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Rhythm & Hues Studios

2026-05-17T07:52:52Z

ZPWClaudio: Created first entry w/ refs.

{{Short description|US visual effects and animation company}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Rhythm & Hues Studios
| logo = Rhythm hues studios.jpg
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| company_slogan =
| fate = Chapter 11 bankruptcy, bought by Prana Studios
| defunct = {{end date and age|2020}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|1987}}
| location =
| locations = United States, Canada, India, Malaysia, Taiwan
| num_employees =
| industry = [[Visual effects]], [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI animation]]
| parent = [[Prana Studios]]
| products =
| revenue =
| operating profit =
| homepage =
}}

'''Rhythm & Hues Studios''' ('''R&H''') was an American [[visual effects]] and [[animation]] company founded in 1987, that received the [[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]] in 1995 for ''[[Babe (film)|Babe]]'', in 2007 for ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'', and in 2012 for ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''. It also received four Scientific and Technical Academy Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/prana-studios-buys-bankrupt-life-of-pi-vfx-house-rhythm-hues#|title=Prana Studios Buys Bankrupt 'Life of Pi' VFX House Rhythm & Hues|website=Blogs.indiewire.com|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=1 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401235926/http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/prana-studios-buys-bankrupt-life-of-pi-vfx-house-rhythm-hues|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The company filed for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy in early 2013. It was then purchased by an affiliate of [[Company 3|Prana Studios]], 34x118 Holdings, LLC, but retained the same name.

==History==
===1987–2008===
Rhythm & Hues Studios was established in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] in [[1987 in film|1987]] by former employees of [[Robert Abel and Associates]] (John Hughes, Pauline Ts'o, Keith Goldfarb, Cliff Boule, Frank Wuts and [[Charles Gibson (special effects artist)|Charles Gibson]]).<ref name=beyond>[Zahed, Ramin. "[http://www.animationmagazine.net/events/beyond-talking-pigs-and-singing-chipmunks/ Beyond Talking Pigs and Chipmunks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031181559/http://www.animationmagazine.net/events/beyond-talking-pigs-and-singing-chipmunks/ |date=2012-10-31 }}". ''[[Animation Magazine]]'', April 2, 2012]</ref>

In 1999, Rhythm & Hues Studios acquired visual effects house VIFX from [[20th Century Fox]].<ref>{{cite news | author=The Hollywood Reporter | url=http://business.highbeam.com/2012/article-1G1-54103581/rhythm-hues-rounds-up-vifx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107003622/http://business.highbeam.com/2012/article-1G1-54103581/rhythm-hues-rounds-up-vifx | url-status=dead | archive-date=2015-11-07 | title=Rhythm & Hues Rounds Up Vifx | publisher=[[AllBusiness.com]] | date=1999-03-03 | access-date=2010-12-14}}</ref>

===2009–2012===
Director [[Ang Lee]] approached Rhythm & Hues in August 2009 to discuss a planned film adaptation of the fantasy novel ''[[Life of Pi]]''.<ref name=magic>[http://graphics.latimes.com/storyboard-life-pi/?fb_comment_id=fbc_284814658308730_1265197_285327338257462#fca73fa8 'Life of Pi's' digital magic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223130610/http://graphics.latimes.com/storyboard-life-pi/?fb_comment_id=fbc_284814658308730_1265197_285327338257462#fca73fa8 |date=2014-12-23 }}. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', January 18, 2013</ref><ref name=r&h5>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BrD_v5Vt70 EXCLUSIVE: Life of Pi's Stunning Effects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826144625/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BrD_v5Vt70 |date=2017-08-26 }}. ''[[The Daily (News Corporation)]]'', November 26, 2012</ref> R&H [[VFX]] (Visual Effects) Supervisor [[Bill Westenhofer]] noted that Lee "knew we had done the lion in the first [[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|Narnia movie]]. He asked, 'Does a digital character look more or less real in 3D?' We looked at each other and thought that was a pretty good question."<ref name=trib>{{Cite web|url=https://bestanimationandvfx.in/|title=MAAC KAROLBAGH | Best Animation & VFX Course in Delhi | Graphic & Web Design|website=Bestanimationandvfx.in|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205035820/https://bestanimationandvfx.in/|url-status=live}} {{Failed verification|reason=There are indications that this was supposed to be a Chicago Tribune reference but was corrupted at some point |date=April 2022}}</ref> He also stated that during these meetings, Lee said, "'I look forward to making art with you.' This was really for me one of the most rewarding things I've worked on and the first chance to really combine art with VFX. Every shot was artistic exploration, to make the ocean a character and make it interesting we had to strive to make it as visually stunning as possible."<ref name=r&h3>[http://www.fxguide.com/featured/life-of-pi/ "Life of Pi: a tiger's tale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130020024/http://www.fxguide.com/featured/life-of-pi/ |date=2012-11-30 }}, ''[[Fxguide]]'', November 26, 2012</ref>

By 2012, the company had become a global one, with offices and artists in [[India]] (the [[Mumbai]] suburb of [[Malad]] and [[HITEC City]] which is a part of [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]), [[Malaysia]] ([[Cyberjaya]] just outside [[Kuala Lumpur]]), [[Canada]] ([[Vancouver]]), and [[Taiwan]] ([[Kaohsiung]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/a-glimpse-of-rhythm-hues-asian-facilities-work-on-ang-lees-masterpiece-life-of-pi/|title=A glimpse of Rhythm & Hues (Asian Facilities) work on Ang Lee's masterpiece 'Life of Pi'|website=Animationxpress.com|date=2 January 2013|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210601/https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/a-glimpse-of-rhythm-hues-asian-facilities-work-on-ang-lees-masterpiece-life-of-pi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3dtutorials.net/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609110654/http://www.cgtantra.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=671&Itemid=40|url-status=dead|title=Free 3D tutorials for Blender, Maya, ZBrush, Cinema 4D for CG Artists|date=9 April 2021|archive-date=9 June 2013|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="r&h4">[http://www.awn.com/news/technology/rhythm-hues-taps-nvidia-life-pi Rhythm & Hues Taps NVIDIA Technology for Life of Pi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203043818/http://www.awn.com/news/technology/rhythm-hues-taps-nvidia-life-pi |date=2012-12-03 }}. ''[[Animation World Network]]'', November 26, 2012</ref><ref name="r&h1">[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/movies/creating-a-tiger-for-life-of-pi.html?_r=0&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1353533751-ZYvkv4iSyqmPaTKACPkrWQ A First Mate Bares His Fangs: Creating a Tiger for ‘Life of Pi’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302185346/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/movies/creating-a-tiger-for-life-of-pi.html?_r=0&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1353533751-ZYvkv4iSyqmPaTKACPkrWQ |date=2016-03-02 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 16, 2012</ref><ref name="soar">[http://www.cgw.com/Press-Center/Web-Exclusives/2012/Rhythm-Hues-Makes-Skies-Soar.aspx#.UMTBmJPjkpx Rhythm & Hues Makes Skies Soar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072240/http://www.cgw.com/Press-Center/Web-Exclusives/2012/Rhythm-Hues-Makes-Skies-Soar.aspx#.UMTBmJPjkpx |date=2014-04-07 }}, ''Computer Graphics World'', November 27, 2012</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F12%2Fnation%2F12566824&sec=nation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112002746/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F12%2Fnation%2F12566824&sec=nation|url-status=dead|title=Malaysian team behind special effects for Life of Pi and Snow White movies|archive-date=12 January 2013|access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>

Rhythm & Hues spent a year on [[research and development]], "building upon its already vast knowledge of CGI animation" to develop the tiger.<ref name="var">[https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118063581?refcatid=13 Vfx team dares to take tiger by the tail] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130205155635/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118063581?refcatid=13 |date=2013-02-05 }}. ''[[Variety (magazine)]]'', December 15, 2012</ref> Artist Abdul Rahman in the Malaysian branch underscored the global nature of the effects process, saying that "the special thing about ''Life of Pi'' is that it was the first time we did something called remote rendering, where we engaged our cloud infrastructure in Taiwan called CAVE (Cloud Animation and Visual Effects)".<ref name="r&h2">[http://www.nst.com.my/life-times/tech/local-touch-to-life-of-pi-1.176645 "Local touch to Life Of Pi"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402173620/http://www.nst.com.my/life-times/tech/local-touch-to-life-of-pi-1.176645 |date=2013-04-02 }}, ''[[New Straits Times]]'', November 26, 2012</ref>

The resulting film, ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'', was released in theaters in November 2012, and was a critical and commercial success. The [[British Film Institute]]'s ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' magazine suggested that, "''Life of Pi'' can be seen as the film Rhythm & Hues has been building up to all these years, by taking things they learned from each production from ''Cats & Dogs'' to ''Yogi Bear'', integrating their animals in different situations and environments, pushing them to do more, and understanding how all of this can succeed both visually and dramatically."<ref name=BFI>[http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/video-essay-animal-menagerie-rhythm-hues Video essay: The animal menagerie of Rhythm and Hues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104012811/http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/video-essay-animal-menagerie-rhythm-hues |date=2013-01-04 }}". [[British Film Institute]]'s ''[[Sight & Sound]]'' magazine, December 21, 2012</ref>

===2013–2020===
On February 11, 2013, Rhythm & Hues Studios filed for bankruptcy under [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]], three months after ''Life of Pi'' was released.<ref>{{cite news | author=Variety | url=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118066108/ | title=Rhythm & Hues bankruptcy reveals vfx biz crisis | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=2013-02-12 | access-date=2013-02-13 | archive-date=2013-02-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215060220/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118066108/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Around 254 people were laid off at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/rhythm-hues-gets-17-mil-loan-from-universal-fox-1118066262/|title=Rhythm & Hues gets $17 mil loan from Universal, Fox|first=Ted|last=Johnson|website=Variety.com|date=15 February 2013|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419024912/https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/rhythm-hues-gets-17-mil-loan-from-universal-fox-1118066262/|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to a demonstration of nearly 500 VFX artists who protested outside of the 2013 Academy Awards, as Rhythm & Hues was nominated for an Oscar (which it won) for ''Life of Pi''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fxguide.com/quicktakes/visualeffectsprotestatoscars/|title=VFX protest at Oscars: images from the picket line + audio interview|website=Fxguide.com|date=22 February 2013|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=20 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320210601/https://www.fxguide.com/quicktakes/visualeffectsprotestatoscars/|url-status=live}}</ref> Inside, during the Oscars, when R&H visual effects supervisor [[Bill Westenhofer]] brought up R&H during his acceptance speech for ''Life of Pi'', the microphone was cut off as the music of ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' slowly took over.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blog.sfgate.com/thebigevent/2013/02/25/biggest-oscars-snub-a-shark-attack-on-the-vfx-industry/ | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | title=Biggest Oscars snub: A shark attack on the VFX industry | archive-date=2013-08-29 | access-date=2013-02-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829021929/http://blog.sfgate.com/thebigevent/2013/02/25/biggest-oscars-snub-a-shark-attack-on-the-vfx-industry/ | url-status=live }}</ref> This started an uproar among many visual effects industry professionals, changing profile pictures on social media such as Facebook and Twitter to show the [[Chroma key|green key color]], in order to raise awareness of general negative trends in the effects industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hitfix.com/motion-captured/the-visual-effects-community-sees-red-in-the-wake-of-oscar-protest-and-on-air-snub/2 |title=Entertainment – UPROXX |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017185232/http://www.hitfix.com/motion-captured/the-visual-effects-community-sees-red-in-the-wake-of-oscar-protest-and-on-air-snub/2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, director [[Ang Lee]] was heavily criticized by the community for not acknowledging their work in the effects-laden film in his acceptance speech, despite thanking many other people,<ref name=guard>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/26/ang-lee-visual-effects-life-of-pi|title=Ang Lee under fire from visual effects artists over Life of Pi speech|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|first=Andrew|last=Pulver|date=February 26, 2013|archive-date=December 18, 2016|access-date=December 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218102416/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/26/ang-lee-visual-effects-life-of-pi|url-status=live}}</ref> and for earlier having complained about the costs of visual effects.<ref name=guard/><ref name=HR>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2013-vfx-artists-blast-424304|title=Oscars 2013: VFX Artists Blast 'Disgraceful' TV Moments|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Carolyn|last=Giardina|archive-date=2018-06-16|access-date=2024-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616053945/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-2013-vfx-artists-blast-424304|url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 29, 2013, an affiliate of [[Prana Studios]], 34x118 Holdings, LLC, won the bidding on Rhythm and Hues in a bankruptcy auction.<ref>"[https://variety.com/2013/digital/news/prana-wins-auction-for-rhythm-hues-1200329765/ Two-Day Roller Coaster Ends Delivers L.A. VFX Studio to Indian Owners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209210634/http://variety.com/2013/digital/news/prana-wins-auction-for-rhythm-hues-1200329765/ |date=2017-12-09 }}". ''Variety'', March 28, 2013.</ref> The sale was "valued at about $30 million".<ref>"[https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-rhythm-hues-prana-20130329,0,3756180.story Rhythm & Hues finalizes sale to Prana Studios] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621053821/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-rhythm-hues-prana-20130329,0,3756180.story |date=2013-06-21 }}". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', March 29, 2013.</ref>

After the bankruptcy and sale, Rhythm and Hues continued to work on film, television, and ride-film projects, winning multiple Emmy Awards and a Visual Effects Society award for their work on ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', until it finally shut down in 2020 due to complications from the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

==Selected filmography==
; 2022
* ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''

;2021
* ''[[The King's Man]]''

;2019
* ''[[Hellboy (2019 film)|Hellboy]]''
* ''[[The Boys (TV series)|The Boys]]''

;2018
* ''[[Lost in Space (2018 TV series)|Lost in Space]]''
* ''[[Carnival Row]]''
* ''[[The Walking Dead (season 8)]]''
* ''[[Slender Man (film)|Slender Man]]''
* ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''

;2017
* ''[[Game of Thrones (season 7)]]''
* ''[[The Walking Dead (season 7)]]''
* ''[[Midnight, Texas]]''
* ''[[The Mist (TV series)|The Mist]]''

;2016
* ''[[Game of Thrones (season 6)]]''
* ''[[Skull Island: Reign of Kong]]''

;2015
* ''[[Game of Thrones (season 5)]]''
* ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]''

;2014
* ''[[300: Rise of an Empire]]''
* ''[[Seventh Son (film)|Seventh Son]]''
* ''[[Winter's Tale (film)|Winter's Tale]]''
* ''[[Tammy (film)|Tammy]]''
* ''[[Into the Storm (2014 film)|Into the Storm]]''
* ''[[X-Men: Days of Future Past]]''

;2013
* ''[[Percy Jackson: Sea of Monsters]]''
* ''[[Machete Kills]]''
* ''[[R.I.P.D.]]''
* ''[[Grown Ups 2]]''
* ''[[The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013 film)|The Secret Life of Walter Mitty]]''

;2012
* ''[[The Bourne Legacy (film)|The Bourne Legacy]]''
* ''[[Big Miracle]]''
* ''[[Django Unchained]]''
* ''[[Chronicle (film)|Chronicle]]''
* ''[[Red Dawn]]''
* ''[[The Hunger Games (film)|The Hunger Games]]''
* ''[[This is 40]]''
* ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''
* ''[[Snow White and the Huntsman]]''

;2011
* ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked]]''
* ''[[Hop (film)|Hop]]''
* ''[[Moneyball (film)|Moneyball]]''
* ''[[The Cabin in the Woods]]''
* ''[[Game of Thrones]]''
* ''[[Red Riding Hood (2011 film)|Red Riding Hood]]''
* ''[[Mr. Popper's Penguins (film)|Mr. Popper's Penguins]]''
* ''[[X-Men: First Class]]''

;2010
* ''[[The A-Team (film)|The A-Team]]''
* ''[[Marmaduke (2010 film)|Marmaduke]]''
* ''[[Charlie St. Cloud]]''
* ''[[Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief]]''
* ''[[The Wolfman (2010 film)|The Wolfman]]''
* ''[[Knight and Day]]''
* ''[[Little Fockers]]''
* ''[[Hot Tub Time Machine]]''
* ''[[Yogi Bear (film)|Yogi Bear]]''

;2009
* ''[[Aliens in the Attic]]''
* ''[[Ghosts of Girlfriends Past]]''
* ''[[Fast & Furious (2009 film)|Fast & Furious]]''
* ''[[The Time Traveler's Wife (film)|The Time Traveler's Wife]]''
* ''[[Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant]]''
* ''[[State of Play (film)|State of Play]]''
* ''[[Land of the Lost (film)|Land of the Lost]]''
* ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel]]''
* ''[[Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian]]''

;2008
* ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]]''
* ''[[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor]]''

;2007
* ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]''
* ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]''
* ''[[I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry]]''
* ''[[The Seeker: The Dark Is Rising]]''
* ''[[The Kingdom (2007 film)|The Kingdom]]''
* ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks (film)|Alvin and the Chipmunks]]''
* ''[[Evan Almighty]]''

;2006
* ''[[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|Charlotte's Web]]''
* ''[[Garfield: A Tale of Two Kitties]]''
* ''[[The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift]]''
* ''[[Happy Feet]]''
* ''[[Night at the Museum]]''
* ''[[Superman Returns]]''
* ''[[X-Men: The Last Stand]]''

;2005
* ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe]]''
* ''[[Elektra (2005 film)|Elektra]]''
* ''[[The Longest Yard (2005 film)|The Longest Yard]]''
* ''[[The Skeleton Key]]''
* ''[[The Ring Two|The Ring 2]]''
* ''[[Serenity (2005 film)|Serenity]]''
* ''[[Ice Princess]]''

;2004
* ''[[Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)|Around the World in 80 Days]]''
* ''[[Garfield: The Movie]]''
* ''[[Friday Night Lights (film)|Friday Night Lights]]''
* ''[[Flight of the Phoenix (2004 film)|The Flight of the Phoenix]]''
* ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]''
* ''[[Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed]]''

;2003
* ''[[The Cat in the Hat (2003 film)|The Cat in the Hat]]''
* ''[[Daredevil (film)|Daredevil]]''
* ''[[The Rundown]]''
* ''[[Intolerable Cruelty]]''
* ''[[Elf (film)|Elf]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]''
* ''[[X2 (film)|X2]]''

;2002
* ''[[Men in Black II]]''
* ''[[Scooby-Doo (film)|Scooby-Doo]]''
* ''[[The Ring (2002 film)|The Ring]]''
* ''[[Solaris (2002 film)|Solaris]]''
* ''[[Kung Pow: Enter the Fist|Kung POW!]]''
* ''[[Stuart Little 2]]''
* ''[[The Sum of All Fears (film)|The Sum of All Fears]]''

;2001
* ''[[Cats & Dogs]]''
* ''[[Along Came a Spider (film)|Along Came a Spider]]''
* ''[[Behind Enemy Lines (2001 film)|Behind Enemy Lines]]''
* ''[[One Night at McCool's]]''
* ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]]''
* ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]''
* ''[[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|Planet of the Apes]]''

;2000
* ''[[How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)|How the Grinch Stole Christmas]]''
* ''[[Little Nicky]]''
* ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]''
* ''[[Fantasia 2000]]''
* ''[[Dracula 2000]]''
* ''[[Bedazzled (2000 film)|Bedazzled]]''
* ''[[Frequency (2000 film)|Frequency]]''
* ''[[Battlefield Earth (film)|Battlefield Earth]]''
* ''[[The 6th Day|The Sixth Day]]''
* ''[[The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas]]''
* ''[[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie]]''
* ''[[Hollow Man]]''

;1999
* ''[[Anna and the King]]''
* ''[[The Green Mile (film)|The Green Mile]]''
* ''[[End of Days (film)|End of Days]]''
* ''[[Mystery Men]]''
* ''[[Summer of Sam]]''
* ''[[The Story of Us (1999 film)|The Story of Us]]''
* ''[[Stuart Little (film)|Stuart Little]]''

;1998
* ''[[Babe: Pig in the City]]''
* ''[[The Parent Trap (1998 film)|The Parent Trap]]''
* ''[[Dr. Dolittle (1998 film)|Dr. Dolittle]]''
* ''[[The Faculty]]''
* ''[[Soldier (1998 American film)|Soldier]]''
* ''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]''

;1997
* ''[[Speed 2: Cruise Control]]''
* ''[[Spawn (1997 film)|Spawn]]''
* ''[[MouseHunt (film)|MouseHunt]]''
* ''[[Batman & Robin (film)|Batman & Robin]]''

;1996
* ''[[Kazaam]]''
* ''[[The Nutty Professor (1996 film)|The Nutty Professor]]''

;1995
* ''[[Babe (film)|Babe]]''
* ''[[Batman Forever]]''
* ''[[Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls]]''
* ''[[Waterworld]]''

; 1994
* ''[[The Pagemaster]]''
* ''[[The Flintstones (film)|The Flintstones]]''

; 1993
* ''[[Dennis the Menace (1993 film)|Dennis the Menace]]''
* ''[[Hocus Pocus (1993 film)|Hocus Pocus]]''
* ''[[We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (film)|We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story]]''

; 1992
* ''[[Stay Tuned (film)|Stay Tuned]]''

; 1991
* ''[[Rover Dangerfield]]''
* ''[[Flight of the Intruder]]''

; 1990
* ''[[The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (ride)|The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera]]''
* ''[[Jetsons: The Movie]]''

==Awards==
===[[Academy Award for Best Visual Effects]]===
* 2012: '''Won''': ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/391237/life-of-pi-wins-best-visual-effects-oscar|title=Life of Pi Wins Best Visual Effects Oscar|date=25 February 2013|website=Eonline.com|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=12 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212174239/https://www.eonline.com/news/391237/life-of-pi-wins-best-visual-effects-oscar|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2007: '''Won''': ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]''<ref name=oscar>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/best-visual-effects-26.html|title=Oscar Award for Best Visual Effects - Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects|website=Awardsandshows.com|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814023139/https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/best-visual-effects-26.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1995: '''Won''': ''[[Babe (film)|Babe]]''<ref name=oscar/>

===[[BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects]]===
* 2013: '''Won''': ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=Life+of+Pi|title=BAFTA Awards Search | BAFTA Awards|website=Awards.bafta.org|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=26 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926111016/http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=life+of+pi|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2007: '''Won''': ''[[The Golden Compass (film)|The Golden Compass]]'', Visual Effects<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=Golden+Compass|title=BAFTA Awards Search | BAFTA Awards|website=Awards.bafta.org|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=7 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107010523/http://awards.bafta.org/keyword-search?keywords=Golden+Compass|url-status=live}}</ref>

===[[Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects]]===
* 2018: '''Won''': ''[[Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)|Game of Thrones "Beyond the Wall"]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-special-visual-effects|title=Outstanding Special Visual Effects Nominees / Winners 2018|website=Television Academy|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713104318/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-special-visual-effects|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2016: '''Won''': ''[[Battle of the Bastards|Game of Thrones "Battle of the Bastards"]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2016/outstanding-special-visual-effects|title=Outstanding Special Visual Effects Nominees / Winners 2016|website=Television Academy|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429132723/http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2016/outstanding-special-visual-effects|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2015: '''Won''': ''[[The Dance of Dragons|Game of Thrones "The Dance of Dragons"]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2015/outstanding-special-visual-effects|title=Outstanding Special Visual Effects Nominees / Winners 2015|website=Television Academy|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111064240/http://www.emmys.org/awards/nominees-winners/2015/outstanding-special-visual-effects|url-status=live}}</ref>

===[[Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real-Time Project|Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Performance]]===
* 2016: '''Won''': ''[[Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)|Game of Thrones "Battle of the Bastards; Drogon"]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/portfolio-items/2016-15th-annual-ves-awards/|title=15th Annual VES Awards|website=Visualeffectssociety.com|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118070926/https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/portfolio-items/2016-15th-annual-ves-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*Carlson, Wayne. "[https://archive.org/details/ETC3236/page/352/mode/2up Chapter 11.6, Production Companies: Rhythm and Hues]" in ''Computer Graphics and Computer Animation: A Retrospective Overview'' (ebook), [[Ohio State University Press]], 2017: pp. 353-354.
*{{cite news |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |date=February 26, 2014 |title=Revealing ‘Rhythm & Hues: Life After Pi’ Doc Exposes Grief, Anger and Troubled Business (Video) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/revealing-rhythm-hues-life-pi-682526/ |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Kevin|date=December 21, 2012 |title=Video essay: The animal menagerie of Rhythm and Hues |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/video-essay-animal-menagerie-rhythm-hues |journal=[[Sight & Sound]]|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}
*{{cite book |author1=Wiedemann, Julius|title=Animation Now!|publisher=[[Taschen]] America|year=2004|isbn=978-3822832202|pages=428-435|chapter=Rhythm & Hues}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/search/title/?companies=co0075252&sort=year,desc Filmography]
{{Animation industry in the United States}}
{{Silicon Graphics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhythm And Hues Studios}}
[[Category:Visual effects companies]]
[[Category:Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Academy Award for Technical Achievement winners]]
[[Category:American animation studios]]
[[Category:Defunct American animation studios]]
[[Category:Computer animation]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1987]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 1987]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1987]]
[[Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2013]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies based in California]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in California]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:2013 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2020]]

Decathlon

2026-05-12T18:00:54Z

ZPWClaudio: new a stub more to come...

{{Short description|Athletic track and field competition consisting of ten events}}
{{About|the track and field event|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox athletics event
|event= Decathlon
|image= {{Multiple image|image1=MichaelSmithDecathlon400meters.jpg|width1=100|image2=Men decathlon PV French Athletics Championships 2013 t142927.jpg|width2=134|image3=Rico Freimuth 2012 Hypo-meeting.jpg|width3=133}}
|caption= Decathlon combines four runs, three jumps, and three throws.
|WRmen= {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kevin Mayer]] 9126 pts (2018)
|WRwomen= {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Austra Skujytė]] 8358 pts (2005)
|ORmen= {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Damian Warner]] 9018 pts (2021)
|CRmen= {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ashton Eaton]] 9045 pts (2015)
}}

The '''decathlon''' is a [[combined event]] in [[athletics (sport)|athletics]] consisting of 10 [[track and field]] events. The word was formed in analogy to the word "[[pentathlon]]", from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{wikt-lang|el|δέκα}} ({{translit|el|déka}} {{gloss|ten}}) and {{wikt-lang|el|ἆθλος|ἆθλον}} ({{translit|el|áthlon}} {{gloss|contest, prize}}). Events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all. Performance is judged not by the position achieved but rather on a points system in each event.<ref name=Encarta>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |title=Decathlon |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574361/decathlon.html |access-date=6 August 2008 |year=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133048/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574361/Decathlon.html |archive-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> The decathlon is contested mainly by male athletes, while female athletes typically compete in the [[heptathlon]].

Traditionally, the title of "[[World's Greatest Athlete]]" has been given to the person who wins the decathlon. This began when [[Gustav V of Sweden]] told [[Jim Thorpe]], "Sir, you are the world's greatest athlete" after Thorpe won the decathlon at the [[1912 Summer Olympics|Stockholm Olympics]] in 1912.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Flatter |first1=Ron |title=Thorpe preceded Deion, Bo |url=https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016499.html |website=espn.com |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref>

The event is similar to the [[pentathlon]] held at the [[Ancient Olympic Games|ancient Greek Olympics]],<ref name=Sweet>Waldo E. Sweet, Erich Segal (1987). ''[https://archive.org/details/sportrecreationi0000swee/page/37 Sport and recreation in ancient Greece]''. [[Oxford University Press]]. (p37). Retrieved on 7 May 2011.</ref> and also similar to a competition called an "all-around", which was contested at the [[USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships|United States amateur championships]] in 1884.<ref name=usatf>{{cite web |url=http://www.usatf.org/statistics/USA-Champions/USAOutdoorTF/men/AllAround.aspx |title=USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions: Men's All-Around |publisher=[[USA Track & Field]] |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215711/http://www.usatf.org/statistics/USA-Champions/USAOutdoorTF/men/AllAround.aspx |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Zarnowski>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXOBPt_Gi44C |title=All-around Men: Heroes of a Forgotten Sport |author=Zarnowski, Frank |year=2005 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-5423-9}}</ref> Another all-around was held at the [[Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's all-around|1904 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=1904O>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1904/ATH/mens-all-around-championship.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417171728/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1904/ATH/mens-all-around-championship.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Athletics at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games: Men's All-Around Championship |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref> The modern decathlon first appeared at the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|1912 Games]].<ref name=1912O>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1912/ATH/mens-decathlon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417175504/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1912/ATH/mens-decathlon.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Athletics at the 1912 Stockholm Summer Games: Men's Decathlon |publisher=Sports Reference LLC |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

In modern athletics, the 10 events are: [[100 metres]], [[400 metres]], [[1500 metres]], [[110 metre hurdles]], [[long jump]], [[high jump]], [[pole vault]], [[discus throw]], [[javelin throw]], and [[shot put]]. The current official [[Decathlon world record progression|decathlon world record]] holder is French athlete [[Kevin Mayer]], who scored a total of 9126 points at the 2018 [[Décastar]] in France.

==Historical background==
The decathlon developed from the ancient [[pentathlon]] competitions held at the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] [[Olympic Games|Olympics]]. Pentathlons involved five disciplines – [[long jump]], [[discus throw]], [[javelin throw]], [[sprint (running)|sprint]] and a [[wrestling]] match.<ref name=Sweet /> Introduced in Olympia during 708 BC, this competition was extremely popular for many centuries.

A ten-event competition known as the "all-around" or "all-round" championship, similar to the modern decathlon, was first contested at the [[USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships|United States amateur championships]] in 1884 and reached a consistent form by 1890.<ref name=usatf /><ref name=Zarnowski /> While an all-around event was held at the [[Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's all-around|1904 Summer Olympics]], whether it was an official Olympic event has been disputed.<ref name=1904O />

The modern decathlon first appeared in the [[Athletics at the Olympic Games|Olympic athletics program]] at the [[Athletics at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's decathlon|1912 Games]] in Stockholm.<ref name=1912O />

== Format ==

=== Men's decathlon ===
The vast majority of international and top-level men's decathlons are divided into a two-day competition, with the [[track and field]] events held in the order below. Traditionally, all decathletes who finish the event, rather than just the winner or medal-winning athletes, do a round of honour together after the competition.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} The current world record holder is [[Kevin Mayer]] from France with 9126 points which he set on 16 September 2018, in [[Talence]], France.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
; Day 1
* [[100 metres]]
* [[Long jump]]
* [[Shot put]]
* [[High jump]]
* [[400 metres]]
{{col-2}}
;Day 2
* [[110 metres hurdles]]
* [[Discus throw]]
* [[Pole vault]]
* [[Javelin throw]]
* [[1500 metres]]
{{col-end}}

=== Women's decathlon ===
At major championships, the women's equivalent of the decathlon is the seven-event [[heptathlon]]; before 1981 it was the five-event [[pentathlon]].<ref>IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events, p. 9.</ref> However, in 2001, the IAAF (now [[World Athletics]]) approved scoring tables for a women's decathlon; the current world record holder is [[Austra Skujytė]] of [[Lithuania]], with 8358 points.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/lithuania/austra-skujyte-14290383 |title=Records of Austra Skujytė |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=28 March 2022}}</ref> Women's disciplines differ from men's in the same way as for standalone events: the shot, discus, and javelin weigh less, and the sprint hurdles use lower hurdles over 100 m rather than 110 m. The points tables used are the same as for the heptathlon in the shared events. In some women's decathlon competitions, the schedule differs from the men's decathlon, with the field events switched between day one and day two. This rule was initially instituted to avoid scheduling conflicts when men's and women's decathlon competitions take place simultaneously, however by 2024 the rule was revised to allow conducting the women's decathlon using the men's event order.<ref>IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events, p. 10.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/download/download?filename=675a002e-ccdd-4df3-ad3c-42be2942be78.pdf&urlslug=C1.1%20%26%20C2.1%20-%20Competition%20Rules%20%26%20Technical%20Rules|title=2024 World Athletics Competition Rules|page=102}}</ref> The inaugural [[Women's Decathlon World Championships]] used the men's ordering of events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7209596?eventId=10229985&gender=W| access-date=20 September 2024 |website=[[World Athletics]]| title=Women's Decathlon Championships Results}}</ref>

; Women's decathlon reversed field event order (optional)
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
; Day 1
* [[100 metres]]
* [[Discus throw]]
* [[Pole vault]]
* [[Javelin throw]]
* [[400 metres]]
{{col-2}}
;Day 2
* [[100 metres hurdles]]
* [[Long jump]]
* [[Shot put]]
* [[High jump]]
* [[1500 metres]]
{{col-end}}

=== One hour ===
The one-hour decathlon is a special type of decathlon in which the athletes have to start the last of ten events (1500 m) within sixty minutes of the start of the first event. The world record holder is [[Czech Republic|Czech]] decathlete [[Robert Změlík]], who achieved 7897 points at a meeting in [[Ostrava]], [[Czechoslovakia]], in 1992.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sebrle set for 100 minute Decathlon | date=June 20, 2003 | url=https://www.worldathletics.org/news/news/sebrle-set-for-100-minute-decathlon-1 }}</ref>

=== Masters athletics ===
In [[Masters athletics]], performance scores are [[Masters athletics#Age-graded tables|age graded]] before being applied to the standard scoring table. This way, marks that would be competitive within an age division can get rated, even if those marks would not appear on the scale designed for younger age groups. Additionally, like women, the age divisions use different implement weights and lower hurdles. Based on this system, German Rolf Geese in the M60 division and American Robert Hewitt in the M80 divisions have set their respective [[List of world records in masters athletics#Decathlon|world records]] over 8000 points. Using the same scale, [[Nadine O'Connor]] scored 10,234 points in the W65 division, the highest decathlon score ever recorded.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stone |first=Ken |url=http://www.masters-athlete.com/public/844.cfm |title=Masters track athlete of the decade? |publisher=Masters-athlete.com |access-date=7 February 2010 |archive-date=March 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305174730/http://www.masters-athlete.com/public/844.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://masterstrack.com/2009/08/445/ |title=Masterstrack.com Results detail O'Connor's historic 10,234-point decathlon » masterstrack.com |access-date=2014-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043131/http://masterstrack.com/2009/08/445/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Points system ==
{{Main|Decathlon scoring tables}}
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right"
|+ Parameter values by discipline
!Event ||''A'' ||''B'' ||''C''
|-
|align=left|100 m ||25.4347 ||18 ||1.81
|-
|align=left|Long jump ||0.14354 ||220 ||1.4
|-
|align=left|Shot put ||51.39 ||1.5 ||1.05
|-
|align=left|High jump ||0.8465 ||75 ||1.42
|-
|align=left|400 m ||1.53775 ||82 ||1.81
|-
|align=left|110 m hurdles ||5.74352 ||28.5 ||1.92
|-
|align=left|Discus throw ||12.91 ||4 ||1.1
|-
|align=left|Pole vault ||0.2797 ||100 ||1.35
|-
|align=left|Javelin throw ||10.14 ||7 ||1.08
|-
|align=left|1500 m ||0.03768 ||480 ||1.85
|}
The 2001 IAAF points tables use the following formulae:<ref name="iaafst24">IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events, p. 24.</ref>
* Points = {{math|[[floor function|INT]](''A''(''B'' − ''P'')''C'')}} for track events (faster time produces a higher score)
* Points = {{math|[[floor function|INT]](''A''(''P'' − ''B'')''C'')}} for field events (greater distance or height produces a higher score)

{{mvar|A}}, {{mvar|B}}, and {{mvar|C}} are parameters that vary by discipline, as shown in the adjacent table, while {{mvar|P}} is the performance by the athlete, measured in seconds (running), metres (throwing), or centimetres (jumping).<ref name="iaafst24" />

The decathlon tables should not be confused with the scoring tables compiled by [[Bojidar Spiriev]], to allow comparison of the relative quality of performances by athletes in different events. On those tables, for example, a decathlon score of 9006 points equates to 1265 "comparison points", the same number as a triple jump of 18 m.<ref>[http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringOutdoor2008_742.pdf IAAF Scoring Tables of Athletics – Outdoor – 2008 Edition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206120115/http://iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringOutdoor2008_742.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203080139/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringOutdoor2008_742.pdf |archive-date=2008-12-03 |url-status=live |date=6 February 2009 }} p. 154.</ref>

=== Benchmarks ===

Split evenly between the events, the following table shows the benchmark levels needed to earn 1000, 900, 800, and 700 points in each sport.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
! align=left|Event || 1000 pts || 900 pts || 800 pts || 700 pts || Unit
|-
| align=left|100 m || 10.395 || 10.827 || 11.278 || 11.756 || align=left|Seconds
|-
| align=left|Long jump || 7.76 || 7.36 || 6.94 || 6.51 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left|Shot put || 18.40 || 16.79 || 15.16 || 13.53 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left|High jump || 2.20 || 2.10 || 1.99 || 1.88 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left|400 m || 46.17 || 48.19 || 50.32 || 52.58 || align=left|Seconds
|-
| align=left|110 m hurdles || 13.80 || 14.59 || 15.419 || 16.29 || align=left|Seconds
|-
| align=left|Discus throw || 56.17 || 51.4 || 46.59 || 41.72 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left|Pole vault || 5.28 || 4.96 || 4.63 || 4.29 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left|Javelin throw || 77.19 || 70.67 || 64.09 || 57.45 || align=left|Metres
|-
| align=left|1500 m || 3:53.79 || 4:07.42 || 4:21.77 || 4:36.96 || align=left|Minutes:Seconds
|}

=== Calculator ===

{|- class="wikitable calculator-container"
! Event || Score || Points
|-
| {{calculator label|label=100m|for=oh}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=oh}} s || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=ohp|formula=floor(25.4347*pow(18-oh,1.81))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=Long Jump|for=lj}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=lj}} cm || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=ljp|formula=floor(0.14354*pow(lj-220,1.4))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=Shot Put|for=sp}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=sp}} m || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=spp|formula=floor(51.39*pow(sp-1.5,1.05))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=High Jump|for=hj}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=hj}} cm || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=hjp|formula=floor(0.8465*pow(hj-75,1.42))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=400m|for=fh}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=fh}} s || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=fhp|formula=floor(1.53775*pow(82-fh,1.81))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
! Day One || — || {{calculator|type=plain|id=dayone|formula=(ohp+ljp+spp+hjp+fhp)|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=110mH|for=hh}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=hh}} s || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=hhp|formula=floor(5.74352*pow(28.5-hh,1.92))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=Discus Throw|for=dt}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=dt}} m || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=dtp|formula=floor(12.91*pow(dt-4,1.1))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=Pole Vault|for=pv}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=pv}} cm || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=pvp|formula=floor(0.2797*pow(pv-100,1.35))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=Javelin|for=jt}} || {{calculator|size=5|id=jt}} m || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=jtp|formula=floor(10.14*pow(jt-7,1.08))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
| {{calculator label|label=1500m|for=fth}} || {{calculator|size=2|id=fthm}} m {{calculator|size=4|id=fths}} s || align=center|{{calculator|type=plain|id=fthp|formula=floor(0.03768*pow(480-(fthm*60+fths),1.85))|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
! Day Two || — || {{calculator|type=plain|id=daytwo|formula=(hhp+dtp+pvp+jtp+fthp)|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|-
! Total || — || {{calculator|type=plain|id=tot|formula=(dayone+daytwo)|NaN-text= |default=0}}
|}

== Records ==
{{further|Decathlon world record progression}}
The official men's [[Decathlon world record progression|decathlon world record]] holder is [[Kevin Mayer]] of [[France]], with a score of 9126 points set during the 2018 [[Décastar]] in [[Talence]], France, which was ratified by [[World Athletics]].

{{Decathlon score|10.55 {{wind|+0.3}}|7.80 m {{wind|+1.2}}|16.00 m|2.05 m|48.42 |13.75 {{wind|-1.1}}|50.54 m|5.45 m|71.90 m|4:36.11}}
The previous record from [[Ashton Eaton]] (9045 points):
{{Decathlon score|10.23 {{wind|-0.4}}|7.88 m {{wind|+0.0}}|14.52 m|2.01 m|45.00 '''[[#Decathlon bests|WDB]]'''|13.69 {{wind|-0.2}}|43.34 m|5.20 m|63.63 m|4:17.52}}

*Updated 12 May 2026:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/combined-events/decathlon/outdoor/men |title=Men's Decathlon {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/combined-events/decathlon/outdoor/women |title=Women's Decathlon {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=[[World Athletics]] |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2| Area
!scope="colgroup" colspan=3| Men
!scope="colgroup" colspan=3| Women
|-
!scope="col"| Score
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Season
!scope="col"| Score
!scope="col"| Athlete
!scope="col"| Season
|-
!scope="row"| [[List of world records in athletics|World]]
| '''9126''' || {{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}} || 2018
| '''8358''' || {{flagathlete|[[Austra Skujytė]]|LTU}} || 2005
|-
!colspan=8|Continental records<ref name=wd />
|-
!scope="row"| [[Confederation of African Athletics|Africa]] {{small|(''[[List of African records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''8521''' || {{flagathlete|[[Larbi Bourrada]]|ALG}} || 2016
| '''7013''' || {{flagathlete|[[Margaret Simpson]]|GHA}} || 2007
|-
!scope="row"| [[Asian Athletics|Asia]] {{small|(''[[List of Asian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''8725''' || {{flagathlete|[[Dmitriy Karpov]]|KAZ}} || 2004
| '''7798''' || {{flagathlete|[[Irina Naumenko]]|KAZ}} || 2004
|-
!scope="row"| [[European Athletic Association|Europe]] {{small|(''[[List of European records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''9126''' || {{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}} || 2018
| '''8358''' || {{flagathlete|[[Austra Skujytė]]|LTU}} || 2005
|-
!scope="row"| [[North American, Central American and Caribbean Athletic Association|North, Central America and Caribbean]] {{small|(''[[List of North, Central American and Caribbean records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''9045''' || {{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}} || 2015
| '''8246''' || {{flagathlete|[[Jordan Gray (heptathlete)|Jordan Gray]]|USA}} || 2021
|-
!scope="row"| [[Oceania Athletics Association|Oceania]] {{small|(''[[List of Oceanian records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''8649''' || {{flagathlete|[[Ashley Moloney]]|AUS}} || 2021
| '''6428''' || {{flagathlete|[[Simone Carrè]]|AUS}} || 2012
|-
!scope="row"| [[Atletismo Sudamericano|South America]] {{small|(''[[List of South American records in athletics|records]]'')}}
| '''8393''' || {{flagathlete|[[Carlos Chinin]]|BRA}} || 2013
| '''6570''' || {{flagathlete|[[Andrea Bordalejo]]|ARG}} || 2004
|}

=== Decathlon bests ===
===Men===
The total decathlon score for all [[List of world records in athletics|world records]] in the respective events would be 12,680. The total decathlon score for all the best performances achieved during decathlons is 10,669. The ''Difference'' column shows the difference in points between the decathlon points that the individual current world record would be awarded and the points awarded to the current decathlon record for that event. The relative differences in points are much higher in throwing events than in running and jumping events.

Decathlon bests are only recognized when an athlete completes the ten-event competition with a score of over 7000 points.<ref>van Kuijen, Hans (12 September 2013). [http://www.iaaf.org/news/preview/eaton-and-melnychenko-lead-talence-fields-lav Eaton and Melnychenko lead Talence fields, Lavillenie to make Decathlon debut – IAAF Combined Events Challenge]. IAAF. Retrieved on 12 September 2013.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%; text-align:right"
|+Men's world records (WR) compared to decathlon bests (DB)
|-
!Event
!Type
!Athlete
!Record
!Score
!Diff
!Date
!Place
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan=2| 100 m
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Usain Bolt]]|JAM}} || 9.58 {{wind|+0.9}} || 1202 || 136 || 16 August 2009 || align=center|[[Berlin]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite av media | title=Usain Bolt's 9.58: the night he obliterated the 100m world record | date=August 15, 2019 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAiTR6l9T6k | via=YouTube | time=1:25 }}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}} || 10.12 {{wind|+0.9}} || 1066 || || 25 May 2019 || align=center|[[Götzis]] || align=center| <ref>{{cite av media | title=Götzis Hypo-meeting 2019 - Day 1 | date=June 2, 2019 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAiTR6l9T6k | via=YouTube | time=1:25:55 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| Long jump
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Mike Powell (athlete)|Mike Powell]]|USA}} || {{T&Fcalc|8.95}} {{wind|+0.3}} || 1312 || 134 || 30 August 1991 || align=center|[[Tokyo]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite av media | title=Men's Long Jump - World Championships - Tokyo 1991 | date=December 18, 2019 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFj6RzlWNtM | via=YouTube | time=11:43 }}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Simon Ehammer]]|SUI}} || {{T&Fcalc|8.45}} {{wind|+0.2}} || 1178 || || 28 May 2022 || align=center|[[Götzis]] || align=center| <ref name="SRF">{{cite news|title=8,45 Meter: Ehammers unglaublicher Rekordsatz im Weitsprung|url=https://www.srf.ch/sport/leichtathletik/bei-meeting-in-goetzis-8-45-meter-ehammers-unglaublicher-rekordsatz-im-weitsprung|publisher=SRF|language=German|date=28 May 2022|access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| Shot put
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Ryan Crouser]]|USA}} || {{T&Fcalc|23.56}} || 1323 || 275 || 27 May 2023 || align=center|[[Los Angeles]] || align=center|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-19 |title=Crouser retains shot put title at worlds after nearly staying home due to blood clots |url=https://apnews.com/article/track-worlds-crouser-sifan-hassan-531123ed018529bf31bc865b6850fb32 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Edy Hubacher]]|SUI}} || {{T&Fcalc|19.17}} || 1048 || || 5 October 1969 || align=center|[[Bern]] ||
|-
! rowspan=2| High jump
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Javier Sotomayor]]|CUB}} || {{T&Fcalc|2.45}} || 1244 || 173 || 27 July 1993 || align=center|[[Salamanca]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite av media | title=High Jump World Record - Javier Sotomayor 2,45m | date=July 8, 2017 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L67kB3MX1RQ | via=YouTube }}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left" | {{flagathlete|[[Derek Drouin]]|CAN}} || {{T&Fcalc|2.28}} || 1071 || || 7 April 2017 || align=center |[[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=2017 Sam Adams Combined Events Invitational – Men's High Jump Results|url=http://www.phototiming.com/meets/17samadams/F%20%205040717.htm|work=phototiming.com|date=7 April 2017|access-date=9 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| 400 m
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Wayde van Niekerk]]|RSA}} || 43.03 || 1164 || 104 || 14 August 2016 || align=center|[[Rio de Janeiro]] || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 400m Results|url=https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATM004101_Results_2016_08_14_ff3d0a74_10b4_4382_91f3_8783d2c9311c.pdf|work=Rio 2016 official website|date=14 August 2016|access-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920130147/https://smsprio2016-a.akamaihd.net/_odf-documents/A/T/ATM004101_Results_2016_08_14_ff3d0a74_10b4_4382_91f3_8783d2c9311c.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}|| 45.00 || 1060 || || 28 August 2015|| align=center|[[Beijing]] || align=center| <ref>{{cite web|title=Decathlon – 400 m Results|url=http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/15th-iaaf-world-championships-4875/results/men/decathlon/400-metres/result#resultheader|publisher=IAAF|date=28 August 2015|access-date=28 August 2015|archive-date=August 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831000557/http://www.iaaf.org/competitions/iaaf-world-championships/15th-iaaf-world-championships-4875/results/men/decathlon/400-metres/result#resultheader|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| 110 m hurdles
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Aries Merritt]]|USA}} || 12.80 {{wind|+0.3}} || 1135 || 76 || 7 September 2012 || align=center|[[Brussels]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite av media | title=Aries Merritt's 110m hurdle WORLD RECORD at 2012 Diamond League finals | date=October 17, 2020 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZJ4PH6j_SM | via=YouTube }}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}} || 13.36 {{wind|+0.9}} || 1059 || || 30 May 2021 || align=center|[[Götzis]] || align=center| <ref>{{cite av media | title=Damian Warner 8995pts NR Götzis 2021 | date=8 June 2021 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuCvYI0hmso | time=18:10 | via=YouTube }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| Discus throw
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Mykolas Alekna]]|LTU}} || {{T&Fcalc|75.56}} || 1416 || 384 || 13 April 2025 || align=center|[[Ramona, Oklahoma|Ramona]] || align=center| <ref>{{cite news | title=Lithuanian and Cal Bears star Mykolas Alekna sets world record with a 247-plus feet throw | date=April 13, 2025 | url=https://apnews.com/article/alekna-world-record-discus-6b475389a3ffb659f839e49e7eade711 | work=apnews.com }}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Leo Neugebauer]]|GER}} || {{T&Fcalc|57.70}} || 1032 || || 6 June 2024 || align=center|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite tweet |user=TexasTFXC | number=1798803447330091375 | date=6 June 2024 | title=WORLD RECORD! Leo Neugebauer’s throw of 57.70m (189-4) breaks the decathlon world record in the discus! }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| Pole vault
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Armand Duplantis]]|SWE}} || {{T&Fcalc|6.31}} || 1335 || 183 || 12 March 2026 || align=center |[[Uppsala]]|| align=center | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Duplantis breaks world pole vault record in Uppsala {{!}} REPORTS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-tour/news/duplantis-breaks-world-pole-vault-record-in-uppsala |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Tim Lobinger]]|GER}} || {{T&Fcalc|5.76}} || 1152 || || 16 September 1999 || align=center|[[Leverkusen]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite web | title=Athletics - Men's Decathlon Pole Vault - Group A Results | access-date=July 6, 2025 | url=https://www.ec2022results.com/webrelease/de/ergebnisse/leichtathletik/result-zehnkampf-manner-pv-a00100-.htm | work=ec2022results.com }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| Javelin throw
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Jan Železný]]|CZE}} || {{T&Fcalc|98.48}} || 1331 || 291 || 25 May 1996 || align=center|[[Jena]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite av media | title=Jan Zelezny 98.48m - World Record Javelin | date=July 12, 2014 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pgUtL9cEVIE | via=YouTube }}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Peter Blank]]|GER}} || {{T&Fcalc|79.80}} || 1040 || || 19 July 1992 || align=center|[[Emmelshausen]] || align=center| <ref>{{cite web | title=Javelin Throw Men - Decathlon | date=August 26, 2023 | url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138987/AT-JT-M-u---DEC-M.RS4.pdf | work=iaaf.org }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| 1500 m
|WR
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|[[Hicham El Guerrouj]]|MAR}} || 3:26.00 || 1218 || 255 || 14 July 1998 || align=center|[[Rome]] || align=center | <ref>{{cite av media | title=Hicham El Guerrouj 1500m World record (14/07/1998 Roma Golden League) High Quality | date=August 29, 2023 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4Q2ypUSykA | via=YouTube }}</ref>
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
|DB
| align="left"| {{flagathlete|Robert Baker|USA}} || 3:58.7{{AthAbbr|h}} || 963 || || 3 April 1980 || align=center|[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] ||
|-
! rowspan=2 | Total
! colspan=3 | World records || 12,680 || 2011 || colspan="3" |
|-
! colspan=3 | Decathlon bests || 10,669 !! colspan="4" |
|}

===Women===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%; text-align:right"
|+Women's decathlon bests (DB)<ref name=wd />
|-
!Event
!Athlete
!Record
!Score
!Date
!Place
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! 100 m
| {{flai|[[Allison Halverson]]|ARM}} || 11.92 || 968 || 4 August 2024 || [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! Long jump
| {{flai|[[Jordan Gray (heptathlete)|Jordan Gray]]|USA}} || {{T&Fcalc|6.19}} || 905 || 4 October 2020 || [[Austin, TX|Austin]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! Shot put
| {{flai|[[Austra Skujyte]]|LTU}} || {{T&Fcalc|16.46}} || 959 || 14 April 2006 || [[Columbia, MO|Columbia]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! High jump
| {{flai|[[Austra Skujyte]]|LTU}} || {{T&Fcalc|1.86}} || 1054 || 14 April 2006 || [[Columbia, MO|Columbia]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! 400 m
| {{flai|[[Ester Goossens]]|NED}} || 54.0{{AthAbbr|h}} || 1054 || 5 October 1997 || [[Apeldoorn]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! 100 m hurdles
| {{flai|[[Tiffany Lott-Hogan]]|USA}} || 13.57 || 1040 || 10 September 2000 || [[Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia|Lage]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! Discus throw
| {{flai|[[Austra Skujyte]]|LTU}} || {{T&Fcalc|49.21}} || 836 || 14 April 2006 || [[Columbia, MO|Columbia]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! Pole vault
| {{flai|[[Breanna Eveland]]|USA}} || {{T&Fcalc|4.30}} || 1108 || 14 April 2006 || [[Columbia, MO|Columbia]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! Javelin throw
| {{flai|[[Barbora Spotakova]]|CZE}} || {{T&Fcalc|58.42}} || 1024 || 26 September 2004 || [[Talence]] ||<ref name=wd />
|-
! 1500 m
| {{flai|[[AnnaLee McGregor]]|USA}} || 4:50.80 || 888 || 9 October 2014 || [[Kentfield, CA|Kentfield]] ||<ref name=wd />
|}

== All-time top 25 men ==
*Correct as of September 2025.<ref name=AlltimeM>[http://www.iaaf.org/records/toplists/combined-events/decathlon/outdoor/men/senior Decathlon – men – senior – outdoor]. IAAF. Retrieved on 25 January 2014.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Score
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!rowspan=2|1
|align=center|9126
|{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|15–16 September 2018
|[[Talence]]
|<ref name="Quentin Guillon">{{cite news|title=Mayer breaks decathlon world record in Talence with 9126|url=https://www.iaaf.org/news/report/decastar-talence-2018-mayer-world-record|publisher=IAAF|author=Quentin Guillon|date=16 September 2018|access-date=21 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.55/+0.3 - 7.80/+1.2 - 16.00 - 2.05 - 48.42 / 13.75/-1.1 - 50.54 - 5.45 - 71.90 - 4:36.11 )
|-
!rowspan=2|2
| align=center|9045 || {{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}} || 28–29 August 2015 || [[Beijing]] ||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.23/-0.4 - 7.88/0.0 - 14.52 - 2.01 - 45.00 / 13.69/-0.2 - 43.34 - 5.20 - 63.63 - 4:17.52 )
|-
!rowspan=2|3
| align=center|9026 || {{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}} || 26–27 May 2001 || [[Götzis]] ||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.64/0.0 - 8.11/+1.9 - 15.33 - 2.12 - 47.79 / 13.92/-0.2 - 47.92 - 4.80 - 70.16 - 4:21.98 )
|-
!rowspan=2|4
| align=center|9018
|{{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}}
|4–5 August 2021
|[[Tokyo]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Decathlon Results|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73U_ATHMDECATH------------------------.pdf|website=olympics.com|date=5 August 2021|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=August 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805132635/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/resOG2020-/pdf/OG2020-/ATH/OG2020-_ATH_C73U_ATHMDECATH------------------------.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.12/+0.2 - 8.24/+0.2 - 14.80 - 2.02 - 47.48 / 13.46/-1.0 - 48.67 - 4.90 - 63.44 - 4:31.08 )
|-
!rowspan=2|5
| align="center" |8994 || {{flagathlete|[[Tomáš Dvořák]]|CZE}} || 3–4 July 1999 || [[Prague]]||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.54/-0.1 - 7.90/+1.1 - 16.78 - 2.04 - 48.08 / 13.73/0.0 - 48.33 - 4.90 - 72.32 - 4:37.20 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |6
|align=center|8961
|{{flagathlete|[[Leo Neugebauer]]|GER}}
|5–6 June 2024
|[[Hayward Field|Eugene]]
|<ref name="ncaa24">{{cite web|title=Decathlon Result|url=https://flashresults.ncaa.com/Outdoor/2024/041_Scores.htm|work=flashresults.ncaa.com|date=6 June 2024|access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.64/+0.1 - 7.86/+0.9 - 17.46 - 2.07 - 48.03 / 14.36/0.0 - 57.70 - 5.21 - 56.64 - 4:44.61 )
|-
! rowspan="4" |7
|align="center" |8909
|{{flagathlete|[[Pierce LePage]]|CAN}}
|25–26 August 2023
|[[Budapest]]
|<ref name="World2023">{{Cite web|title=Men's Decathlon Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138987/AT-1500-M-u--0--.RS2.pdf|work=World Athletics|date=26 August 2023|access-date=29 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |( 10.45/-0.3 - 7.59/+0.2 - 15.81 - 2.08 - 47.21 / 13.77/+0.2 - 50.98 - 5.20 - 60.90 - 4:39.88 )
|-
| align="center" |8909 || {{flagathlete|[[Sander Skotheim]]|NOR}}|| 31 May – 1 June 2025 || [[Götzis]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2025 |title=2025 Hypomeeting Results |url=https://www.meeting-goetzis.at/en/Final%20Decathlon%202025_305.pdf?var_mid=8 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=meeting-goetzis.at}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.70/+0.7 - 8.06/+0.7 - 13.98 - 2.15 - 47.47 / 14.12/-1.2 - 49.18 - 5.10 - 61.46 - 4:23.88 )
|-
!rowspan=2|9
|align=center|8891
|{{flagathlete|[[Dan O'Brien]]|USA}}
|4–5 September 1992
|[[Talence]]
|
|-
| colspan="5" |( 10.43/+2.1 - 8.08/+1.8 - 16.69 - 2.07 - 48.51 / 13.98/-0.5 - 48.56 - 5.00 - 62.58 - 4:42.10 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |10
|align=center|8891
|{{flagathlete|[[Kyle Garland]]|USA}}
|31 July – 1 August 2025
|[[Hayward Field|Eugene]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2025 |title=Jefferson-Wooden and Davis-Woodhall set world leads to secure Tokyo spots in Eugene |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/us-championships-2025-jefferson-wooden-davis-woodhall |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=World Athletics}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |( 10.44/+1.1 - 7.89/+1.3 - 16.95 - 2.14 - 49.29 / 13.78/-0.6 - 50.93 - 4.80 - 65.52 - 4:54.50 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |11
| align="center" |8867
| {{flagathlete|[[Garrett Scantling]]|USA}}|| 6–7 May 2022 || [[Fayetteville, Arkansas|Fayetteville]]||<ref name="fayetteville2022">{{cite web |date=7 May 2022 |title=Decathlon Results |url=https://results.flashresults.com/2022_05-06_USACombined/042_Scores.htm |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=flashresults.com}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.61/-0.3 - 7.68/+2.4 - 16.27 - 2.04 - 47.08 / 14.10/+3.1 - 55.06 - 5.21 - 57.45 - 4:48.00 )
|-
!rowspan=2|12
| align=center|8832 || {{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}|| 29–30 June 2008 || [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.39/-0.4 - 7.39/-1.6 - 15.17 - 2.08 - 48.41 / 13.75/+1.9 - 52.74 - 5.00 - 70.55 - 4:50.97 )
|-
!rowspan=2|13
| align=center|8815 || {{flagathlete|[[Erki Nool]]|EST}}|| 6–7 August 2001 || [[Edmonton]]||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.60/+1.5 - 7.63/+2.0 - 14.90 - 2.03 - 46.23 / 14.40/0.0 - 43.40 - 5.40 - 67.01 - 4:29.58 )
|-
!rowspan=2|14
| align=center|8811 || {{flagathlete|[[Daley Thompson]]|GBR}}|| 27–28 August 1986 || [[Stuttgart]]||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.26/+2.0 - 7.72/+1.0 - 15.73 - 2.00 - 47.02 / 14.04/-0.3 - 43.38 - 5.10 - 62.78 - 4:26.16 )
|-
!rowspan=2|15
| align=center|8796 || {{flagathlete|[[Markus Rooth]]|NOR}}|| 2–3 August 2024 || [[Stade de France|Saint-Denis]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2024 |title=Paris 2024 – Men's Decathlon Results |url=https://olympics.com/OG2024/pdf/OG2024/ATH/OG2024_ATH_C73L_ATHMDECATH------------------------.pdf |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=olympics.com}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.71/+0.9 - 7.80/-0.2 - 15.25 - 1.99 - 47.69 / 14.25/+0.2 - 49.80 - 5.30 - 66.87 - 4:39.56 )
|-
!rowspan=2|16
| align=center|8790 || {{flagathlete|[[Trey Hardee]]|USA}}|| 19–20 August 2009 || [[Berlin]]||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.45/+0.2 - 7.83/+1.9 - 15.33 - 1.99 - 48.13 / 13.86/+0.3 - 48.08 - 5.20 - 68.00 - 4:48.91 )
|-
!rowspan=4|17
| align=center|8784 || {{flagathlete|[[Tom Pappas]]|USA}} || 21–22 June 2003 || [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]] ||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.78/+0.2 - 7.96/+1.4 - 16.28 - 2.17 - 48.22 / 14.13/+1.7 - 45.84 - 5.20 - 60.77 - 4:48.12 )
|-
| align=center|8784 || {{flagathlete|[[Ayden Owens-Delerme]]|PUR}} || 20–21 September 2025 || [[Japan National Stadium|Tokyo]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Decathlon Results|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7190593/AT-1500-M-u--0--.RS2.pdf|website=World Athletics|date=21 September 2025|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.31/+0.2 - 7.32/+0.4 - 15.55 - 1.96 - 46.46 / 13.65/+1.1 - 46.12 - 5.10 - 58.79 - 4:17.91 )
|-
!rowspan=2|19
| align=center|8764 || {{Flagathlete|[[Johannes Erm]]|EST}} || 10–11 June 2024 || [[Rome]]- || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Broadbent |first=Chris |date=12 June 2024 |title=Historic golds for Austria and Estonia at Roma 2024 |url=https://www.european-athletics.com/news/historic-golds-for-austria-and-estonia-at-roma-2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=[[European Athletics]]}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.60/+0.4 - 7.91/+0.2 - 14.99 - 1.99 - 46.81 / 14.30/-0.5 - 44.56 - 5.20 - 62.71 - 4:24.95 )
|-
!rowspan=2|20
| align=center|8756 || {{flagathlete|[[Lindon Victor]]|GRN}} || 25–26 August 2023 || [[Budapest]] ||<ref name="World2023" />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.60/+0.1 - 7.55/+1.0 - 15.94 - 2.02 - 48.05 / 14.47/+0.2 - 54.97 - 4.80 - 68.05 - 4:39.67 )
|-
!rowspan=2|21
| align=center|8735 || {{flagathlete|[[Eduard Hämäläinen]]|BLR|1991}} || 28–29 May 1994 || [[Götzis]] ||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.50/+2.1 - 7.26/+1.0 - 16.05 - 2.11 - 47.63 / 13.82/-3.0 - 49.70 - 4.90 - 60.32 - 4:35.09 )
|-
!rowspan=2|22
|align=center|8730 || |{{flagathlete|[[Jürgen Hingsen]]|FRG}} || 27–28 August 1986 || [[Stuttgart]] ||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.87/+2.5 - 7.89/+2.8 - 16.46 - 2.12 - 48.79 / 14.52/-0.3 - 48.42 - 4.60 - 64.38 - 4:21.61 )
|-
!rowspan=2|23
| align="center" |8725 || {{flagathlete|[[Dmitriy Karpov]]|KAZ}} || 23–24 August 2004 || [[Athens]] ||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.50/+2.2 - 7.81/-0.9 - 15.93 - 2.09 - 46.81 / 13.97/+1.5 - 51.65 - 4.60 - 55.54 - 4:38.11 )
|-
! rowspan="2" |24
| align="center" |8706 || {{flagathlete|[[Frank Busemann]]|GER}} || 31 July – 1 August 1996 || [[Atlanta]] ||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.60/ - 8.07/+0.8 - 13.60 - 2.04 - 48.34 / 13.47/+0.3 - 45.04 - 4.80 - 66.86 - 4:31.41 )
|-
! rowspan=2|25
| align="center" |8705
|{{flagathlete|[[Dave Johnson (decathlete)|Dave Johnson]]|USA}} || 23–24 April 1992 || [[Azusa, California|Azusa]] ||
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 10.96/+0.4 - 7.52/+4.5 - 14.61 - 2.04 - 48.19 / 14.17/+0.3 - 49.88 - 5.28 - 66.96 - 4:29.38 )
|}

=== Notes ===
Below is a list of other scores equal or superior to 8720 pts:
*[[Ashton Eaton]] also scored 9039 (2012), 8893 (2016), 8809 (2013) and 8750 (2016).
*[[Damian Warner]] also scored 8995 (2021), 8804 (2023), 8797 (2022) and 8795 (2018).
*[[Tomáš Dvořák]] also scored 8902 (2001), 8900 (2000) and 8837 (1997).
*[[Roman Šebrle]] also scored 8893 (2004), 8807 (2003), 8800 (2002) and 8757 (2000).
*[[Leo Neugebauer]] also scored 8836 (2023), 8804 (2025) and 8748 (2024).
*[[Kevin Mayer]] also scored 8834 (2016), 8816 (2022) and 8768 (2017).
*[[Dan O'Brien]] also scored 8824 (1996), 8812 (1991) and 8755 (1998).
*[[Bryan Clay]] also scored 8791 (2008).
*[[Tom Pappas]] also scored 8750 (2003).
*[[Ayden Owens-Delerme]] also scored 8732 (2024).
*[[Kyle Garland]] also scored 8720 (2022).

