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Sattari taluka

2026-05-05T14:17:33Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Put up a info basic info

{{redirect|Sattari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sattari
| native_name = {{langx|kok|Sattari}}
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Taluka|Taluka]]
| image_map = Sattari.png
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Location of Sattari in [[North Goa district]] in Goa
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Valpoi]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 495.13
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 63,817
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]-04
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 4031XX, 4035XX
| website =
| footnotes =
| imagesize =
}}
'''Sattari''' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Sot'tori''; [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|kok|sɔt̪t̪ɔriː|}}) is a [[Tehsils of India|''taluka'']] of [[North Goa district]] in the state of [[Goa]], India. There are 77 villages and 2 towns in Sattari taluka. The headquarters of Sattari taluka is [[Valpoi]] municipal council. It lies in the north-eastern region of [[Goa]] where it is known for its greenery and dense forest. Part of the Western Ghats forms the eastern part of the Sattari taluka. The [[Mandovi River]] (popularly known as Mhadei in Sattari taluka) is considered to be the lifeline of Sattari. It has a geographical area of 490 km2; the [[Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary]] covers 208 km2 of this area.

==Demographics==

As per the Census India 2011, Sattari taluka has a population of 63,817. The sex-ratio of Sattari taluka is around 959 compared to 973 which is the state average of Goa.<ref name="Religion"/> The literacy rate of Sattari taluka is 76.67% out of which 82.16% males are literate and 70.95% females are literate. The total area of Sattari is 495.13 km2 with population density of 129 per km2. Majority of the population lives in urban areas.

===Languages===

Konkani is the most spoken language in Sattari taluka. Marathi is also spoken by a significant minority.

At the time of 2011 Census of India, 61.83% of the population of Sattari taluka spoke Konkani, 24.15% Marathi, 5.16% Urdu, 3.63% Hindi and 2.34% Kannada as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Goa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Languages of Sattari Taluka (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Goa |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| value1 = 61.83
| color1 = salmon
| label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| value2 = 24.15
| color2 = red
| label3 = [[Urdu]]
| value3 = 5.16
| color3 = green
| label4 = [[Hindi]]
| value4 = 3.63
| color4 = orange
| label5 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| value5 = 2.34
| color5 = darkslateblue
| label6 = Others
| value6 = 2.89
| color6 = grey
}}

===Religion===

{{bar box
| title = Religion in Sattari Taluka (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|90.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|7.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|1.26}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.20}}
| caption =
}}

[[Hinduism]] is followed by the vast majority of population of Sattari taluka. [[Muslims]] and [[Christians]] are among the minorities. At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 90.80% of the population of the taluka followed Hinduism, 7.74% Islam, 1.26% Christianity and 0.20% of the population followed other religions or did not state religion.<ref name="Religion" >{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

==Rural Goa==
Sattari is part of interior rural Goa. Some of the recent news that emerged from there includes cyclonic winds hitting part of the region in mid-October 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/cyclonic-winds-hit-khotodem-sattari/|title=Cyclonic winds hit Khotodem-Sattari|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> farmers protesting land ownership issues,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sattari-farmers-up-in-arms-over-amendment-made-to-land-revenue-code-forest-policy/|title=Sattari farmers up in arms over amendment made to Land Revenue Code, forest policy|website=www.navhindtimes.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/alvara-land-rights-issue-sattari-farmers-protest-land-revenue-code-amendment/|title=Alvara land 'rights' issue: Sattari farmers protest Land Revenue Code amendment|work=[[The Navhind Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> protests over electricity<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thegoaspotlight.com/sattari-women-protested-before-electricity-department-after-week-long-power-outage/|title=Sattari women protested before Electricity department after week-long power outage - THE GOA SPOTLIGHT|website=thegoaspotlight.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> issues and potholes in the roads,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-unique-protest-sattari-youth-plant-lotuses-in-potholes/articleshow/65507686.cms|title=In unique protest, Sattari youth plant lotuses in potholes - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-villages-northgoa.php?adm2id=05613|title=Subdistrict population development of Satari|website=www.citypopulation.de|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

==Seventy villages==
Sattari is believed to comprise 70 villages, as suggested by its name, which is believed to be a derivative from the Konkani word 'seventy'. Among these are:
* [[Brahmacarmali]], which is directly related to [[Karmali]] or [[Carambolim]], connected with the migration of the deity of Lord Brahma and the only home in Goa of a Brahmadeva temple in Goa. Brahma temples are considered rare.
* [[Dhave/धावे]] is a village which was connected by the first [[Kadamba Transport Corporation|Kadamba]] state-run bus service to Panjim, GDX-001, when it was started in 1980.
* [[Hedoda/Nadoda]]. Like some other twin villages in Sattari, this too is a set of twin villages.
* [[Ambede/Bhombede]]. This is second pair of twin villages. Ambede is a village of veteran litterateur, researcher and scholar Pandit MahadevShastri Joshi who wrote an entire Indian cultural encyclopaedia on his own. He is known to have lost a huge amount of his written literature in [[Panshet]] dam tragedy in [[Pune]] in the 1960s.
* [[Thane, Goa|Thane]] is a village which claims the legacy of the then mighty revenue officers holding the office of the [[Desai]] in the Portuguese and pre-Portuguese eras.
* [[Valpoi]] is the capital of this sub-district or [[taluka]]. It is believed that the name Valpoi derived from the phrase {{Transliteration|kok|vhal poi}}/ व्हाळ पळय/ meaning, see the rivulet. Valpoi is the main town of Sattari and hub of merchants and the Muslim community settled there.
* [[Dabose]] It is a small hamlet of Veluz village falling under Valpoi Municipality area covering ward number 1 with voters population slightly crossing 800. It is situated on the bank of Mhadei river. Villages surrounding dabos are Massordem, Kudcem & Velguem. Dabos has PWD water purification plant which caters the drinking water needs of Sattari Taluka. The village has highly educated youth which are working around the corners of Goa. The son of Farmer Shri Narayan Dhuri is Dr. Sunder Dhuri who is one of them with highest qualification of PhD and post-doctoral research. The village has a temple of godes Mahalaxmi and every Friday village gather and perform weekly {{Transliteration|kok|bhaja}} and {{Transliteration|kok|aarties}}. Most of people are engaged in agriculture and enjoy their daily agricultural products.
* [[Masorde]] probably has its name derived from the domestic animal, ''mhais''/म्हैस/buffalo.
* [[Redeghati]] is not a village but a famous or infamous location for paranormal activities that are believed to be taking place after sunset. Its name derived from presence of bison in large numbers.
* [[Honda, Goa|Honda]] is not to be confused with the Japanese company of the same name. Like [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]/फोंडा in Goa, which is probably derived from फोंड/pit, similarly Honda means Hond/होंड/pit.
* [[Pissurlem]]/पिसुर्ले is one of the prominent mining villages in Goa, Pissurlem was home of famous Maratha warrior [[Deepajirao Rane]]. The second family of the Ranes traces its Goa roots here.
* [[Kerim/Keri]]/केरी. A village which shares its name with two other [[Keri]] villages in Goa, this village has been a spectator to the development of Rane family in the world of politics from Keri to Sanquelim. Satroji Rane Sardesai was the founder of Rane family in Goa. The village is also famous for the temple of the guardian god, Shree Ajoba. The Rane's first family belongs here.
* [[Poriem]]/Parye/पर्ये* Another village from Sattari.
* [[Advoi]]. Home of [[Dada Rane]], one of the Ranes who revolted against the Portuguese. The Rane's third family belongs to this place.
* Kopardem: Famous for its Divjotsav held annually at Bramhani Mahamaya Devasthan, Temple's teerth is believed to cure Skin Diseases and Snake bites.
* Gawane. A village settled closed to Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary. Its name is derived from the animal Gawa/ गवा/ Bison. Gawane is a village densely covered with reserved forest.
*Shelop and Shelop Khurd. These twin villages are a part and neighbours to dense reserved forest. The name Shelop might have derived from Sanskrit word शिला.
*Morley and Morlem colony. Morlem/ मोर्ले is a village neighbouring Parye and Kerim whereas Morlem colony is a rehabilitated area of Anjunem Dam victims including villagers of Anjunem/ अंजुणे,Ponsuli/पणसुले,Gullem/गुळ्ळे and Kelavade/केळावडे.
* Vagheri.Vagheri/ वाघेरी is a third highest peak in the sub -district of Satari in North Goa in the state of Goa, trailed by Sosogad/Sonsogor/ सोसोगड which stands first and Kantalanchi Molli/ कांतलांची मळी being second.
* [[Bhirondem]] has been called "the 20th century village of settlers". It has around 500 voters, including 333 voters, and is one of the smallest villages of Goa. Isidore Domnick Mendis writes<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-20th-century-village-of-settlers/articleshow/63101337.cms|title=The 20th century village of settlers - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref> that the village, according to its chroniclers, had hardly any human residents and the Portuguese government settled many Goans in the village. Most settlers came from other parts of Goa such as "Pernem, Arpora, Mapusa, Merces, Loutolim, Poriem, Usgao and Khandepar."

Bhirondem is known for the academic branch of prominent institute in Goa, "Pilar Fathers"; a well developed and maintained farm is a tourist attraction in this village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Goa topics}}

[[Category:Talukas of Goa]]
[[Category:Geography of North Goa district]]

India–China border infrastructure

2026-05-05T09:11:31Z

ZEKSheryl225755: added basic data more to come - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
Border infrastructure along the [[Line of Actual Control|Sino-Indian border]], which has [[Sino-Indian border dispute|several border areas disputed]] by both [[India]] and [[China]], encompasses irrigation, roads, railways, airports, natural gas and oil pipelines, electricity grids, telecommunications, and broadcasting. In the context of the border tensions between India and China, many of these infrastructure projects in the borderlands are considered strategic in nature. Commentators have noted the infrastructure gap that existed, and still exists, between the infrastructure on the borderlands of India and China.{{Sfn|Kurian|2014|p=Closing the Infrastructure Gap}} For many decades, the approach taken to the construction of border infrastructure by China and India was significantly different,{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|Prakash|2013|p=13}} however, in terms of utilizing the natural resources of the borderlands for the needs of the country, both countries are said to have a similar approach.{{Sfn|Mukherjee|2019|p=|loc=Chapter 6}}

==Context==
{{see also | Sino-Indian border dispute#Command | l1= Deployment structure of Indian and Chinese militaries on the Sino-Indian border | Chinese salami slicing strategy }}
[[File:Map_of_Western_Theatre_of_PLA.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Western Theater Command]] of China, area under integrated command.]]
{{multiple image |total_width=400 |direction=horizontal
|image1=Xinjiang prfc map2alt.png |caption1=Map of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] with disputed areas claimed by China shown in blue.
|image2=Xizang prfc map.png |caption2=Map of [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] with disputed areas claimed by China shown in blue.
}}

The [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) is the disputed border between India and China, which has led to the ongoing [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]. There are designated [[Border Personnel Meeting Point]]s (BPM Points or BPMP) on LAC, mutually agreed by India and China, for conducting meeting to resolve the dispute.<ref name="China border"/>

[[Republic of China Armed Forces|Chinese Military]] has an integrated [[Western Theater Command]] (WTC) across the whole LAC with India. Western Theater Command also covers provinces of Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Chongqing.<ref name=lac1>{{Cite web |url=http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/ |title=Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank {{!}} Central Tibetan Administration |website=tibet.net |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107071553/http://tibet.net/2016/05/eye-on-india-china-raises-tibet-military-command-rank/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Indian Armed Forces|Indian Military]] has divided the LAC into 3 sectors – the ''northern sector'' (some times also called ''western sector'') across [[Ladakh]] and the Chinese-held Aksai Chin, the ''central sector'' across [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttrakhand]] states, and the ''eastern sector'' across [[Sikkim]] and Arunachal Pradesh states.<ref name=euro1>[https://eurasiantimes.com/india-china-war-us-reports-explains-why-india-needs-to-use-its-air-force-to-incapacitate-china/ India-China War: US Study Explains Why Indian Air Force Could Outgun China In A Border Conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727042837/https://eurasiantimes.com/india-china-war-us-reports-explains-why-india-needs-to-use-its-air-force-to-incapacitate-china/ |date=27 July 2020 }}, ''Eurasian Times'', 24 July 2020.</ref><ref name=lac2>{{Cite web |url = https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck |title = Twisting India's Chicken's Neck |website = lowyinstitute.org |access-date = 18 July 2020 |archive-date = 18 July 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200718130100/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/twisting-india-s-chicken-s-neck |url-status = live }}</ref>

== China ==
{{See also|Land Borders Law of the People's Republic of China}}

===Air infrastructure===
{{anchor | ChAir}}
{{see also | List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases | l1= Chinese Airbases }}

See [[Western Theater Command#Org|China's air infrastructure in Western Theater]].

===Roads ===
{{anchor | ChRd }}
{{ see also | Roads in China }}

China has built several roads along Indian border:

* ''[[China National Highway 219]] (G219)'':<ref>{{Cite web|last=通讯员窦海蓉李岩旺|date=21 April 2020|title=国道G219线南撒至岗莫标山建设项目稳步推进|trans-title=The construction project of National Highway G219 from Nansa to Gangmobiaoshan is progressing steadily|url=https://m.yunnan.cn/system/2020/04/21/030652283.shtml|url-status=live|website=m.yunnan.cn|access-date=10 July 2020|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331073026/https://m.yunnan.cn/system/2020/04/21/030652283.shtml}}</ref> It runs from [[Kargilik County]] in [[Xinjiang]] to [[Kargilik County]] in [[Tibet]]. It runs along the China-held and India-claimed [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] (Shakshlgam Valley) to northeast of [[Sikkim]].
* ''[[China National Highway 318]] (G318)'': It runs from [[Chengdu]] in [[Sichuan]] to [[Lhasa]] north of Sikkim and then to [[Nyalam County|Nyalam]] near border with Nepal and connects to [[Kathmandu]].
* ''[[China National Highway 349]] (G349)'': It runs from Lahsa near the India-Bhutan-Tibet border to areas along the [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

===Railway===
{{anchor | ChRail }}
{{main | China-India railway}}
{{ see also | Railway in China }}

* [[Qinghai–Tibet railway]] (Qingzang railway), existing: {{convert|1956|km|mi|abbr=on}} long high-elevation railway that connects [[Xining]] in [[Qinghai Province]] to Lhasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China Today |url=http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/english/tourism/2017-10/11/content_747947.htm |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=www.chinatoday.com.cn}}</ref><ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/home/index.html The Official website of Yunnan province] Report of inauguration. Retrieved 1 July 2006.</ref>
* [[Sichuan–Tibet railway]] (Sichuan–Xizang railway or Chuanzang railway), planned: Will connect Chengdu, the provincial capital of Sichuan, and Lhasa, the provincial capital of Tibet.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chu|title=China Approves New Railway for Tibet|url=http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/10/31/3685s850380.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141109202324/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2014/10/31/3685s850380.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 9, 2014|website=english.cri.cn|publisher=CRI|accessdate=9 November 2014}}</ref> The line will be {{convert|1629|km|mi|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=people201412>{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2014/1219/c70731-26242582.html|date=2014-12-19|title=西藏拉林铁路开工建设}}</ref><ref name=sc1>{{cite web|url=https://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/10464/10797/2014/12/25/10321898.shtml|date=2014-12-25|title=四川藏区加速构建立体交通网|access-date=2024-01-25|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211156/https://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/10464/10797/2014/12/25/10321898.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> will significantly cut travel time from Chengdu to Lhasa from 48 to 13 hours.<ref name="irj_centralstart">{{cite web |last1=Briginshaw |first1=David |title=China starts work on central section of Sichuan-Tibet Railway |url=https://www.railjournal.com/infrastructure/china-starts-work-on-central-section-of-sichuan-tibet-railway/ |website=[[International Railway Journal]] |date=11 November 2020 |access-date=13 February 2021}}</ref>

===China-Pakistan infrastructure===
{{anchor | ChPak }}
{{ see also | China–Pakistan relations | Debt-trap diplomacy | Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts }}

China is constructing the [[China-Pakistan Economic Corridor]] (CPEC) in [[Azad Kashmir]] which is an area claimed by India. India also claims the nearby [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] (Shaksgam Valley) ceded to China by Pakistan. Pakistan and China have also built the strategic [[Karakoram Highway]], which connects Pakistan-held India-claimed [[Gilgit]] to Xinjiang.<ref name=ssroute2>[https://thediplomat.com/2023/10/the-bros-mega-project-in-eastern-ladakh-a-new-road-to-daulat-beg-oldi/ The BRO’s Mega Project in Eastern Ladakh: A New Road to Daulat Beg Oldi], The Diplomat, 6 October 2023.</ref>

===Xiaokang – border defense villages===
{{anchor | ChVil }}

China has developed a number of "xiaokang" or "model well-off border defence villages".<ref name="long haul in Ladakh">{{Cite web|last=Ranade|first=Jayadeva|date=12 February 2022|title=China digging in for long haul in Ladakh|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/jayadeva-ranade-china-digging-in-for-long-haul-in-ladakh/20220212.htm|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref> The number of villages reportedly{{En dash}} range from 624,<ref name="long haul in Ladakh" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Panag|first=Lt Gen (Retd) H S|date=2021-11-11|title=China's Land Border Law is more sinister than it lets on. India needs a course correction|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/chinas-land-border-law-is-more-sinister-than-it-lets-on-india-needs-a-course-correction/764463/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> and 680,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-15|title=Come clean on Arunachal situation|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/first-edit/come-clean-on-arunachal-situation-1051136.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 September 2021|title=680 thriving Chinese villages along Indian borders cause of concern, says expert|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/680-thriving-chinese-villages-along-indian-borders-cause-of-concern-says-expert-316054|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Tribune India}}</ref> to 965.<ref name=":3" /> Some of the new Chinese border villages (with claimed location) are as follows:

* Arunachal Pradesh:
** {{Interlanguage link|Luowa|lt=Luowa|zh|珞瓦新村|WD=}} in 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=18 January 2021|title=Exclusive: China Has Built Village In Arunachal, Show Satellite Images|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/china-has-built-village-in-arunachal-pradesh-show-satellite-images-exclusive-2354154 |access-date=2021-11-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
** [[Kyungling]] (Arunachal Pradesh)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=18 November 2021|title=Second China-Constructed Enclave In Arunachal, Show New Satellite Images|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/second-china-constructed-enclave-in-arunachal-show-new-satellite-images-2613160 |access-date=2021-11-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* [[Bhutan]]:
** [[Pangda]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=20 November 2020|title=China Sets Up Village Within Bhutan, 9 Km From Doklam Face-Off Site|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/china-sets-up-village-within-bhutan-9-km-from-doklam-face-off-site-2327563 |access-date=2021-11-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web|author=Griffiths|first=James|last2=Suri|first2=Manveena|date=25 November 2020|title=Satellite images appear to show China developing area along disputed border with India and Bhutan|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/24/asia/china-india-bhutan-doklam-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2020-11-24|website=CNN}}</ref>
* Uttarakhand:
** Tunjum La near [[Barahoti]], shipping container architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pundir|first=Pallavi|date=11 December 2020|title=Latest Satellite Images Show New Village Very Close to Indian Borders|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/new-china-villages-near-indian-border-world-diplomacy-conflict-controversy/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Vice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2020-11-20|title=Spotlight on Ladakh, China secretly made moves in central, Sikkim and eastern sectors|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/spotlight-on-ladakh-china-secretly-made-moves-in-central-sikkim-and-eastern-sectors/story-GuwPWJKoYjQ3hGlNx7rZUP.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== India ==

===Air infrastructure===
{{anchor | InAir}}
{{ see also | List of Indian Air Force stations | l1= Indian Airbases }}

See the [[List of Indian Air Force stations#China|Indian air bases and advanced landing grounds (ALG)]] along China border.

===PP – Patrol Points===
{{anchor | InPP}}
{{ see also | :Category:Indian Army bases | l1= Indian Army bases }}

India has identified the specific [[Patrol Point]]s with the specified route and the maximum depth up to which Indian troops usually patrol into the disputed territory on LAC. Patrolling points provide a truer sense of the extent of India's limits of actual control.<ref name="points in Depsang">{{Cite web|last1=Subramanian|first1=Nirupama|last2=Kaushik|first2=Krishn|date=2020-09-20|title=Month before standoff, China blocked 5 patrol points in Depsang|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/month-before-standoff-china-blocked-5-patrol-points-in-depsang-6602896/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Patrolling Points">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2020-07-13|title=Patrolling Points: What do these markers on the LAC signify?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-do-patrolling-points-pps-on-lac-signify-6496840/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LAC Standoff">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=India-China LAC Standoff: Know what are patrolling points and what do they signify|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/india-china-lac-standoff-know-what-are-patrolling-points-and-what-do-they-signify/2018462/|access-date=2020-09-27|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Railway ===
{{anchor | InRail}}
{{ see also | Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo | l1= Strategic rail lines of India | Rail transport in Bhutan | l2= India-Bhutan geostrategic rail lines | Nepal Railway Company Limited | l3= India-Nepal geostrategic rail lines }}
{{expand section|date=January 2024}}

Some of that Indian railway projects serving the border with China are:

* [[Bhanupli–Leh line]], planned & approved.

