academy: Named for the architect of [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]], it was established in [[Prayagraj]] in 1878 by the British administration as a Police Training School (PTS). It was shifted to Moradabad in 1901, and police officers from other areas were also trained there. It was upgraded to a Police Training College (PTC) in 1934.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Special: इस अनूठे गुरुकुल ने संभाल रखा है पुलिस वालों का 122 साल का इतिहास |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-unique-gurukul-has-preserved-history-122-years-of-policemen-8505098.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Hindustan |date=29 July 2023 |language=hi}}</ref> In 1997 it became a Police Training Academy under its current name.<ref name=":16" /> It was awarded Union Home Ministry's trophy for Best Police Training Institution (Central Zone) in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुरादाबाद की डा. भीमराव आंबेडकर पुलिस अकादमी को गृह मंत्रालय करेगा सम्मानित, इस काम के लिए मिलेगा अवार्ड - Moradabad Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Police Academy will honored by Ministry of Home Affairs get award for this work |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-moradabad-dr-bhimrao-ambedkar-police-academy-will-honored-by-ministry-of-home-affairs-get-award-for-this-work-22397642.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* Police Training College (PTC): Established in 1968 as a Recruit Training Centre (RTC), it was upgraded to a Police Training College in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=मुरादाबाद : पीटीसी के 55वें स्थापना पर भव्य परेड, डीजी ने ली सलामी |url=https://www.amritvichar.com/article/343456/moradabad--grand-parade-on-55th-establishment-of-ptc--dg-took-salute |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.amritvichar.com |language=hi}}</ref>
* Police Training School (PTS): Originally affiliated to Dr. BR Ambedkar Police Academy, it became an independent institution in 1986 with its own budget.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PTS Moradabad |url=https://ptsmoradabad.com/school.php |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=ptsmoradabad.com}}</ref>

These institutions make Moradabad the largest hub of police training in the state. The Police Training Academy is the only police academy for probation of [[Indian Police Services]] (IPS) officers assigned to the UP cadre. It is also the only academy in the state for training State Police Service Gazetted officers, those above the rank of Deputy Superintendent or DSP. Non-gazetted police officers are also trained here. It has a capacity of training 60 gazetted and 280 non-gazetted officers every year. The Police Training College trains the sub-inspector rank police officers.<ref name=":15" /> It can train 600 sub-inspectors every year. The Police Training School trains the head constables and constables and can train 400 head constables every year.<ref name=":15" />

==Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC)==
The western zone headquarters of [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) are in Moradabad.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=About us Pradeshik Armed Constabulary (PAC) |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/article/en/about-us-prad-armed-constabulary-eng |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=Uttar Pradesh Police}}</ref> This is a specialised force under the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]], and can tackle serious law and order situations without having to call in the army.<ref name=":17" /> It includes the 9th, 23rd and 24th ''vahinis'', or battalions, of the PAC in the city. The 8th battalion PAC of Bareilly also falls under its jurisdiction. It is sent to states as far away as Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गुजरात चुनाव में भेजी गई पीएसी की दस कंपनी - |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-up-news-moradabad-city-news-campany-pac-17170149.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> during elections.

Together with PAC and a Range headquarters,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Name of District / Range / Zone |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/email-1.pdf |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=UP Police}}</ref> Moradabad has the largest establishment of UP Police after [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uppoliceacademy.up.nic.in/geographical.html |title=Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Police Academy, (U.P.) Moradabad |access-date=2 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004040606/http://uppoliceacademy.up.nic.in/geographical.html |archive-date=4 October 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Public transport ===
[[File:Electric bus in Moradabad.jpg|thumb|An electric bus at a charging station in Moradabad]]

Moradabad's public transport system largely relies on [[auto rickshaw]]s, [[Electric rickshaw|e-rickshaws]], and [[Electric bus|electric city buses]]. While the first two have been taking people around the city for decades, electric city buses were launched in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मुरादाबाद में कल से चलेंगी इलेक्ट्रिक सिटी बसें, 10 रुपये में कर सकेंगे सफर, देखें क‍िराया सूची - Moradabad Electric City Bus service : Electric city buses will run in Moradabad from tomorrow You can travel for 10 rupees View fare list Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-electric-city-buses-will-run-in-moradabad-from-tomorrow-you-can-travel-for-10-rupees-view-fare-list-jagran-special-22348785.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Besides being eco-friendly, these buses are air-conditioned and economical as one can travel in them for a distance of 3 km for 10 INR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शहर में ई बस में कीजिए कम किराए पर सफर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-travel-by-e-bus-in-the-city-at-low-fares-9567820.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Hindustan |date=18 March 2024 |language=hi}}</ref> Routes for e-buses are limited so people primarily use auto rickshaws or e-rickshaws to move around. Bike taxi aggregator service [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]] also operates in the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rapido Bike announces special offers across Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/rapido-bike-announces-special-offers-across-uttar-pradesh20190924141925/ |access-date=March 29, 2024 |work=ANI}}</ref>

===Road===
[[File:A road in Moradabad.jpg|thumb|A section of NH 9 in Moradabad (Delhi road)]]
Moradabad is well-connected to all the cities in UP and most of the major cities in other states through an extensive road network. The following National Highways and State Highways pass through or are connected with Moradabad:
*[[National Highway 9 (India)|National Highway 9]] – Made by merging the sections of National Highway 10, 24, 87, 74 and 125, this highway connects [[New Delhi]] to [[Lucknow]] via [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Shahjahanpur]] and [[Sitapur]]. The Hapur-Moradabad stretch of this highway was six-laned in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IRB Infra's SPV gets completion certificate for UP-based road project |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/irb-infra-s-spv-gets-completion-certificate-for-up-based-road-project-122070100191_1.html |access-date=14 April 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> It is essentially from [[Delhi]] via [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] and Moradabad to [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]. Part of this highway is also a part of the [[AH2]] (Asian Highway 2), which connects [[Denpasar]], [[Indonesia]] to [[Merak, Banten|Merak]] and [[Singapore]] to [[Khosravi, Kermanshah|Khosravi]], [[Iran]].<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Details of National Highways as on 31 March 2019 |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)}}</ref>
[[File:Sonakpur Overbridge.jpg|thumb|Sonakpur Railway Overbridge (ROB) connecting Kanth Road to Delhi Road on NH 9]]
*[[National Highway 509 (India)|National Highway 509]] – Previously known as [[National Highway 93 (India)|National Highway 93]], it connects Moradabad to [[Agra]] via [[Chandausi]], [[Babrala]], [[Aligarh]] and [[Hathras]].<ref name=":21" />
*[[National Highway 734 (India)|National Highway 734]] – connects Moradabad to [[Najibabad]] via [[Nagina]] and [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]], Uttrakhand.<ref name=":21" /> Prime minister Narendra Modi had laid the foundation stone for its four-laning in January 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=सुस्त चाल: मुरादाबाद -ठाकुरद्वारा हाईवे को फोर लेन बनने में देरी, 39 गांवों में से चार की जमीन का ही मूल्यांकन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/moradabad-thakurdwara-highway-delayed-becoming-four-lane-valuation-land-only-four-villages-2023-08-13 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> and Union Minister of Road and Transport [[Nitin Gadkari]] sanctioned the upgradation work in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luthra |first=Swati |date=2022-11-01 |title=Upgradation work sanctioned for Moradabad-Thakurwada-Kashipur section of NH-734 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/upgradation-work-sanctioned-for-moradabad-thakurwada-kashipur-section-of-nh734-11667305368698.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
*State Highway 43 – connects Moradabad to the historical city of [[Badaun]] and [[Farrukhabad]] via Chandausi. It also extends all the way to [[Kanpur]] through SH 148 and [[National Highway 34 (India)|NH 34]] in Bulandshahar.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=UP PWD |url=https://umd.nic.in/uppwd/master.aspx |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=umd.nic.in}}</ref>
*State Highway 49 – connects Moradabad to [[Haridwar]] and [[Dehradun]], merging into state highway 76.
*State Highway 76 – connects Moradabad to [[Bijnor]] via [[Noorpur, Uttar Pradesh|Noorpur]], and goes all the way to [[Meerut]] through NH 34.
*State Highway 78 – connects Moradabad to [[Amroha]] via Pakbara, merging into state highway 145.
*State Highway 125 – connects to [[Bareilly]] via Rampur and [[Bilari]].
*State Highway 145 – connects to Amroha via [[Dhanaura]] and [[Thakurdwara]].<ref name="livehindustan.com">{{Cite web |title=मुरादाबाद की दो सड़कें स्टेट हाईवे में शामिल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/story-two-roads-of-moradabad-included-in-the-state-highway-3024560.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Hindustan |date=14 February 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>
*State Highway 147– connects to [[Jaspur]] via [[Chandpur District|Chandpur]] and Thakurdwara.<ref name="livehindustan.com"/>
*State Highway 148 – connecting to [[Bulandshahr|Bulandshahar]] via Sambhal, joins into NH 34 in Bulandshahar.<ref name=":22" />
*MD 65 W – connects Moradabad to [[Kashipur, Uttarakhand|Kashipur]] via Thakurdwara.
*Moradabad–Sambhal four-lane highway.

===Rail===
[[File:Moradabad Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Moradabad railway station]]
[[File:Moradabad junction platform 4.jpg|thumb|Inside Moradabad junction railway station]]
[[Moradabad railway station]] is one of the major railway stations of [[Indian Railways]]. Built in 1873 and electrified in 2012, it is one of the oldest railway stations of India. It has seven platforms, and is on [[Lucknow-Moradabad line]], [[Delhi-Moradabad line]], and [[Moradabad-Ambala line]]. It is an inter-change station due to a five-line junction.<ref name="zastory.com">{{cite web |title=Moradabad railway station - the Story |url=http://www.zastory.com/wiki/Moradabad_railway_station |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223160154/http://www.zastory.com/wiki/Moradabad_railway_station |archive-date=23 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-23 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The station has a double railway line for [[Delhi]], [[Lucknow]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Dehradun]] directions. More than 250 trains pass through and stop at the station every day. It is directly connected with [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railway Update: मुरादाबाद से मुंबई के लिए सीधी ट्रेन, लालकुआं से बांद्रा के बीच हर सोमवार को होगा संचालन |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/direct-train-from-moradabad-to-mumbai-will-operate-between-lalkuan-and-bandra-every-monday-2024-10-14 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> [[Lucknow]], [[Kanpur]], [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Haridwar]], [[Amritsar]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Ambala]], [[Guwahati]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Kolkata]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Varanasi]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Patna]]. 13 trains originate and terminate at the station. All trains passing through the station stop here for 5-10 mins on average, including [[Shatabdi Express]], [[Rajdhani Express]], [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat]], [[Garib Rath Express|Garib-Rath]], and Double-Decker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/338|title=Moradabad railway info|publisher=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2014-12-21}}</ref> It has a quadruple electric line with four parallel tracks, which allows faster trains to overtake the slower ones. All the railway track is electrified.

Moradabad railway station was the main station built by [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]. It is a category 'A' railway station.<ref name="zastory.com"/> It has free Wi-Fi, escalators, an [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation]] canteen, a tourist information centre, post office, telegraph office, General Railway Police Office, computerised reservation counters, retiring room, refreshment rooms, a tea stall, a bookstall, and [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal]] reservation counters.

===Air===
[[File:Moradabad Airport Front View.jpg|thumb|Moradabad Airport]]
Moradabad has a domestic airport, [[Moradabad Airport]], about 18 km from the city center. {{As of|2024}}, it provides connectivity to state capital [[Lucknow]] with small 19-seater flights three days in the week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flight Schedule - October 2024 |url=https://flybigassets.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/admin-web/Flight+Schedule |website=Flybig}}</ref> Other cities are yet to be connected via air route.

The [[Bareilly Airport]] is about 80 km from Moradabad; it is connected to Mumbai, New Delhi and Bengaluru via direct flights. The nearest international airport is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], [[New Delhi]] (around 178 km away).

==Media==
Newspapers published in Moradabad include ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'', ''[[Amar Ujala]]'', ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]],'' and ''Moradabad Pages''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/moradabad-news/|title=मुरादाबाद न्यूज़ – Moradabad News in Hindi – मुरादाबाद समाचार - Patrika Hindi|website=Patrika.com|access-date=12 October 2018|publisher=Rajasthan Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moradabadpages.com|title=मुरादाबाद न्यूज़ – Moradabad News in Hindi – मुरादाबाद समाचार - Moradabadpages.com |publisher=Moradabad Pages}}</ref>

== Environmental issues ==

=== Floods ===
Moradabad has a history of floods due to the overflow of Ramganga river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moradabad: People suffer due to flood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/moradabad-people-suffer-due-to-flood-82453-2010-09-20 |access-date=12 October 2018 |website=India Today|date=21 September 2010 }}</ref> The water discharged from the [[Ramganga Dam]] in Kalagarh led to severe flooding in 2010, with flood water entering people's homes even in some of its most posh localities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad: People suffer due to flood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/moradabad-people-suffer-due-to-flood-82453-2010-09-20 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=India Today |date=21 September 2010 |language=en}}</ref> There has not been a severe flood in the city since then, but the risk remains every year whenever it rains more than usual and rural areas on the banks of Ramganga river are submerged.

=== Pollution ===
As an industrial city undergoing rapid transformation, Moradabad faces the challenge of pollution. With a maximum of 114 decibels (db), the city is the second most [[noise pollution|noise-polluted]] city in the world according to a United Nations Environment Program report published in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moradabad 2nd most noise polluted city globally, says UNEP |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/moradabad-2nd-most-noise-polluted-city-globally-says-unep-82096 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date=25 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, it was also the most [[air pollution|air-polluted]] city in the country outside the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR).<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 17, 2021 |title=At least 56 north Indian cities experience winter pollution trends similar to Delhi: CSE study |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/air/at-least-56-north-indian-cities-experience-winter-pollution-trends-similar-to-delhi-cse-study-80739 |work=Down To Earth}}</ref>

The city has been working to improve this. In 2022, it won the first prize among 44 cities with a population of 0.3–1 million for reducing the [[PM10]] concentration by 36% in the Swachh Vayu Survekshan of the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-03 |title=UP cities dominate national survey on steps to improve air quality |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-cities-dominate-national-survey-on-steps-to-improve-air-quality/articleshow/95967134.cms |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The following year, in 2023, it was ranked second, and in 2024 eleventh in the same survey for its air quality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Quality: स्वच्छ वायु सर्वेक्षण में मुरादाबाद ने देश में हासिल किया दूसरा स्थान, प्रदेश में पहले नंबर पर - Moradabad achieved second position in the country in clean air survey first position in the state |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-moradabad-achieved-second-position-in-the-country-in-clean-air-survey-first-position-in-the-state-23524900.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Notable people==


* [[Ponty Chadha]], businessperson<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Cordelia Jenkins, Aman |date=2012-11-30 |title=Ponty Chadha: The man who would be king |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/vqKQ3tbtOV45dMny4okkJK/Ponty-Chadha-The-man-who-would-be-king.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Piyush Chawla]], Indian cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |title=आइपीएल में सबसे महंगे बिके थे मुरादाबाद के पीयूष चावला, कई बार द‍िखा चुके हैं कमाल - Cricketer Piyush Chawla, Moradabad's international player, Piyush Chawla of Moradabad was the most expensive player in IPL Has performed well many times |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-piyush-chawla-of-moradabad-was-the-most-expensive-player-in-ipl-has-performed-well-many-times-21202784.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[S. T. Hasan]], MP of Moradabad<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dr. S.T. Hasan: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/dr.-s.t.-hasan-76614.html |access-date=March 29, 2024 |work=OneIndia}}</ref>
* [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]], IPL cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohsin Khan: अंतरराष्ट्रीय उड़ान भरने को तैयार मोहसिन, इन दिनों मुरादाबाद में परिवार के साथ बिता रहे समय |url=https://www.amarujala.com/cricket/cricket-news/mohsin-khan-ready-to-fly-international-spending-time-with-family-in-moradabad-these-days-2023-06-28 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Nawab Majju Khan]], freedom fighter and commander of the Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]]
* [[Sabih Khan]], chief operating officer at [[Apple Inc]]
* [[Shoaib Sultan Khan]], pioneer of [[rural development]] programmes
* [[Arun Lal]], retired Indian cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arun Lal Profile - Cricket Player India {{!}} Stats, Records, Video |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/arun-lal-26295 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Hullad Moradabadi]], Hindi poet, humourist and satirist<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-14 |title=Hullad Muradabadi: Hard to mourn without smile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/hullad-muradabadi-hard-to-mourn-without-smile/articleshow/38339567.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Jigar Moradabadi]], aka Ali Sikandar, Urdu poet and ghazal writer<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jigar Moradabadi |url=https://sufinama.org/poets/jigar-moradabadi/profile |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Sufinama |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi]], jurist, scholar and mufti<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memoirs of righteous people - Mufti Sayyid Naeemuddin Muradabadi |url=https://www.dawateislami.net/magazine/en/memoirs-of-righteous-people/mufti-sayyid-naeemuddin-muradabadi |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=www.dawateislami.net}}</ref>
* [[Zaki Muradabadi]], Indian Urdu poet, writer
* [[Sufi Amba Prasad]], nationalist and pan-Islamist leader<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Wire: The Wire News India, Latest News, News from India, Politics, External Affairs, Science, Economics, Gender and Culture |url=https://thewire.in/history/sufi-amba-prasad-indias-forgotten-freedom-fighter |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=thewire.in}}</ref>
* [[Round2hell]], YouTubers<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROUND2HELL PRIVATE LIMITED {{!}} Investors, Shareholders, Directors and Contact Details {{!}} Zauba Corp |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/ROUND2HELL-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U74999UP2018PTC105219 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.zaubacorp.com}}</ref>
* [[Kunwar Sarvesh Kumar Singh|Kunwar Sarvesh]], former MP of Moradabad<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Digital Sansad |url=https://sansad.in/ls |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Naina Singh]], actor<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-24 |title=Meet Bigg Boss Season 14 contestant Naina Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-14-contestant-naina-singh-photos-videos-6821428/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Robert Vadra]], businessman and husband of [[Priyanka Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-05 |title=Want to fight 2024 Lok Sabha polls from Moradabad: Robert Vadra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/want-to-fight-2024-ls-polls-from-moradabad-vadra/articleshow/90001002.cms |access-date=2024-03-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rohtak]]
*[[Gurgaon]]
*[[Meerut]]
*[[New Moradabad]]
*[[Fatanpur, Moradabad]]
*[[1888 Moradabad hailstorm]]
*[[1980 Moradabad riots]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Moradabad}}
* [https://moradabad.nic.in/ Moradabad Pages Moradabad Local News]
* [https://kgkpgonline.com/ K.G.K College]

{{Authority control}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Moradabad| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Moradabad district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1625]]

Azim Premji

2026-03-08T18:43:25Z

ZVPZulma5461169: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian billionaire businessman and philanthropist (born 1945)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Azim Premji
| image = Azim H. Premji World Economic Forum 2013.jpg
| birth_name = Azim Hashim Premji
| caption = Premji at the [[World Economic Forum]], 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|7|24}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]<br>{{small|(Present-day [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])}}<ref name=ebr>{{cite news|last=G. Craine|first=Anthony|title=Azim Premji|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/710892/Azim-Premji|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=14 May 2010|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| children = 2, including [[Rishad Premji|Rishad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2007/jun/07rishad.htm|title=What you didn't know about Rishad Premji|date=7 June 2007|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=7 December 2009}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|B.S.E]])<ref name=forbesbill>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/10/billionaires-2009-richest-people_Azim-Premji_1UFS.html|title=Forbes List Directory|date=3 November 2009|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=7 December 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091129090553/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/10/billionaires-2009-richest-people_Azim-Premji_1UFS.html| archive-date= 29 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>
| occupation = Founder Chairman of [[Wipro]]
| honours = [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2011)
| website =
| signature = Signature of Azim Premji.svg
}}

'''Azim Hashim Premji''' (born 24 July 1945) is an Indian billionaire businessman and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]], who was the chairman of [[Wipro]]. Premji remains a non-executive member of the board and founder chairman.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 June 2019|title=Wipro's Azim Premji to hand over baton to son Rishad Premji|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/wipros-azim-premji-to-hand-over-baton-to-son-rishad-premji/article27583966.ece|url-access=limited|access-date=30 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Forbes.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/azim-premji/|title=Azim Premji|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/10/billionaires-2009-richest-people_Azim-Premji_1UFS.html|title=The World's Billionaires|date=3 March 2009|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=16 March 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090316053019/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/10/billionaires-2009-richest-people_Azim-Premji_1UFS.html| archive-date= 16 March 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> In 2010, he was voted among the 20 most powerful men in the world by ''[[Asiaweek]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azim Premji: Latest News, Videos and Azim Premji Photos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Azim-Premji|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> He was listed among the [[Time 100|100 most influential people]] by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, in 2004 and 2011.<ref>{{Cite magazine|first=Bill |last=Gates |author-link=Bill Gates |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066101,00.html |title=Azim Premji – The 2011 Time 100|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424130953/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066101,00.html|archive-date=24 April 2011|date=21 April 2011|url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> For years, he has been regularly listed one among ''[[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/azim-premji/|title=Azim Premji|date=29 May 2018 |publisher=themuslim500.com|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Syed|last=Amin Jafri|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-Indians-among-worlds-influential-Muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms|title=22 Indians among world's influential Muslims|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 October 2015|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> He also serves as the Chancellor of [[Azim Premji University]], [[Bangalore]]. Premji was awarded [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian award, by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Premji-happy-to-win-Padma-Vibhushan/article20053145.ece/ | title=Premji happy to win Padma Vibhushan | date=26 January 2011 }}</ref>

In October 2023, ''Forbes'' estimated Premji's net worth at $11.6 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Azim Premji |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/azim-premji/ |website=Forbes |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref> In 2013, he signed [[the Giving Pledge]], committing to give away at least half of his wealth, starting with a $2.2 billion donation to the Azim Premji Foundation, focused on education in India.<ref name="karmali_forbes">{{cite web |last=Karmali |first=Naazneen |title=Azim Premji Donates $2.3 Billion After Signing Giving Pledge |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2013/02/23/azim-premji-donates-2-3-billion-after-signing-giving-pledge/ |website=Forbes |date=23 February 2013 |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref> He has topped the EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List on multiple occasions.<ref name="economictimes_nov2020">{{cite news |title=Azim Premji tops EdelGive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020, Shiv Nadar & Mukesh Ambani follow |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/azim-premji-tops-edelgive-hurun-india-philanthropy-list-2020-shiv-nadar-mukesh-ambani-follow/articleshow/79151559.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2020 |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="indiatvnews">{{cite news |last=Jaiswal |first=Priya |title=Azim Premji retains 'India's most generous' tag, donated ₹27 crore per day |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/india/azim-premji-retains-india-s-most-generous-tag-donated-rs-27-crore-per-day-full-list-742993 |website=indiatvnews.com |date=29 October 2021 |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Premji was born in [[Bombay]], British India in a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Nizari Isma'ilism| Ismaili Khoja Muslim]] family.<ref name="ebr" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldofceos.com/dossiers/azim-premji|title=Azim Premji, Chairman/CEO, Wipro|publisher=worldofceos.com|access-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227000058/http://www.worldofceos.com/dossiers/azim-premji|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father was a noted businessman and was known as ''Rice King of Burma''. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], founder of [[Pakistan]], invited his father Muhammed Hashim Premji to come to Pakistan, he turned down the request and chose to remain in India.<ref name=bp>{{cite web|first=Mandovi|last=Menon|title=Billionaire Profile: Azim Premji|date=23 June 2011|url=https://www.mensxp.com/work-life/leadership/10244-billionaire-profile-azim-premji.html|publisher=mensxp.com|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>

Premji has a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering degree from [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wipro.com/leadership/azim-h-premji/|title=Azim H. Premji|publisher=[[Wipro]]|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> He is married to Yasmeen Premji. The couple have two children, Rishad and Tariq. [[Rishad Premji]] is currently the Chairman of the [[Wipro]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/azim-premji-to-retire-from-wirpo-on-july-30/articleshow/69675970.cms | title=Azim Premji to retire as executive chairman of Wipro, son Rishad to take over | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=7 June 2019 | accessdate=7 June 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1945, Muhammed Hashim Premji incorporated Western Indian Vegetable Products Ltd, based at Amalner, a small town in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra. It used to manufacture cooking oil under the brand name Sunflower Vanaspati, and a laundry soap called 787, a byproduct of oil manufacture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://churumuri.blog/2009/07/20/when-azim-premjis-father-said-no-and-no-again/|title=When Azim Premji's father said no, and no again |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=10 August 2021 |publisher=churumuri.wordpress.com}}</ref> In 1966, on the news of his father's death, the then 21-year-old Azim Premji returned home from [[Stanford University]], where he was studying engineering, to take charge of [[Wipro]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 June 2019|title=Such a long journey: Azim Premji and Wipro|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/such-a-long-journey-azim-premji-and-wipro/articleshow/69684117.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref> The company, which was called Western Indian Vegetable Products at the time, dealt in hydrogenated oil manufacturing but Azim Premji later diversified the company to bakery fats, ethnic ingredient based toiletries, hair care soaps, baby toiletries, lighting products, and hydraulic cylinders. In the 1980s, in the aftermath of the expulsion of [[IBM]] from India, Premji changed the company name to ''Wipro'' and entered the high-technology sector by manufacturing minicomputers in technological collaboration with an American company Sentinel Computer Corporation.<ref>Chakravarty, 1998:2</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sentinel.com/|title=Home Page – Sentinel Technologies, Inc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513070215/https://sentinel.com/|archive-date=13 May 2021|access-date=13 August 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thereafter, Premji made a focused shift from soaps to software.<ref>{{cite web|title=Azim Premji Profile – Biography of Azim Premji – Information on Azeem Premji Wipro Technologies|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/azim-premji.html|publisher=iloveindia.com|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>

In 2006, Premji set up his [[family office]] named PremjiInvest (PI).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Deepti |title=With $1 billion corpus, PremjiInvest plays VC, PE, stockmarket game |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/7Y0ZAql83Qr7lSuyKqcG0J/With-1-billion-corpus-PremjiInvest-plays-VC-PE-stockmark.html |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=Mint |date=10 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Antony |first1=Anto |title=Tech Tycoon's Family Office Bets on AI to Prop $10 Billion Fund |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-28/tech-tycoon-s-family-office-bets-on-ai-to-prop-10-billion-fund |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=Bloomberg |date=29 April 2024}}</ref>

===Recognition===
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Azim Premji, at an Investiture Ceremony II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 01, 2011.jpg|thumb|Premji receiving the [[Padma Vibhushan Award]] from President of India, [[Pratibha Patil]], in April 2011]]
* Premji has been recognised by ''[[Business Week]]'' as one of the "Greatest Entrepreneurs".<ref>{{cite news|first=Surojit|last=Chatterjee|title=Wipro chief features in Business Week's "30 Greatest Entrepreneurs of all Time" list|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/20070704/wipro-chief-features-in-business-week-30-greatest-entrepreneurs-of-all-time-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705133216/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/20070704/wipro-chief-features-in-business-week-30-greatest-entrepreneurs-of-all-time-list.htm|archive-date=5 July 2009|url-status=dead|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=4 July 2007|access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
* In 2000, he was conferred an honorary doctorate by the [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]. In 2006, Azim Premji was awarded Lakshya Business Visionary by [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's best business minds converge at NITIEs Lakshya|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-best-business-minds-converge-at-nities-lakshya/181593/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=21 October 2006|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
* In 2005, the Government of India honoured him with the title of [[Padma Bhushan]] for his work in trade and commerce.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
* In 2009, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from [[Wesleyan University]] in Middletown, [[Connecticut]] for his philanthropic work.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=S. Roth|title=Studying Abroad|url=http://roth.blogs.wesleyan.edu/2010/01/08/studying-abroad/?ref_homepage|website=roth.blogs.wesleyan.edu|publisher=[[Wesleyan University]]|date=8 January 2010|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> In 2015, [[Mysore University]] conferred an honorary doctorate on him.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shankar|last=Bennur|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mysore-varsity-doctorate-for-premji-bhyrappa-nagathihalli-chandrashekar/article7107690.ece|title=Mysore varsity doctorate for Premji, Bhyrappa, Nagathihalli Chandrashekar|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 April 2015|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>
* In 2011, he was awarded [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second-highest civilian award by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Padma Awards 2011: The winners|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/padma-awards-2011-the-winners/20110126.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=26 January 2011|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref>
* In April 2017, ''[[India Today]]'' magazine ranked him 9th in India's 50 Most powerful people of 2017 list.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's 50 most powerful individuals; Mukesh Ambani tops|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20170424-india-today-top-50-powerful-indians-mukesh-ambani-ratan-tata-kumar-mangalam-birla-gautam-adani-anand-mahindra-srk-amitabh-bacchan-986203-2017-04-14|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=14 April 2017|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>
* In 2018, Premji was conferred with [[Legion of Honour|Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur]] (Knight of the Legion of Honour) – the highest French civilian distinction by the French Government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Azim Premji, the wipro founder who donated 39% of his shares to a charitable trust|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/a-look-at-azim-premjis-salary-over-the-years-and-net-worth-shows-the-wipro-founder-is-indias-most-generous-billionaire/slidelist/70340117.cms|website=[[Business Insider India]]|date=24 July 2019|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>
* In 2019, ''Forbes'' put Premji in the list of the world's most generous philanthropists outside of the US.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Çam|first=Deniz|title=From Azim Premji to Carlos Slim: The World's Most Generous Billionaires Outside Of The U.S.|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbes/2019/03/26/from-azim-premji-to-carlos-slim-the-worlds-most-generous-billionaires-outside-of-the-us/|date=26 March 2019|access-date=23 July 2021|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
===Azim Premji Foundation===
In 2001, he founded the Azim Premji Foundation, a non-profit organization<ref>{{cite web|title=Azim Premji Foundation|url=http://azimpremjifoundation.org/|work=azimpremjifoundation.org|access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref> focused on improving the public school system in disadvantaged regions of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Education |url=https://azimpremjifoundation.org/what-we-do/education |website=Azim Premji Foundation |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>

In December 2010, he pledged to donate US$2 billion for improving school education in India by transferring 213 million equity shares or 8.7% stake in Wipro, held by a few entities controlled by him, to the Azim Premji Trustee Company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Premji completes transfer of 213 mn Wipro shares to trust |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/premji-completes-transfer-of-213-mn-wipro-shares-to-trust-110121000182_1.html |access-date=28 October 2025 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In February 2013, he transferred a 12% stake in Wipro to the Azim Premji Foundation.<ref>{{cite news|first=Anshul|last=Dhamija|title=I have given 25% of my wealth to charity, Wipro chairman Azim Premji says |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/i-have-given-25-of-my-wealth-to-charity-wipro-chairman-azim-premji-says/articleshow/19633650.cms |access-date=11 August 2021 |date=19 April 2013 |agency=PTI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419183337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/i-have-given-25-of-my-wealth-to-charity-wipro-chairman-azim-premji-says/articleshow/19633650.cms |archive-date=19 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Anshul|last=Dhamija|title=I believe those of us who are privileged should contribute significantly to try and create a better world: Noble words and noble deeds of Azim Premji|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/azim-premji-wipro-chairman-donates-millions-154693-2013-02-23 |access-date=11 August 2021 |date=23 February 2013 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> In July 2015, he gave away an additional 18% of his stake in Wipro to the foundation, taking his total contribution to 39%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Azim Premji gives half of his stake in Wipro for charity|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/it-czar-azim-premji-gives-half-of-his-stake-in-wipro-for-charity/article7399577.ece |date=8 July 2015 | work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Arundhati|last=Ramanathan|title=Wipro's Azim Premji gives 18% of his stake in company for charity|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/philanthropist-aziz-premji-gifts-18-more-wipro-stake-to-charity/article1-1367284.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709104229/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/philanthropist-aziz-premji-gifts-18-more-wipro-stake-to-charity/article1-1367284.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2015 |date=9 July 2015 | work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>

In March 2019, Premji pledged an additional 34% of Wipro stock held by him to the foundation, increasing the total endowment from him to the foundation to US$21 billion,<ref>{{cite news|first=Arnab|last=Paul |title=Wipro Chairman Premji pledges 34 percent of company shares for philanthropy |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/us-wipro-premji-idINKBN1QU21H |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313204001/https://in.reuters.com/article/us-wipro-premji-idINKBN1QU21H |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2019 |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Bengaluru, India |date= 13 March 2019 |access-date= 14 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chung|first=Grace|title=Asia's 2019 Heroes Of Philanthropy: Catalysts For Change|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracechung/2019/12/02/asias-2019-heroes-of-philanthropy-catalysts-for-change/|date=2 December 2019|access-date=11 August 2021|website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> which made him the top Indian philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2019|title=Why India's rich don't give their money away |work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47566542|access-date=14 June 2020}}</ref>

In April 2020, the Azim Premji Foundation, Wipro, and Wipro Enterprises committed ₹1,125 crore (US$140 million) to COVID-19 relief efforts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Azim Premji foundation, Wipro commit Rs 1125 crore to tackle COVID-19 outbreak |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/azim-premji-foundation-wipro-commit-rs-1125-crore-to-tackle-covid-19-outbreak/articleshow/74923363.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=1 April 2020 |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref> This was followed by an additional commitment of ₹1,000 crore in June 2021 to support the universal vaccination program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Response to the COVID-19 Crisis |url=https://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/our-response-to-the-covid-19-crisis |website=Azim Premji University |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>

===The Giving Pledge===
In 2013, Premji became the first Indian to sign up for [[the Giving Pledge]], a campaign led by [[Warren Buffett]] and [[Bill Gates]], to encourage the wealthiest people to make a commitment to give most of their wealth to philanthropic causes. He is the third non-American after [[Richard Branson]] and [[David Sainsbury]] to join this club.<ref>{{cite news|title=Azim Premji donates half of his wealth|url=http://www.in.com/news/business/azim-premji-donates-half-of-his-wealth-50187456-in-1.html|access-date=10 August 2021|date=20 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310062218/http://www.in.com/news/business/azim-premji-donates-half-of-his-wealth-50187456-in-1.html|archive-date=10 March 2013|url-status=dead|work=[[IBN Live]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 June 2016|agency=PTI|title=Premji to donate more to philanthropic causes|url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/11343877|url-status=live|access-date=11 August 2021|work=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826144033/http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/11343877 |archive-date=26 August 2016 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|I strongly believe that those of us, who are privileged to have wealth, should contribute significantly to try and create a better world for the millions who are far less privileged.|Azim Premji}}

==See also==
* [[List of billionaires]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Azim Premji}}
* [https://www.wipro.com/leadership/azim-h-premji/ Profile] at Wipro
* {{Britannica|710892}}
* {{Charlie Rose guest|3779}}
* [https://www.forbes.com/profile/azim-premji/?sh=296cdc837924 Profile] at [[Forbes]]
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/azim-h-premji/ Profile] at [[Bloomberg L.P.]]
* {{Cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066101,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424130953/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066101,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2011|title=Azim Premji|first=Bill|last=Gates|date=21 April 2011|access-date=27 October 2007|magazine=Time}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/aug/27/theobserver.observerbusiness3?INTCMP=SRCH|title=The story of Bangalore Bill|first=David|last=Smith|date=27 August 2006|access-date=9 August 2011|work=The Guardian }}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Premji, Azim}}
[[Category:Gujarati businesspeople]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in trade & industry]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University people]]
[[Category:Wipro]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian venture capitalists]]

Punjab Canal Colonies

2026-03-08T04:48:34Z

ZVPZulma5461169: expand section per standard format per sources

{{Short description|Parts of western Punjab}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
[[File:Map of canals in the western part of Punjab Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916).jpg|thumb|Map of canals in the western part of Punjab Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916)]]
The '''Punjab Canal Colonies''' is the name given to parts of western [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]] which were brought under cultivation through the construction of canals and agricultural colonisation during the [[British Raj]].

The Punjab underwent an agricultural revolution, with arid subsistence production getting replaced by commerce-oriented production of huge amounts of [[wheat]], [[cotton]] and [[sugar]].<ref>Ian Talbot, Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Routledge, 16 Dec 2013, p,54</ref> Between 1885 and 1940, nine canal colonies were created in the inter-fluvial tracts west of the [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Sutlej]] and east of the [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] rivers. In total, over one million [[Punjabis]] settled in the new colonies, relieving demographic pressures in central Punjab.<ref>Ian Talbot, Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India, Routledge, 16 Dec 2013, p,55</ref>

Many of these colonies were called [[Chak_(village)|Chak]] and given a number. Earlier their equivalent subdivisions used to be the [[Pargana|Subah or Taraf, Pargana or Mahal, Mauza or Pir]], which were replaced by the [[administrative divisions of India]] after the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|partition of India]] in 1947, though the Chak as name of villages still continues in the former Punjab Canal Colonies.