== All-time top 25 women ==
*Correct as of November 2025.<ref name=wd>{{cite web|url=https://www.womensdecathlonassociation.org/statistics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813191525/https://www.womensdecathlonassociation.org/statistics|archive-date=2023-08-13|title=Statistics|website=womensdecathlonassociation.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=100th SEASON OF CSM SPORTS BEGINS WITH ITS 3rd AMERICAN RECORD PERFORMANCE |url=https://www.pausatf.org/jordan-gray-puts-womens-decathlon-record-over-8000-points/ |website=USATF Pacific |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JORDAN GRAY ACHIEVES NO. 2 ALL-TIME SCORE WITH 8,246 POINTS AT WOMEN'S DECATHLON ASSOCIATION CHAMPIONSHIPS|url=https://www.runnerspace.com/gprofile.php?mgroup_id=44531&do=news&news_id=623610|author=Erik Boal|website=runnerspace.com|date=23 August 2023|access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="WomenWorld2023">{{cite web|title=Women's Decathlon World Record Progression|url=https://worldathletics.org/records/by-progression/19939|work=World Athletics|access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Rank
!Score
!Athlete
!Date
!Place
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!rowspan=2| 1
|align=center| 8358
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Austra Skujyte]]|LTU}}
| 15 April 2005
| [[Columbia, MO|Columbia]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.49/+1.6 - 6.12/+1.6 - 16.42 - 1.78 - 57.19 / 14.22/+2.4 - 46.19 - 3.10 - 48.78 - 5:15.86 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 2
|align=center| 8246
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Jordan Gray (heptathlete)|Jordan Gray]]|USA}}
| 22 August 2021
| [[San Mateo, CA|San Mateo]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 11.86/+4.6 - 6.12/+2.0 - 14.25 - 1.71 - 57.27 / 14.43/-2.5 - 39.84 - 3.91 - 41.14 - 5:20.27 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 3
|align=center| 8150
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Marie Collonvillé]]|FRA}}
| 26 September 2004
| [[Talence]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.48/+0.4 - 6.18/+1.0 - 11.90 - 1.80 - 56.15 / 13.96/+0.4 - 34.69 - 3.50 - 47.19 - 5:06.09 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 4
|align=center| 7885
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Mona Steigauf]]|GER}}
| 21 September 1997
| [[Ahlen]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.15/+1.2 - 5.93/0.0 - 12.49 - 1.73 - 55.34 / 13.75/+0.2 - 34.68 - 3.10 - 42.24 - 5:07.95 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 5
|align=center| 7798
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Irina Naumenko]]|KAZ}}
| 26 September 2004
| [[Talence]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.58/+0.4 - 5.98/+1.0 - 12.51 - 1.77 - 55.91 / 14.42/+0.4 - 34.63 - 3.30 - 37.57 - 4:59.03 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 6
|align=center| 7742
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Anna Snetkova]]|RUS}}
| 20 September 2003
| [[Krasnodar]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.66/NWI - 5.98/NWI - 13.48 - 1.69 - 58.88 / 14.19/NWI - 36.9 - 3.70 - 37.50 - 5:17.67 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 7
|align=center| 7705
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Noemie Desailly]]|FRA}}
| 14 July 2024
| [[Talence]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.05/+1.3 - 6.06/+2.4 - 13.14 - 1.53 - 56.95 / 13.94/+0.6 - 36.04 - 3.41 - 39.79 - 5:16.19 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 8
|align=center| 7577
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Tiffany Lott-Hogan]]|USA}}
| 10 September 2000
| [[Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia|Lage]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.31/0.0 - 5.77/0.0 - 13.86 - 1.69 - 58.01 / 13.57/0.0 - 38.39 - 3.00 - 46.93 - 6:01.24 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 9
|align=center| 7470
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Julie Mezerette-Martin]]|FRA}}
| 28 October 2001
| [[Arles]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.15/NWI - 5.87/NWI - 11.52 - 1.75 - 56.86 / 14.59/NWI - 36.98 - 2.60 - 38.76 - 5:02.92 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 10
|align=center| 7451
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Nikki Boon]]|NED}}
| 18 August 2025
| [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.23/+0.5 - 5.91/+0.7 - 12.72 - 1.57 - 57.06 / 14.81/0.0 - 41.11 - 3.00 - 40.14 - 5:17.70 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 11
|align=center| 7301
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Katie Straus]]|USA}}
| 18 August 2025
| [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.24/+0.5 - 5.65/+0.7 - 11.58 - 1.72 - 57.47 / 14.23/0.0 - 27.24 - 3.50 - 32.21 - 5:20.36 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 12
|align=center| 7272
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Jordyn Bruce]]|USA}}
| 18 August 2025
| [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.51/+0.5 - 5.79/0.0 - 10.98 - 1.57 - 58.58 / 14.06/0.0 - 31.5 - 3.40 - 41.69 - 5:20.66 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 13
|align=center| 7245
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Magalis Garcia]]|CUB}}
| 29 June 2002
| [[Vienna]]
|<ref name=wd /><ref name=vienna02>{{Cite web|url=http://archiv.oelv.at/mehrkampf/htm/280602e.htm|title=Jedermann Decathlon Day 1 - Vienna 28.6.2002|website=[[oelv.at]]}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.03/NWI - 5.53/NWI - 13.69 - 1.72 - 59.88 / 13.92/NWI - 35.98 - 2.30 - 47.12 - 5:46.14 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 14
|align=center| 7236
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Allison Halverson]]|ARM}}
| 4 August 2024
| [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 11.92/+1.4 - 5.88/0.0 - 11.94 - 1.64 - 55.86 / 13.87/+2.0 - 24.47 - 2.73 - 37.13 - 5:18.08 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 15
|align=center| 7233
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Tiia Hautala]]|FIN}}
| 13 September 1997
| [[Kangasala]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.51/+1.3 - 5.95/+0.3 - 12.97 - 1.70 - 58.24 / 14.37/-0.1 - 29.38 - 2.70 - 39.98 - 5:20.76 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 16
|align=center| 7227
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Roseva Bidois]]|FRA}}
| 18 August 2025
| [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.27/+0.5 - 5.64/-1.0 - 13.07 - 1.57 - 58.29 / 15.02/+0.6 - 43.69 - 3.50 - 32.59 - 5:49.29 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 17
|align=center| 7184
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Kim Schiemenz]]|USA}}
| 17 April 2003
| [[Azusa, CA|Azusa]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.35/0.0 - 5.63/-1.2 - 11.86 - 1.74 - 54.99 / 14.26/-0.2 - 29.09 - 2.84 - 35.24 - 5:32.01 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 18
|align=center| 7146
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Gabriela Kouassi]]|FRA}}
| 27 October 2002
| [[Arles]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.79/+1.5 - 5.32/+0.6 - 12.43 - 1.66 - 59.46 / 14.40/-0.1 - 32.47 - 3.00 - 43.12 - 5:11.38 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 19
|align=center| 7082
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Sabine Schulte]]|GER}}
| 10 September 2000
| [[Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia|Lage]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.30/0.0 - 5.68/+0.5 - 10.73 - 1.63 - 56.72 / 14.35/0.0 - 26.36 - 4.10 - 27.29 - 5:58.37 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 20
|align=center| 7064
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Breanna Eveland]]|USA}}
| 14 April 2006
| [[Columbia, MO|Columbia]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 13.05/+1.5 - 5.30/+0.7 - 11.66 - 1.50 - 62.85 / 15.04/+0.5 - 40.37 - 4.30 - 36.72 - 5:36.66 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 21
|align=center| 7044
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Stephanie Fuchs]]|GER}}
| 10 September 2000
| [[Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia|Lage]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.49/-0.2 - 5.67/0.0 - 12.75 - 1.60 - 57.44 / 14.67/0.0 - 34.87 - 2.50 - 41.15 - 5:24.79 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 22
|align=center| 7028
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Irina Ilyina]]|RUS}}
| 20 September 2003
| [[Krasnodar]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ''Unknown''
|-
!rowspan=2| 23
|align=center| 7014
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Margaret Simpson]]|GHA}}
| 17 April 2007
| [[Moka|Réduit]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.54/NWI - 5.73/NWI - 12.42 - 1.72 - 62.34 / 14.24/NWI - 32.17 - 2.50 - 47.67 - 5:41.7 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 24
|align=center| 6999
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Stacy Dragila]]|USA}}
| 16 March 1997
| [[Los Angeles, CA|Los Angeles]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 13.01/NWI - 5.73/NWI - 10.07 - 1.60 - 58.32 / 15.15/NWI - 25.10 - 4.10 - 41.12 - 5:50.37 )
|-
!rowspan=2| 25
|align=center| 6958
| {{flagIOCathlete|[[Emma Brentel]]|FRA}}
| 14 July 2024
| [[Talence]]
|<ref name=wd />
|-
|colspan=5 | ( 12.64/+1.3 - 5.34/+1.5 - 11.82 - 1.56 - 59.35 / 14.44/+0.3 - 22.35 - 4.21 - 37.30 - 5:57.32 )
|}

=== Notes ===
Below is a list of other scores equal or superior to 8000 pts:
*[[Austra Skujytė]] also scored 8091 pts (2006).

== Competitions ==

=== Olympic medalists ===
{{Main|Combined events at the Olympics}}

{{Olympic medalists in men's decathlon}}

=== World Championships medalists ===
==== Men ====
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's decathlon}}
==== Women ====
{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's decathlon}}

=== Continental competitions ===

* [[African Combined Events Championships]]
* [[European Cup Combined Events]]
* [[Oceania Combined Events Championships]]
* [[Pan American Combined Events Cup]]

=== Other ===

* [[IAAF Combined Events Challenge]]
** [[Multistars]]
** [[Hypo-Meeting]]
** [[TNT - Fortuna Meeting]]
** [[Mehrkampf-Meeting Ratingen|Erdgas Mehrkampf-Meeting]]
** [[Décastar]]

== World leading scores ==
{{Table alignment}}{{Sticky header}}
{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft col2center plainrowheaders sticky-header"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Place
|-
!scope="row"|[[1960 in the sport of athletics|1960]]
|8683
|{{flagathlete|[[Rafer Johnson]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1961 in the sport of athletics|1961]]
|8709
|{{flagathlete|[[Philip Mulkey]]|USA}}
|[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1962 in the sport of athletics|1962]]
|8248
|{{flagathlete|[[Chuan-Kwang Yang]]|ROC}}
|[[Tulare, California|Tulare]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1963 in the sport of athletics|1963]]
|8089
|{{flagathlete|[[Chuan-Kwang Yang]]|ROC}}
|[[Walnut, California|Walnut]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1964 in the sport of athletics|1964]]
|7950
|{{flagathlete|[[Manfred Bock]]|FRG}}
|[[Liestal]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1965 in the sport of athletics|1965]]
|7883
|{{flagathlete|[[Mykhaylo Storozhenko]]|URS}}
|[[Kiev]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1966 in the sport of athletics|1966]]
|8234
|{{flagathlete|[[Bill Toomey]]|USA}}
|[[Salina, Kansas|Salina]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1967 in the sport of athletics|1967]]
|8319
|{{flagathlete|[[Kurt Bendlin]]|FRG}}
|[[Heidelberg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1968 in the sport of athletics|1968]]
|8222 {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{flagathlete|[[Bill Toomey]]|USA}}
|[[Echo Summit]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1969 in the sport of athletics|1969]]
|8417
|{{flagathlete|[[Bill Toomey]]|USA}}
|[[Los Angeles]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1970 in the sport of athletics|1970]]
|8130
|{{flagathlete|[[Rüdiger Demmig]]|GDR}}
|[[Erfurt]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1971 in the sport of athletics|1971]]
|8244
|{{flagathlete|[[Kurt Bendlin]]|FRG}}
|[[Bonn]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1972 in the sport of athletics|1972]]
|8466
|{{flagathlete|[[Mykola Avilov]]|URS}}
|[[Munich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1973 in the sport of athletics|1973]]
|8163
|{{flagathlete|[[Lennart Hedmark]]|SWE}}
|[[Bonn]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1974 in the sport of athletics|1974]]
|8229
|{{flagathlete|[[Ryszard Skowronek]]|POL}}
|[[Montreal]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1975 in the sport of athletics|1975]]
|8429
|{{flagathlete|[[Caitlyn Jenner|Bruce Jenner]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1976 in the sport of athletics|1976]]
|8634
|{{flagathlete|[[Caitlyn Jenner|Bruce Jenner]]|USA}}
|[[Montreal]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1977 in the sport of athletics|1977]]
|8400
|{{flagathlete|[[Aleksandr Grebenyuk]]|URS}}
|[[Riga]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1978 in the sport of athletics|1978]]
|8493
|{{flagathlete|[[Guido Kratschmer]]|FRG}}
|[[Bernhausen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1979 in the sport of athletics|1979]]
|8476
|{{flagathlete|[[Guido Kratschmer]]|FRG}}
|[[Krefeld]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1980 in the sport of athletics|1980]]
|8667
|{{flagathlete|[[Guido Kratschmer]]|FRG}}
|[[Bernhausen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1981 in the sport of athletics|1981]]
|8334
|{{flagathlete|[[Rainer Pottel]]|GDR}}
|[[Birmingham]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1982 in the sport of athletics|1982]]
|8774
|{{flagathlete|[[Daley Thompson]]|GBR}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1983 in the sport of athletics|1983]]
|8825
|{{flagathlete|[[Jürgen Hingsen]]|FRG}}
|[[Bernhausen]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1984 in the sport of athletics|1984]]
|8847
|{{flagathlete|[[Daley Thompson]]|GBR}}
|[[Los Angeles]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1985 in the sport of athletics|1985]]
|8559
|{{flagathlete|[[Torsten Voss]]|GDR}}
|[[Dresden]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1986 in the sport of athletics|1986]]
|8811
|{{flagathlete|[[Daley Thompson]]|GBR}}
|[[Stuttgart]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1987 in the sport of athletics|1987]]
|8680
|{{flagathlete|[[Torsten Voss]]|GDR}}
|[[Rome]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1988 in the sport of athletics|1988]]
|8512
|{{flagathlete|[[Christian Plaziat]]|FRA}}
|[[Talence]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1989 in the sport of athletics|1989]]
|8549
|{{flagathlete|[[Dave Johnson (decathlete)|Dave Johnson]]|USA}}
|[[Houston]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1990 Decathlon Year Ranking|1990]]
|8574
|{{flagathlete|[[Christian Plaziat]]|FRA}}
|[[Split (city)|Split]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1991 Decathlon Year Ranking|1991]]
|8812
|{{flagathlete|[[Dan O'Brien]]|USA}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1992 Decathlon Year Ranking|1992]]
|8891
|{{flagathlete|[[Dan O'Brien]]|USA}}
|[[Talence]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1993 Decathlon Year Ranking|1993]]
|8817
|{{flagathlete|[[Dan O'Brien]]|USA}}
|[[Stuttgart]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1994 Decathlon Year Ranking|1994]]
|8735
|{{flagathlete|[[Eduard Hämäläinen]]|BLR|1991}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1995 Decathlon Year Ranking|1995]]
|8695
|{{flagathlete|[[Dan O'Brien]]|USA}}
|[[Gothenburg]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1996 Decathlon Year Ranking|1996]]
|8824
|{{flagathlete|[[Dan O'Brien]]|USA}}
|[[Atlanta]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1997 Decathlon Year Ranking|1997]]
|8837
|{{flagathlete|[[Tomáš Dvořák]]|CZE}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1998 Decathlon Year Ranking|1998]]
|8755
|{{flagathlete|[[Dan O'Brien]]|USA}}
|[[Uniondale, New York|Uniondale]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[1999 Decathlon Year Ranking|1999]]
|8994
|{{flagathlete|[[Tomáš Dvořák]]|CZE}}
|[[Prague]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2000 Decathlon Year Ranking|2000]]
|8900
|{{flagathlete|[[Tomáš Dvořák]]|CZE}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2001 Decathlon Year Ranking|2001]]
|9026
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2002 Decathlon Year Ranking|2002]]
|8800
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2003 Decathlon Year Ranking|2003]]
|8807
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2004 Decathlon Year Ranking|2004]]
|8893
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Athens]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2005 Decathlon Year Ranking|2005]]
|8732
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|[[Helsinki]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2006 Decathlon Year Ranking|2006]]
|8677
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2007 Decathlon Year Ranking|2007]]
|8697
|{{flagathlete|[[Roman Šebrle]]|CZE}}
|[[Kladno]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2008 Decathlon Year Ranking|2008]]
|8832
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2009 Decathlon Year Ranking|2009]]
|8790
|{{flagathlete|[[Trey Hardee]]|USA}}
|[[Berlin]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2010 in the sport of athletics|2010]]
|8483
|{{flagathlete|[[Bryan Clay]]|USA}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2011 in the sport of athletics|2011]]
|8729
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2012 in the sport of athletics|2012]]
|9039
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2013 in the sport of athletics|2013]]
|8809
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Moscow]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2014 in the sport of athletics|2014]]
|8616
|{{flagathlete|[[Andrei Krauchanka]]|BLR}}
|[[Zürich]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2015 in the sport of athletics|2015]]
|9045
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Beijing]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2016 in the sport of athletics|2016]]
|8893
|{{flagathlete|[[Ashton Eaton]]|USA}}
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2017 in the sport of athletics|2017]]
|8768
|{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|[[London]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2018 in the sport of athletics|2018]]
|9126
|{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|[[Talence]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2019 in the sport of athletics|2019]]
|8711
|{{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}}
|[[Götzis]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2020 in the sport of athletics|2020]]
|8552
|{{flagathlete|[[Kevin Mayer]]|FRA}}
|[[Saint-Paul, Réunion|Saint-Paul]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2021 in the sport of athletics|2021]]
|9018
|{{flagathlete|[[Damian Warner]]|CAN}}
|[[Tokyo]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2022 in the sport of athletics|2022]]
|8867
|{{flagathlete|[[Garrett Scantling]]|USA}}
|[[Fayetteville, Arkansas|Fayetteville]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2023 in the sport of athletics|2023]]
|8909
|{{flagathlete|[[Pierce LePage]]|CAN}}
|[[Budapest]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2024 in the sport of athletics|2024]]
|8961
|{{flagathlete|[[Leo Neugebauer]]|GER}}
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|-
!scope="row"|[[2025 in the sport of athletics|2025]]
|8909
|{{flagathlete|[[Sander Skotheim]]|NOR}}
|[[Götzis]]
|}

== National records ==
*Updated 3 April 2026.<ref name=AlltimeM /><ref name=wd />

{{Table alignment}}{{static row numbers}}{{Sticky header}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft col-3right static-row-numbers sticky-header" style="font-size:95%;"
|+Men's decathlon national records {{sma|(equal or superior to 8000 pts)}}
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Place
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|9126
|{{FRA}}
|[[Kevin Mayer]]
|15–16 September 2018
|[[Decastar|Talence]]
|
|-
|9045
|{{USA}}
|[[Ashton Eaton]]
|28–29 August 2015
|[[Beijing National Stadium|Beijing]]
|
|-
|9026
|{{CZE}}
|[[Roman Šebrle]]
|26–27 April 2001
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|9018
|{{CAN}}
|[[Damian Warner]]
|4–5 August 2021
|[[Tokyo]]
|
|-
|8961
|{{GER}}
|[[Leo Neugebauer]]
|5–6 June 2024
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]]
|
|-
|8909
|{{NOR}}
|[[Sander Skotheim]]
|31 May – 1 June 2025
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8847
|{{GBR2}}
|[[Daley Thompson]]
|8–9 August 1984
|[[Los Angeles]]
|
|-
|8815
|{{EST}}
|[[Erki Nool]]
|6–7 August 2001
|[[Edmonton]]
|
|-
|8784
|{{PUR}}
|[[Ayden Owens-Delerme]]
|20–21 September 2025
|[[Japan National Stadium|Tokyo]]
|
|-
|8756
|{{GRD}}
|[[Lindon Victor]]
|25–26 August 2023
|[[Budapest]]
|
|-
|8735
|{{BLR}}
|[[Eduard Hämäläinen]]
|28–29 May 1994
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8730
|{{FIN}}
|[[Eduard Hämäläinen]]
|5–6 August 1997
|[[Athens]]
|
|-
|8725
|{{KAZ}}
|[[Dmitriy Karpov]]
|23–24 August 2004
|[[Athens]]
|
|-
|8709
|{{UKR}}
|[[Aleksandr Apaychev]]
|2–3 June 1984
|[[Neubrandenburg]]
|
|-
|8698
|{{RUS}}
|[[Grigoriy Degtyaryev]]
|21–22 June 1984
|[[Kyiv]]
|
|-
|8654
|{{CUB}}
|[[Leonel Suárez]]
|3–4 July 2009
|[[Havana]]
|
|-
|8649
|{{AUS}}
|[[Ashley Moloney]]
|4–5 August 2021
|[[Tokyo]]
|
|-
|8644
|{{JAM}}
|[[Maurice Smith (decathlon)|Maurice Smith]]
|31 August – 1 September 2007
|[[Osaka]]
|
|-
|8607
|{{NED}}
|[[Sven Roosen]]
|2–3 August 2024
|[[Stade de France|Saint-Denis]]
|
|-
|8575
|{{SUI}}
|[[Simon Ehammer]]
|31 May – 1 June 2025
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8573
|{{ISL}}
|[[Jón Arnar Magnússon]]
|30–31 May 1998
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8566
|{{POL}}
|[[Sebastian Chmara]]
|16–17 May 1998
|[[Murcia]]
|
|-
|8554
|{{HUN}}
|[[Attila Zsivoczky]]
|3–4 June 2000
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8526
|{{ESP}}
|[[Francisco Javier Benet]]
|16–17 May 1998
|[[Murcia]]
|
|-
|8521
|{{ALG}}
|[[Larbi Bouraada]]
|17–18 August 2016
|[[Estádio Olímpico João Havelange|Rio de Janeiro]]
|
|-
|8519
|{{BEL}}
|[[Hans Van Alphen]]
|26–27 May 2012
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8445
|{{UZB}}
|[[Ramil Ganiyev]]
|5–6 August 1997
|[[Athens]]
|
|-
|8437
|{{LTU}}
|[[Rišardas Malachovskis]]
|1–2 July 1988
|[[Minsk]]
|
|-
|8406
|{{SWE}}
|[[Nicklas Wiberg]]
|19–20 August 2009
|[[Berlin]]
|
|-
|8398
|{{RSA}}
|[[Willem Coertzen]]
|30–31 May 2015
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8393
|{{BRA}}
|[[Carlos Chinin]]
|7–8 June 2013
|[[São Paulo]]
|
|-
|8359
|{{NZL}}
|[[Simon Poelman]]
|21–22 March 1987
|[[Christchurch]]
|
|-
|8320
|{{AUT}}
|[[Gernot Kellermayr]]
|29–30 May 1993
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8312
|{{LAT}}
|[[Edgars Eriņš]]
|26–27 May 2011
|[[Valmiera]]
|
|-
|8308
|{{JPN}}
|[[Keisuke Ushiro]]
|31 May – 1 June 2014
|[[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]]
|
|-
|8291 {{AthAbbr|A}}
|{{ARG}}
|[[Tito Steiner]]
|22–23 June 1983
|[[Provo, Utah|Provo]]
|
|-
|8290
|{{CHN}}
|[[Qi Haifeng]]
|28–29 May 2005
|[[Götzis]]
|
|-
|8288
|{{MDA}}
|[[Valeriy Kachanov]]
|20–21 June 1980
|[[Moscow]]
|
|-
|8275
|{{SRB}}
|[[Mihail Dudaš]]
|10–11 August 2013
|[[Moscow]]
|
|-
|8235
|{{ITA}}
|[[Dario Dester]]
|10–11 June 2024
|[[Rome]]
|
|-
|8226
|{{BAH}}
|[[Ken Mullings]]
|2–3 August 2024
|[[Stade de France|Saint-Denis]]
|
|-
|8213
|{{POR}}
|[[Mário Aníbal]]
|30 June – 1 July 2001
|[[Kaunas]]
|
|-
|8199
|{{BUL}}
|[[Atanas Andonov]]
|20–21 June 1981
|[[Sofia]]
|
|-
|8089
|{{COL}}
|[[Julio Angulo (athlete)|Julio Angulo]]
|1–2 December 2025
|[[Lima]]
|
|-
|8069
|{{GRE}}
|[[Prodromos Korkizoglou]]
|1–2 July 2000
|[[Ibach, Switzerland|Ibach]]
|
|-
|8065
|{{CHI}}
|[[Gonzalo Barroilhet]]
|19–20 April 2012
|[[Charlottesville]]
|
|-
|8048
|{{VEN}}
|[[Geormi Jaramillo]]
|4–5 May 2018
|[[Barquisimeto]]
|
|-
|8023
|{{TUN}}
|[[Hamdi Dhouibi]]
|9–10 August 2005
|[[Helsinki]]
|
|-
|8010 {{AthAbbr|h}}
|{{TPE}}
|[[Yang Chuan-kwang]]
|27–28 April 1963
|[[Walnut, California|Walnut]]
|
|-
|8004
|{{ECU}}
|[[Andy Preciado]]
|30–31 May 2021
|[[Estadio Modelo Alberto Spencer Herrera|Guayaquil]]
|
|}
{{col-2}}

{| class="wikitable sortable defaultleft col-3right static-row-numbers sticky-header" style="font-size:95%;"
|+Women's decathlon national records {{sma|(equal or superior to 5000 pts)}}
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Country
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Place
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 8358 || {{flagg|cnuie|LTU}} || [[Austra Skujyte]] || 15 April 2005 || [[Columbia, MO|Columbia]] ||
|-
| 8246 || {{flagg|cnuie|USA}} || [[Jordan Gray (heptathlete)|Jordan Gray]] || 22 August 2021 || [[San Mateo, CA|San Mateo]] ||
|-
| 8150 || {{flagg|cnuie|FRA}} || [[Marie Collonvillé]] || 26 September 2004 || [[Talence]] ||
|-
| 7885 || {{flagg|cnuie|GER}} || [[Mona Steigauf]] || 21 September 1997 || [[Ahlen]] ||
|-
| 7798 || {{flagg|cnuie|KAZ}} || [[Irina Naumenko]] || 26 September 2004 || [[Talence]] ||
|-
| 7742 || {{flagg|cnuie|RUS}} || [[Anna Snetkova]] || 20 September 2003 || [[Krasnodar]] ||
|-
| 7451 || {{flagg|cnuie|NED}} || [[Nikki Boon]] || 18 August 2025 || [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]] ||
|-
| 7245 || {{flagg|cnuie|CUB}} || [[Magalis Garcia]] || 29 June 2002 || [[Vienna]] ||
|-
| 7236 || {{flagg|cnuie|ARM}} || [[Allison Halverson]] || 4 August 2024 || [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]] ||
|-
| 7233 || {{flagg|cnuie|FIN}} || [[Tiia Hautala]] || 13 September 1997 || [[Kangasala]] ||
|-
| 7014 || {{flagg|cnuie|GHA}} || [[Margaret Simpson]] || 17 April 2007 || [[Moka|Réduit]] ||
|-
| 6877 || {{flagg|cnuie|GBR}} || [[Jessica Taylor (athlete)|Jessica Taylor]] || 13 September 2015 || [[Erith]] ||
|-
| 6846 || {{flagg|cnuie|CAN}} || [[Leanna Carriere]] || 17 June 2014 || [[Burlington, VT|Burlington]] ||
|-
| 6830 || {{flagg|cnuie|AUT}} || [[Marion Obermayr]] || 5 May 2002 || [[Linz]] ||
|-
| 6749 || {{flagg|cnuie|CZE}} || [[Barbora Špotáková]] || 26 September 2004 || [[Talence]] ||
|-
| 6732 || {{flagg|cnuie|EST}} || [[Kristella Jurkatamm]] || 15 July 2018 || [[Kohila]] ||
|-
| 6724 || {{flagg|cnuie|POL}} || [[Elzbieta Raczka]] || 10 September 2000 || [[Lage, North Rhine-Westphalia|Lage]] ||
|-
| 6614 || {{flagg|cnuie|ESP}} || [[María Peinado]] || 23 October 2005 || [[Castellón de la Plana]] ||
|-
| 6599 || {{flagg|cnuie|ITA}} || [[Sara Tani]] || 22 October 2006 || [[Udine]] ||
|-
| 6570 {{AthAbbr|h}} || {{flagg|cnuie|ARG}} || [[Andrea Bordalejo]] || 28 November 2004 || [[Rosario]] ||
|-
| 6570 || {{flagg|cnuie|IRL}} || [[Lara O'Byrne]] || 4 August 2024 || [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]] ||
|-
| 6488 || {{flagg|cnuie|SUI}} || [[Ariana Brugger]] || 4 August 2024 || [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]] ||
|-
| 6448 || {{flagg|cnuie|UKR}} || [[Larisa Teteryuk]] || 7 September 1997 || [[Linz]] ||
|-
| 6020 || {{flagg|cnuie|BEL}} || [[Jesse Vercruysse]] || 26 September 2010 || [[Schaerbeek]] ||
|-
| 5871 || {{flagg|cnuie|MEX}} || [[Giselle Burgos]] || 18 August 2025 || [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]] ||
|-
| 5844 || {{flagg|cnuie|JPN}} || [[Akane Eguchi]] || 9 September 2001 || [[Machida, Tokyo|Machida]] ||
|-
| 5743 || {{flagg|cnuie|PUR}} || [[Daniela Alejandro]] || 4 August 2024 || [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]] ||
|-
| 5740 || {{flagg|cnuie|AUS}} || [[Preya Carey]] || 9 June 2008 || [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] ||
|-
| 5586 || {{flagg|cnuie|NZL}} || [[Maria Sartin]] || 4 August 2024 || [[Geneva, OH|Geneva]] ||
|-
| 5054 {{AthAbbr|h}} || {{flagg|cnuie|NOR}} || [[Tove Beate Dahle]] || 12 September 2004 || [[Ski, Norway|Ski]] ||
|}
{{col-end}}

== Under-20 records ==

The world decathlon under-20 record is held by [[Niklas Kaul]], of [[Germany]], who scored 8435 points at the [[2017 European Athletics U20 Championships|European U20 Championships]] in [[Grosseto]], Italy, from 22–23 July 2017.
{{Decathlon score|11.48 {{wind|-1.3}}|7.20 m {{wind|+1.6}}|15.37 m|2.05 m|48.42 |14.55 {{wind|-0.2}}|48.49 m|4.70 m|68.05 m|4:15.52}}
The world decathlon under-20 record using senior implements is held by [[Torsten Voss]], of [[East Germany]], who scored 8397 points in [[Erfurt]], East Germany, from 6–7 July 1982. This was the last record to be ratified because it is no longer a World Athletics under-20 record event.

'''Key:'''
 
NWI = No Wind Indication

{{Decathlon score|10.76 (NWI)|7.66 m (NWI)|14.41 m|2.09 m|48.37|14.37 (NWI)|41.66 m|4.80 m|62.90 m|4:34.04}}

'''Key:'''
 
+ = Senior implements
 
* = 6-kg shot, 1.067-m hurdles, 1.75-kg discus
 
A = Altitude (over 1000 m)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col"|U20 Record
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Year
|-
|rowspan=2| [[List of world under-20 records in athletics|World]] || 8397+ || {{flagathlete|[[Torsten Voss]]|GDR}} || 1982
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
| 8435 || {{flagathlete|[[Niklas Kaul]]|GER}} || 2017
|-
!colspan=4|Area U20 records
|-
|rowspan=2| [[List of African under-20 records in athletics|Africa]] || 7548+ || {{flagathlete|[[Hamdi Dhouibi]]|TUN}} || 2011
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
| 7791 || {{flagathlete|[[Fredriech Pretorius]]|RSA}} || 2014
|-
| [[List of Asian under-20 records in athletics|Asia]] || 8041+ || {{flagathlete|[[Qi Haifeng]]|CHN}} || 2002
|-
|rowspan=2| [[List of European under-20 records in athletics|Europe]] || 8397+ || {{flagathlete|[[Torsten Voss]]|GDR}} || 1982
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
| 8435 || {{flagathlete|[[Niklas Kaul]]|GER}} || 2017
|-
| [[List of North, Central American and Caribbean under-20 records in athletics|North, Central America and Caribbean]] || 8257+ || {{flagathlete|[[Yordani García]]|CUB}} || 2007
|-
|rowspan=2| [[List of Oceanian under-20 records in athletics|Oceania]] || 8103+ || {{flagathlete|[[Ashley Moloney]]|AUS}} || 2019
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
| 8190 || {{flagathlete|[[Ashley Moloney]]|AUS}} || 2018
|-
|rowspan=3| [[List of South American under-20 records in athletics|South America]] || 7422+ || {{flagathlete|[[Pedro Ferreira da Silva Filho]]|BRA}} || 1985
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
| 7641* || {{flagathlete|[[Andrés Byron Silva]]|URU}} || 2005
|-style="border-top: 2px solid white;"
| 7762 A || {{flagathlete|[[Felipe Vinicius dos Santos]]|BRA}} || 2013
|}

=== Decathlon under-20 bests ===
(Within a completed decathlon scoring more than 7000 points)

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultleft col-9right col-8right col-5right" style="font-size:95%; width: 90%;"
|-
!scope="col"|Event
!scope="col"|Specification
!scope="col"|Result (Wind)
!scope="col"|Score
!scope="col"|Athlete
!scope="col"|Nation
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Meet
!scope="col"|Place
!scope="col"|Age
!scope="col"|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row"|100 m
|
|10.31 {{wind|+3.5}}
|1020
|[[Roko Farkaš]]
|{{flagu|Croatia}}
|9 August 2023
|[[2023 European Athletics U20 Championships|European U20 Championships]]
|[[Jerusalem]]
|{{Ayd|2005|2|11|2023|8|9}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jerusalem23results.european-athletics.com/resEAA/pdf/JER2023/ATH/JER2023_ATH_C73D_ATHMDECATH--U20-------100---------.pdf#page=2 |title=Decathlon U20 100 Men Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028220014/https://jerusalem23results.european-athletics.com/resEAA/pdf/JER2023/ATH/JER2023_ATH_C73D_ATHMDECATH--U20-------100---------.pdf#page=2 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |url-status=live |date=9 August 2023 |website=European Athletics |publisher=European Athletic Association}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|Long jump
|
|7.83 m {{wind|+0.4}}
|1017
|[[Simon Ehammer]]
|{{flagu|Switzerland}}
|21 September 2019
|Swiss Combined Events Championships
|[[Hochdorf, Lucerne|Hochdorf]]
|{{Ayd|2000|2|7|2019|9|21}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swiss-athletics.ch/wp-content/uploads/Rangliste_SM_Mehrkampf_Hochdorf_2019.pdf#page=58 |title=Results - 2019 Swiss & 59. Hochdorfer All-around Championships |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028220243/https://www.swiss-athletics.ch/wp-content/uploads/Rangliste_SM_Mehrkampf_Hochdorf_2019.pdf#page=58 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |url-status=live |date=23 September 2019 |website=Swiss Athletics }}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|Shot put
|6 kg
|17.81 m
|963
|{{ill|José San Pastor|es}}
|{{flagu|Spain}}
|1 May 2021
|Campionato España Combinadas de Federaciones Autonómicas
|[[Valladolid]]
|{{Ayd|2002|2|4|2021|5|1}}
|
|-
|7.26 kg
|15.83 m
|841
|[[Rob Muzzio]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|27 April 1983
| Penn Relays
|[[Philadelphia]]
|{{Ayd|1964|6|25|1983|4|27}}
|<ref name="World Junior Records">{{cite web |url=https://decathlonusa.typepad.com/files/2015-usatf-junior-decathlon.pdf#page=5 |title=43rd Annual National Junior Decathlon Championships |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923011603/https://decathlonusa.typepad.com/files/2015-usatf-junior-decathlon.pdf#page=5 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |url-status=live |date=19 June 2015 |website=DECA, The Decathlon Association |publisher=Frank Zarnowski}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|High jump
|
|2.18 m
|973
|[[Igor Drobyshevskiy]]
|{{flagu|Soviet Union}}
|25 May 1985
|
|[[Simferopol]]
|{{Ayd|1966|10|17|1985|5|25}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Deca-Individual-Event-Lists-230826.pdf#page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110064725/https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Deca-Individual-Event-Lists-230826.pdf#page=13 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=All-Time Decathlon individual event lists |author=Yoshiaki Oikawa |website=DecaAmerica |date=3 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|400 m
|
|46.75
|971
|[[Ashley Moloney]]
|{{flagu|Australia}}
|25 June 2019
|[[2019 Oceania Athletics Championships|Oceania Championships]]
|[[Townsville]]
|{{Ayd|2000|3|13|2019|6|25}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://athletics-oceania.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/day-1-trck-results.pdf#page=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626053932/https://athletics-oceania.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/day-1-trck-results.pdf#page=5 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |url-status=live |title=Oceania Athletics Championships – Day 1 Track Results |date=26 June 2019 |website=Oceania Athletics Association }}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|First-day score
|U20 implements
|
|4387
|[[Tomas Järvinen]]
|{{flagu|Czechia}}
|6 July 2024
|Czech U20 Combined Events Championships
|{{ill|Stará Boleslav|cs}}
|{{Ayd|2005|10|21|2024|7|6}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7207900?day=1 |title=Czech U20 Combined Events Championships - Results |website=World Athletics |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Senior implements
|
|4436
|[[Ashley Moloney]]
|{{flagu|Australia}}
|25 May 2019
|[[2019 Hypo-Meeting|Hypomeeting]]
|[[Götzis]]
|{{Ayd|2000|3|13|2019|5|25}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.meeting-goetzis.at/en/Decathlon%20Results%202019_305.pdf?var_mid=3#page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031011539/https://www.meeting-goetzis.at/en/Decathlon%20Results%202019_305.pdf?var_mid=3#page=2 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |url-status=live |title=Hypomeeting #45 - Results - Decathlon |date=27 May 2019 |website=Hypomeeting Götzis }}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|110 m hurdles
|0.991 m
|13.57 {{wind|-0.1}}
|1031
|[[Simon Ehammer]]
|{{flagu|Switzerland}}
|20 July 2019
|[[2019 European Athletics U20 Championships|European U20 Championships]]
|[[Borås]]
|{{Ayd|2000|2|7|2019|7|20}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.taf.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2019_ECHU20_Results.pdf#page=107 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525123158/http://www.taf.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2019_ECHU20_Results.pdf#page=107 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-status=live |title=European Athletics U20 Championships Borås 2019 Results Book |date=22 July 2019 |website=European Athletics |publisher=European Athletic Association}}</ref>
|-
|1.067 m
|13.77 {{wind|+1.3}}
|1004
|[[Ladji Doucouré]]
|{{flagu|France}}
|10 June 2001
|Meeting International d'Arles
|[[Arles]]
|{{Ayd|1983|3|28|2001|6|10}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/records/toplists/combined-events/decathlon/outdoor/men/senior/2001?regionType=world&windReading=regular&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110065418/https://worldathletics.org/records/toplists/combined-events/decathlon/outdoor/men/senior/2001?regionType=world&windReading=regular&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true |archive-date=10 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=Season Top Lists - Senior Ourdoor 2001 - Decathlon Men |website=World Athletics }}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=3|Discus throw
|rowspan=2|1.75 kg
|rowspan=2|54.75 m
|rowspan=2|970
|[[Aleksey Sysoyev]]
|{{flagu|Russia}}
|29 May 2004
|Russian Junior Combined Events Cup
|[[Krasnodar]]
|{{Ayd|1985|3|8|2004|5|29}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout%3DO/ageGroup%3DJ/season%3D2004/gender%3DM/discipline%3DDECJ/legal%3DA/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101063845/http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=O/ageGroup=J/season=2004/gender=M/discipline=DECJ/legal=A/index.html |archive-date=1 November 2005 |url-status=dead |title=Decathlon Junior 2004 Junior |website=IAAF International Association of Athletics Federations |date=31 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jan Doležal (decathlete)|Jan Doležal]]
|{{flagu|Czech Republic}}
|19 July 2015
|[[2015 European Athletics Junior Championships|European Junior Championships]]
|[[Eskilstuna]]
|{{Ayd|1996|6|6|2015|7|19}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://online.atletika.cz/upload/eskilstuna%2016-19.7.2015.pdf#page=68 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028225248/https://online.atletika.cz/upload/eskilstuna%2016-19.7.2015.pdf#page=68 |archive-date=28 October 2023 |url-status=live |title=European Athletics Junior Championships 2015 Results |date=20 July 2015 |website=Czech Athletic Association |publisher=European Athletic Association}}</ref>
|-
|2 kg
|51.86 m
|909
|Aleksandr Agafonov
|{{flagu|Soviet Union}}
|12 June 1980
|
|[[Gomel]]
|{{Ayd|1961|5|7|1980|6|12}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ia801005.us.archive.org/15/items/RusCombinedEventsEN/rus-combined-events%20EN.pdf#page=10 |title=Russian Combined Events Championships Statistics Handbook |author=Alexander Gereev |website=Internet Archive |date=12 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=3|Pole vault
|rowspan=3|
|rowspan=3|5.50 m
|rowspan=3|1067
|[[Lawrence Johnson (pole vaulter)|Lawrence Johnson]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|8 April 1993
|Sea Ray Relays
|[[Knoxville]]
|{{Ayd|1974|5|7|1993|5|14}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Deca-Individual-Event-Lists-230826.pdf#page=26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110064725/https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Deca-Individual-Event-Lists-230826.pdf#page=26 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=All-Time Decathlon individual event lists |author=Yoshiaki Oikawa |website=DecaAmerica |date=3 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lawrence Johnson (pole vaulter)|Lawrence Johnson]]
|{{flagu|United States}}
|14 May 1993
|SEC Outdoor Track and Field Championships
|[[Knoxville]]
|{{Ayd|1974|5|7|1993|4|8}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decathlonusa.typepad.com/files/2015-usatf-junior-decathlon.pdf#page=5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923011603/https://decathlonusa.typepad.com/files/2015-usatf-junior-decathlon.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2020 |url-status=live |title=(Media Guide/Handbook) 43rd Annual National Junior Decathlon Championships |author=Frank Zarnowski |website=DECA, The Decathlon Association |date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Baptiste Thiery]]
|{{flagu|France}}
|19 September 2020
|French Youth Combined Events Championships
|[[Aubagne]]
|{{Ayd|2001|6|29|2020|9|19}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bases.athle.fr/asp.net/liste.aspx?frmbase=lives&frmmode=1&frmespace=0&frmcompetition=238755&frmepreuvem=Decathlon+Jh+%2f+JUM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028225450/https://bases.athle.fr/asp.net/liste.aspx?frmbase=lives&frmmode=1&frmespace=0&frmcompetition=238755&frmepreuvem=Decathlon+Jh+%2F+JUM |archive-date=28 October 2023 |url-status=live |title=French Youth Combined Events Championships – Decathlon Results |date=22 September 2020 |website=French Athletics Association}}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|Javelin throw
|
|71.59 m
|914
|[[Niklas Kaul]]
|{{flagu|Germany}}
|20 July 2016
|[[2016 IAAF World U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]]
|[[Bydgoszcz]]
|{{Ayd|1998|2|11|2016|7|20}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Decathlon Results|url=http://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/5680/AT-1500-M-u--0--.RS2.pdf?v=126970963|publisher=IAAF|date=20 July 2016|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Old model
|76.52 m
|989
|Aleksandr Apaychev
|{{flagu|Soviet Union}}
|1 June 1980
|
|[[Potsdam]]
|{{Ayd|1961|5|6|1980|6|1}}
|<ref name="World Junior Records" />
|-
!scope="row"|1500 m
|
|4:04.1 {{AthAbbr|h}}
|923
|{{ill|Dietmar Jentsch|pl}}
|{{flagu|East Germany}}
|16 June 1979
|
|[[Erfurt]]
|{{Ayd|1960|3|10|1979|6|16}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Deca-Individual-Event-Lists-230826.pdf#page=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110064725/https://decaamerica.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Deca-Individual-Event-Lists-230826.pdf#page=38 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |url-status=live |title=All-Time Decathlon individual event lists |author=Yoshiaki Oikawa |website=DecaAmerica |date=3 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="rowgroup" rowspan=2|Second-day score
|U20 implements
|
|4265
|[[Niklas Kaul]]
|{{flagu|Germany}}
|23 July 2017
|[[2017 European Athletics U20 Championships|European U20 Championships]]
|[[Grosseto]]
|{{Ayd|1998|2|11|2017|7|23}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.european-athletics.org/mm/Document/EventsMeetings/General/01/28/18/37/EU20CHFinalResultsBookv2_English.pdf#page=101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007032305/http://www.european-athletics.org/mm/Document/EventsMeetings/General/01/28/18/37/EU20CHFinalResultsBookv2_English.pdf#page=101 |url-status=live |title= European Athletics U20 Championships - Decathlon Junior - Final Results |archive-date=7 October 2017 |website=European Athletics |publisher=European Athletic Association |date= 22 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Senior implements
|
|3995
|[[Qi Haifeng]]
|{{flagu|China}}
|22 November 2001
|[[Athletics at the 2001 National Games of China|Chinese National Games]]
|[[Guangzhou]]
|{{Ayd|1983|8|7|2001|11|22}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldathletics.org/news/news/three-asian-records-fall-at-chinese-national |title=Three Asian records fall at Chinese National Games |author=Mirko Jalava |website=World Athletics |date= 22 November 2001 |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Other multiple event contests ==
* [[Aquathlon]]
* [[Biathlon]]
* [[Chess-boxing]]
* [[CrossFit Games]]
* [[Duathlon]]
* [[Heptathlon]]
* [[Icosathlon]] or double decathlon
* [[Modern pentathlon]]
* [[Nordic combined]]
* [[Octathlon]]
* [[Omnium]]
* [[Quadrathlon]]
* [[Strongman]]
* [[Triathlon]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Sport of athletics}}
* [[Decathlon world record progression]]
* [[List of decathlon national champions (men)]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringTables_CE_744.pdf |title=IAAF Scoring Tables for Combined Events |publisher=[[IAAF]] |date=April 2004 |access-date=May 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910115455/http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/Competitions/TechnicalArea/ScoringTables_CE_744.pdf |archive-date=September 10, 2008 }}
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Decathlon}}
* [http://www.iaaf.org/disciplines/combined-events/decathlon IAAF decathlon homepage]
* [https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=combined-events&d=decathlon IAAF list of decathlon records in XML]
* [http://www.teamdecathlon.com/ Team Decathlon website]
* [http://www.allcompetitions.com/tf_dec.php Decathlon splits of Olympic, World and European medalists]
* A downloadable [[Microsoft Excel|Excel]] spreadsheet of multi-event scoring and [[masters athletics#Age-graded tables|age grading]] is available from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180209135308/http://www.stefanwaltermann.com/stefanmehrkampf.html the creator, Stefan Waltermann]

{{Athletics events}}
{{National records in athletics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Decathlon| ]]
[[Category:Combined track and field events]]
[[Category:Endurance games]]
[[Category:Events in track and field]]
[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Men's sport of athletics]]
[[Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics]]

Sandeep Varier

2026-05-08T13:51:43Z

ZPWClaudio: Creating new page.

{{Short description|Indian politician from Kerala}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sandeep Varier
| native_name = സന്ദീപ് വാര്യർ
| native_name_lang = ml
| image = Sandeep Varier.jpg
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Thrikaripur]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[M. Rajagopalan]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]][[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1982}}
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Social Activist]]
| spouse = Sheeja Sandeep
| children = 1
| alma_mater =
| website =
}}

'''Sandeep Varier''' (born c. 1982) is an Indian politician and member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He currently serves as the Member of the Legislative Assembly ([[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]) representing the [[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Thrikaripur]] constituency in the [[Kasaragod district]].<ref name="Hindu_2026">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu Bureau |title=Kerala Assembly poll results: UDF reclaims Thrikkarippur seat after six decades as Sandeep Varier wins |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-assembly-poll-results-udfs-sandeep-varierreclaims-thrikkarippur-seat-after-six-decades/article70938311.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2026 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Sandeep Varier began his political career with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in Kerala, where he served as a State Spokesperson and was a prominent face in television debates. In late 2024, Varier resigned from the BJP and joined the [[Indian National Congress]], citing ideological differences with the state leadership. He became a prominent and popular leader within the Congress party.

=== 2026 Assembly Election ===
In the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] fielded Varier from the [[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Thrikaripur]] seat. Varier secured a historic victory, defeating his nearest rival, Dr. V. P. P. Mustafa of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], by a margin of 4,431 votes.<ref name="TOI_2026">{{cite news |title=Thrikaripur election results 2026: Congress’ Sandeep Varier wins by 4,431 votes against CPI(M)’s Dr. V P P Mustafa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thrikaripur-election-results-2026-congress-sandeep-varier-wins-by-4431-votes-against-cpims-dr-v-p-p-mustafa/articleshow/130627680.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2026 |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="ECI_2026">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 - Thrikkarippur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S115.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Thrikaripur Assembly constituency ([[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]])
! Party !! Candidate !! Votes !! Margin
|-
| {{party colour|Indian National Congress}} | '''[[Indian National Congress]]''' || '''Sandeep Varier''' || '''83,109''' || '''+4,431'''
|-
| {{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || Dr. V. P. P. Musthafa || 78,678 || −4,431
|-
| {{party colour|Twenty20 Party}} | Twenty20 Party || Ravi Kulangara || 7,837 || −75,272
|-
| {{party colour|Independent politician}} | Independent || Sandeep Elatt || 258 || −82,851
|-
| {{party colour|Independent politician}} | Independent || Musthafa P. P. (S/o Nafeesa P. P.) || 169 || −82,940
|-
| {{party colour|Independent politician}} | Independent || Musthafa V. P. (S/o Muhammed) || 143 || −82,966
|-
| {{party colour|None of the Above}} | NOTA || None of the Above || 710 || −82,399
|}

== Personal life ==
Varier is a resident of Palakkad but moved his political base to North Malabar following his candidacy in Thrikkarippur. According to his electoral affidavit, he is involved in agriculture and social work.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Sandeep Varier (INC): Constituency- TRIKARIPUR (KASARGOD) |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=911 |website=MyNeta |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Bagru print

2026-05-04T01:13:35Z

ZPWClaudio: added new stub and citations!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2024}}
{{short description|Traditional hand block printing of Bagru, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Bagru Print
| image = | country = India
| area = [[Bagru]], [[Rajasthan]]
| status = Registered
| date_registered = 2024
| description = Traditional hand block printing using natural dyes.
| type = Handicraft
| material = [[Cotton]], [[silk]], [[Tussar silk|tussar]], [[Kota Doria|kota doria]], chanderi
}}

'''Bagru print''' is a traditional form of [[Woodblock_printing_on_textiles|hand block printing]] originating from the town of [[Bagru]], near [[Jaipur]], in [[Rajasthan]], India. The craft is practiced by the [[Chhipa]] community, known for their expertise in dyeing and block printing. It has been an integral part of Rajasthan's textile history for over 400 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/garments-/-textiles/a-prayer-for-the-dyeing-struggles-of-chhipa-community-in-rajasthan/articleshow/66890188.cms?from=mdr|title=A prayer for the dyeing: Struggles of Chhipa community in Rajasthan|first=Ishani|last=Duttagupta|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
[[File:Woman doing Block Printing at Bagru village, Jaipur, India.jpg|thumb|Woman doing Block Printing at Bagru village, Jaipur, India]]
==History==
The tradition of Bagru printing is closely tied to the region of Bagru and its local community, the Chippas. The art form is deeply rooted in local culture and has been practiced by generations of artisans. These artisans utilize hand-carved wooden blocks to print intricate designs on cotton fabrics, a technique that has been passed down through the centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.morningnewsindia.com/business/news/bagru-print-jaipur-block-printing-hindi-2024/|title=बगरू प्रिंट: 470 साल पुरानी कला जो विदेशों में भी है फेमस, जानें इसके बारे में|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|newspaper=Morning News India}}</ref>

The term "Chippa" refers to the artisans involved in both dyeing and block printing, which are vital components of the Bagru printing process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.morningnewsindia.com/business/news/bagru-print-jaipur-block-printing-hindi-2024/|title=बगरू प्रिंट: 470 साल पुरानी कला जो विदेशों में भी है फेमस, जानें इसके बारे में|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|newspaper=Morning News India}}</ref>

==Techniques and characteristics==
The Bagru print is characterized by the use of natural dyes, which are derived from plants and minerals. These dyes include indigo (for blue), madder root (for red), and iron filings (for black). The traditional printing technique involves applying the "Dabu" method, a mud-resist process in which clay, gum, and millet chaff are used to create resist patterns on the fabric.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.rajras.in/rajasthan/kala/hastkala/|title=राजस्थान की हस्तकलाएं|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|website=RajRAS}}</ref>

[[File:Wooden Printing Block Stamp.jpg|thumb|Wooden Printing Block Stamp]]

Wooden blocks are carved from hardwoods like sheesham or teak, chosen for their durability and ability to hold intricate designs. The process involves carving the block with specialized tools and using it to transfer patterns onto fabric. The resulting designs often feature floral patterns, geometric shapes, and motifs inspired by nature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-jaipur-bagru-print-is-famous-internationally-7790535.html|title=जयपुर की बगरू प्रिंट अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर है मशहूर, जानें इसकी खासियत|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|newspaper=News18 Rajasthan}}</ref>

==Cultural significance==
Bagru print has garnered international recognition, with the craft exported to countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Japan, and Australia. The craft has been crucial to the local economy in Rajasthan, supporting countless artisans and their families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/jaipur-jaipur-bagru-print-is-famous-internationally-7790535.html|title=जयपुर की बगरू प्रिंट अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर है मशहूर, जानें इसकी खासियत|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|newspaper=News18 Rajasthan}}</ref>

The craft has also been a point of pride in Rajasthan, associated with cultural identity. Prominent figures, including former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, are known to have worn Bagru print sarees, which contributed to the art's growing popularity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/indira-gandhi-liked-bagru-print-sarees-he-was-deeply-connected-from-jaipur-1-1720422|title=इंदिरा गांधी को पसंद थी बगरू प्रिंट की साड़ियां, जयपुर से था गहरा नाता|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|newspaper=Patrika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/bagru-1/bagru-print-again-emerged-at-the-national-level-4597452|title=राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर फिर उभरी बगरू प्रिंट, विदेशों में भी है मांग|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|newspaper=Patrika}}</ref>

==Bagru Print GI Tag==
In 2024, Bagru print was granted the [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag, which officially recognizes the craft's unique and authentic nature. This designation helps protect the traditional techniques from imitation and ensures that products made with Bagru print are properly identified and associated with their region of origin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/jaipur/news/rajasthan-news-sanganeri-and-bagru-print-also-got-special-recognition-from-gi-085111-6769077.html|title=संगानेरी और बगरू प्रिंट को जीआई टैग से मिली विशेष पहचान|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|newspaper=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/craft-hand-block-printing|title=Craft of Hand Block Printing|access-date=2024-05-15|website=Indian Culture}}</ref>

==Challenges==
The Bagru print industry faces several challenges, including competition from mass-produced textiles and the rise of synthetic dyes, which threaten the preservation of traditional methods. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the global demand for Bagru printed textiles, affecting local artisans. However, efforts are being made to preserve the craft by promoting online sales and organizing exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.morningnewsindia.com/business/news/bagru-print-jaipur-block-printing-hindi-2024/|title=बगरू प्रिंट: 470 साल पुरानी कला जो विदेशों में भी है फेमस, जानें इसके बारे में|language=hi|access-date=2024-05-15|newspaper=Morning News India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bagru]]
* [[Block printing in India]]
* [[Dabu printing]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Textile printing]]
[[Category:Relief printing]]
[[Category:Rajasthani arts]]
[[Category:Painted fabrics]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:Printed fabrics]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]

Sandeep Nath

2026-05-01T04:27:14Z

ZPWClaudio: Creating a stub

{{Short description|Indian lyricist, screenwriter, composer, director, singer, and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sandeep Nath
| image = Sandeep bhai.png
| alt = Sandeep Nath
| caption = Sandeep Nath at [[Delhi Poetry Festival]] - Season II on 12 January 2014 [[New Delhi]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| website = http://www.sandeepnath.in/
| occupation = Lyricist, screenwriter, composer, director, singer, and producer.
}}

'''Sandeep Nath''' is a [[Bollywood]] lyricist, screenwriter, composer, director, singer, and producer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyricist Sandeep Nath - Creating Magic with Words |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/hindi/en/podcast-episode/lyricist-sandeep-nath-creating-magic-with-words/hkknpoyzj |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref>

He started his literary career as a poet and singer at the age of eighteen. He has completed two books, ''Mujhko Kuch Bhi Naam Doh'' (a collection of Hindi poetry) and ''Darpan Ab Bhi Andha Hai'' (a collection of Ghazals). His poetry has been selected in ''Kabita Parabasey'', an anthology of Bengali poems written by the poets from outside Bengal and published by Bangiya Maitri Samiti Mumbai.