===Roads & ICBR===
{{anchor | InRd}}
{{ see also | Tourism in Ladakh#Roads | l1= Tourist roads in Ladakh }}

India has embarked on constructing [[India-China Border Roads]].

===Telephony and Internet===
{{anchor | InTel }}

Under the 4G Saturation project, the [[BSNL]] will set up 20,000 4G towers in 30,000 border villages at the cost of ₹26,000 crore rupees from the Universal Service Obligation Fund. As of May 2023 the project was already underway and it will be completed in 15 months by 31 July 2024.
Today, India has about 640,000 villages, of which 575,000 have been covered by mobile telephony and data connectivity, leaving a gap of 65,000 villages without connectivity, of these 40,000 villages are being covered under the border village plan. Under the 4G saturation plan, the government wants to connect 100% villages with 4G services by 2024.<ref name=min1>[https://www.livemint.com/economy/bsnl-goes-to-borders-to-set-up-20-000-4g-towers-11685729314803.html BSNL goes to borders to set up 20,000 4G towers.], LiveMint, 2 June 2023.</ref>

===Village infrastructure development===
{{anchor |InVil }}

India has two non-overlapping distinct schemes, the ''Vibrant Village Program (VVP)'' specifically for the Indian villages on border with China and the ''Border Area Development Programme (BADP)'' for Indian villages on border with all the neighboring countries including China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, etc.<ref name=vvp1>[https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/amit-shah-launches-vibrant-villages-programme-what-is-this-scheme-8554872/ Amit Shah launches Vibrant Villages Programme in Arunachal: What is this scheme], Indian Express, 14vApr 2023.</ref>

==== VVP – Vibrant Village Program====
{{anchor | VIP | VVP }}

''Vibrant Village Program (VVP)'' has matured into a strategic centerpiece of India's frontier policy, designed to reverse outward migration by transforming remote outposts into self-sustaining hubs through comprehensive infrastructure, 24/7 renewable energy, and "Digital Village" initiatives including 4G/5G-ready telecom masts and SMART classes for distance education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vibrant Villages Programme - BPR&D |url=https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/Sajag_Bharat_Vibrant_Villages_16-31Aug21112025_en.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Police Research and Development |date=2025-11-25}}</ref> The scheme prioritizes livelihood generation and job creation by integrating youth and women into eco-tourism circuits, agri-cooperatives, and high-value medicinal plant extraction hubs, while leveraging CSR-PPP collaborations for localized logistics and "Skill India" vocational centers.<ref>{{cite news |title=VVP-II expansion on, border areas secured |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2026/03/27/vvp-ii-expansion-on-border-areas-secured/ |newspaper=Arunachal Observer |date=2026-03-27}}</ref> The district administrator prepares the district and village level plans with the help of [[grampanchayat]]s (elected Village council) in a "hub & spokes" based growth centers model by identifying natural & human resources to develop tourism & eco-agriculture, comprehensive infrastructure including electricity, communications, healthcare, roads, startups, social enterprises, youth and woman entered empowerment, etc. to stop the outward migration. NGOs, self help groups (SHG) and cooperatives will also be included.<ref name=vvp1/>

'''VVP Phase I (2022–2026)''' is complete, which was a Centrally-Sponsored Scheme (with Centre vs State share of 60%:40% non-hill and 90%:10% hill- states) with an outlay of {{INRConvert|4500|c|lk=on|year=2023}} (including {{INRConvert|2500|c|lk=on|year=2023}} for roads) covering 662 priority villages across the India-China border.<ref name=infgt1/> To boost the [[Indian Astronomical Observatory#Astrotourism|astrotourism in India]], the government had setting up [[List of planetariums#Indua|observatories]] at [[Sang, Uttarakhand|Jadhang]] and some other places under this program.<ref name=prih1>[https://theprint.in/the-fineprint/indias-new-tourism-boom-is-in-the-sky-uttarakhand-to-andamans-stargazing-on-the-rise/1611317/ India’s new tourism boom is in the sky. Uttarakhand to Andamans, stargazing on the rise], The Print, 5 June 2023.</ref>

'''VVP Phase II (2025–2029)''', is a 100% Union-funded Central Sector Scheme with a {{INRConvert|6839|c|lk=on|year=2023}} budget, covering additional 1,954 villages across 17 States and UTs abutting [[Borders of India|all international land borders]], including those with Pakistan and Bangladesh.<ref name=infgt1>{{cite web |title=Union Home Minister Amit Shah launches ₹6,839 crore Vibrant Villages Programme–II |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2230734 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=2026-02-20}}.</ref>

==== BADP – Border Area Development Programme ====
The Border Area Development Programme (BADP) was initiated in the 1980s along the western border with Pakistan. By June 2020, the scheme covered nearly 400 blocks in 111 border districts in 18 states and union territories.<ref name="China border">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2020-06-03 |title = India to boost infrastructure in areas along China border |language=en-IN |newspaper = The Hindu |url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-boost-infrastructure-in-areas-along-china-border/article31741145.ece |access-date=2021-01-19 |issn=0971-751X }}</ref> This scheme extends to development projects within 10 km of the border.{{NoteTag|Development work in the area beyond 10 km is to start under BADP only after completion of the first 10 km.{{Sfn|NITI Aayog|2015|p=5}}}} Projects can include roads, bridges, health facilities, primary schools, irrigation, and sports facilities.<ref name="China border" /> In 2019–20, the scheme was allotted {{INRConvert|825|c|lk=on|year=2020}}, while in 2020–21 it was allotted {{INRConvert|784|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref name="China border" />

In 1997, BADP started in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It first applied to the Indo-Myanmar Border and in 1998 was extended to the Indo-China and Indo-Bhutan borders.<ref name="Border Area Development">''[http://www.arunachalplan.gov.in/html/docs/badp/Status_of_BADP09.pdf Border Area Development Programme in Arunachal Pradesh]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Status on October 2009. Department of Planning, Government of Arunachal Pradesh. Retrieved on 19 January 2021.</ref> Even after ten years, BADP was unable to provide development to the over 1500 villages in the border blocks of Arunachal Pradesh; "the border blocks are yet to be opened up and are in utter backwardness due to their isolation and inaccessibility".<ref name="Border Area Development" /> A [[NITI Aayog]] evaluation study for the period 2007–2011 and published in 2015 found that while the heads of [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayats]] (GPs) gave positive feedback related to BADP, and while people have benefitted in some ways, the requirement of border villages in Arunachal Pradesh were so great that they couldn't be met by BADP in one go:{{Sfn|NITI Aayog|2015|p=42}}
{{Blockquote|text=...of the 21 GPs surveyed, only six were connected by all-weather roads; electricity was available in only seven of them; tap water was available only in five; none of the GPs surveyed had fixed line telephones. Only two of the 21 GPs had PDS shops; some villages were almost 25 km away from these shops. Several villages did not even have primary schools and anganwadi centres.}}

====Arunachal border villages====
{{anchor | Arunachal }}

Arunachal Pradesh has 455 villages under vibrant village scheme. Of these, 135 villages are designated as priority villages, because they are not yet connected by the roads. In January 2024, the central Ministry of Rural Development approved Rs 2,205 crores project to connect these 125 unconnected villages in Arunachal with 105 roads of total distance of 1,022 km. Detailed Project Reports (DPR) are being prepared for these 105 road. Remaining 10 villages are not being considered presently because of issues related to the land acquisition.<ref>[https://goachronicle.com/centre-approved-proposals-to-connect-125-unconnected-habitations-in-arunachal-governor Centre-approved proposals to connect 125 unconnected habitations in Arunachal: Governor], Goa Chronicle, 26 January 2024.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin-right:1em; font-size:85%; background:#ffc; color:black; width:28.5em; max-width:25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" {{Table|hide|sort}}
|+ Indo-China border in Arunachal Pradesh, status in 2009 (border blocks, villages in the block and population)<ref name="Border Area Development" />
!District
!Block
!No of Villages
!Pop (2001 census)
|-
| rowspan="2" |Tawang
|Tawang
|37
|12949
|-
|Kitpi
|47
|4853
|-
|West Kameng
|Nafra
|29
|13644
|-
| rowspan="2" |East Kameng
|Bameng
|69
|9244
|-
|Chayngtajo
|68
|10881
|-
| rowspan="5" |Kurung Kumey
|Huri-Damin
|32
|2957
|-
|Pipsorang
|32
|2206
|-
|Sarli
|36
|1951
|-
|Koloriang
|52
|4798
|-
|Parsi-Parlo
|43
|3226
|-
| rowspan="2" |Upper Subansiri
|Nacho
|65
|5249
|-
|Siyum
|48
|4080
|-
| rowspan="3" |West Siang
|Mechuka
|45
|6244
|-
|Monigong
|34
|3025
|-
|Kaying-Payum
|25
|5543
|-
| rowspan="2" |Upper Siang
|Tuting
|16
|5874
|-
|Singa-Gelling
|18
|1692
|-
|Lower Dibang Valley
|Hunli
|41
|3114
|-
| rowspan="3" |Dibang Valley
|Anini-Mipi
|38
|4344
|-
|Etalin-Maliney
|28
|1575
|-
|Aneli-Arzoo
|34
|1353
|-
| rowspan="2" |Anjaw
|Chaglagam
|42
|2412
|-
|Hayuliang
|92
|10262
|-
!Total
!
!962
!121476
|}

===Battlefield tourism ===
{{anchor | Tourism }}

The '''Bharat Ranbhoomi Darshan''' is an initiative of the Indian Military which will boost border tourism, patriotism, local infrastructure and economy while reversing civilian outward migration from these remote locations, it entails 77 battleground war memorials in border area including the ''[[Battle of Longewala|Longewala War Memorial]], [[Battle of Longewala|Sadhewala War Memorial]],<ref name=bdp2>[https://www.indiatimes.com/news/here-is-the-story-of-tanot-mata-the-diety-who-protected-indian-soldiers-from-pakistani-bombs-at-longewala-in-1971-war-259867.html The Story Of Tanot Mata, The Deity Who Protected Our Soldiers From Pakistani Bombs In 1971 War], ''India Times'', 16 Dec 2020.</ref> [[Tanot Mata Temple#Battlefield memorial|Tanot Mata]], [[Siachen Base Camp (India)|Siachen base camp]], [[Kargil]], [[Galwan]], [[Pangong Tso]], [[Rezang La]], [[Doklam]], [[Bum La]], [[Cho La (Sikkim and Tibet)|Cho La]], [[Kibithu]], etc''.<ref name=bdp1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/battleground-tourism-india-indian-army-ministry-of-tourism-galwan-siachel-kargil-longewala-battle-2665110-2025-01-15. Add Galwan, Siachen to holiday plan. India is opening battle tourism bunker], ''India Today'', 15 Jan 2025.</ref>

== See also ==

* [[India-China Border Roads]]

== References ==
;Notes
{{NoteFoot}}

;Citations
{{Reflist}}

;Sources
* {{cite book |last = Kurian |first = Nimmi |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GRlBDwAAQBAJ |title = India-China Borderlands: Conversations beyond the Centre |publisher = Sage Publishing India |year = 2014 |isbn = 9789351504320 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Kunal |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=THuCDwAAQBAJ |title = Conflict in India and China's Contested Borderlands: A Comparative Study |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=9780429677625 }}
* {{cite report |url = https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/OccasionalPaper_42b.pdf |title = Sino-Indian Border Infrastructure: An Update |last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Rajeswari Pillai|last2=Prakash|first2=Rahul|date=May 2013|publisher=Observer Research Foundation|access-date=25 November 2020}}
*{{cite report |url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/report-BADP.pdf |title = Evaluation Study on Border Area Development Programme (BADP) |author = NITI Aayog |date=June 2015 |publisher = NITI Aayog, Programme Evaluation Organisation, Government of India }}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Ling|first1=L.H.M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIsxDQAAQBAJ|title=India China: Rethinking Borders and Security|last2=Lama|first2=Mahendra P|last3=Abdenur|first3=Adriana Erthal|last4=Banerjee|first4=Payal|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2016|isbn=9780472130061}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Aiyadurai|first1=Ambika|last2=Lee|first2=Claire Seungeun|date=2017|title=Living on the Sino-Indian Border: The Story of the Mishmis in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/90017668|journal=Asian Ethnology|volume=76|issue=2|pages=367–395|jstor=90017668}}
* {{Cite book|last=Suryanarayana|first=Pisupati Sadasiva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKQeEAAAQBAJ|title=Elusive Tipping Point, The: China-India Ties For A New Order|date=2021|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-12-2583-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|last=Grieger|first=Gisela|date=December 2021|title=Towards a joint Western alternative to the Belt and Road Initiative?|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/698824/EPRS_BRI(2021)698824_EN.pdf |website=December 2021|publisher=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]] (EPRS). [[European Parliament]]}}
* {{Cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Sudha|date=13 September 2016|title=China and India's Border Infrastructure Race|url=https://jamestown.org/program/china-and-indias-border-infrastructure-race/ |website=Jamestown|publisher=China Brief Volume: 16 Issue: 14}}
* {{Cite web|last=Lidarev|first=Ivan|date=21 December 2015|title=New Tensions, Old Problems on the Sino-Indian Border|url=https://jamestown.org/program/new-tensions-old-problems-on-the-sino-indian-border/ |website=Jamestown|publisher=China Brief Volume: 15 Issue: 24}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Pushpita|date=2008|title=Management of India-China Border Area: A Case Study of Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45340743|journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal|volume=3|issue=3|pages=92–105|jstor=45340743 |issn=0973-3248}}

{{China–India relations}}

[[Category:China–India border]]
[[Category:Sino-Indian border dispute]]
[[Category:Politics of the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:China in the Kashmir conflict]]

Institute of Human Resources Development

2026-05-02T04:56:56Z

ZEKSheryl225755: added new stub initial version - done

{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Official Logo
| logo = IHRD Logo.jpg
| established = 1987
| coordinates = {{coord|8.4983|76.9562|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
}}

The '''Institute of Human Resources Development''' ('''IHRD''') is an autonomous technical educational research institute established by the [[Government of Kerala]] in 1987, with its headquarters at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in [[India]].

IHRD has grown within a short period into a network of more than 50 institutions. In addition to regular courses of study in academic establishments, IHRD also runs short and long-term employment-oriented and continuous education programmes.

The initial name of IHRD was Institute of Human Resources Development for Electronics (IHRDE). Later it was renamed to the current version.

IHRD manages several applied science colleges,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priya |first=Lakshmi |date=2021-11-13 |title=Kerala govt circular asserts teachers’ right to choose what they wear |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Nov/13/kerala-govt-circular-asserts-teachers-right-to-choose-what-they-wear-2382915.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> engineering colleges, polytechnics, and technical schools.

== Partnerships ==
In 2023, '''IHRD''' and [[Kerala Startup Mission]] (KSUM) teamed up to support technology and entrepreneurial activities in colleges. The MoU was signed with the presence of Higher Education Minister [[R. Bindu]]. KSUM announced plans to establish research and development (R&D) centers for startups in IHRD institutions for a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-13 |title=IHRD inks deal with KSUM to promote entrepreneurship in colleges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ihrd-inks-deal-with-ksum-to-promote-entrepreneurship-in-colleges/article67529366.ece |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> IHRD also launched a collaborative learning program in partnership with the [[University of Cincinnati]]. Under this program, lectures from prominent academics, particularly those of Kerala origin, from the University of Cincinnati and other international institutions would be organized for students and faculty of IHRD's engineering colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Kerala's IHRD ropes in top US varsity for collaborative learning programme |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2023/Jun/28/keralas-ihrd-ropes-in-top-us-varsity-for-collaborative-learning-programme-2589177.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Technical institutes managed by IHRD ==

=== Engineering colleges ===
The following nine engineering colleges are managed by IHRD. They were affiliated with the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] until 2014; each of them has been affiliated to [[A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University]] since 2015.

IHRD coordinates 10 Engineering Colleges.

*[[Model Engineering College|Government Model Engineering College]]
*[[College of Engineering Chengannur]]
*[[College of Engineering, Adoor]]
*[[College of Engineering Karunagappally]]
*[[College of Engineering, Poonjar]]
*[[College of Engineering, Kallooppara]]
*[[College of Engineering Attingal]]
*[[College of Engineering, Cherthala]]
* [[College of Engineering, Kottarakkara]]
*[[College of Engineering, Munnar]]

=== Model Polytechnics Colleges ===
IHRD coordinates 8 Model Polytechnics Colleges.
* Model Residential Polytechnic College, Kuzhalmannam, Palakkad
* Model Polytechnic College, Mattakkara, Kottayam
* [[Model Polytechnic College, Vatakara|Model Polytechnic College, Vatakara, Kozhikode]]
* Model polytechnic college Poonjar, Kottayam
* Model Polytechnic College, Karunagappally
* Model Polytechnic College, Painavu, Idukki
* E K Nayanar Memorial Model Polytechnic College, Kallyassery
* K.Karunakaran Memorial Model Polytechnic College, Mala
*Model Polytechnic College, Ponjar

=== Applied Science Colleges ===
IHRD coordinates 42 Applied Science Colleges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ihrd.ac.in/index.php/college-of-applied-science.html |title=College of Applied Science |work=ihrd.ac.in |access-date=19 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319000221/http://www.ihrd.ac.in/index.php/college-of-applied-science.html |archive-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Colleges affiliated to University of Kerala====
* College of Applied Science, Dhanuvachapuram, [[Trivandrum]]
* College of Applied Sciences, Adoor
* College of Applied Sciences, Mavelikkara
* College of Applied Sciences, Kundera
* college of Applied sciences, karthikappally

====Colleges affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University====
*College of Applied Sciences, Puthuppally, Kottayam
* College of Applied Sciences, Thodupuzha
* College of Applied Sciences, Peermade
* College of Applied Science, Konni
* College of Applied Sciences, Mallappally
* College Of Applied Science, Kaduthuruthy
*College of Applied science, Petta Kanjirappally
*College of Applied science, Puthanvelikkara
*College of Applied science, Kattapana
*College of Applied science, Nedumkandam

====Colleges affiliated to University of Calicut====
*[[College of Applied Science Calicut]]
*College of Applied Science, Vattamkulam, Edappal
* College of Applied Science, Nattika
* [[College of Applied Science Malappuram]]
* College of Applied Science, Nadapuram
* College of Applied Sciences, [[Thiruvambady]]
*[[College of Applied Science, Thamarassery|College of Applied Science Thamarassery]]
* [[College of Applied Science, Vadakkencherry]]
* College of Applied science, Chelakkara
* College of Applied science, Ayalur
* College of Applied Science, Muthuallur, Malappuram

====Colleges affiliated to Kannur University====
* College of Applied Sciences, Koothuparamba
* College of Applied Sciences, Pattuvam
* EMS Memorial College of Applied Science
* AKG Memorial College of Applied Science, Pinarayi, Thalassery
* College of Applied Science, Neruvampram, Pazhayangati
*College of Applied Science, Cheemeni

=== Technical Higher Secondary Schools===
IHRD coordinates 15 Technical Higher Secondary Schools

* Model Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Kaloor]]
* Model Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Karassery|Kaprassery]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Adoor]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Aluva]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Cherthala]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Mallapally|Mallappally]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, Muttada, [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Perinthalmanna]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, Perumade
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Puthuppally, Alappuzha|Puthuppally]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Thiruthiyad]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Thodupuzha]], Muttom
* Technical Higher Secondary School, Varadium
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Vattamkulam]]
* Technical Higher Secondary School, [[Vazhakkad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ihrd.ac.in/ IHRD homepage]

{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Institute Of Human Resources Development}}
[[Category:Institute of Human Resources Development| ]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Engineering education in India]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1987]]

MGR Chennai Central – New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:41:49Z

ZEKSheryl225755: adding first article v1...

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = MGR Chennai Central–New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express
| image = MGR_Chennai_Central_–_New_Jalpaiguri_Superfast_Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|01|29}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| start = [[Chennai Central|MGR Chennai Central]] (MAS)
| stops = 21
| end = {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} (NJP)
| distance = {{convert|2273|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 40 hrs 45 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| trainnumber = 22611 / 22612
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, AC 3 Tier Economy, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Chennai - New Jalpaiguri) Express Route map.png|250px]]
}}

The 22611 / 22612 '''MGR Chennai Central–New Jalpaiguri SuperFast Express''' is a superfast express of [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] connecting Indian cities [[Chennai]] the capital of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Siliguri]] the largest metropolis of [[North Bengal]]. This is the first direct train service originating from [[Chennai Central|MGR Chennai Central]] and terminating at [[New Jalpaiguri|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]] via [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] , [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]] , [[Asansol Junction railway station|Asansol]] ,[[Bankura Junction railway station|Bankura]]. The train connects [[East India|Eastern]] and [[South India|Southern]] part of India covering the states of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Tamil Nadu]].It previously ran between [[Howrah railway station|MGR Chennai Central]] and [[Asansol Junction railway station|Asansol]], and was later extended to run to [[New Jalpaiguri|New Jalpaiguri .]]