==Background==
[[File:Map of the Bar Region of Punjab, showing the Kirana, Gondal, Sandal, Ganji, and Neeli bars.jpg|thumb|Map of the Bar Region of Punjab, showing the Kirana, Gondal, Sandal, Ganji, and Neeli bars, the names of major rivers and the Doabs are also shown.]]
There is scant evidence of canal-building in ancient Punjab, although small canal irrigation works were developed in the western region on the fringes of the Indus basin and highlands of Afghanistan on stable streams.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Gilmartin|first=David|url= https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9780520355538|title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History|date=14 April 2020|publisher=University of California Press via Google Books|isbn=9780520355538|pages=18–25|chapter=1: Introduction: Community and Environment - The Settling: The Indus Basin - Canals}}</ref> The [[Swat District|Swat Valley]] has evidence of early canal works.<ref name=":0" />

The early history of canal construction in the Punjab plains is more uncertain, as it was difficult due to challenges found in the Indus basin, such as shifting river channels, high seasonal variability in flow, and high silt-load of the rivers of the area.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, any attempts at canal construction required a state to supervise it, due to the challenges presented that need to be overcome by a continuing investment of labour and resources.<ref name=":0" /> Canal construction in the Punjab region can be traced back to the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]], spurred on by the introduction of the [[Saqiyah|Persian wheel]] and government intervention.<ref name=":0" />

During the Delhi Sultanate, there is some evidence of canal construction in Multan and Sindh.<ref name=":0" /> In the 14th century, Firoz Shah Tuqhlaq constructed canals that brought water from the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers to Delhi and Hissar.<ref name=":0" /> The later Mughal rulers would reconstruct and expand these canals, such as under [[Shah Jahan]], who built the Hasli Canal which provided water from the Ravi river to the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore]] and other endeavors in Lahore.<ref name=":0" /> During the reigns of Akbar and Shah Jahan, older canals in Haryana were revived.<ref name=":0" /> These earlier attempts at canal building often utilized old river beds and channels.<ref name=":0" /> The construction of canals for irrigation purposes for agriculture was carried-out by local [[Zamindar|zamindars]] and other officials via persuasion from the state, such as via a ''sanad'' promising revenue concessions, with one example of this being the Shah Nahr Canal in [[Hoshiarpur district]] built in the early 18th century.<ref name=":0" /> The Mirranis of Dera Ghazi Khan carried out canal construction in the southwest of the Indus basin during the Mughal period.<ref name=":0" />

During this period, there were certain positions relating to the canals, such as the ''mir-i ab'', who were appointed canal superintendants, with one of their responsibilities being mobilizing the zamindars for the project.<ref name=":0" /> The mir-i ab carried out the canal project and were assisted by architects or masons known as ''maimar''.<ref name=":0" /> There were also the ''cherr'' system, which utilized a levy of unpaid labourers who cleared the canals during winter, such as the ''mirabs'' (watermasters), ''darogas'' (work superintendents), and ''muharrirs'' (accountants).<ref name=":0" /> For some projects, labourers were paid from a fund known as ''zar-i nagha'' built-up from commutation fees from those who decided to pay a fee rather than provide work themselves.<ref name=":0" /> The ''[[Panchayati raj|panchayats]]'' or ''moonsiffs'' (assessors) helped with the distribution of labour-demand along the canal.<ref name=":0" /> Channels were known as ''[[Nullah|nalla]]'' and flood-torrents were known as ''band-i sail''.<ref name=":0" /> Sections of canals were known as ''dhak''.<ref name=":0" /> However, the Mughals did not pay too much bureaucratic attention to canal-construction when compared to later polities of the region.<ref name=":0" />

After [[Nader Shah]]'s invasion of India in 1739 and the subsequent decline of Mughal authority in the area, many newer states arose in the Indus basin in the power-vacuum that followed aside from the Durranis.<ref name=":0" /> These were namely the Kalhoras in Sindh, Daudpotras in Bahawalpur, Mirrani successors in Dera Ghazi Khan, and the Afghan Saddozai Nawabs of Multan, whom were all major sponsors of canal construction.<ref name=":0" /> The development of economic trade with Afghanistan and Iran, along with the growth of trading-business in Shikarpur, Multan, Bahawalpur, and other areas, led to the increased demand for agricultural produce and commercial crops, such as indigo.<ref name=":0" /> Indigo and other commercial crops in demand were grown during the [[Kharif crop|kharif]] season and this led to increasing construction of canals to facilitate their increased cultivation, as they could not easily be grown with flood water or well water alone during the hot season, as animal-powered wells were not efficiently run during that time.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Durrani Empire]] asserted their authority in the region by bestowing a large land grant on the makhdum of Sitpur, who were part of a family of Bukhari Sayyids (descendants of [[Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari|Sayyid Jalal ud-Din Bukhari of Uchh]]) who controlled various Sufi shrines in southwestern Punjab and Bahawalpur.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1740s, the ''makhdum'' (traditional custodian of a Sufi shrine) of Sitpur sponsored the construction of a canal west of the Indus, which incorporated the [[Jats]] of the area in its construction.<ref name=":0" /> In the 1760s, the Manka Canal on the west bank of the Indus was extended.<ref name=":0" /> Those who assisted with the construction of canals were promised share of its water or from preexisting wells along the proposed route.<ref name=":0" /> The Bahawalpur rulers developed canals as a means of political consolidation and state-building, as earlier canals were constructed by the rival Daudpotra chiefs but by the end of the 18th century, the Bahawalpur nawabs had consolidated their political power by re-settling the Daudpotra and other martial ''[[Jagir|jagirdars]]'' (grantees) on new canal land along the Sutlej.<ref name=":0" /> One common system, especially along the Sutlej and Chenab, there was a system of ''chakdari'' tenures, that bestowed upon investors, usually Hindus, productive control over land in return for giving the capital required to open cultivation, such as Persian wheels, with there being a small, annual proprietary fee.<ref name=":0" /> The chakdari system spread in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Udasi|Udasis]] of Brahm Buta Akhara also were responsible for digging a ''hansli'' (water channel) to feed water into the Amrit Sarovar of the [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib]] complex in 1783.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=15 January 2021 |title=Dens of belief: Akharas of Amritsar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/dens-of-belief-198715/ |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Later, the hansli was made redundant through the construction of a Amritsar-Lahore branch and Kasur-Sabraon branch.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Daljeet |title=Sri Harimandar Sahib: The Body Visible of the Invisible Supreme |last2=Jain |first2=P. C. |last3=Singh |first3=Rajbir |publisher=Prakash Books |year=2006 |isbn=9788172340568 |pages=38}}</ref> Since 1866, the Amrit Sarovar of the Golden Temple complex has been fed water from the Jethuwal distributory of the Upper Bari Doab of the region between the Beas and Ravi, via a connection between the Kaulsar Sarovar and Amrit Sarovar.<ref name=":1" /> The canal was originally ''kachcha'' but later was lined and covered.<ref name=":1" /> During the Sikh period in the early 19th century, the Sikh governor of Multan, [[Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra|Diwan Sawan Mal]], successfully cultivated indigo through an early, plentiful, and constant source of water realized by irrigation canal construction, which was tied to commercial cash cropping.<ref name=":0" /> Diwan Sawan Mal promoted the chakdari system and invited Hindu settlement in the region, with canal-building arrangements being centered around wells.<ref name=":0" /> On the west bank of the Indus, the Baloch tribes played a critical role for canal construction.<ref name=":0" /> The traditional custodians of Sufi shrines also played an important role.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Pope1880Panjab3.jpg|thumb|300px|The Punjab in 1880]]
In 1849, the [[East India Company]] defeated the [[Sikh Empire]] and annexed the Punjab. The new regime, rather than replacing remnants of the previous ruling elites, used them as intermediaries between the government and the wider population.<ref name="ali1"/> From the outset of annexation, the new provincial government believed that if a paternal district officer ruled with an iron hand, protecting his flock from outside threats - whether a moneylender or political agitator - the landowning cultivators would loyally support the British government.<ref name="barrier">Barrier, N. Gerald. "The Punjab Disturbances of 1907: The Response of the British government in India to Agrarian Unrest." Modern Asian Studies, vol. 1, no. 4, 1967, pp. 353–383.</ref> In the following years, British officials began surveying the land and undertook revenue settlements in each district. In order to finance new administration of the province, the local government needed to increase revenues. The primary method of doing so was to encourage the commercialisation of agriculture. In addition they encouraged individualisation in property rights, which was a marked shift from the collective ownership by village communities and certain other complex forms of property that had existed in the pre-British period.<ref name="ali1">Imran Ali, The Punjab Canal Colonies, 1885-1940, 1979, The Australian National University, Canberra, p1</ref>

[[File:Map of older canals of Punjab Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916).jpg|thumb|Map of older canals of Punjab Province, British India, published in 'The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir' (1916)]]

== Project ==
In the 19th century, the vast majority of the population was settled in the fertile regions of central and eastern Punjab. In the western Punjab rainfall was too low for large scale agriculture and resulted in large tracts of barren land.<ref name="ali1"/> Most of this land had been assigned as [[Crown land]] and lay unused.<ref>Olli Varis, Cecilia Tortajada, Asit K. Biswas, Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes, Springer Science & Business Media, 15 Mar 2008, p.177</ref> In the 1880s the Punjab administration of [[Charles Umpherston Aitchison]] began the process of engineering a vast irrigation scheme in the mostly uninhabited wastelands. The two stated motives for the project were:<ref>'Chenab Colony Gazetteer (1904), p.29.</ref>
{{blockquote|To relieve the pressure of population upon the land in those districts of the Province where the agricultural population has already reached or is fast approaching the limit which the land available to agriculture can support and to colonise the area in question with well-to-do yeomen of the best class of agriculturists, who will cultivate their own holdings with the aid of their families and the usual menials, but as much as possible without the aid of tenants, and will constitute healthy agricultural communities of the best Punjab type.}}
[[File:Map of British Punjab showing the pressure of the rural population on the cultivated area, published in the Census of India, 1891, Volume XIX, Part 1.jpg|thumb|Map of British Punjab showing the pressure of the rural population on the cultivated area, published in the Census of India, 1891, Volume XIX, Part 1]]

The government hoped to "create villages of a type superior in comfort and civilisation to anything which had previously existed in the Punjab",<ref>Report of the Punjab Colonies Committee, 1907-08, (IOR: 10(3514)), Ch.l, para. 16.</ref> which in turn would increase productivity.<ref>Rajit K. Mazumder, The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab, Orient Blackswan, 2003 - India, p.66</ref> This increased productivity would then boost revenues for the government. To finance this ambitious project, capital was raised through the sale of governmental bonds in [[United Kingdom|Britain]], offering investors the chance to benefit from the interest charges remitted by the provincial government.<ref>Richard Gabriel Fox, Lions of the Punjab: Culture in the Making, University of California Press, 1985, p.75</ref>

==Colonies==
===Sidhnai Colony===
The Sidhnai Colony was located in the district of [[Multan]]. It was primarily settled between 1886 and 1888,<ref name=":0" /> when 176,702 acres were allocated to 2,705 settlers.<ref>J G Beazley; F H Puckle, The Punjab Colony Manual, Lahore, 1922, p4</ref> The minimum size of grants was fixed at 50 acres, and grantees were required to build wells to harvest [[Rabi crop]]s. Peasant grantees were preferred as the government felt self-cultivators would prevents the influx of sub-tenants and labourers from neighbouring regions.<ref>J G Beazley; F H Puckle, The Punjab Colony Manual, Lahore, 1922, pp.23-25.</ref> Furthermore, the government were attracted by the idea of creating a strong self-supporting peasantry, believing it necessary for agricultural progress and maintaining political stability.<ref>"Sidhnai Canal", File 11/ 2 51/ 3 k.w. (BOR), 'PC's letter, 27 October 1885; pp.23-25</ref>

Although an amount of land was reserved for Multani locals, preference was given for grantees from central Punjab, namely the districts of [[Lahore]], [[Amritsar]], [[Gurdaspur]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Jullunder]] and [[Ferozepur]]. This stemmed from a belief from British officials that central Punjabis were the most skilled and efficient agriculturists in the region.<ref>"Sidhnai Canal", File 11/ 2 51/ 3 k.w. (BOR), ’FC's letter', 7 August 1885; pp.23-25</ref> The first settlers were [[Sikh]] [[Jats|Jatts]] from Amritsar.<ref>Report by DC, Multan, n.d.; in "Sidhnai Canal", File II / 2 51/3 k.w., p.197.</ref> Following the success of the initial grantees, and the proven profitability of the venture, colony land started to become highly sought after.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

===Sohag Para Colony===
The Sohag Para Colony commenced at the same time as the Sidhnai Colony, however was smaller in scale. Situated in the [[Montgomery District]], the colony was irrigated by an inundation canal which was seasonal in nature. As a result, it required larger landholdings to encourage grantees with sufficient capital to develop the irrigation infrastructure. Surveys conducted a decade after its establishment found that only 35 per cent of the land was cultivated by the actual grantees, whilst 65 per cent was rented to sub-tenants.<ref>AR of the Lower Sohag Para Colony (1899), para. 16.</ref>

The government selected members of dominant landholding castes for land grants. 38 per cent of the area was allocated to Jatt Sikhs, with the average size of their holdings being sixty acres. A personal grant of 7,800 acres was allotted to Sir [[Khem Singh Bedi]], a [[Khatri]] Sikh from Rawalpindi, making him the largest landholder by a considerable margin.<ref>"Printed papers regarding the Lower Sohag and Para Canals”, File H/251/97 (BOR), p.177.</ref> The largest number of grants went to individuals from districts of Lahore, Amritsar and [[Sahiwal|Montgomery]].<ref>SC to FC, No.683, 21 June 1858; in PRAP(R), January 1899, No. 26.</ref>

===Chunian Colony===
Situated in the southern part of the Lahore district, colonisation began in 1896. This developed in a more piecemeal fashion, as parcels of land became irrigable and thus habitable at different times. For the first phase, the government decided to auction the land rather than issuing grants. This attracted offers from wealthy landowners and members of the Punjabi urban [[bourgeoisie]], generating considerable profits for the government. Thereafter land was sold to landowners from neighbouring villages as compensation for their loss of long standing grazing rights lost to canal irrigation.<ref>PRAP(I), March 1902, No.21; PCM, p.14.</ref> The last stage was allocated to peasant grantees.<ref>"Colonisation of Lands irrigated by certain Extensions of the Bari Doab Canal, Chunian Colony", File 11/251/296 (BOR).</ref> Peasant grantees largely hailed from the [[Lahore district]], from areas suffering overpopulation. The majority of grants were allotted to [[Arain]]s, [[Jats]], [[Kamboj|Kambohs]], and [[Labana]].<ref>'Report by E.R. Abbott, Assistant Commissioner, Kasur, on the colonisation of new villages in the Chunian Iahsil, 22 March 1898'; in PRAP(G), June 1898, No.18.</ref>

===Chenab Colony===
[[File:Punjab irrigation map, 1911.jpg|thumb|250px|Map of the area irrigated by canal works in 1915]]
{{Historical populations
| title = Chenab Colony<br>Population history
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| footnote = ''Source: [[Census in British India]]'' <ref name="Census1855A"/><ref name="Census1868"/><ref name="Census1881B"/><ref name="Census1891"/><ref name="Census1901"/><ref name="Census1911"/><ref name="Census1921"/><ref name="Census1931"/><ref name="Census1941"/><br />{{small|Including [[Gujranwala District]], [[Jhang District]], [[Lyallpur District]], and [[Sheikhupura District]].}}
| 1855|805152
| 1868|898603
| 1881|1012188
| 1891|1127010
| 1901|1927353
| 1911|2296656
| 1921|2696738
| 1931|3249054
| 1941|3982678
}}
The Chenab Colony was the largest colonisation project in the Punjab, beginning in 1892. It covered the entirety of the [[Lyallpur District|Lyallpur district]], along with parts of the [[Jhang]], [[Gujranwala]] and Lahore districts. The area was well suited for large-scale colonisation, being a level, alluvial plain, virtually unbroken by ridges or natural drainages.<ref>Chenab Colony SR (1915), paras. 38-45</ref> The area was mostly barren land, save for settlement in the riverain tracts, and the presence of semi-nomadic pastoral people known as Janglis, whose rights to graze the land had not been recognised as amounting to proprietary rights by the government.<ref>F.P. Young, Report on the colonisation of the Rakh and Mianali Branches of the Chenab Canal (Lahore, Government Printing Press, 1897), pp.2-5</ref> These groups would however form part of an indigenous grouping, classed together with individuals from Montgomery, Jhang and Gujranwala who would be allotted 35 per cent of the total land in the new colony.

There were three types of grants in the Chenab Colony, namely peasant, yeoman and capitalist grants. Peasants had to remain as tenants of the government and could not acquire proprietary rights. This was designed to curtail the powers of alienation of peasant grantees.<ref>PCM, pp.55- 56, 69 - 71.</ref> Yeoman and capitalist grantees were allowed to acquire proprietary rights after a five-year qualification period. Upon acquiring the grants, the yeoman and capitalist grantees were required to pay a fee to the government in lieu of the size of their holdings. Peasant and yeoman grantees were required to be resident on the land.<ref>'PCM, pp.7 2- 73</ref> 78.3 per cent of the total land in the colony was allotted to peasant grantees. The Yeomen could belong only to the landholding agricultural classes, and they were to be drawn from small and middle level landlords. The capitalist grants were intended for men whom the government wished to reward for rendering political, administrative or military services. They were also intended for individuals with capital, who would invest in improved farming and thereby raise the standard of agriculture in the colony.<ref>RS to RS, GOI, No.337S, 22 July 1891; in PRAP(I), July 1891, No.19.</ref>

In identifying immigrant colonists, the government had two objectives; to provide relief from population congestion and to procure the most skilled agriculturalists. As such grantees were selected from seven districts, [[Ambala]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Jullundur]], [[Hoshiarpur]], [[Amritsar]], [[Gurdaspur]] and [[Sialkot]].<ref>PRAP(I), July 1891, No.15; Note by C.M. Rivaz, PC, 13 September 1895, in "Proposed location . . .", File J/301/526 (BOR); RS to FC, No.44, 29 April 1898, in PRAP(I), April 1898, No.11.</ref> Between 1891 and 1921, the population densities in all seven districts declined, thus avoiding the potential for rural instability.<ref name="memo">'Memorandum describing the method of selection of colonists for the Chenab Canal from the Amritsar District', by J.A. Grant, SO, n.d., in "Chenab Canal colonisation", Printed Pile No.74, Yol.IIl, pp.959- 60.</ref> These immigrant colonists were granted over 60 per cent of the allotted land in the Colony.<ref>File J/301/604 (BOR).</ref> The strict allocation of land to immigrants from just these seven districts led to criticism of neglect in the west of Punjab, and thereafter 135,000 acres of land was granted to individuals from [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]], [[Jhelum]], [[Shahpur City|Shahpur]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Multan]], [[Lahore]], [[Ferozepur]] and [[Bannu]]. It was decided that peasant grantees would be hereditary and landholding agriculturists, and would be drawn from the established [[Arain]], [[Jat]] and [[Kamboh]] castes. The Arains formed the largest group of grantees, holding 36 per cent of the entire colony. Hindus and Muslims were each given around 31 per cent of the total allotted area.<ref name="memo"/> Amongst the yeoman and capitalist grants, substantial allotments went to [[Rajputs]].{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Chenab Colony region ([[British Punjab province]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1855<ref name="Census1855A">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31709 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Report on the census, taken on the 1st January 1855, of the population of the Punjab Territories; Papers connected with the administration of Mysore |website=Census Digital Library|year=1855|pages=9–33}}</ref><ref name="Census1855B">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012155943 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Report on the census, taken on the 1st January 1855, of the population of the Punjab Territories; Papers connected with the administration of Mysore |website=HathiTrust|year=1855|pages=9–33}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1868<ref name="Census1868">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057644 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057644 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Report on the census of the Punjab taken on 10th January, 1868. |year=1868}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1881<ref name="Census1881A">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057656 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057656 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I. |year=1881 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057657 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057657 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref><ref name="Census1881C">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25057658 |jstor=saoa.crl.25057658 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III. |year=1881 |pages=14 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1891<ref name="Census1891">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25318669 |jstor=saoa.crl.25318669 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory |year=1891 |pages=14}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25363739 |jstor=saoa.crl.25363739 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province. |year=1901 |pages=34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393788 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393788 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |pages=27}}</ref><ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62718 |access-date=30 March 2024 |title=Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II |year=1911 |pages=27 |author=Kaul, Harikishan}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165 |jstor=saoa.crl.25430165 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=29}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242 |jstor=saoa.crl.25793242 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables. |year=1931 |pages=277}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215541 |access-date=27 July 2025 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab |year=1941 |pages=42}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 573,233{{efn|Includes all [[Abrahamic religions]] and others ([[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], others).}}
| {{Percentage | 573233 | 805152 | 2 }}
| 628,369
| {{Percentage | 628369 | 898603 | 2 }}
| 779,550
| {{Percentage | 779550 | 1012188 | 2 }}
| 819,927
| {{Percentage | 819927 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 1,312,046
| {{Percentage | 1312046 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 1,569,186
| {{Percentage | 1569186 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 1,844,332
| {{Percentage | 1844332 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 2,241,188
| {{Percentage | 2241188 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 2,741,304
| {{Percentage | 2741304 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1931-1941: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}
| 231,919{{efn|Includes all [[Dharmic faith|Dharmic religions]] ([[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], others).}}
| {{Percentage | 231919 | 805152 | 2 }}
| 225,645{{efn|Including total [[Chamar]] & [[Chuhra]] populations, enumerated separately during the 1868 census.}}
| {{Percentage | 225645 | 898603 | 2 }}
| 192,214
| {{Percentage | 192214 | 1012188 | 2 }}
| 254,708
| {{Percentage | 254708 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 459,703
| {{Percentage | 459703 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 404,104
| {{Percentage | 404104 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 454,174
| {{Percentage | 454174 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 450,985
| {{Percentage | 450985 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 531,245
| {{Percentage | 531245 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 41,905
| {{Percentage | 41905 | 898603 | 2 }}
| 39,636
| {{Percentage | 39636 | 1012188 | 2 }}
| 49,257
| {{Percentage | 49257 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 143,182
| {{Percentage | 143182 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 273,845
| {{Percentage | 273845 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 303,964
| {{Percentage | 303964 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 410,939
| {{Percentage | 410939 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 534,820
| {{Percentage | 534820 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 808
| {{Percentage | 808 | 898603 | 2 }}
| 581
| {{Percentage | 581 | 1012188 | 2 }}
| 727
| {{Percentage | 727 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 955
| {{Percentage | 955 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 1,079
| {{Percentage | 1079 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 1,070
| {{Percentage | 1070 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 1,266
| {{Percentage | 1266 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 1,706
| {{Percentage | 1706 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 119
| {{Percentage | 119 | 898603 | 2 }}
| 205
| {{Percentage | 205 | 1012188 | 2 }}
| 2,390
| {{Percentage | 2390 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 11,458
| {{Percentage | 11458 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 48,439
| {{Percentage | 48439 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 93,192
| {{Percentage | 93192 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 144,642
| {{Percentage | 144642 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 173,594
| {{Percentage | 173594 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 1012188 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 33
| {{Percentage | 33 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1012188 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1,757
| {{Percentage | 1757 | 898603 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1012188 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 1127010 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 1927353 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2296656 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 2696738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3249054 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 805,152
! {{Percentage | 805152 | 805152 | 2 }}
! 898,603
! {{Percentage | 898603 | 898603 | 2 }}
! 1,012,188
! {{Percentage | 1012188 | 1012188 | 2 }}
! 1,127,010
! {{Percentage | 1127010 | 1127010 | 2 }}
! 1,927,353
! {{Percentage | 1927353 | 1927353 | 2 }}
! 2,296,656
! {{Percentage | 2296656 | 2296656 | 2 }}
! 2,696,738
! {{Percentage | 2696738 | 2696738 | 2 }}
! 3,249,054
! {{Percentage | 3249054 | 3249054 | 2 }}
! 3,982,678
! {{Percentage | 3982678 | 3982678 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="20" | {{small|Note: Includes [[Gujranwala District]], [[Jhang District]], [[Lyallpur District]], and [[Sheikhupura District]].}}
|}

===Jhelum Colony===
The Jhelum Colony was settled between 1902 and 1906. The colony was situated in the Shahpur district, and had its headquarters in the newly founded town of [[Sargodha]]. Initially the colony was intended to serve the same aims as the other colonies of fostering agrarian excellence and relieving population strains.<ref>PRAP(G): April 1901, Nos.25-29; October 1901, Nos.54-71; May 1902, Nos.29-69;</ref> However the Report of the Horse and Mule breeding Commission of 1900-01 recommended the colonists be allowed to breed such animals for the army. The government of India subsequently instructed the Punjab government to impose these conditions on the new colony. Instead of selecting skilled agriculturists, the government were to now seek out skilled horse-breeders.<ref>Letters of PC and RS; in PRAP(I), January 1900, Nos.1-2.</ref> British officials in the Punjab were initially opposed to the scheme, arguing that it risked jeopardising the entire colony, and questioning the region's supposed popularity for and prowess in horse-breeding. Furthermore, promises had already been made of grants to agriculturists, which would now need to be retracted, and was noted by the Commissioner of Rawalpindi as constituting a breach of good faith.<ref>DC, Jhelum, to Commissioner, Rawalpindi Division, No. 2003, 23 December 1901; in PRAP(I), October 1902, No. 11.</ref>

Under the new scheme, the horse-breeding tenure was imposed on all peasant grants. The size of peasant landholdings was increased, which resulted in absentee landlords and a large sub-tenant workforce. Yeoman grantees, which had initially been ear-marked to be scrapped, were required to possess 5-15 mares each.<ref name="J. Wilson, SC 1902">‘Note by J. Wilson, SC, 23 March 1902; in PRAP(I), October 1902, No.18.</ref> The majority of peasant grantees hailed from the districts of Gujrat, [[Sialkot]] and Gujranwala.<ref>"Allotment in Jhelum Canal Colony of land to selected Peasants and Yeomen for maintenance of brood mares", Pile J/301/684 k.w. (BOR).</ref> Yeoman grantees were selected from families of local landed magnates, further bringing the allegiance of the rural gentry towards British rule. These Yeoman grantees would however prove to be unsatisfactory colonists, absentee landlords, and were unable to transfer their equine skills to the colony.<ref name="J. Wilson, SC 1902"/>

===Lower Bari Doab Colony===
Situated in the Montgomery and Multan districts, the colony lay between the [[Ravi River|Ravi]] and Beas rivers. Colonisation began in 1914 and lasted a decade, being disrupted by the [[First World War]]. The two most important considerations for the colony were to further the horse breeding scheme and provide land for military personnel. Land was also reserved for indigenous groups, peasants from congested areas, landed gentry and for compensatory grants for loss of land. In addition, for the first time land was allocated to landless men of lower castes.

Horse-breeding grants were the most significant group in the colony. Keen to avoid the problems encountered in the Jhelum Colony a new scheme was introduced. A certain proportion of rectangles were reserved for horse-breeding in every peasant village, and grantees competed for the lease of these 'horse-breeding rectangles'.<ref>PCR: 1913, p.33;</ref> Furthermore, a time limitation of 5 years would be placed on leases, enabling the government to weed out unsatisfactory breeders. Horse-breeding would thus be regarded as a means of acquiring additional resources, which the lessee could enjoy over and above his personal grant.<ref>"Horse-breeding . . .", File J/501/1101 A, pp.9-14.</ref> This policy of inducing competition for resources in the village was however criticised by [[Geoffrey Fitzhervey de Montmorency]], Deputy Commissioner of Lyallpur, who felt it would create factionalism and conflict.<ref>Note by G.F. de Montmorency, Personal Assistant to the Chief Commissioner, Delhi, 13 December 1912; in Ibid., pp.145-46.</ref>

The outbreak of the War led to the government increasing the amount of land available to military veterans to 180,000 acres. Within the Punjab, military service therefore became a means of securing landed status, offering unrivalled opportunities for social and economic mobility. This led to the opening up of colony land to a wider range of Punjabi society rather than the chosen groups in previous colonies. Nonetheless, the landholding peasantry of the Punjab, acquired the largest share of the colony, some 68.66 per cent.<ref>"Lower Bari Doab Colony - Compensatory grants", File 301/4/24/9 A (BOR), pp.145-47.</ref>

===Upper Chenab and Upper Jhelum Colonies===
[[File:Marala shutters (1915).jpg|thumb|250px|Marala Shutters at the head of the Upper Chenab Canal]]
These two colonies began at the same time as the Lower Bari Doab Colony. Smaller in scale, the two colonies amounted to just 120,000 acres. Lying to the north of the larger Chenab and Jhelum colonies, The primary purpose of the two canals on which these projects were based, the Upper Chenab and [[Upper Jhelum Canal]]s, was to transport the waters of the Chenab and Jhelum Rivers to the Ravi, for the irrigation of the Lower Bari Doab Colony.<ref>Imran Ali, THE PUNJAB CANAL COLONIES, 1885-1940, 1979, The Australian National University, Canberra, p89</ref> Grants were given to those who had missed out on land in the Jhelum colony owing to the policy of horse-breeding.<ref>PRAP(I): July 1914, Nos.3-4</ref> Special grants were also given to those who had distinguished themselves, or to the heirs of those who had lost their lives, in offering resistance to criminals, or by assisting in the prevention, investigation or prosecution of crime.<ref>File H/ 251/4 75: Pt A, pp.105-06, 111</ref>

===Nili Bar Colony===
This Colony was last built under British rule. Colonisation began in 1926, however was never completed. It differed from the previous two large scale colonies in Jhelum and the Lower Bari Doab in that it did not reserve space for horse breeders. However military provision was provided for with the reservation of 75,000 acres for pensioned servicemen. Peasant grants reserved for agricultural castes formed the bulk of the land.<ref>"Recruitment of Peasant cultivators from the Punjab for the Bahawalpur State", File 301/2/0/140 (BOR), Notes pp.5-54.</ref> The government decided that those eligible for peasant grants were those whose lands had been ruined by waterlogging,
or by diluvion and river action, or those who that inhabited congested tracts.<ref>FC(D)’s letter; in PRAP(R), July 1927, No . 4 .</ref> By 1929, over 70,000 acres had been allotted to sufferers from the districts of Sialkot, Gujranwala, [[Sheikhupura]] and Gujrat.<ref>"Canal administration, Waterlogging. Damage to land by waterlogging in Village Thatta Asalatke, District Gujranwala", File 251/39/00/78 (BOR), p.21.</ref> The government specified
that residents of tracts which had so far received little or no canal land should also be selected, provided that such men were skilled agriculturists and promised to make good colonists.<ref>Imran Ali, THE PUNJAB CANAL COLONIES, 1885-1940, 1979, The Australian National University, Canberra, p97</ref> Reward grants amounting to 36,750 were awarded to non officials deemed to have rendered loyal service to the government, whilst Police Grants were given to those "who have been conspicuous in aid to the Police, or who have assisted government in times of disorder or the like."<ref>'Note by Hailey, para. 14; in "Colonisation . . .", File 301/1/C9/3 B kx, p .55 .</ref> Grants to 'Criminal tribes' were made in the hope of reclaiming through resettlement tribes which displayed habitual criminal tendencies.<ref>Imran Ali, THE PUNJAB CANAL COLONIES, 1885-1940, 1979, The Australian National University, Canberra, p99</ref>

45 per cent of the land was reserved for auction, with the hope of generating funds for the government. Part of the reason for the auctions was the need to recoup a profitable return on the capital outlay as a result of increased interest results following the war.<ref>"Colonisation . . .", File 301/1/C9/3 A.</ref> The government put in place a plan to auction 15,000 acres a year for a period of 20–25 years.<ref>FC(D)'s letter; in PRAP(R), July 1927, No . 4.</ref> The auction process would however prove to be one of the greatest disasters of the entire colonisation project as the onset of the international economic crisis in 1929, meant the market for land in the Punjab collapsed entirely.<ref>Imran Ali, THE PUNJAB CANAL COLONIES, 1885-1940, 1979, The Australian National University, Canberra, p101</ref> The price of land fell so low that the government was only able to hold three auctions, selling just 3,773 acres in the next ten years.<ref>PCR: 1930, PC’s Review, p.2; 1931, p.2.</ref> In the two decades from the inception of the auctions, the total area sold amounted to 118,728 acres, which was only one-third of the area reserved for this purpose.<ref>"Sale by ...", in File 301/8/C9/47 A-N.</ref>

Unable to sell the land, the government opted for temporarily leases. 319,200 acres had been leased by 1938, mainly to affluent individuals. The short terms of the leases encouraged malpractice, and exploitation by the tenants towards the sub-tenants who cultivated the land.<ref>'PCR: 1934, p.ll;</ref> This led to widespread unrest amongst the sub-tenants who were unable to pay their rent, and were falling into debt.<ref>.PCR: 1936, Governor's Review, and pp.7-9;</ref>

==Timeline of Colonies==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Colony !! Period of colonisation !! Doab !! District !! Area in acres
|-
| Sidhnai || 1886-88<ref name=":0" /> || [[Majha|Bari]] || [[Multan]] || 250,000<ref name="Cassan">Guilhem Cassan, Identity Based Policies and Identity Manipulation: Evidence from Colonial Punjab, 2013, p47</ref>
|-
| Sohag Para || 1886-88 || Bari || [[Montgomery (town), British India|Montgomery]] || 86,300<ref name="Cassan"/>
|-
| Chenab || 1892–1905<br />1926-30 || [[Rechna Doab|Rechna]] || [[Gujranwala]], [[Jhang]], [[Lyallpur]], [[Lahore]], [[Sheikhupura]] || 1,824,745<ref name="Cassan"/>
|-
| Chunian || 1896–98<br />1904-05 || Bari || Lahore || 102,500<ref name="Cassan"/>
|-
| Jhelum || 1902-06 || [[Jech Doab|Jech]] || [[Shahpur City|Shapur]], Jhang || 540,000<ref name="Cassan"/>
|-
| Lower Bari Doab || 1914-24 || Bari || Montgomery, Multan || 1,192,000<ref name="Cassan"/>
|-
| Upper Chenab || 1915-19 || Rechna || Gujranwala, [[Sialkot]], Sheikhupura || 78,800<ref name="Cassan"/>
|-
| Upper Jhelum || 1916<ref name=":0" />-21 || Jech || [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]] || 42,300<ref name="Cassan"/>
|-
| Nili Bar ||1916-40 || Bari || Montgomery, Multan || 1,650,000<ref name="Cassan"/>
|}

==Agitation==
To improve the economic position and standard of living amongst Punjabi agriculturalists, the provincial government had passed a series of paternalist measures. The [[Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900]] removed the zamindar's right to sell or mortgage his land without the approval of the district officer. These officers usually only approved a zamindar's request if he belonged to a tribe designated as an agricultural tribe by the government. The restrictions were designed to halt the flow of land outside the farming community and prevent further indebtedness towards moneylenders by curtailing cultivators' credit. Although the Act drew protests from the commercial tribes and money-lenders, they were unable to garner support from the cultivators whose interests had been protected. In the following years, encouraged by the lack of agitation, further paternalist measures were introduced, such as the Punjab Pre-Emption Act, which stated agriculturalists had first claim on any land sold by a villager.<ref name="barrier"/>

From the turn of the century, conditions in the Chenab Colony had begun to cause an issue for the provincial government. As the government ran out of good land to distribute, settlers became increasingly agitated. Furthermore, the land was becoming increasingly fragmented as grantees distributed the land among many heirs. At the same time, officials were struggling to enforce discipline as many settlers evaded the residence requirements, built houses on farming plots, cut down trees, and led what was perceived by the officials as unsanitary lives. In 1906, the provincial government introduced a colonisation bill, extending official powers over the canal colonies. This placed strict rules on inheritance and introduced retrospective conditions concerning sanitation, tree planting, and construction. Before the bill, the government had been relying on fines to punish any offenders, relying on a large retinue of locally employed staffers to oversee it, who were, as one British official remarked, "practically certain to make the greatest possible use of any opportunities they may have for extorting bribes." The rampant corruption placed the zamindars under increasing economic strain, which was exacerbated by crop failures in 1905 and 1906, and an increase in water rates in 1906. These conditions led to a level of agitation previously unseen during British rule in the Punjab known as the [[1907 Punjab unrest]].<ref name="barrier"/>

==Economic impact==
The Punjab, despite being only 9.7 per cent of the total area of British India, had by 1931 9,929,217 acres irrigated by canals colonies, the largest area in British India, and representing 46 per cent of the total land irrigated by canals. This was two and a half times greater than the [[Madras Presidency]], second in this category.<ref>Calvert, Wealth and Warfare, p.126</ref> The canal irrigated area in the Punjab increased from 3 million acres in 1885 to 14 million acres by the end of British rule in 1947.<ref>Ali, Imran, The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988, p.10</ref>

The canal colonies acted as a primary industrialising agent in the Punjab. By 1921 the proportion of the population supported by agriculture was lesser in the colony districts relative to in the non-colony districts, because a significant population in the colony districts was engaged in industrial pursuits. For example, in Lyallpur alone 326 [[Cotton gin|ginning]] factories emerged to serve her own cotton fields.<ref name="khawaja12">Idrees Khawaja, Development, Disparity and Colonial Shocks: Do Endowments Matter?, 2012, p.12</ref> By converting barren land into productive agricultural land, the Punjabi government was able to increase export output and maximise revenue through taxes on the increased produce. The increased supply of produce in turn meant investment was needed in the road and rail network to transport the goods to market. The larger size of the holdings in the colonies, together with improvements to the transport infrastructure and other marketing facilities had a large positive impact on the settler's income.<ref name="khawaja11">Idrees Khawaja, Development, Disparity and Colonial Shocks: Do Endowments Matter?, 2012, p.11</ref>

Prior to the establishment of the colonies, many farmers in the Punjab were in debt to money-lenders. However, with the increased incomes in the colonies, the proportion of debt owed to traditional money-lenders was considerably less than in other non-colony areas.<ref name="khawaja12"/> Furthermore, by obtaining the grants at nominal prices, the settlers were able to enjoy the vast capital appreciation of their land as it grew increasingly productive. By the 1920s, thirty years after the establishment of the Chenab Colony, the average land price in Lyallpur was Rs. 1200 providing a capital gain of 9,900 percent.<ref>[[Malcolm Lyall Darling|Darling, M.L.]], The Punjab Peasant in Prosperity and Debt, London: Oxford University Press, 1925.</ref>

A significant beneficiary of the colonisation was the city of [[Lyallpur]], now [[Faisalabad]], originally named after Sir [[James Broadwood Lyall]] who pioneered the Chenab colony. At the time of the British annexation in 1849 it was a barren wasteland, and by 1891 the region had a population density of mere 7 persons per square mile. It was characterised by nomadic tribes and notorious criminals, with the Sandal Bar area being named after the [[Chuhra]] bandit Sandal. By 1901, in just a decade, the population had reached 187 persons per square mile, was 301 in 1921 and 927 in 1998.<ref>Idrees Khawaja, Development, Disparity and Colonial Shocks: Do Endowments Matter?, 2012, p.13</ref> Lyallpur, renamed Faisalabad in the 1970s, is currently the third most prosperous city of [[Pakistan]] in terms of GDP per capita.<ref>Economic Outlook November 2009, PricewaterhouseCoopers, UK.</ref>

All these canal colonies eventually became part of [[Punjab Irrigation Department]] after the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

==See also==

* Settlement types
** [[Chak (village)]]
** [[Dhani (settlement type)]]
** [[Hamlet (place)]]
** [[Pargana|Subah or Taraf, Pargana or Mahal, Mauza or Pir]]

* Land forms
** [[Bagar tract]]
** [[Doab#Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar|Barani, Nehri and Nalli]]
** [[Doab]]
** [[Khadir and Bangar]]

* General
** [[Johad]]
** [[Punjab region]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{coord missing|Punjab, Pakistan}}

[[Category:Canals in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Economy of British India]]
[[Category:Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Settlement schemes in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Settlement schemes in Asia]]

Kadiyala Ramachandra

2026-03-07T07:00:44Z

ZVPZulma5461169: adding post...