During his Indian film career, he wrote lyrics for more than eighty well known Bollywood films, he is most known for his work in films like [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]'' (2005) and ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]'' (2006), [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007), [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]'s ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)]]'' (2012)<ref>{{cite news |title=Travelling Ink|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Travelling-Ink/583772
|publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=24 February 2010}}</ref> and ''[[Bullet Raja]]'', [[Mohit Suri]]'s ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013), [[Rohit Shetty]]'s ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014), [[Bhushan Patel]]'s ''[[ALONE]]'' (2015), Vikramjit Singh's ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' (2015), [[Deepak Tijori]]'s ''Do lafzon ki kahani'' (2016), [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]]'s ''[[Raag Desh]]'' (2017), and ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster 3]]'' (2018), [[Bhushan Patel]]'s ''[[Amavas]]'' (2019), and [[Rajiv Ruia]]'s ''[[Ghunghat (2026 film)|Ghunghat]]'' (2026).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Song 2020 'Rangrez' Sung By Sandeep Nath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/hindi-song-2020-rangrez-sung-by-sandeep-nath/videoshow/74809508.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-09-15 |title=Ravi Bhatia reveals why filming the song 'Hum Sirf Musafir Hain' from 'Vijeyta' touched him deeply |url=https://ianslive.in/ravi-bhatia-reveals-why-filming-the-song-hum-sirf-musafir-hain-from-vijeyta-touched-him-deeply--20250915181504 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sandeep Nath was born and brought up in a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] family in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Sandeep Nath is a Law graduate. He studied in different cities of Uttar Pradesh India as Prayagraj, Kanpur, Moradabad, Dhampur, and Chandpur. He worked as guest faculty for master classes in filmmaking at PDFTI.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-11 |title=Lyricist Sandeep Nath visits Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/lyricist-sandeep-nath-visits-delhi/articleshow/28640666.cms? |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Screenwriting==
He began his screenwriting career with television dramas such as ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]'' (''[[Zee TV]]'') and ''[[Ek Ghar Banaunga]]'' (''[[Star Plus]]''). In 2025, he expanded his portfolio with the films ''Love Karu Yaaa Shaadi'' and ''[[Vijeyta]]'', serving as both screenwriter and music director for both projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Vijeyta – Official Trailer {{!}} Ravi Bhatia, Bharti Awasthi, Gyan Prakash {{!}} Rajiv S Ruia {{!}} Sandeep Nath {{!}} Video Trailer - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/vijeyta-official-trailer-ravi-bhatia-bharati-awasthi-gyan-prakash-rajiv-s-ruia-sandeep-nath/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Komparify.com |title=Watch Movies starring Sandeep Nath online, stream in HD. |url=https://www.komparify.com/entertainment/actor/sandeep-nath |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=komparify.com}}</ref>

==Books==
''Mujhko Kuch Bhi Naam Do'' – A collection of Hindi poetries (1997) 
''Darpan Ab Bhi Andha Hai'' – A collection of Hindi [[ghazal]]s (1998) 
''Musings: Mosaic'' – Featured 53 poets in total. 
''Inklinks'' – Featured 153 poets in total.

==Selected filmography==
* ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Paisa Vasool (2004 film)|Paisa Vasool]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Ek Hasina Thi (film)|Ek Hasina Thi]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Rakht]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Agnipankh]]'' (2004)
* ''[[James (2005 film)|James]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Game (2006 film)|Game]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Katputtli]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Risk (2007 film)|Risk]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Undertrial]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Phoonk]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya!|Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Jail (2009 film)|Jail]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Fox (film)|Fox]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Accident on Hill Road]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Kandahar (2010 film)|Kandahar]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Saheb Biwi Aur Gangster]]'' (2011)
* ''[[I am Singh]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Naughty @ 40]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ghost (2012 film)|Ghost]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Ata Pata Laapata]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Sadda Adda]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Dee Saturday Night]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Saheb, Biwi Aur Gangster Returns]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Bullet Raja]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Samrat & Co.]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Spark (2014 film)|Spark]]''
* ''[[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Charlie Kay Chakkar Mein]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Yaara Silly Silly]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Do Lafzon Ki Kahani (film)|Do Lafzon Ki Kahani]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Nawabzaade]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Amavas]]'' (2019)
* ''[[The Purvanchal Files]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Gabru Gang]]'' (2024)
* ''Love Karu Yaaa Shaadi'' (2025)
* ''Vijeyta'' (2025)
* ''Ghunghat'' (2026)
* ''Misaal'' (2026)

== Awards and nominations ==
[[File:MirchiMusicAwards SandeepNath.jpg|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Award !! Category !! Result
|-
|| 2006|| ''[[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]]'' || |[[Stardust Awards]] || Standout Performance By Lyricist || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Max Stardust awards nominations|url=http://www.mexat.com/vb/archive/index.php/t-113738.html}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2008|| ''[[Saawariya]]'' || |[[Stardust Awards]] || Standout Performance By Lyricist || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners of Max Stardust awards 2008|url=http://www.naachgaana.com/2008/01/26/winners-of-max-stardust-awards-2008/}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2008|| ''[[Saawariya]]'' || |[[Apsara Awards]] || Best Lyrics || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominees of 3rd Apsara Awards|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2008/apsara-awards-nominations-170308.html}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2014|| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' || |[[Zee Cine Awards]] || Best Lyrics || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=ZEE Cine Awards nominations|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/nominations/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181606/http://www.zeecineawards.com/nominations/|archivedate=2 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| [[6th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]]|| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' || |[[Mirchi Music Awards]] || Lyricist of the Year || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Nomination MMA Mirchi Music Awards|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/nomination.php/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224011450/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/nomination.php/|archivedate=24 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2014|| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' || |[[Mirchi Music Awards]] || Listeners choice song of the year || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners of Mirchi Music Awards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2013-Winners-List/articleshow/31149918.cms/}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2014|| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' || |[[Mirchi Music Awards]] || Listeners choice album of the year || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners of Mirchi Music Awards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2013-Winners-List/articleshow/31149918.cms/}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2014|| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' || |[[Mirchi Music Awards]] || Album of the year || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners of Mirchi Music Awards|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2013-Winners-List/articleshow/31149918.cms}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2014|| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' || |[[15th IIFA Awards]] || Lyrics || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations - IIFA|url=http://www.iifa.com/nominations-2014/|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303041123/http://iifa.com/nominations-2014/|archivedate=3 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2014|| ''[[Sunn Raha Hai]]''' – '''''[[Aashiqui 2]]''''' || |[[GiMA Award for Best Film Song]] || Best Film Song|| {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/gima-awards-2014-who-won-what/ |title=GiMA Awards 2014 : Who Won What? |work=Koimoi |date=21 January 2014 |accessdate=5 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205224744/http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/gima-awards-2014-who-won-what/ |archivedate=5 February 2015 }}</ref>
|-

|-
|| [[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2016]]|| ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' || |[[Mirchi Music Awards]] || Album of The Year || {{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations -}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2016|| ''Roy'' || |Mirchi Music Awards || Listener's Choice Album of The Year || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominations -}}</ref>
|-

|-
|| 2021|| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' || |[[Winners Hindi 2021 - Mirchi Music Awards]] || Listener's Choice - Album of the decade || {{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Winners Hindi 2021 - Mirchi Music Awards|url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2021/winners-hindi-2021/}}</ref>
|-

|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1430447}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080510092857/http://bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/2941/index.html Filmography] [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* [http://www.sandeepnath.in/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811093526/http://www.sandeepnath.in/ |date=11 August 2014 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nath, Sandeep}}
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Akhilesh Yadav (born 1964)

2026-04-28T07:45:26Z

ZPWClaudio: added a data with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Akhilesh Yadav
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mubarakpur Assembly constituency|Mubarakpur]]
| term_start = 2022
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}}
| birth_place = [[Mubarakpur, Azamgarh|Mubarakpur]] [[Azamgarh district]], Uttar Pradesh
| predecessor = [[Shah Alam (Indian politician)|Shah Alam alias Guddu Jamali]]
| education = Intermediate (Town Inter College, Mohammadabad Gohna)
}}

'''Akhilesh Yadav''' (born 1964)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Akhilesh Yadav(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- MUBARAKPUR(AZAMGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=4542 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Mubarakpur Assembly constituency in [[Azamgarh district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Samajwadi Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Mubarakpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: SP's Akhilesh wins Mubarakpur with 80726 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/mubarakpur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923375-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mubarakpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mubarakpur-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> which won all the 10 seats in the district.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-11 |title=Uttar Pradesh: SP wins all 10 seats in Azamgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/uttar-pradesh-sp-wins-all-10-seats-in-azamgarh/articleshow/90144581.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Yadav is from [[Mubarakpur, Azamgarh|Mubarakpur]], Azamgarh district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Ramakant. He passed intermediate (Class 12) in 1980 at Town Inter College, Mohammadabad Gohna, Mau district.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Yadav won from [[Mubarakpur Assembly constituency]] representing Samajwadi Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 80,726 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Arvind Jaiswal of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 29,103 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24346.htm?ac=346 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003085322/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24346.htm?ac=346 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier, he lost the Mubarakpur seat twice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=Ek button pe do Akhilesh: SP Mubarakpur nominee a namesake, but not all name |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/up-elections-akhilesh-yadav-namesake-sp-mubarakpur-candidate-7802795/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He lost the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate [[Shah Alam (Indian politician)|Shah Alam Urf Guddu Jamali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections: Mubarakpur Assembly Constituency Result 2022 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/acno346-acno346.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mubarakpur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Akhilesh of SP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mubarakpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852331.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Akhilesh}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Politicians from Azamgarh district]]

Bhasha Sumbli

2026-04-27T07:41:48Z

ZPWClaudio: added the details added tags!

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhasha Sumbli
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Sumbli in [[The Kashmir Files]] (2022)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|08|06}}
| birth_place = [[Sumbal, Jammu and Kashmir|Sumbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[India]]
| spouse = Sunil Soni
| alma_mater = [[National School of Drama]], [[New Delhi]]
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 2020–present
}}

'''Bhasha Sumbli''' is an Indian actress who appears predominantly in [[Hindi film|Hindi films]]. She is best known for her pivotal roles of Sharda Pandit in ''[[The Kashmir Files]]'' and Gulnar Sayyed in ''[[Baramulla (film)|Baramulla]]''.

==Personal life==
Bhasha Sumbli was born on 6 August 1988 in [[Sumbal, Jammu and Kashmir]] into a [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Pandit]] family.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kumar
| first = Vineeta
| title = Anupam Kher is Not The Only Kashmiri Pandit in The Kashmir Files, Meet Bhasha Sumbli – Exclusive Interview
| newspaper = India.com
| location =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = India.com
| date = 18 March 2022
| url = https://www.india.com/video-gallery/bollywood-news-anupam-kher-is-not-the-only-kashmiri-pandit-in-the-kashmir-files-meet-bhasha-sumbli-exclusive-interview-5292499/
| access-date = 26 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="TimesNow_PanicAttack">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = The Kashmir Files' Sharda Pandit aka Bhasha Sumbali reveals she suffered a panic attack while shooting heart-wrenching scene: 'I couldn't breathe...'
| newspaper = Times Now
| location =
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 17 March 2022
| url = https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/the-kashmir-files-sharda-pandit-aka-bhasha-sumbali-reveals-she-suffered-panic-attack-while-shooting-a-heart-wrenching-scene-i-couldnt-breathe-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90282990
| access-date = 26 March 2022}}</ref> Sumbli's family were forced to flee their home in [[Kashmir]] and had to settle in [[Delhi]] due to the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|genocidal exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] in 1990s.<ref name="TimesNow_PanicAttack"/> Both of Sumbli's parents are poets.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''[[Chhapaak]]''
|Babbu's sister
|
|-
|2022
|''[[The Kashmir Files]]''
|Sharda Pandit
|<ref name="TOI_Tribute">{{cite news |last=IANS |first= |date=20 March 2022 |title='Sharda' a tribute to all victims of Kashmir genocide: Bhasha Sumbli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sharda-a-tribute-to-all-victims-of-kashmir-genocide-bhasha-sumbli/articleshow/90338020.cms |access-date=26 March 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher= |location= |pages= |language=}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Mandali (film)|Mandali]]''
|Rashmi Choubey
|
|-
| 2025
|''[[Baramulla (film)|Baramulla]]''
|Gulnaar Sayyed
|
|-
| 2026
|''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
|Lawyer Veena
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-15 |title=Dhurandhar 2 Actress Bhasha Sumbli THANKS 'Bhaiya' Aditya Dhar: What A Blessing! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/dhurandhar-2-actress-bhasha-sumbli-thanks-bhaiya-aditya-dhar-what-a-blessing-article-154083902 |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11697865}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumbli, Bhasha}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

V. Prabhakar Chowdary

2026-04-23T08:31:12Z

ZPWClaudio: Creating info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vykuntam Prabhakar Chowdary
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency|Anantapur Urban]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| term_start = 2014
| predecessor = [[Bodimalla Gurunatha Reddy]]
| term_end = 2019
| successor = [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
}}
'''Vykuntam Prabhakar Chowdary''' is an Indian politician and a [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Anantapur Urban (Assembly constituency)|Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], first elected in 2014. He is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Reddy, V. K. Rakesh |title=Anantapur MLA-elect gets down to business |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 May 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/anantapur-mlaelect-gets-down-to-business/article6034157.ece |accessdate=12 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/anantapur-urban.html |title=Anantapur Urban Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Anantapur Urban, Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Elections.in |accessdate=12 February 2017}}</ref>

== Biography ==
He was the senior leader of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He was a Municipal Chairman for Anantapur from 1995 -2000. He worked as [[Telugu Desam Party]] constituency Incharge for [[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency]]. He contested as MLA candidate in 1999 the constituency Anantapur Urban from [[Telugu Desam Party]]. Also he contested as Independent MLA candidate in 2004 the constituency Anantapur Urban elected in 2014 at the assembly general elections from the Anantapur Urban constituency in [[Anantapur district]]. He later served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2007 |title=Poll: Congress, TDP clear lists |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/21/stories/2007022108260400.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223052258/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/21/stories/2007022108260400.htm |archive-date=23 February 2007}}</ref> In 2019 he contested from Anantapur Urban constituency and he lost in 2019 General Elections and now he is working as TDP constituency Incharge for [[Anantapur Urban Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2007 |title=Five elected unopposed to Council |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/27/stories/2007022710320400.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208153825/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/27/stories/2007022710320400.htm |archive-date=8 December 2007}}</ref>

He along with [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandra Babu Naidu]] worked in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Santosh |date=31 July 2016 |title=Naidu to launch Cloud Initiative on Aug. 5 |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Naidu-to-launch-Cloud-Initiative-on-Aug.-5/article14518284.ece}}</ref>

Vykuntam Prabhakar Chowdary is the chairman AWAY (Avoid Wildness and Yeastiness), a social and non-political organization India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman's welcome |url=http://www.pvkkinstitution.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909160835/http://www.pvkkinstitution.com/ |archive-date=9 September 2012 |accessdate=17 July 2010 |publisher=P.V.K.K Institute of Technology}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdary, V Prabhakar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sagar Khandre

2026-04-21T03:00:40Z

ZPWClaudio: Creating new details.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| constituency = [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| name = Sagar Eshwar Khandre
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| preceded = [[Bhagwanth Khuba]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| office1 = [[National Students' Union of India|National Students' Union of India State General Secretary of Karnataka]]
| term_start1 = 22 September 2023
| term_end1 =
| president1 = Kirti Ganesh
| birth_name = Sagar Eshwar Khandre
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|12|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru ]]
| father = [[Eshwara Khandre]]
| mother =
| relatives = [[Bheemanna Khandre]] (grandfather)
| image = Sagar Khandre.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Sagar Khandre in 2024
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5791?from=members
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};text-align:center;
|title = Positions Held
|bullets = on
|26 September 2024–present: Member of Committee on Water Resources
}}
}}

'''Sagar Eshwar Khandre''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Bhalki]], Karnataka. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Bidar, Karnataka Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Sagar Eshwar Khandre Secures Victory by 128875 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/bidar-karnataka-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547721-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hindu |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Political greenhorn defeats two-time BJP MP in Bidar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/political-greenhorn-defeats-two-time-bjp-mp-in-bidar/article68251351.ece |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He holds the record for being the youngest Member of Parliament from Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-06-04 |title=Bidar Election Result 2024 Live Updates: Congress' Sagar Eshwar Khandre Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/bidar-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-karnataka-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandre, Sagar Eshwar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:People from Bidar district]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Gandhi Nagar, Delhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:33Z

ZPWClaudio: Created a entry!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Other uses|Gandhi Nagar Assembly constituency (disambiguation){{!}}Gandhi Nagar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gandhi Nagar
| mla = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party | BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[East Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 61
}}
'''Gandhi Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Gandhi Nagar assembly constituency is a part of [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Darshan Kumar Bahl
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anil Kumar Bajpai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Gandhi Nagar<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Gandhi Nagar,">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Gandhi Nagar, |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0561.htm |accessdate=1 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301054731/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0561.htm |archivedate=1 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Gandhi Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/gandhi-nagar |accessdate=1 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250301054712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/gandhi-nagar |archivedate=1 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]|votes=56,858|percentage=53.94|change={{increase}}11.30}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Naveen Chaudhary|votes=44,110|percentage=41.85|change={{increase}}4.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kamal Arora|votes=3,453|percentage=3.28|change={{decrease}}15.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=402|percentage=0.38|change={{up}}0.10}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,748|percentage=12.09|change={{increase}}6.78}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,05,404|percentage=61.01|change={{down}}1.28}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Gandhi Nagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Anil Kumar Bajpai]]
| votes = 48,824
| percentage = 42.64
| change = +4.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Naveen Chaudhary
| votes = 42,745
| percentage = 37.33
| change = -7.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| votes = 21,913
| percentage = 19.14
| change = +4.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Tikraj Singh
| votes = 357
| percentage = 0.31
| change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 326
| percentage = 0.28
| change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 6,079
| percentage = 5.31
| change = -1.34
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,14,622
| percentage =62.69
| change = -4.03
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +4.05
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Gandhi Nagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Anil Kumar Bajpai
| votes = 50,946
| percentage = 45.24
| change = +28.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jitender
| votes = 43,464
| percentage = 38.59
| change = +6.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Surender Prakash Sharma
| votes = 16,228
| percentage = 14.41
| change = -34.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Dharmender Kumar
| votes = 456
| percentage = 0.40
| change = -0.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Vijay Singh
| votes = 165
| percentage = 0.14
| change = +0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 492
| percentage = 0.43
| change = -0.10
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 7,482
| percentage = 6.65
| change = -10.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 1,12,631
| percentage =66.72
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing = +11.81
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Gandhi Nagar<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=61 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| votes = 48,897
| percentage = 48.47
| change = -15.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ramesh Chand Jain
| votes = 31,936
| percentage = 31.66
| change = +1.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Anil Kumar Bajpai
| votes = 16,546
| percentage = 16.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Peace Party of India
| candidate = Nafis Ahmed
| votes = 1,193
| percentage = 1.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Om Pal Singh
| votes = 1,105
| percentage = 1.10
| change = -3.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 531
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 16,961
| percentage = 16.81
| change = -17.50
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 100,883
| percentage = 65.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -15.78
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Gandhi Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| votes = 59,795
| percentage = 64.25
| change = -9.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kamal Kumar Jain
| votes = 27,870
| percentage = 29.94
| change = +5.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sanjay Gaur
| votes = 4,024
| percentage = 4.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sunil Kumar
| votes = 555
| percentage = 0.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 31,923
| percentage = 34.31
| change = -14.97
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 93,073
| percentage = 63.5
| change = +7.31
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -9.28
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Gandhi Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| votes = 35,791
| percentage = 73.53
| change = +31.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Tarjeet Singh
| votes = 11,806
| percentage = 24.25
| change = -4.56
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 23,985
| percentage = 49.28
| change = -36.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 48,677
| percentage = 56.19
| change = -1.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -31.86
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Gandhi Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Arvinder Singh Lovely]]
| votes = 21,905
| percentage = 41.67
| change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Swinderjit Singh Bajwa
| votes = 15,143
| percentage = 28.81
| change = -17.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raghuvir Singh Jain
| votes = 8,144
| percentage = 15.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Naveen Chaudhary
| votes = 5,159
| percentage = 9.81
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Sanjay Kumar Gahlot
| votes = 1,468
| percentage = 2.79
| change = +2.38
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 5,762
| percentage = 12.86
| change = +6.96
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 52,570
| percentage = 57.58
| change = -10.66
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +0.81
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Gandhi Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Darshan Kumar Bahl
| votes = 23,093
| percentage = 46.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Pyare Lal Ghee Waley
| votes = 20,176
| percentage = 40.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Chowdhary Dharam Singh
| votes = 3,703
| percentage = 7.50
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,917
| percentage = 5.90
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 49,383
| percentage = 68.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coord|28.666|77.274|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

M. A. Kazmi

2026-04-17T17:35:35Z

ZPWClaudio: creating new page...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. A. Kazmi
| image = 
| caption =
| office4 = [[Central Legislative Assembly|Member of the Central Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1934
| term_end4 = 1945
| office3 = [[Constituent Assembly of India|Member of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
| term_start3 = 1949
| term_end3 = 1950
| office2 = [[Constituent Assembly of India#Constitution and elections|Member of the Provisional Parliament of India]]
| term_start2 = 1950
| term_end2 = 1952
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 17 April 1952
| term_end = 4 April 1957
| prime_minister = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| president = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| constituency = Sultanpur District (North)
cum Faizabad District (South West)
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|06|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 
| profession = Lawyer, politician,
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| committees = [[Central Haj Committee]]
| education = LL.B.
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
}}

'''Syed Mohammad Ahmad Kazmi''' (born 27 June 1892) was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as a [[List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] in the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from 1952 to 1957.<ref name="y954">{{cite web | title=Members of First Lok Sabha | url=https://data.gov.in/sites/default/files/datafile/Members_of_First_Lok_Sabha_From_17th_April_1952_to_4th_April_1957.xls | website=Open Government Data (OGD)| access-date=11 Nov 2024}}</ref> He represented Sultanpur district (North)
cum Faizabad district (South West) in modern-day [[Ayodhya division]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIg5j%2FHYFqSqJgJGr0bST3IUhAF9SfDN8Uuc8gj%2BDh4kAfDOTuR4Nkt0ekULalb4eUwj3FEb6QN6V5bMrpRuFg7z8ZJWF%2F1POgiq%2ByICySNyC | title=General Elections, 1951 - The First Lok Sabha | website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref> He also served as a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] from 1934 to 1945, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] from 1949 to 1950, and the [[Constituent Assembly of India#Constitution and elections|Provisional Parliament]] from 1950 to 1952.<ref name="poi">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96714/page/n219/mode/1up |title=Parliament Of India Lok Sabha Who S Who 1956 |website=Internet Archive |date=1956 |page=214}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kazmi was born on 27 June 1892, in [[Purkazi]], [[Muzaffarnagar District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He obtained his higher education at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and [[Allahabad University]],<ref name="l010">{{cite web | title=Who's Who 1950 | url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782468/1/publication_whoswho_eng_pp_1950.pdf |website=Parliament Digital Library| access-date=11 Nov 2024}}</ref> where he graduated in both a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) and a bachelor of laws (LL.B.).<ref name="o537">{{cite book | author=India. Parliament. Lok Sabha | title=Who's who | publisher=Parliament Secretariat | year=1956 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBM6oUa4sEoC&q=Syed+Mohammad+Ahmad+Kazmi | access-date=11 Nov 2024 | page=174}}</ref>

== Career ==
Following his education, Kazmi began his [[legal practice]] as an advocate at the [[Allahabad High Court]], and he eventually practiced at the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="poi"/>

He began his political career with his involvement in the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind]] in the early 1930s. In 1931, he was appointed secretary of the Saharanpur Congress Committee and, later served as president of the District Branch of Jamiat-ul-Ulema. In 1932, he became a member of the All India All Parties Unity Conference held in [[Allahabad]].<ref name="poi"/>

Kazmi was involved with the [[Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam]], a political organization that advocated for the rights of Muslims and independence from [[British India|British rule]]. He was a member of the Working Committee of the All India Majlis-e-Ahrar, serving in this capacity until August 1947. Additionally, he was president of the Uttar Pradesh branch of Majlis-e-Ahrar for five years. In 1936, Kazmi presided over the All India Ahrar Conference in [[Sialkot]], a prominent event for the organization.<ref name="poi"/>

In 1934, Kazmi was elected as a member of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], where he served until 1945. His legislative career continued with his appointment to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in 1949, where he contributed to the drafting of the [[constitution of India]], which came into effect in 1950. He later served in the [[Constituent Assembly of India#Constitution and election|Provisional Parliament]] from 1950 to 1952, during which he sponsored three bills that were enacted into law such as the [[Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939]], Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Amendment Act,
1945, and the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1943.<ref name="poi"/>

Kazmi remained active in political and social organizations throughout the 1940s. In 1943, he convened the All-India Leaders Conference in [[Delhi]]. He also presided over the Shamshabad Political Conference in 1946 and led the Bombay Provincial Jamiat-ul-Ulema Conference in 1949. Kazmi was involved in various religious and community committees, including serving as a member of the [[Haj Committee of India|Central Haj Committee]] from 1939 to 1944, where he contributed to the management of the Haj pilgrimage. He was also a member of the Working Committee of the All India Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind and joined the All India Bar Committee in 1952. He served as president of the Eastern India Railwaymen Union for four years.<ref name="poi"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazmi, M. A.}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Gangawati Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:11Z

ZPWClaudio: Created pg

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gangavathi
| type = SLA
| map_image = 62-Gangawati constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Koppal district|Koppal]]
| division = [[Kalaburagi division|Kalaburagi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
| constituency_no = 62
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished =
| mla = [[G. Janardhana Reddy|G. Janardhan Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Paranna Munavalli]]
| electors = {{formatnum:202243}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Gangavathi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Koppal district]]. It was previously part of [[Raichur district]] until 24 August 1997.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Hiremath. K. R || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Desai Bhimsain Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Tirumaladeva Rayalu Rangadevarayalu
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. D. Raya
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || H. R. Sriramulu
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || C. Yadave Rao Shesha Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || H. S. Muralidhar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Gouli Mahadevappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="3" | Srirangadevarayalu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Iqbal Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Paranna Munavalli]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Iqbal Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Paranna Munavalli]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[G. Janardhana Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref name=election2018>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gangawati">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Gangawati |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1062.htm?ac=62 |access-date=22 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422135908/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1062.htm?ac=62 |archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[G. Janardhana Reddy]] |party = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |votes = 66,213 |percentage = 41.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Iqbal Ansari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,947 |percentage = 36.25% |change = {{decrease}}4.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Paranna Munavalli]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,167 |percentage = 18.25% |change = {{decrease}}27.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channakeshave Heriyaal Ramulu |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,212 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{decrease}}8.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 426 |percentage = 0.27% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,266 |percentage = 5.17% |change = {{decrease}}0.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,046 |percentage = 79.14% |change = {{increase}}3.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,859}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,243 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Kalyana Rajya Pragathi Paksha |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref name=election2018>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Gangawati Assembly Election Results 2018">{{cite news |title=Gangawati Assembly Election Results 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/gangawati-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99186900.cms |access-date=22 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422135919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/gangawati-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99186900.cms |archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Paranna Munavalli]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 67,617 |percentage = 45.91% |change = {{increase}}23.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Iqbal Ansari |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,644 |percentage = 40.50% |change = {{increase}}25.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kariyanna Sangati |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,161 |percentage = 9.62% |change = {{decrease}}34.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,615 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Nagaraj |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,045 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,973 |percentage = 5.41% |change = {{decrease}}16.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,353 |percentage = 75.92% |change = {{increase}}2.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,273}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,079 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}1.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Iqbal Ansari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,303 |percentage = 44.10% |change = {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Paranna Munavalli]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,514 |percentage = 22.32% |change = {{decrease}}15.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Srinath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,248 |percentage = 14.81% |change = {{decrease}}7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Patil Anvari |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 7,058 |percentage = 5.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pampanagowdru Police Patel |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 3,015 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharanabasappa. S. Pan Shop |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,642 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharadvaj Subbarao |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes = 971 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayakumar. J |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 843 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,789 |percentage = 21.79% |change = {{increase}}18.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,344 |percentage = 73.36% |change = {{increase}}9.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,729}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,865 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.04 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Paranna Munavalli]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,121 |percentage = 37.37% |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Iqbal Ansari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 34,236 |percentage = 34.47% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagappa Bhimappa Saloni |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,308 |percentage = 22.46% |change = {{decrease}}5.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Hashumuddin Advocate |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,206 |percentage = 2.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahabaleshwar Hasinal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,038 |percentage = 1.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devakka Virupaxappa Valmiki |party = Independent politician |votes = 834 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,885 |percentage = 2.90% |change = {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,365 |percentage = 63.41% |change = {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,322}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,693 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}11.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Iqbal Ansari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,486 |percentage = 34.52% |change = {{increase}}30.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Gire Gouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,044 |percentage = 31.51% |change = {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srirangadevarayalu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,001 |percentage = 27.98% |change = {{decrease}}22.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashoka Swami Herur |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,119 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh Hiremath |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,849 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishna Laxmappa. L |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,488 |percentage = 1.30% |change = {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bharadvaj. J |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes = 754 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,442 |percentage = 3.01% |change = {{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,386 |percentage = 64.51% |change = {{increase}}2.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,381}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,311 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Srirangadevarayalu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,853 |percentage = 50.07% |change = {{increase}}19.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Gire Gouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 28,291 |percentage = 30.89% |change = {{increase}}25.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Janardhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,456 |percentage = 8.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nooruddin Quadri |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,521 |percentage = 3.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumanthappa Gunnal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,572 |percentage = 2.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virupaksha Gouda Ayyana Gouda Police Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,054 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Krishna Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 963 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ginnis Hottepaksha Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 872 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,562 |percentage = 19.18% |change = {{increase}}13.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,591 |percentage = 61.56% |change = {{increase}}0.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,582}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,009 |percentage = 7.11% |change = {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,151 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}19.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Srirangadevarayalu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,478 |percentage = 31.03% |change = {{decrease}}32.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunjalli Rajaseekharappa Basappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,152 |percentage = 25.76% |change = {{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girigouda Somashekhara Gouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,375 |percentage = 16.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gouli Mahadevappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,676 |percentage = 13.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasangaragouda Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,280 |percentage = 5.21% |change = {{increase}}3.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pampanagouda Basanagouda Heroor |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 3,570 |percentage = 4.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mehar Pasha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,604 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,326 |percentage = 5.27% |change = {{decrease}}30.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 85,100 |percentage = 60.88% |change = {{decrease}}2.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,111}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,989 |percentage = 3.51% |change = {{decrease}}4.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,782 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}32.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Srirangadevarayalu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,174 |percentage = 63.46% |change = {{increase}}18.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gouli Mahadevappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,125 |percentage = 27.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddabasappa Rachappa Alias Babu Siddapuru |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,092 |percentage = 3.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bagodi Veerabhadrappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,555 |percentage = 1.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thippeswamy Alias Thipperudraswamy |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 785 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naryana Illur |party = Independent politician |votes = 742 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,049 |percentage = 35.48% |change = {{increase}}26.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,150 |percentage = 63.57% |change = {{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,062}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,088 |percentage = 8.23% |change = {{increase}}5.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,521 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gouli Mahadevappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 37,300 |percentage = 54.08% |change = {{increase}}42.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Jayaprakash |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,145 |percentage = 45.16% |change = {{increase}}10.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,155 |percentage = 8.92% |change = {{decrease}}5.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,933 |percentage = 66.60% |change = {{increase}}14.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,967}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,966 |percentage = 2.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,511 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Muralidhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,064 |percentage = 48.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Yadawrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,108 |percentage = 34.82% |change = {{increase}}27.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Mahabaleswarappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 5,932 |percentage = 12.07% |change = {{decrease}}21.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hottepaksha Rangaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,028 |percentage = 4.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,956 |percentage = 14.16% |change = {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,374 |percentage = 52.51% |change = {{decrease}}15.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,132}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,242 |percentage = 4.36% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,839 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.04 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}8.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = C. Yadave Rao Shesha Rao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,973 |percentage = 57.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srirangadevarayalu Vceeravenkatadevarayalu |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,652 |percentage = 33.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunjahalli Nagappa Hirendgappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,924 |percentage = 7.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Tippanna Mallappa Naik |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,321 |percentage = 23.86% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,364 |percentage = 68.03% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,831}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,533 |percentage = 4.34% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,791 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1974 elections in India#Karnataka|1974 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/5assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fifth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[]] |archive-date= 3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703061931/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/5assemblymemberslist.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. G. Ramulu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = |percentage = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}65.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Sriramulu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,967 |percentage = 65.85% |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pampanagouda Basanagouda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 20,209 |percentage = 34.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,758 |percentage = 31.70% |change = {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,547 |percentage = 66.06% |change = {{increase}}10.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,176}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,684 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. D. Raya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,014 |percentage = 60.75% |change = {{decrease}}11.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,221 |percentage = 39.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,793 |percentage = 21.51% |change = {{decrease}}23.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,272 |percentage = 55.22% |change = {{increase}}13.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,235}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,117 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tirumaladeva Rayalu Rangadevarayalu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,823 |percentage = 72.42% |change = {{increase}}12.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanamukhappa Bhimappa |party = Lok Sewak Sangh |votes = 6,027 |percentage = 27.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,796 |percentage = 44.83% |change = {{increase}}9.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,156 |percentage = 41.41% |change = {{decrease}}2.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,850}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,337 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Bhimsain Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,862 |percentage = 60.28% |change = {{increase}}23.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Achappa Ishwarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,243 |percentage = 24.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Amaregouda Ramareddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,986 |percentage = 9.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevappa Narayanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 5.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,619 |percentage = 35.71% |change = {{increase}}15.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,336 |percentage = 43.57% |change = {{increase}}1.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,336}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,964 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.73 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gangawati <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Hiremath. K. R |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,272 |percentage = 57.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshav Rao Sakharam Pant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,321 |percentage = 37.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahantayya |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,110 |percentage = 5.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,951 |percentage = 20.05% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,703 |percentage = 41.74% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,703}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,204 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Koppal district]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|15.44|76.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Koppal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Rutuja Pisal

2026-04-13T03:30:02Z

ZPWClaudio: Put up basic article first draft

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Rutuja Pisal
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|11|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kolki, [[Satara district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| height =
| weight =
| position = Forward
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Hockey Maharashtra
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Union Bank of India
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Odisha Warriors]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2022–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 25
| nationalgoals2 = 8
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023 Japan]]|}}
}}
'''Rutuja Dadaso Pisal''' (born 28 November 2002)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rutaja Dadaso Pisal - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/rutuja-dadaso-pisal-profile-2123 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> is an Indian field hockey player from [[Maharashtra]]. She plays for the [[India women's national field hockey team]] as a forward. She plays for [[Union Bank of India]] and Hockey Maharashtra in the domestic tournaments. She played for Odisha Warriors, the winners of the inaugural [[Hockey India League|Hero Hockey India Women’s League]] 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha Warriors win inaugural women's Hockey India League |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/hockey/odisha-warriors-win-inaugural-womens-hockey-india-league-3373893 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pisal is from Kolki village, [[Satara district]], Maharashtra. She was spotted by Vikas Bhujbal, a former volleyball player and a sports teacher, who saw her running and asked her to attend the summer athletics camp. In 2011, he sent her for selection trials at Krida Praboshini school in [[Pune]], where she did well and later chose hockey following the suggestion by Olympian and hockey coach Ajit Lakra. Her father works at the TVS company in Phaltan taluka, a nearby town and her mother is a home maker.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mangale |first=Kalyani |date=2025-01-20 |title=From drought-prone village to WHIL: Rutuja Pisal story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2025/Jan/20/from-draught-prone-village-to-whil-rutuja-pisal-story |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=Rutuja eyes good show in Pro League after WHIL final heroics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/rutuja-eyes-good-show-in-pro-league-after-whil-final-heroics/articleshow/117704600.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2023, Pisal was part of the Indian team that won the Women’s Junior Asia Cup 2023 at Kakamigahara. Later in 2024, she played the Women's [[FIH Women's Hockey5s World Cup|FIH Hockey5s World Cup]] in [[Oman]] where India finished second behind the Netherlands, losing the final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-28 |title=Rutuja Pisal |url=https://scroll.in/tag/Rutuja-Pisal |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Pisal became India's second-highest goal scorer behind Deepika Soreng.<ref name=":1" /> She first played for India in the Hockey5s in 2022 at the Hero FIH Hockey5s at [[Lausanne]], Switzerland.<ref name=":0" />

She was picked up by [[Odisha Warriors]] and she scored both the goals in the final of the Hero Hokey India League to help Warriors win the title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Women's HIL final: Rutuja Pisal emerges unlikely hero as Odisha Warriors clinch title, joy for coach Janneke Schopman in Ranchi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/womens-hil-final-rutuja-odisha-warriors-soorma-hockey-club-9800983/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha Warriors crowned champions of the historic Womens Hockey India League |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/odisha-warriors-crowned-champions-of-the-historic-womens-hockey-india-league/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> She was in the Senior India National camp in May 2024 and was selected among the core probables. She is in the Indian senior team to play the Pro League second leg in Bhubaneswar from 10 February 2025.<ref name=":2" /> She made her senior India debut in the second leg match against England, where she scored the second equaliser but India lost in the shootout.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Rutaja Dadaso Pisal: Exuding Promise for the Future! |url=https://hockeypassion.in/rutaja-dadaso-pisal-exuding-promise-for-the-future/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Hockey Passion |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://hockeyindia.org/players/rutuja-dadaso-pisal-profile-2123 Rutuja Pisal] at [[Hockey India]]
*[https://tms.fih.ch/players/110256 Rutuja Pisal] at [[International Hockey Federation]]

{{India FHW Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pisal, Rutuja}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:Hockey India League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Kamalnagar massacre

2026-04-07T19:03:36Z

ZPWClaudio: added the data initial version...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Kamalnagar massacre
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map|India|lat=23.93|long=91.61|caption=}}
| map_caption =
| location = Kamalnagar, [[West Tripura]], [[Tripura]], [[India]]
| target = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.93|91.61|display=title,inline}}
| date = 14 August 2003
| time =
| timezone = UTC+5:30
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 14
| injuries =
| perps = [[All Tripura Tiger Force|ATTF]] insurgents
| weapons = AK 37
| numparts =
}}

'''Kamalnagar massacre''' refers to the murder of 14 unarmed [[Bengali Hindu]] villagers in Kamalnagar on 14 August 2003 by the [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] insurgents.

== Background ==
ATTF had been carrying on attacks on Bengali Hindu settlements in a bid to oust all post-1949 settlers from the state. They along with the NLFT had massacred 30 Bengali Hindus in May 2003.

The village of Kamalnagar is situated on a sharp bend on the Agartala Khowai Road,<ref name="paul6">{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Manas|title=The Eyewitness: Tales from Tripura's Ethnic Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubVIbIN9UwsC|access-date=29 May 2016|year=2009|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9781935501152|page=6}}</ref> under Kalyanpur police station in [[West Tripura|West Tripura District]]. It was a sparsely populated village abundant with mango and jackfruit trees and inhabited by impoverished [[Bengali Hindu]] farmers.<ref name="paul6"/> The dwellings consisted of mud huts and lacked electricity connection.<ref name="assam.org24082003">{{cite news|url=http://www.assam.org/news/%E2%80%9Cthey-asked-no-question-they-simply-killed%E2%80%9D|title="They asked no question. They simply killed"|last=Ray Chaudhuri|first=Amit|date=24 August 2003|work=assam.org|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> Some of the residents had moved to Kamalnagar from Kalyanpur in 2000, due to fear of attacks by the militants.

== Killings ==
In 2003, on the eve of independence day at around 9:45 pm, the [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] insurgents attacked Kamalnagar. The attackers first cordoned off the entire village and set fire to the huts. As the people rushed out of their huts, the militants fired indiscriminately on those came in front of them. Others were chased down and shot at. Some of the militants entered the huts and fired at their victims hiding below the bed. A few villagers were axed to death. During the killing spree the attackers continuously abused the victims.

The attacks lasted around half an hour.<ref name="tv23042016">{{cite news|url=http://tripuravision.com/index.php/tripura-news/top-story/172-kamalnagar-massacre-three-awarded-life-term|title=Kamalnagar massacre: Three awarded life term|date=23 April 2016|work=tripuravision.com|access-date=28 May 2016|archive-date=18 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318095257/https://tripuravision.com/index.php/tripura-news/top-story/172-kamalnagar-massacre-three-awarded-life-term|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to unconfirmed reports Tripuri villagers from neighbouring areas accompanied the militants.<ref name="assam.org24082003"/> Fourteen Bengali Hindu villagers including seven members of one family were killed in the massacre. Many were injured in the attack. T.B. Roy, the Superintendent of Police arrived on the spot soon after the massacre on his way to [[Agartala]] from [[Khowai]].

== Aftermath ==
Tensions began to mount in the Kamalnagar and neighbouring villages of Kalyanpur police station in the aftermath of the massacre. More than 300 [[Bengali Hindu]] families abandoned their houses in Kamalpur and took shelter at the Kamalpur High School. The [[Tripuri people|Tripuris]] residing in the area, including government employees, students and patients all fled the area in fear of backlash. The locals blocked the road, demanding a permanent Tripura State Rifles outpost. Five ministers who went to visit Kamalnagar were heckled by the public.<ref>{{cite news |title=5 ministers heckled at carnage site |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030819/asp/northeast/story_2276108.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923234958/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030819/asp/northeast/story_2276108.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2003 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=19 August 2003 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
On the next day, one of the survivors filed a written complaint at the Kalyanpur police station. On 5 January 2009, two ATTF commanders identified as Michael and Royal Debbarma who were responsible for the massacre surrendered before the Sub-Divisional Police Officer of Jirania in the West Tripura District.<ref name="satp1">{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/tripura/terrorist_outfits/ATTF_tl.htm|title=Incidents and Statements involving All Tripura Tiger Force: 1990-2012|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|publisher=Institute for Conflict Management|access-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> The police investigated the incident and framed charge sheet against seventeen accused. The trial began in 2009 at the Additional District and Sessions Court in Khowai in which the testimonies of 38 witnesses were recorded. At the end of the trial three persons Kartik Debbarma, Brajendra Debbarma and Ashok Debbarma were found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. The rest fourteen were acquitted due to lack of evidence.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2003 in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:2000s in Tripura]]
[[Category:Crime in Tripura]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]

Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari

2026-04-06T14:43:18Z

ZPWClaudio: Creating a data.

{{Short description|Indian motivational speaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|5|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kolkata, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Author, Motivational speaker, Humanitarian
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari''' born 10 May 1949, (often referred to as simply Bodhi) is an author, motivational speaker, spiritual teacher and humanitarian. He lives in [[Kolkata]], India, where he founded and is the current mentor of Lokenath Divine Life Mission. He has authored several books and travels internationally, speaking on [[Stress (psychological)|stress]] reduction, [[mindfulness]] and [[meditation]] and [[microcredit]].<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref5"/><ref name="ref6"/><ref name="ref7"/><ref name="ref8"/>

== Early life and career ==
He received a Master of Commerce degree in 1972 at [[Andhra University]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and taught [[Commerce]] at [[Andhra Vidyalaya College]] (affiliated to [[Osmania University]]). From 1972–1976 he was a lecturer of Commerce at Andhra Vidyalaya College, (affiliated to Osmania University) in Hyderabad, India.<ref name="ref9"/>

== Humanitarian work ==
He founded Lokenath Divine Life Mission (LDLM) in 1985 in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. Lokenath Divine Life Mission works in the field of education, health care and women's empowerment, utililizing [[microcredit]] self-help programs.<ref name="ref9"/><ref name="ref10"/><ref name="ref11"/><ref name="ref12"/><ref name="ref13"/><ref name="ref14"/>

A former professor of economics, Brahmachari’s model aims at direct credit linkage between banks and SHGs, completely eliminating agencies that play the middleman, such as NGOs. LDLM’s role is to create SHGs through awareness, training and organisation and then enable their credit linkage with the banks.<ref name="ref11"/>

LDLM also performs resource linkage{{clarify|date=October 2018}} as well as addressing targeted areas of need and collaborating with other organizations on additional programs.<ref name="ref10"/><ref name="ref13"/><ref name="ref14"/><ref name="ref15"/>

==Motivational and spiritual teacher==

In 2005, he founded the [[Stress management|Stress Management]] Academy, and began conducting global seminars on breathing, relaxation, meditation, mindfulness and positive thinking for schools, corporations, hospitals, prisons and other venues under his Course of Mindfulness program.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/><ref name="ref5"/><ref name="ref6"/><ref name="ref7"/><ref name="ref8"/>

==Awards and major speaking engagements==

He addressed the Parliament of World Religion in Chicago, (1993) and Barcelona (2004),<ref name="ref15"/> was a keynote speaker at the Global Youth Conference held at the Capital Center, Washington, DC (1993),<ref name="ref12"/> and was a special invitee to the United Nations World Millennium Summit of spiritual leaders in New York, (2000).<ref name="ref8"/> He was a keynote speaker at the International Conference on Spiritual Paradigm for Surmounting Global Management Crisis in Varanasi, India in 2012, 2013.<ref name="ref3"/> He was keynote speaker at the Origin Group, Bahrain Annual Conference on The Power Within, 2014,<ref>https://youtube/61sT8uTp_0k</ref> and the Women’s Economic Forum (WEF), New Delhi, 2016,
where he was awarded the Iconic Leaders in Peace and Change Award.<ref>https://www.wef.org.in/shuddhaanandaa-brahmachari-2/</ref>
He received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the S.T.A.R foundation at the House of Lords in the United Kingdom on 21 July 2015 for his "invaluable and outstanding contribution to society". He was presented the Award by The Rt Hon, Lord Hunt of Wirral MBE <ref name="ref19"/>

== Books ==
* The Incredible Life of a Himalayan Yogi: The Times, Teachings and Life of Living Shiva Baba [[Lokenath]], 2014<ref name="ref15"/>
* Your Mind, Your Best Friend, 2003<ref name="ref16"/>
* Cleaning the Mirror of Mind: Clutter Free Home, Clutter Free Mind, 2013<ref name="ref17"/>
* Living with My Himalayan Master Sri Sri Bhajan Brahmachari-A Biography, 2020<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/Living-Himalayan-Master-Brahmachari-Biography-ebook/dp/B08CCXLX4H | title=Living with My Himalayan Master: Sri Sri Bhajan Brahmachari - A Biography | date=4 July 2020 | publisher=July 4, 2020) }}</ref>
* Quintessence of Sai Satcharitra: A Biography of the Incredible [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]], 2023<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Quintessence-Sai-Satcharitra-Biography-Incredible/dp/818720706X</ref>
* La vita con il mio Maestro dell’Himalaya : Biografia di Sri Sri Bhajan Brahmachari (Italian Edition), 2023<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/vita-mio-Maestro-dellHimalaya-Brahmachari-ebook/dp/B0BV62NHDY | title=La vita con il mio Maestro dell'Himalaya : Biografia di Sri Sri Bhajan Brahmachari }}</ref>
* Tu Mente, Tu Mejor Amistad: 30 Días para tu consciente mente amistosa (Spanish Edition), 2014<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.amazon.com/TU-MENTE-MEJOR-AMISTAD-consciente-ebook/dp/B00N5CLJEQ | title=TU MENTE, TU MEJOR AMISTAD: 30 Días para tu consciente mente amistosa | date=29 August 2014 | publisher=Lokenath Divine Life Publisher }}</ref>
Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari is also a spotlight writer for ''OM Times e-zine''.<ref name="ref18"/>

== Sources ==
<references>

<ref name="ref1">{{cite web| url=http://www.weekender.bh/viewPost.php?POSTID=387| title=Unleash the 'Power Within'™| website=weekender.bh| access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref>
<ref name="ref2">{{cite web| url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=390577| title=Backing sought| date=2015-04-07| website=Gulf Digital News Online| access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref>
<ref name="ref3">{{cite web|url=http://www.topictimes.com/videos/education/sri-shuddhaanandaa-brahmachari,-renowned-spiritual-guru-at-sms-varanasi-%28part-i%29-full-YQjIuCr2Fns.html|title=Sri Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari, Renowned Spiritual Guru at SMS Varanasi (Part-I)|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref4">{{cite web|url=http://www.uhs.wisc.edu/news/?p=569|title=Mindfulness and Meditation Workshop This Monday 9/15|work=University Health Services|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref5">{{cite web|url=http://lacrossetribune.com/lifestyles/faith-and-values/religion/in-the-spirit-hindu-monk-urges-putting-our-lives-on/article_3771a58d-8a6d-5826-9384-4f99b2289bab.html|title=In the Spirit: Hindu monk urges putting our lives on pause at least a little every day|date=29 September 2014|work=La Crosse Tribune|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref6">{{cite web|url=https://www.theosophical.org/component/jevents/icalrepeat.detail/2014/09/11/20763/-/-?tmpl=component|title=Mindful Meditation for Health and Happiness - Theosophical Society in America|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref7">{{cite web|url=http://hum.gu.se/aktuellt/Nyheter/fulltext/sri-shuddhaanandaa-brahmachari--the-role-of-meditation--mindfulness-in-stress-management.cid1082116|title=Sri Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari: The Role of Meditation/ Mindfulness in stress management|work=Göteborgs universitet|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref8">{{cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpeacesummit.org/news000905.html|title=The World Council of Religious Leaders|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref9">{{cite book| url=http://www.fofweb.com/History/HistRefMain.asp?iPin=ENH365&SID=2&DatabaseName=Modern+World+History+Online&InputText=%22Anne%22&SearchStyle=&dTitle=Lokenath+Divine+Life+Mission&TabRecordType=Subject+Entry&BioCountPass=545&SubCountPass=917&DocCountPass=118&ImgCountPass=26&MapCountPass=11&FedCountPass=&MedCountPass=37&NewsCountPass=0&RecPosition=31&AmericanData=&WomenData=&AFHCData=&IndianData=&WorldData=Set&AncientData=&GovernmentData=| author1=Jones, Constance A.| author2=James D. Ryan| title=Lokenath Divine Life Mission| work=Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Encyclopedia of World Religions| place=New York| publisher=Facts On File, Inc.| year=2007| access-date=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref10">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-microcredit-crosses-over-to-this-side-of-bengal-1089213|title=Microcredit crosses over to this side of Bengal|date=5 April 2007|work=dna|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref11">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=3279|title=No-Nonsense Calcutta Swami Rallies Youth To Serve India's Poor|author=Himalayan Academy|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref12">{{cite web|url=http://www.communityconnexion.com/article/05-99/shudhana.html|title=Article|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref13">{{cite AV media|url=https://vimeo.com/2010279|title=Swinhoe street school Calcutta|work=Vimeo|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref14">{{cite web|url=http://www.conferencerecording.com/newevents/pwr24.htm|title=Parliament of the World's Religions 2004 - Barcelona|publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref15">Brahmachari, S., & Shannon, A. , 2014, Incredible Life of a Himalayan Yogi : The Times, Teachings and Life of Living Shiva : Baba Lokenath Brahmachari, LDLM Publishers, Kolkata.</ref>
<ref name="ref16">Brahmachari, S., & Shannon, A. , 2004, Your Mind Your Best Friend: 30 days To Build Your Most Important Friendship, LDLM Publishers, Kolkata.</ref>
<ref name="ref17">{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Cleaning-Mirror-Mind-Clutter-Free-ebook/dp/B00ERRNG80|title=Cleaning the Mirror of Mind: Clutter Free Home, Clutter Free Mind - Kindle edition by Baba Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari. Religion & Spirituality Kindle eBooks @ Amazon.com.|website=Amazon|date=24 August 2013 |publisher=|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref18">{{cite web|url=http://omtimes.com/tag/baba-shuddhaanandaa-brahmachari/|title=Baba Shuddhaanandaa Brahmachari Archives - OMTimes Magazine|work=OMTimes Magazine|accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ref19">"Baba Shuddhaanandaa receives Lifetime Achievement Award", Pardes Weekly, p. 23, (London, U.K.). 8 August 2015 – 14 August 2015 issue</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahmachari, Shuddhaanandaa}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali philosophers]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali activists]]
[[Category:Indian self-help writers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Indian health activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]

Emblem of Kerala

2026-04-06T06:18:34Z

ZPWClaudio:

{{Short description|Indian state seal}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox coat of arms
| name = Emblem of Keralam
| image = Government of Kerala Logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| image_width = 300px
| middle =
| middle_width =
| middle_caption =
| lesser =
| lesser_width =
| lesser_caption =
| armiger = The [[Government of Kerala|Government of Keralam]]
| year_adopted = 1960
| crest = [[State emblem of India]]
| torse =
| shield = A dextrally-coiled silver conch shell (Turbinella pyrum)
| supporters = 2 [[Indian elephant]]s with trunks raised in salutation pose
| compartment =
| orders =
| other_elements = 2 banners below the shield, each for carrying the words "Government of Kerala" in English and "Kerala Sarkar" in Malayalam.
| earlier_versions =
| use = On all [[Act of Parliament|Acts of Niyamasabha]];on all documents issued by state to the public; on all state correspondences of State Government and its agencies and on exteriors of all public state buildings.
}}

The '''Emblem of Keralam'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaKerala.htm|title = KERALA}}</ref> is the official seal used by the [[Government of Kerala|Government of Keralam]] to represent the [[Kerala|State of Keralam]] in all its official correspondences. The emblem portrays two [[elephant]]s guarding the [[State Emblem of India]] and the ''[[shankha]]'' (conch) of [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Padmanabhaswamy]] (a regional form of [[Vishnu]]) to represent [[History of Kerala|the history of Keralam]].

==Description==
[[File:Flag of Kingdom of Travancore.svg|thumb|A sacred shankha on the flag of [[Travancore]], [[India]]]]
{{one source section
| date = December 2025
}}
The official Kerala emblem is a derivative version of the Royal coat of arms of the [[Travancore]]. The state emblem symbolizes two elephants guarding the [[State Emblem of India|state emblem of India]] and the [[Travancore|emblem of Tranvancore Kingdom (a dextrally-coiled silver)]] [[Shankha|conch shell]] (''[[Turbinella pyrum]]'') ). The current emblem of Kerala was adopted in 1960 when [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai]]'s government came to power after the removal of [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad|communist government]] by Union Government.

===Changes in Emblem===
Kerala Government has made changes in its official emblem. The changes, as per the recommendation of a committee that looked into the issue, were made to make the state emblem in tune with the national emblem as the Government of India uses the phrase 'Satyameva Jayate' below the four lions standing back-to-back, an official release said.

In the former version, 'Satyameva Jayate' was written below the two saluting elephants, after the words 'Government of Kerala'. Apart from this, the committee has also suggested increasing the size of the fonts for writing Government of Kerala in both Malayalam and English.