Though this a weekly train it is a very popular train in this route. As the demand for tickets is very high, one has to book a ticket many days in advance before the journey date to get a confirmed berth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012964841000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203073709/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012964841000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-02-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=New Jalpaiguri-Chennai train from today|date=2011-01-29 |accessdate=2011-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-mgr-chennai-central-sf-express-22612/14032/444/35|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chennai NJP Superfast Express|url=https://www.confirmtkt.com/train-schedule/22612-NJP-MAS-EXPRESS|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stoppages extended of some trains|url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/Railways-extends-temporary-stoppages-by-three-more-months/31656/|website=psuconnect.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Njp Chennai Superfast Express|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/njp-mas-express-22612-train|website=ndtv.com}}</ref>

==Accommodations==
This train comprises 2 AC 2-Tiers, 4 AC 3-Tiers, 4 AC - Economy Class, 13 Sleeper Class, 2 Unreserved General Compartment & 2 Luggage/Parcel.Total coach composition is 23.

==Route==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
|+ '''22611 / 22612 Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central–New Jalpaiguri Superfast Express'''
! colspan="5" | '''22611 MAS → NJP (Wednesday)'''
! colspan="5" | '''22612 NJP → MAS (Friday)'''
|-
! Sr. !! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep. !! Sr. !! Station !! Day !! Arr. !! Dep.
|-
| 1 || [[Chennai Central railway station|Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station]] || 1 || — || 10:45 || 1 || {{stnlink|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} || 1 || — || 22:05
|-
| 2 || {{rws|Nellore}} || 1 || 13:14 || 13:15 || 2 || [[Aluabari Road Junction railway station|Aluabari Road]]|| 1 || 22:45 || 22:47
|-
| 3 || {{rws|Ongole}} || 1 || 14:54 || 14:55 || 3 || {{rws|Kishanganj}} || 1 || 23:10 || 23:12
|-
| 4 || {{stnlink|Vijayawada Junction}} || 1 || 16:55 || 17:05 || 4 || {{stnlink|Barsoi Junction}} || 2 || 00:05 || 00:07
|-
| 5 || {{rws|Eluru}} || 1 || 17:49 || 17:50 || 5 || {{rws|Harischandrapur}} || 2 || 00:44 || 00:46
|-
| 6 || {{rws|Anakapalle}} || 1 || 21:43 || 21:45 || 6 || {{rws|Malda Town}} || 2 || 01:50 || 02:00
|-
| 7 || {{rws|Duvvada}} || 1 || 22:33 || 22:35 || 7 || {{stnlink|Rampurhat Junction}} || 2 || 04:10 || 04:15
|-
| 8 || {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} (Reversal) || 1 || 23:10 || 23:30 || 8 || {{rws|Durgapur}} (Reversal) || 2 || 07:25 || 07:45
|-
| 9 || {{stnlink|Vizianagaram Junction}} || 2 || 00:18 || 00:20 || 9 || {{stnlink|Asansol Junction}} || 2 || 08:40 || 08:50
|-
| 10 || {{rws|Brahmapur}} || 2 || 03:08 || 03:10 || 10 || {{stnlink|Adra Junction}} || 2 || 09:50 || 09:55
|-
| 11 || {{stnlink|Khurda Road Junction}} || 2 || 05:00 || 05:10 || 11 || {{rws|Bankura Junction}} || 2 || 10:33 || 10:35
|-
| 12 || {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} || 2 || 05:25 || 05:30 || 12 || {{rws|Hijli}} || 2 || 12:40 || 12:50
|-
| 13 || {{rws|Hijli}} || 2 || 10:40 || 10:50 || 13 || {{rws|Bhubaneswar}} || 2 || 17:25 || 17:30
|-
| 14 || {{rws|Bankura Junction}}|| 2 || 13:23 || 13:25 || 14 || {{stnlink|Khurda Road Junction}} || 2 || 18:00 || 18:15
|-
| 15 || {{stnlink|Adra Junction}} || 2 || 14:25 || 14:30 || 15 || {{rws|Brahmapur}} || 2 || 20:30 || 20:35
|-
| 16 || {{stnlink|Asansol Junction}} || 2 || 16:15 || 16:25 || 16 || {{stnlink|Vizianagaram Junction}} || 3 || 00:23 || 00:25
|-
| 17 || {{rws|Durgapur}} (Reversal) || 2 || 17:15 || 17:35 || 17 || {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} (Reversal) || 3 || 01:20 || 01:40
|-
| 18 || {{stnlink|Rampurhat Junction}} || 2 || 20:05 || 20:10 || 18 || {{rws|Duvvada}} || 3 || 02:18 || 02:20
|-
| 19 || {{rws|Malda Town}} || 2 || 23:00 || 23:10 || 19 || {{rws|Anakapalle}} || 3 || 02:33 || 02:35
|-
| 20 || {{rws|Harischandrapur}} || 3 || 00:03 || 00:05 || 20 || {{rws|Eluru}} || 3 || 05:58 || 06:00
|-
| 21 || {{stnlink|Barsoi Junction}} || 3 || 00:35 || 00:37 || 21 || {{stnlink|Vijayawada Junction}} || 3 || 07:00 || 07:10
|-
| 22 || {{rws|Kishanganj}} || 3 || 01:20 || 01:25 || 22 || {{rws|Ongole}} || 3 || 09:08 || 09:10
|-
| 23 || [[Aluabari Road Junction railway station|Aluabari Road]]|| 3 || 01:48 || 01:50 || 23 || {{rws|Nellore}} || 3 || 10:38 || 10:40
|-
| 24 || {{stnlink|New Jalpaiguri Junction}} || 3 || 03:30 || — || 24 || {{rws|[[Chennai Central railway station|Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central railway station]] || 3 || 14:10 || —
|-
! colspan="5" | '''Total Distance: 2266 km — Travel Time: 40h 45m'''
! colspan="5" | '''Total Distance: 2267 km — Travel Time: 40h 05m'''
|}

==Reversal==
Chennai-NJP(Siliguri) Superfast Express reverses the direction in the following stations:
#{{rws|Visakhapatnam Junction}}
#{{rws|Durgapur}}

==Major bridges==
The train passes over some important rivers of India:
#[[wikt:creek|Creek]] in [[Ennore]] near [[Chennai]]
#[[Penna River|Penna]] river in [[Nellore]]
#[[Paleru]] river in [[Ongole]]
#[[Krishna River]] in [[Vijayawada]]
#[[Godavari River]] in [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]]
#[[Nagavali River]] in [[Srikakulam]]
#[[Vamsadhara River]] in [[Srikakulam]]
#[[Rushikulya River]] in [[Ganjam]]
#[[Mahanadi]] river in [[Cuttack]]
#[[Kathjori]] river (Mahanadi distributary) in [[Cuttack]]
#[[Kuakhai River]] (Mahanadi distributary) near Barang
#Birupa River (Mahanadi distributary) near [[Kendrapara]]
#[[Brahmani River]] in Jenapur
#[[Baitarani River]] in [[Jajpur Keonjhar Road railway station|Jajpur Keonjhar Rd.]]
#[[Budhabalanga River]] in [[Balasore]]
#[[Subarnarekha River]] near [[Jaleswar]]
#[[Kangsabati River]] near [[Kharagpur]]
#[[Dwarakeswar River]] near [[Bankura]]
#[[Damodar River]] near [[Asansol]]
#[[Mayurakshi River]] near [[Sainthia]]
#[[Ganges]] via [[Farakka Barrage]] in [[Farakka]]
#[[Mahananda River]] near [[Dumdangi railway station|Dumdangi]]
#[[Balason River]] near [[Matigara (community development block)|Matigara]]

==See also==
*[[Chennai Central railway station]]
*[[Tambaram–Guwahati Express|Tambaram-Silghat Town Nagaon Express]]
*[[Guwahati Express|Bangalore-Guwahati Express]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express]]
*[[New Tinsukia–Bengaluru Weekly Express|New Tinsukia-Bengaluru Express]]
*[[Bangalore Cantonment - Agartala Humsafar Express|Bangalore-Agartala Humsafar Express]]
*[[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]]
*[[Yesvantpur–Kamakhya AC Superfast Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–New Delhi Superfast Express]]
*[[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri Vande Bharat Express|New Jalpaiguri - Howrah Vande Bharat Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Vande Bharat Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Howrah Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Udaipur City–New Jalpaiguri Weekly Express|New Jalpaiguri-Udaipur Superfast Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ Railway website]

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Central-New Jalpaiguri SF Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

Uran Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:24Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Put up first details added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Uran
| constituency_no = 190
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 190-Uran.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| district = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Mahesh Baldi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =342,148
}}
'''Uran Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in western India. It is one of the seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies located in [[Raigad district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref> and comprises the entire Uran [[tehsil]] and parts of the Khalapur and Panvel tehsils of the district.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Uran is part of [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely [[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]] and [[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]] in [[Raigad district]] and [[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]], [[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]] and [[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]] in [[Pune district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Vivek Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Manohar Bhoir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Mahesh Baldi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Uran<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Uran">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Uran |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13190.htm |access-date=1 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101111342/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13190.htm |archive-date=1 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mahesh Baldi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 95,390 |percentage = 36.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pritam J. M. Mhatre |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 88,878 |percentage = 34.07% |change={{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manohar Bhoir|Manohar Gajanan Bhoir]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 69,893 |percentage = 26.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,653 |percentage = 1.02% |change={{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Satyawan Pandharinath Bhagat |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,461 |percentage = 0.94% |change={{decrease}}1.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,512 |percentage = 2.50% |change= {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 263,548 |percentage = 77.03% |change= {{increase}}2.59 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 260,895}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 342,148|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Uran<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mahesh Baldi]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 74,549 |percentage = 34.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manohar Bhoir|Manohar Gajanan Bhoir]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 68,839 |percentage = 31.89% |change={{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vivek Patil|Vivekanand Shankar Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 61,601 |percentage = 28.54% |change={{increase}}0.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Atul Parshuram Bhagat |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,096 |percentage = 2.36% |change={{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,077 |percentage = 1.43% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Rakesh Narayan Patil |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,713 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Sudam Kadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,581 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Madhukar Patil |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,358 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,710 |percentage = 2.65% |change= {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 218,984 |percentage = 74.44% |change= {{decrease}}3.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 215,870}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,194|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}6.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Uran<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Manohar Bhoir|Manohar Gajanan Bhoir]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 56,131 |percentage = 28.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vivek Patil|Vivekanand Shankar Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 55,320 |percentage = 28.12% |change={{decrease}}25.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gharat Mahendra Tukaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,253 |percentage = 17.41% |change={{decrease}}23.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baldi Mahesh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,632 |percentage = 16.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Atul Parshuram Bhagat |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,583 |percentage = 1.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prashant Balkrushan Patil |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,215 |percentage = 1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipak Shankar Patil |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,869 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,199 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 811 |percentage = 0.41% |change= {{decrease}}12.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,930 |percentage = 77.93% |change= {{increase}}9.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,694}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 253,996|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}25.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Uran<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vivek Patil|Vivekanand Shankar Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 82,017 |percentage = 53.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhatre Shyam Padaji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 61,992 |percentage = 40.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhatre Sham Gajanan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,380 |percentage = 1.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ushatai Pandurang Kamble |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,266 |percentage = 1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Balaram Tandel |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,745 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadu Madhukar Sudam |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,718 |percentage = 1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,025 |percentage = 13.16% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,211 |percentage = 68.29% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,118}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,892|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Uran]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.894|73.008|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Raigad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

B. John Pandian

2026-04-18T22:57:40Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Started Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician, Advocate and social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = B. John Pandian.png
| caption = B. John Pandian in 2020
| birth_name = B. John Pandian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Sivalarkulam]], [[Alangulam, Tenkasi|Alangulam]] [[Tirunelveli District]], [[Madras State]] (now in [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| office2 = Youth Wing President of [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| term_start2 = 1989
| term_end2 = 1996
| office1 = [[Organizational founder|Founder]] & [[Chairman]] of [[Devendrar College of Physiotherapy]]
| term_start1 = 1998
| office = [[Organizational founder|Founder]] and [[leader]] of [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start = 14 April 2000
| party = [[File:LOGO JP.jpg|40px]] [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in%7Dtmmk.html|title=Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam, India|website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> (2000-{{endash}}present)
| other_party = [[File:Pmk flag.jpg|20px]] [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] (1989{{endash}}1995)
| occupation = Advocate, Politician
| spouse = Priscilla Pandian
| children = Dr Viyango Pandian 
Dr Vinolin Nivetha Pandian
| footnotes =
| date =
| source =
| parents =
| education = Master of Arts: Madurai Kamaraj University
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''B. John Pandian''' is an advocate, social worker and an Indian politician from [[Tamilnadu]]. He founded the [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] party in 2000.

==Political career==
He was initially part of [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] party since 1989, holding the post of Youth Wing Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2021/02/15/ramadoss-1st-to-support-devendrakula-velalars-demand|title=Ramadoss 1st to support Devendrakula Velalars' demand|date=16 February 2021|website=DT Next|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref> He contested the [[1989 Indian general election]] in [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency]] as [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]] candidate in 1989 and also contested the [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] in [[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency]] and securing the second place surpassing the DMK candidate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/politics/i-was-the-one-who-conducted-the-johnpondian-wedding-emotional-ramadoss-qok5y5|title=Ramadas is full of emotion|date=15 February 2021|website=DT Next|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>

He formed the [[Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam]] party in 2000. The party joined [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] alliance in 2001 and got allotted one seat. John Pandian contested [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] in [[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]] and lost the seat by a slender margin of 86 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/140416/know-your-candidate-2.html|title=AIADMK contests Egmore|date=14 April 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>

He contested the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] as independent candidate in [[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]] and [[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakkottai]] as the party opted to contest unaligned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2016/04/22/dalit-leader-john-pandian-tmmk-to-go-it-alone-in-assembly-polls|title=John Pandian's TMMK to go it alone in Assembly polls|date=22 April 2016|website=DT Next|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>

He contested the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] as independent candidate in [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency]], citing differences in [[AIADMK-led Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/not-for-splitting-votes-says-john-pandian/article8530456.ece|title=Not for splitting votes, says John Pandian|date=28 April 2016|website=DT Next|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>

Then, He joined the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] alliance in 2017. He then advocated for the merger of six sub castes in [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] list and a naming of them as "Devendrakula Velalar". Then he also proposed for the delisting of those sub sects into [[Other Backward Class]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Oct/06/tmmk-president-john-pandians-remarks-draw-flak-from-vathiriyar-community-2206503.html|title=TMMK president John Pandian's remarks draw flak from Vathiriyar community|date=6 October 2020|website=The New Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref> With the name change and merging successful, he contested the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate in [[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]] constituency again. But post the elections, he left the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] citing differences over seat sharing in the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Jul/19/john-pandians-tmmk-exits-aiadmk-alliance-2332142.html|title=John Pandian's TMMK exits AIADMK alliance|date=19 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bjp-invites-allies-in-tn-for-nda-meet/articleshow/101907000.cms|title=BJP invites allies in TN for NDA meet|date=19 July 2023|website=Times of India|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>

As a part of [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] alliance, he was nominated to contest the [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency]] seat in Lotus symbol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-candidate-list-2024-lok-sabha-polls-tamil-nadu-puducherry-2518297-2024-03-22|title=Radikaa Sarathkumar, John Pandian in BJP's fourth list of Lok Sabha candidates|date=22 March 2022|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}</ref>

==Elections contested==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}

===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2" |Opponent party
! Opponent votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
| {{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| 83,933
| 12.54
| A. Asokraj
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 357,565
| 53.41
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -273,632
| -40.87
|-
! [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 208,825
| 20.1
| Dr. Rani Srikumar
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 425,679
| 40.97
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -216,854
| -20.87
|-
|}

===Tamilnadu State Legislative Assembly===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2" |Opponent party
! Opponent votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 30,064
| 25.46
| I. Paranthamen
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 68,832
| 58.29
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -38,768
| -32.83
|-
! [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Tiruvadanai Assembly constituency|Tiruvadanai]]
| {{Party name with color|Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|shortname=TMMK|rowspan=3}}
| 9,597
| 5.14
| Karunas
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 76,786
| 41.14
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -67,189
| -36
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Nilakottai Assembly constituency|Nilakottai]]
| 6,882
| 4.8
| A. Ramasamy
| {{Party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
| 75,124
| 52.45
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -68,242
| -47.65
|-
| [[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
| 21,701
| 12.22
| M. Murugan
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 83,225
| 46.87
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -61,524
| -34.65
|-
! [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Egmore Assembly constituency|Egmore]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 33,103
| 47.57
| Parithi Ilamvazhuthi
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
| 33,189
| 47.69
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -86
| -0.12
|-
! [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Valangiman Assembly constituency|Valangiman]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=Ind.}}
| 11,984
| 12.67
| Gomathi Srinivasan
| 48,019
| 50.78
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -36,035
| -38.11
|-
! [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
| {{Party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
| 29,021
| 30.24
| S. Balakrishnan
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 40,065
| 41.74
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -11,044
| -11.5
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandian, B. John}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tenkasi district]]

Holalkere Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:17Z

ZEKSheryl225755: added the data nd citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Holalkere
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 102
| map_image = 102-Holalkere constituency.svg
| mla = [[M. Chandrappa]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[H. Anjaneya]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:235346}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Holalkere Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Chitradurga district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. [[M. Chandrappa]] is the current MLA of Holalkere.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || G. Duggappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| G. Sivappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || G. Duggappa
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | B. Parameswarappa || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || K. H. Siddarampna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1980 elections in India#Karnataka|1980 By-election]] || G. C. Manjunath || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || G. Shivalingappa
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || G. C. Manjunath
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || A. V. Umapathy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || U. H. Thimmanna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || P. Ramesh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || A. V. Umapathy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[M. Chandrappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || H. Anjaneya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[M. Chandrappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Holalkere">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Holalkere |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10102.htm?ac=102 |accessdate=1 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501181600/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10102.htm?ac=102 |archivedate=1 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Chandrappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 88,732 |percentage = 45.02% |change = {{decrease}}12.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Anjaneya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 83,050 |percentage = 42.14% |change = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Jayasimha Lokanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,727 |percentage = 10.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Indrajeet Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,576 |percentage = 0.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,159 |percentage = 0.59% |change = {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,682 |percentage = 2.88% |change = {{decrease}}17.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,365 |percentage = 83.86% |change = {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,079}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 235,346 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Chandrappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 107,976 |percentage = 57.29% |change = {{increase}}51.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Anjaneya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,036 |percentage = 36.63% |change = {{decrease}}21.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa Gaddige. T |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,553 |percentage = 1.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumanthappa Durga |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,782 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Hanumakka |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,402 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 398 |percentage = 0.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,940 |percentage = 20.66% |change = {{increase}}10.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 188,830 |percentage = 84.13% |change = {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,486}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 224,444 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. Anjaneya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 76,856 |percentage = 58.16% |change = {{increase}}28.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Chandrappa]] |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 63,992 |percentage = 48.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devendranaik. H. R |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,595 |percentage = 5.75% |change = {{decrease}}34.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. E. B. Mahadevappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,091 |percentage = 2.34% |change = {{decrease}}19.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Srinivasa |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 2,912 |percentage = 2.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,264 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shanthappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Basavarajappa |party = Ambedkar National Congress |votes = 1,194 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,864 |percentage = 9.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,129 |percentage = 79.78% |change = {{increase}}13.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,149}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,469 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.96 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}17.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. Chandrappa]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 54,322 |percentage = 40.66% |change = {{increase}}25.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Anjaneya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,010 |percentage = 29.20% |change = {{decrease}}14.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devendranaik. H. R |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 28,838 |percentage = 21.58% |change = {{increase}}20.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Kariyanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,413 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Ramachandrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,277 |percentage = 1.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Panduranga Swamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,079 |percentage = 1.56% |change = {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Chandrashekhar |party = Swarna Yuga Party |votes = 1,456 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Ranga Swamy |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,106 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Ramesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 864 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,312 |percentage = 11.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 133,738 |percentage = 66.69% |change = {{decrease}}7.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 133,608}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,543 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Umapathy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,179 |percentage = 43.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunath. G. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,836 |percentage = 30.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,395 |percentage = 14.71% |change = {{decrease}}33.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand. H. G |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 8,096 |percentage = 7.26% |change = {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eichagattada Siddaveerappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 1,560 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayappa. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,337 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekharappa. G. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.92% |change = {{decrease}}2.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rameshappa. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,015 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,343 |percentage = 12.87% |change = {{increase}}11.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,565 |percentage = 74.48% |change = {{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,441}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,787 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,121 |percentage = 48.44% |change = {{increase}}26.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Umapathy |party = Independent politician |votes = 48,666 |percentage = 47.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Ramappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,307 |percentage = 3.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Rudrappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,383 |percentage = 1.34% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,455 |percentage = 1.41% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,590 |percentage = 77.36% |change = {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,477}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,959 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{increase}}0.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,777 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}20.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = U. H. Thimmanna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,026 |percentage = 27.80% |change = {{decrease}}11.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Umapathy |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,090 |percentage = 26.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,091 |percentage = 21.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Ramachandrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,207 |percentage = 13.58% |change = {{decrease}}41.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Thipperudrappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 4,373 |percentage = 4.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Nagarajappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,125 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Krupakara |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,338 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Suresh Kumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 766 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 936 |percentage = 0.96% |change = {{decrease}}14.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,156 |percentage = 71.23% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,225}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,931 |percentage = 1.95% |change = {{decrease}}1.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,205 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}26.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Umapathy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,978 |percentage = 54.62% |change = {{increase}}12.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shivalingappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 33,056 |percentage = 39.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjunappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,198 |percentage = 3.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,922 |percentage = 15.35% |change = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,286 |percentage = 70.38% |change = {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,179}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,107 |percentage = 3.56% |change = {{increase}}2.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,022 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.49 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. C. Manjunath |party = Janata Party |votes = 40,165 |percentage = 54.00% |change = {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Umapathy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,238 |percentage = 42.00% |change = {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Rudrappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,143 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Eshwara Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,104 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Radhamma |party = Independent politician |votes = 494 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,927 |percentage = 12.00% |change = {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,474 |percentage = 75.15% |change = {{increase}}2.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,382}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,092 |percentage = 1.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,429 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Shivalingappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,050 |percentage = 55.36% |change = {{decrease}}39.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Thipperudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,637 |percentage = 40.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Thippeswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,061 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mujeebullah Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 505 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,413 |percentage = 14.46% |change = {{decrease}}78.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,318 |percentage = 72.72% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,119}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,199 |percentage = 1.81% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,202 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}39.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 elections in India#Karnataka|1980 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. C. Manjunath |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,588 |percentage = 95.03% |change = {{increase}}65.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Rudramani |party = Independent politician |votes = 405 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 364 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. H. S. Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 256 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,183 |percentage = 93.06% |change = {{increase}}91.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 20,613}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}61.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. Siddarampna |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 20,573 |percentage = 33.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Thipperudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,904 |percentage = 32.45% |change = {{decrease}}25.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Parameswarappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,214 |percentage = 29.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mujeebullah Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,653 |percentage = 4.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 669 |percentage = 1.09% |change = {{decrease}}14.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,902 |percentage = 77.72% |change = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,344}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,558 |percentage = 2.48% |change = {{increase}}2.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,934 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.92 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}24.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Parameswarappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,587 |percentage = 57.84% |change = {{increase}}31.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Thipperudrappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 21,566 |percentage = 42.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,021 |percentage = 15.68% |change = {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,315 |percentage = 71.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,153}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,966 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}13.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Parameswarappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 18,261 |percentage = 44.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Sivappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,701 |percentage = 26.05% |change = {{decrease}}35.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Malesiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,936 |percentage = 16.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. H. S. K. Belappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,487 |percentage = 10.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. R. Rangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 686 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,560 |percentage = 18.41% |change = {{decrease}}10.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,477 |percentage = 71.84% |change = {{increase}}16.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,071}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,517 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.47 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Duggappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,752 |percentage = 61.41% |change = {{increase}}12.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Rangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,926 |percentage = 32.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. N. Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 837 |percentage = 3.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. T. Thimmapa |party = Independent politician |votes = 766 |percentage = 2.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,826 |percentage = 28.69% |change = {{increase}}14.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,925 |percentage = 55.12% |change = {{decrease}}56.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,281}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,292 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}33.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}34.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Holalkere <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Duggappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,024 |percentage = 26.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Sivappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,671 |percentage = 22.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Hanumanthappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,425 |percentage = 12.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Malesiddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,478 |percentage = 11.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Hanumanthappa |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 9,408 |percentage = 10.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Malliah |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 4,477 |percentage = 4.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Sivallingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,230 |percentage = 3.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Sakre Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,551 |percentage = 2.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanchappa |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 2,123 |percentage = 2.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,599 |percentage = 13.87% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,853 |percentage = 55.78% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,853}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,439 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chitradurga district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Chitradurga district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]
{{coord|14.05|76.18|display=title}}