{{Short description|Indian medical doctor and poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kadiyala Ramachandra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 6 November 1919
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = February 2007
| death_place =
| occupation = Physician
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br>Johnstone Gold Medal<br>T. M. Nair Gold Medal<br>The Raja of Panagal Prize<br>Dr. Rangachari Prize
| website =
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| domesticpartner =
}}
'''Kadiyala Ramachandra''' (1919-2007) was an Indian medical doctor, poet,<ref name="Poems of Introspection">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/07/30/stories/2002073000030300.htm | title=Poems of Introspection | newspaper=The Hindu | date=30 July 2002 | access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> a former superintendent of the [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|Government General Hospital]], Chennai and a former head of the department of medicine at [[Madras Medical College]].<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile ">{{cite web | url=http://www.alumnimmc.com/halloffame-ramachandra.php | title=Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile | publisher=Madras Medical College Alumni Association | date=2015 | access-date=6 June 2015 | archive-date=9 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509041826/http://www.alumnimmc.com/halloffame-ramachandra.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> His efforts were reported behind the establishment of the Department of Oncology & Cancer Chemotherapy and the Rheumatic Care Unit at the General Hospital.<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile " /> He was a recipient of the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]] in 1974.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2015 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Ramachandra was born on 6 November 1919 in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and did his early studies at Doveton Corrie Boys School and [[Loyola College, Chennai]] before graduating in medicine from the [[Madras Medical College]] in 1949.<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile " /> He worked as the superintendent of the [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|Government General Hospital]] in Chennai and during his tenure there, the hospital started two new departments, the Department of Oncology & Cancer Chemotherapy and the Rheumatic Care Unit. He also worked as a professor and the head of the department of medicine at his alma mater, [[Madras Medical College]], served as a member of the senate and the syndicate of the [[University of Madras]] and headed the committee of post graduate examinations.<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile " /> After superannuation, the university appointed him as its Professor Emeritus.<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile " />

Ramachandra published 52 scientific papers and delivered several lectures of which Curzon Endowment Lectures (1968) and Dr. K. Kudumbiah's Endowment lecture (1971)<ref name="History of medicine relating to kidney and disorders of the urinary tract, (Dr. P. Kutumbiah endowment lectures)">{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0006CDGTY | title=History of medicine relating to kidney and disorders of the urinary tract, (Dr. P. Kutumbiah endowment lectures) | publisher=University of Madras | author=Kadiyala Ramachandra | year=1973 | pages=74 | asin=B0006CDGTY}}</ref> were notable. His research on the use of Indian herbs in the treatment of Bronchial Asthma were reported in the Indian news and he delivered a talk series on health issues which was broadcast by the [[All India Radio]].<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile " /> He was known to have written a treatise on the History of Medicine which was published by the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile " /> His literary publication, ''Poems of Introspection'' is an anthology of 53 poems which was released in 2003.<ref name="Poems of Introspection" />

Ramachandra was a recipient of Johnstone Gold Medal, T. M. Nair Gold Medal, The Raja of Panagal Prize and the Dr Rangachari Prize in Medicine.<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile " /> The [[Government of India]] awarded him the civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 1974.<ref name="Padma Shri" /> He died in February 2007, at the age of 87.<ref name="Professor Dr.K.Ramachandra – A Profile " />

{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=History of medicine relating to kidney and disorders of the urinary tract, (Dr. P. Kutumbiah endowment lectures) | publisher=University of Madras | author=Kadiyala Ramachandra | year=1973 | pages=74 | asin=B0006CDGTY}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandra, Kadiyala}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Vikram 32

2026-03-07T02:41:55Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Started New Entry - done

{{Short description|Indian microprocessor}}
{{Infobox CPU
| name = Vikram 3201
| image =
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| fastest = 100
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| designfirm = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| manuf1 = Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) in [[Chandigarh]]
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|instructions=Proprietary/custom instruction set (designed by ISRO)|application=Designed for launch vehicle avionics and space missions}}

'''Vikram 3201''' is India’s first fully indigenous 32-bit space-grade microprocessor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-02 |title=What is Vikram-32 chip, India's first indigenous space processor? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/vikram-32-chip-indias-first-indigenous-space-processor-13930180.html |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> It was developed with the help of the Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL) in [[Chandigarh]], by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-03 |title=ISRO unveils Vikram 3201: Why India's first 32-bit processor matters more than just deep space missions |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/technology-isro-unveils-vikram-3201-why-indias-first-32-bit-processor-matters-more-than-just-deep-space-missions-3965355/ |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=FE Tech Bytes |language=en}}</ref> It was launched by [[Narendra Modi]] In September 2025.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
Vikram 3201 was designed to specifically fit launch vehicle applications and features a customized instruction set architecture that supports advance programming in [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], with [[C (programming language)|C language]] support currently still in development process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISRO, SCL develops 32-bit Microprocessors for space applications |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/science/space/isro-scl-develops-32-bit-microprocessors-for-space-applications-3448458 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It features software tools that were developed in India, including a compiler, assembler, linker, and simulator, which demonstrate India's ability to produce mission-critical microelectronics for space applications.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-02 |title=Made in India chip: What is Vikram 32-bit processor? All you want to know about first indigenous chip presented to PM Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/made-in-india-chip-what-is-vikram-32-bit-processor-all-you-want-to-know-about-first-indigenous-chip-presented-to-pm-modi/articleshow/123653382.cms |access-date=2025-09-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-02 |title=IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw presents first 'Made in India' chip to PM Modi at Semicon 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/it-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw-presents-first-made-in-india-chip-to-pm-modi-at-semicon-2025/article70004784.ece |access-date=2025-09-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Microcontrollers]]
[[Category:32-bit microprocessors]]
[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]

Keelu Bommalu

2026-03-03T20:35:08Z

ZVPZulma5461169: correct references and updated info per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Keelu Bommalu
| image = Keelu Bommalu.JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[C. S. Rao]]
| producer = Parvathaneni Gangadhara Rao
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]<br />[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]<br />[[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]]<br/>[[Jaggayya]]<br>[[Kannamba]]
| music = [[S. P. Kodandapani]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1965}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Keelu Bommalu''''' ({{Translation|Keyed toys}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[C. S. Rao]] and produced by P. Gangadhara Rao of Hyderabad Films.<ref>{{Cite web|title=కీలుబొమ్మలు|trans-title=Keelu Bommalu|url=https://indiancine.ma/document/CXU|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film depicts a student of religion who comes to realise that he is selfish and learns to help others.

==Cast==
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
* [[Jaggayya]]
* [[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]]
* [[Kannamba]]
* [[Mudigonda Lingamurthy]]

==Awards==
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Nandi Award for Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] won by P. Gangadhara Rao.<ref>{{Cite web|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|access-date=21 August 2020|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==Songs==
* "Bottu Kaatuka Pettukuni" (Singer: [[P. Susheela]])
* "Pillanogroviga Marithira" (Singer: P. Susheela)
*"Endu Konanukonti" - Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, K. Jamuna Rani
*"Keelu Bommalu" - Ghantasala

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:1965 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. S. Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Kodandapani]]

{{1960s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya

2026-03-03T20:01:27Z

ZVPZulma5461169: further refine formatting per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Indian politician (1906–2003)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = '''Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya''' or Andhra Gandhi
| birth_date = 1906
| birth_place =[[Sattenapalle]], [[Guntur district]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = 2003
| death_place = Hyderabad
| citizenship = India
| awards = [[Kalaprapurna]] Award, [[Padma Bhushan]] Award
|}}

'''Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya''' (1906 – 29 April 2003)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/29ap.htm|title = Freedom fighter Vavilala is dead}}</ref> was a legislator in the 1950s and 1960s and religiously followed the Gandhian philosophy.

== Biography ==
Born in 1906 at Sattenapalle in Guntur District of Andhra, he started his career as a journalist but became involved in the freedom struggle. After Independence, he was elected to the assembly of the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1952, the [[Andhra State]] assembly in 1955, and the Andhra Pradesh [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] in 1962 and 1967 from [[Sattenapalli]]. On all four occasions, he was elected as an independent with the support of the undivided Communist Party of India. He was also associated with the cooperative movement and the library movement in Andhra Pradesh.

In his long political life, Vavilala participated in almost all major agitations in the state, including the Vishalandhra movement for the formation of Andhra Pradesh in the mid-1950s, the Nandigonda project agitation in Guntur, and farmers' agitations. He also participated in the anti-arrack agitation and the movement for total prohibition in the state in the 1990s. Vavilala was chairman of a state-level implementation committee for total prohibition before the ban on Indian-made foreign liquor was relaxed in 1997.

He was also chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Official Language Commission. Andhra University honoured him with the award of Kalaprapurna. He was also conferred the title of Padma Bhushan by the central government.

== Individual Satyagraha and Quit India Movement ==
During the 1940's Vavilala Gopalakrishnayya participated in Individual Satyagraha in Guntur Town Hall in Andhra Pradesh.

==Awards==
*Kalaprapurna (honorary doctorate), [[Andhra University]]
*1992: [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==

{{Authority control}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalakrishnayya, Vavilala}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Journalists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1955–1962]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]

Zomi Revolutionary Army

2026-03-03T15:18:00Z

ZVPZulma5461169: fix formatting additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Nationalist insurgent group}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name = Zomi Revolutionary Army
| native_name_lang = Zomi
| war = [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]]
* [[Myanmar civil war (2021–present)]]
** [[Clashes in Chin State]]
[[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
* [[Insurgency in Manipur]]
| image = [[File:Flag of Zomi Re-unification Organisation.svg|200px]]
| caption = Flag of the Zomi people, adopted by the ZRA{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}
| active = {{Start date|1993}}–present
| leaders = [[Thanglianpau Guite]]
| ideology = [[Zogam|Zomi nationalism]]
| clans =
| headquarters = [[Churachandpur District|Churachandpur]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| size =
| allies = * {{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|National Socialist Council of Nagaland IM]]
* [[Kuki Liberation Organisation]] ([[Memorandum of understanding]])
| opponents =
* {{flagicon image|Chin National Army Flag.svg}} [[Chin National Army]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Chin National Front Signs Deal with Myanmar's Shadow Govt |newspaper=The Irrawaddy |date=29 May 2021 |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chin-national-front-signs-deal-with-myanmars-shadow-govt.html |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121112304/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chin-national-front-signs-deal-with-myanmars-shadow-govt.html |url-status=live}}</ref> (until August 2024)<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Myanmar-based ZRO and CNF sign peace agreement in Mizoram
| newspaper = Northeast Now
| location = Aizawl
| pages =
| language =
| publisher =
| date = 2024-07-29
| url = https://nenow.in/neighbour/myanmar/myanmar-based-zro-and-cnf-sign-peace-agreement-in-mizoram.html
| access-date =2024-08-05
| archivedate=2024-07-29
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729073407/https://nenow.in/neighbour/myanmar/myanmar-based-zro-and-cnf-sign-peace-agreement-in-mizoram.html
}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chin State.svg}} [[Chinland Defense Force]] (Until September 2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Lu: ZRO/ZRA Has Abducted And Killed Our CJDC Members |url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/paul-lu-zrozra-has-abducted-and-killed-our-cjdc-members |access-date=2022-06-28 |website=Burma News International |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628210211/https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/paul-lu-zrozra-has-abducted-and-killed-our-cjdc-members |url-status=live }}</ref>| website =
}}

The '''Zomi Revolutionary Army''' ('''ZRA''') is a [[Zomi people|Zomi]] nationalist militant group formed in 1997, following an increase in ethnic tensions between the [[Thadou people|Thadou-Kuki people]] and the [[Paite people|Paite]] people in [[Churachandpur district]] of [[Manipur]], [[India]]. Its parent organisation, the '''Zomi Re-unification Organisation''', was founded in April 1993.<ref name="satp.org">{{cite web |title=Zomi Revolutionary Organisation / Zomi Revolutionary Army |publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/zra.htm |archive-date=2 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702093105/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/zra.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The organization is led by [[Thanglianpau Guite]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Know Your Leader: Shri Thanglianpau Guite, President ZRO/A |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2024/03/know-your-leader-shri-thanglianpau.html |date=2 March 2024}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[Zo people|Zo]] identity for the [[Kuki-Chin languages|Kuki-Chin language]] speaking people spread across [[Northeast India]] and Myanmar's [[Chin State]] began to take shape soon after World War II. The people of the then [[Lushai Hills district]] in India (present-day [[Mizoram]]) rallied behind a "Mizo" ("Zo people") identity in 1946.{{sfnp|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011|p=176}} In 1953, the Baptist Associations of [[Tedim]], [[Falam]] and [[Hakha]] in Myanmar's [[Chin State]] adopted [[Zomi]] ("Zo people") as their "national" name (subsuming the various tribal identities).{{sfnp|Go, Zo Chronicles|2008|pp=185–187}} In India's [[Manipur]] state, T. Gougin formed a "United Zomi Organisation" in 1961 and "Zomi National Congress" in 1972.{{sfnp|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010|p=61}} The final step in these Zomi nationalist movements was taken in April 1993, when a '''Zomi Re-unification Organisation''' ('''ZRO''') was formed at Phapian in [[Kachin State]] of Myanmar, under the leadership of [[Tedim Chins]] and [[Paite people|Paites]]. It had the professed objective of unifying all the Zo people divided across national borders (India, Myanmar and Bangladesh) under a united "Zomi" identity.{{sfnp|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011|p=180}}

With these antecedents, seven [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo tribes]] of [[Churachandpur district]] in Manipur, that had previously declined to accept the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] identity, agreed to come under the banner of Zomi Re-unification Organisation in 1995. The seven tribes were [[Hmar people|Hmar]], [[Zou people|Zou]], [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]], [[Gangte people|Gangte]], [[Simte people|Simte]], [[Sukte people|Sukte]] ([[Tedim Chins]]) and [[Paite people|Paite]], with the Paites leading the grouping.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=191}}{{sfnp|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011|pp=180–181}} Its formation day is said to be observed by its adherents on 20 February every year as ''Zomi Nam Ni''.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=191}}{{efn|''Zomi Nam Ni'' is translated as "Zomi national day". Its celebration started in the Churachandpur town around 1994–1995.{{sfnp|Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities|2012|p=322}} However, it was already being celebrated in Chin State to mark the day when Chins switched to a democratic system of administration on 20 February 1948, dispensing with traditional chieftaincies. Starting out as "Chin National Day", the event is said to have been renamed as "Zomi National Day" in 1950.<ref>[http://www.zogam.org/zomi-national-day-20th-february Zomi National Day: 20th February], Zogam.com, retrieved 6 May 2024.</ref>}} By 1997, the organisation also formed an underground military wing called Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA, also referred to as "Zomi Re-unification Army"){{sfnp|Rammohan, Blueprint for Counterinsurgency in Manipur|2002}} ostensibly to defend the tribes under its umbrella from rival tribes, mainly the [[Thadou Kukis]].{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=191}}

== History ==
At the time of the formation of ZRA, the tensions between the "Kukis" ([[Thadou Kukis|Thadou-Kukis]]) and the tribes belonging to the Zomi grouping were on the rise. The [[Kuki–Naga conflict in Manipur|Kuki–Naga conflict]] caused many Thadou-Kukis to migrate to the [[Churachandpur Town]], which was previously dominated by Paites, and also caused the armed group [[Kuki National Front]] (KNF) to increase its demands for contributions. ZRO and ZRA objected to KNF's demands from the "Zomi" community, and allegedly berated KNF for picking a conflict with the [[Naga people|Naga]] militant group [[NSCN-IM]]. The KNF in turn suspected ZRA of teaming up with NSCN-IM.{{sfnp|Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities|2012|p=322}}{{sfnp|Rammohan, Blueprint for Counterinsurgency in Manipur|2002}}{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|pp=191–192}} A [[Kuki-Paite clash|year-long conflict]] between the Kukis and Zomis erupted in June 1997, in which the ZRA is said to have taken a beating due to having been inadequately armed. According to security specialist E. N. Rammohan, the Paite fighters fled to Myanmar, where they teamed up with NSCN-IM to regroup and arm themselves.{{sfnp|Rammohan, Blueprint for Counterinsurgency in Manipur|2002}}{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|pp=191–192}}

As a result of the Kuki–Paite clashes, the Gangte and Hmar tribes left the Zomi umbrella.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=205}} ZRA is said to have supported itself through extortion and occasional kidnapping in the Churachandpur district.<ref name="satp.org" /><ref name="Rangoon Mission">
{{citation |author=Rangoon Mission (US) |title=State Department cable |publication-date=4 February 2017 |url=https://archive.org/details/07RANGOON122/mode/1up |via=archive.org}}
</ref> Both KNF and ZRA faced splits and defections after the clashes, and saw the formation of new groups rivalling themselves. In 1997, the [[Zou people|Zou tribe]] formed Zou Defence Volunteers (ZDV) in [[Chandel district]].

In 2005, the [[Vaiphei people|Vaipheis]] who were not happy with the treatment given by the Zomis formed their own armed group called United Socialist Revolutionary Army (USRA), and the [[Hmars]] formed Hmar National Army (HNA). A rival [[Paite people|Paite]] group called Zomi Revolutionary Front (ZRF) was also formed. These rival groups eventually joined the fold of a Kuki-led umbrella group [[Kuki National Organisation]] (KNO).{{sfnp|Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities|2012|pp=322–323}} ZRA led another umbrella group called '''United People's Front''' (UPF). All the groups resorted to extortion, drug trade, kidnapping for ransom, forced recruitment of young children as cadres, denial of voting rights to unarmed sections of the community etc.{{sfnp|Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities|2012|pp=323–324}}

On 9 June 2005, ZRA insurgents ambushed a truck in [[Churachandpur district]] carrying Zomi Revolutionary Front (ZRF) insurgents, killing three ZRF members and one civilian. This attack was in retaliation for the ZRF's defection from the ZRA.<ref name="chinlandguardian">
{{citation |title=Three ZRF Cadres, One Civilian Killed in ZRA attack on truck |date=9 June 2005 |newspaper=Chinland Guardian |url=http://www.chinlandguardian.com/news-2009/khonumthung-news/691-three-zrf-cadres-one-civilian-killed-in-zra-attack-on-truck-.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029001116/http://www.chinlandguardian.com/news-2009/khonumthung-news/691-three-zrf-cadres-one-civilian-killed-in-zra-attack-on-truck-.html |archive-date=29 October 2010}}</ref>

===Ceasefire===
In August 2005, both KNO and UPF signed a [[ceasefire|Suspension of Operations]] (SoO) agreement with the Indian security forces. The militant groups agreed to abjure the path of violence, and refrain from unlawful activities such as killing, kidnapping, extortions, intimidations, carrying of arms in public, and the imposition of 'taxes' and 'fines'. The government agreed not to launch offensive operations against the armed groups.{{sfnp|Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities|2012|p=324}} The armed groups provided lists of their cadres to the security forces, and agreed to stay in designated camps. Identity cards were issued to the cadres, and arms were deposited under a double locking system.{{sfnp|Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities|2012|pp=324–325}}
According to the ZRA's statement, the agreement was to last six months starting from 1 August. The ZRA also said that they had "viewed the steps taken by the Indian government in this regard as a positive approach towards the better understanding of our unique history, and the realisation of the need for a permanent solution to the long standing aspirations of the Zomi people".<ref name="satp.org" /> In 2008, the SoO agreement was revised to a tripartite agreement with the inclusion of the [[Government of Manipur]].{{sfnp|Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities|2012|p=324}}

In spite of this agreement, the Indian security forces allegedly conducted operations against ZRA during the ceasefire.<ref name="satp.org" /> On 20 August 2006, two civilians were killed and four others were injured after Indian security forces opened fire on a group of churchgoers in the Vengnuam subdivision of Churachandpur, the ZRA's stronghold, believing incorrectly that ZRA members were present.<ref>
{{cite web |title=CZC flays CCpur Church attack |date=29 August 2006 |publisher=E-pao.net |url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..290806.aug06 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015143603/http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..290806.aug06 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later in September, ZRA insurgents clashed with other insurgents belonging to the Zomi Revolutionary Front, resulting in six deaths; one ZRA activist was also injured.<ref name=bbcnews>
{{cite news |title=Ambush kills nine Indian soldiers |newspaper=BBC News |date=20 September 2005 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4263152.stm |archive-date=16 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016123614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4263152.stm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In early 2010, two ZRA insurgents were killed in a clash with insurgents belonging the Revolutionary People's Front, the armed faction of the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] operating in interior [[Manipur]].<ref name="outlookindia">
{{cite news |title=Two militants killed in Manipur |newspaper=Outlook |access-date=12 October 2014 |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?672869 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006161712/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?672869 |url-status=live}}
</ref> That year, the Union home minister [[P. Chidambaram]] visited the ZRA camp in Muvanlai and spent 45 minutes. He promised to initiate talks on the Zomi demand for an autonomous hill state within Manipur. The demand has since evolved into an autonomous territorial council similar to the [[Bodoland Territorial Council]].<ref name="satp 2012-2001">
[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/ZRA_tl.htm Incidents and Statements involving ZRO/ ZRA: 2012-2001], South Asia Terrorism Portal, retrieved 6 May 2024.
</ref><ref>
Kishalay Bhattacharjee, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/manipur-armed-groups-reject-suspension-of-operation-demand-immediate-dialogue-with-govt-506891 Manipur armed groups reject 'suspension of operation', demand immediate dialogue with Govt], NDTV News, 8 December 2012.
</ref><ref>
[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/manipurs-zomi-people-push-for-btc-like-council/article33414012.ece Manipur’s Zomi people push for BTC-like council], The Hindu, 25 December 2020.
</ref>

=== ZRA Eastern Command in Myanmar ===
Even though ZRO was originally founded in the Kachin State of Myanmar, it does not appear that it had much following in Myanmar. A US State Department cable from {{circa|2010}} stated that ZRA had 200 fighters from mostly Paites (presumably from Churachandpur district). Five fighters from Chin National Army (CNA) were said to have joined it after [[Chin National Army|CNA]] became defunct.<ref name="Rangoon Mission"/>

By around 2020, reports started appearing referring to an "Eastern Command" (EC) of ZRA in Myanmar's [[Chin State]]. Reports said that it was attacking [[Chinland Defence Force]], having allied with the Burmese military junta.<ref>
[https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/zomi-revolutionary-army-attacks-anti-regime-group-in-tedim/ Zomi Revolutionary Army attacks anti-regime group in Tedim], Myanmar Now, 27 September 2021.
</ref><ref>[https://www.thechindwin.com/revealed-how-zomi-revolutionary-army-eastern-command-becomes-the-puppet-fighters-of-myanmars-military-council/ Revealed: How Zomi Revolutionary Army - Eastern Command becomes the puppet fighters of Myanmar's military council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508162624/https://www.thechindwin.com/revealed-how-zomi-revolutionary-army-eastern-command-becomes-the-puppet-fighters-of-myanmars-military-council/ |date=8 May 2024 }}, The Chindwin, 6 October 2021.</ref><ref name="Irrawaddy Feb 2022">
[https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/junta-enlists-indian-insurgent-groups-to-fight-resistance-forces-in-western-myanmar.html Junta Enlists Indian Insurgent Groups to Fight Resistance Forces in Western Myanmar], The Irrawaddy, 2 February 2022.
</ref>

=== Myanmar civil war ===
Although ZRA Eastern Command (ZRA-EC) initially claimed to not be cooperating with the military junta, the [[State Administration Council]], news began to surface about ZRA's cooperation with [[Tatmadaw|Myanmar military]].<ref name="Nikkei">{{cite web|title=Insurgents from India add fuel to fire in Myanmar's restive north |url= https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Insurgents-from-India-add-fuel-to-fire-in-Myanmar-s-restive-north |website=Nikkei Asia|access-date=21 May 2024|date=19 June 2022|first1=Makepeace|last1=Sithlou|first2=Ninglun|last2=Hanghal}}</ref><ref name="Barbed Wires">{{cite web|title=Is the Myanmar junta facilitating opium cultivation near the Indian border? |url= https://barbedwires.substack.com/p/is-the-myanmar-junta-facilitating |website=Barbed Wires|access-date=21 May 2024|date=1 February 2023|first=Angshuman|last=Choudhury}}</ref><ref name="Myanmar Now1">{{cite web|title=India-based Zomi armed group raids Chin resistance camps in northwestern Myanmar |url= https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/india-based-zomi-armed-group-raids-chin-resistance-camps-in-northwestern-myanmar |website=Myanmar Now|access-date=21 May 2024|date=14 September 2023}}</ref> ZRA-EC was said to be operating under the proxy command of the junta's Regional Tactical Command based in nearby [[Kalaymyo|Kalay]] in Sagaing Region and it continually attacked Chin resistance forces and aided Myanmar military in its battles against the resistance.<ref name="Barbed Wires"/><ref name="Myanmar Now1"/><ref name="BNI">{{cite web|title= Zomi BGF Defends Burma Army In Tedim Township |url= https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/zomi-bgf-defends-burma-army-tedim-township |website=Burma News International|access-date=21 May 2024|date=23 December 2023}}</ref> ZRA-EC was also accused to be involved in opium cultivation with the Myanmar military junta's assistance in [[Tonzang Township]], Chin state, as it was reported in a [[UNODC]] survey in 2022 that poppy cultivation, which was not prevalent in Chin state prior to the military coup in February 2021, suddenly saw a rise in Chin state, concentrating in ZRA-controlled areas.<ref name="The Diplomat">{{cite web|title= Myanmar Junta's Drug Trafficking Links |url= https://thediplomat.com/2023/06/myanmar-juntas-drug-trafficking-links/ |website=The Diplomat|access-date=9 February 2024|date=29 June 2023|first1=Rajeev|last1= Bhattacharyya}}</ref><ref>[https://www.unodc.org/documents/crop-monitoring/Myanmar/Myanmar_Opium_Survey_2018-web.pdf Myanmar Opium Survey 2018: Cultivation, Production and Implications]. [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]. January 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.unodc.org/roseap/uploads/documents/Publications/2023/Myanmar_Opium_Survey_2022.pdf Myanmar Opium Survey 2022: Cultivation, Production and Implications]. [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]. January 2023.</ref><ref name="Barbed Wires"/>

In January 2022, ZRA-EC is said to have clashed with [[Chin National Front]] and [[Chin National Army]] (CNF/CNA) resistance forces, and lost four fighters.<ref name="Irrawaddy Feb 2022" />
[[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA) is also said to be using similar strategies in fighting the Myanmar resistance forces.<ref name="Nikkei Jun 2022">
Makepeace Sitlhou, Ninglun Hanghal, [https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Insurgents-from-India-add-fuel-to-fire-in-Myanmar-s-restive-north Insurgents from India add fuel to fire in Myanmar's restive north], Nikkei Asia, 19 June 2022.
</ref>

In late August and early September 2023, the [[Chinland Defense Force]] claimed that two of their soldiers were killed after the ZRA-EC attacked bases in Tonzang Township.<ref name="Myanmar Now1" /> During the first raid, the CDF was greatly outnumbered, and military equipment was seized.<ref name="Myanmar Now1" /> Another camp was raided the following week, ZRA killing one CDF fighter, and confiscating one rifle. By September 2023, the ZRA raided camps of the Chin resistance forces at least three times.<ref name="Myanmar Now1" /> PDF Zoland, another Chin resistance group, also accused ZRA-EC of killing one of their leaders in December 2021.<ref name="Myanmar Now2">{{cite web |date=8 December 2021 |title=Chin PDF group accuses Zomi Revolutionary Army of killing leader |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/chin-pdf-group-accuses-zomi-revolutionary-army-of-killing-leader/ |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=Myanmar Now}}</ref>

In May 2024, the reports became more substantial, saying ZRA-EC was active in [[Tonzang Township|Tonzang]] and [[Tedim Township|Tedim]] Townships in Chin State, and [[Kale Township|Kalay]] and [[Tamu Township|Tamu]] Townships in [[Sagaing Region]] and that it was fighting the resistance forces in conjunction with the Burmese military.<ref>[https://cnimyanmar.com/index.php/english-edition/21852-battle-breaks-out-between-zra-and-cna-in-tedim Battle breaks out between ZRA and CNA in Tedim], CNI News, 3 May 2024.</ref><ref>Mary Khaing, [https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chin-tensions-high-as-myanmar-junta-blockades-border-town.html Chin Tensions High as Myanmar Junta Blockades Border Town], Irrawaddy, 16 May 2024.</ref> Battles broke out in Tonzang Township between Chin resistance forces consisting of CNA and CDFs against ZRA-EC and its allies, the Myanmar military.<ref name="Tonzang">{{cite web|title= Chin Tensions High as Myanmar Junta Blockades Border Town |url= https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chin-tensions-high-as-myanmar-junta-blockades-border-town.html |website=The Irrawaddy|access-date=21 May 2024|date=16 May 2024|first1=Mary|last1= Khaing}}</ref> Tonzang residents said that ZRA-EC and the Myanmar military blockaded the town, preventing any evacuations.<ref name="Tonzang" /> On 20 May 2024, Chin resistance forces captured [[Tonzang]] from ZRA-EC and Myanmar military.<ref name="BNI2">{{cite web|title=
Chin Resistance Forces Capture Tonzang and Cikha Towns |url= https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/chin-resistance-forces-capture-tonzang-and-cikha-towns |website=Burma News International|access-date=21 May 2024|date=20 May 2024}}</ref> During the battle, a ZRA combatant and two junta policemen were captured alive by the Chin resistance.<ref name="BNI2" />

== Organisational Structure ==
The founding president of ZRO in 1993 is mentioned as Khaijasong Guite (K. Guite) from the [[Karbi Anglong district]] in Assam.{{sfnp|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010|p=61}}{{sfnp|Haokip, Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma|2018|p=117}} Later [[Thanglianpau Guite]] is mentioned as its president.<ref>
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/say-sorry-for-raid-on-chiefs-house-zomi-outfit-to-assam-rifles/articleshow/20921917.cms Say sorry for raid on chief's house: Zomi outfit to Assam Rifles], The Times of India, 6 July 2013.
</ref><ref name="thewire.in">Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, [https://thewire.in/politics/zro-president-letter-amit-shah-nexus-armed-groups-political-parties-northeast ZRO President’s Letter to Amit Shah Points to Nexus Between Armed Groups, Political Parties], The Wire, 8 April 2019.</ref>
According to a U.S. State Department cable, Thanglianpau was a general secretary of the Zomi National Congress in the Chin State, and was elected to the Parliament of Myanmar in 1990. Later he was expelled from the party and migrated to India. The cable attributes the formation of both ZRO and ZRA to Thanglianpau.<ref name="Rangoon Mission"/>

The ZRA mainly conducts operations in the majority areas of burma, and in the [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]] district of [[Manipur]]. A particular area of activity is the Singngat subdivision of Churachandpur near the Myanmar border. Their operational areas include bordering regions of Manipur and [[Mizoram]].<ref name="satp.org" /> It also operates in [[Chin State]] of Myanmar under a so-called "[[Zomi Revolutionary Army#ZRA Eastern Command in Myanmar|ZRA Eastern Command]]".

The ZRA allegedly funds itself through the collection of "protection fees" from locals who live in their areas of operations. In exchange for this fee, the ZRA claims they protect locals from being shot, kidnapped, or robbed by rival groups.<ref name="satp.org" /> In June 2004, according to local media reports, the ZRA accused the [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) administration in [[Mizoram]] of only partially paying ZRA [[Cadre (politics)|cadres]] for campaigning on behalf of MNF candidates in [[Champhai]]. A prominent opposition leader in Mizoram, [[Lal Thanhawla]], claimed that on 12 June 2004, the MNF owed the ZRA payment for "services rendered", and that, because the MNF had failed to pay, the ZRA had begun collecting fees from residents of Mizoram.<ref name="satp.org" /><ref name="silobreaker">{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet for Zomi Revolutionary Organisation - Silobreaker |url=http://www.silobreaker.com/fact-sheet-for-zomi-revolutionary-organisation-5_2262191526366937088_4?DrillDownItems=11_305457 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227012910/http://www.silobreaker.com/fact-sheet-for-zomi-revolutionary-organisation-5_2262191526366937088_4?DrillDownItems=11_305457 |archive-date=27 February 2012 |access-date=12 October 2014 |publisher=Silobreaker.com}}</ref>

== Alliances with other insurgent groups ==
The ZRA's maintains close alliances with the [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL) and the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Isak Muivah]] (NSCN-IM). The group also has a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the [[Kuki Liberation Organization]] (KLO) that promises "full cooperation in all spheres, with the objective of strengthening the blood ties among the Kuki-Chin-Mizo/Zomi peoples".<ref name="satp.org" /> The ZRA was once in conflict with the [[Hmar People's Convention]]-Democracy (HPC-D), but the two groups reached an agreement to "work closely in the spirit of mutual understanding and cooperation for the welfare of the people and for achieving their shared objectives".<ref name="silobreaker"/>

In 2019, ZRO was reported to be part of United People's Front, an umbrella group of six or seven ethnic organisations with armed wings which were formed in the 1990s.<ref name="thewire.in"/>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Go |first=Khup Za |title=Zo Chronicles: A Documentary Study of History and Culture of the Kuki-Chin-Lushai Tribe |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9788183242103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jeaS8yXIj8C|ref={{sfnref|Go, Zo Chronicles|2008}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Rebecca C. |last=Haokip |chapter=The Kuki-Paite Conflict in the Churachandpur District of Manipur |editor=Lazar Jeyaseelan |title=Conflict Mapping and Peace Processes in North East India |publisher=North Eastern Social Research Centre |url=http://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |year=2007 |pages=185–207 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007}} |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218054719/https://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=T. S. Letkhosei |title=Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies |publisher=Educreation Publishing |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGpoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma|2018}}}}
* {{citation |first=E. N. |last=Rammohan |title=Blueprint for Counterinsurgency in Manipur |journal=The Journal of the United Services Institution of India |volume=CXXXII |date=April–June 2002 |url=https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/blue-print-for-counter-insurgency-in-manipur.html |ref={{sfnref|Rammohan, Blueprint for Counterinsurgency in Manipur|2002}} |access-date=6 May 2024 |archive-date=15 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215134545/https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/blue-print-for-counter-insurgency-in-manipur.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Suan |first=H. Kham Khan |title=Rethinking 'tribe' identities: The politics of recognition among the Zo in north-east India |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=45 |number=2 |year=2011 |pages=157–187 |doi=10.1177/006996671104500201 |ref={{sfnref|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Zou |first=David Vumlallian |title=A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=3-9 April 2010 |volume=45 |number=14 |pages=56–63 |jstor=25664306 |ref={{sfnref|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Zou |first=S. Thangboi |title=Emergent Micro-National Communities: The Logic of Kuki-Chin Armed Struggle in Manipur |journal=Strategic Analysis |volume=36 |number=2 |date=2012 |pages=315–327 |doi=10.1080/09700161.2012.646509 |ref={{sfnref|Zou, Emergent Micro-National Communities|2012}}}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.start.umd.edu/start/ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism]
* [http://www.satp.org/default.asp South Asia Terrorism Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218072553/http://www.satp.org/default.asp |date=18 February 2010 }}
* [http://www.zogam.org/ Zomi Re-Unification Organization]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zomi Revolutionary Army}}
[[Category:Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in India]]

Nila Kaalam

2026-03-03T04:34:22Z

ZVPZulma5461169: general fix citations as per guidelines and corrected details for accuracy

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{short description|2001 film by Gandhi Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| director = Gandhi Krishna
| screenplay = [[Gandhi Krishna]]
| story = [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]
| producer = Media Dreams Limited<br/>Sujatha
| starring = [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]<br/>Master Dinesh<br/>[[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]]<br/>Baby Ranjini Pradeep
| cinematography = [[M. V. Panneerselvam]]
| music = '''Original Songs''':<br/> Bharani<br/>'''Background score''':<br/>Sangeetha Rajan
| editor = [[B. Lenin]]<br/>[[V. T. Vijayan]]
| company = [[Media Dreams]]
| network =
| released = {{Start date|2001|01|29|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nila Kaalam''''' ({{translation|Lunar period}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language television film directed by [[Gandhi Krishna]]. The film stars [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and several child artists. It was also released at film festivals and child artiste [[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]] went on to win [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 February 2008 |title=My first break |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3022553.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406193744/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3022553.ece |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2001 |title=President Gives Away 48th National Film Awards |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rdec2001/12122001/r1212200131.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913031701/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2001/rdec2001/12122001/r1212200131.html |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=pibarchive.nic.in}}</ref> The film is based on [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]'s novel ''Andru Un Arukil''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2009 |title=Meet the creator of Ananda Thandavam |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/23pic1-gandhi-krishna-on-ananda-thandavam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143158/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/23pic1-gandhi-krishna-on-ananda-thandavam.htm |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The protagonists are three children — Nilaa (Baby Ranjini Pradeep), Amirdhalingam "Amar" (Master Dinesh) and Balasubramaniam "Pulli" ([[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]]). The two boys work in a garage for the owner ([[Bala Singh]]) which is next to Nilaa's house.