In an order issued on 3 January 2011, the general administration department shifted the national motto from the base of the emblem to the base of the national emblem on top in accordance with the National Emblem. The order was based on the recommendation of the Official Language (Legislative) Commission. Though the Commission also suggested keeping only the Malayalam version 'Kerala Sarkar', it was not accepted based on the fact that the emblem is also used for the official communication with Centre and various state governments.

The government had asked all departments to incorporate the changes when they use the symbol in future, the release said. However, many departments are still using the old logo despite the circular issued to all department heads and others.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/130617/kerala-departments-obsessed-with-old-emblem.html | title=Kerala: Departments obsessed with old emblem! | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | date=13 June 2017 | access-date=22 January 2020 }}</ref>

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}

===Ancient Kerala===

The earliest references of a national emblem in Kerala can be traced to times of [[Chera dynasty|Imperial Cheras]] who ruled much of the modern Kerala until 1102 AD.

===Medieval Kerala===

Much of the medieval period started after partition of Chera Empire by last Chera Emperor, [[Rama Kulasekhara|Cheraman Perumal]] in 1102 AD, forming a numerous small feudal states and larger kingdoms like Kochi, Zamorin, Venad etc.

====Malabar====

The Malabar region comprised primarily two major kingdoms. The first and oldest among them was [[Kolathiri|Kolathunadu (Chirakkal)]], ruled by powerful Mooshika dynasty, who believes to direct descent of first line of Chera Emperors. There emblem a chained oil lamp (changalavattam) above it, further above a vertically placed the Great Sword of Nandakam, followed on either adjacent sides by a Vaakapoovu, a red flower known for its fragrance. The first large empire to be formed in post Chera period under the suzerainty of [[Nair|Nair Kings]], the [[Zamorin|Zamorins]] of [[Calicut kingdom|Calicut]]. The Zamorins was the first state to mark use of a formal state emblem, that can be regularly used as identification of the state in all its official correspondences.

The legend says, that during partition of Kerala, the last Chera Emperor did not give any land to his most trusted Nair lieutenant. Due to the feel of guilt, the emperor gave his personal sword (Odaval) and his favourite prayer [[Shankha|conch]] which was broken, to his general and asked him to occupy as much as land he can with his might. The general established the state of [[Kozhikode]] and created an empire for himself. As a token of his respect to the Chera Emperor, the Zamorins adopted the logo of 2 swords crossed each other, with a broken [[Shankha|conch]] in middle and a lighted lamp above it. Soon this became the official emblem of Malabar until 1766 AD, when [[Kingdom of Mysore#Sultanate of Mysore|Mysore state]] under leadership of [[Hyder Ali]] defeated the Zamorins and annexed the state into it.

===Colonial Kerala===

[[File:Blason of Goa (ancient).svg|thumb|100px|The oldest emblem of Portuguese Cochin|left]]

====Portuguese Cochin====
The Portuguese, after issues with Zamorin, soon made [[Fort Kochi]] as its capital, after gaining extra-territorial rights from Kochi King. During this time, the emblem of Portuguese Kochi was Red Shield with Icons of [[Fort Emmanuel|Fort Immanuel]] (Older name of Fort Kochi) with a sailing wheel on top of it and a ship advancing, representing the maritime relations of Portuguese with India. The original logo, though designed in Kochi to represent the new state, was formally unveiled in 1510 after transferring the capital to [[Old Goa|Portuguese Goa State]].[[File:VOC.svg|thumb|right|105x105px|The Emblem of Dutch Cochin]]

====Dutch Cochin====
The Dutch under [[Dutch East India Company]], soon came to Kochi and took over the Fort Immanuel from Portuguese after the Battle of Kochi in 1510. With this Kochi came under Dutch protection.

The Dutch Cochin shared the emblem of [[Dutch East India Company]] as its formal state emblem. The emblem was just a monogram carrying ''VOC'', an abbreviation of ''Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie''. The remains of the official emblem of Dutch Cochin, can be still seen on top of VOC Gate in [[Fort Kochi]], which was the main office of Dutch establishment in India.

==== Arakkal kingdom ====
[[File:Coat of Arms of Arakkal.png|thumb|220x220px|Coat of Arms of [[Arakkal kingdom]], [[Arakkal Museum]]]]
[[Arakkal kingdom]] was a [[Sultan|Muslim kingdom]] in [[Kannur]] town in [[Kannur district]] (on the north). The kingdom was annexed to British India in 1819.

On the coat of arms there were, among other things, two fish, which probably alluded to the [[Alupa dynasty]].

====Kingdom of Kochi====
[[File:Cochin State Merchant Flag.png|thumb|4 symbols on a [[Civil ensign|merchant flag]].]]
While Portuguese, Dutch and British were fighting each other over Fort Kochi and allied possessions, the Kingdom of Kochi retained its autonomy and maintained its administration separately. The Kingdom of Kochi has its traditional emblem derived its traditional family - the [[Kingdom of Cochin|Perumpadappu Swaroopam]]. The traditional emblem consists of 4 icons namely, a palanquin, umbrella, lamp and a conch, representing aristocracy, welfare, prosperity and enlightenment respectively.

In 1795, [[Sakthan Thampuran]] proclaimed the formal adoption of Kochi State Emblem. While the core elements of 4 icons was retained with a circular shield, decorated within a circular laurel carrying the official motto "Manadhana kula swatah" in Sanskrit (meaning Honor is our Family Property). The new emblem was recognized by British Government as official emblem of the Kingdom of Kochi and regularly used in all correspondences and decrees of the state.

In 1902, [[Rama Varma XV|Rajarishi Rama Varma Maharaja]] modified the state emblem to suit to his western tastes. 2 guarding elephants were added, in addition to a banner below the original emblem carrying the official motto in English along with addition of Kochi Crown Image to its crest. The emblem continued to represent the Kingdom until 1947 when the state merged with [[Travancore]] to form a new state of Travancore-Kochi.

====Kingdom of Travancore====
[[File:Travancore Emblem.jpg|thumb|right|The 4th Royal Coat of Arms of Kingdom of Travancore until 1948.]]
[[Travancore]] was formed in 1729, under leadership of [[Marthanda Varma]]. Since the days of Venad, the family emblem of Thrippapur Swaroopam namely a [[Shankha|right swelled Conch]] was used to represent the state. As the family deity was Lord [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sri Padmanabha]], the emblem of conch was widely used. Marthanda Varma added two [[laurel wreath]]s to it, to decorate the image which was used extensively in banners, flags, personal standards and coins until 1948.

In 1939, the Government of Travancore unveiled its new emblem with 2 elephants guarding the imperial crest of Shanku with a banner below to its crest carrying the words "Sri Padmanabha" in devanagiri script. The new coat of arms was the fourth revision of the emblem of the Kingdom of Travancore.

In addition, the Travancore had a western styled coat of arms, awarded by British Government during [[Delhi Durbar]] as well as individual Royal Cypher during reigns of each monarch, which will abbreviation of name of the reigning monarch in English with emblem of Shanku on top of it.

===Modern Kerala===

====Travancore-Cochin====

In 1948, the Kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin merged to form the state of [[Travancore–Cochin]] within the [[Dominion of India]], after deciding to accede to the Indian Union soon after [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]].

The newly formed government, under leadership of [[Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai]] decided to adopt a new emblem for the state. The emblem was mixture of Travancore Coat of Arms along with Indian Union, 2 elephants in guarding position with an Indian [[Ashoka Chakra|Dharma Chakra]] in middle and the Sri Padmanabha's Shanku on top of it with a banner carrying words "Government of Travancore-Kochi" written in English. The emblem was in use until 1956.

====Communist Kerala====
[[File:Communist Govt.jpg|thumb|right|The Communist Government of Kerala's Emblem from 1957–1959.]]
With passing of States Reorganization Act of 1956 by Indian Parliament, the state of Kerala was formed merging Travancore-Cochin with Malabar. After the elections of 1957, the communists led by [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] came to power. The newly formed Communist Government decided to adopt a different state emblem as the emblem in use was an inherited legacy of monarchy days. The state emblem with the Communist Government adopted in 1957 featured an Indian elephant representing Cochin, 2 [[Shankha|Shanku]] on its crest representing Northern and Southern Travancore respectively and two palm-trees for the Northern and Southern Malabar, encircled in a crest with Indian National emblem on top.

However much of the public was against the move to adopt new emblem and opposed it vigorously.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}

====Present====

With the [[Liberation Struggle (Kerala)|removal of communist government]] from power in 1959, the newly formed Congress led coalition government adopted the current emblem with slight modifications from original Travancore Coat of Arms. The emblem devised by Communist Government was later adopted by [[Kerala Police]] with slight modifications to represent the force.

== Other versions ==
{{one source section
| date = December 2025
}}
Though the official state emblem is governed as per Government Order passed in 1960, a slight modified versions are used by certain Government departments. For example, Industries Department uses and cog wheel around the Shanku emblem as the shield, whereas local self governments like Panchyats etc. uses an Ashoka Chakra as the shield around the Shanku. Kerala Sports Council replaces traditional laurel as shield as well as Indian emblem as its emblem leaving just 2 elephants and Shanku. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, also uses the state emblem in a different shade and replaces the banner with KSRTC lettering.

The [[Travancore royal family|Travancore Royal Family]] uses the erstwhile Royal Coat of Arms of Travancore today for its official purposes, though commonly the Imperial Insignia of Shanku is used more commonly.whereas [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] of Trivandrum uses only the Imperial Conch crest as its coat of arms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chernis|first=P J|date=1985|title=Petrographic analyses of URL-2 and URL-6 special thermal conductivity samples|doi=10.4095/315247|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Government banner==
The Government of Kerala can be represented by a banner displaying the emblem of the state on a white field.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/kerala-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-waving-top-sunrise-mist-fog-kerala-state-india-flag-textile-cloth-fabric-image127909936|title=Kerala State of India Flag Textile Cloth Fabric Waving on the Top Sunrise Mist Fog Stock Illustration - Illustration of creative, background: 127909936}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Banner of Kerala.png|Banner of Kerala
File:Government of Kerala Logo.png|Emblem of Government of Kerala in red.
File:Government of Kerala Logo black.jpg|Emblem of Government of Kerala in black
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[State Emblem of India]]
* [[List of Indian state emblems]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Seals of Kerala}}
* [http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaKerala.htm Kerala at National Arms and Emblems]
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/130617/kerala-departments-obsessed-with-old-emblem.html Kerala: Departments obsessed with old emblem! Deccan Chronicle, 13 June 2017.]

{{Government of Kerala}}
{{Indian state emblems}}

[[Category:Government of Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian state seals|Kerala]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with elephants|Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian coats of arms with lions|Kerala]]
[[Category:Coats of arms with the dharmachakra|Kerala]]
[[Category:Elephants in India]]

Lhüthiprü Vasa

2026-04-04T11:24:46Z

ZPWClaudio: creating details...

{{Short description|Naga politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Vasa|lang=Chakhesang}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lhüthiprü Vasa
| birth_name = Lhüthiprü Nütsolhü Vasa
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Dzülhami]], [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]], [[Assam Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] ''{{small|(Now in [[Phek district|Phek District]], Nagaland)}}''
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| office = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Phek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phek]]
| term_start = 1964
| term_end = 1969
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = [[Yevehü Lohe]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| nickname =
| children =
| website =
| education = [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])}}
| occupation =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| relatives =
}}

'''Lhüthiprü Vasa''' was an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]], who was elected unopposed to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Phek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phek (constituency)]]. He was an [[Independent politician|Independent candidate]] in the [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|first Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] during which he served under the [[P. Shilu Ao]] regime.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3632-nagaland-1964/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1964 to the Legislative Assembly of Nagaland |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.elections.in/nagaland/assembly-constituencies/phek.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Phek Assembly Constituency|access-date=29 March 2022|website=elections.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Phek district]]
[[Category:People from Kohima]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1964–1969]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

Agartala Press Club

2026-03-31T19:57:56Z

ZPWClaudio: added the article from scratch

'''Agartala Press Club''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: আগরতলা প্রেস ক্লাব) is the professional club for journalists of [[Tripura]] located in the capital [[Agartala]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agartala Press Club election tomorrow {{!}} Tripuraindia|url=https://www.tripuraindia.in/update/index/agartala-press-club-election-tomorrow|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.tripuraindia.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Three years after Tripura journalist murder, family awaits justice|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/three-years-on-slain-tripura-journalists-mother-still-waits-for-justice-6603858/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Tripura Governor to submit report to Rajnath on journalist’s killing|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/tripura-governor-to-submit-report-to-rajnath-on-journalists-killing-501730|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> The current president is [[Subal Kumar Dey]] and the General Secretary is Pranab Sarkar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Tripura|title=Agartala Press Club: President Subal Kumar Dey, Secretary Pranab Sarkar|url=https://thetripurapost.com/agartala-press-club-president-subal-kumar-dey-secretary-pranab-sarkar/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=thetripurapost.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eminent Journalist Subal Kumar Dey elected as the President of Agartala Press Club|url=https://tripurachronicle.in/Tripura/eminent-journalist-subal-kumar-dey-elected-as-the-president-of-agartala-press-club-10924.cms|access-date=2021-05-07|website=tripurachronicle.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [http://www.agartalapressclub.com www.agartalapressclub.com]
*[http://wikimapia.org/19800193/agartala-press-club Agartala Press Club]
*[https://www.justdial.com/Agartala/Agartala-Press-Club/9999PX381-X381-191120231822-E4G9_BZDET Agartala Press Club]

[[Category:Journalism organisations based in India]]

Wandana Sonalkar

2026-03-31T05:45:38Z

ZPWClaudio: Creating a post.

{{Short description|Indian economist, translator, and author}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Wandana Sonalkar
| image =
| other_names =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Cambridge]]
| occupation = Economist, author, translator and feminist scholar
| years_active = 1976 - 2017
| known_for = Dalit rights, women's rights
| notable_works = '' Why I Am Not a Hindu Woman: A Personal Story ''
}}

'''Wandana Sonalkar''' is an Indian economist, author, translator and feminist scholar known for her work on gender, caste, and social inequalities in India. She is a retired professor of [[Women's and Gender Studies|Women’s and Gender Studies]] at the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] (TISS), Mumbai, and has made significant contributions to the study of caste-based and gender-based discrimination, particularly in the context of [[Hinduism]] and [[Hindutva]].

Sonalkar is also recognised for her translations of Marathi texts into English, including works by [[Urmila Pawar]] and [[R. B. More|R.B. More]].

Sonalkar is the author of ''Why I am Not a Hindu Woman'', an autobiography and critique of misogyny, caste and violence in the context of the Hindu religion.

== Early life and education ==
Wandana Sonalkar was born into an upper-caste, middle-class Hindu family in [[Maharashtra, India]]. She pursued her undergraduate studies in mathematics and economics at the [[University of Cambridge]], later earning a Ph.D. in economics from [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] in [[Aurangabad, India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Wandana Sonalkar |url=https://www.socialdifference.columbia.edu/faculty-/wandana-sonalkar |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCE |language=en-US}}</ref>

Her academic background and personal experiences as a woman in a Hindu household informed her later scholarly and activist work, particularly her critiques of caste and patriarchal structures.

== Academic career ==
Sonalkar began her academic career as a professor of economics at [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]], where she played a pivotal role in establishing an institute there for women's studies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Do Schemes “For the Poor” Address Gendered Poverty? – Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies, IIT Bombay |url=https://www.cps.iitb.ac.in/cps-events/do-schemes-for-the-poor-address-gendered-poverty/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> She also served at Aurangabad University.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Casting Away Misogyny |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/casting-away-misogyny |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The India Forum |language=en}}</ref>

She later joined the [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] in Mumbai, where she served as a professor in the Advanced Centre for [[Women's studies|Women’s Studies]] within the School of Development Studies until her retirement in 2017. At TISS, she also served as the director of the Tarabai Shinde Women’s Studies Centre.<ref name=":0" />

She is one of the founders of the Aalochana Centre for Documentation and Research on Women, a non-profit organization dedicated to research on caste and gender in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wandana Sonalkar |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/author/S/W/au17108385.html |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=University of Chicago Press |language=en}}</ref>

Her research primarily focuses on the intersections of gender, caste, and class in Indian society. Sonalkar has written extensively on the systemic inequalities embedded in Brahmanical Hinduism and the political ideology of Hindutva, emphasizing their impact on women and marginalized communities. Her work draws on both empirical evidence and personal narratives to critique social and political structures.

Sonalkar's research has been published in ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-06-05 |title=Wandana Sonalkar |url=https://www.epw.in/author/wandana-sonalkar |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |pages=7–8}}</ref> the ''Asian Journal of Women's Studie''s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sonalkar |first=Wandana |date=2020-10-01 |title=The world of the Banaras weaver: A culture in crisis (Second edition) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2020.1857136 |journal=Asian Journal of Women's Studies |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=564–569 |doi=10.1080/12259276.2020.1857136 |issn=1225-9276|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and ''[[Social Scientist]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sonalkar |first=Wandana |date=1975 |title=Problems of Working Women in Urban Areas |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516125 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=4 |issue=4/5 |pages=124–133 |doi=10.2307/3516125 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref> She has also worked on developing curricula that teach social sciences in India through bilingual communication.<ref name=":1" />

== Writing and translation ==
Sonalkar has translated several books by [[Dalit]] authors from Marathi to English. These include ''We Also Made History: Women in the Ambedkarite Movement in Maharashtra'' by [[Urmila Pawar]] and [[Meenakshi Moon]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo17108219.html |title=We Also Made History |language=en}}</ref> Urmila Pawar's autobiography, ''The Weave of My Life'', and the autobiography of Dalit activist [[R. B. More|R.B. More]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Problem of Being a Dalit in the Communist Movement |url=https://thewire.in/caste/problem-being-a-dalit-communist-movement-ambedkar-rb-more-biography |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

Sonalkar's translation of R.B. More's autobiography was reviewed in ''[[The Hindu]],'' and ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2020-05-30 |title=G. Sampath reviews Memoirs of a Dalit Communist: The Many Worlds of R.B. More, edited by Anupama Rao |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/memoirs-of-a-dalit-communist-the-many-worlds-of-rb-more-review-the-revolutionary-is-dead-long-live-the-revolutionary/article31693303.ece |access-date=2022-08-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She has also published shorter translated works of stories by Priya Tendulkar, Shyam Manohar, and others, in ''Indian Literature.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sonalkar |first=Wandana |date=2009 |title=Shyam Manohar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23348154 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=53 |issue=6 (254) |pages=188–190 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tendulkar |first=Priya |last2=Sonalkar |first2=Wandana |date=2009 |title=Lagna |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23348006 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=53 |issue=2 (250) |pages=14–30 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

In 2021, Sonalkar published ''Why I am Not a Hindu Woman: A Personal Story'' (Women Unlimited), an autobiographical work that critiques the misogyny, casteism and violence inherent in Hinduism and its political manifestation [[Hindutva]]. The book was reviewed in ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' and ''[[Business Standard]],'' and is noted for its feminist perspective and engagement with lived experiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narula |first=Roohi |date=2020-12-29 |title=A feminist renunciation |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-feminist-renunciation-120122901438_1.html |access-date=2022-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2020-11-28 |title=G. Sampath reviews Why I am Not a Hindu Woman, by Wandana Sonalkar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/why-i-am-not-a-hindu-woman-review-the-othering-of-women-dalits-and-savarna-trauma/article33191568.ece |access-date=2022-08-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Wandana Sonalkar's 'Why I Am Not a Hindu Woman' is a quest for liberation |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/wandana-sonalkars-why-i-am-not-a-hindu-woman-is-a-quest-for-liberation-361634 |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808053206/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/wandana-sonalkars-why-i-am-not-a-hindu-woman-is-a-quest-for-liberation-361634 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Books

* (2021) ''Why I am Not a Hindu Woman'' (Women Unlimited) {{ISBN|9789385606311}}

Translations (from Marathi to English)

* (2009) Urmila Pawar, ''The Weave of My Life: a Dalit Woman's Memoirs'' (Columbia University Press) {{ISBN|9780231520577}}
* (2019) Satyendra More, ''Memoirs of a Dalit Communist: The Many Worlds of R.B. More'' (ed. Anupama Rao, trans. Wandana Sonalkar, LeftWord) {{ISBN|9788194077800}}
* (2014) ''We Also Made History: Women in the Ambedkarite Movement in Maharashtra'' by Urmila Pawar and Meenakshi Moon (trans. Wandana Sonalkar, Zubaan Books) {{ISBN|9789383074747}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonalkar, Wandana}}
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Govt First Grade College Ankola

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Curry

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{{Short description|Spiced Asian-inspired sauces and dishes}}
{{About|the dish with spices|the spice mix|Curry powder||Curry (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
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{{use British English|date=August 2021}}
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[[File:Taj Mahal - Lamb Curry Madras.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Lamb [[Madras curry]], [[Anglo-Indian cuisine|Anglo-Indian]], c. 1850]]
'''Curry''' is a dish with a spicy sauce or dry flavouring,<ref name=eb/> initially in [[Indian cuisine]], then modified by interchange with the Portuguese, followed by the British, and eventually thoroughly internationalised.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry"/> Many curries are found in the cuisines of countries in Southeast Asia and East Asia.<ref name="Van Esterik"/>

In medieval India, proto-curries were flavoured with mild spices such as [[asafoetida]], [[cardamom]], [[coriander]], [[cumin]], and [[ginger]], with the limited heat of [[black pepper]].<ref name="Batsha 2020"/> A definite step in the creation of modern curry was the arrival in India of spicy hot [[chili pepper]]s, along with other ingredients such as tomatoes and potatoes, part of the [[Columbian exchange]] of plants between the [[Old World]] and the [[New World]].<ref name="Batsha 2020"/> The Mughal empire brought new subtly-spiced dishes, especially to the north of India.<ref name="Batsha 2020"/> During the [[British Raj]], [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]] developed,{{sfn|Collingham|2006|p=115}} leading to [[Hannah Glasse]]'s 18th century recipe for "currey the India way" in England.<ref name="Taylor 2013"/> Curry was then spread in the 19th century by [[Indian indenture system|indentured Indian sugar workers]] to the Caribbean,<ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry"/> and by British traders to Japan.<ref name="Itoh 2011"/> Further exchanges around the world made curry a fully international dish.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry"/>

Many types of curry exist in different countries.<ref name="eb"/> In Southeast Asia, curry often contains a spice paste and [[coconut milk]].<ref name="Van Esterik"/> In India, the spices are fried in oil or [[ghee]] to create a paste; this may be combined with a water-based [[broth]], or sometimes with milk or coconut milk.<ref name=eb/><ref name="Dillon 2024"/> In China and Korea, curries are based on a commercial [[curry powder]].{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=105}}<ref name="sohn"/> Curry restaurants outside their native countries often adapt their cuisine to suit local tastes; for instance, Thai restaurants in the West sell red, yellow, and green curries with chili peppers of those colours, often combined with additional spices of the same colours.<ref name="Schmidt 2024"/> In Britain, curry is a popular dish with some types adopted from India, others modified or wholly invented, as with [[chicken tikka masala]], likely created by British Indian restaurants in the 20th century.<ref name="Dillon 2024"/>

== Etymology ==

[[File:To make a Currey the India Way - Hannah Glasse 1748.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Hannah Glasse]]'s recipe for "Currey the India Way", first published in her 1747 book ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]''. It is the first known use of the word in English (the recipe uses [[Long s|the long s, "ſ"]]).]]



The English word "curry" is derived from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language family]], possibly by way of Dutch ''carrijl'', Portuguese ''caris'' or ''caril'', or some combination of these. The Dravidian source may be [[Tamil language|Tamil]] {{lang|ta|கறி}} ''kaṟi'',<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-02-28 |title=What we know as "curry" has a long and curious history |url=https://thetakeout.com/what-we-know-as-curry-has-a-long-and-curious-history-1798252495 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=The Takeout}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Curry (noun) |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/curry_1 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries |access-date=1 January 2025 |quote=late 16th cent.: from Tamil kar̲i.}}</ref> ("a spiced mixture with fish, meat or vegetable, eaten with boiled rice"<ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Winslow |first=Miron |entry=கறி ''kaṟi'' |title=Winslow's A comprehensive Tamil and English dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/winslowscomprehe00mwin/page/269/mode/1up |page=269 |date=1862}}</ref>), or a mingled borrowing from multiple Dravidian languages.<ref name="Online Etym Dict">{{cite web |title=Curry |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 |publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]], Douglas Harper |access-date=9 August 2025 |year=2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=curry (n. 3 & adj.) |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/1996640347 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/OED/1996640347 |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> Other Dravidian languages, namely [[Malayalam]] (കറി ''kari'', "hot condiments; meats, vegetables"<ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Gundert |first=Herman |entry=കറി ''kari'' |title=Malayalam and English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/MalayalamAndEnglishDictionary/page/n235/mode/2up |page=216 |date=1872 |publisher=C. Stolz}}</ref>), [[Kannada|Middle Kannada]], [[Kodava language|Kodava]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] have similar words.<ref name="Online Etym Dict"/><ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Brown |first=Charles Phillip |entry=కూర ''kūra'' |title=Telugu-English Dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/brown_query.py |page=304 |date=1903 |via=Hathi Trust}}</ref>

''Kaṟi'' is described in a 17th-century [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese cookbook]],<ref name="Taylor 2013"/> based on trade with Tamil merchants along the [[Coromandel Coast]] of southeast India, becoming known as a "spice blend... called ''kari podi'' or [[curry powder]]".<ref name="Sahni 1980">{{cite book |last=Sahni |first=Julie |year=1980 |title=Classic Indian Cooking |location=New York |publisher=[[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]] |pages=39, 40}}</ref> The first appearance in its [[Anglicisation|anglicised]] form (spelt ''currey'') was in [[Hannah Glasse]]'s 1747 book ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]''.<ref name="Online Etym Dict"/><ref name="Taylor 2013">{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Anna-Louise |title=Curry: Where did it come from? |date=11 October 2013 |work=BBC Food |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329151125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2014 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref>

The term "curry" is not derived from the name of the [[curry tree]], although some curries do include curry leaves among many other spices.<ref name="NPR 2011">{{cite news |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/09/28/140735689/fresh-curry-leaves-add-a-touch-of-india |date=28 September 2011 |title=Fresh Curry Leaves Add a Touch of India |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111413/https://www.npr.org/2011/09/28/140735689/fresh-curry-leaves-add-a-touch-of-india |archive-date=11 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Raghavan |first=S. |title=Handbook of Spices, Seasonings and Flavourings |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-8493-2842-8 |page=302}}</ref> The cookery writer [[Pat Chapman (food writer)|Pat Chapman]] noted the similarity of the words ''[[Karahi]]'' or ''Kadai'', an Indian cooking dish shaped like a [[wok]], without giving evidence.<ref name="Gopal 2010">{{cite book |last=Dubey |first=Krishna Gopal |title=The Indian Cuisine |year=2010 |publisher=PHI Learning |isbn=978-81-203-4170-8 |page=11}}</ref> "Curry" is not related to the word ''cury'' in ''[[The Forme of Cury]]'',<ref name="Taylor 2013"/> a 1390s English cookbook;<ref>{{cite book |last=Pegge |first=Samuel |title=The Forme of Cury: A Roll of Ancient English Cookery |publisher=J. Nichols |location=London |year=1780 |oclc=13794092}}</ref> that term comes from the Middle French word ''[[wikt:cuire|cuire]]'', meaning "to cook".<ref name="Online Etym Dict"/>

== Cultural exchanges ==

=== Ancient spice trade in Asia ===

{{further|Spice trade}}{{-}}

{{Curry timeline}}

[[File:Spices in an Indian market.jpg|thumb|center|[[Spice]]s on sale in [[Goa]], Western India]]

By 1500 BCE, seafaring merchants from Austronesian communities were already [[Spice trade|trading spices]] across the ocean. They sailed between South Asia and East Asia, especially the ports along southeastern India and Sri Lanka, creating some of the world's earliest maritime trade networks.<ref name="Manguin2016">{{cite book |last=Manguin |first=Pierre-Yves |title=Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-3319338224 |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Gwyn |pages=51–76 |chapter=Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships |access-date=26 March 2023 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195021/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Solheim |author-first=Wilhelm G. |author-link=Wilhelm Solheim |date=1996 |title=The Nusantao and north-south dispersals |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |volume=15 |pages=101–109}}</ref> Archaeological discoveries at [[Mohenjo-daro]] show that people were using [[mortar and pestle]] to grind spices as early as 2600 BCE. They pounded [[cumin]], [[fennel]], [[garlic]], [[ginger]], [[mustard seed|mustard]], black [[peppercorn]]s, [[saffron]], [[sesame seed]], [[tamarind]] pods, and [[turmeric]] to create spicy flavourings for their food, which included meat, fish, grains, pulses, and fruits.{{sfn|Iyer|2008|pp=2–3}}{{sfn|Iyer|2022|p=1}} Black pepper is native to the [[Indian subcontinent]] and Southeast Asia and has been known to [[Indian cuisine|Indian cooking]] since at least 2000 BCE.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Pepper">{{harvnb|Davidson|2014|at="Pepper", pp. 612–613}}</ref> The three basic ingredients of the spicy stew were [[ginger]], [[garlic]], and [[turmeric]]. Using starch grain analysis, archaeologists identified the residue of these spices in both skeletons and pottery shards from excavations in India, finding that turmeric and ginger were present,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270/ |title=People Have Been Eating Curry for 4,500 Years |website=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]] |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012343/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Lawler 2013">{{cite web |last=Lawler |first=Andrew |title=Where Did Curry Come From? |date=29 January 2013 |website=Slate |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/indus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html |access-date=27 December 2020 |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115085836/https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/indus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html |url-status=live}}</ref> in what have been called "proto-curries".<ref name="Lawler 2013"/> Sauces in India before Columbus could contain black pepper or [[long pepper]] to provide a little heat, but not chili, so they were not [[Pungency|spicy hot]] by modern standards.<ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript">{{cite web |last1=Twilley |first1=Nicola |last2=Graber |first2=Nicola |last3=Iyer |first3=Raghavan |author3-link=Raghavan Iyer (chef) |last4=Collingham |first4=Lizzie |author4-link=Lizzie Collingham |title=Transcript: The Curry Chronicles |url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/ |website=Gastropod |access-date=6 October 2024 |date=9 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Medieval Indian proto-curries ===

[[File:Young Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana being received by Akbar, Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|upright|The 16th century [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court of the emperor [[Akbar]] ate mild proto-curries, flavoured with [[asafoetida]] and spices such as [[cardamom]] and [[ginger]].]]

Before [[Christopher Columbus]], Indian dishes were sometimes spicy but they were never hot like many modern curries, as [[chili pepper]]s were absent, along with [[tomato]]es, [[potato]]es, [[bell pepper]]s and [[Cucurbita |squashes]]. The proto-curries of medieval pre-Columbian India were diverse but not much like modern international curries. ''[[Sambar (dish)|Sambar]]'', for example, was a dish of [[pigeon pea]]s (''toor dal'') or [[lentil]]s, flavoured with [[onion]]s and mild spices.<ref name="Batsha 2020"/> Among the key spices used in the period was [[asafoetida]] (''hīng''),<ref name="Batsha 2020"/> a foul-smelling gum from plants of the genus ''[[Ferula]]''.<ref name="Sahebkar">{{Cite journal |last1=Sahebkar |first1=Amirhossein |last2=Iranshahi |first2=Mehrdad |date=2010-12-01 |title=Biological activities of essential oils from the genus ''Ferula'' (Apiaceae) |journal=Asian Biomedicine |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=835–847 |doi=10.2478/abm-2010-0110 |s2cid=86139520 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Farhadi2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Farhadi |first1=Faegheh |last2=Iranshahi |first2=Mehrdad |last3=Taghizadeh |first3=Seyedeh Faezeh |last4=Asili |first4=Javad |date=2020-11-01 |title=Volatile sulfur compounds: The possible metabolite pattern to identify the sources and types of asafoetida by headspace GC/MS analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0926669020307445 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |volume=155 |article-number=112827 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112827 |s2cid=224886254 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Despite its smell, it adds a fine-tasting [[umami|meaty flavour]] when it is fried in oil.<ref name="Batsha 2020"/>

[[Chavundaraya]] II's 11th century ''Lokopakara'' makes use of asafoetida, [[cumin]], [[curry tree|curry tree leaves]], and [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] to flavour a [[dal]].<ref name="Batsha 2020"/>
Spices named in the 12th century ''[[Mānasollāsa]]'' from the [[Western Chalukya Empire]] of South India include [[coriander]], cumin, asafoetida, salt, and [[black pepper]].<ref name="Batsha 2020"/>
The 15th century ''[[Ni'matnāmah Naṣir al-Dīn Shāhī]]'' from the [[Malwa Sultanate]] of Northern India describes flavouring vegetables with asafoetida and [[sesame]] seeds fried in [[ghee]] (clarified butter), with [[Lime (fruit)|lime juice]] and salt.<ref name="Batsha 2020"/>

=== Early modern trade ===

[[File:Curry's origins.svg|thumb|center|upright=3|Origin and spread of curry around the world. Mild spices were traded between India and East Asia by 1500 BCE.<ref name="Manguin2016"/> The [[Columbian Exchange]] brought chili peppers to India; before then, Indian food was not spicy hot.<ref name="Batsha 2020"/> Anglo-Indian food came to Britain in the 17th century.<ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript"/> The word "curry" was first recorded in print in [[Hannah Glasse]]'s [[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy|1747 English cookery book]].<ref name="Online Etym Dict"/> In the 19th century, curry spread to the Caribbean<ref name="Mishan 2017"/> and to Japan,<ref name="Itoh 2011"/> and from there to Chinese people, starting in Singapore.<ref name="Lim 1886"/> Further migration and globalisation (not shown) made curry a fully international dish.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry"/>]]

The establishment of the [[Mughal Empire]], in the early 16th century, brought some new and subtly spiced dishes, especially in the north. The [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal cuisine]] of the emperor [[Akbar]], as described in the ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', could cook [[aubergine]]s (eggplants) with asafoetida, [[cardamom]], [[clove]]s, coriander, [[ginger]], lime juice, onions, and pepper.<ref name="Batsha 2020"/> The cuisine established dishes like [[biryani]] in India, derived from Persian [[pilaf|pilau]] rice and the Persian habit of marinading meat in yoghurt (curd), combined with Indian-style use of spices.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|pp=25–29}}

Another influence was the establishment of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese trading centre]] in [[Goa]] in 1510, resulting in the introduction of [[chili pepper]]s, tomatoes and potatoes to India from the Americas, as a byproduct of the [[Columbian Exchange]].<ref name="Batsha 2020">{{Cite web |last=Batsha |first=Nishant |author-link=Nishant Batsha |date=25 June 2020 |title=Curry Before Columbus |url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Contingent |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The food culture scholar [[Lizzie Collingham]] suggests that the Portuguese in Goa (in West India) heard and adopted words adopted into a local  language from the Dravidian words from South India, becoming ''caril'' or ''carree'' as transcribed by British travellers of the time. This eventually led to the modern meaning of "curry" as a dish, often spiced, in a sauce or gravy.<ref name="Twilley Graber 2019">{{cite news |last1=Twilley |first1=Nicola |last2=Graber |first2=Cynthia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/04/why-we-call-indian-dishes-curry-colonial-history/586828/ |title=The Word Curry Came From a Colonial Misunderstanding |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=20 April 2019 |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012341/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/04/why-we-call-indian-dishes-curry-colonial-history/586828/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1598, an English translation of a Dutch book about travel in the East Indies mentioned a "somewhat sour" broth called ''Carriel'', eaten with rice.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry"/> The later Dutch word {{lang|nl|karie}} was used in the [[Dutch East Indies]] from the 19th century; many Indians had by then migrated to Southeast Asia.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry"/>

=== British influence ===

{{further|Anglo-Indian cuisine}}

[[File:How Anglo-Indians made Curry.svg|thumb|center|upright=3|[[Anglo-Indian cuisine|Anglo-Indian cooks]] created what they called curry by selecting regional ingredients from all over [[British India]], using these in Indian dishes from other regions. Among their creations were [[kedgeree]] and [[Madras curry]], served with [[chutney]]s, [[Pickling|pickle]]s, [[Bombay duck]], and [[poppadom]]s.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|pp=118–125, 140}}]]

Curry was introduced to [[English cuisine]] from [[Anglo-Indian cooking]] in the 17th century, as spicy sauces were added to plain boiled and cooked meats.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|p=115}} That cuisine was created in the [[British Raj]] when British wives or memsahibs instructed Indian cooks on the food they wanted, transforming many dishes in the process.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Anglo-Indian">{{harvnb|Davidson|2014|at="Anglo-Indian" pp. 21–22}}</ref> Further, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when there were few British women in India, British men often lived with Indian mistresses, acquiring the local customs, language, and food.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|pp=110–111}} Curry was first served in coffee houses in Britain from 1809.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8370054.stm |title=How Britain got the hots for curry |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=26 November 2009 |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128165253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8370054.stm |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Indian cooks in the 19th century prepared curries for their British masters simplified and adjusted to Anglo-Indian taste. For instance, a ''quarama'' from [[Lucknow]] contained (among other ingredients) ghee, yoghurt, cream, crushed almonds, cloves, cardamom, and saffron; whereas an 1869 Anglo-Indian ''quorema'' or ''korma'', "different in substance as well as name",{{sfn|Collingham|2006|pp=116–117}} had no cream, almonds, or saffron, but it added the then-standard British curry spices, namely coriander, ginger, and black peppercorns.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|pp=116–117}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Thirty-Five Years' Resident |chapter=Kurma or Quorema Curry |title=The Indian Cookery Book |date=1869 |publisher=Wyman & Co. |location=Calcutta |page=22 |chapter-url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=EvcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA22&hl=en_GB |quote=This, without exception, is one of the richest of Hindoostanee curries, but it is quite unsuited to European taste, if made according to the original recipe, of which the following is a [Europeanised] copy:}}</ref> Curry, initially understood as "an unfamiliar set of Indian stews and ragouts",{{sfn|Collingham|2006|p=118}} had become "a dish in its own right, created for the British in India".{{sfn|Collingham|2006|p=118}} Collingham describes the resulting Anglo-Indian cuisine as "eclectic", "pan-Indian", "lacking sophistication", embodying a "passion for garnishes", and forming a "coherent repertoire"; but it was eaten only by the British.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|pp=118–125, 140}} Collingham writes that "The idea of a curry is, in fact, a concept that the Europeans imposed on India's food culture. Indians referred to their different dishes by specific names... But the British lumped all these together under the heading of curry."{{sfn|Collingham|2006|p=115}}

Elsewhere in the 19th century, curry was carried to the Caribbean by [[Indian indenture system|Indian indentured workers]] in the British [[sugar industry]].<ref name="Mishan 2017"/><ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry"/>

=== Globalisation ===

Since the mid-20th century, curries of many national styles have become popular far from their origins, and increasingly become part of international [[fusion cuisine]].<ref name="Mishan 2017">{{cite news |last=Mishan |first=Ligaya |date=10 November 2017 |title=Asian-American Cuisine's Rise, and Triumph |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/t-magazine/asian-american-cuisine.html |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322223518/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/t-magazine/asian-american-cuisine.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alan Davidson (food writer)|Alan Davidson]] writes that curry's worldwide extension is a result of the [[Indian diaspora]] and [[Globalization|globalisation]], starting within the British Empire, and followed by economic migrants who brought Indian cuisine to many countries.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry">{{harvnb|Davidson|2014|at="Curry", p. 240}}</ref> In 1886, 咖喱 (''Gālí'') (Chinese pronunciation of "curry") appeared among the Chinese in Singapore.<ref name="Lim 1886">{{cite book |last=Lim |first=Hiong Seng |chapter=Provisions, Fish, Vegetable and Fruit |title=Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular |location=Singapore |publisher=Koh Yew Hean Press |date=1886 |page=95 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Handbook_of_the_Swatow_vernacular.djvu/111}}</ref> [[Malaysian Chinese|Malay Chinese people]] then most likely brought curry to China.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry"/>

In India, spices are always freshly prepared for use in curries.<ref name="Davidson 2014 Powder">{{harvnb|Davidson|2014|at="Curry Powder" p. 241}}</ref> Derived from such mixtures (but not containing curry leaves<ref name="Davidson 2014 Leaves">{{harvnb|Davidson|2014|at="Curry leaf" p. 240}}</ref>), [[curry powder]] is a ready-prepared spice blend first sold by Indian merchants to European colonial traders. This was commercially available from the late 18th century,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126721.html |title=First British advert for curry powder |website=bl.uk |access-date=29 December 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180723/http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126721.html}}</ref><ref name="ChaudhuriStrobel1992">{{cite book |first1=Nupur |last1=Chaudhuri |first2=Margaret |last2=Strobel |title=Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jH6LEPVn80C&pg=PA240 |year=1992 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=0-253-20705-3 |pages=240– |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413123912/https://books.google.com/books?id=-jH6LEPVn80C&pg=PA240 |url-status=live }}</ref> with brands such as [[Crosse & Blackwell]] and [[Sharwood's]] persisting to the present.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/inside-factory-tv-review-greg-wallace-curry-chicken-tikka-masala-a8489311.html |title=TV review: Inside the Factory lifts the lid on how our curries are made |date=15 August 2018 |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017012043/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/inside-factory-tv-review-greg-wallace-curry-chicken-tikka-masala-a8489311.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Curry powder became a standard item in [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]].<ref name="Davidson 2014 Powder"/> British traders introduced the powder to [[Meiji-era]] Japan, in the mid-19th century, where it was used to make [[Japanese curry]], known as {{lang|ja|カレー}}, {{Transliteration|ja|karē}}.<ref name="Itoh 2011">{{Cite news |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/ |title=Curry — it's more 'Japanese' than you think |last=Itoh |first=Makiko |date=26 August 2011 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |language=en |access-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233344/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/ |archive-date=8 January 2018}}</ref>{{sfn|Iyer|2022|p=84}}

== Types ==

There are many varieties of curry. The choice of spices for each dish in traditional cuisine depends on regional cultural traditions and personal preferences.<ref name="eb">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Curry |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/curry |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=31 May 2024 }}</ref> Such dishes have names such as dopiaza and rogan josh that refer to their ingredients, spicing, and cooking methods.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|p=115}} Outside the Indian subcontinent, a curry is a dish from Southeast Asia which uses [[coconut milk]] and spice pastes, and is commonly eaten over rice.<ref name="Van Esterik">{{cite book |last=Van Esterik |first=Penny |title=Food Culture in Southeast Asia |date=2008 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio|ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9780313344206 |pages=58–59}}</ref> Curries may contain fish, meat, poultry, or shellfish, either alone or in combination with vegetables. Others are vegetarian. A [[Spice mix#Masala|masala]] mixture is a combination of dried or dry-roasted spices commonly homemade for some curries.<ref name=eb/>

Dry curries are cooked using small amounts of liquid, which is allowed to evaporate, leaving the other ingredients coated with the spice mixture. Wet curries contain significant amounts of sauce or gravy based on [[broth]], [[coconut cream]] or coconut milk, dairy [[cream]] or [[yogurt]], or [[legume]] purée, [[Sautéing|sautéed]] crushed onion, or [[tomato purée]].<ref name=eb/>

[[Curry powder]], a commercially prepared mixture of spices marketed in the West, was first exported to Britain in the 18th century when Indian merchants sold a concoction of spices, similar to [[garam masala]], to the British [[East India Company]] returning to Britain.<ref name=eb/> Other commercial mixes include [[curry paste]]s and Japanese-style curry roux (in block or powder form).<ref>{{cite news |last=Itoh |first=Makiko |date=26 August 2011 |title=Curry — it's more 'Japanese' than you think |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/#.XGTQl1VKhhE |work=[[The Japan Times]] |location=Tokyo |access-date=13 February 2019 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|+ Ways curries can vary<ref name="Dillon 2024"/><ref name=eb/>
|-
! Type of variation !! From !! To
|-
! Mild ↔ Hot  
| [[Korma]] (aromatic spices{{efn|Korma can be made with flavourings such as cloves, ginger, cardamom, cumin, coriander, turmeric, bay, onion and garlic.}}) || [[Madras curry|Madras]] (chili)
|-
! Watery ↔ Creamy
| [[Rogan josh]] ([[broth]]) || [[Korma]] (yoghurt or cream)
|-
! Dry ↔ Wet
| [[Tikka (food)|Tikka]] (skewered meat, spices) || [[Tikka masala]] (tomato, cream)
|-
!  Sour ↔ Sweet
| [[Dopiaza]] (onion, lemon) || [[Pasanda]] (almonds, sugar)
|-
!  Stir-fry ↔ Simmer
| [[Balti (food)|Balti]] (oil, onion, potato) || [[Dhansak]] (lentils, spices, tomato)
|}

== By region ==

===United Kingdom===

{{main|Curry in the United Kingdom}}

[[File:Chicken Tikka Masala-01.jpg|thumb|[[Chicken tikka masala]] has been called "a true British national dish".<ref name="Cook 2001"/>]]

Curry is very popular in the [[Curry in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], with a curry house in nearly every town.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jahangir |first=Rumeana |title=How Britain got the hots for curry |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8370054.stm |work=BBC News |date=26 November 2009 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824122427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8370054.stm |archive-date=24 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Curry Week: Why Britain loves curry |url=http://www.fsc.uk.com/national-curry-week-britain-loves-curry/ |work=Fleet Street Communications |date=13 October 2017 |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110103644/https://www.fsc.uk.com/national-curry-week-britain-loves-curry/ |archive-date=10 January 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was estimated that in 2016 there were 12,000 curry houses, employing 100,000 people and with annual combined sales of approximately £4.2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |title=The great British curry crisis |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2165379e-b4b2-11e5-8358-9a82b43f6b2f |work=Financial Times |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014204251/https://www.ft.com/content/2165379e-b4b2-11e5-8358-9a82b43f6b2f |archive-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The food offered is cooked to British taste, but with increasing demand for authentic Indian styles.<ref name=NYT11415>{{cite news |last=de Freytas-Tamura |first=Kimiko |title=Britons Perturbed by a Troubling Shortage of Curry Chefs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/05/world/europe/britain-curry-house-shortage-chefs.html|access-date=4 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107015902/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/05/world/europe/britain-curry-house-shortage-chefs.html |archive-date=7 November 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, [[chicken tikka masala]] was described by the British [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|foreign secretary]] [[Robin Cook]] as "a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences."<ref name="Cook 2001">{{cite news |last=Cook |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Cook |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity |title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London |date=19 April 2001 |newspaper=The Guardian }}</ref> Its origin is not certain, but many sources attribute it to British Indian restaurants in the 20th century.<ref name="Dillon 2024"/>

Curries in Britain are derived partly from India and partly from invention in local Indian restaurants. They vary from mildly-spiced to extremely hot, with names that are to an extent standardised across the country, but are often unknown in India.<ref name="Dillon 2024">{{cite web |last=Dillon |first=Sheila |author-link=Sheila Dillon |title=From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |access-date=7 October 2024 |date=2024}}</ref> Zoe Perrett, writing for ''[[The Times of India]]'', comments that anyone expecting traditional Indian cuisine from "Brindian"<ref name="Perrett 2014"/> cuisine, a "Bangla spin on Indian regional dishes, twisted still further to tempt British tastebuds",<ref name="Perrett 2014"/> will be disappointed.<ref name="Perrett 2014">{{cite web |last=Perrett |first=Zoe |title=Britain's 'Brindian' curryhouse menu – a true culinary curio |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/culinary-adventures/britains-brindian-curryhouse-menu-a-true-culinary-curio/?source=app |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 November 2025 |date=7 May 2014}}</ref> Variants like "Kashmir" and "Malaya" curry add fruits like banana, lychees, and pineapple. In short, the food might be, Perrett writes, "not Indian at all."<ref name="Perrett 2014"/> Inexpensive curry kits, containing a packet of whole spices, a packet of spice paste, and a pouch of sauce, are sold in British supermarkets, enabling a curry of "exceptional"<ref name="Hunt 2025"/> quality to be cooked quickly at home.<ref name="Hunt 2025">{{cite news |last=Hunt |first=Tom |title='Genuinely authentic': supermarket curry kits, tasted and rated |url=https://www.theguardian.com/thefilter/2025/nov/08/best-supermarket-curry-kits-tasted-and-rated-tom-hunt |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 November 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|+ Range of strengths of British curries<ref name="BBC Ultimate Guide">{{cite web |title=From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
! style="width: 60px;" | Strength
! style="width: 60px;" | Example
! style="width: 220px;" | Place of origin
! style="width: 100px;" | Date of origin
! style="width: 180px;" | Description
|-
! style="background:Khaki;" | Mild
| [[Korma]] || [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court, North India || 16th century || Mild, creamy; may have almond, coconut, or fruit
|-
! style="background:Orange;" | Medium
| [[Madras curry|Madras]] || [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]] in [[British Raj]], then [[British Bangladeshis|British Bangladeshi]] restaurants || 1970s || Red, spicy with chili powder
|-
! style="background:OrangeRed;" | Hot
| [[Vindaloo]] || Portuguese ''[[Carne de vinha d'alhos]]'' (pork with wine vinegar and garlic) || 1970s || Very spicy with chili peppers, vinegar, and potatoes{{efn|The addition of potatoes may be from confusion of 'Vindaloo' with Hindi {{lang|hi|आलू}} {{transliteration|hi|āloo}}, potato.<ref name="BBC Ultimate Guide"/>}}
|-
! style="background:Crimson; color:white" | Extreme
| [[Phall]] || British Bangladeshi, [[Birmingham]] || 20th century || High-strength chili pepper e.g. [[scotch bonnet]], [[habanero]]
|}

=== South Asia ===

{{further|Indian cuisine}}

[[Indian cuisine|Spicy Indian dishes]] were until the late 20th century not called "curry" by Indians: the term was initially limited to Anglo-Indian cuisine. Instead, numerous Indian dishes like dopiaza and rogan josh had their own names; the historian of food Colleen Sen notes that the Indian cook [[Madhur Jaffrey]] found the [[umbrella term]] 'curry' "degrading to India's great cuisine",{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=10}} but eventually accepted the category in her later writings.{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=10}} Both the names of the dishes and their methods of preparation are often regional.<ref name="Jaffrey 1982"/>

Indian curry sauces are made with spices including black pepper, cardamom, chili peppers, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, fennel seed, mustard seed, and turmeric.<ref name="Jaffrey 1982"/> As many as 15 spices may be used for a meat curry.<ref name="Jaffrey 1982"/> The spices are sometimes fried whole, sometimes roasted, sometimes ground and mixed into a paste.<ref name="Jaffrey 1982"/><ref>{{cite web |title=What is a Bhuna? |url=https://www.seasonedpioneers.com/what-is-a-bhuna |website=Seasoned Pioneers |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> The sauces are eaten with steamed rice or [[idli]] rice cakes in south India,<ref name="Jaffrey 1982">{{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |author-link=Madhur Jaffrey |title=Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery |date=1982 |publisher=[[BBC]] |isbn=978-0-563-16491-3 |pages=7–10}}</ref> and breads such as [[chapati]]s, [[roti]], and [[naan]] in the north.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gopalakrishnan |first1=Srividhya |title=The Indian Bread Types You Need to Know |url=https://www.tasteofhome.com/collection/indian-bread-types/ |website=Taste of Home |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
The popular [[rogan josh]], for example, from [[Kashmiri cuisine]], is a wet dish of lamb with a red gravy coloured by Kashmiri chillies and an extract of the red flowers of the [[Celosia|cockscomb plant]] (''mawal'').<ref>"Rogan Josh". In Khan Mohammed Sharief Waza, Khan Mohammed Shafi Waza, and Khan Mohammed Rafiq Waza (2007). ''Wazwaan: Traditional Kashmiri Cuisine''. New Delhi: Roli & Janssen. p. 34.</ref> Rice and curry is the staple dish of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Dish of Sri Lanka Rice and Curry |url=https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-sri-lanka-rice-and-curry/ |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=National Dishes of the World}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Madhur-Jaffrey-20101024-IMG 7270.jpg|The Indian cook [[Madhur Jaffrey]] initially objected to the [[Anglo-Indian cuisine|Anglo-Indian]] term "curry", but came around to using it.{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=10}}
File:Handi-and-karahi.jpg|Traditional Indian ''[[karahi]]'' (left) and'' [[handi]] ''(right) serving dishes
File:Rogan_Josh_Kashmiri.jpg|[[Rogan josh]], a [[Kashmiri cuisine|Kashmiri]] curry
File:Tradtional Thali.jpg|A North Indian [[thali]] curry meal
</gallery>

=== East Asia ===

[[Japanese curry]] is usually eaten as {{lang|ja-Latn|karē raisu}} – curry, rice, and often pickled vegetables, served on the same plate and eaten with a spoon, a common lunchtime canteen dish. It is less spicy and seasoned than Indian and Southeast Asian curries, being more of a thick stew than a curry. British people brought curry from the [[British Raj|Indian colony]] back to Britain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sb-worldwide.com/curry/history.html|title=History of Japanese curry |author=S&B Company |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411190436/http://www.sb-worldwide.com/curry/history.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=28 February 2013}}</ref> and introduced it to Japan during the [[Meiji period]] (1868 to 1912), after Japan ended its policy of national self-isolation ({{lang|ja-Latn|[[sakoku]]}}), and curry in Japan was categorised as a [[Yōshoku|Western dish]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Booth |first=Michael |title=The Meaning of Rice: And Other Tales from the Belly of Japan |date=2017 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=9781473545816 |page=278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYPkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT278 |access-date=4 December 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219053208/https://books.google.com/books?id=rYPkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT278 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its spread across the country is attributed to its use in the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] and [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Navy]] which adopted it extensively as convenient field and naval canteen cooking, allowing even conscripts from the remotest countryside to experience the dish. The [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] traditionally have curry every Friday for lunch and many ships have their own recipes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Itoh |first=Makiko |title=Curry – it's more 'Japanese' than you think |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/ |date=26 August 2011 |work=[[The Japan Times]] |access-date=8 January 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233344/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/ |archive-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The standard Japanese curry contains onions, carrots, potatoes, and sometimes [[celery]], and a meat that is cooked in a large pot. Sometimes grated apples or [[honey]] are added for additional sweetness and other vegetables are sometimes used instead.<ref>[http://curryken.fc2web.com/minzoku/minzoku.htm "The Curry Rice Research"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710232600/http://curryken.fc2web.com/minzoku/minzoku.htm |date=10 July 2011 }} (in Japanese)</ref>

In 1905, curry became affordable for the general population of Japan with the introduction of domestically produced [[curry powder]].<ref name="house">{{cite web |url=https://housefoods.jp/data/curryhouse/know/trends01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026113713/https://housefoods.jp/data/curryhouse/know/trends01.html |script-title=ja:日本のカレーカレーが国民食になるまでの歩み |trans-title=Japanese Curry: The Journey to Curry Becoming a National Dish |language=ja |publisher=[[House Foods]] |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref> In the 1920s, the predecessors of today's well-known [[S&B Foods]] and [[House Foods]] began selling powdered curry powder.<ref name="times-curry"/> In the early 1900s, restaurants created various derivatives of curry rice. The first curry [[udon]] and curry [[soba]] were made in Tokyo or Osaka in 1904 or 1909. Curry udon and curry soba are made by soaking {{lang|ja-Latn|[[katsuobushi]]}} (dried [[bonito]] flakes) in boiling water to dissolve the [[umami]] components, adding curry to the broth, and then adding [[potato starch]] to thicken the broth and pour it over the udon or soba.<ref name="Kosuge">Keiko Kosuge (2017). {{lang|ja-Latn|Nipoon yōshoku monogatari taizen}} ({{lang|ja|にっぽん洋食物語大全}}), pp. 168–169. [[Chikuma Shobō]]. {{ISBN|978-4480434654}}</ref>
The first [[curry bread]] ({{lang|ja-Latn|karē pan}}) was introduced in 1927,<ref name="house"/> and the first [[katsu curry]] in 1918 or 1921 or 1948.<ref name="Ono">Kazuhiro Ono (2007). {{lang|ja-Latn|Karē hōrōki}} ({{lang|ja|カレー放浪記}}), p.258. Soshinsya. {{ISBN|978-4480434654}}</ref><ref name="danchu">{{cite web|url=https://dancyu.jp/read/2020_00002825.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001021440/https://dancyu.jp/read/2020_00002825.html |script-title=ja:102年の歴史を持つカツカレー丼 |trans-title=Katsu curry rice bowl with a 102-year history |language=ja |publisher=President |date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref><ref name=tagami>{{Cite journal |last=Tagami |first=Yoko |title=Savor Ginza Swiss' Original Katsu Curry – Since 1947 |url=https://matcha-jp.com/en/387 |journal=Matcha |issue=3 October 2017 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618113120/https://matcha-jp.com/en/387 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1945, the Oriental company developed a powdered instant curry [[roux]],<ref name="oriental">{{cite web |url=https://www.tokai-tv.com/tokainews/feature/article_20220918_21815 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918080149/https://www.tokai-tv.com/tokainews/feature/article_20220918_21815 |script-title=ja:日本のカレーカレーが国民食になるまでの歩み |trans-title=Japanese Curry: The Journey to Curry Becoming a National Dish |language=ja |publisher=[[Tōkai Television Broadcasting]]|date=18 September 2022|archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref> and in 1950, Bell Shokuhin company developed a block-shaped instant curry roux, and Japanese curry quickly spread throughout Japan as a dish that could be easily prepared at home.<ref name="bell">{{cite web |url=https://www.bellsyokuhin.co.jp/company/#page1.5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205015723/https://www.bellsyokuhin.co.jp/company/#page1.5 |script-title=ja:ベル食品工業株式会社 |trans-title=Bell Foods Industry Co., Ltd. |language=ja |publisher=Bell Shokuhin company |archive-date=5 December 2023 |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="house"/> In 1948, Japanese curry was used in [[school meal]]s for the first time.<ref name="house"/> In 1963, [[House Foods]] introduced "Vermont Curry" ({{lang|ja|バーモントカレー}}), an instant curry roux made with apples and honey, which became popular. This product brought sweetness to Japanese curry, which had been perceived as a spicy, adult dish, and made Japanese curry a favourite children's dish.<ref name="house"/><ref name="times-curry"/>

Curry spread to other regions of Asia. Curry powder is added to some dishes in the southern part of China. The curry powder sold in Chinese grocery stores is similar to Madras curry powder, but with the addition of [[Illicium verum|star anise]] and cinnamon.{{sfn|Sen|2009|p=105}} The former Portuguese colony of [[Macau]] has its [[Macanese cuisine|own culinary traditions]] and curry dishes, including ''[[Galinha à portuguesa]]'' ("Portuguese-style chicken") and curry crab. [[Portuguese sauce]] is a sauce flavoured with curry and thickened with [[coconut milk]].<ref name="HoustonPTChicken">{{cite news |last=Levitt |first=Alice |title=Our Latest Obsession: Portuguese Chicken at Wing Kee Restaurant |url=https://www.houstoniamag.com/articles/2016/12/28/our-latest-obsession-portuguese-chicken-wing-kee-restaurant |access-date=6 March 2018|work=[[Houstonia (magazine)|Houstonia]] |date=28 December 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023204/https://www.houstoniamag.com/articles/2016/12/28/our-latest-obsession-portuguese-chicken-wing-kee-restaurant |url-status=live}}</ref>