Rajesh Mishra

2026-04-11T20:37:10Z

ZEKSheryl225755: new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Mishra
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|12|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sidhi
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
| predecessor = [[Riti Pathak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| spouse = Savitri Mishra
| children =
| parents = K.D. Mishra, Shivwati
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Rajesh Mishra''' ({{IPA|hi|ɾaːd͡ʒeːʃ mɪʃɾaː}}) is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] [[Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]] constituency in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Doctors {{!}} Healthy corps|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|accessdate=9 November 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109153202/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-doctors-healthy-corps-2565856-2024-07-13|archivedate=9 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Mishra contested 2008 Madhyapradesh Vidhansabha Election on BSP ticket. Later he came back in the fold of BJP and was appointed district president of BJP. In 2024 he got elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="it">{{cite web | title=Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Live Updates | website=India Today | date=4 June 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/sidhi-madhya-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547786-2024-06-04 | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="f400">{{cite web | title=Sidhi Election Result 2024 Vs 2019: Sidhi Winner, Vote Share; Check Party-wise Performance | website=Times Now | date=5 June 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/sidhi-election-result-2024-vs-2019-sidhi-winner-vote-share-check-party-wise-performance-article-110739571 | access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Dacoit: A Love Story (film 2026)

2026-04-11T08:03:53Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Dacoit: A Love Story]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from unnecessary disambiguation}}
{{R from move}}
}}

Kani K. Navas

2026-04-07T21:39:30Z

ZEKSheryl225755: added basic pg initial version - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|5|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| caption = Kani K. Navas in 2019
| children = * N. Afsar
* N. Aqeel
| image =
| name = K NavasKani
| office = [[Chairperson|Chairman]] of [[Central Waqf Council|Waqf Board, Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 19 September 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Abdul Rahman (Vellore politician)|Abdul Rahman]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[A. Anwhar Raajhaa]]
| party = [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
| spouse = Hamsathparveen
| parents = * Khadarmeera Gani (father)
* Ramjan Beevi (mother)
}}

'''K Navas Kani''' (born 14 May 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Indian Union Muslim League]] who serves as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] [[Loksabha]] (2019–present) from [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]] [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Parliamentary Constituency]] of the Indian state [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Kani K. Navas (profile) |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4962 |archive-url= |archive-date= |website=Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2235.htm?ac=35 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref> He is a member of Standing Committee on [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health and Family Welfare]] and Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]].<ref name=":1" />

Navaskani was born on 14 May 1979 to Khadarmeera Gani and Ramjan Beevi at [[Chennai]].<ref name=":1" /> He completed his Senior Grade School from Arupukottai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seventeenth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4962}}</ref> He joined the [[Indian Union Muslim League]] in 2011 and later served as the State Official Advisor. He was a member of the Standing Committee on Labour from 2019 to 2020.<ref name=":1" />

Navas is one of the four [[Indian Union Muslim League]] members in the Indian Parliament (along with [[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]], [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani]] and [[P. V. Abdul Wahab]]). He is also first [[Indian Union Muslim League]] [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] in [[Loksabha]] from Tamil Nadu since [[S. M. Muhammed Sheriff]] (Periyakulam).

== Controversy ==
In January 2025, Kani K. Navas became the subject of controversy related to [[Thiruparankundram|Thiruparankundram Hill]], home to the [[Thirupparamkunram Murugan Temple]], one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]]. The controversy arose after Navas shared a social media post depicting individuals consuming biryani near the temple's foothills. Critics, including [[BJP Tamil Nadu]] President K. Annamalai, alleged that he was encouraging sacrilegious activities by permitting non-vegetarian food near the sacred site.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=BJP's Annamalai condemns MP Navas Kani's non-veg feast at sacred hill in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/tamil-nadu/bjps-annamalai-condemns-mp-navas-kanis-non-veg-feast-at-sacred-hill-in-tamil-nadu-2803432 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=Religious tensions grip Madurai as police ban animals for Dargah rituals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tensions-rise-thiruparankundram-hill-after-police-restrict-animals-to-sikandar-dargah-in-madurai-2668709-2025-01-22 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Navas denied the allegations, asserting that the food consumed was vegetarian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-24 |title=Prove I had non-veg on sacred hill or quit, Muslim League MP dares Annamalai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/iuml-leader-navas-wants-proof-from-annamalai-allegation-non-vegetarian-food-consumed-thiruparankundram-temple-2669422-2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The situation intensified amidst ongoing tensions over incidents at the hill, including vandalism of [[Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription|ancient Jain caves]] and disputes regarding the site's management. Navas reiterated claims about the jurisdiction of the Tamil Nadu Waqf Board over portions of the hill, which others regard as significant to Hindu traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commune |first=The |date=2025-01-22 |title=Jain Caves Painted 'Green' At Thiruparankundram Hill Amidst Islamists Attempt To Rename It As 'Sikandar' Hill, DMK-Ally IUML MP Nawas Kani Had Earlier Gone With Islamists To Have Non-Veg Food At Hill |url=https://thecommunemag.com/jain-caves-painted-green-at-thiruparankundram-hill-amidst-islamists-attempt-to-rename-it-as-sikandar-hill-dmk-ally-iuml-mp-nawas-kani-had-earlier-gone-with-islamists-to-have-non-veg-food-at-h/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Commune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="I haven't even gone to that hill": IUML MP Navaskani responds to BJP's attack on consuming non-veg at sacred site |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/i-havent-even-gone-to-that-hill-iuml-mp-navaskani-responds-to-bjps-attack-on-consuming-non-veg-at-sacred-site20250123162004/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==

=== General Elections 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Kani K. Navas|party=Indian Union Muslim League|votes=509,664|percentage=45.92|change={{increase}}1.63}}
{{Election box candidate for alliance|party=Independent|side=National Democratic Alliance|candidate=[[O. Paneerselvam]]|votes=342,882|percentage=30.89|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|candidate=P. Jeyperumal|votes=99,780|percentage=8.99|change=''New''|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|candidate=Jeyapal Chandraprabha|votes=97,672|percentage=8.80|change={{increase}}4.43|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,295|percentage=0.57|change={{decrease}}0.15|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=N. Sivanandam|votes=2,018|percentage=0.18|}}
{{Election box margin of victory|votes=166,785|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,109,853|percentage=68.19|change={{decrease}}0.21}}
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Indian Union Muslim League|loser=|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: Ramanathapuram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Kani K. Navas|party=Indian Union Muslim League|votes=4,69,943|percentage=44.29%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Nainar Nagendran]]|votes=3,42,821|percentage=32.31%|change=+15.11%|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V. D. N. Anandh|votes=1,41,806|percentage=13.36%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|candidate=T. Bhuvaneswari|votes=46,385|percentage=4.37%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|candidate=Vijaya Baskar|votes=14,925|percentage=1.41%|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,595|percentage=0.72%|change=0.08%|}}

{{Election box margin of victory|votes=1,27,122|percentage=11.98%|change=-0.02%}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,61,124|percentage=68.40%|change=-0.29%}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=15,59,740|change=7.13%}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian Union Muslim League|loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing=3.48%}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navaskani}}
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Muslims]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Hindutva iconoclasm

2026-03-28T02:18:59Z

ZEKSheryl225755: added a article added tags

{{Short description|Destruction of religious centers, art, and artifacts by Hindutva militants}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Hindutva iconoclasm''' is the purposeful targeting and alteration of structures, symbols, or places of worship that are associated with non-[[Hinduism|Hindu]] religions, particularly [[Islam]]. [[Mosque]]s and other [[Religious organization|religious]] and [[Cultural institution|cultural institutions]] esteemed by Muslims, who make up 15% of India's population,<ref name="f889">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Stephanie |date=2021-09-21 |title=Population growth and religious composition |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/09/21/population-growth-and-religious-composition/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> thought by Hindu nationalists to be in opposition to Hindu values have long been targets of destruction and violence at the hands of followers of the [[Hindutva]] [[political ideology]]. Attacks of this kind against Muslims have alarmingly risen in recent years, with the number of attacks against members of the Islamic community increasing [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|since 2014]].<ref name=":3" /> These attacks have ranged from random acts of street violence to the razing of mosques, including an instance in 2020, where in just 48 hours, 14 mosques were burned by Hindu nationalists.<ref name="o413">{{cite web |date=2020-03-15 |title=In Photos: 14 Mosques were Burnt by Hindutva Mobs in Delhi Pogrom |url=https://clarionindia.net/in-photos-14-mosques-were-burnt-by-hindutva-mobs-in-delhi-pogrom/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Clarion India}}</ref>

==Historical context and origins==
First synthesized by Indian politician and political theorist [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] in 1922, the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] [[Hindutva]] political movement has grown in size, scope, and tendency to commit violence significantly since its inception.<ref name="r339">{{cite web |last=Purandare |first=Vaibhav |date=2019-08-22 |title=Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism said Savarkar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/hindutva-is-not-the-same-as-hinduism-said-savarkar/cid/1699550 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref> Hindutva has drawn comparisons with the ideology of [[Fascism in Europe|European fascist]] movements<ref name="g322">{{cite book |last1=Krishna |first1=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnEMAQAAMAAJ |title=Fascism in India: Faces, Fangs, and Facts |last2=Noorani |first2=A.G.A.M. |author-link2=A. G. Noorani |publisher=Manak Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-7827-067-8 |page= |access-date=2024-06-20}}</ref> and [[Revisionist Zionism]], and is bound together by the idea of Hindu [[hegemony]] across the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="g322"/>

With the rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), which openly espouses a Hindutva line,<ref name="g955">{{cite book |last1=Cush |first1=D. |url= |title=[[Encyclopedia of Hinduism]] |last2=Robinson |first2=C. |last3=York |first3=M. |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-135-18978-5 |page=351}}</ref> adherents of the political ideology have found themselves occupying high government positions in India, including that of [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] with the election of [[Narendra Modi]]. The election of BJP leadership to Indian parliament has resulted in an increase in Hindutva violence and [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] sentiment in India, with Islamic institutions being a particularly potent target.<ref name="m443">{{cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Ripley |first2=Will |date=2024-04-30 |title=Rising Hindu nationalism leaves Muslims fearful in India's holy city |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/30/india/india-elections-varanasi-hindu-muslim-tensions-intl-hnk-dst/index.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=[[CNN.com]]}}</ref>

==Major incidents==

===Babri Masjid demolition (1992)===
{{Main|Demolition of the Babri Masjid}}
[[File:Babri Masjid (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Babri Masjid]], [[Ayodhya]], India, [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|destroyed in 1992]] by Hndu nationalists.]]
The [[Babri Masjid]], a mosque located in the town of [[Ayodhya]] in northern India, was [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|destroyed by a mob]] organized by Hindu nationalist politicians in 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Gandhi |first=Supriya |date=2020-07-13 |title=When Toppling Monuments Serves Authoritarian Ends |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2020-07-13/when-toppling-monuments-serves-authoritarian-ends?check_logged_in=1&utm_medium=promo_email&utm_source=lo_flows&utm_campaign=registered_user_welcome&utm_term=email_1&utm_content=20240605 |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> The mosque is believed by Hindu nationalists to have been built on the [[Ram Janmabhoomi|birthplace]] of the Hindu deity [[Rama]], which motivated Hindutva leaders to call for its destruction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |author-link=Audrey Truschke |date=2020-12-15 |title=Hindutva's Dangerous Rewriting of History |url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/6636 |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |language=fr |issue=24/25 |doi=10.4000/samaj.6636 |issn=1960-6060 |via=[[OpenEdition.org]] |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that the demolition was illegal and transferred control of the land to a government-appointed trust.<ref name=":0" /> Construction of a new Hindu temple devoted to Rama, known as the [[Ram Mandir]], began on the same site in August 2020.<ref name=":1" />

===Gujarat riots (2002)===
{{Main|2002 Gujarat violence}}
In February 2002, the [[Godhra train burning|burning of a train in Godhra]], which led to the deaths of 59 Hindu pilgrims, was followed by extensive riots in the state of [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2014-04-06 |title=Timeline of the Riots in Modi's Gujarat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/06/world/asia/modi-gujarat-riots-timeline.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> These riots, which were marked by brutal violence against the Muslim community, included numerous instances of arson and destruction of mosques and Muslim-owned properties. Over 500 mosques and Muslim shrines were attacked, burnt, or completely destroyed. The [[2002 Gujarat riots|Gujarat riots]] resulted in the deaths of over a thousand people, predominantly Muslims, and no legal action was taken against violent participants by the BJP.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mody |first=Anjali |date=2020-03-16 |title=From Ayodhya 1992 to Delhi 2020, mosques have long been a target of the BJP's corrosive politics |url=https://scroll.in/article/956268/from-ayodhya-1992-to-delhi-2020-mosques-have-long-been-a-target-of-the-bjps-corrosive-politics |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> It has been speculated that Hindu nationalist leaders instigated and supported the violent actions of the mob, which has been denied by both the BJP and the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]].<ref name=":2" />

===New Delhi Mosque burning (2020)===
{{See also|2020 Delhi riots}}
In February 2020, the northeastern part of [[New Delhi]] witnessed severe communal violence between supporters of the BJP and Muslim residents. The clashes resulted in the deaths of over 50 people and extensive property damage, with the majority of the affected properties being Muslim-owned.<ref name=":3" /> Within 48 hours, 14 mosques and one Sufi shrine were burnt down. The violence was reportedly triggered by [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|protests]] against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA), which had been criticized for being discriminatory against Muslims.[[File:Lord Ramji.jpg|thumb|Devotional depiction of Ram with softer features, representing a fair and virtuous king.]]
[[File:Ram in Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|Recent Hindutva depiction of Ram as a martial figure. In this representation, Ram appears more muscular and militant than traditional depictions.]]
==Ideological framework==

Hindutva’s iconoclastic acts and efforts to rewrite history are multifaceted and deeply embedded in the movement’s broader ideological and strategic objectives. By reshaping historical narratives, Hindutva aims to achieve political dominance, consolidate a unified [[national identity]], and legitimize its [[Political sociology|sociopolitical]] agenda.

The primary motivation behind the rewriting of history is the consolidation of [[Power (social and political)|political power]]. By portraying Muslim rulers as oppressive tyrants and [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim rule]] as a dark period that hindered India’s intellectual advancements, Hindutva seeks to justify the present-day [[Violence against Muslims in India|oppression of Muslims]] and [[Violence against Christians in India|non-Hindus in India]].<ref name=":1" /> It is used to evoke a sense of historical grievance and mobilize public sentiment and support for their political agenda. These historical narratives fuel communal tensions, which can be exploited during elections. By framing current political and social issues within a historical context of Hindu resistance and victimization, the [[Hindu right]] can justify their policies and actions as a necessary continuation of a long-standing struggle for Hindu rights and sovereignty.<ref name=":1" />

Savarkar, among other Hindu nationalists, seek to reconstruct history to depict a glorious Hindu past to assert that [[Hindu identity]] was formed through violent resistance against non-Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://sunypress.edu/Books/H/Hindutva-and-Violence |title=Hindutva and Violence |language=en-US}}</ref> This narrative promotes the idea that employing violent means is a historically justified method to uphold and promote [[Hindu supremacy]] in India. The process of rewriting India’s history involves the [[NCERT textbook controversies|manipulation of educational content]], such as textbooks. By doing so, Hindutva can reshape the historical understanding of future generations, ensuring that their interpretation of history aligns with the goals of this movement.<ref name=":1" />

[[Rama]], a Hindu deity, has been depicted as a fair and virtuous king. However, in recent times, particularly within Hindutva imagery, Rama has been portrayed as a strong, militant figure. This martial depiction marks a significant departure from traditional devotional representations and has become a symbol of Hindu nationalism. This reinterpretation underscores the strength of the political movement, aligning Rama's image with contemporary political agendas and distancing it from the deity's religious origins.<ref name=":1" />

==Socio-political impacts==

===Religious conflict===

Acts of iconoclasm tend to exacerbate tensions between communities, particularly between Hindus and Muslims in India. Such events can lead to riots, violence, and a sense of insecurity among minority communities. Following the destruction of the Babri Masjid there were [[Bombay riots|several months of intercommunal riots]]. Hindus and Muslims were in conflict that led to violent attacks, burning and looting of homes, shops, and places of worship. These riots spread to over six cities in India and collectively resulted in around 1000 deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frayer |first=Lauren |date=2019-04-25 |title=Nearly 27 Years After Hindu Mob Destroyed A Mosque, The Scars In India Remain Deep |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/25/711412924/nearly-27-years-after-hindu-mob-destroyed-a-mosque-the-scars-in-india-remain-dee |website=[[NPR.org]]}}</ref>

===National identity===

Hindutva-led iconoclasm often results in debates about the nature of Indian identity and the place of [[Minority group|minorities]] within it. It can challenge the secular fabric of the nation by privileging Hindu narratives and cultural symbols over others. The struggle over historical narratives and cultural heritage often involves the renaming of streets and cities with names reflecting India's multicultural past to those associated with Hindu figures or concepts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Steven I. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/votes-and-violence/DED9BA09D07210B27297837295115753 |title=Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India |date=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-82916-8 |series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511510458}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Anti-mosque campaigning in India]]
* {{Section link|Iconoclasm|Iconoclasm in India}}
* [[Aniconism]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Iconoclasm]]
[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures in India]]