Nilaa, daughter of a popular actress, Veni ([[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]), who is estranged from her husband, has all the material comforts but yearns for company. Nilaa watches her mother shoot for a film with actor Ashok ([[Prabhu Deva]]). Soon, she strikes a friendship with the boys. The children `plan' a picnic and Nilaa provides the car, food and the works. Their excitement knows no bounds. But that day proves to be the last day of their carefree laughter, childish pranks and their innocence-filled childhood.

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name="A">{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |pages=399 |oclc=898765509}}</ref>
{{cast listing|
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Veni
*Master Dinesh as Amar (Amirdhalingam)<ref name="child">{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Raveena |last2=Ramanujam |first2=Srinivasa |date=13 November 2015 |title=Child stars on the big screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/child-stars-on-the-big-screen/article7873221.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406193743/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/child-stars-on-the-big-screen/article7873221.ece |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=6 April 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
*[[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]] as Pulli (Balasubramaniam)
*Baby Ranjini Pradeep as Nilaa<ref name="child" />
*Nellai Sundarrajan as Pattabi
*[[Rasheed Ummer]] as Raja
* [[Bala Singh]] as the garage owner
*Durai Ramesh
*[[Vikram Dharma]]
*[[Manivannan]]
*[[Kalairani]]
*[[Sujatha (writer)|S. Rangarajan and Sujatha]] (guest appearance)
*Walter Devaram (guest appearance)
* [[Prabhu Deva]] as Ashok (guest appearance)
* [[Manobala]] (guest appearance)
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film had a brief theatrical run after it was broadcast on television.<ref name="A" /> Savitha Padmanabhan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Udayaraj as Pulli hogs the limelight. As the eight-year-old orphan who only dreams of being with his non- existent mother and is completely ignorant about the ways of the mean world, Udayaraj would give the best actor a run for his money".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=2 February 2001 |title=Film Review: Nilaa Kaalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-nilaa-kaalam/article27914129.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913031658/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-nilaa-kaalam/article27914129.ece |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The director has been able to bring out some very natural and spontaneous performance from the three child artistes. But does a film targetted at children, and dealing with the story of lonely kids having innocent fun, deserve such a tragic ending?".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Film: Nilakaalam |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov99.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819035709/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov99.asp |archive-date=19 August 2003 |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Go4i.com'' appreciated the direction, cast performances, and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilaakalam |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/south/tamil/reviewsnilaakalam.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010810021857/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/south/tamil/reviewsnilaakalam.shtml |archive-date=10 August 2001 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Go4i.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sujatha}}

[[Category:2000s children's drama films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 television films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gandhi Krishna]]
[[Category:Indian children's drama films]]
[[Category:Indian television films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]

Adi Kadi Vav

2026-02-28T06:06:51Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Starting new info basic info.

{{Short description|Stepwell in Junagadh, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Historic building
|name = Adi Kadi Vav
|image = Adi Kadi Vav 04.jpg
|caption = Flight of steps leading to the well
|mapframe-zoom = 14
|mapframe-marker = water
|coordinates = {{coord|region:IN-GJ|display=inline, title}}
|location = [[Uparkot Fort]]
|location_town = [[Junagadh]]
|location_country = India
|architect = Local
|construction_start_date =
|completion_date = uncertain
|demolished_date =
|structural_system =
|architectural_style = [[Indian architecture]]
|building_type = [[Stepwell]]
|designations = [[Archeological Survey of India|ASI]] State Protected Monument No. S-GJ-114
}}
'''Adi Kadi Vav''' or '''Adi Chadi Vav''' is a [[stepwell]] in [[Uparkot Fort]], [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]], India. The date of its construction is uncertain.

==History==

According to Junagadh district administration website, the stepwell was constructed in 15th century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Adi Kadi Vav|url=https://junagadh.nic.in/tourist-place/adi-kadi-vav/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-24|website=District Junagadh, Government of Gujarat|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708203702/https://junagadh.nic.in/tourist-place/adi-kadi-vav/ |archive-date=2020-07-08 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Chakrabarti|first=Ranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RljsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Adi+Kadi+Vav&pg=PA124|title=Critical Themes in Environmental History of India|date=2020-06-08|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-5388-316-4|language=en}}</ref> Other sources says that it was constructed in second half of the 10th century or in 11th century during the rule of [[Chudasama dynasty]].<ref name="a">{{cite book|author=Jain-Neubauer|first=Jutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC|title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=1981|isbn=978-0-391-02284-3|pages=19}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Bhatt|first=Purnima Mehta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWmiDAAAQBAJ&dq=Adi+Kadi+Vav&pg=PT43|title=Her Space, Her Story: Exploring the Stepwells of Gujarat|date=2014-12-16|publisher=Zubaan|isbn=978-93-84757-08-3|language=en}}</ref> Another source says that it was constructed in 319 BCE and rediscovered in 976 CE.<ref name=":1" />

According to local historian Parimal Rupani, there were two separate stepwells. It is the Adi stepwell and the Kadi stepwell is still buried, according to him.<ref name=":2" />

It is a [[List of State Protected Monuments in Gujarat|state protected monument]] (S-GJ-114).

==Architecture==
Adi Kadi Vav is a Nanda type of stepwell.<ref name=":1" /> It is not built but carved out of solid natural rock. There is a flight of 166 steps in a narrow corridor to reach well shaft.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Juneja|first=Monica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ&q=Adi+Kadi|title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories|date=2001|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-010-7|pages=499|language=en}}</ref> A small window is carved in the thin rock layer above the well.<ref name="LivingstonBeach2002">{{cite book|author1=Livingston|first=Morna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoVCliqcmIIC|title=Steps to Water: The Ancient Stepwells of India|last2=Beach|first2=Milo|date=April 2002|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|isbn=978-1-56898-324-0|pages=21–22}}</ref> The rock strata is visible in the eroded walls.<ref name="Desai2007">{{cite book|author=Desai|first=Anjali H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA254|title=India Guide Gujarat|publisher=India Guide Publications|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|page=253}}</ref> The well is 123 feet deep.<ref name=":2" /> There is no ornamentations, shafts or pillars as in other stepwells.<ref name=":1" />

== Popular culture ==
According to a legend about its name, when the stepwell was constructed, no water was found. But on instruction of the royal priest, two unmarried girls named Adi and Kadi were sacrificed and the water was found. Another legend tells that Adi and Kadi were the royal maids who fetched water from the stepwell every day.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="Desai2007" /> People hangs cloths and bangles on the tree nearby to commemorate them.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

There is a proverb in Gujarati: {{Transliteration|gu|Adi Kadi ni Vav Ane Navghan Kuvo, Je Na Juve Te Jivto Muo}} ({{Transliteration|en|One who have not seen Adi Kadi Vav and Navghan Kuvo, is like living dead}}).<ref name="a" /><ref name=":2" />

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Adi kadi vav - Junagadh -Gujrat-DSC0002.jpg|Steps leading to well
File:Adi kadi vaav poster.jpg|Information board
File:Adi Kadi Vav 03.jpg|From outside
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Navghan Kuvo]]
* [[Stepwell]]
* [[Rani ki vav]]
* [[History of stepwells in Gujarat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Stepwells in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Junagadh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]

N. V. Natarajan

2026-02-26T19:30:19Z

ZVPZulma5461169: expanded information additionally and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian politician (1912–1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. V. Natarajan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1912|11|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1975|08|03|1912|11|12|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Tamil Nadu]] Minister of Labour and Backward Classes
| term_start1 = 1969
| term_end1 = 1975
| firstminister1 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Organisation Secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| term_start2 = 1959
| term_end2 = 1972
| predecessor2 = Position established
| successor2 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| office3 = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council
| term_start3 = 1964
| term_end3 = 1975
| constituency3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| otherparty = [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
| spouse =
| children =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| footnotes =
| date=
| year =
| source =
}}
'''N. V. Natarajan''' was an Indian politician of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) and Member of the Legislative Assembly of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a founding member of the DMK. He served as the Minister of Labour and Backward Classes in the Tamil Nadu government during 1969–1975.<ref name="megalaya">[http://www.megassembly.gov.in/proceedings/1975/09-08-1975.htm Proceedings of Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]</ref>

==Biography==
N. V. Natarajan was born on 12 November 1912 in a famous Mudaliar [[Thuluva Vellala]] merchant family of Madras. Initially, he was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. From 1938 to 1946, he was a member of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (later renamed as [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]). In 1949, he, together with [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[K. A. Mathiazhagan]], [[E. V. K. Sampath]] and [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], split from the Dravidar Kazhagam and formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. He was the party's organisational secretary from 1960 until his death. He unsuccessfully contested the [[1957 Madras State legislative assembly election|1957]] and [[1962 Madras State legislative assembly election|1962]] assembly elections from the [[Basin Bridge (State Assembly Constituency)|Basin Bridge]] constituency. In 1964, he was nominated to the [[Madras Legislative Council|Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]]. He was the minister for Labour and Backward Classes in the [[M. Karunanidhi]] cabinet during 1969-75. He died on 3 August 1975.<ref name="megalaya"/><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf 1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf 1957 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref name="sangam">{{cite web|url =http://www.sangam.org/2009/09/Anna_Centennial_3.php?print=true|title = Anna in the dock (1953)|author = Sachi Sri Kantha |work = Anna's Birth Centennial Anthology Part 3|publisher = Sangam.org|date = 2009-09-16|accessdate = 2009-11-24}}</ref>

Natarajan and his wife, Bhuvaneshwari Natarajan, had seven children. One of his sons, [[N. V. N. Somu]], later became a member of [[Lok Sabha|Parliament]] as a DMK candidate.<ref>[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok11/biodata/11tn40.htm Biographical Sketch Member of Parliament XI LOK SABHA]</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19971115/31950283.html A softspoken trade union leader]</ref>

== References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natarajan, N. V.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]

Deserts and xeric shrublands

2026-02-23T14:47:37Z

ZVPZulma5461169: improve details per standard format and improved wording

{{short description|Biome with 250 mm of annual rainfall or less}}
{{redirect|Xeric|the comic book grant foundation|Xeric Foundation}}
[[File:Ain Errich1.jpg|thumb|300px|Desertic region at the [[M'Sila Province]], Algeria]]
[[File:Biome_map_13.svg|thumb|right|250px|Extent of deserts and xeric shrublands]]

'''Deserts and xeric shrublands''' are a [[biome]] defined by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]].<ref name=wwf>{{CC-notice|bysa3}} {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425205057/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat13.cfm|archive-date=2012-04-25|url=http://wwf.panda.org:80/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat13.cfm|title=Deserts and Xeric Shrubland Ecoregions|author=World Wide Fund for Nature|access-date=2019-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Desert]]s and xeric ([[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|ξηρός}} {{translit|grc|xērós}} 'dry') [[shrubland]]s form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of [[Earth]]'s land surface area.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lockwood|first=M.|title=Managing Protected Areas: A Global Guide|page=199}}</ref> Ecoregions in this habitat type vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive, usually less than {{convert|10|in|mm|order=flip}} annually except in the margins. Generally evaporation exceeds rainfall in these ecoregions. Temperature variability is also diverse in these lands. Many deserts, such as the [[Sahara Desert|Sahara]], are hot year-round, but others, such as East Asia's [[Gobi Desert]], become quite cold during the winter.<ref name=wwf/>

Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts. High daytime temperatures give way to cold nights because there is no insulation provided by [[humidity]] and cloud cover. The diversity of climatic conditions, though quite harsh, supports a rich array of habitats. Many of these habitats are [[ephemeral]] in nature, reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water.<ref name=wwf/> Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions. Above all, these plants have evolved to minimize water loss. Animal biodiversity is equally well adapted and quite diverse.<ref name=wwf/>

== Degradation ==

===Desertification===
{{Main article|Desertification}}
[[File:Sengi-landscape Nama Karoo.tif|thumb|right|The [[Nama Karoo]] in South Africa is a xeric shrubland that receives between {{convert|100|and|500|mm|in|0}} of rain a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1314|title=Nama Karoo|publisher=WWF|access-date=2018-12-19}}</ref>]]
The conversion of productive [[drylands]] to desert conditions, known as [[desertification]], can occur from a variety of causes. One is human intervention, including intensive agricultural tillage or [[overgrazing]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=C. Michael|last=Hogan|year=2009|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Overgrazing|title=Overgrazing|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth|editor-first1=Sidney|editor-last1=Draggan|editor-first2=Cutler J.|editor-last2=Cleveland|publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> in areas that cannot support such exploitation. Climatic shifts such as [[global warming]] or the [[Milankovitch cycle]] (which drives [[Glacial period|glacials]] and [[interglacial]]s) also affect the pattern of deserts on Earth.

=== Woody plant encroachment ===
{{Main article|Woody plant encroachment}}

Xeric shrublands can experience woody plant encroachment, which is the thickening of bushes and shrubs at the expense of grasses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eldridge|first1=David J.|last2=Bowker|first2=Matthew A.|last3=Maestre|first3=Fernando T.|last4=Roger|first4=Erin|last5=Reynolds|first5=James F.|last6=Whitford|first6=Walter G.|date=July 2011|title=Impacts of shrub encroachment on ecosystem structure and functioning: towards a global synthesis: Synthesizing shrub encroachment effects|journal=Ecology Letters|language=en|volume=14|issue=7|pages=709–722|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01630.x|pmc=3563963|pmid=21592276}}</ref> This process is often caused by unsustainable land management practices, such as overgrazing and fire suppression, but can also be a consequence of [[climate change]]. As a result, the shrublands' core [[ecosystem services]] are affected, including its biodiversity, productivity, and groundwater recharge.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Archer|first1=Steven R.|title=Woody Plant Encroachment: Causes and Consequences|date=2017|work=Rangeland Systems|pages=25–84|editor-last=Briske|editor-first=David D.|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-46709-2_2|isbn=978-3-319-46707-8|last2=Andersen|first2=Erik M.|last3=Predick|first3=Katharine I.|last4=Schwinning|first4=Susanne|last5=Steidl|first5=Robert J.|last6=Woods|first6=Steven R.|series=Springer Series on Environmental Management |s2cid=133015720 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Woody plant encroachment can be an expression of land degradation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schlesinger|first1=William H.|last2=Reynolds|first2=James F.|last3=Cunningham|first3=Gary L.|last4=Huenneke|first4=Laura F.|last5=Jarrell|first5=Wesley M.|last6=Virginia|first6=Ross A.|last7=Whitford|first7=Walter G.|date=1990-03-02|title=Biological Feedbacks in Global Desertification|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.247.4946.1043|journal=Science|language=en|volume=247|issue=4946|pages=1043–1048|doi=10.1126/science.247.4946.1043|pmid=17800060 |bibcode=1990Sci...247.1043S |s2cid=33033125 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Ecoregions==
{{see also|List of desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions}}

The World Wide Fund for Nature highlights a number of desert [[ecoregion]]s that have a high degree of [[biodiversity]] and [[endemism]]:<ref name=wwf/>
* The [[Nama Karoo]] of Namibia has the world's richest desert fauna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cowling|first1=RM|first2=C|last2=Hilton-Taylor|year=1994|chapter=Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in southern Africa: An overview|pages=31–52|editor-first=BJ|editor-last=Huntley|title=Botanical diversity in southern Africa|publisher=National Botanical Institute|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref>
* The [[Carnarvon xeric shrublands]] of Australia are a regional center for endemism.<ref name=wwf/>
* The [[Chihuahuan desert]] may be the most [[biodiversity|biodiverse]] desert ecoregion in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Terrestrial ecoregions of North America : a conservation assessment|year=1999|last1=Ricketts|first1=TH|first2=E|last2=Dinerstein|first3=DM|last3=Olson|display-authors=et al|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=1-55963-722-6|page=44}}</ref>
* The [[Sonoran Desert|Sonoran]] and [[Baja California desert|Baja deserts]] of Mexico and the United States are unusual desert communities dominated by giant [[columnar cactus|columnar cacti]].<ref name=wwf/>
* [[Madagascar spiny forests]]
* [[Atacama Desert]]

==See also==
{{div col}}
* {{annotated link|Hydric soil}}
* {{annotated link|Mesic habitat|Mesic}}
* {{annotated link|Rain shadow}}
* {{annotated link|Sagebrush steppe}}
* {{annotated link|Shrub-steppe}}
* {{annotated link|Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands}}
* [[Xeriscaping]] — gardening or landscaping in xeric environments
* [[Xerocole]]s — animals adapted to xeric environments
* [[Xerophyte]]s — plants adapted to xeric environments
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120905010259/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoframe-list.htm Index to Deserts & Xeric Shrublands at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090129105807/http://www.xericworld.com/forums/ Xeric World] Online community focused on the study of xeric plant species
* [https://sand-boarding.com/desert-plants/ Desert Plants: List, Names and Adaptations]

{{Palearctic desert and xeric shrubland ecoregions}}
{{Biomes}}
{{Biodiversity of South Africa|ecoreg}}

[[Category:Deserts and xeric shrublands| ]]
[[Category:Terrestrial biomes]]
[[Category:Flora of the California desert regions]]
[[Category:North American desert flora| ]]

Loyola Technical Institute, Madurai

2026-02-22T17:09:24Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Added Some Article W/ Refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Loyola Technical Institute, Madurai
| native_name =
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| address =
| city = Gnanaolivupuram, [[Madurai]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/mku-leaves-examinees-in-the-lurch-in-madurai/article8692297.ece|title=MKU leaves examinees in the lurch in Madurai|author=Staff Reporter|date=5 June 2016|publisher=|via=The Hindu}}</ref>
| state =
| province =
| country =
| type = [[Jesuit]], [[Catholic church|Catholic]]
| denomination =
| established = {{Start date and age| 1952 }}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maduraijesuits.org/highlights2002.htm|title=Highlights (2002- ) - Jesuit Madurai Province|publisher=}}</ref>
| status =
| dean =
| administrator =
| rector =
| director =
| principal =
| headmaster =
| staff =
| teaching_staff =
| grades =
| gender = Coeducational
| enrollment =
| athletics =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| accreditation =
| national_ranking =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliations = 
| website =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| affiliation =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| asst principal =
| tuition =
| campus =
| colors =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
}}
'''Loyola Technical Institute, Madurai''', [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], was founded by the [[Jesuits]] in 1952, in the Catholic [[Archdiocese of Madurai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archdioceseofmadurai.com/religious-societies/educational-institutions/|title=Educational Institutions – Archdiocese of Madurai|website=archdioceseofmadurai.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>

Loyola Technical Institute, founded in 1952, is a part of the Jesuit’s Madurai Province.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maduraijesuits.org/whoweare.htm|title=Jesuit Madurai Province|website=www.maduraijesuits.org|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maduraijesuits.org/highlights2002.htm|title=Highlights (2002- ) - Jesuit Madurai Province|website=www.maduraijesuits.org|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|9|55|56.96|N|78|6|4.58|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Education in Madurai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1952]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Madras State]]

Mukthapuram

2026-02-22T15:29:45Z

ZVPZulma5461169: slightly adjust layout based on references and fixed typos per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mukthapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.2900|N|78.9667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 250
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08405
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Mukthapuram''' is a village in [[Markapuram district]], Komarolu Mandal, [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.

== Geography ==
Mukthapuram is located at {{coord|15.2900|N|78.9667|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Giddalur.html Falling Rain Genomics.Giddalur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 253 meters (833 feet).

Mukthapuram is a small village located on the main road from [[Giddaluru]] to [[Komarolu]].

== Demographics ==

As of the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Mukthapuram has a population of 771. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Mukthapuram has an average literacy rate of 50%.

== Education ==
Mukthapuram is served by the following elementary school also has an Anganwadi centre :
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021056/http://projects.cgg.gov.in/dsemis/School.do?&mgtcode=1&schlcode=0837022&count=1 Elementary School]

== References ==
<references />

{{Markapuram district}}
anganwadi center is also located in mukthapuram village and it is run by a good experience valanary teacher
anganwadi center is also located in mukthapuram village and it is run by a good experience valanary teacher

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]

Vikarabad district

2026-02-22T12:06:32Z

ZVPZulma5461169: fixes

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Vikarabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vikarabad district
| other_name = Gangawaram district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Telangana|District]] of [[Telangana]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Anantha Padmanabha Swamy Temple, Vikarabad, Anantahagiri Hills, Andhra Pradesh India.JPG
| photo2a = Ananthagiri forest in AP W IMG 9371.jpg
| spacing = 2
| color_border = white
| color = black
| size = 280
}}
| image_caption = Top: [[Anantha Padmanabha Swamy Temple]]<br/>Bottom: [[Ananthagiri Hills, Vikarabad district|Ananatagiri Hills]]
| native_name =
| image_map = Vikarabad in Telangana (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Vikarabad district'''
|type=shape |id=Q28170173
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Vikarabad district of Telangana
|type2=line|id2=Q677037|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Telangana
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Vikarabad
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 11-10-2016
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Vikarabad]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 20
| area_total_km2 = 3,386.00
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 9,27,140
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Prateek Jain I.A.S.
| leader_title1 = [[India Parliament|Parliamentary]] constituencies
| leader_name1 = Chevella, Mahbubnagar
| leader_title2 = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] constituencies
| leader_name2 = Vikarabad, Tandur
Parigi, Kodangal, Chevella(part)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–34<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TG 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|https://vikarabad.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Vikarabad district''', formerly known as '''Gangawaram'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telangana360.com/2024/01/vikarabad-history.html| title=Vikarabad District History}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.udayancare.org/chapterpage/telangana/vikarabad| title=Our Presence - Vikarabad}}</ref>, is a [[district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. [[Vikarabad]] is the headquarters of the district.<ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=http://vikarabad.telangana.gov.in/wp-content/plugins/pdfjs-viewer-shortcode/pdfjs/web/viewer.php?file=http%3A%2F%2Fvikarabad.telangana.gov.in%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2F27-Vikarabad.pdf&download=true&print=true&openfile=false|title=Vikarabad district|website=Official website Vikarabad district|access-date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="district">{{cite web|title=Vikarabad district|url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130690987248.Vikarabad.pdf|website=New Districts Formation Portal|publisher=Government of Telangana|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012075154/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476130690987248.Vikarabad.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://vikarabad.telangana.gov.in/history/ |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Vikarabad website |language=en-US}}</ref> Vikarabad is located in western part of telangana state.Vikarabad shares boundaries with [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]],[[Mahabubnagar]], [[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]], and [[Ranga Reddy]] districts and the state boundary of [[Karnataka]].

== History ==

The ancient name of Vikarabad was '''Gangawaram'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telangana360.com/2024/01/vikarabad-history.html| title=Vikarabad District History}}</ref>.
Vikarabad was named after the fifth [[Paigah family|Paigah]] Amir (Premier noble) [[H.E. Nawab Sir Vikar-ul-Umrah Bahadur]], Sikander Jung, Iqbal-ud-Daula and Iqtadar-ul-Mulk, Nawab Muhammed Fazaluddin Khan [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], who served as prime minister of [[Hyderabad State]] and [[Berar Province]] between 1893 and 1901.

[[Nawab Sir Vicar-ul-Umrah]] was the younger son of Nawab Rasheeduddin Khan Bahadur, Shams ul Umra, Amir e Kabir IÌI, Amir e Paigah IV and Co-Regent of Hyderabad. He built three palaces and mansions in Vikarabad, The Vikar Manzil Palace (which presently houses the deputy collector/RDO Office and still belongs to the Paigah family heirs), Sultan Manzil Palace named after his eldest son and heir, H.E. Nawab [[Sultan ul Mulk]] Bahadur the last full Amir of Vicar ul Umrahi Paigah and the "Vicar Shikargah" which he later presented as nazar or offering to his brother in law and nephew, H.H.Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, the VIth Nizam of Hyderabad.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Sir Vikar's Jagir Vikarabad, Dharur and Ananthagiri hills where know to be mini hill station of the Deccan. He died in 1902 and is buried at the [[Paigah Tombs]] at Hyderabad.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Vikarabad is well known for producing highly skilled Real estate tycoons.

== Geography ==
The district is spread over an area of {{convert|3386.00|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="profile" /> This district is bounded by [[Sangareddy district]] in the north, [[Ranga Reddy district]] in the east, [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar district]] in the south and [[Karnataka]] in the west.

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Vikarabad district (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 75.23 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 12.90 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 9.97 |color3 = khaki
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.90 |color4 = grey
}}

== Administrative divisions ==
The district will have two [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|revenue divisions]] of [[Tandur]] and [[Vikarabad]]. It is sub-divided into 20 [[mandal]]s.<ref name="district" /> Narayana Reddy Garu I.A.S. is the present collector of the district.

=== Mandals ===
[[File:Vikarabad_District_Revenue_divisions.png|thumb|280px|Sangareddy District Revenue divisions|left]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
!Vikarabad revenue division
!S.No.
!Tandur revenue division
|-
|1
|[[Marpalle]]
|13
|[[Peddemul]]
|-
|2
|[[Mominpet]]
|14
|[[Yalal|Yelal]]
|-
|3
|[[Nawabpet, Vikarabad district|Nawabpet]]
|15
|[[Kodangal]]
|-
|4
|[[Vikarabad]]
|16
|[[Bomraspeta|Bommaraspet]]
|-
|5
|[[Pudur, Vikarabad district|Pudur]]
|17
|[[Basheerabad]]
|-
|6
|[[Kulkacherla]]
|18
|[[Doulatabad, Mahbubnagar|Doulthabad]]
|-
|7
|[[Domah|Doma]]
|19
|[[Tandur]]
|-
|8
|[[Pargi]]
|20
|[[Dudyal]]
|-
|9
|[[Dharur, Vikarabad district|Dharur]]
|
|
|-
|10
|[[Kotepally]]
|
|
|-
|11
|[[Bantwaram]]
|
|
|-
|12
|[[:te:%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D %E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82|Chowdapur]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-04-04 |title=Notification to create two new mandals issued |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/Apr/25/notification-to-create-two-new-mandals-issued-2294457.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|}

== Villages ==


* [[Turmamidi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Turmamidi, Ranga Reddy, Telangana, India |url=https://bw.utc.city/1088616 |website=bw.utc.city |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons Category}}
* [https://vikarabad.telangana.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Telangana|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Vikarabad district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]

Taki Government High School

2026-02-21T01:29:21Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Started New Info - done

{{More citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Taki Government High School
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| enrollment = approx. 500
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| affiliations = West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education
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'''Taki Government High School''' is a school at [[Taki (India)|Taki]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVT_TAKI GOVT HIGH SCHOOL |url=https://schools.org.in/north-twenty-four-pargana/19114800501/govt_taki-govt-high-school.html |access-date=14 May 2024}}</ref> It is located by the side of the [[Ichhamati River]].

The school has grades 1 to 12 and the language of instruction is [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Students take the 10+ ([[Madhyamik]]) examination under the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] and 12+ ([[Higher Secondary Examination]]) under the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education First |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19114800501 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=school.banglarshiksha.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==
The school was established by [[zemindar]]s of Taki and was taken over by the government in 1881. Rajmohan Raychowdhury, a zemindar of Taki, allegedly established the school for the education of the common people.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Chronology ==
* 1881 - Taki Government High School was established
* 1957 - The Higher secondary Course (Class XI) is introduced.<ref>Prantik, Magazine of Taki Government High School, 2002</ref>
* 1966 - The Morning Section (Class-I to Class-V) and the Day Section (Class-VI to Class-XI) was introduced.<ref>Prantik, Magazine of Taki Government High School, 2002</ref>
* 1978 - The Higher Secondary Course including Class XII was introduced.<ref>Prantik, Magazine of Taki Government High School, 2002</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* Ahsanullah, (Khan Bahadur) (1873-1965)<ref>[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahsanullah,_Khan_Bahadur Banglapedia page on Ahsanullah]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|22.58701|88.933262|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1881]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Schools in North 24 Parganas district]]

Saundarya Lahari

2026-02-12T00:55:26Z

ZVPZulma5461169: adjusted references also and added references for accuracy

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Sanskrit literary work}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|[[Adi Shankara]] with disciples, drawing by [[Raja Ravivarma]], 1904.]]
[[File:SriYantra color.svg|thumb|The Sri Chakra, frequently called the [[Sri Yantra]].]]
The '''''Saundarya Lahari''''' ({{langx|sa|सौन्दर्यलहरी|lit=the waves of beauty|translit=Saundaryalaharī}}) is a famous literary work in [[Sanskrit]] attributed to [[Shiva Mahimna Stotra#:~:text=Pushpadanta, the chief of the,entered the garden by night.|Pushpadanta]] as well as [[Adi Shankara]].<ref name="arts">{{cite web |first=Nagaswamy |last=Dr. N. |authorlink= |title=Soundrya Lahari in Tamil |url=http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/journals/volume19/articles/article1.xml |publisher=Tamil Arts Academy |location= |page= |pages= |language= |format= |doi= |date= |year= |access-date=14 August 2012 |quote= |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210203812/http://tamilartsacademy.com/journals/volume19/articles/article1.xml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some believe the first part "Ananda Lahari" was etched on mount Meru by [[Ganesha]] himself (or by Pushpadanta).<ref name="Ramachander">{{cite web |first=Ramachander |last=P. R. |authorlink= |title=Soundrya Lahari|url=http://www.sankaracharya.org/soundarya_lahari.php}}</ref> Sage [[Gaudapada]], the teacher of Shankar's teacher [[Govinda Bhagavatpada|Govinda Bhagavadpada]], memorised the writings of Pushpadanta which was carried down to [[Adi Shankara]].
Its hundred and three [[shloka]]s (verses) praise the beauty, grace and munificence of goddess [[Parvati]] in the form of [[Tripura Sundari]]. [[W. Norman Brown]] translated it to English which was published as volume 43 of the [[Harvard Oriental Series]] in 1958.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Edgerton|first=Franklin|title=''The Saundaryalahari, or Flood of Beauty'' by W. Norman Brown|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=May 1959|volume=18|issue=3|pages=417–419|jstor=2941628|doi=10.2307/2941628}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tucci|first=Giuseppe|title=''The Saundaryalahari, or Flood of Beauty'' by W. Norman Brown|journal=East and West|date=March 1960|volume=11|issue=1|page=51|jstor=29754221}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Burrow|first=T.|title=''The Saundaryalahari, or Flood of Beauty'' by W. Norman Brown|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|date=1959|volume=22|issue=1/3|pages=617–618|jstor=609560|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00066118}}</ref>

==History==
According to Raghunāthācārya, scholars{{who?|date=November 2024}} believe that [[Adi Shankara|Ādi Shankaracharya]] composed Soundaryalahari in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghunāthācārya |first=Es Bi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKnWAAAAMAAJ |title=Śankarācārya |date=2002 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1575-7 |page=35 |language=en |quote=Śankara visited Kashmir which was one of the greatest centres of learning. Kashmir was the seat of Saivism and Sakta, cult. Buddhism too at that ... Scholars believe that Sankara composed Soundaryalahari in Kashmir}}</ref>

There are several legends about this work. According to one legend, [[Adi Shankara]] visited [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] to worship [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. There, Shiva gave him a manuscript containing 100 verses which described the many facets of the goddess, as a gift to him. While Adi Shankara was returning after visiting Kailash, [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] stopped him on the way. He snatched the manuscript from him, tore it into two, took one part and gave the other to Adi Shankara. Adi Shankara, desolate, ran to Shiva and narrated the incident to him. Shiva, smilingly, commanded him to retain the 41 verses with him as the initial part of the 100 verses and then, write an extra 59 verses in praise of the goddess himself. Thus, verses 1–41 are the original work of Shiva, shedding great light on the ancient rituals of [[Tantra]], [[Yantra]], and various powerful [[mantra]]s. The remaining verses, that is, 42–100 are composed by Adi Shankara himself, which mainly focuses on the appearance of the goddess.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Yet another legend says that once when Adi Shankara was visiting Kailash, Shiva was writing about the beauty of goddess Parvati on the walls of their home. Shiva rubbed what he wrote as he didn't want Adi Shankara who was an outsider reading about the beauty of his wife. But Adi Shankara had seen some part of the writings and with his superior mind recollected the rest. Thus, he composed the ''Saundarya Lahari''.

==Significance for Tantra==
The ''Saundarya Lahari'' is not only a collection of holy hymns, but also a [[Tantra]] textbook,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|last1=Pandit S. Subrahmanya Sastri|first1=T.R. Srinivasa Ayyangar|title=Saundarya Lahari (The Ocean of Beauty) of Sri Samkara Bhagavatpada| date=1937|location=Adyar, Madras, India|publisher=The Theosophical Publishing House|isbn=9788170593188|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.21838}}</ref> giving instructions on [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], Sri-Yantra, and worshiping methods, 100 different hymns, 100 different yantra, almost one to each shloka; it describes the appropriate tantra method of performing devotion connected to each specific shloka; and details the results ensuring therefrom. There are many interpretations and commentaries but best of these are arguably those that provide word-to-word translations, as also the yantra,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> the devotion to be performed and the results of the devotion.

===Concept of kundalini===
First 41 verses cover the detailed account of internal worship of the Mother. It consists of systematic exposition of the concept of [[Kundalini energy|kundalini]], [[Sri Chakra]], mantra (verses 32, 33). This depicts the Supreme Reality as non-dual but with a distinction between Shiva and Shakti, the power holder and Power, Being and Will. The Power, that is, the Mother or Maha [[Tripura Sundari]], becomes the dominant factor and the power holder or Shiva becomes a substratum. The first verse itself clearly describes this idea. "United with Shakti, Shiva is endowed with power to create; or otherwise, he is incapable of even a movement." The same idea is brought out in verse 24, "Brahma creates the universe, Vishnu sustains, Rudra destroys, and Maheshwar absorbs every thing and assimilates into Sadashiva. On receiving mandate from thy creeper like brows, Sadasiva restores everything into activity as in the previous cycle." Such prominence of the Mother can be seen in verses 34 and 35 also.