Curry was popularized in [[Korean cuisine]] when [[Ottogi]] entered the Korean food industry with an imported curry powder in 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150625001118 |title=[Best Brand] Ottogi becomes Korea's representative curry product |date=25 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Korea Herald]] |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110163940/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150625001118 |archive-date=10 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sohn">{{cite news |last=Sohn |first=JiAe |title=Ottogi Curry brings Indian cuisine to the table |url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Business/view?articleId=122393 |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171434/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Business/view?articleId=122393 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Korean curry powder contains spices including cardamom, chili, cinnamon, and turmeric.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=Jiyoung |title=Real Korean Recipes |date=2024 |publisher=Beeolive Books |location=Seoul, Korea |isbn=979-11-987166-0-6 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHP8EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Korean+curry%22+%22turmeric%22&pg=PA23}}</ref> Curry ''[[tteokbokki]]'' is made of ''[[tteok]]'' (rice cakes), ''[[eomuk]]'' (fish cakes), eggs, vegetables, and ''[[gochujang]]'', fermented red chili paste. As in India, chilis were brought to Korea by European traders. Spicy chili sauce then replaced the soy sauce formerly used in ''tteokbokki''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Huskey |first=Brian |title=Asia: The Ultimate Cookbook (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese, Asian) |date=2022 |publisher=[[Cider Mill Press]] |pages=19, 398}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Kare-Raisu.jpg|[[Japanese curry|Japanese]] style {{lang|ja-Latn|karē-raisu}} (curry rice)
File:Marugame Seimen Curry udon.jpg|Curry [[udon]] and {{lang|ja-Latn|[[sushi|inari-zushi]]}}
File:Stir-fried rice cakes with ground pork, gochujang, and gailan.jpg|Korean ''[[tteokbokki]]'' (rice cake curry)
File:Galinha à Portuguesa.jpg|[[Macau]]'s ''[[Galinha à portuguesa]]'' (chicken in [[portuguese sauce]])
</gallery>

=== Southeast Asia ===


In [[Burmese cuisine]], curries are broadly called ''hin''. [[Burmese curry|Burmese curries]] contains meat simmered in a curry paste containing onion, garlic, shrimp paste, tomato, and turmeric. Burmese curries are often mild, without chili, and somewhat oily.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bush |first=Austin |title=Burmese curry restaurants |url=https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html |publisher=Austin Bush Photography |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223207/https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html |archive-date=9 January 2021 |date=5 December 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=DeWitt |first=Dave |title=Precious Cargo: How Foods From the Americas Changed The World |date=2014-05-26 |publisher=Catapult |isbn=978-1-61902-388-8 |page=300}}</ref>

[[Thai curry|Thai curries]] are called {{lang|th|gaeng}}, and usually consist of meat, fish or vegetables in a sauce based on a paste made from chilies, onions or shallots, garlic, and [[shrimp paste]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thai Food History Chapter 5: Thai Cuisine: Original? |work=The Nation |location=Thailand |url=http://thaicooking.nationmultimedia.com/?p=1382 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817162611/http://thaicooking.nationmultimedia.com/?p=1382 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A few stir-fried Thai dishes use {{lang|th|phong kari}}, an Indian style curry powder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaifoodmaster.com/recipes/main_dish_recipes/42 |title=Stir Fried Prawns with Curry Powder and Eggs Recipe |work=Thaifoodmaster |date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309200917/http://www.thaifoodmaster.com/recipes/main_dish_recipes/42 |archive-date=9 March 2010}}</ref> In the West, Thai curries are often colour-coded green, yellow, and red, with green usually the mildest, red the hottest. Green curry is flavoured with green chili, coriander, [[kaffir lime]], and basil; yellow, with yellow chili and turmeric; and red, with red chili.<ref name="Schmidt 2024">{{cite web |last1=Schmidt |first1=Darlene |title=Thai Curry Types: The Difference Between Red, Yellow, and Green Curries |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/thai-curry-differences-red-yellow-green-3217020 |website=The Spruce Eats |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001183151/https://www.thespruceeats.com/thai-curry-differences-red-yellow-green-3217020 |archive-date=1 October 2024 |date=22 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Malaysian Indian cuisine]] adapted curries (such as {{lang|my|gulai}}, with coconut milk) via the region's Indian population,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Raji |first1=Mohd Nazri Abdul |last2=Ab Karim |first2=Shahrim |last3=Ishak |first3=Farah Adibah Che |last4=Arshad |first4=Mohd Mursyid |date=2017-12-01 |title=Past and present practices of the Malay food heritage and culture in Malaysia |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=221–231 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2017.11.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> but it has become a staple among the Malay and Chinese populations there. Malaysian curries have many varieties, but are often flavoured with cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, coconut milk, shallots, chili peppers, and garlic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaysian Curry: Authentic and Delicious |url=https://mamalams.com/malaysian-curry-authentic-and-delicious/ |website=Mama Lam's |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302090756/https://mamalams.com/malaysian-curry-authentic-and-delicious/ |archive-date=2 March 2024 |date=14 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Indian Indonesian cuisine]] consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of [[Indonesia]]. Curry in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is ''kari'' and in [[Javanese language|Javanese]], ''kare''. In [[Indonesian cuisine]] especially in [[Bandung]], there is a dish called ''[[nasi kari|lontong kari]]'', a combined of [[lontong]] and beef yellow curry soup.<ref>{{cite web |title=5 Rekomendasi Lontong Kari Enak di Bandung, Cocok Pisan buat Sarapan! |language=Indonesian |trans-title=5 Recommendations of Delicious Curry Lontong in Bandung, Great for Breakfast! |url=https://www.idntimes.com/food/dining-guide/ranggana/5-rekomendasi-lontong-kari-enak-di-bandung-c1c2 |website=idntimes.com |date=31 January 2020 |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> In [[Javanese cuisine]], ''kare rajungan'', [[Portunus pelagicus|blue swimmer crab]] curry has become a delicacy of [[Tuban Regency]], [[East Java]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kare Rajungan Khas Tuban yang Gurih dan 'Nendang' |url=https://genpi.id/kare-rajungan-khas-tuban/ |website=genpi.id |date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016172933/https://genpi.id/kare-rajungan-khas-tuban/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |language=Indonesian}}</ref>

In [[Vietnamese cuisine]], influenced by both Thai and Indian cooking, curry is known as ''cà ri''.<ref name="Nguyen 2024"/> Curry was brought to Vietnam by [[French Indochina|French colonisers]], from their Indian outpost at [[Pondicherry]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In the south of the country in particular, the Vietnamese adopted Madras curry powder and [[coconut milk]] as the basis of dishes such as chicken [[lemongrass]] curry, ''cà ri gà''.{{sfn|Iyer|2022|pp=54–55}}<ref name="Nguyen 2024">{{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Andrea |title=Excite Your Tastebuds with Cà Ri Gà, Vietnamese Chicken Curry |url=https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/chicken_curry_with_sweet_potato_and_lemongrass/ |website=Simply Recipes |access-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915014452/https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/chicken_curry_with_sweet_potato_and_lemongrass/ |archive-date=15 September 2024 |date=30 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Philippine cuisine|In the Philippines]], a dish that may have been directly inspired by Indian curries is the [[oxtail]] stew {{lang|fil|[[kare-kare]]}}, possibly influenced by [[Sepoy]] expatriates during the brief [[British occupation of Manila]] (1762–1764), or indirectly via Southeast Asian spicy dishes.<ref name="Villar">{{cite news |last1=Villar |first1=Roberto |title=The Fascinating History of Kare-kare |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-fascinating-history-of-kare-kare-a2386-20190802-lfrm2 |access-date=15 November 2024 |work=Esquire |date=2 August 2019}}</ref> {{lang|fil|[[Ginataan]]}} are native dishes using [[coconut milk]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ginataang Alimasag (Crabs in Coconut Milk) |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/276743/ginataang-alimasag-crabs-in-coconut-milk/ |website=allrecipes |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sobel |first=Adam |title=Ginataang Langka (Filipino Jackfruit in Coconut Milk) |url=https://cinnamonsnail.com/ginataang-langka-recipe/ |website=Cinnamon Snail |date=25 July 2024 |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> which as in the case of [[Filipino chicken curry]] can be called 'curries' when [[curry powder]] is added.<ref name="pp">{{cite web |title=Pinoy Chicken Curry Recipe |url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/chicken-curry-pinoy-style/ |website=Panlasang Pinoy |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420064900/https://panlasangpinoy.com/chicken-curry-pinoy-style/ |archive-date=20 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Gulai kambing masakan Padang.JPG|Indonesian mutton ''[[gulai]]'' (curry), part of ''[[nasi padang]]''
File:Myanma cuisine (cropped).jpg|[[Burmese curry|Burmese curries]]
File:Philippine Chicken curry (cropped).jpg|[[Filipino chicken curry]]
File:Phanaeng mu (cropped).jpg|Thai ''[[phanaeng]]'' with pork
File:Cà Ri Gà Vietnamese Chicken Curry 2019-1600.jpg|Vietnamese ''cà ri'' with chicken
</gallery>

=== South Africa ===

[[File:Durban's Famous Mutton Bunny Chow.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Bunny chow]], South Africa]]

Curry spread to South Africa with the migration of people from the Indian subcontinent to the region in the colonial era. [[African cuisine|African]] curries, [[Cape Malay]] curries and [[KwaZulu-Natal|Natal]] curries include the traditional Natal curry, the Durban curry, [[bunny chow]], and roti rolls. South African curries appear to have been created in both [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and the [[Western Cape]], while others developed across the country over the late 20th and early 21st centuries to include ekasi, coloured, and [[Afrikaner]] varieties.<ref name="seid">{{cite news |last=Seid |first=Shelley |title=Curry is the story of South Africa on a plate |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/food/2017-10-18-curry-is-the-story-of-south-africa-on-a-plate/ |access-date=27 January 2018 |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127061712/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/food/2017-10-18-curry-is-the-story-of-south-africa-on-a-plate/ |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Durban]] has the largest population of Indians outside of India in the world.<ref name="ishay">{{cite web |last1=Govender-Ypma |first1=Ishay |title=The Brutal History of South Africa's Most Famous Curry |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry/ |publisher=Munchies |access-date=27 January 2018 |date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021236/https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/qv3njv/the-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry |archive-date=28 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bunny chow or a "set", a South African standard, consists of either lamb, chicken or bean curry poured into a tunnelled-out loaf of bread to be eaten with one's fingers by dipping pieces of the bread into it.<ref name=seid/><ref name=ishay/> 'Bunny chow' is most likely an English compounding of two existing terms: 'bania', a merchant, from Hindi ''baniyā'' with the same meaning, ultimately from Sanskrit ''vaṇij''; and 'chow', from 'chow-chow', "a mixture".<ref>{{cite web |title=bunny chow |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/bunny-chow_n?tab=etymology |publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=19 March 2026 |quote=Probably < bania n. + chow n.}}</ref> The method of serving the curry was created because [[apartheid]] forbade black people from eating in Indian restaurants; the loaves could speedily be taken away and eaten in the street.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|p=243}}

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

{{refbegin |30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Collingham |first=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |date=2006 |orig-year=2005 ([[Chatto & Windus]]) |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-099-43786-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |editor=Tom Jaine |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]] |edition=3rd |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Iyer |first=Raghavan |author-link=Raghavan Iyer (chef) |year=2008 |title=660 Curries |location=New York |publisher=[[Workman Publishing Company|Workman Publishing]] |pages=2–3 |isbn=978-0761137870}}
* {{cite book |last=Iyer |first=Raghavan |author-link=Raghavan Iyer |title=On the Curry Trail: Chasing the Flavor That Seduced the World |publisher=[[Workman Publishing Company|Workman Publishing]] |location=New York |year=2022 |isbn=978-1523511211 |oclc=1374192575}}
* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=Colleen Taylor |title=Curry: A Global History |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London |date=2009 |series=Edible |isbn=978-1861895226 |oclc=1391407698}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin |30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Achaya |first=K.T. |title=Indian Food: A Historical Companion |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Burton |first=David |title=The Raj at Table |location=London |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |year=1993 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Pat |author-link=Pat Chapman (food writer) |title=Pat Chapman's Curry Bible |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |year=1997 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Grove |first1=Peter |last2=Grove |first2=Colleen |title=The Flavours of History |location=London |publisher=Godiva Books |year=2011 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |author-link=Madhur Jaffrey |title=Indian Cookery: A Cookbook |publisher=Clarkson Potter |location=New York |year=2023 |isbn=9780593802960 |oclc=1415749343 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

{{Curry in the United Kingdom}}
{{English cuisine}} 

{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Curry| ]]

Maestro Josinho

2026-03-18T10:58:34Z

ZPWClaudio:

{{Short description|Indian saxophonist (1941–2017)}}
{{infobox person
| name = Maestro Josinho
| image = Maestro Josinho.jpg
| caption = D'Souza in an undated photo released by [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] in 2012
| birth_name = Josinho Souza
| birth_place = [[Velim, Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| citizenship = India (from 1961)
| other_names = {{hlist|Juzinho|Josinho de Velim}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|7|15|df=y}}
| death_place = Velim, Goa, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|5|8|1941|7|15|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Saxophonist|playwright}}
| awards = {{ubl|
* [[All India Radio]] "Star of the Month" (2005)
*[[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2011)}}
| years_active = 1965–{{circa|2010}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instruments = {{hlist|[[Saxophone]]|[[clarinet]]|trumpet}}
| origin = Velim, [[South Goa]]
| current_member_of = AVC Pops}}
}}

'''Josinho D'Souza''' ({{langx|gom|Juzinho}}; [[né]] '''Souza'''; 15 July 1941 – 8 May 2017), known professionally as '''[[Maestro]] Josinho''', was an Indian [[saxophonist]] and [[playwright]] who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. Described by ''[[The Navhind Times]]'' as a leading saxophonist in ''[[tiatrs]]'', D'Souza is regarded as one of the stalwarts of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage. Throughout his career spanning over five decades, his music has been featured in approximately 3000 ''tiatrs'' and 250 [[audio cassettes]].

==Early life==
Josinho D'Souza, originally named Josinho Souza, was born on 15 July 1941, in [[Velim, Goa]], which was then part of [[Portuguese India]] under the [[Portuguese Empire]]. His parents were Caetano Piedade Souza, a musician, and Luizinha Filomena Luis. Growing up in Zaino-Velim, D'Souza developed a deep passion for music from an early age.<ref name=":1" />

D'Souza held the position of [[choirmaster]] at the St Roque Church in [[Tollecanto]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Gomes |first=Venita |date=2023-01-02 |title=Goa's St Roque Church: A perfect example of total heritage conservation |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/goas-st-roque-church-a-perfect-example-of-total-heritage-conservation |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref> During the golden phase of ''[[tiatr]]'' (1961–1970s),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date= |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |language=en}}</ref> he played a pivotal role in establishing the AVC Pops, a prominent [[big band]]. The band's [[repertoire]] prominently featured the [[trumpet]] and [[saxophone]].<ref name=":1" />

The St Roque Church, in its earlier form, featured an architectural ensemble that included a [[portico]] and a [[baptistry]] that also served as a reconciliation chapel. This space was utilized as an educational institution, offering instruction in various disciplines such as language, music, and [[entrepreneurship]]. The administration of this educational endeavor was entrusted to D'Souza along with Father Teles, from the [[Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ|Handmaids of Christ]], as well as instructors named Nicholau, and Abraham.<ref name=":4" />

==Career==
D'Souza embarked on his musical journey at the age of 13 by learning to play the [[clarinet]]. In the year 1965, he established his own band called AVC Pops. Subsequently, from 1966 to 1970, D'Souza dedicated himself in teaching music at St. Rock's High School in [[Tollecanto]]. Throughout his career, D'Souza's musical prowess extended to approximately 3000 ''[[tiatrs]]'', which were performed across various regions in India, as well as in [[Gulf countries]] and London.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Maestro Josinho no more |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Maestro-Josinho-no-more/114949 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107034930/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Maestro-Josinho-no-more/114949 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:St. Rock High School, Tollecanto.jpg|thumb|St. Rock's High School, 2016]]
D'Souza's involvement in the ''tiatr'' industry extended beyond live musical performances. He also made contributions in the design and operation of [[background music]] for various ''tiatrs''. Some of the ''tiatrs'' in which he showcased his musical talents include "''Patok''" (Sin), "''Ghatki Bhoinn''" (Traitor Sister), "''Sucorina''", "''Duddu ani Ginean''" (Money and Sense), "''Sonvsarant Astana Diat''", and "''Ostori''" (Woman). Furthermore, he lent his musical expertise to approximately 230 [[audio cassettes]]. Beyond his work as a musician, D'Souza also made contributions as a [[playwright]], having written three ''tiatrs'': "''Mai Paiche Dekhik Lagon''", "''Angovnnecho Put''", and "''Toddoki Pai''".<ref name=":0" />

D'Souza released his album titled ''"Mhozo Anvddo".'' The album consisted of a collection of six instrumental tracks and six [[Konkani language|Konkani]] songs. Within the instrumental tracks, [[Goan music]] was prominently featured, particularly in the final piece, which incorporated a [[Medley (music)|medley]] of ''[[dekhnni]]'' and other Goan folk songs. The titular song, performed by D'Souza himself, expressed his yearning for Goan youth to embrace music education, with a specific emphasis on wind instruments. During that era, there were only a limited number of young musicians proficient in [[wind instrument]]s. Additionally, D'Souza contributed his musical talents to the albums ''"Ek Uzvadd Tum"'' and ''"Tum Ani Hanv Mellonk"''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-05-11 |title=A tribute to late Josinho D'Souza – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times | Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/05/11/magazines/buzz/a-tribute-to-late-josinho-dsouza/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107021048/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/05/11/magazines/buzz/a-tribute-to-late-josinho-dsouza/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

D'Souza, during an interview in [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), crossed paths with Domingos Santano Rodrigues, professionally known as Dominic de Arambol, when he made his journey back to Goa from Bombay in 1989 after the passing of his father. The interview brought together approximately 72 musicians from various parts of India for an audition. Out of this group, only 13 individuals, including Rodrigues, were chosen for further opportunities.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Nurturing a musical passion |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Nurturing-a-musical-passion/91786 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

In subsequent years, D'Souza and Rodrigues collaborated on numerous musical performances, making contributions to the field of music. Their combined efforts resulted in the creation of nearly 250 [[audio cassettes]]. However, the duo eventually decided to go their separate ways. Rodrigues then joined Menino de Bandar's [[Theatrical troupe|troupe]], where he performed for a decade. Subsequently, he became a member of [[Prince Jacob]]'s troupe, where he showcased his talent for 10 years and 4 months.<ref name=":5" />

==Awards==
In 2005, D'Souza was honored as the Star of the Month by [[All India Radio]]. Throughout his career, D'Souza received numerous accolades which include the Gulab Award in 1996, the Culture Overseas Best Music Award in 2002 in [[Kuwait]], and the first prize for music in the ''tiatr'' "''Rater''" in 2003. In further recognition of his achievements, D'Souza was bestowed with the Goa State Cultural Award in 2008, the Dr Jack Sequeira Award in 2009, and the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award in 2011.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
On 8 May 2017, D'Souza died at his residence in [[Velim, Goa|Zaino-Velim]], at the age of 75.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2017 |title=Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation and Office of the Chief Registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |access-date=30 December 2022 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027073241/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/CertificateSelect_goaonline.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG), representing the community of ''tiatr'' artists and enthusiasts, expressed its condolences and heartfelt sympathies to the family.<ref name=":0" />

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1982
|''Ostori''
|Musician
|
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewarded for his talent |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Rewarded-for-his-talent/116544 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108163116/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Rewarded-for-his-talent/116544 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1984
|''Sucorina''
|Musician
|
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-02 |title=The double century saga returns |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-double-century-saga-returns/articleshow/50815293.cms |access-date=2023-11-07 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2016-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529123215/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/The-double-century-saga-returns/articleshow/50815293.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2003
|''Rater''
|Musician
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2004
|''Almanchea Disa''
|Musician
|
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2004-08-05 |title= Welcome 2 GOA-WORLD|url=http://www.goa-world.com/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805064458/http://www.goa-world.com/ |archive-date=2004-08-05 }}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''Goodbye London''
|Musician
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2007 |title=Forthcoming |url=http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/newsletter/2007/July/issue1/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.goanvoice.org.uk}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|''Hi Maim Konnachi''
|Musician
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-03 |title=HI MAIM KONNACHI – Tiatr |url=https://tiatr.in/tiart/hi-maim-konnachi/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161908/https://tiatr.in/tiart/hi-maim-konnachi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Hevui Chukik Bhogsonnem Nam''
|Musician
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Margao: Pundalik Naik is Gulab's Man of the Year |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=48975 |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161908/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=48975 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=HEVUI CHUKIK BHOGSONNEM NAM (HEVUI CHUKIK BHOGSONNEM ASSA – PART II) |url=https://tiatr.in/tiart/hevui-chukik-bhogsonnem-nam-hevui-chukik-bhogsonnem-assa-part-ii/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Tiatr.in |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161909/https://tiatr.in/tiart/hevui-chukik-bhogsonnem-nam-hevui-chukik-bhogsonnem-assa-part-ii/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|''Hevui Chukik Bhogsonnem Assa – Part II''
|Musician
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|
|''Ghatki Bhoinn''
|Musician
|
|rowspan="3"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Duddu ani Ginean''
|Musician
|
|-
|
|''Sonvsarant Astana Diat''
|Musician
|
|-
|
|''Mai Paiche Dekhik Lagon''
|Writer, director & musician
|
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2023-11-08 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|
|''Angovnnecho Put''
|Writer, director & musician
|
|-
|
|''Toddoki Pai''
|Writer, director & musician
|
|-
|2010
|''Patok''
|Musician
|
|<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=JoeGoaUk |date=28 February 2010 |title=Tiatr for Lent/Easter - Part II |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=goanet@lists.goanet.org&q=subject:%22%5C%5BGoanet%5C%5D+tiatr%22&o=newest&f=1 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Goanet]] |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161910/https://www.mail-archive.com/search?l=goanet@lists.goanet.org&q=subject:%22%5C%5BGoanet%5C%5D+tiatr%22&o=newest&f=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Select discography==
===Albums===
*''Classic Goa: Hits of the Millennium'' (1999)<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOA-WORLD - Silvano Barbosa Presents LORNA in CLASSIC GOA |url=https://www.oocities.org/goaraj@rogers.com/konkani_cd/lorna_in_classicgoa.htm |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.oocities.org |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161915/https://www.oocities.org/goaraj@rogers.com/konkani_cd/lorna_in_classicgoa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Aguad Jeilik Burak'' (2001)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-05 |title=AGUAD JEILIK BURAK – Tiatr |url=https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/aguad-jeilik-burak/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161914/https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/aguad-jeilik-burak/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Ek Uzvadd Tum'' (2006)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=J P |date=16 January 2011 |title=Navhind Times Audio Review: Some pleasing songs to hear by J P Pereira |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=[[The Navhind Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114135822/https://www.navhindtimes.in/ |archive-date=2011-01-14 }}</ref>
*''Mhozo Anvddo'' (2007)<ref name=":1" />
*''Tum Ani Hanv Mellonk'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=J P |date=16 January 2011 |title=Navhind Times Audio Review by J P Pereira 'Tum ani hanv mellonk' |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=[[The Navhind Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114135822/https://www.navhindtimes.in/ |archive-date=2011-01-14 }}</ref>
*''Pelo''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-05 |title=PELO – Tiatr |url=https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/pelo/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161917/https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/pelo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Ophelia''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-07 |title=OPHELIA – Tiatr |url=https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/ophelia/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161917/https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/ophelia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Dennem''<ref>{{Cite web |last=mangoansongs |date=2023-09-27 |title=Dennem - Singer Lorna Lyrics Neves Oliveira {{!}} Konkani Song Lyrics |url=https://www.mangoansongs.travel-goa.in/2023/09/dennem-singer-lorna-lyrics-neves-oliveira-konkani-song-lyrics/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Mangalorean Goan Songs |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Audio cassettes===
*''Goinchi Girestkai'' (2004)<ref name=":3" />
*''Ponvotti'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |title='Ponvotti' released at Margao |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Panjim/22-sept-2013/69874 |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>
*''Diana''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-17 |title=DIANA – Tiatr |url=https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/diana/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108163127/https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/diana/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===VCDs===
*''Khorem Bhangar'' (2004)<ref name=":3" />
*''Thank You Kuwait'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Last Works of Rosary Ferns: Thank You Kuwait VCD released in Kuwait |url=https://www.indiansinkuwait.com/news/Last-Works-of-Rosary-Ferns-Thank-You-Kuwait-VCD-released-in-Kuwait |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.indiansinkuwait.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108163015/https://www.indiansinkuwait.com/news/Last-Works-of-Rosary-Ferns-Thank-You-Kuwait-VCD-released-in-Kuwait |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Duets of C. Alvares'' ([[Posthumous publication|posthumously]]; 2019)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-07 |title=DUETS OF C. ALVARES – Tiatr |url=https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/duets-of-c-alvares/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108163022/https://tiatr.in/films_albums_books/duets-of-c-alvares/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maestro Josinho}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]

Nupur Joshi

2026-03-15T03:04:01Z

ZPWClaudio: Put up a entry basic info

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nupur Joshi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| other_names =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma mater = MS Psychology Honours from [[Daulat Ram College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years active = 2003–present
| known_for = ''[[Jasoos Vijay]]'', ''[[Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor]]'', ''[[Khushiyan]]'', ''[[Do Hanson Ka Jodaa]]''
| spouse =
}}

'''Nupur Joshi''' is an Indian actress<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi on her career trajectory |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/nupur-joshi-on-her-career-trajectory-342239/ |work=The Tribune |date=24 Nov 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Paranthas & chills |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/paranthas-chills-353177/ |work=The Tribune |date=22 Dec 2021 |language=en}}</ref> who primarily works in Hindi television and films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farah Rizvi |first1=S Farah |title=You might see me on stage in Lucknow, says actor Nupur Joshi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/you-might-see-me-on-stage-in-lucknow-says-actor-nupur-joshi-101637762004128.html |issue=25 Nov 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="Why Nupur skipped the awards">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Shameem |title=Why Nupur skipped the awards |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-why-nupur-skipped-the-awards-1130607 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> She gained recognition for her roles as ''Nandini Thakur'' in ''[[Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor]]'', ''Parvati'' in ''[[Jasoos Vijay]]'' and ''Preeti'' in ''[[Khushiyan]]''. Joshi established herself as an actress with her portrayal of ''Esha'' in [[Ayan Mukerji]]'s romantic comedy film''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'', ''Mishri'' in the Drama TV series ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]'' and ''Sumi'' in ''[[Do Hanson Ka Jodaa]]''.<ref name="Nupur Joshi says, ‘I feel there’s still a long and happy road ahead and I’m excited to tread the path">{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi says, 'I feel there's still a long and happy road ahead and I'm excited to tread the path |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/nupur-joshi-says-i-feel-theres-still-a-long-and-happy-road-ahead-and-im-excited-to-tread-the-path/ |publisher=Cine Buster |date=23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sehgal |first1=Chirag |title=Shalin's Former Co-Star Nupur Joshi Says His Split With Dalljiet Looked Unbelievable |url=https://www.news18.com/news/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-16-shalin-bhanot-former-co-star-nupur-joshi-says-his-split-with-dalljiet-kaur-looked-unbelievable-6195331.html |work=News18 |date=19 Oct 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=TV actress Nupur Joshi experiences spiritual energy of Varanasi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/soul-food-tv-actress-nupur-joshi-experiences-spiritual-energy-of-varanasi/articleshow/91397545.cms |work=The Times of India |date=7 May 2022}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Joshi was born into a Hindu family in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi is missing Delhi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/nupur-joshi-is-missing-delhi-359352/ |work=The Tribune |date=8 Jan 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harshali Zine will celebrate a toned down Diwali, Nupur Joshi to travel to Delhi to be with family |url=https://www.justshowbiz.net/harshali-zine-will-celebrate-a-toned-down-diwali-nupur-joshi-to-travel-to-delhi-to-be-with-family/ |work=JustShowBiz |date=3 November 2021}}</ref> She graduated with an MS in Psychology Honours from [[Daulat Ram College]]. During her college days, Joshi performed plays in collaboration with the [[National School of Drama]] (NSD).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Siddhi |title=Nupur Joshi: Got my first nose piercing on a whim, in Delhi's Kamla Nagar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/nupur-joshi-got-my-first-nose-piercing-on-a-whim-in-delhi-s-kamla-nagar-101640775804454.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=29 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Vipul |title=Nupur Joshi: I'm quite an old soul when it comes to love |url=https://glamgold.com/nupur-joshi-im-quite-an-old-soul-when-it-comes-to-love/ |work=GlamGold |date=26 February 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Television debut and breakthrough ===
She began her acting career in 2003 with the television series ''[[Khushiyan]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi: I'm quite an old soul when it comes to love |url=https://glamgold.com/nupur-joshi-im-quite-an-old-soul-when-it-comes-to-love/ |work=GlamGold |date=26 February 2022}}</ref> where she played the lead role of ''Preeti''. Her early success continued in 2003 with the horror anthology series ''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]'' as ''Lily''<ref>{{cite news |title=Pahadi girl Nupur Joshi is missing winter in MumbaiParanthas & chills |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/pahadi-girl-nupur-joshi-is-missing-winter-in-mumbaiparanthas-chills-353190/ |work=The Tribune |date=22 Dec 2021 |language=en}}</ref> And in the year 2005, she played the lead role of ''Parvati'' in the television series ''[[Jasoos Vijay]]''.<ref name="Nupur Joshi says, ‘I feel there’s still a long and happy road ahead and I’m excited to tread the path"/> Joshi's talent for portraying emotionally complex characters led her to prominent roles throughout the 2000s, including her performance as ''Nandini Thakur'' in ''[[Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor]]'' (2007),<ref name="The Times of India"/> a critically appreciated lead role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bollywood Roundup: Maera Misshra, Bhumi Pednekar, Nupur Joshi, and more... |url=https://indianewengland.com/bollywood-roundup-maera-misshra-bhumi-pednekar-nupur-joshi-and-more/ |work=New England News |date=10 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The same year, she was also seen in a supporting role as ''Mishri'' in the long-running show ''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Actor Nupur Joshi Becomes Victim Of Online Fraud, Demands Blue Badge For Her Instagram! |url=https://www.womansera.com/tv-actor-nupur-joshi-becomes-victim-of-online-fraud-demands-blue-badge-for-her-instagram/ |work=Woman's era Magazine |date=23 September 2022}}</ref> In 2010, she starred as ''Sumi'' in ''[[Do Hanson Ka Jodaa]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sampurn |first1=|title=Hanso Ka Joda imagined by NDTV imagine |url=https://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2009/09/10/hanso-ka-joda-imagined-by-ndtv-imagine-32394/ |publisher=The Gaea Times |date=10 Sep 2009}}</ref> again taking on a lead role, while also appearing as ''Mandira'' in the supporting cast of ''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shubhangi Atre, Nupur Joshi remember late actress Reema Lagoo on her birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shubhangi-atre-nupur-joshi-remember-late-actress-reema-lagoo-on-her-birthday/articleshow/92367434.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

In the later stages of her career, Joshi continued to engage audiences with meaningful supporting roles, including her portrayal of ''Soumya Goenka'' in the widely acclaimed series ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lydia |first1=Diana |title=Nupur Joshi of Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai unveils her simplistic side! |url=https://urbanasian.com/featured/2017/01/nupur-joshi-of-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-unveils-her-simplistic-side/ |publisher=Urban Asian |date=20 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai actress Nupur Joshi bids adieu to Ganpati Bappa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anantchaturdashi2022-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-actress-nupur-joshi-bids-adieu-to-ganpati-bappa/articleshow/94099428.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2022}}</ref> Expanding into digital media, she appeared in the TV series ''Split''<ref name="SPLIT miniseries">{{cite web |last1=Rich |first1=Gracia |title=SPLIT miniseries |url=https://splitminiseries.com/ |website=splitminiseries.com}}</ref> in 2020, showcasing her adaptability to new formats and platforms. Most recently, in 2023, she played the role of ''Swamini'' in the youth-centric series ''Campus Beats''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yeh Ristha Kya Kehlata Hai completes eight years! |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2017/01/yeh-ristha-kya-kehlata-hai-completes-eight-years/ |publisher=Urban Asian |date=15 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Live |first1=ABP |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai: Nupur Joshi to enter the show as Karthik's real mother |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-nupur-joshi-to-enter-the-show-as-karthiks-real-mother-470781 |publisher=ABP Live |date=27 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

=== film career ===
Joshi began her film journey in 2013 with a supporting role as ''Esha'' in the hit Bollywood film [[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]],<ref name="Struggles make your journey memorable, and of course, I had my share of them: Nupur Joshi">{{cite news |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aakash |title=Struggles make your journey memorable, and of course, I had my share of them: Nupur Joshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/struggles-make-your-journey-memorable-and-of-course-i-had-my-share-of-them-nupur-joshi/articleshow/88788379.cms |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2022}}</ref> where she shared screen space with a prominent ensemble cast. In 2014, she took on her first leading role in the short film ''Katputliwala'',<ref name="Disney+ Hotstar’s period drama will remind you of Game of Thrones, Padmaavat">{{cite news |title=Disney+ Hotstar's period drama will remind you of Game of Thrones, Padmaavat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-empire-teaser-disney-hotstars-epic-drama-reminds-game-of-thrones-padmaavat-nikkhil-advani-7396587/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> portraying the complex character of ''Laxmi''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi: I believe we all are spiritual beings |url=https://bollyy.com/nupur-joshi-i-believe-we-all-are-spiritual-beings/ |work=Bolly.com |date=12 Feb 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi says, 'I've the shyness of 60's, coyness of 70's, and love the love letter generation of the 80's'! |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/nupur-joshi-says-ive-the-shyness-of-60s-coyness-of-70s-and-love-the-love-letter-generation-of-the-80s/ |work=Cine Buster |date=21 February 2022}}</ref> After a brief hiatus from the screen, she returned in 2018 with short film appearances ''Interior'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Interior (2018) |url=https://theskykid.com/interior-2018/#:~:text=Reed%20Van%20Dyk's%202018%20film,of%20a%20young%20Norwegian%20boy. |work=TheSkyKid.Com |date=2 November 2019}}</ref> in which she played a ''neighbor'', and ''U-Turn'',<ref name="NHRC selects Marathi short film ‘Chirbhog’ for the first prize of Rs. 2 lakh; ‘Enabled’ in Assamese and ‘Atcham Thavir’ in Tamil get the 2nd and 3rd prize of Rs.1.5 lakh and Rs.1 lakh in its 8th Short Film Competition on human rights {{!}} National Human Rights Commission India">{{cite web |title=NHRC selects Marathi short film 'Chirbhog' for the first prize of Rs. 2 lakh; 'Enabled' in Assamese and 'Atcham Thavir' in Tamil get the 2nd and 3rd prize of Rs.1.5 lakh and Rs.1 lakh in its 8th Short Film Competition on human rights {{!}} National Human Rights Commission India |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/media/press-release/nhrc-selects-marathi-short-film-%E2%80%98chirbhog%E2%80%99-first-prize-rs-2-lakh-%E2%80%98enabled%E2%80%99 |website=nhrc.nic.in |language=en}}</ref> where she took on the role of a ''sister'' in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harshali Zine will celebrate a toned down Diwali, Nupur Joshi to travel to Delhi to be with family!|url=https://www.cinebuster.in/harshali-zine-will-celebrate-a-toned-down-diwali-nupur-joshi-to-travel-to-delhi-to-be-with-family/ |publisher=Cine Buster |date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai' Nupur Joshi submits Government IDs for social media verification; learns she got hacked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-nupur-joshi-submits-government-ids-for-social-media-verification-learns-she-got-hacked/articleshow/94376804.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Taneja |first1=Parina |title= Kangana Ranaut, Javed Akhtar, Kamal Haasan and others voice opinions |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/hijab-controversy-kangana-ranaut-javed-akhtar-kamal-haasan-and-others-jump-into-issue-latest-celeb-news-2022-02-11-759106 |work=India TV News |date=11 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2003
|''[[Khushiyan]]''
| Preeti
| Lead role
|-
|2003
|''[[Ssshhhh...Koi Hai]]''
| Lily
| Lead role
|-
|2005
|''[[Jasoos Vijay]]''
| Parvati
| Lead role<ref name="Nupur Joshi says, ‘I feel there’s still a long and happy road ahead and I’m excited to tread the path"/>
|-
|2007
|''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
| Mishri
| Supporting cast<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi keen to enact a stronger shade of character - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/nupur-joshi-keen-to-enact-a-stronger-shade-of-character/ |work=Lokmat Times |date=14 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|''[[Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor]]''
| Nandini Thakur
| Lead role<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi experiences spiritual energy of Varanasi |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=955544 |work=Daiji World |date=6 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Do Hanson Ka Jodaa]]''
| Sumi
| Lead role<ref>{{cite news |title=Nupur Joshi on Do Hanson Ka Jodaa co-star Shalin Bhanot opening up about his neurological issues in Bigg Boss 16 house, 'May he get his chance to curate himself better this time' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-nupur-joshi-on-do-hanson-ka-jodaa-co-star-shalin-bhanot-opening-up-about-his-neurological-issues-in-bigg-boss-16-house-may-he-get-his-chance-to-curate-himself-better-this-time/articleshow/94946566.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]''
| Mandira
| Supporting cast
|-
|2017
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Soumya Goenka
| Supporting cast<ref>{{cite news |title=Feels like a family! |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/feels-like-a-family-353466 |work=The Tribune |date=22 Jan 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Split''
| TV Series
| Supporting Cast<ref name="SPLIT miniseries"/>
|-
|2023
|''[[Campus Beats]]''
| Swamini
| Supporting Cast<ref>{{cite news |title='Campus Beats Reboot' trailer unravels complex web of relationships and drama |url=https://ianslive.in/campus-beats-reboot-trailer-unravels-complex-web-of-relationships-and-drama--20241115162105 |work=IANS News |date=15 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2013
|''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| Esha
| Supporting Cast<ref name="Struggles make your journey memorable, and of course, I had my share of them: Nupur Joshi"/>
|-
|2014
|''Katputliwala''
| Laxmi / Short film
| Lead role<ref name="Disney+ Hotstar’s period drama will remind you of Game of Thrones, Padmaavat"/>
|-
|2018
|''Interior''
| Neighbor / Short film
| Supporting Cast<ref>{{cite news |title=Reed Van Dyk – Interior « File Magazine |url=https://file-magazine.com/blog/reed-van-dyk-interior |work=File Magazine}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''U-Turn''
| Sister / Short film
| Supporting Cast<ref name="NHRC selects Marathi short film ‘Chirbhog’ for the first prize of Rs. 2 lakh; ‘Enabled’ in Assamese and ‘Atcham Thavir’ in Tamil get the 2nd and 3rd prize of Rs.1.5 lakh and Rs.1 lakh in its 8th Short Film Competition on human rights {{!}} National Human Rights Commission India"/>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Title
! Result
! Ref
|-
| 2007
| [[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
| The Best Bhai Behen
| ''[[Rakhi – Atoot Rishtey Ki Dor]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref name="Why Nupur skipped the awards"/>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4381382|Nupur Joshi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Nupur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]

Electric Loco Shed, Ludhiana

2026-03-13T11:09:12Z

ZPWClaudio:

{{Short description|Loco shed in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox railway depot
| embed =
| name = Electric Loco Shed, Ludhiana
| image = Ldh shed.jpg
| image_upright = 1.25
| image_alt =
| caption = LDH based [[WAG-9]] At Electric Loco Shed, Ludhiana
| map_type = India Punjab
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.912|N|75.848|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_size = 250
| location = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| depotcode = LDH
| type = [[Engine shed]]
| roads =
| rollingstock = [[WAP-7]] [[WAG-9]]
| routes =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2001|||df=y}}
| closed = 
| original =
| pregrouping =
| postgrouping =
| former_rolling_stock = [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] [[WAM-4]] [[WAG-7]]
| image_width =
}}

'''Electric Loco Shed, Ludhiana''' is a [[motive power depot]] performing locomotive maintenance and repair facility for [[electric locomotive]]s of the [[Indian Railways]], located at {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}} of the [[Northern Railway zone]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India.

==Operation==
Being one of the three electric engine sheds in Northern Railway, various major and minor maintenance schedules of electric locomotives are carried out here. It has the sanctioned capacity of 175 engine units. Beyond the operating capacity, this shed houses a total of 198 engine units, including 55 [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]] and 143 [[WAG-9]]. LDH used to hold [[WAP-4]] & [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] locomotives, which are now all transferred to other sheds. Like all locomotive sheds, LDH does regular maintenance, overhaul and repair including painting and washing of locomotives.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 2020, the depot built a battery-operated [[shunter]] using components scavenged from decommissioned locomotives. The shunter can be powered either directly from overhead wires, or from battery power for limited time periods. It operates in place of a diesel shunter.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Kuldip|date=2020-08-17|title=Electric Loco Shed makes engine from scrap|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/electric-loco-shed-makes-engine-from-scrap-127488|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|last3=|first3=|date=2020-08-17|title=Railways develop unique electric engine for maintaining high temsion cables {{!}} Ludhiana News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/railways-develop-unique-electric-engine-for-maintaining-high-temsion-cables/articleshow/77580117.cms|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Locomotives ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Serial No.
!Locomotive Class
!Horsepower
!Quantity
|-
|1.
|[[WAP-7]]
|6350
|44
|-
|2.
|[[WAG-9]]
|6120
|205
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total locomotives active as of January 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=e-Locos|url=http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html}}</ref>
|249
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Locomotives Sheds of India}}

[[Category:Electric railway depots in India|Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-12T06:16:37Z

ZPWClaudio: added some stub more to come

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Junagadh
| type = LS
| map_image = જુનાગઢ – Junagadh.svg
| map_caption = Junagadh Lok Sabha Constituency જૂનાગઢ લોક સભા મતદાર વિભાગ
| established = 1962
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons = [[Junagadh Assembly constituency|Junagadh]] [[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]] [[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol]] [[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]] [[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]] [[Kodinar Assembly constituency|Kodinar]] [[Una, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Una]]
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Chudasama Rajeshbhai Naranbhai]]
| incumbent_image = Rajesh Chudasama.jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
}}
'''Junagadh''' is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state, in western [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC – Loksabha Election 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|86
|[[Junagadh Assembly constituency|Junagadh]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|87
|[[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|89
|[[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|90
|[[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Gir Somnath district|Gir Somnath]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|91
|[[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|92
|[[Kodinar Assembly constituency|Kodinar]]
|SC
|-
|93
|[[Una, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Una]]
|None
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|C. R. Raja
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Viren Shah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Nanjibhai Vekaria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Requisitions)}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Narendra Nathwani]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohanbhai Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Govindbhai Shekhda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Ahir Jasabhai D. Barad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Dinubhai Boghabhai Solanki]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajeshbhai Naranbhai Chudasama]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Junagadh]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Junagadh">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Junagadh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0613.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722164935/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0613.htm |archive-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajesh Chudasama]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,84,049|percentage=54.67|change={{up}} 0.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ahir Hirabhai Arjanbhai Jotva|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,48,555|percentage=41.99|change={{up}} 2.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jayantilal Maldebhai Malaria
|votes = 7,282
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ishwar Rambhai Solanki|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=1,171|percentage=0.11|change={{increase}}New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=14,013|percentage=1.31|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,35,494|percentage=12.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,69,622|percentage=59.54|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Junagadh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajesh Chudasama]]
|votes = 5,47,952
|percentage = 54.51
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Punjabhai Vansh]]
|votes = 3,97,767
|percentage = 39.57
|change = -0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Deven Govindbhai Vanvi
|votes = 25,710
|percentage = 2.56
|change = +2.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 15,608
|percentage = 1.55
|change = -0.26
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,50,185
|percentage = 14.94
|change = +0.51
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,07,252
|percentage = 61.31
|change = -2.12
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Junagadh]]<ref name="auto">CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=14 May 2014 }}''</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajesh Chudasama]]
|votes = 5,13,179
|percentage = 54.51
|change = +7.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Punjabhai Vansh]]
|votes = 3,77,347
|percentage = 40.08
|change = -4.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Atul Govindbhai Sekhada
|votes = 16,674
|percentage = 1.77
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 17,022
|percentage = 1.81
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,35,832
|percentage = 14.43
|change = +12.62
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,42,257
|percentage = 63.43
|change = +17.64
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +7.76
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Junagadh]]<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-11 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Dinu Solanki|Dinubhai Boghabhai Solanki]]
|votes = 3,55,295
|percentage = 46.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Ahir Jasabhai D. Barad]]
|votes = 3,41,546
|percentage = 44.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Harilal Chauhan
|votes = 23,290
|percentage = 3.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,759
|percentage = 1.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 760,020
|percentage = 57.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Junagadh]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Ahir Jasabhai D. Barad]]
|votes = 3,29,712
|percentage = 50.02%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
|votes = 2,88,791
|percentage = 43.81%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Umarbhai Parmar
|votes = 14,759
|percentage = 2.23%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,921
|percentage = 6.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,59,128
|percentage = 53.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Junagadh district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|21.5|70.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Junagadh]]

List of Odia films of 1964

2026-03-09T18:49:20Z

ZPWClaudio: creating a info...

{{Short description|None}}

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1964:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|{{Year header}} | '''[[1964 in film|1964]]'''
|-
|''[[Amada Bata|Amada Bata (The Untrodden Road)]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Amar Ganguly]] ||[[Umakant]], [[Jharana Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Sadhana (1964 film)|Sadhana]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-07 |title=Celebrating the art of filmmaking with Odia classic Sadhana |url=https://odishabytes.com/celebrating-art-filmmaking-odia-classic-sadhana/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=OdishaBytes |language=en-US}}</ref>''||[[Prabhat Mukherjee]]<ref name=":0" />||[[Sharat Pujari]], [[Meenati]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1964 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1964]]
[[Category:Lists of 1964 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1964 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1960s in Orissa]]

Communist Party of India (Maoist)

2026-03-09T08:12:08Z

ZPWClaudio: brief cleanup section based on references additionally and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Militant Maoist political party in India}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Copy edit|date=October 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Communist Party of India (Maoist)
| logo =
| flag = South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg
| colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of India (Maoist)}}
| abbreviation = CPI (Maoist)
| general_secretary = [[Thippiri Tirupathi]]{{Surrendered}}
| founded = 21 September 2004
| merger = {{•}}[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War|CPI(ML) People's War]] {{•}}[[Maoist Communist Centre of India|MCC]] {{•}}[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari|CPI(ML) Naxalbari]]
| banned = 22 June 2009
| student_wing = {{•}}[[All India Revolutionary Students Federation|AIRSF]] {{•}}[[Radical Students Union]]
| youth_wing = [[Radical Youth League]]
| womens_wing = [[Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan]]
| wing1_title = Paramilitary wings
| wing1 = {{•}}[[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)|PLGA]] {{•}}People's Militia
| wing2_title = [[Trade union]] wing
| wing2 = [[Singareni Karmika Samakya|Sikasa]] (alleged)
| wing3_title = Cultural organisation
| wing3 = [[Chetna Natya Manch]]
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|[[Communism]]|[[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]]}}
| position = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
| blank1_title = Motives
| blank1 = *Overthrow of the [[Government of India]] by means of armed rebellion<ref name="Myrdal 183–184">{{cite book|title=Red Star Over India: As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising: Impressions, Reflections, and Preliminary Inferences|chapter=Appendix–III|first=Jan|last=Myrdal|date=5 May 2014|publisher=Archana Das and Subrata Das on behalf of Setu Prakashani|pages=183–184|place=Kolkata|isbn=978-93-80677-20-0|oclc=858528997|quote=The Dandakaranya Janathana Circars of today are the basis for the Indian People's Democratic Federal Republic of tomorrow.... In any social revolution, including the Indian New Democratic Revolution, the most crucial, central and main question is that of (state) power. Our party is striving to establish area wise power by mobilising people politically into the protracted people's war, building the people's army (in the form of guerrilla army) and destroying the state machinery of the enemy–ruling classes. It is a part of this revolutionary process that it is establishing Janathana Sarkars in Dandakaranya.}}</ref>
*Establishment of a [[Maoist]] regime in India<ref name="Myrdal 183–184">{{cite book|title=Red Star Over India: As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising: Impressions, Reflections, and Preliminary Inferences|chapter=Appendix–III|first=Jan|last=Myrdal|date=5 May 2014|publisher=Archana Das and Subrata Das on behalf of Setu Prakashani|pages=183–184|place=Kolkata|isbn=978-93-80677-20-0|oclc=858528997|quote=The Dandakaranya Janathana Circars of today are the basis for the Indian People's Democratic Federal Republic of tomorrow.... In any social revolution, including the Indian New Democratic Revolution, the most crucial, central and main question is that of (state) power. Our party is striving to establish area wise power by mobilising people politically into the protracted people's war, building the people's army (in the form of guerrilla army) and destroying the state machinery of the enemy–ruling classes. It is a part of this revolutionary process that it is establishing Janathana Sarkars in Dandakaranya.}}</ref>
*To destroy the [[State (polity)|state]] machinery and establish the Indian People's Democratic Federative Republic<ref name="Myrdal 183–184">{{cite book|title=Red Star Over India: As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising: Impressions, Reflections, and Preliminary Inferences|chapter=Appendix–III|first=Jan|last=Myrdal|date=5 May 2014|publisher=Archana Das and Subrata Das on behalf of Setu Prakashani|pages=183–184|place=Kolkata|isbn=978-93-80677-20-0|oclc=858528997|quote=The Dandakaranya Janathana Circars of today are the basis for the Indian People's Democratic Federal Republic of tomorrow.... In any social revolution, including the Indian New Democratic Revolution, the most crucial, central and main question is that of (state) power. Our party is striving to establish area wise power by mobilising people politically into the protracted people's war, building the people's army (in the form of guerrilla army) and destroying the state machinery of the enemy–ruling classes. It is a part of this revolutionary process that it is establishing Janathana Sarkars in Dandakaranya.}}</ref>
| blank2_title = Active region(s)
| blank2 = India (mainly in [[Red corridor]])
| blank3_title = Status
| blank3 = *Designated as a terrorist organisation by India<ref name=MaoTerrorist>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=49325|title=CPI (Maoist) included in list of terrorist organizations to avoid any ambiguity|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
**Designated as unlawful association by the [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and [[Chhattisgarh]] governments

| country = India
| footnotes =
}}
{{Communist Parties|Asia}}
{{Communism in India|expanded=all}}
The '''Communist Party of India (Maoist)''' is a banned [[Marxist–Leninist–Maoist]]<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asia Defence And Strategic Year Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlVXtIsXCxYC&pg=PA62|pages=62–63|author=Deepak Kapoor|publisher=Pentagon Press|year=2009|isbn=978-81-8274-399-1}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cpi-maoist-commander-hidma-promoted-to-central-committee/article19653439.ece|title=CPI (Maoist) commander Hidma promoted to Central Committee|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 September 2017|access-date=April 27, 2019|last1=Dahat|first1=Pavan}}</ref> [[Communism|communist]] political party and militant organization<ref>{{Cite web|date=October–December 2005|title=Maoism: An Exercise in Anarchism|url=https://www.cpim.org/marxist/200504-Maoism.doc|website=CPIM|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702175121/https://www.cpim.org/marxist/200504-Maoism.doc|url-status=dead}}</ref> in India which aims to overthrow the [[India|Republic of India]] through [[people's war|protracted people's war]]. It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War|CPIML People's War]] and the [[Maoist Communist Centre of India|MCCI]]. The party has been designated as a terrorist organisation in India under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] since 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maoists-fourth-deadliest-terror-outfit-after-taliban-is-boko-haram-report/articleshow/54354196.cms|title=Maoists fourth deadliest terror outfit after Taliban, IS, Boko Haram: Report|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/864540/are-all-terrorists-really-muslims/|title=Most terrorists in India are Hindus, the ones whom we have conveniently labelled 'Maoist' instead of 'Hindu'.|date=4 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/718458/most-extremists-in-india-are-not-muslim-they-are-hindu|title=Most extremists in India are not Muslim – they are Hindu|date=6 April 2015 |last1=Patel |first1=Aakar }}</ref>

In 2006, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] referred to the Maoists as "the single biggest internal security challenge" for India,<ref name=time20080529>{{Cite news|last=Robinson|first=Simon|title=India's Secret War|newspaper=Time|date=29 May 2008|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1810169-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602152918/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1810169-1,00.html|archive-date=2 June 2008}}</ref><ref name=econ20091105>{{Cite news|title=India's Naxalite Rebellion: The red heart of India|newspaper=The Economist|location=London|date=5 November 2009|url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14820724|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> and said that the "deprived and alienated sections of the population" form the backbone of the Maoist movement in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Ragtag Band of Maoists Takes Root Among Rural Poor|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/12/AR2006051202039_pf.html|first=John|last=Lancaster|newspaper=Washington Post|date=13 May 2006|access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref> The government officials have declared that, in 2013, 76 districts in the country were affected by "[[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|left wing extremism]]", with another 106 districts in ideological influence.<ref name="SATP–2014">{{cite web|title=India: Maoist Conflict Map 2014|url=http://satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/database/LWE_conflictmap2014.html|publisher=SATP|location=New Delhi|year=2014|access-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarh]] is often affected by the party's militant activities.

In 2024, the party faced a major setback when the government increased their counterinsurgency operations in states affected by the insurgency.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Time has come for ruthless, final blow to finish Maoists by 2026: Amit Shah says in Chhattisgarh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/time-has-come-for-ruthless-final-blow-to-finish-maoists-by-2026-amit-shah-says-in-chhattisgarh/articleshow/112768662.cms|access-date=2024-08-27|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Another setback occurred in 2025 when the leader of the group [[Nambala Keshava Rao]] was killed in an encounter with Security forces in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Top Maoist leader with ₹1 crore bounty likely killed in Chhattisgarh encounter|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-maoist-leader-with-rs-1-crore-bounty-likely-killed-in-chhattisgarh-encounter-101747812927100.html|access-date=2025-05-21|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==History==
The Communist Party of India (Maoist) was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War]] (People's War Group), and the [[Maoist Communist Centre of India]] (MCCI). The high-level bi-lateral meetings between the two erstwhile parties started in February 2003<ref name=":0"/> and continued for several months, entailing discussions on major questions concerning their future political orientation. In the course of these, unity could be found and 5 Key Papers for the new, unified organisation were finalized and adopted:

• "Hold High the Bright Red Banner of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism", a primarily ideological document explaining the unified party's understanding of the development and content of [[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism|Marxism–Leninism-Maoism]]. It forms the cornerstone of the party's ideological-political principles and views.

• "[https://bannedthought.net/India/CPI-Maoist-Docs/Founding/Programme-pamphlet.pdf Party Programme]", a concise 35-point outline of the party's general political line, synthesized out of more than 30 years of experience of the MCCI and the PWG. It includes the Indian Revolution's minimum and maximum programmes for establishing [[Communism|Socialism-Communism]] as to the Maoists.

• "[https://bannedthought.net/India/CPI-Maoist-Docs/Founding/Constitution.doc Party Constitution]", the foremost political-organisational document laying down the Maoists' general programme, the rights and duties of their members, [[party discipline]], [[Democratic centralism|organisational structure]] and how they acquire their funds for operations.

• "[https://bannedthought.net/India/CPI-Maoist-Docs/Founding/StrategyTactics-pamphlet.pdf Strategy and Tactics of the Indian Revolution]", an elaborate [[class analysis]] of Indian society, followed up by "the determination of the main blow" of the CPI (Maoist)'s forces at its given stage, as well as the forms of struggle and organisation the Maoists see as appropriate for achieving their aim of "[[New Democracy|New Democratic]] and [[Revolutionary socialism|Socialist Revolution]]".

• "[https://bannedthought.net/India/CPI-Maoist-Docs/Founding/PoliticalResolution-pamphlet.pdf Political Resolution]", a detailed analysis of India's Domestic Situation, as well as the International Situation, alongside its call for build the "subjective forces", i.e. the communists' [[Vanguardism|vanguard]]-capability, to utilize what they evaluated as an "excellent revolutionary situation".