Madurai Nayak dynasty

2026-03-24T05:35:57Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Rulers of Tamil Nadu (1529–1736)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Madurai Nayaka dynasty
| common_name = Madurai Nayak Kingdom
| government_type = {{ubli|Governors under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]|Monarchy}}
| year_start = 1529
| year_end = 1815
| image_map =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption = Approximate extent of the '''Madurai Nayak Kingdom''', {{Circa|1570}}.
| capital = {{ubli|[[Madurai]] (1529–1616)
|[[Tiruchirapalli]] (1616–1634)
|[[Madurai]] (1634–1695)
|[[Tiruchirapalli]] (1695–1716)
|[[Madurai]] (1716–1736)
|
| '''In Sri Lanka:'''
|[[Kandy]] (1739-1815)}}
| common_languages = {{ubli| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| p1 = Pandiyan Dynasty
| p2 = Delhi Sultanate
| p3 = Madurai Sultanate
| p4 = Vijayanagara Empire
| s1 = Carnatic Sultanate
| s2 = Kingdom of Mysore
| s3 = Ramnad estate
| s4 = Pudukkottai state
| s5 = British Ceylon
}}
The '''Madurai Nayaks''' were a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] dynasty<ref name="pandiyas">
*{{cite book |last=Howes |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aex_vpsu3gwC&q=Telugu |title=The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=07-0071-585-1 |page=28}}
*{{Cite book |last=Vink |first=Markus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ&dq=madurai+nayaks+telugu&pg=PA70 |title=Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century |date=2015-10-14 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-27262-0 |pages=70 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Bardwell L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsAfAAAAIAAJ&dq=madurai+nayaks+telugu&pg=PA12 |title=The City As a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts |last2=Reynolds |first2=Holly Baker |date=1987-01-01 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-08471-1 |pages=12 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Selby |first1=Martha Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egH2CwAAQBAJ&dq=madurai+nayaks+telugu&pg=PA61 |title=Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India |last2=Peterson |first2=Indira Viswanathan |date=2008-05-22 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-7245-3 |pages=61 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=More |first=J. B. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhMHEAAAQBAJ&dq=madurai+nayaks+telugu&pg=PA26 |title=Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India under French Rule: From François Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754 |date=2020-11-01 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-000-26356-5 |pages=26 |language=en |author-link=J. B. Prashant More}}</ref> who ruled most of modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India, with [[Madurai]] as their capital. The Madurai Nayaks had their origins in the [[Balija]] warrior clans of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":3">
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Gita V. Pai |author2=|title=Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India
|volume= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023|pages=36, 51|isbn=9781009150156|quote=Madurai rulers were of likely Balija heritage, merchant-warriors, who came from the relatively less-stratified arid zones of the Andhra region| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6y0EAAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Antje Flüchter, Rouven Wirbser |author2=|title=Translating Catechisms, Translating Cultures: The Expansion of Catholicism in the Early Modern World
|volume= |publisher=BRILL |year=2017|page=229|isbn=9789004353060|quote=Madurai was a prosperous city ruled by Nāyaka kings who were Telugu warriors with Balija cultivators and merchant-caste affiliations| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfU4DwAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Sheldon Pollock]] |author2=|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia
|volume= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2003|page=413|isbn=9780520228214|quote=.... in the seventeenth century, when warriors/traders from the Balija caste acquired kingship of the southern kingdoms of Madurai and Tanjavur.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[David Dean Shulman]] |author2= |title=Classical Telugu Poetry
|volume= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2020|page=57|isbn= 9780520344525|quote=..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local Nāyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFXVDwAAQBAJ }}
* {{Cite journal|editor1-last=Dr. B.Ramachndra Reddy R. Nata Rajan |author2=|title=Identity and Crisis of Telugu Migrants of Tamil Region |journal=Itihas |volume=33 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Archives and Research Institute |year=2007|page=145 |quote=....It is told that the Nayak Kings of Madurai and Tanjore were Balijas, who had marital relations among themselves and with the Vijaya Nagara rulers, and so were appointed as the rulers of these regions.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nfP89eJuycC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[G. S. Ghurye]] |author2=|title=Caste and Race in India
|volume= |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |year=1969|page=106|isbn=9788171542055|quote=The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were Balijas, traders by caste | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWkjsvf6_vsC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Eugene F. Irschick]] |author2=|title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India
|volume= |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1969|page=8|quote=The successors of the Vijayanagar empire, the Nayaks of Madura and Tanjore, were Balija Naidus| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0K98afLnhAC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Muzaffar Alam]] |author2=|title=The Mughal State, 1526-1750
|volume= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998|page=35|isbn=978-0-19-563905-6|quote=As an arrangement, the Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQJuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma |author2=|title=Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
|volume= |publisher=Osmania University |year=1996|page=145|quote=After the fall of the dynasty several Balija Nayudu chieftains rose into prominence. Tanjore and Madura kingdoms were the most important of such new kingdoms | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Velcheru Narayana Rao]], [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]]|author2=|title=Symbols of Substance Court and State in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu
|volume= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1992|page=10|isbn=978-0-19-563021-3|quote=Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Balija merchant- warriors reveal the rise of hitherto marginal, and only recently politicized.. These mobile, aggressive, land-hungry, Telugu-speaking warriors...helped to build the Nāyaka state-system and to impregnate it with their particular cultural vision; strong surviving traditions; supported by contemporary evidence, assert Balija origins and / or marital connections for the major Nāyaka dynasties in the Tamil country quite apart from the well-known Balija role in restructuring the revenue systems of Nāyaka Tanjavur and Madurai | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znFuAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{Cite book | title =The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India | publisher = Leiden University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6KdzgEACAAJ | pages = 79| year = 2022| last1 =Lennart Bes | isbn = 978-90-8728-371-1|quote= The dynasty’s first ruler was Vishvanatha Nayaka, son of the imperial courtier and military officer Nagama Nayaka. He belonged to one of the Balija castes, which originated in the Telugu region and whose members undertook both military and mercantile activities. Vishvanatha was possibly installed at Madurai around 1530 and reigned until c. 1563 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=[[Noboru Karashima]] |author2=|title=Kingship in Indian History
|volume= |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |year=1999|page=192|isbn=9788173043260|quote=To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyiKAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Biplab Auddya |author2=|title=Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects
|volume=6 |publisher=The Hill Publication |year=2017|page=18|isbn=9788196477660|quote=Many later rulers were also of different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks, Balijas (traders) who ruled from 1559 to 1739 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZnXEAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Francine Frankel|Francine R. Frankel]], [[M. S. A. Rao]] |author2=|title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order
|volume= |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989|page=30|isbn=9780195620986|quote=The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were balijas (traders )| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7whuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer |author2= |title=The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2001|page=368|isbn=9780395652374|quote= The Vijayanagara Empire developed, in its second half, into what is known as the nayaka state-system, in which administrative and political relations differed significantly from what had gone before. While the Vijayanagara rulers continued to hold ultimate power over a broad belt of territory, they shared authority locally with a number of military chiefs, or nayakas. Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, Balija merchant-warriors who claimed these nayaka positions rose to political and cultural power and supported an ethos that emphasized nonascriptive, heroic criteria in legitimizing political power.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oREvuAAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last= Daniel D'Attilio |author2=|title=The Last Vijayanagara Kings|volume= |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |year=1995|page=81|quote=......many of the Telugu migrant groups who settled in Tamil Nadu from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries were led by Balija warriors . These Balijas and their descendants became local rulers under the auspices of Vijayanagara. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9JOAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{Cite book | title =Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century | publisher = BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaW8CgAAQBAJ | pages = 57| year = 2015| last1 =Markus Vink | isbn = 9789004272620}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=South Asia Politics|volume= 5|publisher=Rashtriya Jagriti Sansthan |year=2006|page=14|isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0esuAQAAIAAJ }}</ref> The Nayak reign which lasted for over two centuries from around 1529 to 1736 was noted for its achievements in arts, cultural and administrative reforms, revitalization of temples previously ransacked by the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultans]], and the inauguration of a unique architectural style.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute
|volume=26 |publisher= |year=1970|page=677|isbn=|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IhOAAAAYAAJ }}
</ref> It was founded by [[Viswanatha Nayak|Vishwanatha Nayaka]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=[[K. M. Venkatramaiah]] |author2=|title=A handbook of Tamil Nadu
|volume= |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |year=1996|page=294|isbn=9788185692203 |quote=Viswanatha Nayaka (viśwanātha nāyaka), considered to be the founder of the Nayak (nāyak) Kingdom of Madurai was the son of Nagama (nāgama) Nayaka, a trusted servant of Krishnadeva Raya (krisnadeva rāya), the emperor of Vijayanagar.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>

The dynasty consisted of 13 rulers, of whom nine were kings, two were queens, and two were joint-kings. The most notable among them were king [[Tirumala Nayaka]] and queen [[Mangammal|Rani Mangammal]]. Foreign trade was conducted mainly with the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], as the British and the French had not yet made inroads into the region.

== History ==
=== Origins ===
The Dalavay Agraharam Plates of [[Venkata I]], mention that Virappa Nayaka, the grandson of [[Viswanatha Nayak]], a ruler of the [[Madurai Nayaks|Madurai]] line mentions him with the title of lord of Ayyavalipura ('Lords of the town of Ayyavole').<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Epigraphia Indica
|volume=12 |publisher=Department of Archaeology |year=1982|page=187|quote=(Vv . 67-79 .) Virabhupa, a devout worshipper of Vishnu, was born in the family of Viśvanatha Nayaka . He was living gloriously . He constructed a mandapa of rare sculptures in front of the shrine of Sundaranayaka and presented the goddess Minakshi with a golden kavacha (mailcoat studded with gems) . The munificence of this prince is praised . He held the birudas, Samayadrōhara - ganda, and Dakshina - samudrādhipati, and was the lord of Ayyavalipura, He was the grandson of Viśvanatha Nayaka, and son of the king Krishņa by Lakshmama . At the request of this prince Virabhupa, the village was granted by Vira- Venkatapatidevaraya and it consisted of 142 shares | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVboAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University
|volume=5 |publisher=Tamil University, Thanjavur |year=1987|page=158|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0tO1AAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[B. A. Saletore|Bhasker Anand Saletore]] |author2=|title=Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346-A.D. 1646)
|volume= 2|publisher=B.G. Paul & Company |year=1934|page=263| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhRuAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> The Kolhapur and Miraj inscriptions state that the [[Gavara]]s were the lords of Ayyavalipura.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Ramendra Nath Nandi |author2= |title=State Formation, Agrarian Growth, and Social Change in Feudal South India, C. AD 600-1200
|volume= |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|year=2000|page=162|isbn=9788173042904|quote=Again, the inscription of 1136 which refers to the Gavaras as the overlord of the town Ayyavole or modern Aihole in bijapur district shows that the gavaras moved into the northern districts of Karnataka as early as the last quarter of the tenth century. They became the overlords of the locality in the course of a hundred years or so. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vvAAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Epigraphia Indica
|volume=19 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1986|page=40|quote= The thousand and seven hundred gavares of the eight provinces in the interior of various lands, who have come out of Ahichchhatra, who are supreme lords of the town of Ayyavale. | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56256/page/n60/mode/1up? }}
</ref> Tamilized Balijas are known as [[Gavara]]s.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kumarasamy Rajaram |author2=|title=History of Thirumalai Nayak
|volume= |publisher=Ennes Publications|isbn= |year=1982|page=82|quote= Kamma, Gavarai, Padma Velama and Kambalathar are the Telugu speaking communities. Gavarais are also called Balijas or bangle merchants. Kambalathars are called Tottiars (those with a Kambalam or blanket). The Kamma and the Gavarai topped the list as merchants and agriculturists par excellence. The Padma Velamas are good agriculturists.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QFCAAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book |last=Mukund |first=Kanakalatha|author-link=Kanakalatha Mukund |title=The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXdDYChdGsC&pg=PA46 |date=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1661-8 |page=46|quote=Kavarai (the Tamil word for Balija merchants)}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Niels Brimnes |author2=|title=Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India
|volume= |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136819209 |year=2019|page=189|quote=The deserters, who defined themselves as maga nadu tesattar, consisted of right hand castes and were headed by Vellalas and Tamilized Balijas, known as Kavarais. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fIsECwAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R. Nagaswamy |author2=|title=Studies in South Indian History and Culture
|volume= |publisher=V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar Centenary Committee |year=1997|page=321|quote=Turning now to another Telugu group, the Balijas, also called Kavarai, it appears that although this was a trading caste, members could also take to textile manufacture.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kRuAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Historical Studies |author2=|title=Studies in History
|volume=11, 6 |publisher=Sage|isbn= |year=1995|page=8|quote=English trade in Madras, the much sought after, and obviously lucrative, exclusive contracts for trading with the English Company (both for supplying textiles and other goods and buying the European goods) had been cornered by the Right side merchants, especially the Balijas (often referred to as the Kavarai in Tamil).| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LG0MAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R. Roque, K. Wagner |author2=|title=Engaging Colonial Knowledge: Reading European Archives in World History
|volume= |publisher=Springer |year=2011|page=170|isbn=9780230360075 |quote=Within the right hand division the leading individuals were from the communities of Vellalas and Kavarais. The former constituted, as in other parts of Tamil Nadu, the established agricultural elite, while the latter were Telugu-speaking Balija Chetties, who had settled in Tamil country. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2OADAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Chris Baker (writer)|Christopher John Baker]], [[David Washbrook|D. A. Washbrook]] |author2=|title=South India: Political Institutions and Political Change. 1880-1940
|volume= |publisher=Springer |year=1976|page=223|isbn=978-1-349-02746-0|quote=Kavarai was merely the Tamil equivalent of the Telugu word Balija| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHCwCwAAQBAJ }}
</ref> The lords of Ayyavolu were called Vira- Balanjas.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K. Sundaram |author2=|title=Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600
|volume= |publisher=Triveni Publishers |year=1968|page=69|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJFXAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kambhampati Satyanarayana |author2=|title=A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism
|volume= |publisher=People's Publishing House |year=1975|page=334|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYsBAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Itihas
|volume=6 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=1978|page=71| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwpDAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Mallampalli Sōmaśēkharaśarma |author2=|title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)
|volume= |publisher=Andhra University |year=1948|page=397|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIAAJ }}
</ref> The term Vira-[[balija]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], Vira-[[balija|Banajiga]] in [[Kannada]] and Vira-[[balija|Valanjiyar]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], all of them mean valiant merchants.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar |author2=|title=Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture; India to A.D. 1300
|volume= |publisher=Oriental Book Agency |year=1941|page=801|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=S.S. Shashi |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
|volume=106 |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=2000|page=86|isbn=9788170418597|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wUwAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Indian Antiquary
|volume=56 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1927|page=197|quote=This occurs in inscriptions in various localities where flourished mercantile guilds or communities called Valanjiyar in Tamil, Banajigas in Kanarese, Balija in Telugu, corresponding exactly to the North Indian term Baniya | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqTaGy9KOfsC }}
</ref> These merchants styled themselves as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Journal of Oriental Research, Madras
|volume=30 |publisher=Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Mylapore |year=1963|page=174|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RV5OAAAAYAAJ }}
</ref> and their capital was at [[Aihole|Ayyavole]] or [[Aihole]] in [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] district of [[Karnataka]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Aravind Kumar |author2=|title=Studies in Kannada Inscriptions in Telangana
|volume= |publisher=Department of History, Archaeology and Culture, Dravidian University |year=2006|page=88|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz9mAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma |author2=|title=Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D
|volume= |publisher=Osmania University |year=1996|page=105|quote=The andhra sources state that the Balija's migrated to Dekhan from North or West . The statement that they hailed from Ahicchatra in North India may be an attempt to explain their Aryan origin . But a large number of inscriptions refer to them as ' Ayyavole Swamis ' and many scholars believe that the Balijas came from Ayyavole, Aihole in Bijapur District of Karnataka. They are frequently referred to as Ayyavole Swamis and Ayyavole Puravaradishwaralu in medieval inscriptions. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbm_Oyo8XFMC }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Angadipuram Appadorai |author2=|title=Economic Conditions in Southern India (1000-1500 A.D.)
|volume= |publisher=University of Madras |year=1936|page=394|quote= | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.39545/page/n407/mode/1up }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= V. Vedachalam |author2=|title=Avanam
|volume=20 |publisher=Tamil Nadu Archaeological Society, Thanjavur |year=2009|page=171|quote= | url=https://archive.org/details/aavanam-volume-20 }}
</ref> Description of the Nayakas of Madurai was compiled by an official of the [[Dutch East India Company]] in 1677, it mentions that the founder of the dynasty, [[Viswanatha Nayak]], as belonging to the Wellen Chetti merchant community.<ref>
* {{Cite book | title = Dutch Sources on South Asia, C. 1600-1825: Mission to Madurai: Dutch embassies to the Nayaka court of Madurai in the seventeenth century | publisher = Manohar Publishers & Distributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BT8yzgEACAAJ | pages = 285–287, 344–345 | year = 2012| author1 =Gijs Kruijtzer|author2=Jos J. L. Gommans|author2-link=Jos Gommans|author3=Marcus P. M. Vink|author4=Carolien Stolte | isbn = 9788173049316}}
* {{Cite book | title =Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India | publisher = Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6l26EAAAQBAJ | pages = 24| year = 2023| last1 =Gita V. Pai | isbn = 9781009174770}}
* {{Cite book | title =The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India | publisher = Leiden University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6KdzgEACAAJ | pages = 79| year = 2022| last1 =Lennart Bes|isbn=9789087283711 }}
</ref> One of the Mackenzie manuscripts mentions that Wellen chetti would mean [[bangle]] seller.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=[[T. V. Mahalingam]], [[Colin Mackenzie]] |author2=|title=Mackenzie Manuscripts; Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection: Tamil and Malayalam
|volume= |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |year=1972|page=336|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4MMAQAAMAAJ }}</ref>

=== The Nayaka Rulers clan ===
Originally, the Nayakas were [[Telugu people|Telugu-speaking]] [[Balija]] warriors from present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":3"/><ref name="pandiyas" /> The [[Kaifiyat]] of the Karnata Kotikam Kings (c.1800-1804) mentions the founder of the dynasty, [[Viswanatha Nayak]], as belonging to the Garikepati family of the [[Balija]] caste.<ref name=":1">
*{{cite book|editor1-last=T. Chandrasekharan |author2=|title= A Descriptive Catalogue of the Telugu Manuscripts
|volume= 13|publisher=The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras |year=1951|page=2863|isbn= |quote=No.2607 KOTIKAMVARI KAIFIYATU - A Kaifiyat relating to Garikipati Viswanathanayaka of Balijakula who was given Pandya kingdom by Atchutadevaraya.| url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0011619_Descriptive_catalogue_of_the_Telugu_manuscripts_vol_13.pdf }}
*{{Cite book|last=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |url=https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory/page/n189/mode/1up |title=Further Sources of Vijayanagara History
|date=1946 |publisher=University of Madras|pages=179 |language=en|quote= Moreover, Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Viswanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the king of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him the golden idols of Durga, Laksmi and Lakshmi-Narayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the south. Visvanatha Nayudu reached the city of Madhura, from which he began to govern the country entrusted to his care. – ''Kaifiyat of Karnata-Kotikam Kings: L.R.8, pp. 319–22.''}}
*{{Cite book |last=Konduri Sarojini Devi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qnXAAAAMAAJ |title=Religion in Vijayanagara Empire |date=1990 |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-1167-9 |pages=100 |language=en |quote=According to the Kaifiyat of the Karnata Kotikam Kings, "Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Visvanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the King of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him with golden idols of Durga, Lakshmi and Lakshminarayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the South."}}</ref> and his ancestors were involved in the [[bangle]] trade.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=T. Sreetharamurthy, K.Damodaran|author2=|title=Pandya Nayaka Rajulu |publisher=Madras Government Oriental Manuscripts Library |year=1999|page=19|language=te|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1IWGwAACAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Modugula Ravikrishna|author2=|title=Rayavachakamu |publisher=Mitramandali Prachuranalu, Guntur |year=2013|page=10|language=te}}
</ref> Dewan Bahadur [[V. Ramabadra Naidu|Ramabadra Naidu]], Zamindar of Vadagarai was a [[lineal descendant|descendant]] of the famous warrior and diplomat Ramabhadra Nayak, who had held the post of [[Military]] Chief and [[Tax collector|Collector]] of Revenue under his close relative [[Viswanatha Nayak]], the ruler of [[Madurai]] country. He belonged to [[Balija]] caste.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=A. Vadivelu |author2=|title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India
|volume=1 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |year=1915|page=679|quote=The Honourable Diwan Bahadur V. Rama Bhadra Naick Garu is one of the most prominent noblemen of South India . As a representative of the zamindari interests of the Southern Group, he has, since 1910, been in the reformed Legislative Council of Madras. He represents the ancient house of Vadagarai, and is the lineal descendant of the famous Rama Bhadra Naick . To trace the ancestry of the founder of this well - known ancient family we have to go back to the events that had occurred three centuries ago, that is, to the period when the power of the once famous kingdom of Vijianagar was at its height, Rama Bhadra Naick I is said to have been a follower as well as a close relation of the well - known Kottiya Nagama Naick, the Revenue Collector and Commander of the Vijianagar army in the South.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency
|volume= |publisher=Pearl Press |year=1938|page=52|quote= Dewan Bahadur V. Ramabhadra Naidu, member of a family which had close relations with the ruling house of Madura, the Great Tirumal Nayak. Belongs to an ancient Palayagar family of Madura.| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEHVAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri |author2=|title=Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States
|volume= |publisher=University of Minnesota |year=1920|page=450|quote= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2o_AQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Parthiban Rajukalidoss |author2=|title=The Spice Road 'Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri' Its Historicity and Architectural Remains
|volume= 74|publisher=Acta Orientalia |year=2013|page=97|quote= | url=https://journals.uio.no/actaorientalia/article/view/4469/3924 }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= |author2=|title=The Feudatory and zemindari India
|volume=9 |publisher=the University of California |year=1938|page=250|quote=He was a lineal descendant of the famous warrior and diplomat Rama- bhadra Nayak who had held the post of Fouzdar or Military Chief and Collector of Revenue under his relative Viswanatha Nayak of the House of Vijianagar, King of the Pandyan country | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SxMnAQAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[T. V. Mahalingam]], [[Colin Mackenzie]] |author2=|title=Mackenzie Manuscripts; Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection: Tamil and Malayalam
|volume= |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |year=1972|page=153|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4MMAQAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=C. Hayavadana Rao |author2=|title=The Indian Biographical Dictionary
|volume= |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=1915|page=344|url=https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary_(1915)/Ramabhadra_Nayudu,_Hon’ble_Venkatasami}}
</ref> According to ''Srivamsa Prakashika'', an [[18th century|18th]] century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] writing mentions the last ruler of the dynasty, Vijayaranga Chokkanatha Nayak, as belonging to the Garikepati family of the [[Balija]] caste.<ref>{{Cite book | title =Balijavaru Puranam | publisher = Coimbatore Kalanidhi Press|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZp3k0hy/page/n412/mode/1up | pages = 3-C (413) | year = 1905| last1 =Narasimalu Naidu | isbn = }}</ref>