== Legacy ==
===Commentaries===
There are more than 36 commentaries on the Saundarya Lahari in Sanskrit itself.<ref name="Ramachander"/> Among the better known are commentaries by Lakshmidhara, Kameshvarasuri (viz. Arunamodini), Kaivalyashrama (viz. Sowbagyavardhini) and Dindima.<ref>{{cite web|title=Discourses on the Soundaryalahari|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/21/stories/1321017c.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-08-21|access-date=5 January 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Translations===
The ''Saundarya Lahari'' was translated into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in the 12th century by [[Virai Kaviraja Pandithar]]. He titled the book ''Abhirami Paadal''.<ref name="Nagaswamy_Vol19">{{cite web
| url = http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/journals/volume19/articles/article1.xml
| title = Saundarya Lahari in Tamil (Volume 19)
| last = Nagaswamy
| first = R.
| date = n.d.
| website =
| publisher = Tamil Arts Academy
| access-date = 26 September 2020
| quote =
| archive-date = 10 February 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210210203812/http://tamilartsacademy.com/journals/volume19/articles/article1.xml
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

There are many English translations with commentaries on Saundarya Lahari done by various authors.
* Pandit S. Subrahmanya Sastri and T.R Srinivasa Ayyangar<ref name="ReferenceA" />
* Swami Tapasyananda of Sri Ramakrishna Math<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tapasyananda|first1=Swami|title=Saundarya Lahari of Sri Sankaracharya| date=1987|location=Mylapore, Chennai, India|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|isbn=9788171202447|url=https://istore.chennaimath.org/product/saundarya-lahari-sri-sankaracharya/}}</ref>
* Swami Satyasangananda Saraswathi (of Bihar School of Yoga) has authored a modern commentary with Sri Vidya meditations on Devi for each verse<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.biharyoga.net/yoga-publications-trust/sri-saundarya-lahari-the-descent/|title=Sri Saundarya Lahari : The Descent|first1=Swami|last1=Satyasangananda Saraswati|date=2008|publisher=Yoga Publications Trust|isbn=9788186336700|location=Munger, Bihar, India}}</ref>
* Mani Rao, "Saundarya Lahari" HarperCollins 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saundarya Lahari |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/saundarya-lahari/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref>

=== Adaptations ===
[[John Tavener]] arranged 100 verses of the ''Soundarya Lahari'' as ''Flood of Beauty'', an orchestral work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sonic inundation: Tavener’s Flood of Beauty |url=https://bachtrack.com/review-tavener-flood-beauty-brabbins-september-2014 |website=bachtrack.com |language=en}}</ref>

==In Popular culture==
{{cquote| Sivah Shaktya Yukto Yadi Bhavati Shaktah Prabhavitum<br />
Na Setevam Devo Na Kalu Kushalah Spandhitumapi<br />
Ah Adastvam Aradhyam Hari Hara Virinsadhipi Rabi<br />
Pranantum Stotum Va Kathamakrut Punya Prabhavati Ah<br />
Janani Janani Jagam Nee Agham Nee<br />
Janani Janani Jagam Nee Agham Nee<br />
Jagat Karani Nee Paripoorni Nee ! }}

This philosophical idea is expressed simply and emotionally in the song “Janani Janani” from the 1982 Tamil film [[Thaai Mookaambikai]]. The film was created focusing on the deity Mookaambikai, who plays the role of the mother. The music for this song was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], and the lyrics were written by Vaali. The song holds an important place in conveying divine philosophy to the general public through music.

The first verse of Soundariya Lahari was composed by Adi Shankaracharya. It explains that the world functions only when Shiva and Shakti are united. Shakti is described as the fundamental cause of the universe and the force that moves everything. Even the gods attain completeness only through Shakti’s grace. The Mother is seen both as the world and as the soul. This concept forms the core of the Shakti philosophy in Soundariya Lahari.

It is stated both that the Mother is the fundamental power of the world and that divine power manifests as the Mother. The philosophical idea of the unity of Shiva and Shakti, expressed in Soundariya Lahari, is presented in the film song in an emotionally resonant motherly form that the general public can easily connect with. The Mother is described as the cause of the universe and the one who completes everything. The profound ideas in the philosophical text are expressed in the film song in a way that touches people’s hearts through the emotional form of the Mother.

==See also==
*[[Adi Shankara bibliography]]
* ''[[Shivananda Lahari]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu tantric texts]]
[[Category:8th-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:8th-century texts]]
[[Category:Adi Shankara]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta texts]]
{{Shaktism|state=expanded}}

2021 I-League qualifiers

2026-02-04T01:54:32Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Starting the bio first draft.

{{Short description|14th season of the I-League 2nd Division}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{infobox football league season
| image = 2021 I-League Qualifiers logo.png
| season = [[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21]]
| competition = [[I-League 2|I-League Qualifiers]]
| dates = 4 – 23 October
| winners = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/4507069/how-vikrant-sharma-inspired-rajasthan-united-fairytale-rise-i-league-indian-football?platform=amp|title="If you want a future for yourself, fight and take it" – The story behind Rajasthan United's I-League fairytale|website=www.espn.com|publisher=[[ESPN]]|agency=AIFF Media|date=27 October 2021|access-date=19 August 2022|first=Anirudh|last=Menon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102094048/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/4507069/how-vikrant-sharma-inspired-rajasthan-united-fairytale-rise-i-league-indian-football?platform=amp|archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
| promoted = Rajasthan United <br/> [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
| matches = {{#expr: + 6 + 10 +6}}
| total goals = {{#expr: + 18 + 27 + 12}}
| league topscorer = [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali Jr.]] (4 goals)
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring = {{nowrap|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]] 3–3 [[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]}} <br> (8 October 2021) <br> {{nowrap|[[Corbett Football Club|Corbett]] 1–5 [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}} <br> (9 October 2021) <br> {{nowrap|Madan Maharaj 0–6 Delhi}} <br> (23 October 2021)
| longest wins = 4 matches <br> (Delhi)
| longest unbeaten = 6 matches <br> (Rajasthan United)
| longest winless = 4 matches <br> ([[ARA FC|ARA]], Corbett, Madan Maharaj)
| longest losses = 3 matches <br> (ARA, Madan Maharaj)
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| attendance = {{#expr: + 160 + 280 + 260}}
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2020]]
| nextseason = [[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division|2022–23]]
}}

The '''2021 I-League Qualifiers''' or '''Hero I-League Qualifiers 2021''' (for sponsorship reasons) was the 14th season of [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] since its establishment in 2008. The league winner secured place in [[2021–22 I-League]] season.

Subrata Dutta, senior vice president of [[All India Football Federation]], and AIFF league committee members held its meeting on 26 June 2021, agreeing that state associations which have conducted a league or qualifying championship, will be eligible to nominate teams for the qualifiers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero I-League 2021-22 to be held in Kolkata, League Committee decides via video conferencing|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-i-league-2021-22-to-be-held-in-kolkata-league-committee-decides-via-video-conferencing|access-date=2021-06-28|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819153100/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-i-league-2021-22-to-be-held-in-kolkata-league-committee-decides-via-video-conferencing|url-status=live}}</ref>

Even though states are allowed to nominate two teams, the AIFF said each state association will be represented by just one team in I-League qualifiers. The AIFF has made it clear that only those states which conduct a league will be allowed to nominate a team. At least two states made direct recommendations, but were turned down.<ref name="ILQ">{{Cite web|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|title=One state, one team for I-League qualifiers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/one-state-one-team-for-i-league-qualifiers/articleshow/84389811.cms|date=2021-07-14|access-date=2021-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716133703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/one-state-one-team-for-i-league-qualifiers/articleshow/84389811.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> AIFF allowed relaxation in case nominated clubs could not meet the financial criteria to play in I-League, if they were promoted.

On 4 December 2021, AIFF barred I-League club [[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]] from participating in 2021–22 season on failing to comply with club licensing regulations, and hence second-placed qualifiers team [[Kenkre FC]] was promoted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kenkre FC is all set to join I-League as Chennai City FC gets barred |url=https://thebridge.in/football/aiff-kenkre-fc-all-set-to-join-i-league-chennai-city-fc-gets-barred-27123 |publisher=The Bridge |access-date=4 December 2021 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204153516/https://thebridge.in/football/aiff-kenkre-fc-all-set-to-join-i-league-chennai-city-fc-gets-barred-27123 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Teams==
As per AIFF, ten teams will be selected to participate in I-League 2nd Division qualifiers, through [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]. Only one team among the nominated two teams from each state will be selected.<ref name="ILQ"/>

=== Selection criteria ===
# State association can nominate up to two teams based on the conducted qualifying tournament in most recent season.
# Nominated teams shall meet AIFF financial requirements and be liable to complete club licensing criteria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 August 2021|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|title=I-League Qualifiers: AIFF to use financial criteria as tie-breaker to select teams|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-qualifiers-aiff-to-use-financial-criteria-as-tie-breaker-to-select-teams/articleshow/85114445.cms|access-date=2021-08-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819153059/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/i-league-qualifiers-aiff-to-use-financial-criteria-as-tie-breaker-to-select-teams/articleshow/85114445.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Nominated teams ===
The following teams were nominated by state associations:<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2021|title=States nominate 29 teams for I-League Qualifiers, AIFF to select 10|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/states-nominate-29-teams-for-i-league-qualifiers-aiff-to-select-10/articleshow/85019932.cms|access-date=2021-08-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805003206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/states-nominate-29-teams-for-i-league-qualifiers-aiff-to-select-10/articleshow/85019932.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

# Vizag FC ([[Andhra Pradesh]])
# [[Oil India FC]], Elevenstar Club ([[Assam]])
# [[Shirsh Bihar United FC]] ([[Bihar]])
# Indian Heroes Daman and Diu FC, Young Hearts FC ([[Daman and Diu]])
# [[Sports Odisha|Sports Hostel Cuttack]] ([[Odisha]])
# [[Delhi FC]], [[Garhwal FC]] ([[Delhi]])
# [[Vasco SC]] ([[Goa]])
# Gandhinagar FC, [[ARA FC]] ([[Gujarat]])
# [[Techtro Swades United FC]], Shimla FC ([[Himachal Pradesh]])
# [[Peerless SC]], [[Bhawanipore FC]] ([[West Bengal]])
# [[Hyderya Sports FC]], Downtown Heroes FC ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]])
# [[Kerala United FC]], [[BASCO FC|BASCO Othukkungal]] ([[Kerala]])
# [[FC Bengaluru United]], [[Kickstart FC]] ([[Karnataka]])
# [[Madan Maharaj FC]] ([[Madhya Pradesh]])
# [[Ryntih FC]] ([[Meghalaya]])
# [[Rajasthan United FC]], [[Zinc Football]] ([[Rajasthan]])
# [[Corbett FC]] ([[Uttarakhand]])
# [[PIFA Sports FC]], [[Kenkre FC]] ([[Maharashtra]])

=== Selected teams ===
{{location map+ |India3|width=345
|float=right
|caption=Locations of I-League Qualifiers 2021 teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=29.3907 |long=79.4544 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.6389 |long=77.2422 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]}}</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.2313 |long=77.3999 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.35 |long=74.6373 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[ARA F.C.|ARA]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.9242 |long=72.8287 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.9687 |long=77.6116 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=11.1005 |long=76.1553 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.5799 |long=91.8940 |label_size=80|label= <div style="position:relative;top:4px;">{{nobreak|[[Ryntih FC|Ryntih]]}}</div>|position=top}}
}}

29 teams were nominated by 18 state associations. Only twelve teams fulfilled the AIFF criteria, and ten teams were accepted for the season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2021|title=12 teams fulfil criteria, 10 get nod for I-League Qualifiers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/12-teams-fulfil-criteria-10-get-nod-for-i-league-qualifiers/articleshow/85779530.cms|access-date=2021-08-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830191449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/12-teams-fulfil-criteria-10-get-nod-for-i-league-qualifiers/articleshow/85779530.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Later AIFF decided to withdraw [[Hyderya Sports FC]], runners up of Jammu & Kashmir Professional League, after finding the bank guarantee submitted by them to be ''not genuine''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIFF Statement|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-statement-20|access-date=2021-09-29|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929200314/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-statement-20|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Region
! colspan="2" |Qualifying tournament
! rowspan="2" |Selected
! rowspan="2" |City
! rowspan="2" |Position
|-
!Name
!Season
|-
|1
|[[Karnataka]]
|[[Bangalore Super Division]]
|[[2020–21 Bangalore Super Division|2020–21]]
|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|Champions
|-
|2
|[[Kerala]]
|[[Kerala Premier League]]
|[[2020–21 Kerala Premier League|2020–21]]
|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|[[Malappuram]]
|Semi-final
|-
|3
|[[Gujarat]]
|Gandhinagar Premier League
|2020-21
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|Champions
|-
|4
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Delhi Football League|Delhi Senior Division League]]
|[[Delhi Football League|2020-21]]
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|[[Delhi]]
|2nd place
|-
|5
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[R-League A Division]]
|[[R-League A Division 2021|2020-21]]
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|[[Bhilwara]]
|2nd place
|-
|6
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]]
|[[2020–21 Madhya Pradesh Premier League|2021]]
|[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|[[Bhopal]]
|Champions
|-
|7
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Shillong Premier League]]
|
|[[Ryntih FC|Ryntih]]
|[[Shillong]]
|League suspended
|-
|8
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[MFA Elite Division]]
|
|[[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|League not conducted
|-
|9
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|[[Uttarakhand Super League]]
|
|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
|[[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
|League not conducted
|}

== Personnel and kits ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:100%"
!Team
!Manager
!Captain
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vivek Nagul
|{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Bala Dahir]]
|[[SEVEN (brand)|SEVEN]]
|[[Amul]]
|-
|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Caetano Pinho]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Subodh Kumar]]
|[[Nivia Sports]]
|Amenity Sports Academy
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surinder Singh (footballer)|Surinder Singh]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|Spartan
|Spartan
|-
|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Richard Hood
|{{Flagicon|IND}}[[Dharmaraj Ravanan]]
|Six5six Sports
|The Organic World
|-
|[[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Akhil Kothari
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ali Azhar Delhiwala
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|
|-
|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bino George]]
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Jayaraj]]
|SEGA
|Micro Health Laboratories
|-
|[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Amit Kumar Jaiswal
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|Rocky Sports
|Kamla Devi Public School
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vikrant Sharma
|{{flagicon|NGR}} Ali Ola Smith
|AIO Sports
|MISTK
|-
|[[Ryntih FC|Ryntih]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Wallamkupar Kharpran
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Banpynkhrawnam Nongkhlaw]]
|T10 Sports
|Samkhamti
|}

== Foreign players ==
Each club could register up to three foreign players in their squad. One of the foreign players had to be from an [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] member nation.
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:100%"
! style="text-align:center;" |Team
! style="text-align:center;" |Player 1
! style="text-align:center;" |Player 2
! style="text-align:center;" |AFC player
|-
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|{{flagicon|SEN}} Hamidou Dieye<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2020|editor1-first=Pranjal Protim|editor1-last=Boruah|title=Adjusting to 'new normal'|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/football/adjusting-to-new-normal/articleshow/75793415.cms|access-date=2021-09-16|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916072935/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/football/adjusting-to-new-normal/articleshow/75793415.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bala Dahir]]
|{{Flagicon|UZB}} Vladislav Nuriev
|-
|[[Corbett FC|Corbett]]
|{{Flagicon|Panama}} [[Rogelio Juárez]]
|{{Flagicon|NGR}} John Chidi
|
|-
|[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Apte|first=Tanay|title=Durand Cup 2021: Indian Navy stun Delhi FC with late goal|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-durand-cup-2021-indian-navy-beat-delhi-fc-2-1|access-date=2021-09-16|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916072928/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-durand-cup-2021-indian-navy-beat-delhi-fc-2-1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|TRI}} [[Willis Plaza]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Durand Cup 2021: Indian Navy down Delhi FC 2-1 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/durand-cup-2021-indian-navy-down-delhi-fc-2-1/94w8oek2ek2m1oqpmhm0w9sa4|access-date=2021-09-16|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916072928/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/durand-cup-2021-indian-navy-down-delhi-fc-2-1/94w8oek2ek2m1oqpmhm0w9sa4|url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Luka Majcen]]<ref name="FC Bengaluru United sign foreign strikers Luka Majcen and Pedro Manzi for upcoming season | Football News - Times of India">{{Cite web|date=26 August 2021|title=FC Bengaluru United sign foreign strikers Luka Majcen and Pedro Manzi for upcoming season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/fc-bengaluru-united-sign-foreign-strikers-luka-majcen-and-pedro-manzi-for-upcoming-season/articleshow/85653465.cms|access-date=2021-09-16|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826130253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/fc-bengaluru-united-sign-foreign-strikers-luka-majcen-and-pedro-manzi-for-upcoming-season/articleshow/85653465.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Manzi]]<ref name="FC Bengaluru United sign foreign strikers Luka Majcen and Pedro Manzi for upcoming season | Football News - Times of India" />
|
|-
|[[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
|{{Flagicon|CMR}} Zacharie Mbenda
|
|
|-
|[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Gabriel Lima Silva<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Brazilian to play for a Kerala club, but it is not Blasters or Gokulam|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/08/05/brazil-defender-kerala-club.html|access-date=2021-09-16|website=OnManorama|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805135739/https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2021/08/05/brazil-defender-kerala-club.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|NGA}} Francis Nwankwo
|
|-
|[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Loveday Enyinnaya]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[William Twala]]
|
|-
|[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Akeem Abioye]]
|
|
|-
|[[Ryntih FC|Ryntih]]
|
|
|
|-
|}

== Format ==
The ten participating teams have been divided into two groups of five. They will face each other once in the first league leg.

Teams finishing at the top two group positions will proceed to the Final round, where they will play against each other once in a round-robin format. The team that finishes top after the end of 26 matches, will earn promotion to the Hero I-League 2021–22 season.

26 matches are set to be played in the entire tournament, with 20 of them being in the group stage, while six matches will be played in the Final round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero I-League Qualifiers 2021 to kick-off on October 4|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-i-league-qualifiers-2021-to-kick-off-on-october-4|access-date=2021-08-31|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831205430/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-i-league-qualifiers-2021-to-kick-off-on-october-4|url-status=live}}</ref>

The total number of teams was reduced to nine, after [[Hyderya Sports FC]] was found to have produced fake bank guarantee documents.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-27|title=Hyderya Sports Kashmir FC Disqualified from I-League Qualifiers for Producing Fake Bank Guarantee|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/hyderya-sports-kashmir-fc-produce-fake-bank-guarantee-for-i-league-qualifiers-4252055.html|access-date=2021-09-27|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927162733/https://www.news18.com/news/football/hyderya-sports-kashmir-fc-produce-fake-bank-guarantee-for-i-league-qualifiers-4252055.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AIFF disqualifies Hyderya Sports FC for producing fake bank guarantee|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/aiff-hyderya-sports-fc-fake-bank-guarantee-disqualified-i-league-qualifiers/article36699655.ece|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Sportstar|language=en|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819153100/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/aiff-hyderya-sports-fc-fake-bank-guarantee-disqualified-i-league-qualifiers/article36699655.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Preliminary round ==
=== Group A ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main
|style = WDL
|section = Group A
|update = complete
|source = [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-i-league-qualifiers AIFF]


|team_order = RJU, MMH, RYN, BUD


|result1 = Q
|result2 = Q


|win_BUD=0 |draw_BUD=2 |loss_BUD=1 |gf_BUD=4 |ga_BUD=6
|win_MMH=1 |draw_MMH=2 |loss_MMH=0 |gf_MMH=5 |ga_MMH=4
|win_RJU=1 |draw_RJU=2 |loss_RJU=0 |gf_RJU=5 |ga_RJU=4
|win_RYN=1 |draw_RYN=0 |loss_RYN=2 |gf_RYN=4 |ga_RYN=4


|name_BUD = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
|name_MMH = [[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|name_RJU = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_RYN = [[Ryntih FC|Ryntih]]


|res_col_header = Q
|col_Q = green1
|text_Q = Qualified for [[#Finals|Finals]]

}}</onlyinclude>

{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|4|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 3–2
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8949_Match_Summary_V1_1633350787.pdf
|team1 = Rajasthan United
|team2 = Ryntih
|goals1 =
*Sanyasi {{goal|12}}
*[[Sukhjit Singh (footballer)|S. Singh]] {{goal|45+1}}
*[[Aman Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|67}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 30
|referee = Jamal Mohamed
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|6|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 1–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8950_Match_Summary_V1_1633523740.pdf
|team1 = Rajasthan United
|team2 = Bengaluru United
|goals1 =
*[[Sukhjit Singh (footballer)|S. Singh]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2 =
*[[Pedro Manzi|Manzi]] {{goal|42}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 40
|referee = Lakshay
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|8|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 3–3
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8953_Match_Summary_V1_1633696995.pdf
|team1 = Bengaluru United
|team2 = Madan Maharaj
|goals1 =
*[[Sanju Pradhan|Pradhan]] {{goal|69}}
*[[Arun Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{goal|81}}
*[[Jaison Vaz|Vaz]] {{goal|90+4}}
|goals2 =
*[[Shubham Bhowmick|Bhowmick]] {{goal|13||52}}
*[[Jiten Murmu|Murmu]] {{goal|90+3}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 30
|referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|11|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 0–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8956_Match_Summary_V1_1633955789.pdf
|team1 = Ryntih
|team2 = Madan Maharaj
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Loveday Enyinnaya|Enyinnaya]] {{goal|90}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 20
|referee = R Kannan
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|13|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 1–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8955_Match_Summary_V1_1634127929.pdf
|team1 = Madan Maharaj
|team2 = Rajasthan United
|goals1 =
*[[Jiten Murmu|Murmu]] {{goal|12}}
|goals2 =
*[[Raja Musharaf|Musharaf]] {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = FSV Arena
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 0
|referee = Surojit Das
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|13|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 0–2
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8954_Match_Summary_V1_1634128229.pdf
|team1 = Bengaluru United
|team2 = Ryntih
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Sheen Sohktung|Sohktung]] {{goal|29}}
*[[Dawanchwa Challam|Challam]] {{goal|77}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 40
|referee = Lakshay
}}

=== Group B ===
<onlyinclude>{{#invoke:Sports table|main
|style = WDL
|section = Group B
|update =complete
|source = [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-i-league-qualifiers AIFF]


|team_order=DFC, KFC, KUT, COR, ARA


|result1 = Q
|result2 = Q

|win_ARA=0 |draw_ARA=1 |loss_ARA=3 |gf_ARA=3 |ga_ARA=9
|win_COR=0 |draw_COR=2 |loss_COR=2 |gf_COR=2 |ga_COR=8
|win_DFC=4 |draw_DFC=0 |loss_DFC=0 |gf_DFC=11|ga_DFC=2
|win_KFC=2 |draw_KFC=1 |loss_KFC=1 |gf_KFC=4 |ga_KFC=3
|win_KUT=2 |draw_KUT=0 |loss_KUT=2 |gf_KUT=7 |ga_KUT=5


|name_ARA=[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|name_COR=[[Corbett Football Club|Corbett]]
|name_DFC=[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_KFC=[[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
|name_KUT=[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]


|res_col_header = Q
|col_Q = green1
|text_Q = Qualified for [[#Finals|Finals]]

}}</onlyinclude>

{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|5|df=y}}
|time = 12:30
|score = 1–2
|report =https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8958_Match_Summary_V1_1633425136.pdf
|team1 = Kerala United
|team2 = Kenkre
|goals1 =
*[[Bujair Valiyattu|Valiyattu]] {{goal|48}}
|goals2 =
*[[Lester Fernandez|Fernandez]] {{goal|65|pen.}}
*[[Ranjeet Pandre|Pandre]] {{goal|72}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 20
|referee = Surojit Das
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|5|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 1–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8959_Match_Summary_V1_1633436557.pdf
|team1 = Corbett
|team2 = ARA
|goals1 =
*[[Himanshu Patil|Patil]] {{goal|15}}
|goals2 =
*[[Vladislav Nuriev|Nuriev]] {{goal|75}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 30
|referee = Suresh Devaraj
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|7|df=y}}
|time = 12:30
|score = 3–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8960_Match_Summary_V1_1633598170.pdf
|team1 = Delhi
|team2 = ARA
|goals1 =
*[[Fahad Temuri|Temuri]] {{goal|29}}
*[[Sérgio Barboza|Barboza]] {{goal|36}}
*[[Radhakanta Thingnam|Thingnam]] {{goal|60}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 40
|referee = Ramachandran Venkatesh
}}

{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|7|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 2–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8961_Match_Summary_V1_1633610259.pdf
|team1 = Kerala United
|team2 = Corbett
|goals1 =
*[[H. A. Mohammedali|Mohammedali]] {{goal|41}}
*[[Jesin TK|Thonikkara]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 30
|referee = V Eshwar Rao
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|9|df=y}}
|time = 12:30
|score = 1–5
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8962_Match_Summary_V1_1633771012.pdf
|team1 = Corbett
|team2 = Delhi
|goals1 =
*[[John Chidi|Chidi]] {{goal|13}}
|goals2 =
*[[Willis Plaza|Plaza]] {{goal|45+2}}
*[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Ali Jr.]] {{goal|75||90+5}}
*[[Samuel Shadap|Shadap]] {{goal|89}}
*[[Laiwang Bohham|Bohham]] {{goal|90}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 15
|referee = Mrutyunjay Amatya
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|9|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 1–2
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8963_Match_Summary_V1_1633782029.pdf
|team1 = ARA
|team2 = Kenkre
|goals1 =
*[[Bala Dahir|Dahir]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2 =
*[[Azfar Noorani|Noorani]] {{goal|14}}
*[[Yash Mhatre|Mhatre]] {{goal|66}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 40
|referee = Ranjita Devi Tekcham
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|12|df=y}}
|time = 12:30
|score = 0–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8964_Match_Summary_V1_1634029600.pdf
|team1 = Kenkre
|team2 = Corbett
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 10
|referee = Suresh Devaraj
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|12|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 2–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8965_Match_Summary_V1_1634041381.pdf
|team1 = Delhi
|team2 = Kerala United
|goals1 =
*[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Ali Jr.]] {{goal|48}}
*[[Himanshu Jangra|Jangra]] {{goal|61}}
|goals2 =
*[[Hrishi Dhath|Dhath]] {{goal|23}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 50
|referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|14|df=y}}
|time = 12:30
|score = 1–3
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8966_Match_Summary_V1_1634202824.pdf
|team1 = ARA
|team2 = Kerala United
|goals1 =
*[[Sufiyan Shaikh (footballer)|Shaikh]] {{goal|83}}
|goals2 =
*[[Francis Nwankwo|Nwankwo]] {{goal|46||51}}
*[[H. A. Mohammedali|Mohammedali]] {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 25
|referee = Jamal Mohamed
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|14|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 0–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/8967_Match_Summary_V1_1634214035.pdf
|team1 = Kenkre
|team2 = Delhi
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Laiwang Bohham|Bohham]] {{goal|2}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 20
|referee = Mrutyunjay Amatya
}}

== Finals ==
===Standings===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main
|style = WDL
|section = Final Round
|source=[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/hero-i-league-qualifiers AIFF]

|name_DFC = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|name_MMH = [[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|name_RJU = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|name_KFC = [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]


|update=complete
|win_RJU=2 |draw_RJU=1 |loss_RJU=0 |gf_RJU=3 |ga_RJU=0
|win_MMH=0 |draw_MMH=0 |loss_MMH=3 |gf_MMH=0 |ga_MMH=9
|win_DFC=1 |draw_DFC=1 |loss_DFC=1 |gf_DFC=7 |ga_DFC=2
|win_KFC=1 |draw_KFC=2 |loss_KFC=0 |gf_KFC=2 |ga_KFC=1
|status_RJU= C

|team_order=RJU, KFC, DFC, MMH


|result1 = Q
|result2 = Q


|res_col_header = Q
|col_Q = green1
|text_Q = Promotion to [[2021–22 I-League]]
}} </onlyinclude>

===Matches===
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|18|df=y}}
|time = 12:30
|score = 1–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/9505_Match_Summary_V1_1634548095.pdf
|team1 = Kenkre
|team2 = Madan Maharaj
|goals1 =
*[[Pravitto Raju|Raju]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 20
|referee = Ramachandran Venkatesh
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|18|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 0–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/9506_Match_Summary_V1_1634559566.pdf
|team1 = Delhi
|team2 = Rajasthan United
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Aman Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 40
|referee = Surojit Das
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|20|df=y}}
|time = 12:30
|score = 1–1
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/9507_Match_Summary_V1_1634721539.pdf
|team1 = Delhi
|team2 = Kenkre
|goals1 =
*[[Sérgio Barboza|Barboza]] {{goal|79|pen.}}
|goals2 =
*[[Kiran Pandhare|Pandhare]] {{goal|56}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 40
|referee = Jamal Mohamed
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|20|df=y}}
|time = 15:45
|score = 0–2
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/9508_Match_Summary_V1_1634732939.pdf
|team1 = Madan Maharaj
|team2 = Rajasthan United
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Surag Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|88}}
*[[Harpreet Singh (footballer, born 1993)|Hp. Singh]] {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 20
|referee = V Eshwar Rao
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|23|df=y}}
|time = 11:30
|score = 0–6
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/9510_Match_Summary_V1_1634976206.pdf
|team1 = Madan Maharaj
|team2 = Delhi
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Sérgio Barboza|Barboza]] {{goal|6|pen.}}
*[[Nikhil Mali|Mali]] {{goal|20||22}}
*[[Bali Gagandeep|Gagandeep]] {{goal|57||64}}
*[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Ali Jr.]] {{goal|73}}
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 40
|referee = Surojit Das
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = {{Start date|2021|10|23|df=y}}
|time = 15:00
|score = 0–0
|report = https://administrator.the-aiff.com/reports/9509_Match_Summary_V1_1634990884.pdf
|team1 = Rajasthan United
|team2 = Kenkre
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = Bangalore Football Stadium
|location = Bangalore, Karnataka
|attendance = 100
|referee = Ramachandran Venkatesh
}}

== Statistics ==
=== Top scorers ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Rank
! Player
! Club
! Goals
|-
| align="center" |1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali Jr.]]
| align="left" |[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| align="center" |4
|-
| align="center" |2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Sérgio Barboza]]
| align="left" |[[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
| align="center" |3
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" |3
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Shubham Bhowmick
| align="left" |[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
| rowspan="4" align="center" |2
|-
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sukjit Singh
| align="left" |[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jiten Murmu]]
|[[Madan Maharaj FC|Madan Maharaj]]
|-
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} Sheen Stevenson Sohktung
|[[Ryntih FC|Ryntih]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://i-league.org/category/2nd-division-league/ I-League]
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/second-division AIFF]

{{I-League 2nd Division}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2020-21 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2021 I-League Qualifiers}}
[[Category:I-League 2 seasons]]
[[Category:2020–21 in Indian football leagues|I-League 2nd Division]]
[[Category:2021 in Asian second-tier association football leagues]]

Radhe Shyam (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T06:51:10Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Radhe Shyam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Justin Prabhakaran]], [[Mithoon]], [[Amaal Mallik]], and [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
| cover = Radhe Shyam Album.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Telugu album cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|03|12}}
| recorded = 2020–2021
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = <small>'''Telugu version:'''</small><br>{{Duration|m=21|s=09}}<br /><small>'''Hindi version:'''</small><br>{{Duration|m=44|s=52}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />[[Hindi]]
| label = *[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = <small>'''Telugu version:'''</small><br />[[Justin Prabhakaran]]<br>{{ubl|<small>'''Hindi version:'''</small><br />[[Mithoon]]<br />[[Amaal Mallik]]<br />[[Manan Bhardwaj]]}}
}}

'''''Radhe Shyam''''' is the 2022 [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]], [[Mithoon]], [[Amaal Mallik]], and Manan Bhardwaj to the 2022 Indian [[Historical drama|period]] [[romantic drama]] film [[Radhe Shyam|of the same name]] written and directed by [[Radha Krishna Kumar]], starring [[Prabhas]] and [[Pooja Hegde]].

== Production ==
[[A. R. Rahman]] was reportedly approached to compose music for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/ar-rahman-may-team-up-for-prabhas-radhe-shyam/|title=AR Rahman may team up for Prabhas' Radhe Shyam|date=16 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ar-rahman-compose-music-prabhas-upcoming-film-radha-krishna-kumar-536217|title=AR Rahman to compose music for Prabhas' upcoming film with Radha Krishna Kumar?|date=27 May 2020|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029210323/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/ar-rahman-compose-music-prabhas-upcoming-film-radha-krishna-kumar-536217|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, Rahman did not sign the film.

The film was announced to have two different soundtracks for the Telugu and Hindi versions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-11|title=Prabhas starrer Radhe Shyam to have different music teams from different markets across the country|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/prabhas-starrer-radhe-shyam-different-music-teams-different-markets-across-country/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-11|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

The Hindi soundtrack is composed by [[Mithoon]], [[Amaal Mallik]] and [[Manan Bhardwaj]], while [[Justin Prabhakaran]] is composing the songs in the Telugu version and dubbed versions.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

[[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Kumaar]], [[Mithoon]] were reported to be providing lyrics for Hindi, while Krishna Kanth is providing lyrics for Telugu. The soundtrack features a total of 6 songs in total.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=23 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4askvHIeS4Y |title=Prabhas as Vikramaditya {{!}} Character Teaser {{!}} Radhe Shyam {{!}} Pooja Hegde {{!}} Radha K Kumar {{!}} Bhushan K |publisher=T-Series |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119134748/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4askvHIeS4Y |archive-date=19 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=23 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3s0XVBq1zE |title=Radhe Shyam Teaser {{!}} Introducing Prabhas as Vikramaditya {{!}} Pooja Hegde {{!}} Radha Krishna Kumar |publisher=UV Creations |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026194359/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3s0XVBq1zE |archive-date=26 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 November 2021, it was announced that the first single for the Telugu version was going to be released on 15 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prabhas's 'Radhe Shyam': First lyrical video of Ee Raathale single track to be out on this date - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/prabhass-radhe-shyam-first-lyrical-video-of-ee-raathale-single-track-to-be-out-on-this-date/articleshow/87679961.cms|access-date=2021-11-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

On 28 November 2021, it was announced that the first single for the Hindi version and the second single for the Telugu version were going to be released on 1 December 2021. However due to the passing of lyricist [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], the Telugu version was delayed to 2 December 2021 while the Hindi version was still released on 1 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Here's when Prabhas, Pooja Hegde's 'Radhe Shyam' second song will release - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/heres-when-prabhas-pooja-hegdes-radhe-shyam-second-song-will-release/articleshow/87958852.cms|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

On 5 December 2021, it was announced that the second single for the Hindi version was going to be released on 8 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When the heart breaks, it sings a song of its own. Second Hindi Single #SochLiya Teaser out now, Song out on 8th December.|url=https://twitter.com/uv_creations/status/1467758251357851648|access-date=2021-12-06|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>

On 13 December 2021, it was announced that the third single for all the versions was going to be released on 16 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-14|title=Radhe Shyam song Sanchari teaser: Prabhas gives us serious travel goals, watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/radhe-shyam-song-sanchari-teaser-prabhas-gives-serious-travel-goals-7672336/|access-date=2021-12-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The first single was released on 15 November 2021.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=15 November 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHuBCcm7KC8 |title=Ee Raathale Lyrical Video Song {{!}} Radhe Shyam {{!}} Prabhas, Pooja Hegde {{!}} Justin Prabhakaran {{!}} Krishna K |publisher=T-Series Telugu |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121001648/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHuBCcm7KC8 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The lyrical version of the single was made as a conceptual 3D video by Anil Kumar Upadyaula which features both the leads. The song was released as "Ee Raathale" (in Telugu), "Aagoozhile" (in Tamil), "Kaanaakkare" (in Malayalam) and "Ee Reethile" (in Kannada) with vocals by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for Telugu and Tamil, Nihal Sadiq in Malayalam and Kannada while Harini Ivaturi gave the female vocals for all languages.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=UV Creations |user=UV_Creations |number=1459393076451889161 |date=13 November 2021 |title=The wait is over! ☺️☺️ Get ready for the #FirstRadheShyamSong to dominate your playlist! 💓 #RadheShyam Starring #Prabhas & @hegdepooja https://t.co/HMPELs2Bsz |language=en |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116002354/https://twitter.com/uv_creations/status/1459393076451889161 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=UV Creations |user=UV_Creations |number=1460296924284604422 |date=15 November 2021 |title=An experience like none other! 💓 The lyrical video is now LIVE in Tamil, Kannada & Malayalam. #Aagoozhile: https://t.co/EEzgpLKU7s #EeReethile: https://t.co/fZ1Kbdq8Yt #kaanaakkare: https://t.co/0i1JMmu3RG Starring #Prabhas & @hegdepooja https://t.co/wKUjZ8G7wp |language=en |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116002441/https://twitter.com/uv_creations/status/1460296924284604422 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| total_length = 21:09
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sanchari
| music1 = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| length1 = 4:28
| title2 = [[Aashiqui Aa Gayi#Nagumomu Thaarale (Telugu version)|Nagumomu Thaarale]]
| music2 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length2 = 4:54
| title3 = Ee Raathale
| music3 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length3 = 3:52
| extra3 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], Harini Ivaturi
| title4 = Ninnele
| music4 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length4 = 4:00
| title5 = Krishna Krishna
| music5 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra5 = Sathya Yamini
| length5 = 1:47
| title6 = Sei Un Angelo
| music6 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length6 = 0:54
| extra6 = Justin Prabhakaran
| title7 = Sundhara Vadhana
| music7 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra7 = Aishwarya Ravichandran
| length7 = 1:13
| all_writing = [[Krishna Kanth]]
}}

{{Track listing
| title1 = [[Aashiqui Aa Gayi]]
| length1 = 4:20
| total_length = 44:52
| lyrics1 = [[Mithoon]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Mithoon]]
| headline = Hindi
| music1 = [[Mithoon]]
| title2 = Soch Liya
| music2 = [[Mithoon]]
| lyrics2 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length2 = 4:43
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Mithoon]]
| music3 = Mithoon
| lyrics3 = Mithoon
| title3 = Udd Jaa Parindey
| length3 = 4:18
| extra3 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music4 = [[Amaal Malik]]
| lyrics4 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| title4 = Jaan Hai Meri
| length4 = 4:34
| extra4 = [[Amaal Malik]], [[Armaan Malik]]
| music5 = [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
| lyrics5 = [[Kumaar]]
| title5 = Main Ishq Mein Hoon
| length5 = 6:05
| extra5 = Manan Bhardwaj, Harjot Kaur
| music6 = [[Mithoon]]
| lyrics6 =
| title6 = Shooting Stars
| length6 = 0:53
| music7 = [[Amaal Malik]]
| lyrics7 = Rashmi Virag
| extra6 = [[Instrumental]]
| title7 = Labon Pe Naam
| length7 = 4:18
| extra7 = [[Amaal Malik]], [[Armaan Malik]]
| music8 = Manan Bhardwaj
| lyrics8 = [[Kumaar]]
| title8 = Ye Ishq Na Ho
| length8 = 5:21
| extra8 = Manan Bhardwaj, Harjot Kaur
| music9 = [[Amaal Malik]]
| lyrics9 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| title9 = Jaan Hai Meri (Lofi)
| length9 = 3:22
| extra9 = [[Amaal Malik]], [[Armaan Malik]]
| music10 = Manan Bhardwaj
| lyrics10 = Manan Bhardwaj
| title10 = Main Ishq Mein Hoon (Reprise)
| length10 = 3:43
| extra10 = [[Manan Bhardwaj]]
| title11 = Soch Liya (The Composer's Draft)
| music11 = [[Mithoon]]
| lyrics11 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length11 = 3:12
| extra11 = [[Mithoon]]
}}

{{Track listing
| title1 = Aagoozhile
| music1 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length1 = 3:52
| total_length = 21:10
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Harini Ivaturi
| headline = Tamil
| title2 = [[Aashiqui Aa Gayi|Thiraiyoadu Thoorigai]]
| music2 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra2 = Sid Sriram
| length2 = 4:54
| title3 = Raegaigal
| music3 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length3 = 4:28
| extra3 = Sathya Prakash
| title4 = Unnaalae
| music4 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra4 = Shreya Ghoshal, Anurag Kulkarni
| length4 = 4:00
| title5 = Krishna Krishna
| music5 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra5 = Sathya Yamini
| length5 = 1:47
| title6 = Sei Un Angelo
| music6 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length6 = 0:54
| title7 = Sundhara Vadhana
| music7 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra7 = Aishwarya Ravichandran
| length7 = 1:13
| all_writing = [[Madhan Karky]]
}}

{{Track listing
| title1 = Kaanaakkare
| music1 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length1 = 3:52
| total_length = 21:10
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = Nihal Sadiq, Harini Ivaturi
| headline = Malayalam
| title2 = [[Aashiqui Aa Gayi|Malarodu Saayame]]
| music2 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra2 = Sooraj Santhosh
| length2 = 4:54
| title3 = Swapnadoorame
| music3 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length3 = 4:28
| extra3 = Sathya Prakash
| title4 = Ninnaale
| music4 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra4 = [[Shweta Pandit]], Anurag Kulkarni
| length4 = 4:00
| title5 = Krishna Krishna
| music5 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra5 = Sathya Yamini
| length5 = 1:47
| title6 = Sei Un Angelo
| music6 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length6 = 0:54
| title7 = Sundhara Vadhana
| music7 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra7 = Aishwarya Ravichandran
| length7 = 1:13
| all_writing = [[Joe Paul (lyricist)|Joe Paul]]
}}

{{Track listing
| title1 = Ee Reethile
| music1 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length1 = 3:52
| total_length = 21:09
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = Nihal Sadiq, Harini Ivaturi
| headline = Kannada
| title2 = [[Aashiqui Aa Gayi|Naguvantha Thaareye]]
| music2 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra2 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]]
| length2 = 4:54
| title3 = Sanchari
| music3 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length3 = 4:28
| extra3 = Sathya Prakash
| title4 = Ninnalle
| music4 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra4 = Shweta Pandit, Anurag Kulkarni
| length4 = 4:00
| title5 = Krishna Krishna
| music5 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra5 = Sathya Yamini
| length5 = 1:47
| title6 = Sei Un Angelo
| music6 = Justin Prabhakaran
| length6 = 0:54
| title7 = Sundhara Vadhana
| music7 = Justin Prabhakaran
| extra7 = Aishwarya Ravichandran
| length7 = 1:13
| all_writing = Dhananjay Ranjan
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:2022 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]

SSB Ranidanga Stadium

2026-01-02T01:53:16Z

ZVPZulma5461169: cleanup section as per guidelines and corrected details per standard format

{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox stadium
| name = SSB Ranidanga Stadium
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| image =
| location =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.684249|88.36658|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:3000|display=inline, title}}
| broke_ground =
| opened =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
| operator =
| surface = Green
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| general_contractor =
| tenants =
| seating_capacity = 2,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/india/ssb-ranidanga-stadium/v23618/|title=SSB Ranidanga Stadium|accessdate=11 April 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''SSB Ranidanga Stadium''' is a [[Association football|football]] stadium in [[Golaghat]], [[Assam]]. It can host 2,000 spectators.