The merger was first declared in a "Unity Commune" formed with extensive cultural programmes and security precautions which went on from early September to early October.<ref>"[https://bannedthought.net/India/CPI-Maoist-Docs/Founding/HailFormationOfCPI(Maoist)-2004.pdf Hail the Formation of Communist Party of India (Maoist)]", a 32-page pamphlet by Redical Publications, published in Kolkata in 2004. (see: pp. 2-4 & materials between pp. 12-14)</ref> Following that, the founding of the unified party was finally announced to the public on 14 October of the same year.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-10-14|title=PWG and MCC merge to form new party|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/PWG-and-MCC-merge-to-form-new-party/articleshow/885422.cms|access-date=2024-09-19|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2004-10-14|title=Red alert: MCC and PW merge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Red-alert-MCC-and-PW-merge/articleshow/885786.cms|access-date=2024-09-19|work=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the course of the merger, a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People's War Group leader [[Ganapathy (Maoist)|Muppala Lakshmana Rao]], alias "Ganapathi", as general secretary.<ref name="satpprofile"/> Further, on [[May Day]] 2014, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari]] merged into the CPI (Maoist).<ref name="CPIML-MAO-Merge">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/cpiml-naxalbari-cpimaoist-merge/article5964758.ece|title=CPI(ML) Naxalbari, CPI(Maoist) merge|work=The Hindu|date=May 1, 2014|agency=The Hindu|access-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref>

==Ideology==
The CPI (Maoist) observes that the Indian [[State (polity)|state]] is being "run by a collaboration of [[Imperialism|imperialists]], the [[comprador]] [[bourgeoisie]] and [[Feudalism|feudal lords]]."<ref>{{cite news|title=Several leaders in jail, Ganapathy had to address his fighting men|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata/several-leaders-in-jail-ganapathy-had-to-address-his-fighting-men/article1-1124090.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919042805/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Several-leaders-in-jail-Ganapathy-had-to-address-his-fighting-men/Article1-1124090.aspx|archive-date=19 September 2013|first=Snigdhendu|last=Bhattacharya|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=Kolkata|date=19 September 2013|access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> According to the South Asia Terrorism Portal, the two factions of the Party adhered to differing strands of communism prior to their 2004 merger, although "both organizations shared their belief in the 'annihilation of [[Enemy of the people|class enemies]]' and in extreme violence as a means to secure organizational goals." The People's War Group (PWG) maintained a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] stance, while the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) took a [[Maoism|Maoist]] stance. After the merger, the PWG secretary of [[Andhra Pradesh]] announced that the newly formed CPI-Maoist would follow [[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]] as its "ideological basis guiding its thinking in all spheres of its activities." Included in this ideology is a commitment to "protracted [[War|armed struggle]]" to undermine and to seize power from the state.<ref name=satpprofile/> On May Day 2014, Ganapathy and Ajith (Secretary of the CPI (ML) Naxalbari) also issued a joint statement stating that "the unified party would [continue to] take Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its guiding ideology."<ref name="CPIML-MAO-Merge"/>

The ideology of the party is contained in a "Party Programme." In the document, the Maoists denounce [[Global justice movement|globalisation as a war on the people]] by [[Market fundamentalism|market fundamentalists]] and the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] as a form of social oppression.<ref name=anand>{{Cite journal|first=Vinod|last=Anand|title=Naxalite ideology, strategy and tactics|journal=Studies & Comments 9 – Security in South Asia: Conventional and Unconventional Factors of Destabilization|volume=9|pages=19–32|publisher=Hanns Seidel Foundation|location=Munich|year=2009|url=http://www.hss.de/uploads/tx_ddceventsbrowser/SC-9_South-Asia_01.pdf|access-date=19 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518115713/http://www.hss.de/uploads/tx_ddceventsbrowser/SC-9_South-Asia_01.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The CPI (Maoist) claim that they are conducting a "[[people's war]]", a strategic approach developed by [[Mao Zedong]] during the guerrilla warfare phase of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. Their eventual objective is to install a "people's government" via a [[New Democracy|New Democratic Revolution]].<ref name=anand/>

==Location and prominence==
CPI(Maoist) currently operates in the forest belt around central India in the states of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]]. It is present even in remote regions of Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh, as well as in Bihar and the tribal-dominated areas in the borderlands of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Odisha. The CPI (Maoist) aims to consolidate its power in this area and establish a [[Red corridor|Compact Revolutionary Zone]] from which to advance the people's war in other parts of India.<ref name=satpprofile/> A 2005 ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' cover story called the [[Bhamragad]] [[Tehsil|Taluka]], where the [[Madia Gond]] [[Adivasi]]s live, the heart of the Maoist-affected region in Maharashtra.<ref>[http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021008701600.htm Guerilla zone] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221144918/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021008701600.htm|date=21 February 2009}}, Frontline, 22(21), 8–21 October 2005 DIONNE BUNSHA in Gadchiroli</ref> Recently, the Indian government has claimed that in 2013, Andhra Pradesh, [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], Bihar, Chhattisgarh, [[Delhi]], [[Gujarat]], [[Haryana]], Jharkhand, [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], Odisha, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Tripura]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]] experienced [ideological] "influence" of "Left Wing Extremism"; while claiming that armed activity by the "Left Wing" extremists was noticed in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal.<ref name="SATP–2014"/>

==Organisation==
The last General Secretary was [[Thippiri Tirupathi]], who was appointed in September 2025 and surrendered in February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre's Maoist deadline looming, how Telangana clinched two key surrenders|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/centres-maoist-deadline-looming-how-telangana-clinched-two-key-surrenders-2873045-2026-02-23|access-date=2026-02-23|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=CPI (Maoist) military chief named rebels' new chief: Who is Thippiri Tirupathi, alias Devuji? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/cpi-maoist-military-chief-new-chief-thippiri-tirupathi-devuji-10239784/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=CPI (Maoist) gets third Telugu leader as its chief |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cpi-maoist-gets-third-telugu-leader-as-its-chief-101757443815811.html |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rajappan">{{Cite web |last=Rajappan |first=Sumi |date=2025-09-10 |title=Telugu leadership resurfaces as Dalit leader Devji appointed CPI (Maoist) chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/telangana-dalit-maoist-leader-devji-takes-charge-as-cpi-maoist-general-secretary-2785213-2025-09-10 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> His predecessor, [[Nambala Keshava Rao]] (''alias'' "Basavaraj") along with 27 other Naxals were killed during a gunfight with Indian security forces in [[Abujhmarh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] on 21 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=An engineer by training, behind most audacious Naxal attacks: Story & significance of Basavaraju, dreaded Maoist leader allegedly killed in encounter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/basavaraju-dreaded-maoist-leader-killed-chhattisgarh-10019574/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Rao, in turn, took the post after [[Muppala Lakshmana Rao]], who uses the alias "Ganapathy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2018 |title=CPI (Maoist) gets a new leader |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cpi-maoist-gets-a-new-leader-1383395-2018-11-06 |access-date=March 16, 2019 |website=indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref name="OPEN-Ganapathy">{{cite web|title="We Shall Certainly Defeat the Government" — Somewhere in the impregnable jungles of Dandakaranya, the supreme commander of CPI (Maoist) spoke to Open on issues ranging from the Government's proposed anti-Maoist offensive to Islamist Jihadist movements|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/we-shall-certainly-defeat-the-government|first=Rahul|last=Pandita|publisher=[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]|location=Dandakaranya|date=17 October 2009|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> The party hierarchy consists of the Regional Bureaus, which look after two or three states each, the State Committees, the Zonal Committees, the District Committees, and the "dalams" (armed squads).<ref name="toi74">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-07/india/28121624_1_naxal-affected-states-politburo-cadre|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127053330/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-07/india/28121624_1_naxal-affected-states-politburo-cadre|archive-date=27 January 2013|title=A band of eight that calls the shots|last=Mohan|first=Vishwa|date=7 April 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 April 2010}}</ref> Communist writer [[Jan Myrdal]] noted that the CPI (Maoist) also organises events like "The Leadership Training Programme" to endure the forces of the [[State (polity)|state]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Red Star Over India: As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising: Impressions, Reflections, and Preliminary Inferences|chapter=The Negative Possibility|first=Jan|last=Myrdal|date=5 May 2014|publisher=Archana Das and Subrata Das on behalf of Setu Prakashani|page=138|place=Kolkata|isbn=978-93-80677-20-0|oclc=858528997|quote=Yes, that ''The Iron Heel'' will use its murderous might in India to trample down any threat to its power as it has in so many other countries these last centuries is clear. Of-course, I hope that the Communist Party of India (Maoist) will be able to survive this onslaught. The statements of the General Secretary and what I read in texts such as, ''The Leadership Training Programme'' gave me some hope.}}</ref>

===Politburo===
As per the communist party policies the highest decision-making body of the CPI (Maoist) is the [[Politburo]], with thirteen or fourteen members, six of whom were killed or arrested between 2007 and 2010.<ref name="ht1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Hyderabad/Will-take-revenge-if-Azad-is-harmed/Article1-521496.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031193958/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Hyderabad/Will-take-revenge-if-Azad-is-harmed/Article1-521496.aspx|archive-date=31 October 2013|title=Will take revenge if Azad is harmed|last1=Das|first1=Ashok|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=Snigdhendu|date=21 March 2010|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=8 April 2010}}</ref> [[Shamsher Singh Sheri]] ''alias'' Karam Singh, who died of Cerebral Malaria-Jaundice on 30 October 2005, was a Politburo member.<ref>{{cite web|title=2005-12-15 – document – CPN-M|url=http://nepalconflictreport.ohchr.org/html/documents/2005-12-15_document_cpn-m_eng.html|publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]|date=15 December 2005|access-date=29 August 2013|quote=Comrade Shamsher Singh Sheri, alias comrade Sher Shing Sheri, alias com. K.S., a Central Committee and Polit Bureau member of Communist Party of India (Maoist), has passed away from us by dangerous diseases Cerebral Malaria-Jaundice. He attained martyrdom on Oct.30, 2005. It is not only a great loss of CPI (Maoist) but also a great loss of the whole proletarian's revolution. The untimely demise of comrade Karam Singh has caused a serious loss to the ongoing revolutionary struggles in India and the world as well.}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2011, the State captured several Politburo members of the party, which includes – [[Sushil Roy]] ''alias'' "Som", [[Narayan Sanyal (politician)|Narayan Sanyal]] ''alias'' "N. Prasad", [[Pramod Mishra]], [[Amitabh Bagchi]], [[Baccha Prasad Singh]], [[Anukul Chandra Naskar]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2013 |title=Police arrest Maoist politburo member in Assam |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/police-arrest-maoist-politburo-member-in-assam-770695.html |access-date=2019-07-29 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> and Akhilesh Yadav. [[Deo Kumar Singh|Arvind Ji]] alias "Deo Kumar Singh", died in heart attack on 21, March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2018 |title=Jharkhand's top Maoist commander Arvindji died of heart attack: Police |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharkhand-s-top-maoist-commander-arvindji-dies-of-heart-attack/story-7qQlkkw89yuAsTz5WGiWaN.html |access-date=April 9, 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref> [[B. Sudhakar]] ''alias'' "Kiran" was another Politburo member of CPI (Maoist), but he surrendered in 2019.<ref name="HT-981635">{{cite news |last=Maitra |first=Pradip Kumar |date=27 December 2012 |title=Woman naxal leader killed in Gadchiroli |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/Senior-Naxal-leader-Narmada-killed-in-encounter-in-Gadchiroli/Article1-981635.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101175017/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Maharashtra/Senior-Naxal-leader-Narmada-killed-in-encounter-in-Gadchiroli/Article1-981635.aspx |archive-date=1 January 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Akkiraju Haragopal]] alias "Ramakrishna" died in October 2021 due to illness.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramu |first=Marri |date=2021-10-15 |title=Maoists' Central Committee confirms Ramakrishna's death |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/maoists-central-committee-confirms-ramakrishnas-death/article37003919.ece |access-date=2021-10-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Katakam Sudarshan]], ''alias'' Anand,<ref name="HT-963499">{{cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ravik |date=23 November 2012 |title=Hardline strategist to replace Kishenji |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Hardline-strategist-to-replace-Kishenji/Article1-963499.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124193308/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Hardline-strategist-to-replace-Kishenji/Article1-963499.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2012 |access-date=31 May 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |place=Kolkata}}</ref> was a prominent Politburo member until his death in 2023.<ref name="ET-30189393">{{cite news|title=Ganapathy, Kishanji on top of government's most-wanted Maoists list|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189393_1_central-committee-lakh-reward-kishanji|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201107/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news/30189393_1_central-committee-lakh-reward-kishanji|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|work=[[The Economic Times]]|first=Bharti|last=Jain|place=New Delhi|date=22 September 2011|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> [[Ashutosh Tudu]]<ref name="ht1" /> and Anuj Thakur<ref name="TOI-20322245">{{cite news|title=Maoist politburo member arrested, girlfriend flees|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Maoist-politburo-member-arrested-girlfriend-flees/articleshow/20322245.cms|first=Alok K. N.|last=Mishra|newspaper=The Times of India|publisher=The Times Group|date=29 May 2013|access-date=22 August 2013|place=Ranchi}}</ref> are another two of the arrested Politburo members of the party. Among those killed, Cherukuri Rajkumar ''alias'' "[[Azad (Maoist)|Azad]]"<ref>{{cite news|title=Maoist No. 3 Azad killed in Andhra|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-03/india/28274156_1_encounter-in-adilabad-district-azad-gudsa-usendi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213752/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-03/india/28274156_1_encounter-in-adilabad-district-azad-gudsa-usendi|archive-date=29 October 2013|first1=G. Arun|last1=Kumar|first2=Raghu|last2=Paithari|date=3 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.rediff.com/special/2010/aug/10/special-azads-death-some-unanswered-questions.htm|title=Azad's killing: Some unanswered questions|work=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="MR" /> and Mallojula Koteswara Rao ''alias'' "[[Kishenji]]",<ref name="MR" /><ref name="thehindu-2665736">{{cite news|title=Thousands bid farewell to Kishenji|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/thousands-bid-farewell-to-kishenji/article2665736.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=The Hindu Group|place=Peddapalli|date=28 November 2011|access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> were two past members of the CPI (Maoist)'s Politburo. [[Prashant Bose]] ''alias'' "Kishan-da" was a member of the Politburo until his arrest. In October 2025, Top politburo member [[Mallujola Venugopal]] surrendered to Maharashtra police.<ref>{{Cite news|title=61 Maoists, including top leader Bhupati, surrender in Maharashtra|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/61-maoists-including-top-leader-bhupati-surrender-in-maharashtra/article70163853.ece|access-date=2025-10-16|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>On 22 February 2026, the General Secretery and Politburo member [[Thippiri Tirupathi]] surrendered in Telengana.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre's Maoist deadline looming, how Telangana clinched two key surrenders|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/centres-maoist-deadline-looming-how-telangana-clinched-two-key-surrenders-2873045-2026-02-23|access-date=2026-02-23|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Current CPI (Maoist) Politburo Members<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Siddharth |date=2025-06-10 |title=Maoist ranks decimated, only 14 leaders remain alive |url=https://openthemagazine.com/feature/maoist-ranks-decimated-only-14-leaders-remain-alive/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en}}</ref>
! Name !! Alias(es) !! Notes
|-
| Mupalla Laxman Rao|| Ganapathy || Former General Secretary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-29 |title=Buzz in Bastar says Ganapathy back, but Maoist leadership will go to Andhra or T'gana commander |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/buzz-in-bastar-says-ganapathy-back-but-maoist-leadership-will-go-to-andhra-or-tgana-commander/articleshow/121473596.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Misir Besra|| Sagar ||
|}

===Central Committee===
The [[Central committee|Central Committee]] of the CPI (Maoist) takes command from the Politburo and passes on the information to its members, and has 32 members. During an interview in 2010, Anand told media personnels that out of the 45 members of the Central Committee of CPI (Maoist), 8 has been arrested and 22 has been killed by the agencies of the Indian government.<ref name="TI-12311694">{{cite news|title=Portrait of 'mastermind'|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100407/jsp/nation/story_12311694.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130617040208/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100407/jsp/nation/story_12311694.jsp|archive-date=17 June 2013|first=G. S.|last=Radhakrishna|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|place=Kolkata|date=7 April 2010|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> [[Anuradha Ghandy]], who died on 12 April 2008, was an eminent member of CPI (Maoist)'s Central Committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Rebel – She was born into privilege and could easily have chosen the easy life. But Anuradha Ghandy chose guns over roses to fight for the dispossessed.|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/the-rebel|first=Rahul|last=Pandita|publisher=[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]|date=26 September 2009|access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> Kadari Satyanarayan Reddy ''alias'' "[[Kosa (Maoist)|Kosa]]", [[Thippiri Tirupathi]] ''alias'' "Devuji", Malla Raji Reddy<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Maoist-leader-a-prize-catch/articleshow/2632638.cms|title=Maoist leader a prize catch|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2007|access-date=April 9, 2019}}</ref> and [[Mallujola Venugopal]] ''alias'' "Bhupati" are another three cadres and Central Committee members of the party.<ref>{{cite news|title=Maoists from Andhra Pradesh may have planned Chhattisgarh ambush|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/maoists-from-andhra-pradesh-may-have-planned-chhattisgarh-ambush/article389977.ece|first=K. Srinivas|last=Reddy|work=The Hindu|place=Hyderabad|date=6 April 2010|access-date=1 June 2013}}</ref> [[Madvi Hidma]] is the youngest Central Committee member of the party. As of 22 September 2011, nine of the Central Committee members were jailed, which includes – Moti Lal Soren, Vishnu, [[Varanasi Subramanyam]], Shobha, Misir Besra, [[Purnendu Sekhar Mukherjee]], [[Vijay Kumar Arya]].<ref name="ET-30189393"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/top-maoist-leader-arrested-in-jharkhand_396448.html|title=Top Maoist leader arrested in Jharkhand|date=2007-09-22|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> One more Central Committee member, [[Ravi Sharma (Maoist)|Ravi Sharma]], was also captured later.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jailed Red leader's wife gets bail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Jailed-Red-leaders-wife-gets-bail/articleshow/21890154.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928210943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-18/ranchi/41422477_1_kishanji-maoist-hazaribag-national-park|archive-date=28 September 2013|last1=Sen|first1=Abhijit|location=Hazaribag|date=18 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|access-date=28 August 2013}}</ref> [[Ginugu Narsimha Reddy]] alias Jampanna surrendered to police in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-jampanna-the-top-maoist-leader-active-in-north-telangana-who-surrendered-in-hyderabad/987751/|title=Who is Jampanna, the top Maoist leader|date=24 December 2017|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref> [[Varkapur Chandramouli]],<ref name="MR">{{citation|title=Indian 'Republic Killing Its Own Children' – Kishenji Fought for a Better World|url=http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/2011/dmello031211.html|author=Bernard D'Mello|publisher=[[Monthly Review|Monthly Review Foundation]]|date=3 December 2011|access-date=12 April 2014}}</ref> [[Patel Sudhakar Reddy]],<ref name="MR"/> [[Narmada Akka]],<ref name="HT-981635"/> and [[Milind Teltumbde]] who were killed by armed forces. Another Central Committee member [[Haribhushan]] died due to Covid. Another CC member B.G. Krishnamoorthy alias BGK, Vijay was arrested in 2021 November along with another PLGA Savithri by Kerala ATS.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Anti-Terrorism Squad arrest 'senior Maoist leader' and a 'commander' from Wayanad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/nov/09/kerala-anti-terrorism-squad-arrest-senior-maoist-leader-and-a-commanderfrom-wayanad-2381492.html|access-date=2022-03-18|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 November 2021 }}</ref> Another member Uday was killed in 2025 by [[Greyhounds (police)|Greyhounds]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh: 3 Maoists including central committee member killed in encounter|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/andhra-pradesh-3-maoists-including-central-committee-member-killed-in-encounter-101750223248516-amp.html|access-date=2025-06-18|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In September 2025, [[Kosa (Maoist)|Kosa]] was killed in an encounter in Chhattisgarh.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{Cite news|title=Chhattisgarh: Two Maoists killed in Abujhmad encounter; operation underway|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/chhattisgarh-two-maoists-killed-in-abujhmad-encounter-operation-underway-101758530017081.html|access-date=2025-09-22|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> and in October 2025, [[Mallujola Venugopal]] who is also a politburo member surrendered to Police in Maharashtra and another Central Committee member Pullari Prasad Rao alias Chandranna surrendered in Telegana.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=Maoist strategists Chandranna, Bandi Prakash surrender in Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/maoist-strategists-chandranna-bandi-prakash-surrender-in-hyderabad/articleshow/124883158.cms|access-date=2025-10-30|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>. Another member and leader of Dandakaranya Special Zonal Committee [[Madvi Hidma]] was killed in Andhra Pradesh in November 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Top Maoist Commander Madvi Hidma, Behind 26 Armed Attacks, Killed: Sources|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/madvi-hidma-killed-live-updates-top-maoist-commander-madvi-hidma-behind-26-armed-attacks-killed-sources-9654537|access-date=2025-11-18|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>. In December 2025, another Central Committee member and Senior leader Ganesh uike alias Paka Hanumanthu was killed in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Top Maoist leader Ganesh Uike carrying Rs 1.1 crore bounty, three others killed in encounter in Odisha|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/Dec/25/top-maoist-leader-ganesh-uike-carrying-rs-11-crore-bounty-three-others-killed-in-encounter-in-odisha|access-date=2025-12-25|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In January 2026, another central committee member Pathiram Manjhi alias anal da was killed in Jharkhand by CRPF.<ref>{{Cite news|title=8 Maoists Killed In Anti-Maoist Operation In Jharkhand|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/8-maoists-killed-in-anti-maoist-operation-in-jharkhand-10829816|access-date=2025-01-22|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>.On 22 February 2026, two Central Committee members [[Thippiri Tirupathi]] and Malla Raja Reddy surrendered in Telengana.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre's Maoist deadline looming, how Telangana clinched two key surrenders|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/centres-maoist-deadline-looming-how-telangana-clinched-two-key-surrenders-2873045-2026-02-23|access-date=2026-02-23|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Current CPI (Maoist) Central Committee Members
! Name !! Alias(es) !! Notes
|-
|Mupalla Laxman Rao
|Ganapathy
|Former General Secretary, also member of Politburo. [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/buzz-in-bastar-says-ganapathy-back-but-maoist-leadership-will-go-to-andhra-or-tgana-commander/articleshow/121473596.cms Source]
|-
|-
|Misir Besra
|Sagar
|Also Politburo member. [https://zeenews.india.com/home/top-maoist-leader-arrested-in-jharkhand_396448.html Source]
|-
|}

===Publication division===
The CPI (Maoist) has a "publication division". [[B. Sudhakar]] ''alias'' "Kiran" who was a Politburo member before his surrender used to work for this division.<ref name="HT-981635"/>

===Military Commissions===
The Central Military Commission (CMC) is the main armed body of the CPI (Maoist), and it is constructed by its Central Committee. In addition to the CMC, the party has also raised state military commissions.<ref name="Rahul"/>{{rp|105,106}} The CMC has been headed by Nambala Keshava Rao ''alias'' Basavaraj, Anand and [[Deo Kumar Singh|Arvind Ji]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Reddy |first=U. Sudhakar |date=2 June 2013 |title=Top Maoists' assets seized |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/print/130602/news-current-affairs/article/top-maoists-assets-seized |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409173702/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/print/130602/news-current-affairs/article/top-maoists-assets-seized |archive-date=9 April 2018 |access-date=22 August 2013 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |publisher=Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited |place=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Janyala |first=Sreenivas |date=9 April 2010 |title=The men who run Dandakaranya |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-men-who-run-dandakaranya/602025/0 |access-date=22 August 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express Group |place=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=20 August 2013 |title=Chatra cops likely to seek Paswan's custody |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Chatra-cops-likely-to-seek-Paswans-custody/articleshow/21924331.cms |access-date=22 August 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |place=Ranchi}}</ref> Anuj Thakur is an arrested member of the CMC of the party.<ref name="TOI-20322245"/> Kishenji<ref>{{cite web|title=Who was Kishenji|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Who-was-Kishenji/Article1-773566.aspx|newspaper=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media Ltd|location=Kolkata|date=24 November 2011|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930083334/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Kolkata/Who-was-Kishenji/Article1-773566.aspx|archive-date=30 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and Chandramouli<ref name="MR"/> were also the members of the CPI (Maoist)'s CMC.

===Technical Committee===
Central Technical Committee (CTC) is given the responsibility of fabricating weapons and explosives. The Technical Committee consists of few selected members having special knowledge on science and research and works under the direct supervision of the Central Military Commission (CMC) of the Party. [[Sadanala Ramakrishna]], a senior Maoist leader was the Secretary of the Committee who was arrested in February 2012 in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/231272/arrest-top-leader-hobbles-naxals.html|title=Arrest of top leader hobbles Naxals|website=deccanherald.com|date=March 2012|access-date=April 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/maoist-weapon-units-busted-in-kolkata-mumbai/article2951530.ece|title=Maoist weapon units busted in Kolkata, Mumbai|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 March 2012|access-date=April 22, 2019|last1=Reddy|first1=K. Srinivas}}</ref>

===Estimated strength===
The military wings of the founding organisations, the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (the military wing of the MCCI) and the People's Guerrilla Army (the military wing of the PWG), also underwent a merger. The name of the unified military organisation is the [[People's Liberation Guerrilla Army (India)|People's Liberation Guerrilla Army]] (PLGA), and it is grouped into three sections — the Basic, the Secondary and the Main squad.<ref name=satpprofile/> All the PLGA members are volunteers and they do not receive any wages.<ref name="AR">{{cite web|title=Walking with the Comrades|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264738-0|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=29 March 2010|access-date=15 October 2013|first=Arundhati|last=Roy|author-link=Arundhati Roy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015221518/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264738-0|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> During his stay in the guerrilla zones, Jan Myrdal noted that the female cadres of CPI (Maoist) constituted about 40% of its PLGA, and held numerous "command positions";<ref>{{cite book|title=Red Star Over India: As the Wretched of the Earth are Rising: Impressions, Reflections, and Preliminary Inferences|first=Jan|last=Myrdal|date=5 May 2014|publisher=Archana Das and Subrata Das on behalf of Setu Prakashani|place=Kolkata|isbn=978-93-80677-20-0|oclc=858528997|quote=Young women represent about 40 percent of the Guerrilla Army of the People's Liberation. Many of them have command positions. Photo: Jan Myrdal}}</ref> but currently, the female members comprises 60% of the Maoist cadres,<ref name="T-September">{{citation|title=Top Maoist Leader Ganapathi Admits To Leadership Crisis In Party|url=http://www.tehelka.com/top-maoist-leader-ganapathi-admits-to-leadership-crisis-in-party/|last=Majumdar|first=Ushinor|publisher=Tehelka|date=19 September 2013|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016003451/http://www.tehelka.com/top-maoist-leader-ganapathi-admits-to-leadership-crisis-in-party/|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> and women commanders heads 20 of the 27 divisions of the guerrilla zones.<ref name="Gautam"/>

P.V. Ramana, of the Observer Research Foundation in Delhi, estimates the Naxilities' current strength at 9,000–10,000 armed fighters, with access to about 6,500 firearms.<ref name="Armed strength">"A spectre haunting India", ''the Economist'' Volume 380 Number 8491 (19–25 August 2006)</ref> The analyses, as of September 2013, suggested that the estimated number of PLGA members has decreased from 10,000 − 12,000<ref name="T-September"/> to 8,000 − 9,000.<ref name="BS-113092700488">{{cite news|title=Reds in retreat|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/reds-in-retreat-113092700488_1.html|first1=R.|last1=Krishna Das|first2=Sahil|last2=Makkar|first3=Probal|last3=Basak|first4=Dillip|last4=Satapathy|date=27 September 2013|access-date=10 October 2013|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> But, [[Gautam Navlakha]] has suggested that the PLGA has strengthened over the past few years, and has mustered 12 [[Company (military unit)|companies]] and over 25 [[platoon]]s and a supply platoon in 2013 as compared to 8 companies and 13 platoons of 2008.<ref name="Gautam">{{cite web|title=Ambush amplifies a struggle|url=http://sanhati.com/excerpted/9499/|first=Gautam|last=Navlakha|author-link=Gautam Navlakha|publisher=Sanhati|date=30 March 2014|access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> The People's Militia which is armed with bows, arrows, and machetes is and is believed to logistically assist the PLGA is estimated to be around 38,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/08/2013812124328669128.html|title=Analysis: India's Maoist challenge|first=Kamal|last=Kumar|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=August 2013|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>

===Medical units===
The Maoists had structured "medical units" in the villages of Bastar,<ref>{{cite book|title=Jangalnama: Inside the Maoist Guerrilla Zone|chapter=Walking through the jungle|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKDcCDlEZ0EC&pg=PA99|author=Satanāma|page=99|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=New Delhi|orig-date=2003|year=2010|isbn=978-01-43414-45-2|oclc=634661617|others=Translated from Punjabi by Vishav Bharti}}</ref> and the CPI (Maoist) operates "mobile medical units."<ref name="Rahul"/>{{rp|101}} [[Rahul Pandita]] writes: {{blockquote|"In the field of health as well, the Maoists often fill in large gaps left by the state. Their mobile medical units cover large distances to offer primary health care to tribals.... Various training camps are held regularly on preventive measures against diseases such as diarrhoea or malaria. The grass-root doctors in the medical squads can administer vaccines, identify a number of diseases through symptoms, and treat injuries that are not severe. Some can even conduct simple blood tests to arrive at a diagnosis. This is a significant advantage in such areas."<ref name="Rahul">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ83V3JLXFMC|title=Hello, Bastar: The Untold Story of India's Maoist Movement|first=Rahul|last=Pandita|publisher=Westland (Tranquebar Press)|year=2011|location=Chennai|isbn=978-93-80658-34-6|oclc=754482226}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{rp|101–102}}}}
Furthermore, the CPI (Maoist)'s medical services squads also move from village to village and provides "basic medical training" to selected young tribal people which enables them to identify frequently occurring diseases through their presages so that they can also distribute vaccines to the patients.<ref name="Rahul"/>{{rp|102}}

===Frontal organisations===
The frontal organisations of the party include the [[Radical Youth League]], Rythu Coolie Sangham, [[Radical Students Union]], [[Singareni Karmika Samakya]], Viplava Karmika Samakhya, Porattam Kerala, Ayyankali pada Kerala, Njattuvela Kerala and [[All India Revolutionary Students Federation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianvanguard.wordpress.com/2009/08/10/andrapradesh-ban-on-cpi-maoist-and-front-organisations-extended-for-one-more-year/#more-2085|title=Andrapradesh: Ban on CPI Maoist and front organisations extended for one more year|work=Indian Vanguard|date=10 August 2009|access-date=26 April 2012}}</ref> [[Krantikari Adivasi Mahila Sangathan]],<ref name="AR"/> and [[Chetna Natya Manch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=In Pictures: India's Maoist heartland|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/10/pictures-india-maoist-heartlan-2014105104030403635.html|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

==Strategy==
===Governance tactics===
The "organising principles" of the Maoists are sketched out from the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] and the [[Vietnam War]]. The CPI (Maoist) has organised [[Dandakaranya]] into ten divisions, each comprising three area committees; and every Area Committee is composed of several Janatana Sarkars (people's governments). The party says that a Janatana Sarkar is established by the election procedure involving a group of villages, and has nine departments — agriculture, trade and industry, economic, justice, defence, health, [[public relations]], [[Ministry of education and culture|education and culture]], and jungle.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi, but with guns: Part Two|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/mar/27/arundhati-roy-india-tribal-maoists-2|first=Arundhati|last=Roy|work=The Guardian|date=27 March 2010|access-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> The Janatana Sarkar provides education up to [[Primary education|primary level]] in the subjects of mathematics, social science, politics, and Hindi, in the "camp schools" using the textbooks published by the party in [[Gondi language|Gondi]]. They also use [[DVD]]s to educate the children in the streams of science and history.<ref>{{cite web|title=My Book is Red: The word is Revolution|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265325|last=Dasgupta|first=Debarshi|publisher=Outlook|date=17 May 2010|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>

In their efforts to intimidate their political adversaries and consolidate control, the Maoists tax local villagers, extort businesses, abduct and kill "class enemies" such as government officials and police officers, and regulate the flow of aid and goods.<ref name=time20080529/> To help fill their ranks, the Maoists force each family under their domain to supply one family member, and threaten those who resist with violence.<ref name="alertnet.org"/>

The organisation has been holding "Public Courts", which have been described as [[kangaroo court]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100414/jsp/jharkhand/story_12337029.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913165301/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100414/jsp/jharkhand/story_12337029.jsp|archive-date=13 September 2012|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) – Jharkhand – Maoists behead youth|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/national/maoists-hold-kangaroo-court-092 Deccan Chronicle, 27 August 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307133200/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/national/maoists-hold-kangaroo-court-092|date=7 March 2012}}</ref> against their opponents. These "courts" function in the areas under de facto Maoist control.<ref name="achr"/> The Maoists have also taken care to demolish [[Government of India|government]] institutions under their ''de facto'' jurisdiction.<ref>[http://dailypioneer.com/212761/Maoists-use-guns-to-enforce-poverty.html Maoists use guns to enforce poverty] Daily Pioneer – 1 November 2009</ref> They have also demolished railroad tracks and school buildings that are often used as temporary camps by security forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxals-blow-up-rail-tracks-school-in-jharkhand/106123-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202143501/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxals-blow-up-rail-tracks-school-in-jharkhand/106123-3.html|archive-date=2 December 2009|title=Naxals blast rail tracks, school in Jharkhand|work=IBNLive|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref>

===Military strategies and tactics===
The CPI (Maoist) rejects "engagement" with what it terms as the "prevailing [[Liberal democracy#Dictatorship of the bourgeoisie|bourgeois democracy]]" and focuses on capturing political power through protracted armed struggle based on [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/The-forgotten-war/article16442105.ece|title=The forgotten war|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref> This strategy entails building up bases in rural and remote areas and transforming them first into guerrilla zones, and then into "liberated zones", in addition to encircling cities.<ref name=satpprofile/>

The military hardware used by Maoists, as indicated through a number of seizures, include [[RDX]] cable wires, [[gelignite]] sticks, detonators, country-made weapons, [[INSAS rifle]]s, [[AK-47]]s, [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|SLRs]], and improvised explosive devices.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=Alpa|title=Nightmarch: Among India's Revolutionary Guerrillas|publisher=Hurst|year=2018|isbn=978-1-84904-990-0|language=English}}</ref> The Maoists condemn the accusations that they manage arms through China, Myanmar and Bangladesh.<ref name="hindu=2010111064221100">{{cite news|title=Maoists consolidating control, says CPI (Maoist) leader|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/10/stories/2010111064221100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113055809/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/10/stories/2010111064221100.htm|archive-date=13 November 2010|first=Aman|last=Sethi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 November 2010|access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> On the subject, Ganapathy says, "Our weapons are mainly country-made. All the modern weapons we have are mainly seized from the government armed forces when we attack them."<ref name="hindu=2010111064221100"/>

The CPI (Maoist)'s General Secretary says that they keep on appealing to the "lower-level personnel" in the paramilitary and police forces not to attack them, but rather "join hands with the masses" and "consciously" point their guns towards whom the Maoists view as "real enemies." They further claims that "only when the government forces come to attack us [Maoists] carrying guns do we attack them in self-defence."<ref name="Rahul"/>{{rp|48–49}} In Jharkhand, the police have also seized posters from various places which read, "Policemen keep away from the green hunt and try to be friends of poor. Police jawan, do not obey orders of the senior officials, instead join the people's army."<ref>{{citation|title=Naxal Violence: Is the CPI (Maoist) Fading?|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/naxal-violence-is-the-cpi-maoist-fading-4187.html|work=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies|location=New Delhi|date=22 November 2013|access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref>

==Funding==
Some sources claim that the funding for the Maoists comes from abductions, extortion and by setting up unofficial administrations to collect taxes in rural areas where official government appears absent.<ref name=time20080529/><ref name="cfrbackgrounder">{{cite web|last=Zissis|first=Carin|title=Backgrounder: Terror Groups in India|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|date=27 November 2008|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/12773/terror_groups_in_india.html|access-date=29 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209000734/http://www.cfr.org/publication/12773/terror_groups_in_india.html|archive-date=9 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ipcs">{{cite journal|last1=Srivastava|first1=Devyani|year=2009|title=Terrorism & Armed Violence in India|journal=IPCS Special Report|publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies|volume=71|pages=7–11|url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/SR71-Final.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726185846/http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/SR71-Final.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Poppy cultivation is another suspected source of funding for Maoists in the Ghagra area of [[Gumla district]] in Jharkhand and in parts of Gumla, [[Kishanganj district|Kishanganj]] and [[Purnia district|Purnia]] districts in Bihar where security forces claim that opium fields are hidden among maize crops.<ref name=ipcs/> Reports from [[Debagarh district]] in Odisha indicate that the Maoists also support hemp cultivation to help fund their activities.<ref name=ipcs/>

==Legal status==
The party is regarded as a "left-wing extremist entity" and a terrorist outfit by the Indian government. Several of their members have been arrested under the now-defunct [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorist Activities Act]].<ref name="satpprofile">{{cite web|title=Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-Maoist)|work=South Asia Terrorism Portal|publisher=Institute for Conflict Management|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/CPI_M.htm|access-date=19 January 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4505 Article on CPI_M],''MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230001056/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4505|date=30 December 2007}}</ref> The group is officially banned by the state governments of Odisha,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930023722/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/asiapacific/detail.asp?ID=83866&GRP=C Eastern Indian state bans communist rebel group],''The China Post''</ref> Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh, among others. The party has protested these bans.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060614222216/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/11/stories/2006061106551000.htm Maoists plan stir],''The Hindu''</ref> The Indian government, led by the [[United Progressive Alliance]], banned the CPI (Maoist) under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA) as a terrorist organisation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292|title=Ministry of Home Affairs|website=www.mha.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928115333/http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292|archive-date=28 September 2010}}</ref> on 22 June 2009. On 22 June 2009, the central [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|home ministry]], keeping in mind the growing unlawful activities by the group, banned it under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/centre-declares-maoists-as-terrorists-cpm-differs_541260.html|title=Centre declares Maoists as terrorists, CPM differs|date=22 June 2009|publisher=Zee News|access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> Earlier, the union home minister, [[P. Chidambaram]] had asked the West Bengal [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]], [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], to ban the Maoists following the [[Lalgarh, Jhargram|Lalgarh]] [[Operation Lalgarh|Violence]].<ref name="toi20090622">{{cite news|title=Centre declares Maoists a terrorist organisation|date=22 June 2009|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-23/india/28212373_1_maoists-plan-cpm-activists-ban-vhp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025035338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-23/india/28212373_1_maoists-plan-cpm-activists-ban-vhp|archive-date=25 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> Maoist Communist Centre (MCC) and all its formations and front organisations have been banned by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Banned Terrorist Organisations|url=http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx|publisher=National Investigation Agency, India|access-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119203117/http://www.nia.gov.in/banned_org.aspx|archive-date=19 January 2014|df=dmy}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Opposition===
The Party is regarded as a serious security threat by the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Alok K N|title=Maoists gun down CRPF deputy commandant in Bihar|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-gun-down-CRPF-deputy-commandant-in-Bihar/articleshow/37761453.cms|access-date=4 July 2014|work=The Times of India|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> It says it will combine improved policing with socio-economic measures to defuse grievances that fuel the Maoist cause.<ref name="alertnet.org">{{Cite news|title=Caught between Rebels and Vigilantes|agency=Reuters Alertnet|date= 27 August 2008|url=http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=/db/crisisprofiles/IN_MAO.htm|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
In 2005, Chhattisgarh State sponsored an anti-Maoist movement called the [[Salwa Judum]]. The group, which the [[BBC]] alleges is "government backed",<ref name="bbcvigilantes">{{Cite news|title=Indian state 'backing vigilantes'|work=BBC News|date= 15 July 2008|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7505252.stm|access-date=12 April 2010}}</ref> an allegation rejected by the Indian government<ref name=ple>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hearing-plea-against-salwa-judum-sc-says-state-cannot-arm-civilians-to-kill/290932/ Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill] ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 1 April 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//news/2008/mar/31sc.htm SC raps Chhattisgarh on Salwa Judum] [[Rediff.com]], 31 March 2008. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607032703/http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fnews%2F2008%2Fmar%2F31sc.htm|date=7 June 2011}}</ref> has come under criticism for "perpetrating atrocities and abuse against women",<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news|title=Report recommends withdrawal of Salwa Judum|date= 19 January 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/19/stories/2007011905501300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121171501/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/19/stories/2007011905501300.htm|archive-date=21 January 2007|access-date=12 April 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> using child soldiers,<ref name="achr">{{Cite journal|title=The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign|journal=Asian Centre for Human Rights|page=42|location=New Delhi|year=2006|url=http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf|access-date=12 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319202800/http://www.achrweb.org///reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2010}}</ref> burning people alive,<ref>{{citation|title=His Brother Was Burnt Alive|url=http://www.tehelka.com/his-brother-was-burnt-alive/|first=Prakhar|last=Jain|work=Tehelka|volume=9|issue=14|date=7 April 2012|access-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928025506/http://www.tehelka.com/his-brother-was-burnt-alive/|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> and the looting of property and destruction of homes.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite news|title=Salwa Judum victims assured of relief|date=16 December 2008|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm|access-date=12 April 2010|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226062509/http://www.thehindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=26 December 2008}}</ref> These allegations were rejected by a fact-finding commission of the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]], appointed by the [[Supreme Court of India]], who determined that the Salwa Judum was a spontaneous reaction by tribes against Maoist atrocities perpetrated against them.<ref name=nh>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms 'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'] ''[[The Economic Times]]'', 6 October 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1196081|title=NHRC justifies Salwa Judum operations|work=dna|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> The camps are guarded by police officers, paramilitary forces and [[Children in the military|child soldiers]]<ref name="alertnet.org"/><ref name="achr"/> empowered with the official title "special police officer" (SPO).<ref name="achr"/><ref name="fedachild">{{cite web|author1=Zemp, Ueli|author2=Mohapatra, Subash|title= Child Soldiers in Chhattisgarh: Issues, Challenges and FFDA's Response|publisher=Other India Press|date= 29 July 2007|url=http://www.otherindia.org/dev/images/stories/feda_child.pdf|access-date= 12 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727155422/http://www.otherindia.org/dev/images/stories/feda_child.pdf|archive-date= 27 July 2011}}</ref>
However, on 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared the Salwa Judum as illegal and unconstitutional. The court directed the Chhattisgarh government to recover all the firearms given to the militia along with the ammunition and accessories. It also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities of Salwa Judum.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|title=Salwa Judum is illegal, says SC|newspaper= The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu Group|date=5 July 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2161246.ece|access-date= 26 November 2011|location=Chennai, India|first=J.|last=Venkatesan}}</ref> But, the state government did not abide by the Supreme Court's decision. In August 2013, the Supreme Court of India asked the state government to explain that "why its failure to execute the July 2011 order of disbanding the SPOs not considered as contempt of court.".<ref>{{cite news|title=Grey areas in anti-Naxal operations|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/grey-areas-in-antinaxal-operations/1160005/0|first=Ashutosh|last=Bhardwaj|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=26 August 2013|access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref> In March 2019, a municipal school teacher, Yogendra Meshram was killed by the Maoists in Korchi, which was vehemently protested by locals. The Maoist leadership later apologized for the killing stating it to be a mistake and that Meshram was wrongly suspected to be a police informer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maoists-apologised-for-killing-teacher-in-maharashtra-says-police-2010996|title=Killing Maharashtra Teacher Was Mistake, Maoists Wrote In Apology: Police|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

==International connections==
The CPI (Maoist) maintains dialogue with the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)]] who control most of [[Nepal]] in the [[Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organisations of South Asia]] (CCOMPOSA), according to several intelligence sources and think tanks.<ref name=satpprofile/> These links are, however, denied by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist-Centre)<ref>[http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=985 "Nepali Maoists Deny Ongoing Links with Indian Counterparts" by Jason Motlagh, World Politics Review. 6/12/08] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621005718/http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=985|date=21 June 2010}}</ref>

While under detention in June 2009, a suspected [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) operative indicated that the LeT and the CPI (Maoist) had attempted to co-ordinate activities in Jharkhand state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-19/india/28152161_1_qutub-minar-area-police-remand-metropolitan-magistrate-manish-yaduvanshi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025072212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-19/india/28152161_1_qutub-minar-area-police-remand-metropolitan-magistrate-manish-yaduvanshi|archive-date=25 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Madni revealed LeT links with Maoists: Police|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> But, Ganapathy has denied any links between CPI (Maoist) and LeT, stating that the allegations are "only mischievous, calculated propaganda by the police officials, bureaucrats and leaders of the reactionary political parties" to malign the Maoists' image with the aim of labeling them as terrorists in order to justify "their brutal terror campaign against Maoists and the people in the areas of armed agrarian struggle."<ref name="OPEN-Ganapathy"/> Kishenji also criticised LeT for having "wrong" and "anti-people" policies; though he said that the Maoists may consider backing up a few of their demands, if LeT will halt its "terrorist acts".<ref name="Tehelka-Kishenji">{{Citation|title=I Am The Real Desh Bhakt|url=http://tehelka.com/i-am-the-real-desh-bhakt/?singlepage=1|work=[[Tehelka]]|issue=46|volume= 6|first=Tusha|last=Mittal|date=21 November 2009|access-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033339/http://www.tehelka.com/i-am-the-real-desh-bhakt/?singlepage=1|archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

Reports in 2010 indicate that the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]], Southeast Asia's longest-lived communist insurgent group, has been reported to have engaged in training activities for guerrilla warfare with Indian Maoists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100406-262607/RP-Reds-now-train-Maoist-rebs-in-India|author=Jerome Aning|title=RP Reds now train Maoist rebs in India|website=newsinfo.inquirer.net|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720211128/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20100406-262607/RP-Reds-now-train-Maoist-rebs-in-India|archive-date=20 July 2015}}</ref>

The Indian Maoists deny operational links with foreign groups, such as the Nepalese Maoists, but do claim comradeship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/49674_10049674.html|title=Naxalites to host Nepalese Maoist leader in Kolkata|work=Thaindian News|access-date=7 December 2014|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116045056/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/49674_10049674.html}}</ref> Some members of the Indian government accept this,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c3sindia.org/india/1259|title=C3s » The Maoist Insurgency in India|access-date=7 December 2014|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721025116/http://www.c3sindia.org/india/1259|url-status=dead}}</ref> while others argue that operational links do exist, with training coming from Sri-Lankan Maoists and small arms from China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KK11Df03.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113085003/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KK11Df03.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=13 November 2009|title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan|access-date=7 December 2014}}</ref> China denies any suggestion that it supports foreign Maoist rebels, citing improvements in relations between India and China, including movement towards resolving their border disputes. Maoists in Nepal, India, and the Philippines are less reticent about their shared goals.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120302001612/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers5/paper446.html Nepal Maoists, India & China – by B.Raman]}}</ref>

==Indian Government's paramilitary offensive against the CPI (Maoist)==
{{main|Operation Green Hunt}}
In September 2009, an all-out offensive was launched by the Government of India's [[Paramilitary forces of India|paramilitary forces]] and the state's police forces against the CPI (Maoist) is termed by the [[Mass media in India|Indian media]] as the "[[Operation Green Hunt]]".<ref name="TH-101706">{{cite news|title=Green Hunt: the anatomy of an operation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/green-hunt-the-anatomy-of-an-operation/article101706.ece|first=Aman|last=Sethi|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 February 2013|access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

On 3 January 2013, government issued a statement that it is deploying 10,000 more central paramilitary personnel in [[Bastar division|Bastar]], Odisha and some parts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Incidents and Statements involving CPI-Maoist: 2013|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/CPI_M_Timeline13.htm|publisher=SATP|location=New Delhi|access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref> On 8 June 2014, the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] officially approved the deployment of another 10,000 troops from the paramilitary forces to fight against the Maoists in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chhattisgarh gears for 'result–oriented' approach against Maoists|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/chhattisgarh-gears-for-resultoriented-approach-against-maoists/article6107418.ece|first=Pavan|last=Dahat|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Raipur|date=12 June 2014|access-date=13 June 2014}}</ref> The count of personnel from [[State Armed Police Forces]] involved in counter-Maoism operations in the [[Red corridor]] is estimated to number around 200,000.<ref name="BS-113092700488"/> Along with [[firearm]]s, the armed forces' personnel use [[satellite phone]]s, [[unmanned aerial vehicle]]s and [[Military helicopter|Air Force helicopters]].<ref name="BS-113092700488"/>

In 2011, the Indian Army while denying its direct role in the offensive operations accepted that it has been training the paramilitary personnel to fight against the Maoists, however, the Maoists have objected to the Army's stationing in the Red corridor.<ref>{{citation|title=Indian Army Raises the Stakes in Its War Against the Maoists|url=https://world.time.com/2011/06/27/army-raises-the-stakes-in-fight-against-the-naxals/|first=Jyoti|last=Thottam|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=27 June 2011|access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref> On 30 May 2013, the Indian Air Force's [[Air chief marshal|Air Chief Marshal]] declared that apart from the currently operating [[Mil Mi-17|MI-17]] helicopters, the Indian Force has decided to induce a unit of MI-17V5 helicopters to "provide full support to anti-Naxal operations."<ref name="TH-4763722">{{cite news|title=Air Force to lend support for anti-Naxal operations|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/air-force-to-lend-support-for-antinaxal-operations/article4763722.ece|work=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu Group|date=30 May 2013}}</ref> In August 2014, the Ministry of Home Affairs had stated that 2,000 personnel from the [[Nagaland]]'s Indian Reserve Battalions (IRB) were deployed in counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations against the Maoists in Bastar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government to send 2,000 para-military men of Naga unit to fight Maoists in Bastar|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/government-to-send-2000-para-military-men-of-naga-unit-to-fight-maoists-in-bastar/articleshow/40383919.cms|first=Aman|last=Sharma|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=19 August 2014|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref>

Since the start of the operation: 2,266 Maoist militants have been killed, 10,181 have been arrested and 9,714 have surrendered.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/surrender/india-maoistinsurgency|title=Datasheet-terrorist-attack-surrender }}</ref>

==Notable attacks==
{{main|Timeline of the Naxalite–Maoist insurgency}}
*On 12 June 2009, at least 29 members of the [[Indian Police Service|Indian Police]] were killed<ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-07-13|title=Ambush kills 29 Indian policemen|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8147097.stm|access-date=2021-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=20 police die in apparent rebel attacks in India|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31876007|access-date=2021-09-05|website=NBC News|date=12 July 2009|language=en}}</ref> in an ambush attack by Maoist rebels in [[Rajnandgaon]], 90 km (56 mi) from [[Raipur]] (India's Chhattisgarh state).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breaking News, World News and Video from Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>
*On 15 February 2010, several of the guerrilla commanders of CPI (Maoist), all of whom are believed to be female, killed 24 personnel of the [[Eastern Frontier Rifles]] at Silda in West Bengal.<ref name="Rahul"/>{{rp|97–98}} The attack was reportedly directed by Kishenji,<ref name="ndtv">{{cite news|title=Who is Kishenji?|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-kishenji-152927|work=NDTV|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> and after the Maoist raid at the paramilitary camp, Kishenji addressed the [[news media]] saying, "We have not started it (violence) and we will not stop it first. Let us see whether the central government is honest about a solution and we will definitely co–operate.... This is the answer to Chidambaram's 'Operation Green Hunt' and unless the Centre stop this inhuman military operation, we are going to answer the Centre this way only."<ref>{{cite news|title=Kishenji claims responsibility for attack|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kishenji-claims-responsibility-for-attack/articleshow/5577215.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811040502/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-15/india/28144717_1_kishenji-abjure-violence-top-maoist-leader|archive-date=11 August 2011|agency=Press Trust of India|date=15 February 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref>
*On 6 April 2010, the Maoists ambushed and killed 76 paramilitary personnel who fell into a trap laid by the lurking Maoists. The CPI (Maoist) described the incident as a "direct consequence" of the Operation Green Hunt stating that "We have been surrounded by paramilitary battalions. They are setting fire to the forests and making adivasis (tribals) flee. In this situation, we have no other alternative (but to stage attacks)."<ref>{{cite news|title=Chhatisgarh attack 'consequence' of Green Hunt: Maoist leader|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/Chhatisgarh-attack-consequence-of-Green-Hunt-Maoist-leader/Article1-528028.aspx|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=HT Media Limited|date=6 April 2010|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228155830/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chhatisgarh-attack-consequence-of-Green-Hunt-Maoist-leader/Article1-528028.aspx|archive-date=28 December 2013|df=dmy}}</ref>
*On 25 May 2013, [[2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley|the CPI (Maoist) ambushed a convoy of the Indian National Congress]] at [[Bastar district|Bastar]], and killed 27 people including [[Mahendra Karma]], [[Nand Kumar Patel]] and [[Vidya Charan Shukla]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Maoists say Bastar attack was to punish Cong leaders|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maoists-say-bastar-attack-was-to-punish-cong-leaders/article1-1067040.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821225608/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maoists-say-bastar-attack-was-to-punish-cong-leaders/article1-1067040.aspx|archive-date=21 August 2014|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 May 2013|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> While regretting the death of a few "innocent Congress [INC] functionaries" during the incident, they hold the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[Indian National Congress]]' policies which they view as "anti-people" in nature, as directly responsible for the attack.<ref>{{cite news|title=We punished Karma for launching Salwa Judum: Maoists|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/maoists-responsibility-for-attack-on-congress-leaders-in-chhattisgarh-164643-2013-05-27|work=India Today Group|date=28 May 2013|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> Later, 14 Maoist who had allegedly participated in the ambush<ref>{{cite news|title=14 Maoists killed in encounter in Odisha|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/14-maoists-killed-in-encounter-in-odisha-418539|work=NDTV|date=14 September 2013|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> were gunned down in Odisha by the [[Special Operation Group (Odisha)|Special Operation Group]] with the assistance of [[Border Security Force]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Don't enter Odisha', DGP warns Maoists from other states|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Odisha/Don-t-enter-Odisha-DGP-warns-Maoists-from-other-states/Article1-1122106.aspx|agency=Press Trust of India|publisher=HT Media Limited|date=14 September 2013|access-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020085841/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Odisha/Don-t-enter-Odisha-DGP-warns-Maoists-from-other-states/Article1-1122106.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2013|df=dmy}}</ref>
*On 3 April 2021, twenty-two soldiers were killed in a Maoist ambush on the border of Bijapur and Sukma districts in southern Chhattisgarh. Those killed included 14 Chhattisgarh policemen and seven jawans of the CRPF, including six members of its elite CoBRA unit, specially trained to take on Maoist guerillas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sood|first=Sanjiv Krishan|title=Chhattisgarh Maoist ambush shows leadership failure – both by security forces and the government|url=https://scroll.in/article/991562/chhattisgarh-maoist-ambush-shows-leadership-failure-both-by-security-forces-and-the-government|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Scroll.in|date=7 April 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>
*On 4 January 2022, CPI (Maoist) attacked former BJP MLA of Manoharpur Gurucharan Nayak in [[West Singhbhum district]] of Jharkhand. Nayak escaped but the Maoists slit the throat of his two bodyguards, snatched their AK-47 rifles and fled. The two bodyguards died in the incident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-newsflash-jharkhand-maoist-attack-on-ex-bjp-mla-leaves-his-two-bodyguards-dead/408278|title=Jharkhand: Maoist Attack On Ex BJP MLA Leaves His Two Bodyguards Dead|website=outlook|date=4 January 2022|access-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>
*On April 26, 2023, 10 policemen and their driver belonging to the District Reserve Guard (DRG) of [[Chhattisgarh Police]] were killed in an [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] attack by Maoists in Dantewada District, Chhattisgarh. The forces were attacked while returning from counterinsurgency operations in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Cops, Driver Killed In Blast By Maoists In Chhattisgarh's Dantewada|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ten-police-personnel-driver-killed-in-blast-by-maoists-in-chhattisgarhs-dantewada-3980986|access-date=2024-09-18|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[List of organisations banned by the Government of India]]
*[[Anti-revisionism]]
*[[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement]]
*[[List of communist parties]]
*[[List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India]]
*[[List of anti-revisionist groups]]
*[[Red Ant Dream]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/A-ceasefire-will-create-conducive-atmosphere-for-talks-Azad/article15519652.ece An exclusive interview to The Hindu by Azad, spokesperson of the Communist Party of India (Maoist)], ''[[The Hindu]]''
*[http://www.thehindu.com/migration_catalog/article16327292.ece/BINARY/Edited%20text%20of%2012,262-word%20response%20by%20Azad,%20Spokesperson,%20Central%20Committee,%20CPI%20(Maoist) Interview With Communist Party of India (Maoist) Spokesperson Azad], ''[[The Hindu]]''
*[http://www.janmyrdalsallskapet.se/av-jan-myrdal/item/8-intervju-med-cpis-generalsekreterare.html Interview With Comrade Ganapathy, General Secretary (GS), CPI (Maoist)] given to Swedish writer [[Jan Myrdal]] and [[Gautam Navlakha]], January 2010
*[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/100lb-guerillas The French journalist, Vanessa's conversation with Narmada and several other Comrades], ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]''
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-south-asia-12662941 What is daily life inside a Maoist forest hideout like?] — ''[[BBC]]''
*[http://www.sbs.com.au/ondemand/video/11770435724/ India's Red Tide] — ''[[Dateline (Australian TV program)|SBS Dateline]]''
*[http://www.icawpi.org/ International Campaign Against War on the People in India]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150614134007/http://www.tehelka.com/are-we-the-enemy-you-fear/ Are We The Enemy You Fear?], ''[[Tehelka]]''
*[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/30/mining-india-maoists-green-hunt The heart of India is under attack], ''[[The Guardian]]''

{{Naxalite-Maoist insurgency}}
{{Communist Party of India (Maoist)}}
{{Terror outfits}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party Of India (Maoist)}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist)| ]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Anti-imperialist organizations]]
[[Category:Communist parties in India]]
[[Category:Communist terrorism]]
[[Category:Far-left politics in India]]
[[Category:Maoist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2004]]

Krithyam

2026-03-03T21:36:19Z

ZPWClaudio: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Krithyam
| image = Krithyam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Viji Thampi]]
| producer = Sasi Ayyanchira
| writer = [[Kaloor Dennis]]
| story = [[Robin A Thirumala|Robin Thirumala]] [[Ansar Kalabhavan]]
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Parul Yadav]] [[Eva Pavithran]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
| music = Udayakumar [[M. Jayachandran]] (background)
| cinematography = [[Shamdat|Shamdat Sainudeen]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Sree Uthrattathi Films (PVT) Ltd
| distributor = Sree Uthrattathi Films (PVT) Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|5|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Krithyam''''' ({{langx|en|Mission}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Viji Thampi]] and starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in dual role as both the hero and villain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/krithyam/index.htm|title=Krithiyam|work=Webdunia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/krithyam-review-malayalam-movie-7608|title=Krithyam review. Krithyam Malayalam movie review, story, rating}}</ref><ref>https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/prithviraj-historical-directed-viji-thampi-66212</ref>

==Plot==
Sandra Punnoose discovers that she only has six months to live. She hires a professional killer, Christy Lopez to end her life, posing as her caretaker Solomon. Christy tries to kill her, but Sandra escapes and her driver gets shot.

The case is handled by police officer Surya Narayanan. On questioning Sandra, he learns about Christy and tries to catch him. One day, Sandra meets Sathya who saves her from a robbery in a shopping mall. Sandra mistakes him to be Christy and hands him over to the police. The police try to make him admit the truth, but he doesn't say a word. Later his friend Badsha and his guardian, a priest come to bail him out and reveal that Sathya is a boy with speech impairment, who is an orphan brought up by the father. Sandra feels sorry for Sathya and to make up for her mistake, befriends him. Sathya who is already smitten by Sandra is as happy as he can be. Soon their friendship changes into love.

Meanwhile, Christy repeatedly attempts to kill Sandra, but always fails. His failures make Christy obsessed with killing her.

Later, Sandra learns from her friend Lavanya's brother Ramdas Menon, a doctor in the US, that her condition is curable. She prepares to leave for the US for treatment. Once back, she confesses her love to Sathya and both decide to get married. On the day of the marriage, however, Christy drugs Sathya and takes his place as the groom. He, on the pretext of driving to church, leaves with Sandra in the car. Meanwhile, Sathya regains consciousness and tries to call Sandra from the landline. Sandra receives the call and when receiving only some sounds (like the ones dumb people make) realizes that it is Sathya on the line and that it is Christy who is with her in the car. She pretends to be talking to her friend and tricks Christy into disclosing where he is taking her.
He takes her to a nearby island, where he is going to kill her. Sandra reveals that she gave the quotation, but that doesn't stop Christy from wanting to kill her. Sathya arrives there and a fight ensures between them. Christy beats Sathya very badly and is about to kill him when Surya Narayanan arrives and shoots Christy, who falls into the sea. The movie ends with the couple leaving along with the police and Christy, who is not dead, resurfacing from the water.