=== Historical time ===
They started as ''kartakkals'' (agents) of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] empire in southern regions of what would become [[Tamil Nadu]]. That region had long been a troubled province due to its distance from Vijayanagara and had been only been fully subjugated in the early 16th century under Veera Narasimha. The first Nayaka, Nangama, was a popular and able general of [[Krishnadevaraya]]. Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama Nayaka with a large army to bring [[Pandya Nadu]] back under imperial control. Although he was an able administrator he was a hard ruler and rejected any claims of authority from the petty chieftains, which made him unpopular. In addition, experienced officers like Nangama Nayaka were chafing under the strict control Krishnadevaraya imposed on them. Towards the end of Krishnadevaraya's reign, trouble erupted in the south as the Chola Nayakas openly revolted and fled to [[Travancore]], while Nangama began defying central orders while still claiming power of deputy. In response, the emperor sent Nangama's son, Viswanatha, with a large army to recapture [[Madurai]]. [[Viswanatha Nayak]]a defeated his father and sent him as prisoner to [[Krishnadevaraya]], who in turned pardoned Nangama Nayaka for his valued service. After defeating his father [[Krishnadevaraya]] made Viswanatha governor of Madurai and other Tamil provinces in 1529, beginning the Madurai Nayaka dynasty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Michell, George.|title=Architecture and art of southern India : Vijayanagara and the successor states|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-44110-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=31012650}}</ref>

Another story goes that the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] were under attack from the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] and appealed to Krishnadevaraya for help. He then sent Nangama Nayaka to restore the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] to their rightful throne. Nangama defeated the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], but instead claimed the throne for himself and deposed the Pandyan king. So Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama's son Viswanatha Nayaka to defeat him, which he did. Thus he was made ''nayaka'' of the region. However, this story does not have epigraphic evidence to support it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aiyar|first1=R. Sathyanatha|last2=Aiyangar|first2=S. Krishnaswami|date=1926|title=History of the Nayaks of Madura|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/593785|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=46|pages=94|doi=10.2307/593785|jstor=593785|issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Rise to power ===
{{Continental Asia in 1600 CE|right|{{center|The Madurai Nayaks and contemporary polities circa 1600.}}}}
{{Madurai Nayak Dynasty}}
Viswanatha Nayaka was not originally independent, but was treated as just another governor who the emperor had sent to keep control over the provinces. Originally he had control over [[Chola Nadu]] as well, which was ruled by a feudatory Chola prince, but this was transferred to the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayakas]]. In 1544, Viswanatha Nayaka helped [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]]'s army subdue Travancore, which had been refusing to pay tribute.<ref name=":0" />

Viswanatha also rebuilt fortifications at Madurai and made travel safer. He cleared the jungle around the banks of the Kaveri near Tiruchirappalli and destroyed hideouts of robbers there. He also expanded the borders of the kingdom so it included most of modern southern and western Tamil Nadu at his death. However, many of the local chieftains were still chafing under his rule, and so to appease them, Viswanatha's chief minister, [[Ariyanatha Mudaliar]], assisted him in using the ''palayam'' or [[poligar]] system. The system was a quasi-fedual organisation of the country, which was divided into multiple ''palayams'' or small provinces; and each palayam was ruled by a ''palayakkarar'' or a petty chief. Ariyanatha organized the [[Pandyan]] kingdom into 72 ''palayams'' and ruled over the 72 dry-zone poligar chiefs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-52189-103-5|edition=Reprinted|page=48}}</ref> Of these 72, [[Kuruvikulam|Kurvikulam]] and Ilayarasanendal, which were ruled by [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] Nayakas of the [[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasani]], Komatineni and [[Ravella Nayaks|Ravella]] clans, were considered royal ''palayams''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vadivelu|first=A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFwDWt2N29cC|title=The Aristocracy of Southern India|date=2017-10-13|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=|location=|pages=170|language=en}}</ref> In the last year of his life he abdicated the throne and was alive for his son's investiture with ruling power in 1564, and died thereafter.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Balendu Sekaram|first=Kandavalli|title=The Nayaks of Madura|date=1975|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi|location=Hyderabad|language=English|oclc=4910527}}</ref> Viswanatha's son, Krishnappa, was crowned in 1564.<ref name=":0" /> He immediately faced threats from nobles disgruntled with the new ''palayam'' system brought in by his father. These nobles, led by Tumbichchi Nayaka instigated a revolt among some of the polygars, which was crushed by Krishnappa. In the same year, he sent a contingent to the [[Battle of Talikota]] but it could not arrive in time. The defeat of Rama Raya made the Nayakas virtually independent. When the king of Kandy, a friend of Tumbichchi Nayaka, stopped sending tribute, Krishnappa then led an invasion of Kandy. In this invasion he killed the king of Kandy, sent the late king's wife and children to [[Anuradhapura]] and placed his own brother-in-law Vijaya Gopala Naidu as his viceroy there to ensure tribute.<ref name=":4" />

After his death in 1572, power in the kingdom went to his son Virappa Nayaka. Some documents claim the two sons of [[Kumara Krishnappa Nayak|Krishnappa Nayaka]] were co-rulers, while other historians claim some member of the royal family was associated with rule, but not actually a ruler, like a ''yuva raja'' system in many of the princely states. During this time he crushed another revolt of polygars who were illegitimate descendants of the Pandyas. Virappa reigned over a period of relative stability. His relations with his nominal Vijayanagara overlords varied by their strength, but were generally cordial. After his death in 1595, power passed to his eldest son Krishnappa Nayaka II. During this time he led an occupation of Travancore and recognized [[Venkatapati Raya]] as emperor of VIjayanagar. During his reign, Ariyanatha Mudaliar died, and he himself died in 1601.<ref name=":4" />

=== Height of power ===
After his death a succession crisis arose and Krishnappa Nayaka II's youngest brother, Kasturi Rangappa, seized the throne but was assassinated a week later. Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka, the son of Krishnappa Nayaka II's second brother, became ruler. His rule was mainly focused on the organization of the southern coast. The community was excellent at fishing and pearl diving, which made them a valuable revenue source, but the region had generally been neglected by previous Nayakas. The region gradually became lawless and fell under Portuguese control. However, when the Portuguese asserted the coast was now theirs and began to collect taxes, Muttu Krishnappa started sending officers called ''Sethupathis'' to modern Ramanathapuram, where their duties were to protect pilgrims going to Rameswaram and to compel the Portuguese to respect Nayaka authority in the region.<ref name=":4" /> Muttu Krishnappa Nayak is credited with the founding of Sethupathi dynasty in Ramnad.

He was succeeded by his son Muttu Virappa Nayaka in 1609, who desired greater independence from his Vijayanagara overlords and thus stopped paying tribute regularly. After the death of Venkatapati Raya in 1614, a nobleman Gobburi Jagga Raya murdered his successor Sriranga II and his family. This fomented a succession crisis in the Vijayanagara empire developed and civil war broke out between him and Rama Deva Raya, Sriranga II's son, who had escaped. Madurai, Gingee and the Portuguese supported the side of Jagga Raya while [[Raghunatha Nayak]]a of Thanjavur and Yachama Nayaka of [[Nayakas of Kalahasti|Kalahasti]] were among those supporting Rama Deva Raya. In the Battle of Toppur in 1616, the generalship of Raghunatha and Yachama led to a crushing defeat for Jagga Raya's forces, and he was killed. Muttu Virappa was forced to pay a huge tribute to the Centre. He then shifted his capital to Tiruchirappalli later that year so that he could more easily launch an invasion of Thanjavur if he wanted to, but this failed. However, his appeasement of his Pandyan vassals meant they were loyal when Mysore invaded Dindigul in 1620 and was repelled. He died in 1623.<ref name=":4" />[[File:Tirumalai Nayak Palace, Madurai, built in 1636 (22) (37485534812).jpg|left|thumb|[[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal|Tirumalai Nayaka Palace]] Interior |257x257px]]Muttu Virappa was succeeded by his brother [[Tirumala Nayaka]], either as de facto or de jure ruler, in 1623. One of his first acts was to shift the capital back to Madurai, both as a better protection against invasion and its religious significance. The change took 10 years and was finally done in 1635. He also increased the army size to 30,000 to better work against. The kingdom was invaded again by Mysore in 1625, but Tirumala and his generals Ramappayya and Ranganna Nayaka crushed the invasion and launched a counterattack in which they laid siege to Mysore. Later in 1635, Travancore stopped paying tribute to Madurai so Tirumala Nayaka sent armies to attack him, which forced Travancore to resume tribute payments. In 1635, Tirumala Nayaka sent Ramappayya against the ''[[Sethupathi]]'' of Ramnad, who had rejected his decision on a succession matter. In this campaign, the Portuguese supported Tirumala Nayaka, and in return he allowed them to build a fortress and station a small garrison wherever they might want.<ref name=":4" />

During this time, the Vijayanagara empire was falling fast and so Tirumala Nayaka cancelled tribute payment altogether. However, when Sriranga III took power, he viewed this as an act of rebellion and assembled a large army to subdue his vassal. Tirumala allied with Thanjavur and Gingee, but Thanjavur defected to the emperor. Madurai then made a new alliance with the Golconda Sultanate, who laid siege to Vellore and defeated Sriranga III. When he then appealed to his Nayakas for an alliance, all rejected him and Vijayanagara fell altogether. Goldonda, which conquered Vellore around 1646, laid siege to Gingee along with the Bijapur Sultanate. Tirumala Nayaka's armies arrived too late to save the fortress.<ref name=":4" />

In 1655, Mysore launched another invasion of Madurai when Tirumala was on his sickbed, and so he entrusted his defense to the Sethupathi of Ramnad, who had just emerged from a period of chaos. Ragunatha Thevar managed to drive back Mysore and in return all tribute was cancelled from him.<ref name=":4" />

=== Decline ===
{{TNhistory}}
Tirumala was succeeded by his son in 1659, who ruled for only four months, and then was succeeded by Chokkanatha Nayaka. In the first part of his reign, his army commander and chief minister revolted, supported by Thanjavur. He crushed the insurgents and invaded Thanjavur in retaliation, briefly placing his brother Muddu Alagiri as ruler there. But Madurai soon lost control of the region as Alagiri declared his independence and the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Marathas]] under [[Ekoji I|Venkoji]] conquered the province in 1675. Chokkanatha then waged war with Mysore and lost more territory, but his successor Muttu Virappa III recaptured it. After his death in 1689, Muttu Virappa III was succeeded by his infant son with [[Mangammal|Rani Mangammal]], Virappa's mother, as regent. With the Mughal juggernaut approaching southern India, Rani Mangammal recognised it would be better to pay tribute to the Mughals than have them invade. She supporter their capture of Jinji from Rajaram, who would otherwise have attacked Madurai and Thanjavur, and ruled the fort as a Mughal vassal.

Muttu Virappa III's son Vijayaranga Chokkanatha reached maturity in 1704. However, he was more interested in scholarship and learning than ruling, and so real power fell to his chief counselor and commander of the army, who were known to abuse their power prodigiously. After his death in 1732, his wife, Queen [[Meenakshi (Nayak queen)|Meenakshi]], decided to adopt the son of [[Bangaru Thirumalai Nayak|Bangaru Tirumalai Nayaka]], a member of the royal house. However there was severe strife between Bangaru Tirumalai and Meenakshi, and he led an uprising against her. In 1734, the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Arcot]] sent an expedition south to demand tribute and fealty from the kingdoms there, and in desperation, Meenakshi gave tribute to the Nawab's son-in-law, [[Chanda Sahib]], to form an alliance. Bangaru Tirumalai retreated to the far south, in Madurai, and organized a large force of disgruntled polygars in 1736. Although they took Dindigul, Meenakshi and Chanda Sahib organized an army to attack Tirumalai. At the battle of Ammayanayakkanur near Dindigul, Bangaru Tirumalai's forces were defeated and he fled to Sivaganga. Once he was admitted into the Tiruchirappalli fort, however, Chanda Sahib declared himself king and imprisoned Meenakshi in her palace, ending the Madurai Nayakas for good. Tradition states she poisoned herself in 1739.<ref name=":4" />

== Administration ==
[[File:Le palais de Thirumalai Nayak (Madurai, Inde) (13936689560).jpg|thumb|Throne of [[Tirumala Nayaka]]|left|203x203px]]
The Madurai Nayakas followed a decentralized governance style. The king was supreme ruler, but his main advisor was the ''dalavai'', who controlled both civil and military matters. The three most effective ''dalavais'' were [[Ariyanatha Mudaliar]], Ramappayya and Narasappayya. The next most important figure was the ''pradhani'' or finance minister, and then the ''rayasam'', chief of the bureaucracy. The kingdom was divided into provinces and local areas, each with its own governor and bureaucracy. The most basic unit was the village. Revenue would be earned through taxes on land.<ref name=":4" />

The Nayakas also had a parallel system of administration. They divided their territory into 72 ''palayams'', each of which was ruled by a ''palaiyakkarar'', better known as ''[[polygar]]''. These warrior-chiefs had a significant amount of autonomy from the centre and held powers of law enforcement and judicial administration. In return, they would give one-third of the ''palaiyam''<nowiki/>'s revenue to the Nayaka and another third for the upkeep of an army. Often, however, the ''polygars'' were completely outside central control and would raid and pillage nearby territory.<ref name=":4" />{{clear}}

== Culture ==
=== Language ===
[[File:Queen Mangammal Palace Madurai.jpg|thumb|Tamukkam Palace built in 1670|254x254px]]The main languages of Nayaka rule were Telugu and Tamil. Tamil was mainly used by the common people, although there were some Telugu cultivators in the region. The Madurai Nayakas, on the other hand, had Telugu as mother tongue but could also speak Tamil.<ref name=":4" />

=== Literature ===
The Nayakas were great patrons of literature in Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit. Although most kings patronized mainly poetry (considered "divine"), under Nayaka patronage Telugu prose flourished.<ref name=":4" />

The earliest Muslim work in Tamil that survives complete is a translation by Vaṇṇapparimaḷappulavar of the Persian ''[[Book of One Thousand Questions]]'' that was presented at the Madurai court in 1572.<ref>Ronit Ricci, ''Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia'' (University of Chicago Press, 2011), p. 40.</ref>

=== Art and architecture ===
[[File:Golden Lily Pond and South Gopuram at Meenakshi Amman Temple , Madurai.jpg|thumb|Meenakshi Amman Temple expanded by the Nayakas |237x237px|left]]{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The Nayakas were some of the most prolific architects in South India. Much of their work was expansions and additions to existing Vijayanagara or pre-Vijayanagara structures. By far their greatest work was the [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi-'''Sundaraswarar''' complex]] in Madurai, which is known for its four towering gopurams up to 50 metres in height. The original structure that stood there during Pandyan times was neglected during the Madurai Sultanate and fell into ruin, and the Vijayanagara rulers had begun to rebuild it. However the Nayakas made the most extensive contributions to the temple complex. Each of the additions to the temple was done by different rulers in different stages, and almost all rulers of the dynasty, or their wives and ministers, made generous donations to the temple and its construction so that it grew to a size of 254 by 238 metres. The Nayakas mainly followed the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style]] of architecture, with much emphasis on towering structures and elaborate carving. Much of the work centered around the addition of various ''mandapas'', or columnated halls, filled with a variety of carved pillars such as the ''pudu mandapa'' directly adjoining the complex. Other important works included the [[Alagar Koyil|Azhagar kovil]] and [[Thiruparankundram Murugan temple|Tiruparankundram Murugan Kovil]] in the outskirts of Madurai, as well as the expansion of the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy temple]] complex in [[Srirangam]]. In the case of the Ranganathaswamy temple, the Nayakas expanded the original shrine to be seven concentric enclosures, each topped with towering ''gopurams''. However this project was incomplete when the Nayak dynasty fell and has since been continued into the modern-day.<ref>{{Citation|title=Temple architecture: the Tamil zone|date=1995-08-17|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521441100.005|work=Architecture and Art of Southern India|pages=73–120|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521441100.005|isbn=978-0-521-44110-0|access-date=2021-01-09|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Although temple architecture was the main pursuit of the Nayakas, they constructed other buildings as well. Thirumala Nayaka is famous for his huge [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal|Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal]], which George Mitchell speculated must have been the largest of all royal residences in the 17th century, develops earlier palace architecture from the Vijayanagara period. This architecture includes both completely indigenous elements such as square and rectangular bases with u-shaped ascending floors with numerous courts and verandahs, as well as double-curved eaves, ''gopuram''-like towers and plastered sculptures as well as elements borrowed from the Bahmanis such as significant presence of arches, cusps, and geometric designs. This style was blended with indigenous Tamil architecture, for instance, the use of cylindrical columns like Tamil wooden architecture, to create new architectural styles for grand buildings such as the Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal. Only two sections of this palace still stand, the dance hall and audience hall.<ref>{{Citation|title=Palace architecture|date=1995-08-17|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521441100.006|work=Architecture and Art of Southern India|pages=121–154|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521441100.006|isbn=978-0-521-44110-0|access-date=2021-01-09|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The Nayakas also did many public works projects such as irrigation canals and fortresses.

== Nayaka coins ==
Some early Madurai Nayaka coins portray the figure of the king. The bull also is seen frequently on the Madurai Nayak coins. Chokkanatha Nayak, one of the last rulers of the dynasty, issued coins displaying various animals, such as the bear, elephant and lion. He also issued coins featuring [[Hanuman]] and [[Garuda]]. The inscriptions on the Nayak coins are in [[Tamil script|Tamil]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], and [[Devanāgarī|Nagari]] scripts. Unlike the coins of many of the earlier dynasties, the Nayak coins are easily available for coin-collectors.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/yw/2002/01/05/stories/2002010500050200.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104160732/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/yw/2002/01/05/stories/2002010500050200.htm
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=4 November 2002
|title=The Hindu : Crafted coins |work=The Hindu |location=India |access-date=14 June 2008}}</ref>

== Cadet Branchs (Sri Lanka) ==
{{Main|Nayaks of Kandy}}
The last ethnically [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] King of Kandy [[Vira Narendra Sinha]] passed away without a legitimate heir on 13 May 1739. The throne passed to his [[Madurai]] born Brother-in-law [[Sri Vijaya Rajasinha]], which led to the establishment of the Nayak dynasty in [[Sri Lanka]] known as the [[Kandy Nayaks]].