==Owner==
The stadium is owned by [[Sashastra Seema Bal]].

==I-League 2nd Division==
The stadium was one of the two venues for [[2015 I-League 2nd Division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Second division league venues finalized|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6248|website=The All India Football Federation|accessdate=11 April 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Football venues in Assam]]
[[Category:I-League 2nd Division venues]]
[[Category:Event venues with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

List of talukas of Goa

2026-01-01T18:36:02Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Added Initial Details W/ Sources.

{{short description|None}}
{{one source|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

[[Goa]] is divided into three districts: [[North Goa]], [[South Goa]], and Kushavati, which are further divided into 12 [[taluka]]s.
[[Image:Administrative map of Goa.png|thumb|350px|[[Taluk]]as of [[Goa]]]]

Talukas in the North Goa district:

* [[Pernem taluka|Pernem]]
* [[Bardez]]
* [[Bicholim taluka|Bicholim]]
* [[Sattari]]
* [[Tiswadi]]

Talukas in the South Goa district:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://southgoa.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |title=South Goa - Sub division & Blocks|access-date= 26 July 2025}}</ref>

* [[Ponda taluka|Ponda]]
* [[Mormugao taluka|Mormugao]]
* [[Salcette]]

Talukas in the proposed Kushavati district:

* [[Dharbandora]]
* [[Sanguem taluka|Sanguem]]
* [[Quepem taluka|Quepem]]
* [[Canacona taluka|Canacona]]

==See also==
* [[Districts of Goa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talukas of Goa}}
[[Category:Lists of subdistricts in India|Goa]]
[[Category:Goa-related lists|Talukas]]
[[Category:Talukas of Goa| ]]

Dharsiwa Assembly constituency

2025-12-09T11:29:42Z

ZVPZulma5461169: further fixed formatting to improve readability additionally and corrected details after review

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dharsiwa
| mla = [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Anita Yogendra Sharma
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:234726}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 47
| map_image = Dharsiwa Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Dharsiwa''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Raipur district|Raipur]] district and is a part of the [[Lok Sabha]] constituency of [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]].

[[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from this seat in the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]s defeating [[Chhaya Verma]] and replaced Anita Yogendra Sharma of [[Indian National Congress]] as the new incumbent.<ref name="Election Commission of India">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2647.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Khubchand Baghel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Hari Prem Baghel
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Munnalal Shukla
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ashwini Kumar Lakhanlal
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Mahant Rameshwar Giri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Daulatram Verma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Shyam Sundar Agrawal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Balaram Verma
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Vidhan Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" |Devjibhai Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| Anita Yogendra Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Dharsiwa<ref name="Election Commission of India">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S2647.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 107,283
|percentage = 58.65
|change = +22.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Chhaya Verma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 62,940
|percentage = 34.41
|change = -13.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amit Baghel
|party = Jai Chhattisgarh Party
|votes = 4,075
|percentage = 2.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ravi Kumar Verma
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,243
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 463
|percentage = 0.25
|change = -0.58
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 44,343
|percentage = 24.24
|change = +12.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 182,921
|percentage = 77.93
|change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Dharsiwa<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anita Yogendra Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 78,989
|percentage = 48.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Devji Bhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 59,589
|percentage = 36.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Panna Lal Sahu
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 14,968
|percentage = 9.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanju Yadav
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 3,343
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sangita Baghel
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,197
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,361
|percentage = 0.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,400
|percentage = 11.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 164,490
|percentage = 78.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Raipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.41|81.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Raipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]

Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana

2025-11-28T22:25:44Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Added Details

{{Short description|Government department of Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Government of Haryana <br> Planning Ministry<br>(Department of Economic and Statistical Ananlysis, Haryana)<br>योजना विभाग, हरियाणा

|seal_width = 250px
|seal_caption = [[Seal of Government of Haryana]]
|formed =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Government of Haryana]]
|headquarters = [[Chandigarh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|30|45|40|N|76|48|2|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name = [[Abhimanyu Sindhu|Captain Abhimanyu Singh Sindhu]]
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|child3_agency =
|child4_agency =
|child5_agency =
|child6_agency =
|child7_agency =
|website = [https://esaharyana.gov.in/ URL]
}}

'''Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana''' (Hindi: '''योजना विभाग, हरियाणा''') is a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] and department of the [[government of Haryana]] in India.

==Description==
The department came into existence when [[Haryana]] was established as a new state within India after being separated from Punjab. [[Abhimanyu Sindhu]] has been the cabinet minister responsible for the department since October 2014.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141216064744/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/New-CM-Khattar-Keeps-Home-Abhimanyu-Finance-Revenue/2014/10/29/article2498439.ece New CM Khattar Keeps Home, Abhimanyu Finance & Revenue]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Districts of Haryana}}
{{Government of India by state or territory}}

[[Category:Government departments of Haryana|Economic and Statistical Analysis]]
[[Category:Economy of Haryana]]

{{Haryana-stub}}

Virender Lal Chopra

2025-11-25T07:48:54Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Started Entry

{{Short description|Indian biotechnologist (1936–2020)}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Virender Lal Chopra
| image = Shri. Virender Lal Chopra (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = Virender Lal Chopra
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1936|08|09}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|04|18|1936|08|09}}
| birth_place = [[Adhwal]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
|alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]<br>[[The University of Edinburgh]]<br>[[University of Cologne]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Prof. V.L. Chopra - A Tribute by CSIR-IHBT|url= https://www.ihbt.res.in/images/TributeDr_VL_Chopra.pdf |access-date= 2025-07-08 |website= [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]-IHBT|language=en}}</ref>
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{ublist|Biotechnologist|Geneticist|Agriculturalist}}
| yearsactive = Since 1967
| known for = Agricultural research
| parents = {{ublist|Harbans Lal|Sukhwanti}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Bhushan]]
* [[Borlaug Award]]
* [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]]
* [[Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] Award
* Honor Summus Medal
* [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Silver Jubilee Commemoration Medal
* [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Aryabhatta Medal
* [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] World Food Day Award
* [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|NAAS]] [[B. P. Pal|Dr. B. P. Pal]] Award
* [[Indian Science Congress Association|ISCA]] Birbal Sahni Birth Centenary Award
}}
}}
'''Virender Lal Chopra''' (9 August 1936 – 18 April 2020) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[biotechnologist]], [[geneticist]], [[agriculturalist]] and a director-general of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR),<ref name="Profile of Virender Lal Chopra">{{cite web | url=http://bios.marquiswhoswho.com/virender_lal_chopra/government_official_agricultural_studies_educator/5897503 | title=Profile of Virender Lal Chopra | publisher=Marquis Who's Who | date=2016 | access-date=3 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604220517/http://bios.marquiswhoswho.com/virender_lal_chopra/government_official_agricultural_studies_educator/5897503 | archive-date=4 June 2016 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> known to have contributed to the development of wheat production in India.<ref name="The war against rust">{{cite magazine | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19841215-borlaug-award-honours-iari-scientist-virendra-lal-for-his-20-year-war-on-rust-803504-1984-12-14 | title=The war against rust | magazine=India Today | date=15 December 1984 | access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> He was the chancellor of [[Central University of Kerala]], a Chancellor of the [[Central Agricultural University]], [[Imphal]] and a member of the [[Planning Commission of India]].<ref name="Indian Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N82-0166 | title=Indian Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=3 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813005651/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N82-0166 | archive-date=13 August 2016 | url-status=usurped | df=dmy-all }}</ref> An elected fellow of several science academies such as [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]], [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts]] and [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS), he was a recipient of a number of honors including [[Borlaug Award]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] World Food Day Award and [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]].<ref name="Chopra, Virender Lal - NAAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/fdetail.html#C023 | title=Chopra, Virender Lal - NAAS Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Agricultural Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1985, for his contributions to agricultural science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Virender Lal Chopra was born on 9 August, 1936 in [[Adhwal]], a small village in the [[Rawalpindi District]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]), into a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family, to parents Harbans Lal and Sukhwanti. Chopra's family moved to [[Delhi]] before the [[Partition of India]], where he did his early schooling at Ramjas School, Delhi.<ref name="Chopra, Virender Lal - NAAS Fellow" /> After securing his graduate degree with honours in agricultural science from Central College of Agriculture, [[Delhi University]] in 1955 and following it up with an associateship at the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI) during 1955–57,<ref name="V. L. Chopra on CGIAR">{{cite web | url=http://www.cgiar.org/www-archive/www.cgiar.org/pdf/vl_chopra.pdf | title=V. L. Chopra on CGIAR | publisher=Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research | date=2016 | access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> he proceeded to the Institute of Genetics, [[University of Cologne]] on a senior Humboldt scholarship.<ref name="The war against rust" /> Subsequently, he shifted his base to Edinburgh in 1964 and secured a doctoral degree (PhD) in [[Genetics]] from the Institute of Genetics of the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1967, presenting the thesis ''"Tests for genetic effects of irradiated or chemically treated media in Drosophila and micro-organisms"''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chopra|first=V. L.|date=1967|title=Tests for genetic effects of irradiated or chemically treated media in drosophila and micro-organisms|language=en|hdl=1842/13380}}</ref>

Chopra's career took prominence when he became the director of [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI) in 1979 which was his first major position where he was in charge of the planning and management of research in genetics and biotechnology.<ref name="V. L. Chopra on CGIAR" /> He stayed at the post for one year before turning to academics as the professor of genetics at the same institution, a post he held till 1985 when he moved to National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology as a Professor of Eminence and the director of the centre. Simultaneously he served as a member of the scientific advisory committee to the Prime Minister of India from 1986 to 1990. He moved to Vietnam in 1990 as the chief technical adviser to the Government of Vietnam on a [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) assignment which lasted 15 months.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} It was during this period, he assisted the Vietnam government in the establishment of the Agriculture Genetics Institute (AGI) in Hanoi.<ref name="V. L. Chopra on CGIAR" /> In 1992, the Government of India appointed him a secretary with the responsibility of the director-general of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), the apex agency in India for agricultural education and research. After his retirement from the ICAR in 1994, he continued his association with the agency as its B. P. Pal National Professor and in 2004, he was appointed as a member of the science council of the [[Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research]] (CGIAR), the largest research entity run on public funding in agriculture in the world.<ref name="Dr Chopra on CGIAR Council">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/04/10/stories/2004041000421000.htm | title=Dr Chopra on CGIAR Council | newspaper=The Hindu Business Line | date=10 April 2004 | access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> At CGIAR, he served as a member of several committees and boards of the member organizations and as its Regional Representative for Asia.<ref name="V. L. Chopra on CGIAR" /> During this period, he was also a member of the now-defunct [[Planning Commission of India]],<ref name="BIT to inaugurate biotech block today">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/08/stories/2005110805160300.htm | title=BIT to inaugurate biotech block today | date=8 November 2005 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=4 May 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> headed by [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]].<ref name="V.L. Chopra sworn in as Planning Commission Member">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=3537 | title=V.L. Chopra sworn in as Planning Commission Member | publisher=Prime Minister's Office, Government of India | date=26 August 2004 | access-date=6 May 2016}}</ref>
[[File:The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh administering the oath of office and secrecy as Member, Planning Commission to Dr. V.L. Chopra in New Delhi on August 26, 2004.jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh administering the oath of office and secrecy as Member, Planning Commission to Dr. V.L. Chopra in New Delhi on August 26, 2004]]
Chopra died on April 18, 2020, in New Delhi.

== Positions and publications ==
Chopra served as the president of the [[International Congress of Genetics|International Genetics Federation]] from 1983 to 1988.<ref name="V. L. Chopra on CGIAR" /> He was a founder member of the Executive council of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] and served as its president, secretary and vice-president during different tenures<ref name="Chopra, Virender Lal - NAAS Fellow" /> and was associated with the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in various capacities.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> He was a member of many trustee boards, [[MS Swaminathan Research Foundation]], [[Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals]] Research Foundation, Tea Research Association and Centre for Advancement of Sustainable Agriculture, counting among [[non governmental organizations]]<ref name="V. L. Chopra on CGIAR" /> and [[International Rice Research Institute]] (IRRI), [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT) and [[International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center]] (CYMMIT) featuring among the global research organizations. He was also a member of the Science Council of the [[Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research]]<ref name="TWAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://twas.org/member/chopra-virender-lal | title=TWAS Fellow | publisher=The World Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rice Today, July-September, 2004, Vol. 3, No. 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjBMgxHlAAcC&pg=PA8|publisher=IRRI|pages=8–|id=GGKEY:YXH28B902QS}}</ref> and a vice chairman (1989) of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, the present-day [[Bioversity International]].{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} He was the chancellor of the [[Central University of Kerala]],<ref name="Chancellor">{{cite web | url=http://cukerala.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138&Itemid=255&lang=en | title=Chancellor | publisher=Central University of Kerala | date=2016 | access-date=6 May 2016 | archive-date=12 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912170103/http://cukerala.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138&Itemid=255&lang=en | url-status=dead }}</ref> appointed to the position in 2012.<ref name="Chopra, Virender Lal - NAAS Fellow" />

Chopra was the author of many books and articles on plant breeding and genetics. ''Plant Breeding: Theory and Practice'',<ref name="Chopra1989">{{cite book|author=V. L. Chopra|title=Plant Breeding: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3II_AAAAYAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-204-0388-8}}</ref> ''Handbook of Industrial Crops'',<ref name="ChopraPeter2005">{{cite book|author1=V. Chopra|author2=K. Peter|title=Handbook of Industrial Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQP6mnQ18dUC|date=12 July 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-56022-283-5}}</ref> ''Breeding Field Crops''<ref name="Chopra2001">{{cite book|author=V. L. Chopra|title=Breeding Field Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dI49XwAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Oxford Ibh|isbn=978-81-204-1435-8}}</ref> and ''Search for New Genes'' are some of the notable books, the last one was co-written by [[Benjamin Peary Pal]] and R. P. Sharma.<ref name="PalChopra2007">{{cite book|author1=Benjamin Peary Pal|author2=V. L. Chopra|author3=R. P. Sharma|title=Search for New Genes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01fnNWME9woC|year=2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-632-6}}</ref> ''Approaches for Incorporating Drought and Salinity Resistance in Crop Plants'',<ref name="ChopraParoda1986">{{cite book|author1=V. L. Chopra|author2=Rajendra Singh Paroda|title=Approaches for Incorporating Drought and Salinity Resistance in Crop Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6A_AAAAYAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-204-0151-8}}</ref> ''Technologies for Livelihood Enhancement'',<ref name="Chopra2015">{{cite book|author=V. L. Chopra|title=Technologies for Livelihood Enhancement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdMcswEACAAJ|date=15 January 2015|publisher=New India Publishing Agency|isbn=978-93-83305-81-0}}</ref> ''Genetics: Applied genetics'',<ref name="ChopraJoshi1984">{{cite book | author1=V. L. Chopra | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXsTAQAAMAAJ | title=Genetics: Applied genetics | publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing | author2=B. C. Joshi | author3=R. P. Sharma, H. C. Bansal | year=1984| isbn=9780890590379 }}</ref> and ''Applied Plant Biotechnology'' are some of his other books.<ref name="ChopraMalik1999">{{cite book|author1=V. L. Chopra|author2=Vedpal S. Malik|author3=S. R. Bhat|title=Applied Plant Biotechnology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76FFAAAAYAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-033-5}}</ref> He presented papers at many science and agricultural conferences; ''Agricultural Biotechnology'' at the 2nd Asia Pacific Conference<ref name="ChopraSharma1996">{{cite book|author1=V. L. Chopra|author2=R. P. Sharma|author3=Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan|title=Agricultural Biotechnology: 2nd Asia Pacific Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAoPAAAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-886106-78-9}}</ref> and ''Genetics, new frontiers'' at the XV International Congress of Genetics are two such papers.<ref name="Chopra1984">{{cite book|author=V. L. Chopra|title=Genetics, new frontiers: proceedings of the XV International Congress of Genetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WAKAQAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=International Congress of Genetics.|isbn=978-0-89059-037-9}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Virender Chopra was awarded the [[Borlaug Award]] of the [[Coromandel International|Coromandel Fertilisers]] in 1983.<ref name="The war against rust" /> The Government of India included him in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1985<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and he was selected for the [[Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] Award in 1986.<ref name="V. L. Chopra on CGIAR" /> The next year, he received two awards, [[Om Prakash Bhasin Award]] and Honor Summus Medal of the Watumull Foundation, USA. He was honored by [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]] and [[Banaras Hindu University]] with the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc - [[honoris causa]]), both the honors reaching him in 1988. The [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) awarded him their Silver Jubilee Commemoration Medal in 1991, INSA would award him again with the Aryabhatta Medal in 2002.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> He received the World Food Day Award of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] in 1993, Birbal Sahni Birth Centenary Award of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] in 1997 and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] (NAAS) awarded him the [[B. P. Pal|Dr. B. P. Pal]] Award in 2002.<ref name="Chopra, Virender Lal - NAAS Fellow" /><ref name="V. L. Chopra on CGIAR" />

Chopra was an elected fellow of the several science academies in India and abroad. The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (IAS) was the first to elect him in 1982,<ref name="Fellow Profile - IAS">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chopra,_Prof._Virender_Lal | title=Fellow Profile - IAS | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> followed by the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA) in 1984.<ref name="Indian Fellow" /> The [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) enrolled him as an elected fellow in 1988,<ref name="NASI Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C | title=NASI Fellow | publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India | date=2016 | access-date=5 May 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315111634/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C | archive-date=15 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> with [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (TWAS) following suit in 1989<ref name="TWAS Fellow" /> and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] in 1990.<ref name="Chopra, Virender Lal - NAAS Fellow" /> Besides, [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]] and [[Banaras Hindu University]], four other universities honored him with honorary doctorates.<ref name="TWAS Fellow" /> He was one among the Indian scientists featured in the list of ''role model scientists'' in ''Reference Curve for Indian Role Model Scientists'', a scientific study published in 2001 on the scientists and their work.<ref name="Reference Curve for Indian Role Model Scientists">{{cite journal | url=http://eprints.rclis.org/4806/1/K-71.pdf | title=Reference Curve for Indian Role Model Scientists |author1=V. L. Kalyane |author2=V. K. Madan |author3=Vijai Kumar | journal=Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science | date=July 2001 | volume=6 | issue=1 | pages=57–70}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite book|author1=V. L. Chopra|author2=B. C. Joshi|author3=R. P. Sharma, H. C. Bansal|title=Genetics: Applied genetics|year=1984|publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing}}
* {{cite book|author=V. L. Chopra|title=Genetics, new frontiers: proceedings of the XV International Congress of Genetics|year=1984|publisher=International Congress of Genetics.|isbn=978-0-89059-037-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=V. L. Chopra|author2=Rajendra Singh Paroda|title=Approaches for Incorporating Drought and Salinity Resistance in Crop Plants|year=1986|publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-204-0151-8}}
* {{cite book|author=V. L. Chopra|title=Plant Breeding: Theory and Practice|year=1989|publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-204-0388-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=V. L. Chopra|author2=R. P. Sharma|author3=Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan|title=Agricultural Biotechnology: 2nd Asia Pacific Conference|year=1996|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-886106-78-9}}
* {{cite book|author1=V. L. Chopra|author2=Vedpal S. Malik|author3=S. R. Bhat|title=Applied Plant Biotechnology|year=1999|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-033-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/appliedplantbiot0000unse}}
* {{cite book|author=V. L. Chopra|title=Breeding Field Crops|year=2001|publisher=Oxford Ibh|isbn=978-81-204-1435-8}}
* {{cite book|author1=V. Chopra|author2=K. Peter|title=Handbook of Industrial Crops|date=12 July 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-56022-283-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=Benjamin Peary Pal|author2=V. L. Chopra|author3=R. P. Sharma|title=Search for New Genes|year=2007|publisher=Academic Foundation|isbn=978-81-7188-632-6}}
* {{cite book|author=V. L. Chopra|title=Technologies for Livelihood Enhancement|date=15 January 2015|publisher=New India Publishing Agency|isbn=978-93-83305-81-0}}

== See also ==
* [[List of University of Edinburgh people]]
* [[Central University of Kerala]]
{{portal|India|Science}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28801951 | title=Reference Curve for Indian Role Model Scientist |author1=V. L. Kalyane |author2=V. K. Madan |author3=Vijai Kumar | journal=Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science | date=July 2001 | volume=6 | issue=1 | pages=57–70}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chopra, Virender Lal}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian agriculturalists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Cologne alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Indian agronomists]]
[[Category:Food and Agriculture Organization officials]]
[[Category:Humboldt Research Award recipients]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Entrepreneur India

2025-11-13T17:32:54Z

ZVPZulma5461169: new some stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|{{notability|date=April 2018}}{{Third-party|date=April 2018}}}}{{Short description|Monthly Indian business magazine}}{{Infobox magazine
| title = Entrepreneur India
| editor =
| category = [[Business magazine]]
| frequency = Monthly
| publisher = Entrepreneur India Media Pvt. Ltd.
| founded = July 2015
| company = Entrepreneur India Media Pvt. Ltd.
| country = [[India]]
| based = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = [https://www.entrepreneur.com/en/in Entrepreneur India]
| image =
}}
'''''Entrepreneur India''''' is a monthly [[Business journalism|business magazine]] targeted at Indian business owners and entrepreneurial enthusiasts. It is published by Entrepreneur India Media Pvt. Ltd.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneur connects with millions of business owners |url=http://www.entrepreneurindia.com/media/ |accessdate=12 April 2018 |website=Entrepreneur India}}</ref> – a joint venture between [[Entrepreneur Media]], [[United States|USA's]] business magazine for entrepreneurs, and Franchise India,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Franchise India – Business Opportunities, Franchise Opportunities |url=https://www.franchiseindia.com/ |accessdate=12 April 2018 |website=Franchise India}}</ref> an Indian company providing integrated [[Franchising|franchise]] solutions since 1999 in various Asian Country. Entrepreneur India Media<ref name=":02" /> publishes the ''Entrepreneur'' magazine in India, as well as hosting the ''Entrepreneur'' website in the country.

== Background ==
The magazine was relaunched in [[India]] in July 2015 by Entrepreneur India Media<ref name=":02" /> for Indian readers interested in business and entrepreneurial stories and information. It was earlier licensed by [[Network 18|Network18]] group.

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==

* Tiwari, Amit (10 January 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250525054355/https://www.businessoutreach.in/top-online-business-magazines-in-india/ "Top 10 Online Business Magazines in India"]. ''Business Outreach''. Archived from [https://www.businessoutreach.in/top-online-business-magazines-in-india/ the original] on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 13 November 2025.
* Divya (8 April 2025). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250430061900/https://www.businessoutreach.in/top-startup-magazines-india/ "Top] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250430061900/https://www.businessoutreach.in/top-startup-magazines-india/ 10 Startup Magazines in India"]. ''Business Outreach''. Archived from [https://www.businessoutreach.in/top-startup-magazines-india/ the original] on 30 April 2025. Retrieved 13 November 2025.

==External links==
* [https://www.entrepreneur.com/us ''Entrepreneur'' (US)]
* [https://www.entrepreneur.com/in ''Entrepreneur'' (India)]
* [http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/45081_Entrepreneur-magazine-relaunched-in-India Entrepreneur magazine relaunched in India]

[[Category:Business magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1999]]
[[Category:Magazines published in India]]

Central India Championships

2025-11-11T13:49:27Z

ZVPZulma5461169: new initial entry initial version

{{Infobox tennis tournament
| name = Central India Championships
| type = defunct
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1912}}
| editions =
| ended = {{end date and age|df=yes|1970}}
| event name = Central India Lawn Tennis Championships
| location = Indore (1912–1939), Allahabad (1943–70)
| venue =
| tour =
| surface =
}}
The '''Central India Championships'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Fomtana Bounced Again In India: Don Fontana of Toronto, Canadian Davis Cup player beaten in Quarter Finals of Central India Championships by Pakistan's Iftakhar Ahmed.|work=Lethbridge Herald |publisher=Newspaper Archives |date=6 January 1956 |location=Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. |page=6}}</ref> or formally the '''Central India Lawn Tennis Championships''' was a combined men's and women's [[tennis]] tournament founded in 1912. The championships were first played at [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. The championships ran until 1970 before it was discontinued as part of the worldwide tennis circuit.

==History==
Tennis was introduced to India in the 1880s by British Army and Civilian Officers.<ref>All India Tennis Association</ref> In 1912 the Central India Lawn Tennis Championships,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Sir Stanley |title=Indian Year Book |date=1943 |publisher=Times of India Press |location=Bombay |page=931 |url= }}</ref> were established. The championships were staged until 1970 when they were discontinued as part of the worldwide tennis circuit.

Former winners on the men's singles title included; [[Ghaus Mohammed Khan]], [[Władysław Skonecki]], [[Ulf Schmidt]], [[Ramanathan Krishnan]], [[Roy Emerson]], [[Jaidip Mukerjea]], [[Ion Țiriac]] and [[Petre Mărmureanu]].

==Locations==
The championships were staged at [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India from 1912 to 1942. They were staged at [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India from 1943 to 1970.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Defunct tennis tournaments in India]]

{{Tennis-competition-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

Nakkeeran Gopal

2025-11-09T19:51:31Z

ZVPZulma5461169: quick fixed section for consistency and added references based on references

{{Short description|Indian journalist and editor (born 1959)}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nakkheeran Gopal
| image = Nakkheeran Gopal, 2006 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Nakkheeran Gopal, 2006
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|4|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aruppukkottai|Aruppukottai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| birthname = Rajagopal
| citizenship = [[India]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| years_active = 1988 – present
| website = https://www.nakkheeran.in
| awards = Thanthai Periyar Award
}}
'''Nakkheeran Gopal''' (born 10 April 1959<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nakkheeran.in/Users/frmAbout.aspx|title=About Us|author=|date=|work=Nakkheeran.in|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref>) is a journalist and editor from [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He is the editor and publisher of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] political investigative journal ''[[Nakkheeran (magazine)|Nakkheeran]]''. He came to national fame in the 1990s when he interviewed sandalwood and ivory smuggler Veerappan, who was surviving in the forests and committing crimes on the Tamil Nadu–Karnataka border, eluding the police of the two states. Footage from his encounters with [[Veerappan]] have been used to create [[Koose Munisamy Veerappan (TV series)]].<ref>{{Citation | title=ZEE5 announces Tamil docu-series Koose Munisamy Veerappan
|url= https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/nov/24/zee5-announces-tamil-docu-series-koose-munisamy-veerappan-49847.html
|access-date=5 December 2023 | website= cinemaexpress|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
He completed his schooling at the Municipal School of [[Aruppukkottai]] and SBK Higher Secondary School. After completing a pre-university course at [[Devanga Arts College]], he graduated with a bachelor of commerce degree from [[Saiva Bhanu Kshatriya College]] in 1977. Apart from his academics, he was part of his college hockey team and was involved in creating artworks that could be considered as one of the early signs of a contemporary layout artist and editor.

Nakkheeran Gopal started working at a provisional store. Later in 1983, he and his friend started a rubber firm with a 3000 rupee investment. Things were not proceeding well from the beginning. At times, they might even need to cycle all around the city. Things were not going well; he had turned ill and returned to his native country. Nakkheeran Gopal abstained from work for four months during his recovery but improved his artistic skills in the meantime. His friends and neighbours suggested he seek a relevant job displaying his splendid artwork.

In 1985, Nakkheeran Gopal was rightly identified by [[Valampuri John]], the editor of ''Thai'' magazine run by the then Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. He received knowledge on layout work and also got exposed to production work during his venture in ''Thiraichuvai''. However, Gopal had learned the success story when he acted as a layout director in ''[[Tharasu]]'' magazine. The readers loved the wrapper layout work that sensibly portrayed the message. He opted to move out of Tharasu at this stage due to various conflicts.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

==''Nakkheeran'' magazine==
{{main|Nakkheeran}}

In 1988, he started his political investigative weekly magazine. He loved the title ''Nakkheeran'', but it was possessed by a politician named K. Subbu. When approached, K. Subbu gave away the title, and it was titled ''Nakkheeran'', the weekly Tamil magazine. The office was set up in a small room at Kilpauk, on the banks of the Cooum river. The first issue of ''Nakkheeran'' came out on 20 April 1988.

==Achievements==
The editor of Nakkheeran, Nakkheeran Gopal, locked horns with the state government of Tamil Nadu in the Supreme Court of India to receive a landmark judgement in favour of press independence on 7 October 1994. This judgement was unanimously appreciated by the global media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/r-rajagopal-v-state-of-t-n/|title=R. Rajagopal v. State of T.N. – Global Freedom of Expression|author=|date=|work=Columbia.edu|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/3292/en/india:-rajagopal-and-another-v.-state-of-tamil-nadu|title=India: Rajagopal and Another v. State of Tamil Nadu · Article 19|author=|date=|work=Article19.org|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref>

As an act of bravery, ''Nakkheeran'' is the first magazine to interview and expose a portrait of South India’s forest brigand [[Veerappan]]. The editor and his team effectively acted as an emissary between Veerappan and state governments to carry out a successful mission in rescuing legendary Kannada thespian [[Dr. Rajkumar]], which calmed down the insecure atmosphere that had prevailed between two states since Rajkumar's abduction in 2000. Earlier, Gopal had successfully rescued eight forest guards kidnapped by Veerappan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/19gopal.htm|title=When Veerappan captured Dr Rajkumar|author=|date=|work=Rediff.com|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref><ref name=Hindu2>{{cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Legal|title="Nakkheeran" Gopal moves SC to squash summons|url=http://hindu.com/2002/06/06/stories/2002060603481300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125113529/http://hindu.com/2002/06/06/stories/2002060603481300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=27 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 June 2002}}</ref>

==POTA==
In 2003, he was arrested on charges of possessing an unlicensed revolver with ammunition.