==Cast==
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] in a [[dual role]] as:
**Sathya (Protagonist)
**Christy Lopez (Antagonist)
*[[Parul Yadav]] as Sandra Punnoose
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Dr.Ramdas Menon
*Eva Pavithran as Lavanya
*[[Shruthy Menon]] as Julia
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Surya Narayanan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Solomon Joseph
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Victoria
*[[Salim Kumar]] as Badsha
*Tony as Jacob Punnoose
*[[P. Sreekumar]] as Joseph Punnoose
*[[Viji Thampi]] as Lawrence

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050524162509/http://www.krithyam.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb title|0468785|Krithyam}}

[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Viji Thampi]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]

Sri Krishna Devaraya Telugu Bhasha Nilayam

2026-02-24T07:08:32Z

ZPWClaudio: Creating new data.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox library
| name = Sri Krishna Devaraya Telugu Bhasha Nilayam
| logo =
| image = Sri Krishna Devaraya Telugu Bhasha Nilayam 01.jpg
| caption = This is oldest library of Telangana State
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Sultan Bazar]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.387946466586428|78.48646027214616}}
| type = [[State library]]
| num_branches =
| established = 1901
| items_collected = [[book]]s, [[Academic journal|journals]], [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s, and [[manuscript]]s
| collection_size =
| Manuscripts =
| legal_deposit = Yes
| req_to_access = Open
| budget =
| director =
| website = https://sktbn.org/
}}
'''Sri Krishna Devaraya Telugu Bhasha Nilayam''' earlier known as '''Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam''' is one of the oldest non-Government [[Library]] in [[Telangana]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080322230819/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/14/stories/2007031419580400.htm Andhra Bhasha Nilayam demolished in The Hindu.]</ref>

==History==
The library was started on 1 September 1901. The Bhasha Nilayam celebrated its silver jubilee in 1927 with Burgula Ramakrishna Rao as its secretary and golden jubilee in 1952 when Burgula became the Chief Minister. The poet laureate Sripada Krishna Sastry inaugurated the golden jubilee celebrations. The Nilayam celebrated its centenary in 2001. [[Madiraju Lakshmi Narasimha Rao]], secretary of the Nilayam for the past over 50 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahender |first=Adepu |date=2017-03-23 |title=Century-old library lost in time |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-03-23/Century-old-library-lost-in-time/288514 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Among the leading personalities involved in the founding and strengthening of this institution in its formative years were the Munagala Raja, Nayani Venkata Ranga Rao, eminent researcher-historian Komarraju Lakshmana Rao, Pardhasarathi Apparao Bahadur of Palwancha, [[Suravaram Pratapareddy]], [[Madapati Hanumantha Rao]], [[Burgula Ramakrishna Rao]], Adiraju Veerabhadra Rao and [[Raja Bahadur Venkatarama Reddy]].

The Bhasha Nilayam was cradle of the nationalist struggle against the Nizam's rule and a center for Telugu language. Great people in politics, literature<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-12 |title=Nurturing the seeds of revival of Telugu language |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nurturing-the-seeds-of-revival-of-telugu-language/article21552578.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and culture considered it a privilege to address the gathering here.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greaterhyderabad.co.in/article/BooksandTalks/9430/ |title=Library that continues to inspire. |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154315/http://www.greaterhyderabad.co.in/article/BooksandTalks/9430/ |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The influence this library contributed to the network of libraries throughout Telangana. By the Silver Jubilee, seven libraries had been established in Hyderabad and four in Secunderabad. Later, 15 libraries were established in Warangal district, 13 in Nargonda district, 9 in Karimnagar district, 5 in Mahabubnagar district, and one each in Nizamabad and Adilabad districts. These libraries later became important centres of the national movement.<ref>[https://jalis.in/pdf/11-2/Srinivasalu.pdf Srinivasalu.pdf]</ref>

==Collection==
This library collection comprises approximately 53000 books and magazines, including many rare titles. While a categorized catalogue is available, the library's digitization efforts have progressed slowly. Over the past seven years, only about 10,000 books have been digitized, a pace limited by insufficient funding, staff shortages, and copyright constraints.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=2025-05-26 |title=Sri Krishnadeva Raya Telugu Bhasha Nilayam to celebrate 124th anniversary in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/sri-krishnadeva-raya-telugu-bhasha-nilayam-to-celebrate-124th-anniversary-in-hyderabad/article69552812.ece |access-date=2025-08-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[Sundarayya Vignana Kendram]] is helping the library in conservation, automation and electronic catalogueing. Four storied new building is being constructed during the Telugu Desam Party rule by generous Funding from the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].
[[File:Sri_Krishna_Devaraya_Telugu_Bhasha_Nilayam_05.jpg|thumb|Sri Krishna Devaraya Telugu Bhasha Nilayam Books Rack's]]

==See also==
* [[State Central Library, Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1901 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1901]]

Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 2, Jalahalli East, Bengaluru

2026-02-21T01:59:57Z

ZPWClaudio: added the pg added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = KV No.2, Jalahalli, Bangalore
| image = kv2.png
| image_size =
| caption = Front view
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| zipcode = 560014
| country = [[India]]
| established = 1982
| authority = [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]]
| principal = JYOTI SHARMA
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
| website = {{URL|https://no2jalahalli.kvs.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Kendriya Vidyalaya, No.2, Air Force Station, [[Jalahalli]] East''', [[Bangalore]], [[India]] is run by the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]], an autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|MHRD]], [[Government of India]]. Started in 1982, the Vidyalaya has classes from I to XII with an enrollment of 2300 with Science and Commerce streams at the Plus-Two level.
[[File:Kv2 sec.png|thumb]]
The Vidyalaya is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] and follows the 10+2 pattern of education. Apart from the teaching learning process, the students take part in co-curricular activities, sports and games, club activities, work experience, Scouts and Guides, [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC), computer education, vocational training, adventure programmes and value education.

== See also ==
*[[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]]
*[[List of Kendriya Vidyalayas]]

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://no2jalahalli.kvs.ac.in/}}
*[http://kvsangathan.nic.in/ Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]

{{Bangalore topics}}

[[Category:1994 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]

Ramkumar Ganesan

2026-02-10T02:55:14Z

ZPWClaudio: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian film producer and actor (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Ramkumar Ganesan
| image = M. Venkaiah Naidu being presented a memento by Shri Ramkumar Ganesan and Shri Prabhu (sons of legendary Actor Late Sivaji Ganesan), at the 88th birthday celebrations of the Actor late Sivaji Ganesan, in Chennai (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ramkumar in 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|7|3}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Film producer]], [[actor]]
| yearsactive = 1986-present
| spouse = Meenakshi Kannammal
| children = 4, including [[Dushyanth Ramkumar|Dushyanth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ramkumar-ganesan-s-son-sivaji-is-back-news-tamil-megkaKfgffc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406214038/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramkumar-ganesan-s-son-sivaji-is-back-news-tamil-megkaKfgffc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-04-06 |title=Ramkumar Ganesan's son Sivaji is back |website=[[Sify]] |date=2012-04-06 |access-date=2014-04-27}}</ref>
| parents = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] (father) Kamala (mother)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata party|BJP]] (2021)
| relatives = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] (brother) [[Vikram Prabhu]] (nephew)
}}
'''Ramkumar Ganesan''' (born 3 July 1955) is an Indian film producer and actor. He is the eldest son of veteran actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and the head of [[Sivaji Productions]], a film production company that has produced several films, particularly featuring his father [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and his younger brother [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]].

==Early life==
Born in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India, Ramkumar is the eldest son of Tamil actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and the older brother of Tamil actor [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], Shanti and Thenmozhi. He studied at [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]], [[Bangalore]]. He graduated with a degree in [[business administration]] from Vivekananda College and began working at the production company [[Sivaji Productions]] established by his father.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sivajiproductions.com/Sivaji_Productions___Management.html |title=Sivajiproductions.com |publisher=Sivajiproductions.com |accessdate=2018-04-22 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105032843/http://www.sivajiproductions.com/Sivaji_Productions___Management.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Ramkumar took over Sivaji Productions after his uncle V. C. Shanmugham had died.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3613600.ece |title=Grand re-entry |work=The Hindu |access-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130014256/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3613600.ece |archive-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company is being led by Ramkumar along with his brother Prabhu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/66726.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516054421/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/66726.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 May 2011|title = Tamil Cinema News {{pipe}} Tamil Movie Reviews {{pipe}} Tamil Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref> The most notable production under Ramkumar remains the blockbuster ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' in 2005. In 2009, the brothers produced the film ''[[Aasal]]'' starring [[Ajith Kumar]].<ref name="Filmphoto3">{{cite web|year=2009|title='Asal' to see 500 screens|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=15 January 2010|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53561.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117034529/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/53561.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2010}}</ref> Ramkumar has also acted in a couple of scenes, playing notable supporting roles in ''Aruvadai Naal'' and ''[[My Dear Marthandan]]'', both starring Prabhu. He appeared as one of the antagonists in director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

==Personal life==
Ramkumar married Kannamal with whom have three sons, [[Dushyanth Ramkumar|Dushyanth]] who works with Sivaji Productions and has acted in the Tamil films ''Success'' and ''Machi'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13248392&cid=2408 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412170241/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13248392&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-04-12 |title=Welcome to |website=Sify.com |date=2007-01-20 |accessdate=2018-04-22}}</ref> and twins Dharshan and Rishyan.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ As Producer
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Aruvadai Naal]]''|| rowspan="10" | Tamil || [[G. M. Kumar]] ||
|-
|1987 || ''[[Anand (1987 film)|Anand]]'' || [[C. V. Rajendran]] ||
|-
|1988 || ''[[En Thamizh En Makkal]]'' || [[Santhana Bharathi]] ||
|-
|1989 || ''[[Vetri Vizha]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Pratap Pothan]]||
|-
|1990 || ''[[My Dear Marthandan]]'' ||
|-
|1991 || ''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]'' || [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Rajkapoor]] ||
|-
|1992 || ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]'' || [[P.Vasu]] ||
|-
|1993 || ''[[Kalaignan]]'' || G. B. Vijay ||
|-
|1994 || ''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' || [[R. V. Udayakumar]] ||
|-
|2005 || ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || [[P.Vasu]] ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Delhii Heights]]'' || Hindi ||Anand Kumar ||
|-
|2010 || ''[[Aasal]]'' || Tamil || [[Saran (director)|Saran]] ||

|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ As actor
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Aruvadai Naal]]'' || Father Vicent Parker Soosai ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[My Dear Marthandan]]'' || Special appearance ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Special appearance||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' || Indrakumar ||
|-
| 2019 ||''[[LKG (film)|LKG]]'' || Bhojappan ||
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]'' || Akash ||
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Kaari (film)|Kaari]]'' || Sethu's coach ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Modern Love Chennai]]'' || Doctor || Segment: Ninaivo Oru Paravai
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Theeyavar Kulai Nadunga]]'' || Varadharajan ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganesan, Ramkumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Lalita Lajmi

2026-02-08T09:22:02Z

ZPWClaudio: added references

{{short description|Indian painter (1932–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lalita Lajmi
| image = Lalita Lajmi.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1932|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|02|13|1932|10|17|df=y}}
| death_place =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art|Sir J. J. School of Art, Mumbai]]
| occupation = Painter
| years_active = 1960–2023
| children = 2, including [[Kalpana Lajmi]]
| relatives = [[Guru Dutt]] (brother) [[Atma Ram (director)|Atma Ram]] (brother)
}}
'''Lalita Lajmi''' (17 October 1932 – 13 February 2023) was an Indian painter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lalitha Lajmi {{!}} BIOGRAPHY|url=http://lalithalajmi.com/biography/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164545/http://lalithalajmi.com/biography/|archive-date=3 March 2018|access-date=3 March 2018|website=lalithalajmi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kochhar|first=Ritika|date=2021-01-09|title=Artist for all seasons: Lalitha Lajmi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/artist-for-all-seasons-lalitha-lajmi/article33527166.ece|access-date=2021-11-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="a">{{cite web|url=http://www.icacart.com/artist/lalita-lajmi|title=International Creative Art Centre " Lalita Lajmi|website=Icacart.com|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813011447/http://www.icacart.com/artist/lalita-lajmi|archive-date=13 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianartcollectors.com/artistname.php?aid=271 |title=Artists |access-date=8 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228132257/http://www.indianartcollectors.com/artistname.php?aid=271 |archive-date=28 February 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> She was a self-taught artist born into a family involved in the arts, and was very fond of [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] even as a child. She was the sister of [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] director, producer, and actor [[Guru Dutt]]. In 1994, she was invited to the Guru Dutt Film Festival, organised by [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]], the [[India House, London|Indian High Commissioner]] at [[Nehru Centre, London]]. Her work was also influenced by Indian films such as those made by her brother, [[Satyajit Ray]] and [[Raj Kapoor]].

In one of her interviews Lalitha Lajmi said that, being from a middle-class background, her family could not afford her joining classical dance classes. She was from a traditional family and hence developed an interest in art. Her uncle B. B. Benegal, who was a commercial artist from Kolkata, brought her a box of paints. She seriously began painting in 1961 but in those days one could not sell one's work{{clarify|date=June 2019}} and hence she had to teach in an art school to support herself financially. While teaching she worked with disabled and underprivileged children. Her first painting was sold for just Rs. 100 to a German art collector, Dr. Heinzmode. He used to take her works and in exchange gave her works of German artists or some books.

Lajmi said that her work had no particular direction until the late 1970s. Then she started evolving and started doing etchings, oils and watercolors. Her 1990s work which show hidden tensions that exist between men and women captured different roles they play. But her women were not meek but assertive and aggressive. She even used images of [[Kali]] and [[Durga]] in her work. Her closest inspiration was a series she painted called "The Family series" and this work was displayed at Chemould.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saffronart.com/artists/lalitha-lajmi|title=Lalitha Lajmi|website=Saffronart|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Her parents were originally settled in Karwar but relocated to Bangalore. Lajmi's father was a poet and her mother was a polylingual writer.<ref name="mattersofart.blogspot.in">{{Cite web|url=http://mattersofart.blogspot.in/2012/11/lalitha-lajmi-minds-cupboards-opening.html|title=Lalitha Lajmi {{!}} The Mind's Cupboards {{!}} Opening 28 November|website=mattersofart.blogspot.in|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> She grew up in Bhowanipore. Her uncle BB Benegal introduced her to painting as a child when he brought her a box of paints and sent her work for a competition; later she got her first prize. Her urge to paint developed rapidly in the 1960s, which is when she started painting seriously. Her first exhibition was the group exhibition at Jehangir Art Gallery in Mumbai, where, in 1961, she also held her first solo exhibition. Lajmi taught at Campion School and Convent of Jesus & Mary for over two decades and later enrolled in the [[Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art|JJ School of Art]] to complete her art masters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/paint-and-suffering/articleshow/62964353.cms|title=Lalitha Lajmi: My daughter Kalpana Lajmi's illness has impacted me, so maybe it reflects in my work – Mumbai Mirror -|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Lalitha Lajmi's works are held in collections in the National Gallery of Modern Art and the CSMVS Museum in India, and the British Museum.<ref name="mattersofart.blogspot.in" />

She married Captain Gopi Lajmi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/lalitha-lajmi-disapproved-of-kalpana-lajmi-living-in-with-bhupen-hazarika-he-was-fit-to-be-her-father-101632328070936.html|title=Lalitha Lajmi disapproved of Kalpana Lajmi living-in with Bhupen Hazarika: 'He was fit to be her father'|date=22 September 2021}}</ref> She has a daughter with Captain Gopi Lajmi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/kalpana-lajmi-a-life-in-focus/articleshow/94391.cms|title=Kalpana Lajmi: A life in focus | India News |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 July 2003 }}</ref> Her daughter, [[Kalpana Lajmi]], was also a Hindi film director.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Lajmi died on 13 February 2023, at the age of 90.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eminent Indian painter Lalitha Lajmi passes away at 90 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/eminent-indian-painter-lalitha-lajmi-passes-away-at-90-8442718/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
She started painting in the early 1960s,<ref name="b">{{cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/lalitha-lajmi|title=Lalitha Lajmi|website=Saffronart.com|access-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> when she participated in a group exhibition at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], Mumbai.<ref name="c">{{Cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/showcase-the-making-of-an-icon/article4009008.ece | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411230640/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/showcase-the-making-of-an-icon/article4009008.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-04-11 | title=Showcase: The making of an icon - the Hindu| website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> At the same gallery she had her first solo exhibition in 1961.<ref name="c"/> Over a career spanning 5 decades, she had several exhibitions at both national and international platforms.<ref name="a"/><ref name="b"/> She has exhibited her work in India, (Germany) and US. Lajmi has given lectures in India and UK as well. She also showcased her work in Graphic workshop of Prof. Paul Lingerine in [[Mumbai]] and two of her etchings were selected for "India Festival" 1985, USA.<ref name="Profile of artist Lalitha Lajmi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaart.com/Artists/Lalitha-Lajmi/Profile-of-Lalitha-Lajmi.asp|title=Profile of artist Lalitha Lajmi|website=indiaart.com|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> Her work has been displayed in various famous art galleries including Prithvi Art Gallery, Pundole Art Gallery, Apparao Gallery, [[Chennai]], Pundole Gallery, Mumbai, Hutheesing Centre for Visual Art, [[Ahmedabad]], Art Heritage, [[New Delhi]], Gallery Gay, Germany, Prints Exhibition at Max Muller Bhavan, Kolkata etc. Lajmi's primary work was appreciated but she shrugged that her later work was left unnoticed because of which she started teaching at Campion school and Convent of Jesus and Mary for over 20 years.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Some of her group exhibitions includes A SYCO, The viewing Room, Mumbai, Think Small, art Alive Gallery, New Delhi, The Feminine Eye, Gallery Sara Arakkal, [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Profile of artist Lalitha Lajmi"/> Her initial work displayed a lot of autobiographical elements and her later work reflected the hidden tension between men and women. Lajmi has also showcased a natural bonding between mother and daughter in her work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/fixed/ItemDetails.aspx?iid=9258&a=Lalitha%20%20Lajmi&pt=2&eid=32|title=Saffronart :: Lalitha Lajmi : Untitled|website=saffronart.com|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>

She gave a [[guest appearance]] in [[Aamir Khan]]'s 2007 [[Bollywood]] film, ''[[Taare Zameen Par (Like Stars on Earth)|Taare Zameen Par]] and'' has also done costume designing for a play by [[Amol Palekar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/my-work-is-optimistic-now-veteran-artist-lalitha-lajmi/story-WAmAi41xuC04NjbRHoOUJK.html|title=My work is optimistic now: Veteran artist Lalitha Lajmi|date=15 September 2015|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> She has also worked as a graphics artist in Hindi movie ''[[Aghaat]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/aghaat-movie-cast-crew/5751|title=Aghaat (1985) Cast and Crew|website=Gomolo.com|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910180217/http://www.gomolo.com/aghaat-movie-cast-crew/5751|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Style ==
Lalita was a self-taught artist, in spite of art and painting books, she lacked guidance in her style and kind of art and hence, she ended up constantly experimenting. Gradually, at the end of the 1970s, she began doing etchings and oil and watercolor paintings. When observed, most of her work displays strong autobiographical elements. Her earlier works drew inspirations from her personal life and observations, while her later work reflected the hidden tension between men and women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The Prinseps |date=2022-07-04 |title=Lalitha Lajmi: Etching, Printmaking & Artistic Legacy |url=https://prinseps.com/research/an-interview-with-lalitha-lajmi/ |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=Prinseps |language=en-in}}</ref>

Lajmi's works are figurative in nature – men, women, children and clowns. 'Performance' has been a constant motif on her works, she portraits people's interactions, her early works were melancholic in nature, and her later works are more optimistic. But through the years, her works have continued being autobiographical.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

In the mid-1980s, Lajmi's work had evolved into etchings, oils and watercolors. The works of the late 1980s and early 1990s reflect the latent tensions that exist between men and women, captured in the different roles they play. She portrays her women as assertive and aggressive individuals. She uses the images of Durga or Kali on the top of emaciated men who are kneeling, almost as if they were in the middle of some form of classical corporal punishment. She has also depicted the natural bonding that exists between women, between mother and daughter figures, perhaps drawing from her own relationship with her daughter, well-known filmmaker Kalpana.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

For Lajmi, nurturing her passion for art and cinema was a constant struggle. Indian films have been the biggest influence on her work, especially the ones made by her brother, Guru Dutt, Satyajit Ray and Raj Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jnaf.org/artist/lalitha-lajmi/|title=Lalitha Lajmi|date=March 6, 2019|website=JEHANGIR NICHOLSON ART FOUNDATION}}</ref>

== Exhibitions and collections ==
'''Exhibitions'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaart.com/Artists/Lalitha-Lajmi/Profile-of-Lalitha-Lajmi.asp|title=Profile of artist Lalitha Lajmi|website=www.indiaart.com|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>

* 13 January 2023 to 26 February 2023: National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai - The Mind's Cupboard - Lalitha Lajmi - A retrospective curated by Sumesh Sharma
* 1997: Appa Rao Gallery, Chennai
* 1996: Pundole's, Mumbai
* 1981: Hutheesing Centre for Visual Art, Ahmedabad
* 1980: Art Heritage, New Delhi
* 1978, 1974, 1972, 1966, 1962, 1961: Mumbai, Germany and USA
* 1978: Gallery Gay, Germany
* 1977: Prints Exhibition at Max Muller Bhavan, Kolkata
* 1976: Boston and Los Angeles

'''Collections''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lalithalajmi.com/biography/|title=Lalitha Lajmi {{!}} BIOGRAPHY|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303164545/http://lalithalajmi.com/biography/|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], Bombay
* Space Research Centre, Ahmedabad
* CMC Office – Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], New Delhi
*[[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai|National Gallery of Modern Art]], Mumbai
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala Academy]], New Delhi
* [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh|Chandigarh Museum]], Chandigarh
* Bradford Museum, England, UK
* [[British Museum]], London, UK
*Air India Office, Bombay
*Procter and Gamble Ltd
*[[Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation]]
* Birla Museum, Hyderabad
*[[Tehelka]], “ART FOR FREEDOM” for BON-HAMS Auction in London
*Domestic airport in Mumbai by Tarana Khubchandani of Art & Soul Gallery.
*Jehangir Art Gallery, 15–21 January 2014

==Awards==
*1997: ICCR Travel Grant for International Contemporary Indian Women Artists Show for 50 Years of Indian Independence organized by Mills College of Art at Oakland, California
*1983: ICCR Travel Grant to Germany
*1979: [[Bombay Art Society]], Mumbai
*1978: State Art Exhibition Award
*1977: Bombay Art Society Award (Etching)
*1977: ICCR Travel Grant to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California<ref name="Profile of artist Lalitha Lajmi"/>
*She was the recipient of the Government of India Junior Fellowship from 1979 to 1983

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Lalita Lajmi}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qClvmYSXWMg Conversation] with Lalita Lajmi
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lajmi, Lalita}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Women artists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Painters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Guru Dutt]]

Shahgarh

2026-02-06T13:44:02Z

ZPWClaudio: further adjusted details for accuracy additionally and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Update|demographics|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shahgarh
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.32|N|79.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Bakhat Bali Shah
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar Parishad
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16300
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi /Bundelkhandi/language/English|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 470339
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP - 15]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shahgarh''' is a town and a [[tahsil]] in [[Sagar district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Madhya Pradesh. Its connected with National Highway No. 86 Route, National Highway 539 and MP SH 37.<ref>{{cite web|title=Infinity Foundation|url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_beg_frameset.htm|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref>

==Geography==
Shahgarh is located at {{Coord|24.32|N|79.13|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Shahgarh.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Shahgarh]</ref> It has an average elevation of 411 metres (1,348 feet).
==Demographics==
At the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Shahgarh had a population of 14,585. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Shahgarh had an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 69% and female literacy 53%. 18% of the population were under 6 years of age.

==See also ==
* [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh|Banda]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sagar Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]

[[Category:Tehsils of Sagar district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Viji Thampi

2026-01-30T17:41:06Z

ZPWClaudio: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Viji Thampi
| image =
| module =
| office = [[Kerala|Kerala State]] [[President (corporate title)|President]], [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2021|07|18|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| predecessor = B. R. Balaraman
| successor =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| known_for =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Actor|Social activist}}
| spouse = Priya Varma
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Jagannatha Varma]] (Father-in-law)
| awards =
}}

'''Viji Thampi''' is an Indian [[film director]], actor, right-wing politician, and social activist who works in [[Malayalam film]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/prithviraj-s-turns-veluthampi-dalawa-for-viji-thampi-s-next-266480.html|title=CONFIRMED: Prithviraj Turns Veluthampi Dalawa!|last=Menon|first=Akhila|date=2017-07-27|website=FilmiBeat|language=en|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> Thampi is a member of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] regional board of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and the State Advisor of Kerala Kshetra Samrakshana Samithi. In 2021, Thampi was appointed as the [[Kerala|Kerala State]] [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/director-viji-thampi-has-been-elected-as-the-state-president-of-vishwa-hindu-parishad-300961.html|title = വിശ്വഹിന്ദുപരിഷത്ത് സംസ്ഥാന അദ്ധ്യക്ഷനായി സംവിധായകന്‍ വിജി തമ്പിയെ തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്തു|date = 19 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=CUE|first=THE|title=സംവിധായകൻ വിജി തമ്പി വിഎച്ച്പി സംസ്ഥാന അധ്യക്ഷൻ|url=https://www.thecue.in/around-us/2021/07/19/viji-thampy-vhp|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Cue|date=19 July 2021 |language=ml}}</ref> He was also a Jury member of National film awards declaration committee in 2022.

==Family==
Viji Thampi's father, Sri R. Raghavan Thampi, was a member of the royal family of Karthikappally Palace. His mother, Smt. Indira Thampi, hailed from the Aristocractic [[Kurup of Travancore|Mankoikkal Kurup]] family of Southern Kerala. His maternal uncle, the late [[Adv. P. V. Neelakante Pillai]], served as the President of the [[Nair Service Society|Nair Service Society (NSS)]] for nearly a decade. Viji Thampi is married to Priya Varma, the daughter of actor [[Jagannatha Varma|Jaganatha Varma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viji Tampi |url=https://vijitampi.com/Let-me-speak-about-me.html |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=vijitampi.com}}</ref>
==Career==
After making his directorial debut with the 1988 film ''David David Mr. David'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/prithviraj-historical-directed-viji-thampi-66212|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=2020-04-09|title=Prithviraj in a historical film directed by Viji Thampi|date=3 August 2017}}</ref> Thampi directed a series of comedy films in the 1990s which turned out to be commercial hits.
Viji Thampi is known for appearing in cameo roles in his own films. He has also directed the Malayalam crime thriller television series ''Black and White'' and later, the mythological television serial ''Devimahathmyam''.

== Filmography ==

=== Director ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Genre
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1988 || ''[[David David Mr. David]]'' || [[Action-thriller|Action Thriller]]
|-
|| ''[[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]]'' || [[Thriller film]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1989 || ''[[New Year (1989 film)|New Year]]'' || [[Thriller film|Thriller]]
|-
|| ''[[Kaalal Pada]]'' || [[Action-thriller|Action Thriller]]
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1990 || ''Nanma Niranjavan Srinivasan'' || [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
|-
|| ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' || [[Black comedy]]
|-
|| ''[[Marupuram]]'' || [[Action-thriller]]
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1992 || ''[[Pandu Pandoru Rajakumari]]'' || [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
|-
|| ''[[Kunukkitta Kozhi]]'' || [[Comedy]]
|-
|| ''[[Thiruthalvaadi]]'' || [[Comedy]]
|-
|| ''[[Soorya Manasam]]'' || [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1993 || ''Journalist'' || [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
|-
|| ''[[Addeham Enna Iddeham]]'' || [[Comedy drama]]
|-
|| ''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]'' || Political thriller
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]'' || [[Comedy drama]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1995 || ''[[Simhavalan Menon]]'' || [[Comedy]]
|-
|| ''[[Avittam Thirunaal Aarogya Sriman]]'' || Family comedy
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1996 || ''[[Kudumbakodathi]]'' || [[Comedy]]
|-
|| ''[[Manthrika Kuthira|Manthrikakuthira]]'' || [[Crime-thriller film]]
|-
| 1997 || ''Killikkurissiyile Kudumbamela'' || Family comedy film
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sathyameva Jayathe|Satyamev Jayate]]'' || [[Action-thriller]]
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]'' || [[Comedy drama]]
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Krithyam]]'' || [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Bada Dosth]]'' || [[Action-thriller]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Nammal Thammil]]'' || Campus thriller
|-
|| ''[[Chemistry (2009 film)|Chemistry]]'' || [[Horror film]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[April Fool (2010 film)|April Fool]]'' || [[Comedy film]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Nadakame Ulakam]]'' || [[Comedy]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Nadodimannan]]''<ref name=":0" /> || [[Action comedy]]
|-
|}

=== Actor ===
#''INNOCENT'' (2025)
#''Vyasanasametham Bandhumithraadikal'' (2025)
#''MAYAMMA'' (2024)
# ''Ennalum Sarath'' (2018) Dir.: Balachandra Menon
# ''Njaan Samvidhanam Cheyyum'' (2016) Dir.: Balachandra Menon
# ''[[Thanthonni]]'' (2010)... as Landlord (benaami)
# ''[[Pachakuthira]]'' (2006)... Himself
# ''Bada Dosth'' (2006)... Sekhara Pilla
# ''[[Krithyam]]'' (2005)... Lawrence
# ''[[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty]]'' (2001)... Chief Minister
# ''[[Sathyameva Jayathe|Satyamev Jayate]]'' (2000)... Man at the bar
# ''[[Samaantharangal]]'' (1998)... Mathew
# ''[[Anuragakottaram]]'' (1998)...Punjabi Singh
# ''[[Avittam Thirunaal Aarogya Sriman]]'' (1995)... Arumukham Thampi
# ''[[Simhavalan Menon]]''... Ikka
# ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]'' (1994)... Store room operator
# ''[[Soorya Manasam]]'' (1992)... Landlord
# ''[[Thiruthalvaadi]]'' (1992)... Avtar Singh
# ''[[Nagarangalil Chennu Raparkam]]'' (1989)... Taxi driver
# ''[[Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran]]'' (1990) as Bank Officer
# ''[[Nagarathil Samsara Vishayam]]'' (1991)... Himself
# ''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]'' (1987)... Police
# ''[[Achuvettante Veedu]]'' (1987)... Taxi driver

==Television serials==
===Director===
*2023-2024 ''Amme Bhagavathi''(Rebranded as ''Attukal Amma'') ([[Flowers TV]])
*2019– ''Ayyappa Saranam'' ([[Amrita TV]])
*2010–2012 – ''Devimahathmyam'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*2007– ''Mahatma Gandhi Colony'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*2008– ''Sree Krishna Leela'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*2005– ''Amma'' (Tele-cinema [[Amrita TV]])
*2004– ''Annie'' (Tele-cinema [[Kairali TV]])
*2000– ''Black & White'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])

===As actor===
*''Mask''
*''Vamsam''
*''Mayamma'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-01 |title=Actress Ankhitha Vinod's Malayalam Film Mayamma To Release On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-ankhitha-vinods-malayalam-film-mayamma-to-release-on-this-date-8913766.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

===As judge===
*''Shreshtabharatam- Mahabharata'' ([[Amrita TV]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0857002}}
* [http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/viji-thampi-withstanding-the-test-of-time Viji Thampi: Withstanding The Test Of Time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721020501/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/viji-thampi-withstanding-the-test-of-time |date=21 July 2012 }}
*Website http://vijitampi.com/

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thampi, Viji}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]

Kaladan River

2026-01-16T16:41:00Z

ZPWClaudio: add layout for consistency to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Kaladan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| name_other = Chhimtuipui, Kissapanadi, Beino, Bawinu, Bawinung (Boinung)
| name_etymology = 
| image = Kit SaPa Nadi River.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = View of the river at [[Kyauktaw]] in Myanmar.
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Myanmar]], [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chin State]], [[Rakhine State]], [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 = 
| length = {{cvt|700|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location = Kaladan Delta, [[Bay of Bengal]]
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|3,476|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System">{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7904921|title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River System|last1=Christer|first1=Nilsson|last2=Catherine|first2=Reidy, Liermann|last3=Mats|first3=Dynesius|last4=Carmen|first4=Revenga|journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.1107887|year=2005|volume=308 |issue=5720 |pages=405–408 }}</ref>
| discharge1_max = 
| source1 = west flank of Mount [[Zinghmuh]]
| source1_location = [[Chin Hills]], [[Chin State]], [[Myanmar]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|22|49|28|N|93|31|57|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|2,564|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth = [[Sittwe]]
| mouth_location = [[Bay of Bengal]], [[Myanmar]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|20|06|00|N|92|54|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| river_system = Kaladan River
| basin_size = {{cvt|40,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSfIAgAAQBAJ|title = Register of International Rivers: Prepared by the Centre for Natural Resources, Energy and Transport of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations|isbn = 9781483188294|last1 = Stuart|first1 = Sam|date = 3 September 2013| publisher=Elsevier }}</ref>
| tributaries_left = Twe, Mi, Kalabon, Kyegu
| tributaries_right = Chal, [[Tio River|Tio]], Tuichang, Mat, Kawrthingdeng
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
The '''Kaladan''' ({{langx|my|ကုလားတန်မြစ်}}, {{IPA|my|kəládàɰ̃ mjɪʔ|pron}}) or '''Kissapanadi River''' ({{langx|my|ကစ္ဆပနဒီ}}, {{IAST|Kacchapanadī}}), also known as the '''Beino''', '''Bawinu''' and '''Kolodyne''', is a [[river]] in the eastern [[Mizoram|Mizoram State]] of [[India]], and in [[Chin State]] and [[Rakhine State]] of western [[Myanmar]].<ref name=chit1/> The Kaladan River is called the [[Chhimtuipui River]] in India.<ref name=chit4>[https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/north/still-under-construction-1502635461.html Still under construction[, The Statesman.</ref> It forms the international border between India and Myanmar between 22° 47′ 10" N (where its tributary, the [[Tiau River]], joins it) and 22° 11′ 06" N.<ref name=chit1>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-7.jpg NF 46-7 "Gangaw, Burma"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing April 1958</ref>

==History==
Ancient Arakanese cities such as [[Dhanyawadi]] and [[Waithali]] were situated on the eastern bank of Kaladan River.

The Kaladan was an entry point to Mizoram from the seaport of [[Sittwe]] in 1904. The Kaladan is [[Mizoram]]'s largest river, flowing through that state's southeastern region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pachuau |first1=Joy |title=The Camera as a Witness |date=13 April 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107073395 |pages=153}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{cleanup|reason=lat/lon should either use [[Template:Coord]] per [[MOS:COORDS]] and maybe move to footnotes, or be dropped|date=December 2021}}
The river arises in central Chin State as the Timit, {{coord|22|49|28|N|93|31|57|E|display=inline}}, and flows south and is soon joined by the Chal, after which it is known as the Boinu River. It continues south until just before it is joined by the Twe River at 22° 08′ 40″ N 93° 34′ 30″ E, when it swings west. It continues west until 22° 05′ 20″ N 93° 14′ 12″ E, when it heads northwest. At 22° 11′ 06″ N 93° 09′ 29″ E, below Mount Phabipa, it turns north and becomes the international border between India and Myanmar. It flows north to 22° 47′ 09″ N 93° 05′ 47″ E, where the international border continues north along the Tyao River, and the Boinu heads northwest into Mizoram State, at which point it is known as the Kaladan.

At 22° 56′ 21″ N 92° 58′ 55″ E it reaches its northernmost point, and turns south west, is joined by the Tuichong River from the right and then heads south.<ref name="Chittagong">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india/nf-46-06a.jpg NF 46-6 "Chittagong, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1955, first printing March 1960</ref> The Kaladan is joined from the right by the Mat River at 22° 43′ 39″ N, 92° 54′ 46″ E. It continues south and is joined by the Kawrthingdeng River from the right. It again enters Chin State, at Raithaw Ferry, 22° 03′ 40″ N 92° 51′ 05″ E,<ref name="Chittagong"/> just northwest of Khenkhar. The Mi River joins from the left at 21° 06′ 56″ N 92° 57′ 42″ E.<ref>[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nf46-10.jpg "Cox's Bazar, Pakistan"] U.S. Army Map Service topographic map 1:250,000, 1954, first printing March 1960</ref> At [[Ngame, Burma|Ngame]] the river enters the Rakhine State of Myanmar and continues south to [[Sittwe]] where it enters the [[Bay of Bengal]].

==Development==
At present, the Kaladan is the fifth largest river in the world that is completely unfragmented by [[dam]]s anywhere in its [[catchment]], behind only the [[Fly River|Fly]], [[Mamberamo River|Mamberamo]] and [[Sepik River|Sepik]] in [[New Guinea]] and the [[Pechora River|Pechora]] in [[Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |title=Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330202803/http://www.gwsp.org/fileadmin/downloads/Nilsson_Science2005.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Nonetheless, the governments of India and Myanmar are working on a US$500 million, ''[[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]]'' that will facilitate trade between the two nations.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/03/20/stories/2004032000840400.htm The Hindu Business Line : `Work on Kaladan river project in Mizo to start soon']</ref> The project includes the construction of the US$120 million deepwater [[Sittwe Port]] at the mouth of the river, dredging of the Kaladan River to enable cargo vessels to [[navigability|navigate the river]] from Sittwe to Mizoram, the construction of a river port at [[Paletwa]], as well as the widening and upgrade of highways between Paletwa and Myeikwa on the Indo-Myanmar border.<ref name=ibn-portstarts>{{cite news|url=http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|title=Construction of Sittwe Port for Kaladan Multiple River Project Starts|publisher=Indo-Burma News|date=2010-12-01|access-date=2011-10-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401020702/http://www.indoburmanews.net/archives-1/2010/december_2010/construction-of-sittwe-port-for-kaladan-multiple-river-project-starts/|archive-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> India undertook the development of the 158 km river boat route from [[Sittwe]] seaport to the Inland Water Terminal (IWT) and hydropower project at [[Paletwa]] jetty via the Kaladan River in [[Myanmar]].<ref name=biz1>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-awards-road-contract-to-complete-kaladan-project-in-myanmar/article9723297.ece India awards road contract to complete Kaladan project in Myanmar], Business Line, 9 June 2017.</ref><ref name=mand3/> River dredging and a jetty upgrade were completed in June 2017.<ref name=biz1/><ref name=mand3>[https://www.mmtimes.com/news/india-ramps-myanmar-ties-gain-foothold-asean.html India ramps up Myanmar ties]</ref> There is at least one [[Lock (water navigation)|river lock]] for navigation.<ref name=lock1>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193824/http://stsfor.org/content/indias-infrastructure-development-projects-myanmar-game-changer-region-part-2-3 India's connectivity to Myanmar]}}.</ref> The project will open up not only Mizoram but all of India's northeastern states as hinterland for the Sittwe Port. Construction for the port started in 2010 and is expected to be completed by mid-2020.{{update inline|date=January 2021}}

Development of the river is also being negotiated with the [[Shwe Gas Project]] for economic enhancement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shwe.org/photos/about-shwe |title=The Shwe Project — Shwe Gas Movement [For a Sustainable Future in a Free and Democratic Burma]}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=January 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]]
* [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Border Road|Arunachal Border Highway]]
* [[Asian Highway Network]]
* [[Burma–India relations#India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway|India-Myanmar-Thailand Friendship Highway]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/PFR/Mizoram/Boinu.pdf "Boinu Hydroelectric Project (640 MW)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410070358/http://www.powermin.nic.in/whats_new/PFR/Mizoram/Boinu.pdf |date=10 April 2009 }}, Ministry of Power, Government of India
* [http://www.kaladan.com Kaladan.com - news covering Indo-Myanmar Kaladan project]

{{Hydrography of Mizoram}}
{{Hydrography of North-east India}}
{{Rakhine State|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Kaladan River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Rivers of Mizoram]]
[[Category:International rivers of Asia]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar border]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:Rakhine State]]
[[Category:Sittwe]]

Kombanad

2026-01-02T16:18:12Z

ZPWClaudio: brief improve references for accuracy and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kombanad
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|9|0|N|76|33|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10976
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 683555 (683546)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 484 2648/847...
| registration_plate = kl-40
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = perumbavoor
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = chalakkudy
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = perumbavoor
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|tropical]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Kombanad ''' is a [[village]] in [[Ernakulam district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Paniyeli Poru Eco Tourism Center (38).jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Panieli Poru]]]]
[[Panieli Poru]], the famous waterfalls and picnic spot is just 5 km away from Kombanad. Panamkuzhy river and mahogany plantation, another picnic spot, is also just 4 km away from Kombanad.haritha bio park. The famous Kodanad elephant training centre and mini zoo is also just 15 minutes drive from Kombanad.

==Economy==
Kombanad is a small junction with all facilities including banks, hospitals, educational institutions, government offices, temples, churches, etc. Most of the peoples belongs to farmers and the land is filled with rubber, coconut, arecanut, plantain, pineapple and rice paddy fields.

==Kunnathnadu Tehsil==
This village is part of [[Kunnathunad|Kunnathnadu]] taluk of Ernakulam district. Other towns in this area include [[Kizhakkambalam]], Kombanad, [[Mazhuvannoor]], [[Rayamangalam, Kerala|Rayamangalam]] and thiruvaniyoor.

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kombanad has 2810 households. The literacy rate of the village is 84.96%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3208-F-Census.xlsx |title=Ernakulam district census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 10976 || 5501 || 5475
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 948 || 497 || 451
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1099 || 562 || 537
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 313 || 159 || 154
|-
| Literates || 9325 || 4757 || 4568
|-
| Workers (all) || 5089 || 3345 || 1744
|-
| Main workers (total) || 3956 || 2873 || 1083
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 490 || 420 || 70
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 897 || 483 || 414
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 50 || 39 || 11
|-
| Main workers: Other || 2519 || 1931 || 588
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 1133 || 472 || 661
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 99 || 61 || 38
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 459 || 192 || 267
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 6 || 4 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 569 || 215 || 354
|-
| Non-workers || 5887 || 2156 || 3731
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kunnathunad taluk]]

Karnatak College

2025-12-18T12:31:42Z

ZPWClaudio: added the article nd citations

{{Short description|College in Karnataka, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Karnataka College Dharwad
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಕೊಲೆಜ್ ಧಾರವಾಡ (ಕೆ.ಸಿ.ಡಿ)
| image = Karnatak college.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt = Karnataka College Dharwad
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| established = {{start date and age|1917}}
| founder = [[Rudragouda Artal]]
| type = Government college
| affiliation = [[Karnataka University Dharwad]]
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 4000+
| sports =
| nickname =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| location = [[Dharwad, Karnataka]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.453|N|74.999|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| former_names = Karnatak College Dharwar
| website = {{URL|https://www.kacd.ac.in}}
| mapframe = yes
}}
'''Karnataka College''' of Arts and Science,<ref>[http://karnatakacollege.org/ - Karnataka College, Dharwad]</ref> [[Dharwad]] (1917) is one of the leading institutions in [[Karnataka]], India offering [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[B.Com]]. and [[B.Sc]] degrees. KCD is the oldest college affiliated to [[Karnataka University]], [[Dharwad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituent colleges |url=http://www.kud.ac.in/content.aspx?module=colleges&page=constituent |date= |publisher=Karnataka University |access-date=28 May 2013 |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608051502/http://kud.ac.in/content.aspx?module=colleges&page=constituent |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Karnataka College was founded in June 1917 by Diwan Bahadur Rodda Srinivasaray and [[Rudragouda Artal|Rao Bahadur R. C. Aratal Rudragoudar]], with the aim of setting up an educational institution in the region so that students did not need to travel to [[Bombay]] or [[Pune]] for their studies. Sir. Siddappa Kambli, then the Minister of Education for the [[Government of Bombay]], played a significant role in and was in charge of ensuring that Karnatak College kept offering instruction in the [[North Karnataka]] region. The college started with [[Arts in education|Arts]] and [[Science education|Science]] streams, and later other streams like [[Commerce]] and [[Economics]] were added. The college was later bifurcated for administration purposes as the Karnatak Arts College and [[Karnatak Science College]], though both continue in the same campus and share the amenities.<ref name="KACD">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.kacd.ac.in/About+Us/Founders+of+the+college|title=Brief History of the College|publisher=Karnatak Arts College Dharwad}}</ref>

Originally, it belonged to [[University of Mumbai]]. G.S. Paramasivaiah was a student of the Nobel-laureate [[Sir C. V. Raman]] was the first Principal of the [[Karnatak Science College]], which was initially part of the college.

==The former principals==
* G.S. Paramasivaiah
* [[V. K. Gokak]]
* T.G.Kalghatgi
* V.Balkrishna

==Events==
[[File:MJ 5 dance group performing at KDC College Dharwad.jpg|thumb|[[Dance Champions#Contestants|MJ5]] dance group performing at KCD during 26th NYF]]
In January 2023 when Dharwad hosted the [[National Youth Festival (India)#2023|26th National Youth Festival]], Karnatak College was the main venue for the 26th annual event of [[National Youth Festival (India)|National Youth Festival]]. Dharwad was the host for the annual fest and KCD was among the 7 venues of the event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-11 |title=Stage set for grand opening of 26th National Youth Festival |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/stage-set-for-grand-opening-of-26th-national-youth-festival/article66365371.ece |access-date=2023-01-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi to inaugurate National Youth Fest in Dharwad today |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/jan/12/pm-modi-to-inauguratenational-youth-fest-in-dharwad-today-2537026.html |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{col-begin |width=50%}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Pralhad Balacharya Gajendragadkar|P. B. Gajendragadkar]]
* [[T. K. Tukol]]
* [[D. C. Pavate]]
* [[V. K. Gokak]]
* [[Girish Karnad]]
* [[G. S. Amur]]
* [[U. Narayan Bhat]]
{{col-2}}
* [[Ganapati Bhat]]
* [[Gangadhar V. Chittal]]
* [[B. R. Bhat]]
* [[K. S. Amur]]
* [[Pandit Vinayak Torvi]]
* [[Nandan Nilekani]]
* [[Sucheta Dalal]]
* [[Shashikala Kakodkar]]
* [[Pio Gama Pinto]]

{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://karnatakacollege.org/ - Karnataka College, Dharwad, website]

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1917]]
[[Category:Karnatak University]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]

{{Karnataka-university-stub}}

Shehzada Dhami

2025-12-14T10:54:15Z

ZPWClaudio:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shehzada Dhami
| image =

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|12|07|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/photos/bigg-boss-18-shehzada-dhami-alice-kaushik-and-more-contestants-real-age-will-leave-you-shocked-celebs-photos-entertainment-news-3001825/3001974/ | title=Bigg Boss 18: Shehzada Dhami, Alice Kaushik and more contestants' real age will leave you shocked | date=11 October 2024|website= [[Bollywood Life]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2020–present
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''}}
}}

'''Shehzada Dhami''' (born on 7 December 1996) is an Indian
actor. He is known for his role in ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', ''[[Shubh Shagun]]'', ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!|Yehh jadu hai jinn ka]]'' and for his participation in the Indian reality show, ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''.

==Career==
Dhami started his career in 2020 with [[StarPlus]]'s fantasy drama series ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]'', where he played Rehan Khan. In 2021, he played Paramjeet "Param" Singh Gill in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]'', following its generation leap.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=5 July 2021|title=Exclusive! Shehzada Dhami to play the grown-up Param in Choti Sarrdaarni after the 20-year time leap|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-shehzada-dhami-to-play-the-grown-up-param-in-choti-sarrdaarni-after-the-20-year-time-leap/articleshow/84149653.cms|access-date=26 February 2022|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> However, he quit the series and In the same year, he released his first song which was self-titled as ''Shehzada''.

In 2022, he played Shubh Jaiswal in [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]'s ''[[Shubh Shagun]]'' opposite [[Krishna Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/third-time-lucky-shehzada-dhami-finally-fulfills-his-dream-of-playing-the-male-lead-in-a-tv-show/articleshow/90536087.cms|title=Third time lucky! Shehzada Dhami finally fulfills his dream of playing the male lead in a TV show|newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 March 2022}}</ref> From 2023 to 2024, he played Armaan Poddar in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shehzada-dhami-finally-reacts-to-his-termination-from-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai|title=Shehzada Dhami Finally REACTS To His Termination From 'Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai'|date=22 March 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date= January 2024}}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge]]''
| Contestant
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/did-you-know-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hais-new-lead-shehzada-dhami-has-connection-with-shehnaaz-gill-1253964|title=Did you know Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai's new lead Shehzada Dhami has connection with Shehnaaz Gill?|website=Pinkvilla|date=28 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]]''
| Rehan Ahmed Khan
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
| Paramjeet "Param" Singh Gill
|
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Shubh Shagun]]''
| Shubh Jaiswal
| Lead role
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Armaan Poddar
| Lead role
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''
| Contestant
| 19th place
| <ref>{{Cite news|title="Bigg Boss 18: Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Fame Shehzada Dhami To Participate In Salman Khan's Show - Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-fame-shehzada-dhami-to-participate-in-salman-khan-show-watch-article-113916543}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''Shehzada''
| Himself
|-
| ''Kismat''
| Misha Saharan
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12054935}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actors]]
[[Category:1996 births]]

Ogmuna

2025-12-03T07:36:31Z

ZPWClaudio:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ogmuna
| native_name = Ogmun
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.06|N|74.50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = 2
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2133
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Pahadi language|Pahadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 193403
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ogmuna''' or '''Ogmun''' is a village known as the oldest village of the tehsil [[Tangmarg]] in the [[Baramulla district]] of the [[India]]n union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Ogmuna village is 002688. Ogmuna village is located in Tangmarg tehsil of Baramula district in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is situated 7 km away from sub-district headquarter Tangmarg (tehsildar office) and 32 km away from district headquarter Baramulla.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Villages in Baramulla district}}

[[Category:Villages in Baramulla district]]

2022 Chennai Open

2025-11-29T19:12:11Z

ZPWClaudio: added the info basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2022|Chennai Open|
| date=12–18 September
| edition = 7th (1st as Chennai Open)
| category=[[WTA 250 tournaments|WTA 250]]
| draw=32S / 16D
| prize_money=$251,750
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]] / outdoor
| location=[[Chennai]], India
| venue=[[SDAT Tennis Stadium]], Nungambakkam
| champs= {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová]]
| champd= {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] / {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]]
| before_year = 2008
| before_name = Canara Bank Bangalore Open
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
|after_year= 2025
}}

The '''2022 Chennai Open''' was a professional women's [[tennis]] tournament played on outdoor [[hard court]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/tennis-wta-chennai/article65413571.ece |title=Chennai returns to international tennis map with 2022 WTA 250 tour |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 May 2022 |access-date=2022-08-12 |archive-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706041325/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/tennis-wta-chennai/article65413571.ece |url-status=live |last1=Ragav |first1=S. Dipak }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/chennai-open-wta-250-2022-india-tennis-start-date |title=Chennai Open WTA 250 tennis: Sania Mirza may play - full schedule |access-date=2022-08-12 |archive-date=2022-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812234124/https://olympics.com/en/news/chennai-open-wta-250-2022-india-tennis-start-date |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2662913/hologic-wta-tour-announces-updates-to-2022-calendar |title=Hologic WTA Tour announces updates to 2022 calendar |access-date=2022-08-12 |archive-date=2022-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715091858/https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2662913/hologic-wta-tour-announces-updates-to-2022-calendar |url-status=live }}</ref> A part of the [[2022 WTA Tour]], this tournament marked the return of a WTA tournament in India for the first time since 2008.

The event was one of the six tournaments that were given single-year WTA 250 licenses in September and October 2022 due to the cancellation of tournaments in China during the 2022 season because of the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

== Finals ==
=== Singles ===
{{main|2022 Chennai Open – Singles}}
{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Linda Fruhvirtová]] defeated {{flagicon|POL}} [[Magda Linette]], 4–6, 6–3, 6–4
* It was Fruhvirtová's first WTA Tour singles title.

=== Doubles ===
{{main|2022 Chennai Open – Doubles}}
{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]] / {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] defeated {{flagicon|}} [[Anna Blinkova]] / {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Natela Dzalamidze]], 6–1, 6–2

== Points and prize money ==
=== Point distribution ===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
|style="width:135px; background:#eaeaea;"|'''Event'''
|style="width:80px; background:lime;"|'''W'''
|style="width:80px; background:thistle;"|F
|style="width:80px; background:#ffff00;"|SF
|style="width:80px; background:#ffebcd;"|QF
|style="width:80px; background:#afeeee;"|Round of 16
|style="width:85px; background:#afeeee;"|Round of 32
|style="width:80px;"|Q
|style="width:80px;"|Q2
|style="width:80px;"|Q1
|-
!style="background:#f3f3f3;"|Singles
|rowspan="2"|280
|rowspan="2"|180
|rowspan="2"|110
|rowspan="2"|60
|30
|1
|18
|12
|1
|-
!style="background:#f3f3f3;"|Doubles
|1
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|}

=== Prize money ===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|style="width:135px; background:#eaeaea;"|'''Event'''
|style="width:80px; background:lime;"|'''W'''
|style="width:80px; background:thistle;"|F
|style="width:80px; background:#ffff00;"|SF
|style="width:80px; background:#ffebcd;"|QF
|style="width:80px; background:#afeeee;"|Round of 16
|style="width:85px; background:#afeeee;"|Round of 321
|style="width:80px;"|Q2
|style="width:80px;"|Q1
|-
!style="background:#f3f3f3;"|Singles
|$31,000
|$18,037
|$10,100
|$5,800
|$3,675
|$2,675
|$1,950
|$1,270
|-
!style="background:#f3f3f3;"|Doubles*
|$10,800
|$6,300
|$3,800
|$2,300
|$1,750
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|}

1Qualifiers prize money is also the Round of 32 prize money. 
*per team

==Singles main-draw entrants==

===Seeds===
{| class="sortable wikitable nowrap"
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank†
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|USA}}
|[[Alison Riske-Amritraj]]
|29
|1
|-
|
|[[Varvara Gracheva]]
|72
|2
|-style="background:#fcc;"
|{{flag|POL}}
|[[Magda Linette]]
|73
|3
|-
|{{flag|GER}}
|[[Tatjana Maria]]
|85
|4
|-
|{{flag|SWE}}
|[[Rebecca Peterson]]
|92
|5
|-
|{{flag|CHN}}
|[[Wang Qiang (tennis)|Wang Qiang]]
|102
|6
|-
|{{flag|CAN}}
|[[Rebecca Marino]]
|106
|7
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Chloé Paquet]]
|111
|8
|}

† Rankings are as of 29 August 2022.

===Other entrants===
The following players received [[Wild card (sports)|wildcards]] into the main draw:
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Eugenie Bouchard]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://olympics.com/en/news/chennai-open-2022-tennis-wta-250-eugenie-bouchard-wild-card-sania-mirza-india | title=Chennai Open 2022: Wimbledon finalist Eugenie Bouchard handed wildcard, Sania Mirza may play | publisher=olympics.com | date=24 August 2022 | accessdate=18 May 2023 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/chennai-open-2022-ankita-raina-gets-wild-card-entry-in-women-s-singles-draw-news-218429 | title=Chennai Open 2022: Ankita Raina Gets Wild Card Entry In Women's Singles Draw | publisher=Outlook | location=India | agency=PTI | date=23 August 2022 | accessdate=18 May 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karman Thandi]]

The following player received entry into the singles main draw with a special ranking:
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Yanina Wickmayer]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jana Fett]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nao Hibino]]
* {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Liang En-shuo]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kyōka Okamura]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Olivia Tjandramulia]]
* {{flagicon|}} [[Mariia Tkacheva]]

=== Withdrawals ===
; Before the tournament
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Caroline Garcia]] → replaced by {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Despina Papamichail]]
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Elise Mertens]] → replaced by {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nadia Podoroska]]

== Doubles main-draw entrants ==
=== Seeds ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!width="70"| Country
!width="175"| Player
!width="70"| Country
!width="175"| Player
!Rank1
!Seed
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|{{flag|CAN}}
|[[Gabriela Dabrowski]]
|{{flag|BRA}}
|[[Luisa Stefani]]
|105
|1
|-
|{{flag|USA}}
|[[Kaitlyn Christian]]
|
|[[Lidziya Marozava]]
|126
|2
|-
|{{flag|GEO}}
|[[Oksana Kalashnikova]]
|{{flag|UKR}}
|[[Nadiia Kichenok]]
|153
|3
|-
|{{flag|CHN}}
|[[Han Xinyun]]
|{{flag|POL}}
|[[Katarzyna Kawa]]
|155
|4
|}
* 1 Rankings as of 29 August 2022.