They ruled till 1815 with [[Kandy]] as their capital and were also the last ruling dynasty of Sri Lanka. The Kings of Kandy had from an early time sought marriages with Madurai and many of the queens were from Madurai. The Kandy Nayaks received military support from the Nayaks of Madurai in fighting off the Portuguese. And in the 17th and 18th centuries, marital alliances between the Kandyan kings and Nayak princesses had become a matter of policy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Enemy lines: childhood, warfare, and play in Batticaloa |first1=Margaret |last1=Trawick |page=40 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5A8FQzSAlnwC&pg=PA40 |isbn=978-0-52093-887-8}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
* [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]]
* [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]
* [[Nayaks of Kandy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Madurai Nayak Dynasty}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080129021948/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/06/stories/2007060612260300.htm Images of Nayak kings ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030517150138/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/yw/2002/01/05/stories/2002010500050200.htm The Hindu : Crafted coins]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/namma-madurai-from-vedas-to-military-strategies/article3376882.ece Namma Madurai: From Vedas to military strategies – The Hindu]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/images-of-nayak-kings-found-in-sri-nellaiyappar-temple/article1852617.ece Images of Nayak kings found in Sri Nellaiyappar Temple – TAMIL NADU – The Hindu]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/thirumalai-nayak-period-inscription-found-at-temple/article6798646.ece Thirumalai Nayak period inscription found at temple – The Hindu]
* {{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/08/04/stories/2007080450090400.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107213930/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/08/04/stories/2007080450090400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=7 November 2012
|title=Madurai City Chronicles : Unique in its own way |access-date=14 June 2008 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]]
|date=4 August 2007}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006040200110200.htm&date=2006/04/02/&prd=mag& |title=Vanishing wall paintings |work=The Hindu |location=India |access-date=14 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916081656/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2006040200110200.htm&date=2006%2F04%2F02%2F&prd=mag& |archive-date=16 September 2009 |url-status=usurped }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:States and territories established in 1529]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1736]]
[[Category:Madurai Nayak dynasty| ]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1815]]

Akbar Bhawan

2026-03-16T01:54:54Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Started Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = Akbar Bhawan
| logo =
| logo_size = 125px
| image = Akbar Hotel New Delhi (cropped) Ummu 06 00680 full 3669 2416 0 default.jpg
| caption = Akbar Bhawan when it was the Akbar Hotel
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| address = Satya Marg, [[Chanakyapuri]], New Delhi 110 021
| hotel_chain = [[India Tourism Development Corporation]] until 1986
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|35|07|N|77|11|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| opening_date = 27 January 1972
| developer =
| architect = [[Shiv Nath Prasad]]
| operator = [[South Asian University]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| owner = [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]
| number_of_rooms = 318
| number_of_suites =
| number_of_restaurants =
| floor_area =
| floor_count = 13
| height =
| parking =
| website =
}}
'''Akbar Bhawan''', formerly the '''Akbar Hotel''', is a building in the [[Chanakyapuri]] locality of [[New Delhi]], India which houses the [[South Asian University]] and offices of the [[Government of India|Government of India's]] [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]. Designed by [[Shiv Nath Prasad]] in collaboration with [[Mahendra Raj]], it is one of Delhi's best known examples of [[brutalist architecture]] and bears semblance to the [[Unité d'habitation]] in [[Marseille]], France. Inaugurated in 1972, it was a hotel of the [[India Tourism Development Corporation]] before its conversion into an office complex in 1986. Named after emperor [[Akbar]] The Hotel was noted for its use of innovative [[Interior design|decor]] that blended contemporary designs with traditional [[Indian art]] and handicrafts.

== Location ==
The building is located on Satya Marg in the diplomatic enclave of [[Chanakyapuri]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ridge |first1=Betsy |last2=Madsen |first2=Peter Eric |title=A Traveler's Guide to India: A Complete, Up-to-date Guide for Student and Tourist |date=1973 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-684-13336-2 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8omAQAAMAAJ&q=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010501/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Traveler_s_Guide_to_India/z8omAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How to reach |url=http://www.sau.int/~icmmc/howtoreach.php |website=www.sau.int |publisher=South Asian University |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080910/http://www.sau.int/~icmmc/howtoreach.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chankaya's lost glory |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/chankayas-lost-glory/article7449697.ece |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=21 July 2015 |language=en-IN |archive-date=22 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722221211/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/chankayas-lost-glory/article7449697.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Design ==
Akbar Bhawan was designed by architect Shiv Nath Prasad and built by Mahendra Raj.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reyar |first1=Akrita |title=The man who believed in taming the forces of nature to create iconic structures of modern India |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/the-man-who-believed-in-taming-the-forces-of-nature-to-create-iconic-structures-of-modern-india/526007 |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=www.timesnownews.com |date=12 December 2019 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507164816/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/the-man-who-believed-in-taming-the-forces-of-nature-to-create-iconic-structures-of-modern-india/526007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Balasubramaniam |first1=Chitra |title=A structural engineer who redefined design |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-structural-engineer-who-redefined-design/article30036488.ece |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=21 November 2019 |language=en-IN |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531150108/https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-structural-engineer-who-redefined-design/article30036488.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It mirrors the [[architectural style]] of [[Le Corbusier]] and is one of India's best known examples of brutalist architecture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Basera |first1=Jaya |title=Architecture in India |journal=Yojana |date=1 January 2022 |volume=66 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AG1YEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA62 |access-date=1 August 2022 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010502/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Yojana_January_2022_English_Special_Edit/AG1YEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA62&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jarzombek |first1=Mark M. |last2=Prakash |first2=Vikramaditya |title=A Global History of Architecture |date=4 October 2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-90248-6 |page=780 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL2I_t_ZyQoC&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA780 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010502/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Global_History_of_Architecture/HL2I_t_ZyQoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA780&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shiv Kapoor |first1=Varun |title=Delhi's Brutalism: Here are 11 historical structures we'll regret losing. Because, memories |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/delhi-architecture-landmarks-history-brutalism-nehru-place-ficci-976734-2017-05-12 |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=India Today |issue=May 2017 |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080958/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/delhi-architecture-landmarks-history-brutalism-nehru-place-ficci-976734-2017-05-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> Built with [[prestressed concrete]], the building has few [[Motif (visual arts)|decorative motifs]] keeping in line with the brutalist aesthetic. It has a [[concrete|raw concrete]] finish, uses [[brise soleil]]s and features an exposed staircase at its far end. The use of a [[girder|transfer girder]] in the transitional floors of the building allowed for the creation of a column free [[Lobby (room)|lobby]], a feature that came to be adopted widely in [[hotel design]]. The use of pure geometric forms in the building has been attributed to the influence of [[Rationalism (architecture)|rationalist architecture]] whereas the exposed nature of the [[building material]] is thought to have been due to financial austerity rather than the brutalist aesthetics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Structural narrative of Indian Modernity as an oeuvre of Mahendra Raj |url=https://thinkmatter.in/2020/12/15/structural-narrative-of-indian-modernity-as-an-oeuvre-of-mahendra-raj/ |website=MATTER |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116080427/https://thinkmatter.in/2020/12/15/structural-narrative-of-indian-modernity-as-an-oeuvre-of-mahendra-raj/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tiwari |first1=Piyush |last2=Rao |first2=Jyoti |title=Delhi's Changing Built Environment |date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-44136-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pitEDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PT310 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010502/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Delhi_s_Changing_Built_Environment/pitEDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PT310&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mascarenhas-Mateus |first1=João |last2=Pires |first2=Ana Paula |title=History of Construction Cultures Volume 1: Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on Construction History (7ICCH 2021), July 12-16, 2021, Lisbon, Portugal |date=1 August 2021 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-000-46875-5 |page=307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkhQEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA307 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010503/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Construction_Cultures_Volume/AkhQEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA307&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Ode To Shivnath Prasad: The Le Corbusier Of India |url=https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/cmzgp/an-ode-to-shivnath-prasad-the-le-corbusier-of-india.html |website=World Architecture Community |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010504/https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/cmzgp/an-ode-to-shivnath-prasad-the-le-corbusier-of-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahendra Raj, and his oeuvre of structural expressionism in Indian architecture |url=https://www.stirworld.com/inspire-people-mahendra-raj-and-his-oeuvre-of-structural-expressionism-in-indian-architecture |website=www.stirworld.com |publisher=STIR World |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=English}}</ref>
Comprising 13 [[storey]]s, a service floor separates the common rooms from the accommodation and amenities such as its restaurant, a garden and a theatre were on the roof and the building's [[floor plan]] closely resembles the Unité d'habitation in Marseille.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rehman |first1=Habib |title=Borders to Boardroom: A Memoir |date=15 November 2014 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5194-053-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3tsBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22&pg=PT93 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010504/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Borders_to_Boardroom_A_Memoir/M3tsBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22&pg=PT93&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The interior design for the building was done by [[Laila Tyabji]] and [[Dale and Patricia Keller|Dale Keller]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Jon T. |title=A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India |date=2002 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-017-6 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxyGbhlKQXQC&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA78 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010537/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Concise_History_of_Modern_Architecture/gxyGbhlKQXQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA78&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Akbar's interior design and decor were noted for their blend of western and Indian elements.<ref>{{cite news |title=Link |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sm1DAAAAYAAJ&q=ITDC+has+set+the+pattern+of+indigenous+decor+in+the+spectacular+Akbar+Hotel+with+bangles+,+earthenware+pots |access-date=30 July 2022 |publisher=United India Periodicals |date=1980 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010504/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Link/sm1DAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=ITDC+has+set+the+pattern+of+indigenous+decor+in+the+spectacular+Akbar+Hotel+with+bangles+,+earthenware+pots&dq=ITDC+has+set+the+pattern+of+indigenous+decor+in+the+spectacular+Akbar+Hotel+with+bangles+,+earthenware+pots&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Illustrated Weekly of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hteLoL0REp4C&q=bamboowork+were+utilised+to+%C3%A7reate+a+decor+that+was+contemporary |access-date=30 July 2022 |publisher=Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press |date=1976 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010504/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Illustrated_Weekly_of_India/hteLoL0REp4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=bamboowork+were+utilised+to+%C3%A7reate+a+decor+that+was+contemporary&dq=bamboowork+were+utilised+to+%C3%A7reate+a+decor+that+was+contemporary&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The hotel's [[logo]] was taken from the design in a [[jali|lattice screen]] at [[Akbar's tomb|Sikandra, Agra]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Durgadas |title=Folk Arts and Social Communication |date=20 June 2017 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2488-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju8oDwAAQBAJ&dq=akbar+hotel+taken+over+by+itdc&pg=PT38 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010505/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Folk_Arts_and_Social_Communication/Ju8oDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=akbar+hotel+taken+over+by+itdc&pg=PT38&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The windows in the lobby were decorated with [[Channapatna toys|wooden beads]] from [[Channapatna]], [[Karnataka]] and its walls featured swords and [[scimitar]]s from [[Rajasthan]]. The interior decoration also featured [[kalamkari |kalamkari prints]] in its conference room, [[Birbal]], and used [[Rajput painting|Rajput]], [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] and [[Kangra painting|Kangra]] miniature paintings and [[Tibetan art|Tibetan]] [[thangka]]s in the [[Suite (hotel)|suites]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Durgadas |title=Folk Arts and Social Communication |date=20 June 2017 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2488-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju8oDwAAQBAJ&dq=akbar+hotel+taken+over+by+itdc&pg=PT38 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010505/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Folk_Arts_and_Social_Communication/Ju8oDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=akbar+hotel+taken+over+by+itdc&pg=PT38&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The trends set in interior decor at the Akbar became widespread in India's hotel and [[hospitality industry]] in later years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Seth |first1=Rabindra |title=Tourism In India: An Overview (2 Vols.) |date=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-328-9 |page=220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Nbcv_yGpl8C&dq=hotel+akbar+itdc&pg=PA190 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Its coffee shop, [[Madhuban]], was noted for the [[Madhubani art|Mithila]] murals decorating its walls which was a pioneering attempt to commercialize and give the artform a modern identity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mrazek |first1=Jan |last2=Pitelka |first2=Morgan |title=What's the Use of Art?: Asian Visual and Material Culture in Context |date=3 December 2007 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-6558-0 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=844BEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA86 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010628/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/What_s_the_Use_of_Art/844BEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA86&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wadley |first1=Susan S. |title=South Asia in the World: An Introduction: An Introduction |date=18 December 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45959-0 |page=248 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDzfBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA248 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010628/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/South_Asia_in_the_World_An_Introduction/xDzfBQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA248&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaitanya |first1=Krishna |title=A History of Indian Painting |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-310-6 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McSbSMhArFgC&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA98 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010638/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_History_of_Indian_Painting/McSbSMhArFgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA98&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>
The structure has however been criticized as being squalid and visually unappealing whereas the use of concrete and glass causes high indoor temperatures during [[power outage]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sengupta |first1=Ranjana |title=Delhi Metropolitan |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-86057-80-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=52BCDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PT54 |access-date=30 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010648/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Delhi_Metropolitan/52BCDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PT54&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=REVIEW: The Making Of A City |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/421917/review-the-making-of-a-city |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=DAWN.COM |date=4 October 2008 |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080907/https://www.dawn.com/news/421917/review-the-making-of-a-city |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History==
The Akbar Hotel was built as part of the [[Five-Year Plans of India|Fourth Five Year Plan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Socialist India |date=1973 |publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8xoJo-GQUIC&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=RA17-PA22 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010648/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Socialist_India/z8xoJo-GQUIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=RA17-PA22&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The building is owned by the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]. Construction of the building began in 1966 and was completed by 1969–70.<ref>{{cite web |title=Council's Meeting No. 14/2012-13 dated 10.04.2013 AT 3-30 P.M. |url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/council/Resolutions%202007/year%20wise/2013/10_04_2013.pdf |publisher=NDMC |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010654/https://www.ndmc.gov.in/council/Resolutions%202007/year%20wise/2013/10_04_2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New Delhi Municipal Committee vs Tirath Ram Ahuja (P.) Ltd. And Anr. on 19 December, 1979 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/420682/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010659/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/420682/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was inaugurated by [[Karan Singh|Dr. Karan Singh]], the then [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister]] of [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]] and [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Civil Aviation]] on 27 January 1972.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tigunait |first1=Rajmani |title=At the Eleventh Hour: The Biography of Swami Rama |date=2001 |publisher=Himalayan Institute Press |isbn=978-0-89389-212-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zjavfN2XukC&dq=akbar+hotel+five+star&pg=PP16 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010653/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/At_the_Eleventh_Hour/7zjavfN2XukC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=akbar+hotel+five+star&pg=PP16&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shekhar |first1=Rajendra |title=Memories are Made of This |date=10 May 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64324-025-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWNaDwAAQBAJ&dq=akbar+hotel+five+star&pg=PT250 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=hi |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010731/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Memories_are_Made_of_This/DWNaDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=akbar+hotel+five+star&pg=PT250&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabha |first1=India Parliament Lok |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1986 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lJPAQAAMAAJ&q=akbar+hotel+five+star |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010731/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Lok_Sabha_Debates/7lJPAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=akbar+hotel+five+star&dq=akbar+hotel+five+star&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lok Sabha |first1=India Parliament |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1975 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat. |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1lPAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=RA4-PA195 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010734/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Lok_Sabha_Debates/r1lPAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=RA4-PA195&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Malaysia Trade & Industry |publisher=Malaysian Enterprises |page=76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfEcAAAAIAAJ&q=%22akbar+hotel%22+inaugurated+karan+singh |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010731/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Malaysia_Trade_Industry/KfEcAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22akbar+hotel%22+inaugurated+karan+singh&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+inaugurated+karan+singh&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> Leased and operated by the India Tourism Development Corporation, the hotel remained profitable throughout the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Tourism Development Corporation Limited vs Miss Susan Leigh Beer |url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-378929.pdf |website=LiveLaw |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010750/https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-378929.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Data India |date=1977 |publisher=Press Institute of India |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXtDAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA236 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Undertakings |first1=India Parliament Committee on Public |title=India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd., Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation |date=1983 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7VPVWDKvWoC&q=akbar+hotel+taken+over+by+itdc |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010752/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Tourism_Development_Corporation_Lt/u7VPVWDKvWoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=akbar+hotel+taken+over+by+itdc&dq=akbar+hotel+taken+over+by+itdc&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dhawan |first1=Vijay |title=Food and Beverage Service |publisher=Frank Brothers |isbn=978-81-7170-455-2 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnzglTerRC8C&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA13 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010749/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Food_and_Beverage_Service/lnzglTerRC8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&pg=PA13&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> However, by the early 1980s it began to incur losses and ITDC suffered low occupancy in its hotels following the [[building boom|construction boom]] in the run up to the [[1982 Asian Games]]. In the changed business environment and the government's decision to exit the business of running luxury hotels, the ITDC decided to hand over the building to the Ministry of External Affairs to house its offices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ramindar |title=MEA to house its new offices in ITDC's prestigious Akbar Hotel |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19850930-mea-to-house-its-new-offices-in-itdc-prestigious-akbar-hotel-801986-2014-01-10 |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=India Today |date=30 September 1985 |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508192023/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19850930-mea-to-house-its-new-offices-in-itdc-prestigious-akbar-hotel-801986-2014-01-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Akbar Bhawan==
The hotel was shut down in April 1986, and the building was turned into a government office building and renamed Akbar Bhawan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Undertakings |first1=India Parliament Committee on Public |title=India Tourism Development Corporation Limited: (Ministry of Commerce and Tourism-- Department of Tourism) : Action Taken by Government on the Recommendations Contained in the 61st Report of the Committee on Public Undertakings, Eighth (Lok Sabha) : Third Report |date=1990 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzmyXHA56PgC&q=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010750/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Tourism_Development_Corporation_Li/DzmyXHA56PgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&dq=%22akbar+hotel%22+delhi&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref> The Foreign Service Institute under the Ministry of External Affairs used to function from the building.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Om |title=Diplomacy: Initiatives and Responses |date=2005 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-326-5 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZkuDXXo_1YC&dq=akbar+bhavan&pg=PA179 |access-date=1 August 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809010749/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Diplomacy/cZkuDXXo_1YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=akbar+bhavan&pg=PA179&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rajesh Swami: one of the gentlest Indian diplomats |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/rajesh-swami-one-of-the-gentlest-indian-diplomats/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=Economic Times Blog |date=18 March 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080956/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/rajesh-swami-one-of-the-gentlest-indian-diplomats/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] planned to redevelop the building into a five-star hotel with [[Public–private partnership|private partnership]] in the run up to the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]], but it was never implemented.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Mayur Shekhar |title=Govt to redevelop Akbar Bhawan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/govt-to-redevelop-akbar-bhawan/articleshow/2529866.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=9 November 2007 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080956/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/govt-to-redevelop-akbar-bhawan/articleshow/2529866.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ITDC targets topline of Rs900 cr by 2010 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/7m98zfDXMhVkiYsofjtJzK/ITDC-targets-topline-of-Rs900-cr-by-2010.html |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=mint |date=11 May 2008 |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080909/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/7m98zfDXMhVkiYsofjtJzK/ITDC-targets-topline-of-Rs900-cr-by-2010.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The South Asian University has been housed in the building since 2010 pending relocation to its permanent campus at Maidan Garhi, [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HOME - SAU - South Asian University |url=http://www.sau.int/ |website=www.sau.int |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802194417/http://www.sau.int/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India will bear cost of setting up South Asian University campus: V K Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-will-bear-cost-of-setting-up-south-asian-university-campus-v-k-singh-2848074/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 June 2016 |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080956/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-will-bear-cost-of-setting-up-south-asian-university-campus-v-k-singh-2848074/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]] was located in the building before its merger with the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Devirupa |title=At South Asian University, India Finds it Takes Hard Work to Exercise Soft Power |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/south-asian-university-held-first-convocation-ceremony-but-problems-persist |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=The Wire |date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424181311/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/south-asian-university-held-first-convocation-ceremony-but-problems-persist |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacherjee |first1=Kallol |title=Overseas Indian Affairs Ministry, MEA merged |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Overseas-Indian-Affairs-Ministry-MEA-merged/article13986483.ece |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=7 January 2016 |language=en-IN |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080908/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Overseas-Indian-Affairs-Ministry-MEA-merged/article13986483.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ministry of overseas Indians merged into external affairs |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/8Sg5vdAThxigtYba4o7FbK/Ministry-of-overseas-Indians-merged-into-external-affairs.html |access-date=1 August 2022 |work=mint |date=7 January 2016 |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801080956/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/8Sg5vdAThxigtYba4o7FbK/Ministry-of-overseas-Indians-merged-into-external-affairs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hotels established in 1972]]
[[Category:Defunct hotels]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Brutalist architecture in India]]

Bharatpedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles

2026-03-12T11:19:07Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Put up basic post basic info

{{MoS guideline|WP:MOSIN|MOS:INDIA}}
{{Style}}

This guideline deals with the content and naming of [[India]]-related articles. Please note:
*see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style]] for general cases
*see [[Wikipedia:History]] for notes on the style of history articles
*see [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (use English)]] for general use of English names in articles.
*see [[Wikipedia:Notice board for India-related topics]] for ongoing news and tasks relevant to India-related topics.

==Purpose==
The purpose of this manual is to create style guidelines for editing articles related to the country of [[India]] in the English Wikipedia to conform to a neutral encyclopedic standard, as well as to make things easier to read by following a consistent format. This manual also states the conventions to be followed for writing the names in [[Indic scripts]]. The following rules do not claim to be the last word. One way is often as good as another, but if everyone follows minimum standards, Wikipedia will be easier to read and use, not to mention easier to write and edit. This manual is open to all proposals, discussion, and editing.

==Scope==

===Languages of origin===

This convention should be applied to any language spoken in the Indian subcontinent that is written in an [[Indic script]]. The major languages are: [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]] (when written in Kannada or Devanagari scripts), [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Meitei language|Manipuri]] (when written in [[Meitei script]] or [[Eastern Nagari script]]s) [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Pali]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (when written in Gurmukhi script), [[Sanskrit]], [[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

The following languages are of Indic origin, but will usually be written in non-Indic scripts, usually derived from [[Arabic]] (see [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Arabic)]]): [[Urdu]], [[Kashmiri_language|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (western), and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. This convention will normally apply to them only when transliterating from writings in an Indic script.

Several languages may be written in Indic scripts, but are not themselves Indic languages. Some aspects of this convention may apply to them, but they may have their own conventions. They include [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Lao language|Lao]], and [[Javanese language|Javanese]].