After eight months of imprisonment, Gopal was ordered to be set free on bail by a division bench of the Madras High Court while allowing a habeas corpus petition filed by his brother. Emerging out of the prison, Gopal said obtaining bail was the 'first blow' to the "autocratic rule" of Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa. "This victory is Nakeeran's first step. Let the government file any number of false cases, we will emerge victorious," he said in brief remarks as he was given a rousing reception by magazine staff and others in front of the prison complex. The high court had faulted the police for not providing any reasons for his arrest under the IPC and Pota. Gopal was first arrested in April 2003 in connection with the murder of a police informant, allegedly by forest brigand Veerappan, and was subsequently charged under Pota for alleged possession of arms.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20011218211926/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1718/17181300.htm A tough bargain]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1719/17190220.htm | title=A mission on hold | date=16-29 September 2000 | work=Frontline | first=T. S. | last=Subramanian | volume=17 | issue=19 | accessdate=24 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1723/17230040.htm | title=One hundred days of torment | work=Frontline | date=11-24 November 2000 | volume=17 | issue=23 | first1=T. S. | last1=Subramanian | first2=Praveen | last2=Swami | accessdate=24 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007931200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125042343/http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102007931200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=Veerappan as `Robin Hood'|first=Suresh|last=Nambath|date=19 October 2004|pages=12|access-date=8 March 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=2098414 |title=Nakkheeran Gopal coming out of the Central jail in Chennai on 20 December 2003 |access-date=25 January 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929071627/http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=2098414 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/21/stories/2005092108070400.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904081624/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/21/stories/2005092108070400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2012|title=Charge sheet submitted in Nakkeeran Gopal case|date=20 September 2005|pages=04|access-date=8 March 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=The Hindu (old)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/gopal-released-from-prison_137662.html|title=Gopal released from prison|author=|date=20 December 2003|work=India.com|access-date=8 March 2017}}</ref>

==Author==
Nakkeeran Gopal penned a series called "Challenge" (late 1990s) and Yutham (late 2000s) in his own ''Nakkheeran'' magazine. Later, the consolidations were released as a book. "Challenge" describes the agony put forth by Jayalalithaa between 1991 and 1996, whereas his Yutham (elaborated in four parts) briefs how his team tackled the distress caused by the 2001–06 TN Govt.{{Citation needed|reason=No reference to the works can be seen|date=October 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Interviews==
* {{cite web |title=Daredevil journalism |url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/1296/daredevil-journalism.html |website=www.theweekendleader.com |accessdate=26 October 2019 |language=en}}
* {{cite web |title='I have 211 cases against me' - Nakkeeran Gopal on his battle with criminal defamation |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/i-have-211-cases-against-me-nakkeeran-gopal-his-battle-criminal-defamation |website=www.thenewsminute.com |accessdate=26 October 2019}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopal, Nakkheeran}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Pathachakra Club

2025-11-03T02:05:41Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Done

{{short description|Association football club in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Pathachakra Club<br>পাঠচক্র ক্লাব
| image =
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| fullname = Mamoni & Aashiyana Group Pathachakra Club
| nickname = Pathachakra
| short name = PTC
| founded = {{start date and age|1956}}
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = Mamoni & Aashiyana Group
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Partha Sen
| league = [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]
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'''Pathachakra Club''' ({{langx|bn|পাঠচক্র ক্লাব}}) is a professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8899|title=Patha Chakra|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> The club currently competes in the [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]], the top-tier football league in West Bengal, organised by the [[Indian Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifawb.org/clubs/|title=IFAWB Clubs: Men's Division (CFL PREMIER DIVISION)|website=ifawb.org|publisher=[[Indian Football Association]]|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009123425/https://ifawb.org/clubs/|archive-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/mohammedan-sporting-vs-pathachakra-live-updates-cfl-2023-222255.html|title=Mohammedan Sporting vs Pathachakra Highlights: Mohammedan destroy Pathachakra 4-0 - myKhel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bagan-start-with-win-over-patha-chakra/articleshow/101529686.cms|title=Bagan start with win over Patha Chakra|date=6 July 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/calcutta-football-league-2018-mohun-bagan-vs-tollygunge-agragami-5-talking-points|title=Calcutta Football League 2018: Mohun Bagan vs Pathachakra FC - 5 Talking Points}}</ref> The club is currently attached to [[United Sports Club]], another football club of Kolkata.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://theunitedsportsclub.in/pathachakra/|title=Pathachakra – United Sports Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QQHEQAAQBAJ&dq=Mamoni+group+pathachakra+owner&pg=PT175|title=একশো সত্তরে বাংলার ফুটবল | Eksho Sattore Banglar Football|first=Aniruddha|last=Ghosh|date=10 May 2024|publisher=Ritujan|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Yogiji Maharaj

2025-10-03T00:52:09Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Spiritual guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Yogiji Maharaj
| image = File:Yogiji Maharaj.jpg
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 23 May 1892
| birth_place = Dhari, [[Gujarat]], India
| birth_name = Jina Vasani
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1971|1|23|1892|5|23}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], India
| caption = Yogiji Maharaj
| predecessor1 = [[Shastriji Maharaj]]
| successor1 = [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]]
| notable_works = International development of [[BAPS]]<br/>
Started [[BAPS]] children's and youth activities
| philosophy = [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan]]
| monastic_name = Gnanjivandas Swami
| denomination = [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]], [[BAPS]]
}}
'''Yogiji Maharaj''' (23 May 1892 – 23 January 1971), born Jina Vasani, was a Hindu swami and the fourth spiritual successor of [[Swaminarayan]] in the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS)]],<ref name=RW2001>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0 521 65422-X}}</ref>{{rp|55}}<ref name=BAPS100>{{cite book|last=Amrutvijaydas|first=Sadhu|title=100 Years of BAPS|year=2007|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=978-81-7526-377-2}}</ref>{{rp|10}} a major branch of the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]. According to the metaphysics of [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS]], Yogiji Maharaj is considered to be the next iteration of [[Brahman|Akshar]] after [[Shastriji Maharaj]] in the guru parampara, an unbroken line of "perfect devotees" who provide "authentication of office through [[Gunatitanand Swami]] and back to Swaminarayan himself."<ref name=RW2001/>{{rp|86}}<ref name=Portrait1994>{{cite book|last=Wind |display-authors=et al|first=James|title=American Congregations Volume 1: Portraits of Twelve Religious Communities|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=USA|isbn=978-0-226-90186-2}}</ref>{{rp|634}} Together with [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]], who acted as the administrative head of BAPS, he was instrumental in nurturing the growth of BAPS "through new programs, expansion into new areas, and the construction of temples".<ref name=RW1984>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=A new face of Hinduism|year=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-521-25454-X}}</ref>{{rp|50}}

As a guru, he consecrated over 60 temples and visited over 4000 towns and villages.<ref name="BAPS100" />{{rp|10}} He was effective in attracting the devotion of youths and initiated a large number of them as ascetics.<ref name="RW1984" />{{rp|50}} Furthermore, his multiple tours to Britain and East Africa were integral in the overseas expansion of BAPS.<ref name="BAPS100" />{{rp|10}}<ref name="RW1984" />{{rp|51}} He died on 23 January 1971 after appointing Pramukh Swami Maharaj as his successor.<ref name="Shepard1974">{{cite book|last=Shepard|first=Leslie|title=Life and Philosophy of Shree Swaminarayan|year=1974|publisher=George Allen & Unwin|location=London|isbn=0-04-294082-6}}</ref>{{rp|178}}

==Early life==
He was born as Jina Vasani on 23 May 1892 in the small town of [[Dhari, Gujarat|Dhari]], [[Gujarat]], India to father Devchandbhai and mother Puribai.<ref name=YM2009>{{cite book|last=Dave|first=Ramesh|title=Yogiji Maharaj|year=2009|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Ahmedabad|isbn=978-81-7526-106-8}}</ref>{{rp|1}} Jina was a diligent student and his work-ethic made him popular among his childhood contemporaries. He took interest in spirituality, engaging in devotional service by performing the daily worship and service of the murtis in the mandir at Dhari.<ref name=YM2009 />{{rp|1}} Due to his failing health, Mohanbhai, the caretaker of the temple, asked Jina to take over the responsibility of running the temple. Jina agreed and despite his young age was happy with the new duties.<ref name=YM2009 />{{rp|9}} He prepared offerings for the deities installed within the mandir, tended its grounds, taught meditation techniques and made sure everyone received sanctified food. Just after Jina had taken his seventh standard exams, Krishnacharandas Swami, a disciple of [[Gunatitanand Swami]], was visiting the mandir with a group of swamis.<ref name=YM2009 />{{rp|10}} After observing Jina's dedication in volunteering at the mandir and his service to the community, he inquired about Jina's interest in being initiated as a swami.<ref name=YM2009 />{{rp|11}} About a year later, Jina obtained his parents' permission to become a swami and on 1 November 1908 he left for [[Junagadh]] to meet Krishnacharandas Swami.<ref name=BAPS100 />{{rp|10}}<ref name=YM2009 />{{rp|11}}

==As a swami==
[[File:Shastriji_Maharaj_and_Yogiji_Maharaj.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Shastriji Maharaj]] and Yogiji Maharaj]]
On 8 November 1908, Jina was initiated into the parshad fold (a probationary period before full initiation).<ref name="RW2001" />{{rp|107}} During this time, not only was Jina entrusted with the care of the cattle and oxen owned by the mandir but also the general upkeep of the mandir itself and related buildings. He was initiated into the swami fold on 11 April 1911 as Gnanjivandas Swami by Acharya Shripatiprasadji Maharaj.<ref name="YM2009" />{{rp|19}} As a swami, he completely renounced the life of a householder and lived according to the rules prescribed by Swaminarayan for ascetics: “absolute celibacy and the avoidance of women, separation from family relationships, detachment from sense objects, non-avarice and restraint of the pride of ego.”<ref name="RW2001" />{{rp|150}} Typically, Gnanjivandas Swami would rise early in the morning and work throughout the day to fulfill the commitment of service to both God and society. He would sweep the temple, clean the kitchens, and serve the devotees that visited.<ref name="RW2001" />{{rp|108}} His adoption of a spartan lifestyle and adherence to the principles laid down by Swaminarayan earned Jina the by name, Yogiji. The term "yogi," used to denote a person who practices asceticism and attains yoga, or communion with God, is followed by the suffix "ji" which is used as a sign of respect.<ref name="Shepard1974" />{{rp|176}} It was during this time that he met his guru, [[Shastriji Maharaj]].<ref name="Shepard1974" />{{rp|176}} When Shastriji Maharaj's identification of Gunatitanand Swami as the personal form of Akshar led to a doctrinal split with the Vadtal diocese, he formed a separate entity, BAPS, as a result.<ref name="RW2001" />{{rp|54}} This meeting in Rajkot, where Shastriji Maharaj expounded the principles of the [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan|Akshar-Purshottam Darshan]], ultimately resulted in several swamis from the Vadtal diocese, including Yogiji Maharaj, leaving to join Shastriji Maharaj.<ref name="amrutvijaydas2006">{{cite book|last=Amrutvijaydas|first=Sadhu|title=Shastriji Maharaj Life and Work|year=2006|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|location=Amdavad|isbn=978-81-7526-305-5}}</ref><ref name="KimPublic">{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Hanna|title=Public Engagement and Personal Desires: Baps Swaminarayan Temples and their Contribution to the Discourses on Religion|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|year=2009|volume=13|issue=3|pages=357–390|doi=10.1007/s11407-010-9081-4|s2cid=4980801}}</ref> Under Shastriji Maharaj's guidance, Yogiji Maharaj played an integral part in growing the fledgling BAPS organization in India and beyond.<ref name="RW2001" />{{rp|61}}<ref name="Shepard1974" />{{rp|178}}

==Guruship and legacy==
===Construction of mandirs and travels===
Yogiji Maharaj led the construction of numerous temples in India and abroad during his guruship.<ref name=Shepard1974 />{{rp|176}} He consecrated two shikharbaddha mandirs and 41 smaller hari mandirs in India. In addition, he built 7 mandirs in Africa and the United Kingdom.<ref name=YM2009 /> Concurrently, he arranged for the organization of large festival celebrations in India and abroad and arranged for devotees to go on pilgrimages around India.<ref name=RW2001 />{{rp|61}} Throughout his time as guru, he visited over 150,000 homes and maintained correspondence with devotees through letter writing among other activities.<ref name=RW2001 />{{rp|62}}<ref name=BAPS100 />

He propagated the [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan|Akshar-Purushottam philosophy]] in parts of East Africa and London.<ref name=RW1984 />{{rp|50}} He interacted with devotees around the world via letters that offered encouragement and guidance in maintaining spiritual enthusiasm.<ref name=RW2001 />{{rp|62}}<ref name=YM2009 />{{rp|50}} His travels outside of India followed a surge of migration by Gujaratis to these locales<ref>{{cite book|last=Poros|first=Maritsa|title=Modern Migrations : Gujrati Indian Networks in New York and London|year=2011|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Stanford, California|isbn=978-0804772235|page=19}}</ref> At the behest of the devotees that migrated outside of India, Yogiji Maharaj went on several spiritual tours, initially to East Africa, and later to England.<ref name=Shepard1974 />{{rp|178}} As the first BAPS guru to travel outside of India, he added to the cultural migration that further augmented the physical migration of Indians outside of India.<ref name=Hutchinson88>{{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=Brian|title=The guru-devotee relationship in the experience of members of the Akshar-Purushottam Swaminarayan Sampradaya|year=1988|publisher=Unisa|page=77}}</ref> The first mandir that he consecrated was in Mombasa, Kenya during his tour of East Africa in 1955.<ref name=RWJournal>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Training religious specialists for a transnational Hinduism: a Swaminarayan Sadhu training center|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|date=Winter 1988|volume=66|issue=4|pages=841–862|jstor=1466174|doi=10.1093/jaarel/66.4.841}}</ref> Despite his age, he went on a third overseas tour in 1970 during which he installed the image of Akshar-Purushottam in hari mandirs in Nairobi, Kenya. On the same tour, he also established the first Swaminarayan mandir in London, England.<ref name=Portrait1994 />

===Youth activities===
In his speeches and correspondences, he emphasized engaging youth to develop a spiritual inclination.<ref name=YM2009 /> He organized the first meetings for youth during weekly assemblies and initiated the weekly Swaminarayan Satsang Patrika featuring news of Satsang events and an agenda for weekly assemblies.<ref name=BAPS100 /> This provided a forum for youth to grow spiritually, academically and personally by creating specialized activities suited to their needs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sundar|first=Pushpa|title=For God's sake : religious charity and social development in India|year=2002|publisher=Sampradaan Indian Centre for Philanthropy|location=New Delhi|page=131}}</ref> Before these efforts, the youths in BAPS normally sat with adults during weekly congregations. In 1952, he founded the youth wing (yuvak mandal) to foster activities specific for youth, so that they could understand the spiritual messages catered to their own needs.<ref name=RWSacredThread>{{cite book|editor=Raymond Brady Williams|title=A sacred thread : modern transmission of Hindu traditions in India and abroad|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0231107792|pages=217–218|edition=Columbia University Press}}</ref> He is remembered for treating youths with respect and affection and was well known for giving a {{Transliteration|hi|dhabo}}, (a hearty pat on the back) while giving his blessings.<ref name=Shepard1974 />{{rp|179}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Rudert|first=Angela|title=Inherent faith and negotiated power : Swaminarayan women in the United States|year=2004|publisher=[[Cornell University]]|location=Ithaca, New York|page=30}}</ref> He also advocated for camps and seminars promoting academic and personal spiritual growth for youth and arranged for the construction of schools, hostels and "gurukuls" (spiritual academies).<ref>{{cite book|last=Brahmaviharidas|first=Sadhu|title=Images of Eternal Joy: Moments with Yogiji Maharaj|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|year=2005|isbn=978-8175262614|location=Ahmedabad|page=6}}</ref> During Yogiji Maharaj's spiritual tours, young aspirants decided to join him during their school vacations. These teenagers gave up the comforts of home and householder life to perform service, in line with the lifestyle of the swamis they traveled with.<ref name=RW2001 />{{rp|50}} One such youth, Vinu Patel, was inspired to join the monastic order, and Yogiji Maharaj ordained him Keshavjivandas Swami in 1961. Popularly known as [[Mahant Swami Maharaj]], in 2016, he became the president and guru of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aksharvatsaldas|first=Swami|title=Mahant Swami Maharaj: an epitome of saintliness|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith|year=2018|location=Ahmedabad|translator-last=Vivekjivandas|translator-first=Swami|asin=B07FXV37NK|translator-last2=Amrutvijaydas|translator-first2=Swami}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Yogiji_Maharaj_and_Pramukh_Swami.jpg|thumb|367x367px|Yogiji Maharaj and [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]] conversing]]
Under his guidance, the fledgling BAPS organization gained formation throughout India and abroad. He established systems such as weekly assemblies, publications and recurring festivals that encouraged greater focus on spiritual endeavors. His efforts in co-ordination of these increased activities provided an infrastructure for the organization's continued expansion and growth under his spiritual successor, [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]].<ref name="RW2001" />{{rp|60–61}}<ref name="BAPS100" /><ref name="Shepard1974" />{{rp|178–179}}

Shortly after a tour of East Africa and Britain, Yogiji Maharaj passed away and reverted to his eternal abode on 23 January 1971 at the BAPS temple in Mumbai<ref name=YM2009 />{{rp|53}} Before his passing, he appointed Pramukh Swami Maharaj as his spiritual successor and the two "functions of temporal administration and spiritual oversight were reunited in him."<ref name=RW2001 />{{rp|60–61}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xIRAQAAIAAJ |author=Cynthia Salvadori |editor=Andrew Fedders |title=Through open doors : a view of Asian cultures in Kenya |year=1989 |publisher=Kenway Publications |location=Nairobi, Kenya |isbn=978-9966848055 |page=126 |edition=Rev.}}</ref> A memorial shrine called the Yogi Smruti Mandir was constructed in [[Gondal, Gujarat]] at the site of his cremation.<ref name=RW2001 />{{rp|135}}<ref name=YM2009 />{{rp|53}}

==Yogi Gita==
[[File:Yogi_Gita_Cover.jpg|thumb|292x292px|Yogi Gita]]
Literally meaning "yogi's song" (from the Sanskrit root ''geet''), it refers to a collection of Yogiji Maharaj's spiritual teachings and prayers. The Yogi Gita encapsulates the necessary attributes one must imbibe to progress spiritually and become brahmarup or attain high levels of spiritual enlightenment. The Yogi Gita also provides an expansive view of the [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan]], the doctrinal foundation of BAPS philosophy.

The Yogi Gita begins with Yogiji Maharaj's letter to a devout follower and also includes Yogiji Maharaj's prayer (Prarthana) offered to his guru Shastriji Maharaj in Mahelav, [[Gujarat]]. The Yogi Gita continues with the Jivan Bhavna, a collection of Yogiji Maharaj's saying summarizing life philosophy and guidance, and the Hrudayni Vato, a collection of his words of wisdom.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Yogiji Maharaj|title=Yogi gita: divine words of Yogiji Maharaj|year=2002|isbn=978-81-7526-205-8|edition=1st|location=Ahmedabad|oclc=820458045}}</ref> The letter which forms the core of the Yogi Gita was written over a period of three days, from 28 March to 1 April 1941. In 1940, Yogiji Maharaj came down with a severe case of dysentery in Rajkot. His guru Shastriji Maharaj, on hearing of his plight, sent an attendant named Jagjivan Ruda Poriya to nurse him back to health. Upon his recovery, Jagjivan asked to be sent off with Yogiji Maharaj's spiritual wisdom as a "reward" for his efforts. In response to the request, Yogiji Maharaj wrote the letter that would later become a part of the Yogi Gita.<ref name="Sadhu Viveksagardas 2008">''Sadhu Viveksagardas, Yogi Gita Marma (Gujarati)'' (Discourses on Yogi Gita). Swaminarayan Aksharpith (2008) {{ISBN|81-7526-374-1}}.</ref>

===Letter to a ''satsangi''===
In his letter to Jagjivan, the "[[satsangi]]," Yogiji Maharaj reinforced the importance of three spiritual virtues: samp or co-operation, suhradhabhav or friendship, and ekta or unity. He indicated that all devotees should strive to live by these principles. He also described the following principles that he believed would lead to peace and happiness:

*Service, humility and attaining [[moksha]]: He stressed the importance of atmanishta or believing oneself to be the soul as one of the prerequisites to attaining liberation. The values of faithfulness and total surrender to God and his swami and Yogiji Maharaj's belief that one should live as ''das no das'', or the servant of God's servant, were also succinctly explained within the section.
*Avoiding gossip: This short section addresses how gossiping reduces the virtues of an aspirant and is one of the biggest obstacles on the path to liberation.
*Realization of one’s faults: To highlight the need for introspection, he referred to the words of Jaga Bhagat. He wrote that if one begins to look at the faults of other, they should pause and look at their own faults instead.
*Tolerance and forgiveness: He described these two virtues as amongst the most powerful qualities a spiritual aspirant could have.
*Mutual affection: He explained the need for a collaborative understanding of various principles.
*Spiritual discourses: He stated that by constantly listening to spiritual discourses and absorbing the knowledge inherent in them one would experience tranquility and inner happiness.<ref name="Sadhu Viveksagardas 2008"/>

===Prarthana===
The second section contains Yogiji Maharaj's earnest prayer to Shastriji Maharaj in Mehelav, Gujarat. Yogiji Maharaj used various spiritual qualities of Shastriji Maharaj as examples to illustrate the tenets that devotees should instill in themselves. In essence, Yogiji Maharaj prayed that all devotees could become as virtuous and devout as Shastriji Maharaj.<ref name=":0" />

===Jivan Bhavna===
The editors of the text compiled various proverbs of Yogiji Maharaj that encapsulated his insights and philosophy of life.<ref name=":0" />

===Hrudayni Vato===
Literally meaning "the sayings of the heart," this section explores numerous sayings and his empirical teachings. It focuses on the spiritual attributes that are necessary for one to attain liberation. Yogiji Maharaj reinforced the fact that devotees would never suffer from misery if they had a firm refuge in God.<ref name=":0" />

===Importance to BAPS ===
To devotees of the BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha, the Yogi Gita is an inspirational text that aims to increase the spiritual purity of believers. Yogiji Maharaj's own virtuous life and esteem in the eyes of BAPS followers give added weight to the teachings present in this work.<ref name="RW1984" /> A theme prevalent throughout the Yogi Gita is the [[Akshar-Purushottam Darshan|Akshar-Purshottam Darshan]] and the belief that true spiritual awakening and liberation can be achieved only with the help of a God-realized soul (atpurush).<ref name=":0" /> In the Yogi Gita, his Satpurush was Shastriji Maharaj. Devotees within the group use Yogiji Maharaj’s adherence to his guru’s principles and devoutness as examples of how an ideal spiritual life should be led.<ref name="Sadhu Viveksagardas 2008"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Yogiji Maharaj}}
{{BAPS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasani, Jinabhai}}
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:People from Amreli district]]

Kinnal craft

2025-09-08T16:06:06Z

ZVPZulma5461169: adding new stub...

{{Short description|Traditional wooden craft of Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
[[File:Kinnal toys, Karnataka.jpeg|thumb|Kinnal toys]]

'''Kinnal craft''' or '''Kinhal craft''' ({{Langx |kn| ಕಿನ್ನಾಳ ಕಲೆ }}), is a traditional wooden [[craft]] local to the town of [[Kinnal]] (also spelled Kinhal) in [[Koppal District]], [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glasgowkinnalcraft.org/html/kc_background.html |title=Kinnal Craft |publisher=Glasgow Kinnal Project |accessdate=16 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128105952/http://www.glasgowkinnalcraft.org/html/kc_background.html |archivedate=28 January 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff|date=19 January 2013|title=Reviving Kinnala art|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/reviving-kinnala-art/article4322206.ece}}</ref>

The town is famous for toys and religious idols. Recently, this craft has been granted [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]].

==History==
Kinnal was once a flourishing centre for crafts, the most well-known being carvings in wood. The famous mural paintings in the Pampapateshwara Temple and the intricate work on the wooden chariot at [[Hampi]] are said to be the work of the ancestors of the Kinnal artisans of today.{{citation needed|date=August 2008}} Old paper tracings found in the ancestral house of one of the artisans further substantiates this belief.

In 2007, students from the [[University of Glasgow]] and [[Glasgow School of Art]] in collaboration with the Crafts Council of Karnataka, facilitated a project with local students and craftsmen, in an attempt to revive the Kinnal craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.craftscouncilofindia.org/images/newsletterJan2008.pdf |title=Kinhal Toys – Training Project |publisher=Crafts Council of India |accessdate=14 August 2008 |pages=24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424012905/http://www.craftscouncilofindia.org/images/newsletterJan2008.pdf |archivedate=24 April 2009 }}</ref>

==Method==

The artisans are called ''chitragara''. Lightweight wood is used for the toys. The paste used for joining the various parts is made of [[tamarind]] seeds and pebbles. [[Jute]] rags, soaked, slivered into pieces, dried, powdered, and mixed with saw dust and tamarind seed paste is made into ''kitta''. A mixture of pebble powder paste with liquid gum is used for embossing the ornamentation and jewellery on the body of the figure. Once the components of the figure are assembled, ''kitta'' is applied by hand all over, and small pieces of cotton are stuck on it with the tamarind paste. Over this is applied the pebble paste which forms the base for the application of paint.

Previously, toys depicting people involved in various occupations were popular; now the preference is for figures, animals, and birds. [[Garuda]], the epic bird, has 12 components while Lord [[Ganesha]] on a throne has 22 components. The styling is realistic and the designing and chiselling has a master touch. In the festival season, clay toys and images are made, often out of cowdung and sawdust.

==See also==
*[[Bidriware]]
*[[Channapatna toys]]
*[[Dharwad pedha]]
*[[Mattu gulla]]
*[[Navalgund durrie|Navalgund durries]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080531054439/http://www.glasgowkinnalcraft.org/index.html The Glasgow Kinnal Project – no longer valid]
*[http://issuu.com/feeschmidt-soltau/docs/kinnal-craft Book about the Kinhal Craft produced by Scottish team]
* [Form GI-1 of Application No. 213 available at https://web.archive.org/web/20150320221220/http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GirPublic/ViewApplicationDetails.aspx?AppNo=20&Index=0]

[[Category:Indian woodwork]]
[[Category:Arts of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Wooden sculptures]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]

Vidyadhar Karmakar

2025-09-04T10:45:00Z

ZVPZulma5461169:

{{Short description|Indian actor (1925–2021)}}
'''Vidyadhar Karmakar''' (1925 – 20 September 2021) was an Indian stage, film and television actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2021|title=अलार्म काकांची अचानक एक्झिट! 'उठा उठा दिवाळी आली…' जाहिरातीतील अलार्म काका गेले..|url=https://ekdamzakkas.online/vidyadhar-karmarkar-yanchi-exit/|access-date=21 September 2021|website=ekdamzakkas.online}}</ref> He played in many advertisements from 2006 on.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Vidyadhar Karmarkar - Film Actor, TV Actor|url=https://meetkalakar.com/Artist/764-Vidyadhar-Karmarkar|access-date=21 September 2021|website=meetkalakar.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Vidyadhar retired from the Central Telegraph office in 1984. Before he started modelling in ads he was known face in [[Marathi theatre]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2016|title=Senior Models|url=https://silvertalkies.com/senior-models-first-takes-fifty/|access-date=21 September 2021|website=silvertalkies.com}}</ref> He acted in and also directed plays. In addition he was a [[puppeteer]].

== Filmography ==

===Films===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2008 || ''[[Saas Bahu Aur Sensex]]'' || Mr. Pawar ||
|-
|2010 || ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]'' || Old Man at Ticket Counter ||
|-
|2013 || ''[[Ek Thi Daayan]]'' || Old Man ||
|-
|2014 || ''[[Ek Villain]]'' || Chotu ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Great Grand Masti]]'' || Dada in the Car ||
|-
|2017 || ''[[Tumhari Sulu]]'' || Mathuradas Brother 2 ||
|-
|2018 || ''[[Veerey Ki Wedding]]'' || Bade Babu ji ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2015 || ''[[Dosti... Yaariyan... Manmarziyan]]'' || Suraj Mishra ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Links ==
* [https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vidyadhar-karmarkar-is-the-oldest-actor-on-indian-television-983515.html Vidyadhar Karmarkar is the oldest actor on Indian television]
* {{IMDb name|3901975}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karmarkar, Vidyadhar}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Artistic depictions of the Bangladesh Liberation War

2025-08-10T00:33:39Z

ZVPZulma5461169: expand layout per sources and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
[[Image:Jatiyo Smriti Soudho, concrete modernist monument and memorial gardens, at Savar near Dhaka in central Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bangladesh's national monument, [[Jatiyo Smriti Soudho]], located in Savar, [[Dhaka]], is a tribute to the martyrs of the Liberation War.]]
{{Culture of Bangladesh}}

There have been numerous works of art created as a result of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. In 1971, a concert was organized by members of the British rock band, The Beatles, in support of Bangladesh. The songs recorded for and broadcast on [[Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra]] are still considered to be the best of Bangladeshi protest songs.

Four documentaries were made in [[Bangladesh]] during the War - [[Zahir Raihan]]'s ''[[Stop Genocide]]'' and ''A State Is Born'', Babul Chowdhry's ''Innocent Millions'', and Alamgir Kabir's ''Liberation Fighters.'' These four films are considered to be the first films made in Bangladesh, since earlier films were produced in Pakistan or India. ''[[Muktir Gaan]] (Song of Freedom)'', by [[Tareque Masud|Tareque]] and Kathrine Masud, is based on footage shot by Leer Levin during the war and is the most critically acclaimed Bangladeshi documentary. The directors followed the film with two sequels – ''[[Muktir Kotha|Story of Freedom]]'' and ''Narir Katha''. Their feature film on the same subject, ''[[Matir Moyna]]'', won the FIPRESCII award at Cannes Film Festival.

One of the more well-known authors to write about the Liberation War is Shamsur Rahman. Arguably, the Bangladesh Liberation War is one of the most referenced subjects for Bangladeshi literature since 1971. Monuments made to commemorate the War are some of the highest esteemed monuments in Bangladesh. One such memorial is Bangladesh's national monument, [[Jatiyo Smriti Soudho]], located in Savar, [[Dhaka]].

==Films==
===Bangladeshi===
* ''[[Stop Genocide]]'' – documentary by [[Zahir Raihan]] (1971)<ref name="Haq2022p427">{{cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Fahmidul |title=Cinema of Bangladesh: Absence of 1947 and abundance of 1971 |journal=India Review |year=2022 |volume=21 |issue=3 |page=427 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2022.2086409}}</ref>
* ''Let There be Light'' by [[Zahir Raihan]] (1971)
* ''Nine Months to Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh'' – documentary by S. Sukhdev (1972)<ref name="Haq2022p427" />
* ''[[Ora Egaro Jon]]'' (''The Magnificent Eleven'') by [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]] (1972)<ref name="Haq2022p429">{{cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Fahmidul |title=Cinema of Bangladesh: Absence of 1947 and abundance of 1971 |journal=India Review |year=2022 |volume=21 |issue=3 |page=429 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2022.2086409}}</ref>
* ''[[Arunodoyer Agnishakkhi]]'' (''The Dawn Observer'') by [[Subhash Dutta]] (1972)<ref name="Haq2022p429" />
* ''Bagha Bangali'' (''The Bengal Tiger'') by Ananda (1972)<ref name="Haq2022p429" />
* ''Raktakto Bangla'' (The Blood-stained Bengal) by Mamtaj Ali (1972)
* ''[[Dhire Bohe Meghna]]'' (''Quiet Flows the river Meghna'') by Alamgir Kabir (1973)<ref name="Haq2022p429" />
* ''Amar Jonmovumi'' (1973)
* ''[[Sangram (1974 film)|Sangram]]'' (''The War'') by [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]] (1974)<ref name="Haq2022p429" />
* ''[[Abar Tora Manush Ho]]'' (''Be Human Again'') by [[Khan Ataur Rahman]] (1973)<ref name="Haq2022p429" />
* ''[[Alor Michhil]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Sangram (1974 film)|Sangram]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Megher Onek Rong]]'' (''Clouds Have Many Colors'') by [[Harunur Rashid (filmmaker)|Harun-Or-Rashid]] (1976)<ref name="Haq2022p429" />
* ''Kalmilata '' by Shahidul Haq Khan (1981)<ref name="Haq2022p430">{{cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Fahmidul |title=Cinema of Bangladesh: Absence of 1947 and abundance of 1971 |journal=India Review |year=2022 |volume=21 |issue=3 |page=430 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2022.2086409}}</ref>
* ''Chitkar'' (1982)
* ''Agami'' (''Toward'') by [[Morshedul Islam]] (1984)<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''Hooliya'' (''Wanted'') by [[Tanvir Mokammel]] (1984),<ref name="Haq2022p430" /> based on [[Nirmalendu Goon]]'s Hulia poem
* ''Protyaborton'' (1986)
* ''Suchona'' by [[Morshedul Islam]] (1988)
* ''Charpotro'' (1988)
* ''Bokhate'' (1989)
* ''Duronto'' (1989)
* ''Potaka'' (1989)
* ''Kalo Chil '71'' (1990)
* ''Dushor Jatra'' (1992)
* ''Ekattorer Jishu (Jesus '71)'' – feature film by [[Nasiruddin Yousuff]], based on [[Shahriar Kabir]]'s story (1993)
* ''[[Desh Premik]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Muktir Gaan]]'' (''Song of Freedom'', 1995),<ref name="Haq2022p427" /> ''[[Muktir Kotha]]'' (''A Tale of Freedom'', 1999),<ref name="Haq2022p428">{{cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Fahmidul |title=Cinema of Bangladesh: Absence of 1947 and abundance of 1971 |journal=India Review |year=2022 |volume=21 |issue=3 |page=428 |doi=10.1080/14736489.2022.2086409}}</ref> and ''Narir Katha'' – three different [[Bengali-language]] documentaries by [[Tareque Masud]] and Catherine Masud
* ''[[Aguner Poroshmoni]]'' feature film by [[Humayun Ahmed]] (1994)<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''[[Nodir Naam Modhumoti]]'' (''The River Called Madhumoti'') by [[Tanvir Mokammel]] (1995)<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''Ekhono Onek Raat'' (1997)
* ''[[Hangor Nodi Grenade]]'', On the basis of [[Selina Hossain]]'s novel, [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]] (1997)
* ''Gourob'' (1998)
* ''Chana O Muktijuddo'' (1998)
* ''Ekattorer Lash'' (1998)
* ''Itihas Kanna'' by Shamim AKter, Biography of a war child (1999)
* ''Shovoner Ekattor'' (2000)
* ''Muktijoddo O Jibon'' (2000)
* ''Shei Rater Kotha Bolte Eshechi'' ("I Have Come to Speak of That Night") – documentary by Kawsar Chowdhury (2001)
* ''Ekjon Muktijodda'' (2001)
* ''Ekattorer Michil'' by [[Kabori Sarwar]] (2001)
* ''Ekattorer Rong Pencil'' by Manan Hira (2001)
* ''[[Matir Moina]]'' (''The Clay Bird'') by [[Tareque Masud]] (2002),<ref name="Haq2022p430" /> winner of the FIPRESCI Prize at the 2002 [[Cannes Film Festival]]
* ''Shilalipi'' by Shamim Akhter (2002)<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''Hridoyghata'' (2002)
* ''Spartacus '71''
* ''Shorot '71'' by [[Morshedul Islam]] (2002)
* ''Swadhinata'' (''Freedom'') by Yasmine Kabir (2003)<ref name="Haq2022p428" />
* ''Ami Sadhinota Enechhi'' by [[Sagar Lohani]] (2003)
* ''Amar Bandhu Rashed'' (''My Friend Rashed'') by [[Morshedul Islam]] (2004)<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''[[Shyamol Chhaya]]'' feature film by [[Humayun Ahmed]] (2004)<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''[[Joyjatra]]'' feature film by [[Tauquir Ahmed]] (2004)<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''[[Megher Pore Megh]]'' by [[Chashi Nazrul Islam]] (2004)
* ''Dhrubotara'' (2006)
* ''Khelagor'' by [[Morshedul Islam]], (2006)
* ''Asttitey Amar Desh'', According to the Biography of [[Matiur Rahman (military pilot)|Matiur Rahman]] directed by Khijir Hayat Khan (2007)
* ''Tajuddin Ahmed: Nishongo Sarati'' (''Tajuddin Ahmad: An Unsung Hero'') by [[Tanvir Mokammel]] (2007)<ref name="Haq2022p428" />
* ''Rabeya'' by [[Tanvir Mokammel]], (2009)
* ''[[Meherjaan]]'' by Rubaiyat Hossain (2011)
* ''[[Guerrilla (2011 film)|Guerrilla]]'' by [[Nasiruddin Yousuff]] (2011)<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''Khondo Golpo '71'' (2011)
* ''[[Amar Bondhu Rashed]]'' by [[Morshedul Islam]] (2011) based on a juvenile novel by [[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]]
* ''[[Pita - The Father]]'' by Masud Akando (2012)
* ''[[Nekabborer Mohaproyan]]'' directed by Masud Pathik, based on a poetry by [[Nirmalendu Goon]] (2014)
* ''[[Shongram]]'' (2014)
* ''Bishkanta'' (''The Poison Thorn'') by Farjana Boby (2015)<ref name="Haq2022p428" />
* ''Meghmollar'' by Zahidur Rahim Anjan (2015), adapted from a story by [[Akhtaruzzaman Ilias]]<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''[[Anil Bagchir Ekdin]]'' (''Anil Bagchi’s Day'') by [[Morshedul Islam]] (2015), adapted from [[Humayun Ahmed]]'s novel<ref name="Haq2022p430" />
* ''Angels of Hell'' by Shameem Shahid (2015); Short film based on war children of Bangladesh Liberation War
* ''Janmasathi'' (''Born Together'') by [[Shabnam Ferdousi]] (2017)<ref name="Haq2022p428" />
* ''[[Bhuban Majhi]]'' by Fakhrul Arefeen Khan (2017)
* [[Radio (2023 film)|''Radio'']] (2023), about 7 March speech of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

===Indian===
{{Excerpt|Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Films}}
* ''[[Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Sathiyo]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Dateline Bangladesh]]'' by [[Gita Mehta]] (2013)
* ''[[Gunday]]'' (2014)
* ''[[IB71]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Gadar 2]]'' (2023)

===American===
* ''[[The War Crimes File]]'' by [[David Bergman (journalist)|David Bergman]] (Three men's role in Bangladesh war genocide) (2013)

===Pakistani===
* ''[[Ghazi Shaheed]]'' (1998)
* [[Khel Khel Mein (2021 film)|''Khel Khel Mein'']] (2021)
* ''[[Huey Tum Ajnabi]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Jo Bichar Gaye]]'' (TV series)
*
* ''[[Khaab Toot Jaatay Hain]]'' (TV series)

==Plays==
* ''Payer Awaj Pawa jay'' by [[Syed Shamsul Haque]] (1976)
* ''Juddho Ebong Juddho'' by [[Syed Shamsul Haque]] (1986)
* ''Joyjoyonti'' by [[Mamunur Rashid]] (1995)
* ''Ekattorer Pala'' by Nasiruddin Yousuff Bacchu (1993)
* ''Mukhosh''
* ''Kingsukh''
* J''e Merute''
* ''Bibisab'' by [[Abdullah al Mamun (actor)|Abdullah al Mamun]] (1994)
* ''Kotha '71''
* ''Bolod'' by [[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]]