===Other entrants===
The following pair received a wildcard into the doubles main draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sharmada Balu]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Riya Bhatia]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Eugenie Bouchard]] / {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Yanina Wickmayer]]

===Withdrawals===
;Before the tournament
* {{flagicon|AND}} [[Victoria Jiménez Kasintseva]] / {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nadia Podoroska]] → replaced by {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Bhosale]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karman Thandi]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Miyu Kato (tennis)|Miyu Kato]] / {{flagicon|USA}} [[Asia Muhammad]] → replaced by {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Justina Mikulskytė]] / {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Emily Webley-Smith]]
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Julia Lohoff]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Astra Sharma]] → replaced by {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Astra Sharma]] / {{flagicon|}} Ekaterina Yashina

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.wtatennis.com/tournament/2078/chennai WTA tournament profile]
* [https://www.chennaiopenwta250.com/ Official website]

{{2022 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Open, 2022}}
[[Category:2022 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Chennai]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian women's sport]]
[[Category:September 2022 sports events in India]]

List of accolades received by Vishwaroopam

2025-11-25T06:33:57Z

ZPWClaudio: creating post...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Vishwaroopam''}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of accolades received by ''Vishwaroopam''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Kamal at 61st FF (cropped).jpg|centre|220px|alt=A picture of Kamal Haasan as he looks at the camera.]] [[Kamal Haasan]] (pictured in 2014) received several awards and nominations for producing, directing and acting in the film.
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|4}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|0}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Jagran Film Festival]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[National Film Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|0}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Vijay Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|16}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''13'''}}
|{{nom|'''36'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}
''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' is a 2013 Indian [[spy film|spy]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[Kamal Haasan]].<ref name="IBTimes1">{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039vishwaroopam039-box-office-collection-kamal-haasan-to-release-039vishwaroopam-2039-this-year-436281 | title='Vishwaroopam' Box Office Collection: Kamal Haasan to Release 'Vishwaroopam 2' This Year | work=[[International Business Times]] | date=18 February 2013 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701083331/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039vishwaroopam039-box-office-collection-kamal-haasan-to-release-039vishwaroopam-2039-this-year-436281 | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> Besides starring in the lead role with [[Pooja Kumar]],<ref name="Firstpost review">{{cite news | url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/movie-review-vishwaroopam-is-a-pulsating-thriller-hollywood-stylereview-vishwaroopam-is-a-pulsating-thriller-with-no-filmy-twists-602490.html | title=Movie review: Vishwaroopam is a pulsating thriller, Hollywood style | work=[[Firstpost]] | first=G. Pramod | last=Kumar | date=8 February 2013 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701081847/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/movie-review-vishwaroopam-is-a-pulsating-thriller-hollywood-stylereview-vishwaroopam-is-a-pulsating-thriller-with-no-filmy-twists-602490.html | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> Haasan co-produced the film with S. Chandrahaasan and [[Prasad V. Potluri]],<ref name="IBTimes1"/> and co-wrote the script with Atul Tiwari.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kamal-haasan-wraps-final-song-vishwaroopam-2-film-set-october-18-release-62652 | title=Kamal Haasan wraps up final song for 'Vishwaroopam 2', film set for October 18 release | work=[[The News Minute]] | date=26 May 2017 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701083711/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kamal-haasan-wraps-final-song-vishwaroopam-2-film-set-october-18-release-62652 | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Rahul Bose]], [[Shekhar Kapur]] and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] play supporting roles in the film.<ref name="Firstpost review"/> The film's story revolves around Wisam Ahmed Kashmiri, a spy from India's intelligence agency [[Research and Analysis Wing]], stopping a group of [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists led by Omar (Bose) from triggering a [[dirty bomb]] made by scraping [[caesium]] from oncological equipment in [[New York City]].<ref name="Firstpost review"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-vishwaroopam-i-an-honest-spy-thriller-review-telugu-pcmaGgbghcbdb.html | title=Vishwaroopam | website=[[Sify]] | author=Umashankar | date=25 January 2013 | access-date=2 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702081004/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-vishwaroopam-i-an-honest-spy-thriller-review-telugu-pcmaGgbghcbdb.html | archive-date=2 July 2017 | url-status=dead}}</ref> A bilingual film, made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] (as ''Vishwaroop''), the [[Vishwaroopam (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] and score were composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]].<ref name="Firstpost review"/> [[Sanu Varghese]] and Mahesh Narayanan were in charge of the film's cinematography and editing respectively.<ref name="Rediff review">{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-vishwaroopam/20130125.htm | title=Review: Kamal Haasan is brilliant in Vishwaroopam | work=[[Rediff.com]] | first=Radhika | last=Rajamani | date=25 January 2013 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701081747/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-vishwaroopam/20130125.htm | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> Lalgudi N. Ilaiyaraaja and Boontawee 'Thor' Taweepasas were in charge of art direction while [[Birju Maharaj]] handled the choreography.<ref name="Rediff review"/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/art-of-deception/article4541656.ece | title=Art of deception | work=[[The Hindu]] | first=Karthik | last=Subramanian | date=23 March 2013 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701082100/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/art-of-deception/article4541656.ece | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>

''Vishwaroopam'' was made on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]950 million.<ref name="IBTimes2">{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vishwaroopam-box-office-collection-kamal-haasan-starrer-earns-220-crores-445593 | title='Vishwaroopam' Box Office Collection: Kamal Haasan Starrer Earns ₹220 Crores | work=International Business Times | first=Ankita | last=Mehta | date=13 March 2013 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701103925/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vishwaroopam-box-office-collection-kamal-haasan-starrer-earns-220-crores-445593 | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2013 was 60.936 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates | title=Yearly Average Currency Exchange Rates Translating foreign currency into U.S. dollars | publisher=[[Internal Revenue Service]] | access-date=21 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521112855/https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates | archive-date=21 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>|name=exchange}} The film was released on 25 January 2013 worldwide except Tamil Nadu where it was banned due to [[Controversies related to Vishwaroopam#Islamic protests and banning|protest by Islamic organisations]] which cited that Muslims were depicted in a negative manner.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-vishwaroopam-releases-tamil-nadu-jayalalithaa-153457-2013-02-07 | title=Kamal Haasan's Vishwaroopam finally hits theatres in Tamil Nadu | work=[[India Today]] | agency=[[Press Trust of India]] | date=6 February 2013 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701110215/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kamal-haasan-vishwaroopam-releases-tamil-nadu-jayalalithaa/1/249211.html | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> The ban on the film was lifted and it released on 7 February 2013 after a mutual agreement between Haasan and the organisations;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishwaroopam-2-release-kamal-haasan-sabash-naidu-961197-2017-02-17 | title=Vishwaroopam 2 to release soon, confirms Kamal Haasan | work=India Today | author=Srivatsan | date=17 February 2017 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701110225/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vishwaroopam-2-release-kamal-haasan-sabash-naidu/1/885111.html | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> the Hindi version was released on 1 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-vishwaroopam-collects-first-day-of-screening-in-tamil-nadu-153659-2013-02-07 | title=Vishwaroopam collects Rs 5.81 crore on first day of screening in Tamil Nadu | work=India Today | agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] | date=9 February 2013 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701110219/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kamal-haasan-vishwaroopam-collects-first-day-of-screening-in-tamil-nadu/1/249605.html | archive-date=1 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> Both versions received generally positive reviews and were commercial successes at the box office,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/02/01/review-round-up-vishwaroopam-thrills/ | title=Review Round Up: 'Vishwaroopam' Thrills | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=1 February 2013 | access-date=2 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702072443/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/02/01/review-round-up-vishwaroopam-thrills/ | archive-date=2 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/vishwaroopam-6-589399.html | title=Vishwaroopam: I feel vindicated, says Kamal Haasan | publisher=[[News18]] | date=7 February 2013 | access-date=2 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702072253/http://www.news18.com/news/india/vishwaroopam-6-589399.html | archive-date=2 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> collectively grossing ₹2.2 billion overall.<ref name="IBTimes2"/>{{efn|name=exchange}}

The film won 13 awards from 36 nominations; its direction, performances of the cast members, music, cinematography, editing, art direction and choreography have received the most attention from award groups. At the [[60th National Film Awards]], ''Vishwaroopam'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] and [[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]. It received three nominations:
[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] at the [[61st Filmfare Awards South]], winning none. The film won three awards from sixteen nominations at the [[8th Vijay Awards]], including [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (Kamal, S. Chandrahaasan, Potluri), [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Jeremiah), and [[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]] (Bose); Kamal won the [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]], while Ilayaraaja and Taweepasas received the award for [[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]. ''Vishwaroopam'' received seven nominations at the [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]. Among other wins, the film received four [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]], two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and two awards at the [[Jagran Film Festival]].

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4"|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|rowspan="4"|8 January 2014
|Best Art Direction
|{{sort|Ilaiyaraaja|Lalgudi N. Ilaiyaraaja}}, Boontawee 'Thor' Taweepasas
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2014-jan-08/vikatan-awards-2013/90894.html | title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2013 - 1 |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2013 - 1 | work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] | date=8 January 2014 | access-date=21 May 2017 | language=Tamil | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519152615/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2014-jan-08/vikatan-awards-2013/90894.html | archive-date=19 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2013.html | title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2013 Winners | work=Ananda Vikatan | access-date=21 May 2017 | language=Tamil | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519154858/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2013.html | archive-date=19 May 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Best Makeup Artist
|{{sort|Hubard|Gage Hubard}}, Ralis Khan
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Choreographer
|{{sort|Maharaj|[[Birju Maharaj]]}} for "Unnai Kanadhu"
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Stunt Director
|{{sort|Khamphakdee|Kecha Khamphakdee}}, Lee Whittaker, Parvez Feroz, T. Ramesh
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|rowspan="3"|[[61st Filmfare Awards South|12 July 2014]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}, S. Chandrahaasan, [[Prasad V. Potluri]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638-1.html | title=61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) Nomination list | work=[[Filmfare]] | date=8 July 2014 | access-date=21 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519161200/http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html | archive-date=19 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712-1.html | title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South | work=Filmfare | date=13 July 2014 | access-date=21 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519161743/http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html | archive-date=19 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
||[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Jagran Film Festival]]
|rowspan="2"|24–29 September 2013
|Best Editor
|{{sort|Narayanan|Mahesh Narayanan}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jagran-film-festival-2013-akshay-kumar-inaugurates-event-with-nimrat-kaur-photos-508980 | title=Jagran Film Festival 2013: Akshay Kumar Inaugurates Event with Nimrat Kaur [PHOTOS] | work=International Business Times | date=25 September 2013 | access-date=21 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521100117/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jagran-film-festival-2013-akshay-kumar-inaugurates-event-with-nimrat-kaur-photos-508980 | archive-date=21 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/manoj-kumar-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-at-jagran-fest/1176315/ | title=Manoj Kumar honoured with Lifetime Achievement at Jagran Fest | work=[[The Indian Express]] | agency=Press Trust of India | date=30 September 2013 | access-date=21 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521100123/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/manoj-kumar-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-at-jagran-fest/1176315/ | archive-date=21 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Special Jury Award
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[National Film Awards]]
|rowspan="2"|[[60th National Film Awards|3 May 2013]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]]
|{{sort|Ilaiyaraaja|Lalgudi N. Ilayaraaja}}, Boontawee 'Thor' Taweepasas
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf | title=60th National Film Awards for 2012 | publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] | access-date=21 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519160238/http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf | archive-date=19 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|{{sort|Maharaj|[[Birju Maharaj]]}} for "Unnai Kanadhu"
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|rowspan="7"|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|12–13 September 2014]]
|Best Film – Tamil
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}, S. Chandrahaasan, [[Prasad V. Potluri]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref>{{cite web | url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html | title=SIIMA Awards: 2013 Winners | publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] | access-date=21 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519165255/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html | archive-date=19 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-tamil-nominations-suriya-dhanush-kamal-haasan-feature-best-actor-category-list-604883 | title=SIIMA Awards 2014 Tamil Movie Nominations: Suriya, Dhanush, Kamal Haasan Feature in Best Actor Category [List] | work=International Business Times | date=20 July 2014 | access-date=21 May 2017 | last=Seshagiri | first=Sangeetha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519165301/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-tamil-nominations-suriya-dhanush-kamal-haasan-feature-best-actor-category-list-604883 | archive-date=19 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director – Tamil
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer – Tamil
|{{sort|Varghese|[[Sanu Varghese]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor – Tamil
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil
|{{sort|Bose|[[Rahul Bose]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Stunt Choreographer – Tamil
|{{sort|Whittaker|Lee Whittaker}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dance Choreographer – Tamil
|{{sort|Maharaj|[[Birju Maharaj]]}} for "Unnai Kanadhu"
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | 13 July 2017
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
| {{sort|Maharaj|[[Birju Maharaj]]}} for "Unnai Kanadhu"
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ | title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners | work=The Indian Express | date=14 July 2017 | access-date=10 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040608/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ | archive-date=21 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece | title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years | work=The Hindu | date=14 July 2017 | access-date=10 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040708/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece | archive-date=21 July 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
| [[Gautami]]
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="16"|[[Vijay Awards]]
|rowspan="16"|[[8th Vijay Awards|5 July 2014]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="16" | <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 | title=Vijay Awards: Ajith's 'Arrambam', Kamal Haasan, Sivakarthikeyan Bag Awards [Winners List] | work=International Business Times | date=6 July 2014 | access-date=19 May 2017 | last=Seshagiri | first=Sangeetha | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519170623/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 | archive-date=19 May 2017 | url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite episode | title=8th Vijay Awards | date=5 July 2014 | series=Vijay Awards | network=[[Star Vijay]] | location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{sort|Jeremiah|[[Andrea Jeremiah]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|{{sort|Bose|[[Rahul Bose]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|{{sort|Varghese|[[Sanu Varghese]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|{{sort|Ilaiyaraaja|Lalgudi N. Ilayaraaja}}, Boontawee 'Thor' Taweepasas
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
|{{sort|Narayanan|Mahesh Narayanan}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Mahadevan|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]}}, Kamal Haasan for "Unnai Kanadhu"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Score
|Tubby-Parik
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
|{{sort|Khamphakdee|Kecha Khamphakdee}}, Lee Whittaker, Parvez Feroz, T. Ramesh
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
|{{sort|Maharaj|[[Birju Maharaj]]}} for "Unnai Kanadhu"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up Artistes]]
|{{sort|Hubard|Gage Hubard}}, Ralis Khan
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|[[Gautami]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}, S. Chandrahaasan, [[Prasad V. Potluri]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
|{{sort|Haasan|[[Kamal Haasan]]}}
|{{won}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2013]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2199711/awards?ref_=tt_awd Accolades for ''Vishwaroopam''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Vishwaroopam]]

Chowtal

2025-11-22T15:40:10Z

ZPWClaudio: Created new stub

{{no footnotes|date=October 2019}}
'''Chowtal''' or '''Chautal''' or '''Chawtal''', aside from being the name of a "[[tala (music)|taal]]"/"tala" or meter in [[Hindustani classical music]], is a form of folksong of [[North India]]'s [[Bhojpuri region]], sung during the [[Phagwa]] or [[Holi]] festival.

In chowtal, two rows of singers face each other (semi-circle), with a "[[dholak]]" drummer at one end, and sing lines of Hindi text antiphonally. While the melodies are relatively simple, the song undergoes various modulations of rhythm and tempo, alternating between subdued passages and exciting climaxes. Chowtal is generally sung by enthusiasts for their own pleasure, rather than for an audience. "Chowtal" is an umbrella term for the format, which comprises various subgenres including {{Transliteration|hi|italic=no|chowtal proper, jhumar, ulara, lej, baiswara, dhamar, rasiya, kabir, jogira}}, and others. Chowtal is performed today in various parts of the Bhojpuri region, but is in decline.

During 1838–1917, chowtal was one of the Bhojpuri folk music genres transmitted by indentured workers to the [[Caribbean]] (primarily [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], and [[Suriname]]), [[Fiji]], [[Jamaica]], [[Mauritius]] and [[South Africa]]. In these sites it has flourished vigorously—in spite of the decline of the Bhojpuri language in Trinidad and Guyana. It also flourished in secondary diaspora communities of Indo-Caribbeans in New York and Florida in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and elsewhere, Indo-South Africans in the United Kingdom and the United States, Indo-Mauritians in the United Kingdom, France, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and of Indo-Fijians in Australia, New Zealand, the west coast of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and elsewhere.

== References ==

* Manuel, Peter (2009). “Transnational Chowtal: Bhojpuri Folksong from North India to the Caribbean, Fiji, and Beyond.” Asian Music 40/2: 1–32
* Manuel, Peter (2010). "Tassa Thunder: Folk Music from India to the Caribbean." Documentary video.
* Sasenarine, Rudy, compiler (2009). "Chowtal Rang Bahar: A Treasury of Chowtal Songs from India and the Caribbean." Queens, New York: The Rajkumari Centre.

[[Category:Indian folk music]]

Centreless wheel

2025-11-05T15:03:21Z

ZPWClaudio: typo fix

{{Short description|Type of wheel without a hub}}
A '''centreless wheel''' or '''hubless wheel''' is a [[wheel]] that lacks a centre or hub, instead being supported and driven at the [[Rim (wheel)|rim]].

== Design ==
[[File:Mercedes Silver Arrow, wheel, Automotive 2017 Hungexpo (cropped).jpg|thumb|Centreless wheel on the [[Mercedes-Benz Silver Lightning]] concept car]]
Centreless wheels are [[Toroid|toroidal]] in shape and have one or multiple [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearings]] along the rim. Propulsion can be achieved in different ways, such as with [[Gear|gear teeth]] along the inner surface of the rim. They can be made lighter than solid and [[Spoke|spoked]] wheels, resulting in better handling,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=McCosh |first=Dan |title=Automotive Newsfront |pages=15 |work=[[Popular Science]] |date=August 1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15 |volume=235 |number=2}}</ref> and less rotational inertia.{{cn|date=August 2022}} The lack of spokes or a traditional hub also allows for more space, which can be used to more easily package a [[Wheel hub motor|hub motor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-14 |title=If You're Considering an E-Bike, Let This Motor Guide Explain All They Have to Offer |url=https://www.bicycling.com/bikes-gear/a25836248/electric-bike-motor/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Bicycling |language=en-US}}</ref>

Centerless wheels were built and patented for [[Monowheel|monowheels]] by at least 1869<ref>{{cite web |last1=Self |first1=Douglas |title=Monowheels |url=http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/motorwhl/motorwhl.htm |website=The Self Site |publisher=Douglas Self |access-date=12 May 2025 |ref=self-site |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228052812/http://www.douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/TRANSPORT/motorwhl/motorwhl.htm |archive-date=28 February 2025 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref> and were proposed to replace conventional wheels by at least 1890.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thorp |first1=T. |title=Bicycle |url=https://ppubs.uspto.gov/api/pdf/downloadPdf/0436844?requestToken=eyJzdWIiOiJlMmU4MGQxNS0zMThmLTQ5ZmUtYjdhOS0zZTYwMTFlZDNmNzYiLCJ2ZXIiOiIzMjhiNDY5Mi0wYTJkLTRlNDEtYmE2MC0yMGE0NDI1MjI3NDYiLCJleHAiOjB9 |website=United States Patent Office |access-date=22 April 2025 |language=English |date=23 September 1890}}</ref> Prototypes for multi-wheel vehicles were built by [[Sbarro (automobile)|Franco Sbarro]] at least by 1989,<ref name=":0" /> and Paul Lew had started small-volume commercial sales by 1993.<ref name="black-hole">{{cite web |title=Centerless/Hubless Wheels -- Black Hole |url=http://pardo.net/bike/pic/mobi/d.centerless-hubless-wheels/000.html#example:-Black-Hole |website=The Bicycle Museum Of Bad Ideas |access-date=22 April 2025 |language=English |ref=black-hole}}</ref>

The mass production of centreless wheels has not been pursued by many large companies due to their complexity,<ref>{{cite web |title=Centerless/Hubless Wheels -- Problems |url=http://pardo.net/bike/pic/mobi/d.centerless-hubless-wheels/000.html#Problems |website=The Bicycle Museum Of Bad Ideas |access-date=22 April 2025 |language=English}}</ref> with their use mostly limited to small companies, limited run vehicles, concept vehicles, and [[Scientific literature|scientific analyses]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Pinto |first1=Sheldon S.N. |last2=Amarnath |first2=Joshua M. |last3=Nair |first3=Jishnu S. |last4=Rajkumar |first4=E. |title=Design and Analysis of a Hubless Personal Vehicle |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303702232 |access-date=2014-12-13 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Design and Fabrication of Hubless Bike |url=https://studylib.net/doc/25317628/irjet-design-and-fabrication-of-hubless-bike |url-status=dead |access-date=2019-12-13 |website=studylib |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819061751/https://studylib.net/doc/25317628/irjet-design-and-fabrication-of-hubless-bike }}</ref>

==Examples==

===''Black Hole'' Bicycle Wheel===
[[File:Centreless wheel design developed by students of PAACET- Kerala, INDIA.jpg|thumb|Motorcycle with a centreless rear wheel built by students in India]]
The Wear and Tear ''Black Hole'' front bicycle centreless wheel and fork<ref name="black-hole" /> was designed with the goals of lighter weight and better aerodynamics than conventional wheels. It supported the rim with several small rollers, which reportedly wore out quickly - acceptable for a race-oriented product, but not practical for everyday use. The Black Hole was sold starting in 1993. Production was stopped after it was banned by the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]], as the downsides (cost, durability, etc.) meant it was not compelling for general use. One of the designers, Paul Lew, later developed improved lightweight aerodynamic wheels using hubs. Today (2025), conventional wheel+fork assemblies are lighter than the Black Hole. It is unclear how modern aerodynamic wheels compare.

===''Tron: Legacy'' Light Cycle replica===
One real-life example of hubless wheels are those used in the replica ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' [[Light Cycle]]. The [[Street-legal vehicle|street-legal]] [[motorcycle]] was modelled after the vehicle from the film and sold through [[Hammacher Schlemmer]]. Its hubless wheels are made from former truck tires, and a [[Chain drive|chain-driven]] friction drum provides power and brake force.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitwood |first=Adam |date=2012-02-27 |title=Geek Gifts: $55,000 Street-Legal TRON: LEGACY Light Cycle Replica |url=https://collider.com/tron-legacy-light-cycle-replica/ |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Collider |language=en-US}}</ref>

Designed "for casual cruising and slow ride-bys at shows", it consists of a {{convert|996|cc|cuin|abbr=on}} [[Fuel injection|fuel-injected]] [[Suzuki]] [[Four-stroke engine|4-stroke]] [[engine]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Welsh |first=Jonathan |date=2011-02-16 |title=For 'Tron' Fans: Your Very Own Light Cycle |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DSB-6887 |access-date=2022-08-09 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> in a steel frame covered by a fiberglass body with [[electroluminescent wire]] lighting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edelstein |first=Stephen |title=Functional 'Tron: Legacy' Light Cycle Replica Sells For $77,000 At Auction |url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1098355_functional-tron-legacy-light-cycle-replica-sells-for-77000-at-auction |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Motor Authority |language=en}}</ref>

===Skatecycle===
The [[Skatecycle]] is a device similar to a [[caster board]], but with hubless wheels and a 2-axis twisting [[axle]] replacing the function of the casters. The central axle connects two standing platforms surrounded by 9" [[polyurethane]] hubless wheels, giving said wheels the appearance of [[stirrup]]s. In order to move the unit, the rider rotates their feet inwards and outwards, creating a wave-like motion in the hinged frame and providing propulsion. In recognition of its novel design, the Skatecycle received the Bronze [[International Design Excellence Awards|International Design Excellence Award]] in the transportation category in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.core77.com//posts/18110/Alon-Karpmans-TRON-Inspired-Skatecycle|title=Alon Karpman's TRON Inspired Skatecycle|website=Core77|language=en|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref>

===Zero Bike===
Another example of a vehicle with centreless wheels is the Zero Bike, a lightweight hubless [[bicycle]] whose non-functional prototype won an [[Industrial Design Excellence Award]] in 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Louie |first=Elaine |date=1991-08-29 |title=CURRENTS; A Bicycle Far Ahead Of the Pack (On Paper) |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/29/garden/currents-a-bicycle-far-ahead-of-the-pack-on-paper.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Designed by then-[[ArtCenter College of Design]] students Makota Makita and Hiroshi Tsuzaki, it is based on the principle of magnetic [[superconductivity]], also used in high-speed [[Maglev|maglev trains]].

===Ujet One===
The Ujet One electric [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]], produced in Luxembourg since 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study — Ujet One |url=https://www.ujet.com/case-study/ujet-one |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.ujet.com |language=en}}</ref> features front and rear centreless wheels connected to its frame with [[Torsion spring|torsion-sprung]] suspension, as well as an electric hub motor. Such a setup is communicated to benefit from minimal energy loss in transmission. In 2019, the One won both the [[IF Product Design Award|iF Gold]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=iF - UJet - Electric Mobility Solutions |url=https://ifdesign.com/en/winner-ranking/project/ujet-electric-mobility-solutions/259245 |website=iF WORLD DESIGN GUIDE}}</ref> and [[Red Dot Design Award|Red Dot]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://menafn.com/1098305315/Ujet-electric-scooter-wins-Red-Dot-Award-2019|title=Ujet electric scooter wins Red Dot Award 2019|website=menafn.com}}</ref> awards for its design.

===Freedom Sprints motorcycle===
A working prototype of a centreless wheel, using [[Ball bearing|ball bearings]], was shown at India Bike Week 2014 in [[Goa]]. Attached to a customized [[Royal Enfield (India)|Royal Enfield]] motorcycle, the prototype rear wheel was designed by a team by the name of Freedom Sprints, which included Abhishek Sharma, Ankur Tiwari, Sarvesh Khemka, Yashodeep Yadav, and Mohammed Ansar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Neha |date=13 January 2014 |title=En Route to Goa: Having Modified the Royal Enfield 535cc, Bike Enthusiasts from Pink City Are Optimistic about Their Success in the Upcoming India Bike Week |newspaper=DNA : Daily News & Analysis |agency=Highbeam |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3179247261.html |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription |accessdate=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611094743/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3179247261.html |archive-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> During testing, the bike was ridden from [[Ajmer]] to [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Ajay |date=12 January 2014 |title=Now, a 'spooky' bike without spokes |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Jaipur |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Now-a-spooky-bike-without-spokes/articleshow/28695709.cms?referral=PM |accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hub-center steering]]
* [[Motorcycle wheel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wheels]]

Aadi

2025-11-01T04:30:02Z

ZPWClaudio: added some article added tags

{{Wiktionary}}
'''Aadi''' or '''Aadhi''' or '''AADI''' may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

== Calendars ==
* [[Aadi (month)]], the fourth month of the [[Tamil calendar]].

== Media ==
===Film===
* [[Aadi (2002 film)|''Aadi'' (2002 film)]], a 2002 Telugu film.
* [[Aadi (2005 film)|''Aadi'' (2005 film)]], a 2005 Kannada film.
* ''[[Aathi]]'', a 2006 Tamil film.
* [[Aadi (2016 film)|''Aadi'' (2016 film)]], a 2016 Bengali film.
* ''[[Aadhi]]'', a 2018 Malayalam film

===Actors===
* [[Aadi (actor)]], a Telugu film actor.
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]], a Tamil and Telugu film actor.
* [[Aadi Adeal]], a Pakistani Television actor.

===Music===
* [[Aadi (album)|''Aadi'' (album)]], a 2005 album by the Syrian singer Asalah Nasri.
* [[Aadhi (singer)]], the lead vocalist of underground band Hiphop Tamizha.

==Other==
* [[AADI]], association of musical interpreters in Argentina, founded in 1957.

==See also==
*[[Adi (disambiguation)]]
*[[Adhi (disambiguation)]]
*[[Aadi Perukku]], Tamil monsoon festival
*''[[Aathi]]'', a 2006 Indian Tamil-language film

{{Disambiguation}}

Kavya Shetty

2025-10-31T11:52:32Z

ZPWClaudio:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kavya Shetty
| image = Kavyashetty.png
| alt =
| caption = Shetty in 2021
| birth_name = Kavya M. Shetty
| birth_place = [[Mangaluru, Karnataka]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| known_for =
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=7}}<ref name = beauty>{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/photoshow/7139498.cms?curpg=4 |title=KAVYA SHETTY -Profile |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022432/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/photoshow/7139498.cms?curpg=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Kavya Shetty''' is an Indian actress and model who primarily appears in [[Kannada]] films. Shetty made her acting debut in 2013 with the Kannada film ''[[Nam Duniya Nam Style]]''.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/Sunil-Nagappa-in-Nam-Duniya-Nam-Style/articleshow/19004545.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106085346/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-16/news-interviews/37766717_1_upcoming-movie-kavya-shetty-sushma-raj |url-status=live |archive-date=6 January 2014 |title=Sunil Nagappa in Nam Duniya Nam Style |date=16 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> She has since received commercial success with ''[[Ishtakamya]]'' (2016), ''[[Zoom (2016 Kannada film)|Zoom]]'' (2016), ''[[Siliconn City]]'' (2017) and ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' (2022).<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |title=Bro Daddy Movie Review: A breezy fun ride with its heart in the right place |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bro-dadddy-movie-review-breezy-fun-ride-its-heart-right-place-1006555 |publisher=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=26 January 2022 |date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126055623/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bro-dadddy-movie-review-breezy-fun-ride-its-heart-right-place-1006555 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Shetty was born [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name = times>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kavya-Shetty-to-debut-in-Tollywood/articleshow/33244076.cms |title=Kavya Shetty to debut in Tollywood |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref name = times2>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kavya-Shetty-sets-her-eyes-on-Tollywood/articleshow/17557441.cms |title=Kavya Shetty sets her eyes on Tollywood |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> After doing her schooling in Mangalore, she graduated in Computer Science engineering from N.M.A.M. Institute of Technology, [[Nitte]].

==Career==
While in college, Shetty did a few modelling assignments following appearances in several television commercials. She later moved to [[Bangalore]] and took part in 2011 [[Femina Miss India]] beauty pageant,<ref name = times/> winning the 'Miss Photogenic' title.<ref name = deccan>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140827/entertainment-kollywood/article/kavya-shetty-bags-films-three-languages |title=Kavya Shetty bags films in three languages |date=28 August 2014 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Times - Archive News |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/archive-news/ |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-ford-supermodel-of-the-world-indian-finalists/20110609.htm#18 |title=PIX: Sexy 'Supermodel of the World' hopefuls! |work=Rediff.com |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chennai-fashion-week-is-back/article1692375.ece |title=Chennai Fashion Week is back |first=Aruna V. |last=Iyer |work=The Hindu |date=13 April 2011 |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> She also worked as a commercial model and appeared in several print and television advertisements.<ref name = times/>

[[File:Kavya Shetty During Shoot of Smile Please.jpg|thumb|Shetty in 2017]]

In 2012, Shetty entered the Indian film industry. She first signed to ''Shivani'', a bilingual horror flick, made in Telugu and Tamil,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Kavya-Shetty-on-a-signing-spree/articleshow/19782549.cms |title=Kavya Shetty on a signing spree |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> in which she played a journalist.<ref name = times2/> However, the delay of this film meant that Shetty's maiden release was the Kannada film ''Nam Duniya Nam Style'' (2013) by [[Preetham Gubbi]].<ref name = deccan/> While the film received mixed reviews, critics noted that Shetty had "given [a] lively performance" <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Nam-Duniya-Nam-Style/movie-review/20832732.cms |title=Nam Duniya Nam Style Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> and "show[n] tremendous promise".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nam-duniya-nam-style-review-kannada-15032882.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703102450/http://www.sify.com/movies/nam-duniya-nam-style-review-kannada-15032882.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 July 2013 |title=Sify Movies - Review listing |work=sify.com |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> Her future releases include the semi-period Kannada film ''Vijayaaditya''.<ref name = times/> She has also been cast as one of the female leads in [[A. L. Vijay]]'s next Tamil film, which according to Shetty is a "fun-filled" romantic drama set against a college backdrop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Kavya-Shetty-Thrilled-About-A-L-Vijays-Film/2014/08/21/article2389857.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822060904/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Kavya-Shetty-Thrilled-About-A-L-Vijays-Film/2014/08/21/article2389857.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 August 2014 |title=Kavya Shetty Thrilled About A L Vijay's Film |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>

Shetty saw success with ''[[Ishtakamya]]'', directed by well known filmmaker [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nagathi-back-telugu-news-136380.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209035620/http://www.indiaglitz.com/nagathi-back-telugu-news-136380.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2015|title=Nagathihalli return|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> She had three film releases in 2017: ''Smile Please'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/much-needed-stardom-beckons-kavya-shetty/articleshow/56283230.cms |title=Much-needed stardom beckons Kavya Shetty - Bangalore Mirror - |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> starring [[Gurunandan]], ''MMM''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/3-gante-30-dina-30-seconds-movie-aru-gowda-kavya-shetty-dir-madhusudhan.6861/ |title=3 Gante 30 Dina 30 Seconds Movie - Aru Gowda, Kavya Shetty - Dir: Madhusudhan |work=sandalwoodking.rocks |access-date=1 February 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> with Aru Gowda; and ''Silicon City'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kavya-Shetty-in-Kannada-remake-of-Metro/articleshow/54291493.cms |title=Kavya Shetty in Kannada remake of Metro |work=The Times of India |date=24 January 2017 |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> with [[Srinagar Kitty]].

The year 2020 and 2021 saw Kavya in movies of both Kannada and Telugu language.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nagshekar-to-direct-the-telugu-remake-of-love-mocktail/articleshow/76965644.cms |title=Nagshekar to direct the Telugu remake of Love Mocktail |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2020 }}</ref> Kavya set her feet on the sets of [[Ravichandran]]'s upcoming movie Ravi Bopanna<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/Aug/12/im-thrilled-to-act-and-also-work-under-ravichandrans-direction-kavya-shetty-2017543.html |title=I'm thrilled to act and also work under Ravichandran's direction: Kavya Shetty - the New Indian Express|date=11 August 2019 }}</ref> as a lead female, while she was seen in the title track of Yuvarathna<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kavya-shettys-first-special-number-is-with-puneeth-rajkumar-in-his-introduction-song-for-yuvarathnaa/articleshow/78092650.cms |title=Kavya Shetty's first special number is with Puneeth Rajkumar in his introduction song for Yuvarathnaa |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 September 2020 }}</ref> starring [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].

Kavya is seen in her upcoming Telugu movie [[Gurthunda Seethakalam]] with [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] and [[Tamannaah]], directed by [[Nagashekar]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> One of the other major project is [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogi]]-starrer ''[[Lanke (film)|Lanke]]'' where she is sharing screens with [[Sanchari Vijay]], [[Krishi Thapanda]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-starrer-lanke-is-a-modern-day-adaptation-of-the-ramayana/articleshow/80247078.cms |title=Yogi-starrer Lanke is a modern-day adaptation of the Ramayana |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 January 2021 }}</ref>
Kavya is working on her next project with Jayaram Karthik titled ''Kaada''.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/j-karthik-and-kavya-shetty-to-now-shoot-dark-thriller-kaada-in-the-interiors-of-karnataka/articleshow/85685203.cms |title=J Karthik and Kavya Shetty to now shoot dark thriller Kaada in the interiors of Karnataka |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 August 2021 }}</ref> The movie is set to release early next year. Her other upcoming projects are ''Sold''<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kavya-shetty-is-a-journo-in-her-next/articleshow/64341405.cms |title=Kavya Shetty is a journo in her next |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 May 2018 }}</ref> which is ready for release and ''6C''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kavya-shetty-to-join-vijay-suriya-in-a-suspense-thriller/articleshow/86649239.cms |title=Kavya Shetty to join Vijay Suriya in a suspense thriller |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=October 2021 }}</ref> for which the shooting is yet to commence.

== Media image==
[[File:Kavya Shetty - Ishtakamya.jpg|thumb|upright|Shetty during ''[[Ishtakamya]]'''s shoot in 2015]]

In the [[Times of India|Bangalore Time Most Desirable Women]] list, Shetty was placed 29th in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Queens of Desire: Here are the top 30 winners of the Bangalore Times Most Desirable Women |access-date=10 March 2018 |work=Times of India |date=3 March 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-queens-of-desire-here-are-the-top-30-winners-of-the-bangalore-times-most-desirable-women/articleshow/63129625.cms}}</ref> In 219, Shetty launched her clothing and jewellery brand, ''Kassh''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2019 |title=Actress Kavya Shetty to launch her clothing and jewellery line |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/06/07225825/1141330/Actress-Kavya-Shetty-to-launch-her-clothing-and-jewellery-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729091544/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/06/07225825/1141330/Actress-Kavya-Shetty-to-launch-her-clothing-and-jewellery-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2019 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=dtNext.in |language=en}}</ref> She is also connected with Aadyaa Foundation and contribute to children welfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2017 |title=Letting her hair down |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/616233/letting-her-hair-down.html |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SM |first=Shashiprasad |date=24 January 2018 |title=Mangaluru cheluve in Ooru |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/240118/mangaluru-cheluve-in-ooru.html |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013
| ''[[Nam Duniya Nam Style]]''
| Radha
| rowspan="2"| [[Kannada]]
|
|
|-
| ''I Am In Love''
| Krithi
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]''
| Pallavi
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| ''[[Ishtakamya]]''
| Aditi
| rowspan="8"| Kannada
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-05-15 |title=Ishtakamya movie review: Master 'class' on marriage |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/150516/ishtakamya-movie-review-master-class-on-marriage.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zoom (2016 Kannada film)|Zoom]]''
| Sheela
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| ''[[Smile Please (2017 film)|Smile Please]]''
| Maanasa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2018-01-13 |title=Love is timeless, says Kannada actress Kavya Shetty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/Jan/12/love-is-timeless-says-kanada-actress-kavya-shetty-1752310.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Siliconn City]]''
| Prerana
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Siliconn City Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/siliconn-city/movie-review/59178029.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018
| ''[[3 Gante 30 Dina 30 Second]]''
| Sharmila
|
|
|-
| ''[[Samhaara]]''
| Janaki
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2021
| ''[[Yuvarathnaa]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Feel the Power"
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Lanke (film)|Lanke]]''
| Mandara Devi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramayana gets a modern twist in Lanke |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ramayana-gets-a-modern-twist-in-lanke/articleshow/67938501.cms |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=11 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2022
| ''[[Bro Daddy]]''
| Susan Mathews
| [[Malayalam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavya Shetty bags Prithviraj's Bro Daddy as her Malayalam debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kavya-shetty-bags-prithvirajs-bro-daddy-as-her-malayalam-debut/articleshow/84821257.cms |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sold (2022 film)|Sold]]''
| Ruchitha
| rowspan="2"| Kannada
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ravi Bopanna]]''
| Spoorthy
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Bopanna - Official Trailer {{!}} Kannada Movie News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/kannada/ravi-bopanna-official-trailer/videoshow/71854724.cms |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Captain (2022 film)|Captain]]''
| Rekha
| Tamil
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gurthunda Seethakalam]]''
| Amrutha "Ammu"
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/its-a-promising-2021-for-actress-kavya-shetty/articleshow/81227687.cms?from=mdr |title=It's a promising year for actress Kavya Shetty |accessdate=26 February 2021 |website=The Times of India|date=26 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Love Li]]''
| Herself
| rowspan="2" | Kannada
| Special appearance in song "Chikimika"
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-05-27 |title=Kavya Shetty and Nandu make special appearance in 'Chikimika' song from Vasishta Simha's 'Love Li' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/May/27/kavya-shetty-and-nandu-make-special-appearance-in-chikimika-song-from-vasishta-simhas-love-li |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2025
| ''[[Nimagondu Sihi Suddi]]''
| Anusha
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=A. |first1=Sharadhaa |title=Nimmagondu Sihi Suddi Movie Review: A surreal journey into fatherhood that never fully delivers |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Feb/22/nimmagondu-sihi-suddi-movie-review-a-surreal-journey-into-fatherhood-that-never-fully-delivers |work=Cinema Express |date=22 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film|Production TBD}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Malayalam
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/malayalam-cinema-has-strong-female-roles-says-kavya-shetty/articleshow/101178537.cms |title=Malayalam cinema has strong female roles, says Kavya Shetty |website=The Times of India|date=22 June 2023 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5798438}}
*[http://www.aadyafoundation.in/ AAdya Foundation]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Kavya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tulu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mangalore]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Nenjathai Killadhe (2024 TV series)

2025-10-25T14:30:20Z

ZPWClaudio:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil serial}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| writer = '''Dialogues:''' Haran
| director = Bramma G. Dev
| screenplay = Keerthika M Roa
| based_on =
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jai Akash]]
* Reshma Muralidharan
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = MR
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 148
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company = Esthell Entertainers
| opentheme =
| cinematography = Kopal
| editor = K. Sakthivel
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| location = [[Chennai]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|7|1}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|1|17|df=yes}}
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| related = ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
}}

'''''Nenjathai Killadhe''''' ({{translation|Don't Pinch the Heart}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Tamil television drama|television series]] starring [[Jai Akash]] and Reshma Muralidharan in lead roles. The show is an official remake of [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]'s Hindi series ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''. It is aired on [[Zee Tamil]] and premiered on 1 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:’நெஞ்சத்தை கிள்ளாதே’ சீரியலின் கதை இதுவா? ஆரம்பமாகும் தேதி, நேரம் அறிவிப்பு..!|trans-title=Is this the story of the serial 'Nenjathi Killathede'? Notification of starting date and time..!|url=https://cinesamugam.com/nenjathai-killathe-serial-story-and-starting-date-and-time-jai-akash-reshma-muralidharan-zee-television-1719404321?page=4|via=|publisher=cinesamugam.com|language=ta|date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:உடைந்தது சஸ்பென்ஸ்.. இதுக்கு தான் இவ்வளவு பில்டப்பா: வைரல் போஸ்டருக்கு கிடைத்த பதில்.!|trans-title=Zee Tamil Nenjathai Killadhe new serial Telecast on 1 July 2024.|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/zee-tamil-nenjathai-killathe-new-serial-telecast-on-coming-july/articleshow/111308844.cms|via=|publisher=tamil.samayam.com|language=ta|date=27 June 2024}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The story revolves around a two different family background people Goutham and Mathumitha. Goutham, a business tycoon, gets into a marriage of convenience with Mathumitha, an educated middle-class woman almost a decade younger than him.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:நாயகனுக்கு 45, நாயகிக்கு 35 : சீரியல் ஹீரோ ரீ-என்ட்ரி : ஜீ தமிழ் புது சீரியல் கதை இதுதானா? |trans-title=Hero 45, Heroine 35 : Serial Hero Re-Entry : Zee Tamil New Serial Story Is This?|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-zee-new-serial-nenjathi-killathe-serial-shooting-update-4744485|via=|publisher=Indian Express|language=ta|date=3 June 2024}}</ref> They accidentally discover love after marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:காலம் கடந்த காதல் கதை |trans-title=A love story from time immemorial|url=https://www.dinamani.com/latest-news/sub-latest-news/2024/Jun/26/zee-tamil-new-serial-nenjathai-killathe-jai-akash-reshma-muralidharan|via=|publisher=www.dinamani.com|language=ta|date=26 June 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Jai Akash]] as Goutham Palanisamy: Madhumitha's husband
** Ashwini, Abishek, Maya and Rahul's half-brother
* Reshma Muralidharan as Mathumitha: Goutham's wife
** Ramakrishanan and Renuka's elder daughter; Adithi and Jeeva's sister

=== Mathumitha's family ===
* Tharani as Renuka Ramakrishanan
** Ramakrishanan's wife, Mathumitha, Adithi and Jeeva's mother, Pangajam's daughter
* G.Sivan srinivasan as Ramakrishanan; Renuka's husband
* Kousalya Senthamarai as Pangajam 'Pinky Patty'
* Madhumitha Illayaraja as Adithi Ramakrishanan
* Pranav Mohan as Jeeva Ramakrishanan

=== Goutham's family ===
* Rekha Krishnappa as Sakuntala; Goutham's stepmother, Ashwini and Abishek's mother
* Nancy as Ashwini; Arun's wife
* Maanas Chavali as Abishek
* Diya chitty as Maya; Jeeva's wife
* Unknown as Akhilandeswari
* VJ Shree as Rahul
* Sasindhar Pushpalingam as Arun; Ashwini's husband

=== Recurring ===
* Shyam Viswanathan as Santhosh; Goutham's friend and Aparna's husband
* Krithikaa Laddu as Aparna Santhosh
* Anu as Sruthi
* Siddharth Kapilavayi as Kiran; Anu's husband

=== Special Appearances ===
* [[Gautami]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/gautami-in-zee-tamil-nenjathai-killadhe-serial-1731692407|title=சீரியலில் நடிக்க வந்த கௌதமி! எந்த சேனல் பாருங்க.. வீடியோ உடன் இதோ |website=cineulagam.com|language=ta|date=16 November 2024}}</ref> as herself

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
In begin May 2024, [[Jai Akash]] and Reshma Muralidharan was reportedly cast for the lead roles of new [[Zee Tamil]] series and was officially confirmed on 21 May.<ref name="Jai Akash & Reshma">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/reshama-muralidaran-and-jaikash-nageswaran-to-play-the-titular-roles-in-an-upcoming-show/articleshow/110298641.cms|title=Reshama Muralidaran and Jaikash Nageswaran to play the titular roles in an upcoming show|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:ரேஷ்மா முரளிதரன் - ஆகாஷ் நடிக்கும் 'நெஞ்சத்தை கிள்ளாதே' சீரியல் ஷூட்டிங் பூஜையுடன் துவங்கியது! வைரல் போட்டோஸ்!|trans-title=Reshma Muralitharan-Aakash starrer 'Nenjathai Killadhe' serial shooting started with pooja! Viral photos!|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/reshma-muralidharan-and-aakash-acting-nenjathai-killathe-news-serial-update-mma-seibxj|via=|publisher=Asianet News|language=ta|date=3 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|script-title=ta:ஜீ தமிழின் புது சீரியல்.. பூஜையுடன் தொடங்கிய "நெஞ்சத்தை கிள்ளாதே" |trans-title=Zee Tamil's new serial 'Nenjathai Killadhe' serial shooting started with pooja!|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/zee-tamil-nenjathai-killadhe-shooting-started-1717438247|via=|publisher=cineulagam.com|language=ta|date=}}</ref>

Actor Jai Akash was selected to portray the lead role of Goutham, who is an unmarried, wealthy, established businessman. He made his comeback after ''[[Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-nenjathai-killadhe-actor-jaikash-nageswaran-had-shared-the-screen-with-karthik/articleshow/110491730.cms|title=Did you know Nenjathai Killadhe actor Jaikash Nageswaran had shared the screen with Karthik?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 May 2024}}</ref> Actress Reshma Muralidharan was selected for the female lead role Mathumitha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/reshama-muralidaran-to-play-a-lead-role-in-show-nenjathai-killadhe/articleshow/110459304.cms|title=Reshama Muralidaran to play a lead role in show 'Nenjathai Killadhe'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 May 2024}}</ref> On 15 November 2024, actress [[Gautami]] was cast in a special appearance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/actress-gautami-acting-in-zee-tamil-serial-nenjathai-killadhe-and-promo-video-viral-srk-sn1db0|title=இப்படியொரு இண்ட்ரோ சினிமால கூட இல்ல – டாப் சீரியலில் பவுன்சர்களுடன் வந்து எண்ட்ரி கொடுத்த நடிகை கவுதமி!|website=Asianet News|language=ta|date=16 November 2024}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' बडे अच्छे लगते हैं
| 30 May 2011
| [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
| 10 July 2014
| Original
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Anuraga Ganam Pole]]'' അനുരാഗ ഗാനം പോലെ
| 17 April 2023
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 15 March 2024
| rowspan="4"| Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Amruthadhare]]'' ಅಮೃತಧಾರೆ
| 29 May 2023
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Nenjathai Killadhe'' நெஞ்சத்தை கில்லாதே
| 1 July 2024
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 17 January 2025
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Veen Doghantali Hi Tutena]]'' वीण दोघांतली ही तुटेना
| 11 August 2025
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/nenjathai-killathe/0-6-4z5577359 ''Nenjathai Killadhe''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt35487683}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Damayanti (TV series)

2025-10-19T19:13:46Z

ZPWClaudio: Created new post!

{{short description|Bengali web series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Damayanti poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
| country = India
| genre = [[Detective fiction|Detective]]
| num_seasons = 2 
| num_episodes = 7 + 7 
| list_episodes =
| language = Bengali Hindi
| company = Roadshow Films
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|22}}
| last_aired = present
| story = [[Manoj Sen]]
| cinematography = Tuban
| editor = Sumit Chowdhury
| executive_producer = Riddhie Basak
}}
'''''Damayanti''''' is a Bengali television-series released on [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform Hoichoi on 22 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/hoichois-new-women-detective-franchise-damayanti-its-title-track-is-released/articleshow/78638751.cms|title=শক্তিরূপেণ! গোয়েন্দা দময়ন্তী আসছেন, মুক্তি পেল রহস্য-সিরিজের গান...|website=Ei Samay|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127080521/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-news/hoichois-new-women-detective-franchise-damayanti-its-title-track-is-released/articleshow/78638751.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> On season 4 announcement Hoichoi announced their upcoming twenty-five web series, Damayanti based on the story of Manoj Sen<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barwal|first=Aakanksha|title=Damayanti: Hoichoi's upcoming crime thriller|url=https://theenvoyweb.com/news/damayanti-teaser-released-by-hoichoi/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=The Envoy Web|date=7 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> is one of them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/its-a-shower-of-stories-and-stars-as-hoichoi-rolls-out-25-new-web-shows/cid/1792381|title=It's a shower of stories and stars as Hoichoi rolls out 25 new web shows...|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/media/news/hoichoi-adds-13-million-cumulative-subscribers-in-3-years-with-40-of-its-direct-revenue-coming-from-international-users/articleshow/78231291.cms|title=hoichoi adds 13 million cumulative subscribers in 3 years with 40% of its direct revenue coming from International users|website=Business Insider}}</ref> Directed by Aritra Sen and Rohan Ghosh the series features [[Tuhina Das]], [[Indrasish Roy]], Soumya Banerjee, [[Chandrayee Ghosh]], [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]] in the lead roles. Second season of this series titled Nokol Heere released on 2021.

==Plot==
In this series a professor of history; a computer hacker – Damayanti married to a lovable husband Samaresh. Damayanti's passion lies in cracking psychological mysteries. They move to Santiniketan for an outing and stay in the Guest house of Mr.Roy. Damayanti observes that something unusual is happening in the Roy family. She starts the investigation on her own. Samaresh's friend Shiben, a police officer helps Damayanti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviemasala.club/damayanti-hoichoi-web-series.html|title=Damayanti Hoichoi Web Series Watch Online Star Cast And Crew Review|date=6 October 2020}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Tuhina Das]] as Damayanti Dutta Gupta
* [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]] as Sarmishtha
* [[Indrasish Roy]] as Samaresh Dutta Gupta
* Soumya Banerjee as Siben Sen
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Munia Roy (in Season 1)
* Amrita Chattopadhyay as Sarmishtha Roy (in Season 1)
* Gautam Purkayastha (in Season 1)
* Arpan Ghoshal (in Season 1)
* Rajnandini Paul (in Nokol Heere)
* Anindita Raychaudhary (in Nokol Heere)
* Sujoy Prasad Chatterjee as Ramanuj (in Nokol Heere)
* Atmadeep Ghosh (in Nokol Heere)
* Sudip Sarkar (in Nokol Heere)
* Biswajit Chakraborty as Mr. Mitra (in Nokol Heere)
* Yash Barma as Sudipto

== Overview ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #4C5966
| link1 = #Episodes
| episodes1 = 7
| released1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|22}}

| color2 = #4C5966
| link2 = #Episodes
| episodes2 = 7
| released2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|12}}
}}

===Season 1 (2020)===
On 6 October 2020, Hoichoi released the official teaser of the series. On 11 October Hoichoi also released the title track of the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediabrief.com/title-track-of-hoichois-damayanti-out-now/|title=Title track of hoichoi's detective-crime thriller series 'Damayanti' out now|author=The News Desk|date=12 October 2020}}</ref> The season started streaming from 22 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snewz.in/new-women-detective-franchise-damayanti/79537/|title=গোয়েন্দা দময়ন্তী আসছেন|first=Sahara|last=Islam|date=14 October 2020|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017035048/https://snewz.in/new-women-detective-franchise-damayanti/79537/|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 29 October 2020 hoichoi released all the remaining episodes on their platform.

===Nokol Heere (2021)===
On 12 March 2021, Hoichoi released the second season of Damayanti, titled Nokol Heere.

== Episodes ==
===Season 1===
{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall=Police decided to encounter Guddu and Bablu and attack them. Kaleen ask them to stay low, they hide in Bihar border. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Rahasya Sandhani
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Bipod Sonket
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Abhisar
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Sholo Kola
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|22}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Bonhi Potongo
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Jobonika
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Unmochon
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|10|29}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

===Nokol Heere===
{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall=Police decided to encounter Guddu and Bablu and attack them. Kaleen ask them to stay low, they hide in Bihar border. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Pratyabartan
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Itibritto
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Nibhrite
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Phire Dekha
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Somikoron
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Bishbrikkho
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Kistimat
|DirectedBy = Aritra Sen, Rohan Ghose
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|03|12}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt13214716}}

[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]

Panth Piploda Province

2025-08-09T07:17:39Z

ZPWClaudio: Put up some pg w/ refs.

{{Short description|Province of British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|conventional_long_name =Panth Piploda
|common_name = Panth Piploda
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Province of British India]]
|era =
|year_start = 1928
|date_start =
|event_start = Chief Commissionership established
|year_end = 1947
|date_end =
|event_end = Merged with [[Ratlam District]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Bombay Presidency
|s1 = Ratlam district
|flag_p1 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = British Raj Red Ensign.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 = 65
|stat_year1 = 1941
|stat_pop1 = 5627
|footnotes =
}}

'''Panth Piploda''' was a province of [[British India]]. It is located in present-day [[Ratlam district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state of central India.

Panth Piploda was British India's smallest province, with an area of {{convert|65|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and a population of 5267 (male 2666, female 2601) (1941 census).<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/TABLE_1941_1.HTM 1941 Census of India, Table I]</ref> It was located in the [[Malwa]] region, and consisted of several separate enclaves, bounded by the [[princely state]]s of [[Gwalior]], [[Jaora]], and [[Dewas]]. The province was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the [[Governor-General of India]].

==History==
Panth Piploda was a small tract of territory comprising only 12 villages,<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/TABLE_1941_1.HTM 1941 Census of India, Table I]</ref> which were held by five different ''thakur''s. In {{Circa}} 1765, the [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] assigned the revenues from the villages to the family of Sambhaji Attaji, a Deshastha Brahmin. This ruling family was later known as the family of the Khandekar Pandits. The arrangement made by the Peshwa was respected by the British when they took over Panth Piploda from the Marathas in 1817. The ruling family did not have any proprietary rights whatever in these villages and were mere ''tankadar''s (recipients of the cash allowance). This cash allowance was paid to them by the Political Agent in [[Malwa Agency]] who realized it from the ''[[Thakur (Indian title)|thakurs]]'' in whose territories the villages lay. The estate was managed by a Superintendent with headquarters at Kharwa (also spelled as Kharua), overseen by the Political Agent at Malwa. In 1936, there were two guaranteed ''tankadars'', who received payments totaling Rs. 46,000.

On 1 November 1928, Panth Piploda was created as a Chief Commissionership by Proclamation of the Governor-General in Council, with the Political Agent in [[Central India Agency|Central India]] being appointed Chief Commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/4404418?searchWord=Piploda&backquery=[query=Piploda&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=20] |title=The Panth Piploda Laws Regulation; 1929 |website=abhilekh-patal.in |publisher=National Archives of India |page=10 |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>

In the early 1930s, it was suggested that Panth Piploda be granted to [[Indore State]] for ease of administration, however this suggestion was rejected and Panth Piploda's status as a Chief Commissioner's Province was upheld by the [[Government of India Act 1935]].

On 15 Aug 1947 it became part of independent [[India]].

===Chief Commissioners===
*1935–1940 [[Kenneth Samuel Fitze]] (1887–1960)
*1940–1942 [[Gerald Thomas Fisher]] (1887–1965)
*1942–1946 [[Walter Fendall Campbell]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]<ref>''The India Office and Burma Office list 1947'', vol. 56 (London: India Office, 1947), p. 32</ref> (1894–1973)
*1946–1947 [[Henry Mortimer Poulton]] (1898–1973)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|23.35|N|75.43|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}
[[Category:Provinces of British India]]
[[Category:Malwa]]
[[Category:Ratlam]]
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ujjain district]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Chandradhari Museum

2025-06-19T04:39:59Z

ZPWClaudio: Created entry

{{short description|Museum in Darbhanga, Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = Chandradhari Museum
{{Photomontage |photo1a =Darbhangamuseum1.png |photo2a =Darbhangamuseum2.png |photo1b =Darbhangamuseum3.png |photo2b =Sikh_Craft_kept_at_Chandradhari_Museum,_Darbhanga.jpg
| imagesize = 300
| image_alt =
| spacing = 1
| color = white
| color_border = black}}
|map_type = Bihar#India
|map_caption = Chandradhari Museum
|coordinates = {{coord|26|9|7|N|85|54|23|E|display=inline}}
|established = {{Start date|df=yes|1957|12|7}}
|dissolved =
|key_holdings =
|location = Station Rd Darbhanga
|type = Archaeological and artistic
|director =
|curator = Sudhir Kumar Yadav
|publictransit =
|website =
}}

'''Chandradhari Museum''' which was established by the state government in 1957, It is situated at [[Darbhanga]] in [[Bihar]], Originally situated on the eastern bank of Mansarowar Lake, The museum was shifted to the present double-storied building in 1974.

The Museum with the help of the private collection of Chandradhari Singh, a zamindar of Madhubani Chandradhari Museum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://darbhanga.nic.in/places-of-interest/|title=Places of Interest – Welcome to Darbhanga District|publisher=}}</ref> was established on 7 December 1957 as ''Mithila Museum''. It was later named after ''Babu Chandradhari Singh'', the landlord of Ranti Dodhi of the main donor [[Madhubani district]]. It has been constructed from artifacts and heritage received from them.

==Exhibits==
Chandradhari Museum [[Archaeological]] and [[artistic]] works are displayed in 11 gallery halls here. each exhibiting artifacts of a different category. Among the exhibit include attractive artifacts made of glass, rare and splendid artistic works of weavers, and rare miniature paintings of different styles. Most noteworthy among the paintings is the painting of Krishna Leela with Gopies, based on Geet-Govinda of Jaidev. Painting describing the great epic Ramayana has been arranged in this hall. The museum has a fabulous collection of statues made of Brass in Indian, Nepalese, and Tibetan style. Statues of Goddess Durga, Surya, and Lord Shiva are quite attractive. Statues related to Buddhism are also on display. The natural history section showcases costly gems and stones. The museum also has library facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://darbhangaon.weebly.com/234223522349230623272366-23422352238123582344.html|title=दरभंगा दर्शन|website=Darbhanga-An introduction}}</ref>
There are art objects made of glass, fabric, metal, and other materials depicting epic stories, gems, battle guns, and other interesting subjects. Chandradhari lived in the nearby town of [[Madhubani, Bihar|Madhubani]] and his family had donated his collections for this museum.

The museum is open from 10 to 4 o'clock for the general audience. At the moment, there is no fee.
Many celebrities of the country have arrived in the museum. Maharaja [[Kameshwar Singh]] of Darbhanga has observed his heritage. Former Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], [[Indira Gandhi]], former President [[Dr. Zakir Hussain]], Loknayak [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and his wife Pratishthi, former Chief Minister Dr. Srikrishna Co, [[Karpuri Thakur]], former Governor [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai|Dr. AR Kidwai]], [[Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi|Dr. LP Shahi]], [[Jagannath Kaushal]], [[Nitish kumar]] spent around two hours going through the 5,000 exhibits, etc. have examined<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/cm-revisits-history-at-twin-museums/cid/1368927|title=CM revisits history at twin museums|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-a-museum-in-bihar-where-rare-ramayana-and-quran-of-one-inch-size-are-preserved-14863716.html|title=A museum in Bihar where rare Ramayana and Quran of one inch size are preserved|website=www.jagran.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Maharajadhiraj lakmeshwar singh museum Darbhanga]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Museums in Bihar]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1957]]
[[Category:Darbhanga]]

Sandeep Singh (cricketer, born 1988)

2025-05-07T07:06:04Z

ZPWClaudio: improved article

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (1988–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sandeep Singh
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Sandeep Singh Dhull
| birth_date = {{birth date|1988|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mundal, Haryana|Mundal]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2014|02|06|1988|10|10}}
| death_place = Mundal, Haryana, India
| batting = Right-handed
| role = Wicket-keeper
| club1 = [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| year1 = 2005–2013
| club2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]]
| year2 = 2009
| date = 24 April
| year = 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/231048.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Sandeep Singh Dhull''' (10 October 1988 – 6 February 2014) was an Indian [[cricket]]er who played for [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] as well as [[Services cricket team|Services]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web |title=Sandeep Singh Dhull |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/231048.html |website=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> He was a right-hand wicket-keeper batsman.

In 2014, Sandeep Singh died in an accident at [[Mundal, Haryana|Mundal]], his hometown.<ref name="p284">{{cite web | title=Haryana wicketkeeper Sandeep Singh dies in accident | website=ESPNcricinfo | date=2014-02-06 | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/haryana-wicketkeeper-sandeep-singh-dies-in-accident-716939 | access-date=2025-02-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=231048}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Dhull, Sandeep}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Services cricketers]]
[[Category:Haryana cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Wicket-keepers]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in India]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1988-stub}}