==Literature==
* ''Ami Birangana Bolchi'' (''The Voices of War Heroines'') – first-person narratives collected by [[Nilima Ibrahim]] (two volumes: 1994, 1995)
* ''Ekatture Uttar Ronangaon ('71 Northern Front)'' – Factual War Accounts (in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]) by [[Muhammad Hamidullah Khan]], Sector Commander 11, War of Independence – [[Bangladesh]]
* ''Amar Bondhu Rashed'' (My Friend Rashed) – Juvenile novel by [[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]]
* ''Ghum Nei (Sleepless Nights)'' – memoir by [[Nasiruddin Yusuf]]
* ''Ami Bijoy Dekhechi (I have witnessed the Victory)'' – memoir by [[M. R. Akhtar Mukul]]
* ''A Tale of Millions'' – memoir by Major (R) [[Rafik Ul Islam]]
* ''Ekattorer Dinguli (Days of 71)'' – memoir by [[Jahanara Imam]] (1986) {{ISBN|984-480-000-5}}
* ''[[Maa (Novel)|Maa]](The Mother)'' – novel by [[Anisul Hoque]] (2003) {{ISBN|984-458-422-1}}
* ''Jochhna o Janani'r Galpo (The Tale of Moonlight and the Motherland)'' – novel by Humayun Ahmed (2004) {{ISBN|984-8682-76-7}}
* ''Of Blood and Fire'' –
* ''[[September on Jessore Road]]'' – poem by [[Allen Ginsberg]]<ref>[http://www.everyday-beat.org/ginsberg/poems/jessore.txt ''September on Jessore Road'']</ref>
* ''[[A Golden Age]]'' – novel by [[Tahmima Anam]]
* ''Aguner Poroshmoni'' – novel by [[Humayun Ahmed]]
* ''1971'' – novel by [[Humayun Ahmed]]
* ''Of Martyrs and Marigolds'' – a novel written by a [[Stranded Pakistani]] woman, [[Aquila Ismail]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ismail|first1=Aquila|title=A Voice from Pakistan: Of Martyrs and Marigolds|url=http://www.peacexpeace.org/2012/08/a-voice-from-pakistan-of-martyrs-and-marigolds/|website=Peace X Peace|access-date=3 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012225624/http://www.peacexpeace.org/2012/08/a-voice-from-pakistan-of-martyrs-and-marigolds/|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Music==
* ''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|The Concert for Bangladesh]]'', New York, 1971
* "[[Song for Bangladesh]]" – song by [[Joan Baez]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.joanbaez.com/Lyrics/bangladesh.html |title=Lyrics |access-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210083940/http://www.joanbaez.com/Lyrics/bangladesh.html |archive-date=10 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* "[[Bangla Desh (song)|Bangla Desh]]" – song by [[George Harrison]]

==Sculpture and Architecture==
* Sucker'wfp21 war project created by artist [[Firoz Mahmud]] which first exhibited at [https://aichitriennale.jp/2010/en/artists/contemporary-arts/-firoz-mahmud.html Aichi Triennial] 2010 in Nagoya, Japan and other venues and cities including University Art Museum Tokyo and collaborating with [[Liberation War Museum]] and EMK Center in Dhaka.
* [[Jatiyo Smriti Soudho]] (National Monument for Remembrance) in [[Savar]], [[Dhaka]]
* [[Swadhinata Stambha]] (Independence Monument) in [[Suhrawardy Udyan]], Dhaka
* [[Aparajeyo Bangla]] (Invincible Bengal) – sculpture in [[Dhaka University]]
* [[Shabash Bangladesh]] (Bravo, Bangladesh) – sculpture in [[Rajshahi University]]
* [[Shoparjito Shadhinota]] (Self Achieved Freedom) – sculpture in [[Dhaka University]]
* [[Joy Bangla (slogan)|Joy Bangla]] (Hail Bengal) – sculpture in [[Chittagong University]]
* [[Juddho Joy]] – sculpture in Alekhar Char, [[Cumilla]]
* [[Shadhinota Smriti Mural]] (Independence Memorial Mural) – mural in [[Chittagong University]]
* [[Gonohotta 1971]] – sculpture at [[Bharat-Bangladesh Maitri Udyan]] in [[South Tripura district|South Tripura]], India

==Museums==
* [[Liberation War Museum]], Dhaka
* Shahid Smriti Sangrohoshala (Martyr Memorial Museum), [[Rajshahi]]

==Digital Archive==
* [[Muktijuddho e-Archive]]

==Videogames==
* [[Amar Ei Desh]]
* [[Arunodoyer Agnishikha]]
* [[Heroes of 71]]
* [[Sector 71]]

== See also ==
* [[Artistic depictions of the Bengali Language Movement]]
* [[List of artistic depictions of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bangladesh liberation}}

[[Category:Works about the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Arts in Bangladesh]]

Nagaland Public Service Commission

2025-08-05T13:21:30Z

ZVPZulma5461169:

{{short description|State government agency}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Nagaland Public Service Commission
| native_name =
| native_name_a = NPSC
| native_name_r =
| type = [[Constitutional body]]
| seal =
| seal_caption =
| logo = Nagaland Public Service Commission Logo.jpg
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| formed = {{start date and age|df=yes|1965}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Nagaland]]
| headquarters = Thizama, Nagaland
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| chief1_name = W. Honje Konyak
| chief1_position = ({{small|Chairman}})<ref name="Nagaland Page 2018">{{cite web | title=Er TS Angami appointed NPSC chairman | website=Nagaland Page | date=2018-07-05 | url=https://nagalandpage.com/er-ts-angami-appointed-npsc-chairman/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><br/>
John Tsulise Sangtam
({{small|Secretary}})<br/>
Asangla Imti
({{small|Deputy Secretary}})<br/> Kelhouseto Nakhro ({{small|Deputy Secretary}})<br/>
Thepfurienyü George Kire ({{small|Examination controller}})
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| public_protector =
| deputy =
| parent_department = [[Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department, Nagaland]]
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|npsc.nagaland.gov.in}}
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

The '''Nagaland Public Service Commission''' ('''NPSC''')<ref name="UPSC 2017">{{cite web | title=State Public Service Commissions | website=UPSC | date=2017-06-29 | url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/external-links/state-public-service-commissions | access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref> is a [[constitutional body]] established in 1965 by the [[Government of Nagaland]], India. It is responsible for recruiting candidates for various state government jobs through [[competitive examination]]s.<ref name="Nagaland Public Service Commission">{{cite web|title=Nagaland Public Service Commission|url=https://npsc.nagaland.gov.in/|access-date=2020-02-14|website=Nagaland Public Service Commission}}</ref><ref name="NPublic Service Commission">{{cite web|title=Nagaland Public Service Commission|url=https://npsc.nagaland.gov.in/|access-date=2020-02-14|website=Nagaland Public Service Commission}}</ref>

==History ==
Formation of NPSC came into consideration in 1965 when Nagaland state was born under the constitution of India. The commission was initially headed by its chairman along with its two members. In 1985, the commission was granted the permission to work under two more members.<ref name="News18 2012">{{cite web | title=Nagaland Public Service Commission (NPSC) | website=News18 | date=2012-07-16 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nagaland-public-service-commission-npsc-488079.html | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

==Functions and responsibilities==
The commission is performing various roles as amended in Article 320 of the Constitution of India.<ref name="Indian Kanoon">{{cite web | title=Article 320(1) in The Constitution Of India 1949 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1168774/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
*To conduct competitive and civil examinations for appointments to the services under its jurisdiction.
* To conducting screening test of the selected candidates.
*To sought assistance from the [[Union Public Service Commission]] in framing, or operating schemes if needed or requested by the state commission.
*To make appointments to state civil services.
*To check the suitability of the candidates when promoting and transferring them from one service to another.<ref name="Indian Kanoon1">{{cite web | title=Article 320 in The Constitution Of India 1949 | website=Indian Kanoon | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1723820/ | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref><ref name="HomePage - Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission, Government of Himachal">{{cite web | title=-PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION | website=Home Page - Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission, Government of Himachal | url=http://www.hppsc.hp.gov.in/hppsc/content/Index/?qlid=15&Ls_is=50&lngid=1 | access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

==Administrative Setup==
NPSC was primarily headed by three members including one chairman. Since the past amendments were revised, now it consists four members and a chairman.<ref name="News18 2012"/><ref name="Nagaland P Service Commission">{{cite web|title=Nagaland Public Service Commission|url=https://npsc.nagaland.gov.in/|access-date=2020-02-14|website=Nagaland Public Service Commission|language=br}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Designation
|-
| <big>W. Honje Konyak</big>|| Chairman
|-
| John Tsulise Sangtam|| Secretary
|-
| Asangla Imti || Deputy Secretary
|-
| Kelhouseto Nakhro || Deputy Secretary
|-
| Thepfurienyü George Kire || Examination controller
|}

==See also==

* [[Public service commissions in India|List of Public service commissions in India]]

==References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Standardized tests in India}}
{{Public Service Commissions in India}}
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Indian military academies and colleges}}
{{Government of India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Government of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Nagaland]]

Deulia

2025-07-29T20:32:45Z

ZVPZulma5461169:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deulia
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.696426|N|88.684432|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.74
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,633
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 743424
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03217
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[deganga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Deganga]]
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Deulia''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Deganga (community development block)|Deganga]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Barasat Sadar subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=500| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|36|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Barasat subdivision, North 24 Parganas'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|48|55|N|88|37|48|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Anarbaria | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Anarbaria]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|44|26|N|88|31|20|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bamangachhi| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bamangachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|48|49|N|88|36|1|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bara Bamonia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bara Bamonia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|51|N|88|44|54|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Betpuli| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Betpuli]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|47|13|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bira| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bira, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|4|N|88|28|29|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Chak Barbaria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chak Barbaria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|48|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Chandrapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chandrapur, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|46|42|N|88|33|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chatta Baria| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chatta Baria]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|29|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Deara| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Deara]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|40|N|88|41|4|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Deulia| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=Deulia (CT)|shape-color10=black| label-size10=13|label-color10=black 
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|54|40|N|88|32|4|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Dhania| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Dhania, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|45|19|N|88|31|29|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Digha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Digha, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|46|32|N|88|33|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Duttapukur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Duttapukur]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|47|10|N|88|32|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Gangapur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Gangapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|13|N|88|44|28|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Gobardanga| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Gobardanga]] (M)| shape-color15= #800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|49|20|N|88|36|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Guma| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Guma, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|46|15|N|88|34|10|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Joypul| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Joypul]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|48|23|N|88|35|47|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Khorddabamonia| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Khorddabamonia]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|26|34|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Kokapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Kokapur, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|42|22|N|88|32|28|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Koyra| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Koyra, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|45|5|N|88|31|2|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Kulberia| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Kulberia]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|51|20|N|88|44|40|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Maslandapur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Maslandapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|52|23|N|88|44|22|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Nokpul| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Nokpul]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|47|50|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Purbba Narayanpur| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Purbba Narayanpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|51|46|N|88|45|0|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Sadpur| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Sadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|31|10|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Shibalaya| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Shibalaya]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|40|N|88|29|10|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Barasat| numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Barasat]] (M)| shape-color27= #800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|49|58|N|88|37|58|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ashoknagar Kalyangarh| numbered28=M| mark-title28=[[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]] (M) | shape-color28= #800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|50|42|N|88|39|1|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Habra| numbered29=M| mark-title29=[[Habra]] (M) | shape-color29= #800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|42|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Madhyamgram| numbered30=M| mark-title30=[[Madhyamgram]] (M) | shape-color30= #800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|42|37|N|88|41|18|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Chandraketugarh| numbered31=H| mark-title31= [[Chandraketugarh]] (H)| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|48|18|N|88|30|23|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Amdanga| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Amdanga, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|45|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Barbaria| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Barbaria (village)]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|42|5|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34=Berachampa| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Berachampa]] (R) |shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|43|41|N|88|27|12|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35=Berunanpukuria| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Berunanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|22|44|50|N|88|32|7|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Chhota Jagulia| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Chhota Jagulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|22|41|39|N|88|38|58|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Deganga| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Deganga, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|22|40|11|N|88|31|16|E}} | label-pos38=left|label38= Krishnapur Madanpur| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Krishnapur Madanpur]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|22|50|39|N|88|34|5|E}} | label-pos39=left|label39= Sabdalpur| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Sabdalpur]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|22|39|56|N|88|34|57|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Shasan| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Shasan, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|22|38|30|N|88|37|0|E}} | label41= Bidyadhari River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 10| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|54|0|N|88|43|30|E}} | label42= Jamuna |labela42=River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 60| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none}}

===Location===
Deulia is located at {{coord|22.696426|N|88.684432|E|display=inline}}.

[[Berachampa]] and [[Deganga, North 24 Parganas|Deganga]] are located nearby.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

===Area overview===
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hkj2xOrEwkC&q=24+parganas+district+gazetteer&pg=PA1|title = Bengal District Gazetteers: 24 Parganas|last = LSS O’Malley|work= p 1-4|year = 2009| publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn = 9788172681937| access-date = 3 May 2018 }}</ref>54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural areas.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Deganga CD block are located at Deulia.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 19 May 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Deulia had a total population of 9,633, of which 4,938 (51%) were males and 4,725 (49%) were females. Population below 0–6 years was 895. The total number of literate persons in Deulia was 7,438 (85.12% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 19 May 2018}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Deulia covered an area of 2.7393 km<sup>2</sup>. It had 5 primary schools, 3 middle schools, 3 secondary school and 1 senior secondary school. The nearest degree college was 0.5 km away at Kaulkepara. The nearest hospital was 12 km away, the nearest dispensary/ health centre (without any bed) was 1 km away, the nearest family welfare centre was 12 km away, the nearest maternity and child welfare centre (without any bed) was 1 km away and the nearest maternity clinic was 15 km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 31 May 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[State Highway 2 (West Bengal)|State Highway 2]] passes through Deulia.<ref name=google/>

==See also==
[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf Map Deganga] on Page 445 of District Census Handbook.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 445 - Map of Deganga CD Block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 1 June 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

JAGO-Jag Aasra Guru Ott (Jathedar Santokh Singh Ji)

2025-07-19T14:46:47Z

ZVPZulma5461169: adding new biography

{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
|party_name = JAGO Jag Aasra Guru Ott (Jathedar Santokh Singh Ji)
|logo =
|colorcode = Blue & Yellow
|leader = Manjit Singh GK
|foundation = Manjit Singh GK
|headquarters = Delhi
|publication =
|students = JAGO Students Wing
|youth = JAGO Youth Wing
|women = JAGO Kaur Brigade
|labour =
|ideology =
|position =
|eci =
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|international =
|colours =
|symbol = [[File:Jago Party Election Symbol.png|120px]]
|website = {{url|https://jagoparty.org/}}
|abbreviation=JAGO|general_secretary=Dr.Parminder Pal Singh<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yespunjab.com/jago-party-releases-first-list-of-office-bearers-parminder-pal-singh-appointed-general-secretary-chief-spokesperson/ | title='ਜਾਗੋ' ਪਾਰਟੀ ਦੇ ਅਹੁਦੇਦਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਸੂਚੀ ਜਾਰੀ, ਪਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਪਾਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਜਨਰਲ ਸਕੱਤਰ ਅਤੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਬੁਲਾਰੇ ਬਣੇ » Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India & World | date=7 October 2019 | access-date=22 November 2022 | archive-date=22 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122062847/https://yespunjab.com/jago-party-releases-first-list-of-office-bearers-parminder-pal-singh-appointed-general-secretary-chief-spokesperson/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
'''JAGO-Jag Aasra Guru Ott (Jathedar Santokh Singh Ji)''' is a Sikh religion base Religious Party in [[National Capital Territory|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] in 2019.<ref>[https://www.dsgmc.in/ "Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee".] ''www.dsgmc.in''. Retrieved 2021-04-04.</ref><ref>[https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/manjeet-singh-gk-sikh-politics-new-party-jago-delhi-politics/125893/ New Religious Party by Manjit Singh GK in Delhi] 2019-10-03</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/khabre/manjeet-singh-gk-sikh-politics-new-party-jago-delhi-politics/125893/|title=दिल्ली की सिख सियासत में हुई नई पंथक पार्टी की एंट्री, जीके का अकाली दल से रिश्ता खत्म|date=3 October 2019|website=www.navodayatimes.in}}</ref>

== Formation Of New Religious Party ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}

Jathedar Santokh Singh ji may have been involved in the high command of Shiromani Akali Dal, but he left no stone unturned to create a separate identity for the Sikhs of Delhi. He continued to pressurize the Akali Dal high command to settle the Religious issues of the sect together but allow freedom to work for the Sikhs settled outside Punjab in the princely region. Jathedar Manjit Singh G.K. Taking this path, first formed Shiromani Akali Dal Panthak and registered its presence by winning 6 seats in the 200 7 Delhi Committee elections. In 2008, [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] (Badal) chief Sardar [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]] visited Sardar Manjit Singh GK's house and offered to take over the Delhi unit of the Akali Dal. After which the party won a big victory in the committee elections of 2013 and 2017 under the leadership of Sardar Manjit Singh GK. But after clashing with the Akali Dal's thinking on Panthak issues, Sardar Manjit Singh on 2 October 2019 brought into existence a religious party named "Jago Jag Asra Guru Ott (Jathedar Santokh Singh)" and announced that his party would No member will take part in any political elections and will fight in front of national issues.

== See also ==
* [[2021 Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Committee elections]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Delhi]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:JAGO- Jag Aasra Guru Ott (Jathedar Santokh Singh Ji)}}

Indian Lake (Hamilton County, New York)

2025-07-16T07:20:58Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Added New Article

{{For|the Hamilton County lake in Morehouse|Morehouse, New York#Geographical features}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Indian Lake
| image = Indian lake on the water.JPG
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = New York Adirondack Park#USA
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within New York
| location = [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton County]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
| coords = {{coord|43.6857564|-74.3298903|format=dms|region:US-NY_type:waterbody |display=inline,title}}<ref name=il>{{cite gnis
| id = 970231
| name = Indian Lake
| access-date = 2019-06-05 }}</ref>
| type = [[Reservoir]]
| inflow = [[Jessup River]], [[Lewey Lake]], [[Mc Ginn Brook]], [[Woodland Brook]], [[Falls Brook]], [[Willow Brook (Hamilton County, New York)|Willow Brook]], [[Forks Brook]], [[Griffin Brook]], [[Beaver Brook (Hamilton County, New York)|Beaver Brook]], [[Doherty Brook]], [[Lawrence Brook (New York)|Lawrence Brook]], [[Squaw Brook]]
| outflow = [[Indian River (Hudson River tributary)|Indian River]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = United States
| length = {{convert|12|mi|km}}
| width = {{convert|1|mi|km}}
| area = {{convert|4676|acre|ha|abbr=on}}<ref name=il/>
| depth = {{convert|39|ft|m}}<ref name=dec>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/indianlkmap.pdf
| title = Indian Lake
| date = 1998
| website = dec.ny.gov
| publisher = nysdec
| access-date = 11 May 2017
| quote = data}}</ref>
| max-depth = {{convert|85|ft|m}}<ref name=dec/>
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|1650|ft|m}}<ref name=il/>
| islands = '''10'''
| cities = [[Indian Lake (hamlet), New York|Indian Lake, New York]]
| frozen =
}}
'''Indian Lake''' is a {{convert|12|mi|km|adj=on}} long, {{convert|4255|acre|ha|adj=on}} [[reservoir]] with a southwest to northeast orientation in the towns of [[Indian Lake, New York|Indian Lake]] and [[Lake Pleasant, New York|Lake Pleasant]] in [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton County]], in the [[Adirondack Park]] of [[New York State]], in the [[United States]]. The hamlet of [[Indian Lake (hamlet), New York|Indian Lake]] is located {{convert|2|mi|km}} north of the north end of Indian Lake. [[New York State Route 30]] runs along the west shore of the lake. Most of the shore is part of the [[Forest Preserve]]. Indian Lake is fed by the [[Jessup River]], and drains through the [[Indian River (Hudson River tributary)|Indian River]] into Lake Abanakee, and from there through the Indian River to the [[Hudson River]].

The [[State of New York]] operates a [[campground]] offering [[campsite]]s in Indian Lake, most of which are on [[island]]s, that are accessible only by boat. The campground is 12 miles south of Indian Lake village on [[NY 30]], and is open from mid-May until [[Columbus Day]].

The lake was made famous by the 1968 pop song "[[Indian Lake (song)|Indian Lake]]" performed by the [[Cowsills]].<ref>{{citation|title=Popular Song Was About Area Lake|url=https://www.bapresley.com/silverthreads/history/newspapers/tps_073069.html|work=[[The Post-Star]]|date=July 30, 1969|access-date=August 15, 2024}}</ref>

==Tributaries and locations==
[[File:Indian Lake panoramic from snowy mountain tower.jpg|thumb|left|Indian Lake from [[Snowy Mountain (New York)|Snowy Mountain fire tower]]]]
*'''Camp Island''' – An island located by the [[Indian Lakes Islands Campground]]. Has a campsite on the island.
*'''Crotched Point Island''' – An island located north of Camp Island. There is a campsite on the island.
*'''Doherty Island''' – An island located where the [[Doherty Brook]] enters the lake. There is a campground on the island.
*'''Green Island''' – An island located south of Doherty Island. There is a campground on the island.
*'''John Mack Bay''' – A bay of the lake that is located near Moose Island.
*'''Kirpen's Island''' – An island located in Norman's Cove.
*'''Moose Island''' – An island located at the mouth of the Jessup River bay. The largest island on the lake. There is a campsite on the island.
*'''Norman's Cove''' – A bay of the lake located on the east shore across from Sabael.
*'''Poplar Point''' – A point located between the mouths of Willow Brook and Forks Brook.

==Fishing==
Fish species present in the lake are [[brook trout]], [[lake trout]], [[brown trout]], [[landlocked salmon]], [[smallmouth bass]], [[northern pike]], [[lake whitefish]], [[black bullhead]], [[yellow perch]], [[Smelt (fish)|smelt]], [[pumpkinseed sunfish]], and [[white sucker]]. There is a state owned hard surface ramp launch in the campground off [[New York State Route 30|NY-30]], 14 miles north of [[Speculator, New York]]. There are also boat rentals available and a marina.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sportsman's Connection (Firm)|title=Central Southeastern Adirondacks New York fishing map guide: includes lakes & streams for the following counties: Fulton, Hamilton, Saratoga, Warren, Washington.|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Sportsman's Connection|language=en|isbn=9781885010667|oclc=61449593}}</ref>

==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
Image:IndianLakeNarrowsWinter.jpg|Indian Lake narrows in the winter.
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/outdoor/24471.html New York State Department of Environmental Conservation - Indian Lake Islands Campground]

{{Hudson River}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Lakes of New York (state)]]
[[Category:Adirondack Park]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Hamilton County, New York]]
[[Category:Lakes of Hamilton County, New York]]

Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida

2025-07-09T22:32:59Z

ZVPZulma5461169: adding article...

{{Short description|Educational region in Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Knowledge Park II
| unit_pref =
| native_name = नॉलेज पार्क 2
| registration_plate =
| area_code =
| postal_code = 201310
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| elevation_m =
| governing_body = Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority
| official_name =
| subdivision_name3 = Greater Noida
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name2 = Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[North India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type = Country
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|27|26|N|77|29|50|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| image_skyline = Knowledge Park 2 Greater Noida.jpg
| settlement_type = Commercial district
| native_name_lang = hi
}}
'''Knowledge Park II''' or '''Knowledge Park 2''' ({{Langx|hi|नॉलेज पार्क 2}}) is sector in south-western [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Meenakshi|last=Sinha|date=14 Jul 2021|title=GNIDA issues 21 tenders of Rs 28.76 cr for civic upkeep {{!}} Noida News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gnida-issues-21-tenders-of-rs-28-76-cr-for-civic-upkeep/articleshow/84418623.cms|access-date=2022-02-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Bordered by [[Knowledge Park I, Greater Noida|Knowledge Park I]] to the east, [[Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida|Knowledge Park III]] to the north and Sector 150, [[Noida]] to the west, it serves the [[Knowledge Park II metro station]] alongside numerous private and public institutes, including [[Galgotias College]], Greater Noida Institute of Technology (GNIOT) and Mangalmay Institute of Engineering and Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-28|title=Skill development institute begins operations in Greater Noida|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/skill-development-institute-begins-operations-in-greater-noida-101627411040122.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-08|title=UP approves 15-km metro link to realty hub Greater Noida West|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/up-approves-15-km-metro-link-to-realty-hub-greater-noida-west/story-Rx5CJ7id7GyqVJc2fWDiyJ.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Greater Noida]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]

{{GautamBuddhNagar-geo-stub}}

Erode Fort

2025-07-07T10:15:37Z

ZVPZulma5461169: fixed formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Erode Fort
|partof = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|location = [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
|image =
|caption =
|map_type = India Tamil Nadu
|coordinates = {{coord|11.35|77.73|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|map_size = 300
|map_caption =
|type = [[Fort]]s
|code =
|built =
|builder =
|materials =
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition = Ruins
|open_to_public =
|controlledby = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

'''Erode Fort''' was a [[fort]] in [[Erode]], India. [[Francis Buchanan]] described it in 1800 as being {{quote|... a large mud fort, occupied by a battalion of Sepoys, which, in this part of the country, now procures a ready supply of recruits... In the government of [Hyder Ali] the suburb contained about 3000 houses. [Tipu Sultan’s] government had reduced them one third part, and the whole was entirely destroyed during the invasion of General Meadows.
This Fort was built by the then Chieftain of Erode region, King [[Chandramathi Mudaliar]].
<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/18/stories/2009011854990500.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120123024247/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/18/stories/2009011854990500.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 January 2012 | title = Erode Fort | location=Chennai, India | work = [[The Hindu]] | date=18 January 2009}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

{{Forts in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Erode]]
[[Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu]]

Mushtaq Ahmad (Scottish politician)

2025-06-06T13:35:53Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Added Some Entry W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire}}
{{for|other people named Mushtaq Ahmad|Mushtaq Ahmad (disambiguation){{!}}Mushtaq Ahmad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
'''Mushtaq Ahmad''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}} (12 November 1942 – 15 September 2024) was a [[Scottish Labour Party]] politician who served as the [[Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire]] from 2010 until 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmad, Mushtaq |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/display/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-255816 |website=WHO'S WHO 2024 |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ahmad was born on 12 November 1942 in [[British Raj|British India]] where he grew up in the city of [[Lahore]]. He graduated from the [[University of Punjab]] in [[Pakistan]]. In 1963, he came to [[Scotland]] from Pakistan to study for an [[Masters of Arts|MA]] at the [[University of Glasgow]]. He undertook teacher training at [[Jordanhill College]], and went on to teach economics in Scotland and then East London. Returning to Scotland, he organised an [[adult education]] programme for 17 years.{{sfn|PM's Office staff|2010}}

Ahmad served as a [[Scottish Labour Party|Labour]] [[councillor]] in [[Hamilton (Scottish district)|Hamilton District Council]] and then [[South Lanarkshire Council]], and was Provost of [[South Lanarkshire]] from 2003 to 2007.<ref name=provost/> He was the first [[Asian people|Asian]] to serve as [[Provost (civil)|Provost]] of a [[Subdivisions of Scotland|Scottish council]].{{sfn|PM's Office staff|2010}} He was awarded an OBE in the [[2008 New Year Honours]]. He was appointed to the post of [[Lord Lieutenant]] on 11 November 2010, following the retirement of Gilbert Cox.{{sfn|PM's Office staff|2010}}<ref name=provost>[https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/ex-provost-mushtaq-ahmad-appointed-lord-2580954.amp Ex-provost Mushtaq Ahmad appointed Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire], Daily Record, 24 November 2010</ref> He held the office until 12 November 2017.

Ahmad died on 15 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanarkshirelieutenancy.org.uk/2024/09/20/former-lord-lieutenant-of-lanarkshire-mushtaq-ahmad-obe/|title=FORMER LORD LIEUTENANT OF LANARKSHIRE MUSHTAQ AHMAD OBE|first=Gavin|last=Whitefield|date=20 September 2024|website=Lieutenancy of Lanarkshire}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{OGL-attribution|version=2.0|{{cite web|author=PM's Office staff|date=11 November 2010 |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/press-notices/2010/11/lord-lieutenant-for-lanarkshire-56852 |title=Lord-Lieutenant for Lanarkshire |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister |access-date=22 March 2011 }} }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Mushtaq}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Lord-lieutenants of Lanarkshire]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to Scotland]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde]]
[[Category:Scottish Labour councillors]]
[[Category:Councillors in South Lanarkshire]]

N. P. Chellappan Nair

2025-05-26T11:33:38Z

ZVPZulma5461169: Added A Details Needs Work.

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''N. P. Chellappan Nair''' (1903 - 1972) was a [[playwright]] and [[short story]] writer from [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He concentrated on social comedy of manners. Of his 200 stories, thirty-one have been published in a separate volume.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot|page=4056|editor=Mohan Lal}}</ref> He received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] in 1961 for the play ''Iblisukalude Naattil''.<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw4.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award (Play)"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]].. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>

N. P. Chaellappan Nair was born in 1903 in [[Mannar, Alappuzha|Mannar]], a small town in what is now [[Alappuzha district]] of Indian state of Kerala. He died in 1972 at the age of 69.<ref name="Actor, scenarist, administrator">{{Cite web |last=Chelangad |first=Saju |date=2015-02-08 |title=Actor, scenarist, administrator |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-scenarist-administrator/article6869008.ece |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Works==

===Plays===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Pranaya Jambavan'' (1938)
* ''Lady Doctor'' (1940)
* ''Minnal Pranayam'' (1941)
* ''Vanakumari'' (1942)
* ''Lieutenant Nani'' (1946)
* ''Iblisukalude Naattil'' (I960)<ref name="Ibilīsukaḷuṭe nāṭṭil: nāṭakaṃ">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=N. P. Chellappan |date=1966 |title=Ibilīsukaḷuṭe nāṭṭil: nāṭakaṃ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G30RAQAAIAAJ&q=Ibil%2525C4%2525ABsuka%2525E1%2525B8%2525B7u%2525E1%2525B9%2525ADe+n%2525C4%252581%2525E1%2525B9%2525AD%2525E1%2525B9%2525ADil |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avartaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Ksheerabala'' (1966)
* ''Itiyum Minnalum''
* ''Vikata Yogi''
* ''Bhavana''
* ''Nurse''<ref name="Nēl̲s: nāṭakaṃ">{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1968 |title=Nēl̲s: nāṭakaṃ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JQRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Minnal Pinarukal''
* ''Aa Prakasham Poliyukayilla''<ref name="ആ പ്രകാശം പൊലിയുകയില്ല">{{Cite web |last1=Cellappannāyar |first1=En Pi |last2=Nair |first2=N. P. Chellappan |date=1962 |title=ആ പ്രകാശം പൊലിയുകയില്ല |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpQRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avartaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Vazhivilakkukal''<ref name="വഴിവിളക്കുകൾ">{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1972 |title=വഴിവിളക്കുകൾ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3cRAQAAIAAJ&q=inauthor%25253A%252522N.%252520P.%252520Chellappan%252520Nair%252522 |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Devadasi''<ref name="Devadasi: nāṭakaṃ">{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1966 |title=Devadasi: nāṭakaṃ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3oRAQAAIAAJ&q=inauthor%25253A%252522N.%252520P.%252520Chellappan%252520Nair%252522 |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avartaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''N. G. O.''<ref name="En, Ji.Ō: nā.takaṃ">{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1967 |title=En, Ji.Ō: nā.takaṃ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XwRAQAAIAAJ&q=inauthor%25253A%252522N.%252520P.%252520Chellappan%252520Nair%252522 |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avartaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Gangayum Yamunayum Onnuchernnozhukanam''<ref name="Gaṅgayuṃ Yamunayuṃ onnucērnnol̲ukaṇaṃ">{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1964 |title=Gaṅgayuṃ Yamunayuṃ onnucērnnol̲ukaṇaṃ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYQRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2022-02-22 |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Mohangal, Mohabhangangal''<ref name="മോഹങ്ങൾ, മോഹഭംഗങ്ങൾ">{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1970 |title=മോഹങ്ങൾ, മോഹഭംഗങ്ങൾ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4QRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avarttaka Sahakaraṇasaṅkham |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Kakkakalum Kakkathamoburattikalum''<ref name="കാക്കകളും കാക്കത്തമ്പുരാട്ടികളും">{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1963 |title=കാക്കകളും കാക്കത്തമ്പുരാട്ടികളും |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npkRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2022-02-22 |language=ml}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Short stories===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''NPyude Charithrakathakal'' (Collection of 21 short stories)<ref name="N Pyude Charitrakathakal">{{Cite web |title=N Pyude Charitrakathakal |url=https://www.indulekha.com/np-chellappan-nair-charitrakathakal |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=www.indulekha.com}}</ref>
* ''Ere Nerum Kure Nunayum''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1968 |title=Ēr̲e nēr̲uṃ kur̲e nuṇayuṃ: kathakaḷ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynwRAQAAIAAJ&q=inauthor%25253A%252522N.%252520P.%252520Chellappan%252520Nair%252522 |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avartaka sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Dasapushpangal''<ref name="Daśapuṣpaṅṅaḷ: kathakaḷ">{{Cite web |last=Cellappannāyar |first=En Pi |date=1970 |title=Daśapuṣpaṅṅaḷ: kathakaḷ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JwRAQAAIAAJ |access-date=2022-02-22 |publisher=Sāhityapr̲avartaka Sahakaraṇasaṅghaṃ |language=ml}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Films===
N. P. Chellappan Nair wrote the screenplay and starred in K. Subrahmaniam's film ''[[Prahlada (1941 film)|Prahlada]]'' (1941).{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}} He also scripted the films, ''Chandrika'' (1950), ''[[Sasidharan]]'' (1950), ''Chechi'' (1951) and ''Athmasanthi'' (1964).{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm10943425}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, N. P. Chellappan}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Writers from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Sanand taluka

2025-05-17T14:56:08Z

ZVPZulma5461169:

{{Short description|Sanand Taluka(sub-district) in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sanand
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Sanand]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate =GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sanand''' is a [[taluka]] (administrative subdivision) of [[Ahmedabad District]] in the Indian state of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Taluka|url=http://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/my-village.htm|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> The taluka headquarters is the town of Sanand, which is also a city and municipality known as a major industrial hub in Western India.<ref name="gujaratUpdates">{{cite web |title=Sanand - Gujarat Updates |url=http://www.gujaratupdates.com/sanand/ |access-date=2024-06-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad district}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Srisailam Left Bank Canal

2025-04-03T09:10:21Z

ZVPZulma5461169:

{{Short description|Irrigation project in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
The '''Alimineti Madhava Reddy Srisailam Left Bank Canal (AMR-SLBC) Project''' is an irrigation project located in [[Nalgonda district]] in Telangana, India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Republic-Day-celebrated-with-fervour/article16360722.ece | title=Republic Day celebrated with fervour | date=27 January 2009 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=21 February 2020 }}</ref>

==History==
This Project has two following alternatives<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/icad/projects|title=Aliminati Madhava Reddy Project (AMRP)|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref>
* Lift scheme from foreshore of [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam|Nagarjuna Sagar Reservoir]]: This scheme is completed by 2004 and 300,000 acres of land is under irrigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/icad/projectsLisUp#|title = Irrigation Projects in Telangana}}</ref>
* Gravity scheme from foreshore of Srisailam reservoir, through two tunnels: This alternative to eliminate water pumping was taken up in 2004 and was scheduled for completion in 2010 but was delayed inordinately.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/SLBC-tunnel-hit-by-fund-crunch-not-likely-by-2010/articleshow/6639303.cms |title=SLBC tunnel hit by fund crunch, not likely by 2010 - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103065307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-28/hyderabad/28268209_1_tunnel-boring-machine-tbm-irrigation-projects |archive-date=3 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Project==
Water is fed from the Puttamgandi foreshore pump house located at {{Coord|16|36|37|N|79|07|01|E|name=Puttangadi Pump House}} in to the nearby Puttamgandi tank from Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir. The pump house has ultimate capacity of five pumps each of 600 [[cusec]]s pumping capacity.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/expert-suggests-alternative-plan-for-dindi-project/article8401180.ece|title=Expert suggests for full use of Puttamgandi pump house for Dindi project|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 March 2016|accessdate=22 April 2016|last1=Reddy|first1=T. Karnakar}}</ref> Water is supplied from the Puttamgandi tank by gravity to the entire irrigated area of the project via balancing reservoir called Akkampalli reservoir with 1.5 [[tmcft]] storage capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Akkampalli_Dam_D06050|title=Akkampalli Dam D06050|accessdate=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003073058/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Akkampalli_Dam_D06050|archive-date=3 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> From Akkampalli reservoir, water is also pumped to the Hyderabad city for its water needs.

To eliminate the need of expensive water pumping and facilitate water flow by gravity to the Akkampalli reservoir, it is envisaged to bring water from [[Srisailam Dam|Srisailam reservoir]] to the plains of Nalgonda through two tunnels of a total length of {{convert|50.75|km|abbr=on}}. This scheme is known as Srisailam Left Bank Canal (SLBC) project.

==Expansion of Puttamgandi Tank==
Puttamgandi Tank water storage can be enhanced significantly by enlarging its water area and water depth by constructing earth bunds taking advantage of nearby continuous hillocks on three sides of the tank. The enhanced water storage capacity would serve as 100% reliable and assured water source for water needs of Hyderabad city without depending on water from Srisailam and Nagarjuna Sagar reservoirs during drought years.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|16|30|33|N|78|54|02|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP|display=title}}

[[Category:Irrigation in Telangana]]
[[Category:Nalgonda district]]

{{Watersupply-stub}}