===Subject matter covered===
This standard is recommended for use in articles in the following fields;
* Towns, cities, [[Districts of India|districts]], [[States of India|states]], [[protected areas]] and all other places within the political boundary of India.
* All companies, organisations and factories which have their headquarters located in India.
* All persons who are born in modern India (or [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] before the 1947 [[Partition of India]] and Pakistan) or have taken citizenship of India.
* Historical articles and historical place names of India, including especially history prior to 1800.

==Basic India conventions==
* Use only [[Indian English]] spellings as per the guidelines for India-related pages.
* All units should be metric ([[SI]]) units. Imperial equivalents should be given alongside in brackets. The {{tl|Convert}} template can be useful for this.
* You may use the [[Indian numbering system]] of [[lakh]]s and [[crores]] but should give their equivalents in millions/billions in parentheses. Use a non-breaking space in such circumstances, e.g.: <nowiki>21{{nbsp}}crore</nowiki> and always link the first occurrence of the word.
* Comma-delimited numbers should always be written in the Western style (e.g., 30,000,000; not 3,00,00,000). See [[WP:NUMERAL]].
* For monetary figures, you may use the Indian numbering system but also give their [[US dollar]] equivalents in parentheses.
* Articles related to Indian cinema, including films, biographies, and lists, should comply with the Indian Cinema Taskforce Manual of Style [[WP:ICTFMOS]].

== Biographical articles ==
{{See also|Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies)}}
While the article title should generally be the name by which the subject is most commonly known, the subject's full name should be given in the lead paragraph, if known. It is common to give the maiden surname of women better known under their married name. For people who are best known by a [[pseudonym]], the legal name should usually appear first in the article, followed closely by the pseudonym. Follow this practice even if the article itself is titled with the pseudonym. Alternatively, the legal name can appear in apposition to the pseudonym.

Generally, titles and honorifics should not be used either in the article body or when naming an article. Academic and professional titles (such as "Doctor" or "Professor") should not be used before the name in the initial sentence or in other uses of the person's name; attainment of these titles should be included in the article text instead.

After the initial mention of any name, the person may be referred to by surname only. The person may be referred to by their first name in the case of [[royal family|royalty]], or as "Prince/ss/Yuvraj/Yuvrani First Name" or as "The Maharaja", "The Maharani", etc. Biographies of living persons should begin in the present tense; biographies of deceased persons should begin in the past tense. If a person is living but has retired, use the present tense "is a former" rather than the past tense "was". [[Wikipedia:Redirect|Redirects]] should be used for other forms of an individual's name.

==Non-English strings==

Use the {{tl|lang}} tag to mark non-English strings. When giving a term in its native script, provide the [[ISO 639-2]] code (if unavailable, use the [[ISO 639-3]] code) to identify the language. Example:
:<code><nowiki>{{lang|ta|தமிழ்}}</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>{{lang|hi|हिन्दी}}</nowiki></code> → {{lang|ta|தமிழ்}}, {{lang|hi|हिन्दी}}

Use [[ISO 15919]] transliteration for all non-Sanskrit terms. To write a term using its ISO 15919 transliteration, use the {{tl|transliteration}} tag with the language code and <code>ISO</code> as the transliteration standard:
:<code><nowiki>{{Transliteration|ta|ISO|tamiḻ}}</nowiki></code>, <code><nowiki>{{Transliteration|hi|ISO|hindī}}</nowiki></code>
:{{Transliteration|ta|ISO|tamiḻ}}, {{Transliteration|hi|ISO|hindī}}

For Sanskrit terms, use {{tl|IAST}} instead of {{tl|transliteration}}:
:<code><nowiki>{{IAST|saṃskṛtam}}</nowiki></code>
:{{IAST|saṃskṛtam}}

=== Indic scripts in leads and infoboxes ===
{{Shortcut|WP:INDICSCRIPT|WP:NOINDICSCRIPT}}

Avoid the use of [[Indic scripts]] in [[WP:Manual of Style/Lead section|lead sections]] or [[WP:Infobox|infoboxes]]. Instead, use [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] pronunciation guides, which are more international. Exceptions are articles on the script itself, articles on a language that uses the script, and articles on texts originally written in a particular script.

This avoidance of Indic scripts only applies to articles that are predominantly India-related and is excluded from, among others, articles about Hinduism, Buddhism, or any of India's neighbouring countries. It is a divergence from the usual practice of including non-Latin script in leads when it is arguably relevant (e.g. "Athens ... {{langx|el|Αθήνα}} ..." at the article [[Athens]]).

One reason Indian scripts are avoided is that there often are too many languages with their own native script, each of which can be original names for a topic. Additionally, there are too often problems with verifiability of the accuracy of the non-English spelling. A third reason is frequent disagreements over which native scripts to include; this led to a resolution to avoid all of them.

This consensus is the result of a [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_48#Native_languages_in_lead|2012 request for comment]] on Indic scripts generally, and a [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_64#RfC_on_Indicscript_in_infoboxes|2017 request for comment]] on Indic scripts in infoboxes. Those large community discussions followed many other discussions including these:

* [[User_talk:AmandaNP/Archives/2012/January#Native_languages_in_lead|Native languages in lead]], January 2012
* [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_50#Indic_Script_In_Article_-_In_Search_Of_Alternative.21|Indic Script In Article - In Search Of Alternative!]], April 2012
* [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_53#Consensus_for_adding_Indic_Script_in_Infobox|Consensus for adding Indic Script in Infobox]], May 2013
* [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_54#Revision_of_Indic_scripts_in_lead|Revision of Indic scripts in lead]], June 2013
* [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_62#Organising_a_vote_on_Indic-Scripts|Organising a vote on Indic-Scripts]], May 2016
* [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_64#Multiple_Indicscript_in_infoboxes_are_out_of_control|Multiple Indicscript in infoboxes are out of control]], April 2017
* [[Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics/Archive_63#Indic_script_in_.22Lead_sentence.22_or_in_.22Lead_section.22.3F|Indic script in "Lead sentence" or in "Lead section"?]], May 2017


==Linking to other Indian-language Wikipedias==
Use the [[Wikidata]] item of the article to link to the equivalent article on the other Indian language Wikipedias. The Wikidata item can be found on the left side bar.

Additionally, there is generally no need to use inline links to the equivalent other Indian Language Wikipedias article for any words in an article. If a word is important enough to warrant a link, it will have an article here, in which case a standard link is sufficient. However, [[Help:Interwikimedia links|interwiki linking]] may be used to supplement [[Wikipedia:red link|red link]]s. See [[Help:Interlanguage links#Inline links|Help:Interlanguage links § Inline links]] for more information on how to do this. Linking of the name of Indian people in their mother tongue Wikipedia can be done.

====Other versions====
If both the English and Indic pronunciation are the same (likely if the Indic word is not used in English) then ignore the <code>indicipa</code> parameter. If you don't have audio files, you can simply leave those parameters out. For full details of what the template can do, see [[Template:Indic]].

==Other articles==
===Modern names and terms===
Personal, organisation, and company names in current and recent usage should generally be romanized according to the nameholder's preference, if that can be established. However, this convention may be appropriately applied to them in certain contexts. These include:
* when it is necessary to accurately or unambiguously transliterate from original text, or to indicate original pronunciation;
* when it is necessary to maintain consistency in the article.

==See also==
* [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]
* [[Template:Indic script lede]]
{{style wide}}

[[Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)|India]]
[[Category:India Wikipedia administration|MOS]]

Ganesha (film)

2026-03-03T21:41:39Z

ZEKSheryl225755: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ganesha
| image = Ganesha (film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| writer = Dinesh Baboo
| producer = Srinivasulu Hospet
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| starring = [[Jaggesh]] [[Anant Nag]]
| cinematography = Dinesh Baboo
| editing = K. Eshwar
| studio = Sri Sai Productions
| released = {{Film date|2007|11|16|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ganesha''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy film|comedy]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by [[Dinesh Baboo]] and starring [[Jaggesh]] and [[Anant Nag]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaggesh]] as Ganesh
*[[Anant Nag]] as Rao Bahadur Shivaraj Patil
*Ranjani
*[[Ajay Rao]] as Shivu
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
*Dharma
*[[Vanitha Vasu]]
*[[Vanishree]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*[[Joe Simon (director)|Joe Simon]]
*Rohith Nagesh
*Ramesh Pandit
* Yathiraj

}}

==Production ==
The film was simultaneously made alongside ''[[Mr. Garagasa]]'' (2008), which shared the same crew and also starred Anant Nag.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/dubbing-for-mr-garagasa-dts-for-ganesha-tamil-news-33686|title=Dubbing for 'Mr Garagasa' DTS for 'Ganesha'|date=20 September 2007|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024052846/https://www.indiaglitz.com/dubbing-for-mr-garagasa-dts-for-ganesha-tamil-news-33686|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
The music is by [[Manikanth Kadri]] and features six songs, one remix and one theme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/co/album/ganesha-original-motion-picture/1497756993?l=en-GB|title=Ganesha Original Motion Picture|work=[[Apple Music]]|date=2008}}</ref> The audio launch for this film and ''[[Mr. Garagasa]]'' (2008) was held on 13 September 2007 at the G. M. Rejoyz auditorium in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/twin-film-audio-release-kannada-news-33586|title=Twin film audio release|date=14 September 2007|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024052713/https://www.indiaglitz.com/twin-film-audio-release-kannada-news-33586|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Belli Chukki
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| lyrics1 = Raghu Urdigar
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Belli Chukki (remix)
| extra2 = Rajesh Krishnan
| lyrics2 = Raghu Urdigar
| length2 = 5:09
| title3 = Chakora Chakora
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, Ujjayni Roy
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length3 = 5:29
| title4 = Ganesh Theme
| extra4 = {{emdash}}
| lyrics4 = {{emdash}}
| length4 = 2:53
| title5 = Hasirina Tampali
| extra5 = V. Pradeep Kumar
| lyrics5 = Ram Narayan
| length5 = 5:21
| title6 = Moodadalli Banna
| extra6 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| lyrics6 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| length6 = 5:10
| title7 = Oduli Tumbidre
| extra7 = V. Pradeep Kumar
| lyrics7 = Raghu Urdigar
| length7 = 5:35
| total_length = 34:25
}}

==Critical reception==
[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote "Watch the film for the performances of Jaggesh and Anant Nag, and Dinesh Baboo's deft handling of the project. You can enjoy every moment of it.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/16ganesh.htm|title=Watch Ganesha and enjoy|website=[[Rediff.com]]|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|access-date=19 October 2023|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081023/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/16ganesh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote: "Dinesh Baboo has experimented in his own novel way with Jaggesh in his new film ''Ganesha'' that is certainly an entertaining and a clean film. And Baboo has depended again on his regular and trusted actor Anant Nag in this film that stands out for its narration".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4554/kannada/ganesha/1405/review.htm|title=Ganesha Review|date=18 November 2007|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|access-date=29 October 2023|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830121134/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4554/kannada/ganesha/1405/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14283624}}
{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]

Ramya NSK

2026-03-01T18:33:02Z

ZEKSheryl225755:

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ramya NSK
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Ramya NSK.jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| spouse = {{marriage|Sathya SK|September 17, 2019}}
| caption = Ramya in 2019
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ta
| birth_name = Ramya
| alias = Ramya NSK
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], [[Western classical music|Western classic]]
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 2006–2024
| label =
}}
'''Ramya NSK''' is an Indian [[playback singer]], who has predominantly sung for Tamil, Telugu and Kannada films. Apart from her work as a singer, she participated as a contestant in ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|Bigg Boss 2]]''. She is the granddaughter of comedian [[N. S. Krishnan]] and actress [[T. A. Mathuram]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-maestros-magic-continues/article3854443.ece|title=The MAESTRO'S MAGIC continues|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 September 2012|access-date=27 July 2017|last1=Kamath|first1=Sudhish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/ramya-nsk-in-maanga/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804150153/http://silverscreen.in/news/ramya-nsk-in-maanga/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2014|title=Ramya NSK in Maanga|date=3 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ns-krishnan-108th-birth-anniversary.html|title=NS Krishnan 108th birth Anniversary|date=29 November 2016|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==Career==
Ramya graduated in Visual Communication from Women's Christian College and later joined the radio station, Radio City. She was posted in Chennai where she worked for the firm as a music manager for five years. Along with Carnatic music, she trained in contemporary style music with the Emmanuel Methodist Church choir for a period of eight years. She also acted in the movie [[Tharai Thappattai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/playback-singer/ramya-nsk|title=Kollywood Playback Singer Ramya Nsk Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramyansk.com/about-me/|title=ABOUT ME – www.ramyansk.com|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331072617/http://www.ramyansk.com/about-me/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Having sung over 400 songs for Indian films, Ramya is best known for the song "Satru Munbu" from [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham (soundtrack)|Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]'', which had music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. For the song, she received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer]] award for Tamil cinema during the [[60th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] ceremony in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723073602/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-07-23|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18}}</ref> She later also won a [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|similar prize]] at the [[Vijay Awards]] during the same year.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Unavailable |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_NLPG-vloM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022080053/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_NLPG-vloM|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-music-review-nee-thane-en-ponvasantham/20120906.htm|title=Review: Needhane En Pon Vasantham music is pleasant|website=Rediff}}</ref>

In 2018, Ramya appeared on the Tamil reality television show, ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|Bigg Boss]]'', hosted by [[Kamal Haasan]]. She stated that she was keen to experience the opportunity to understand what a "luxurious jail" may be like. She was evicted early in the process<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-2-ramya-nsk-thanks-her-fans-for-their-support/articleshow/65118852.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 2 : Ramya NSK thanks her fans for their support |website=The Times of India|date=24 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/31/i-disagree-with-kamal-sir-about-all-of-us-being-fake-ramya-nsk-1851323.html|title=I disagree with Kamal sir about all of us being fake: Ramya NSK|website=The New Indian Express|date=August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/i-didnt-understand-why-i-should-go-through-all-this-negativity-for-fames-sake-nsk-ramya/articleshow/65177221.cms|title=I didn't understand why I should go through all this negativity for fame's sake: NSK Ramya - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> After her eviction, Kamal Haasan suggested her "boring" character may have worked against her in the show but would help her in real life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2018/bigg-boss-tamil-season-2-weekend-recap-ramya-nsk-gets-evicted/articlecontent-pf258529-275576.html|title = Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2 Weekend Recap: Ramya NSK Gets Evicted from Kamal Haasan's Show!|date = 23 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-interview-insider-details-from-nsk-ramya-news-tamil-sh1pX7ifegjbf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728021601/http://www.sify.com/movies/bigg-boss-tamil-interview-insider-details-from-nsk-ramya-news-tamil-sh1pX7ifegjbf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2018|title = Bigg Boss Tamil Interview: Insider details from NSK Ramya|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2017, Ramya married Arjun, but they divorced later that year.

In September 2019, Ramya married serial actor Sathya, and she gave birth to a baby boy in July 2020.

==Discography==
=== Tamil ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music director
!Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008
!''[[Pandhayam (2008 film)|Pandhayam]]''
| "Lusimbara" || [[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Vijay Antony]], Christopher
|-
!''[[Oru Ponnu Oru Paiyan]]''
| "Yaanai Pasi" || [[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
!''[[Kadhalil Vizhundhen]]''
| "Unakenna Naan" || P. V. Prasath
|Vijay Antony
|-
!''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]''
| "Adi Aathi" || [[D Imman|D. Imman]]
|[[Jassie Gift]], Timmy
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009
!''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]''
| "Karikaalan Rap" || rowspan="2" | [[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Suchith Suresan]], [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]
|-
!''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2009 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''
| "Sexy Lady"
|[[MK Balaji]], Sheba, Maya
|-
!''[[Irumbukottai Murattusingam]]''
| "Vellaikaari Nee" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|MK Balaji, Bhargavi
|-
!''[[A Aa E Ee (2009 Tamil film)|A Aa E Ee]]''
| "Dingi Tappu" || [[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Megha (singer)|Megha]], Sheba, Vinaya, Maya, Vijay Antony
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
!''[[Vandae Maatharam]]''
| "One Two Three" || [[D Imman|D. Imman]]
|Farazuddin, [[D. Imman]]
|-
!''[[Nagaram Marupakkam|Nagaram]]''
| "Theme Of Love" || [[Thaman]]
|
|-
!''[[Naanayam]]''
| "Aasa Aasa" || [[James Vasanthan]]
|Kannan, Megha, Sheba
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
!''[[Yuvan Yuvathi]]''
| "Un Kannai Paartha Piragu" || [[Vijay Antony]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
!''[[Mouna Guru]]''
| "Enna Idhu" || [[Thaman]]
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]
|-
!''[[Aanmai Thavarael]]''
| "Kadhal Adimazhai Kaalam" || Mariya Manohar
|[[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
! rowspan="2" |''[[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]]''
| "Sattru Munbu" || rowspan="2" | [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|-
| "Saayndhu Saayndhu"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2013
!''[[Udhayam NH4]]''
| "Indrodu Thadaigal" || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|-
!''[[Sillunu Oru Sandhippu]]''
| "Bul Bul Thara" || F.S.Faizal
|Sam P. Keerthan
|-
!''[[Ponmaalai Pozhudhu]]''
| "Masala Chicks" || [[C.Sathya]]
|
|-
!''[[Maranthen Mannithen]]''
| "En Ooru" || [[Ilaiyaraja|Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|-
!''Hi Da''
| "Janavary Mazhaiyil" || [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|-
!''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]''
| "Pom Pom Penne" || rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Rahul Nambiar
|-
!''[[Arrambam]]''
| "En Fuse Pochu"
|Karthik
|-
| rowspan="14" | 2014
!''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]''
| "Nee Vandhu Ponadhu" || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Bombay Jayashri|Bombay Jayashree]], Megha
|-
!''Vaaraayo Vennilaave''
| "Intha Iyelesa" || [[Karthik Raja]]
|
|-
!''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]''
| "Therindho Theriyaamalo" || rowspan="4" | [[Ilaiyaraja|Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Karthik
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Megha (2013 film)|Megha]]''
| "Kalvane"
|[[Haricharan]]
|-
| "Mugilo"
| rowspan="2" |Karthik
|-
| "Chellam Konjum"
|-
!''Manam Nilluna Nikkadhe''
| "Nenjodu Neeye" || RG Allen
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai]]''
| "Uyire Uyire" || rowspan="2" | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|-
| "Get Ready For My Mojo"
|[[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]''
| "Ennodu" || rowspan="2" | [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
| "Avan Ivan"
|
|-
!''[[Anegan]]''
| "YOLO - You Only Live Once" || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Shail Hada]], Richard, MC Vickey, Eden
|-
!''[[Amara (film)|Amara]]''
| "Ennenamo Nadakudhe" || [[D Imman|D. Imman]]
|Haricharan
|-
!''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]''
| "En Anbe" || [[Simon (music director)|Simon]]
|Vijay Prakash
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2015
!''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]''
| "Chakkan Chakka Chakkan" || [[Ilaiyaraja|Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|-
!''[[Snehavin Kadhalarkal]]''
| "Sevvaname" || R.Prabahar
|
|-
!''[[Sagaptham]]''
| "Vaada Vaada" || [[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Senthildass Velayutham|Senthil Dass]]
|-
!''[[Purampokku Engira Podhuvudamai]]''
| "Dhegam Thaakum" || [[Varshan]]
|K. Krishna Kumar
|-
!''[[Maanga]]''
| "Sriranjini" || [[Premji Amaran|Premgi Amaran]]
|[[Premgi Amaren]], [[T. L. Maharajan]], Hemambika
|-
!''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
| "A For Azhagirukku" || [[Vijay Antony]]
|
|-
!''[[Inji Iduppazhagi]]''
| "Size Sexy" || [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
!''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]''
| "Harmonic Thee" || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|
|-
!''[[Andhadhi]]''
| "Mazhai Azhaga" || Shamanth
|
|-
!''1 Pandhu 4 Run 1 Wicket''
| "Un Tholil" || [[Umesh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2016
!''[[Vizhithiru]]''
| "Vellai Irave" || [[Sathyan Mahalingam]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
!''[[Oyee]]''
| "Eden Garden" || [[Ilaiyaraja|Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Ranjith, Premjith
|-
!''[[Narathan]]''
| "Mayakara Manmadha" || [[Mani Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" |Karthik
|-
!''[[Oru Melliya Kodu]]''
| "Oru Melliya Kodu" || rowspan="2" | [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|-
!''[[Amma Kanakku]]''
| "Unakkum Enakkum"
|[[Vandana Srinivasan]]
|-
!''[[Iru Mugan]]''
| "Oh Maya" || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[N. C. Karunya]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
!''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]''
| "Vennila Thangachi" || [[D. Imman]]
| [[Nakash Aziz]]
|-
! ''[[Singam 3]]''
|"Mudhal Murai"
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
!''[[Varmaa]]''
|"Aazhiyin Nadhiye"
| [[Radhan]]
|
|-
!''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]''
|"Ennodu Va"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Rajaganapathy
|}

=== Telugu ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music director
|-
| 2009 ||''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam|Super Cowboy]]'' || "Thulle Dorasani" || [[G.V. Prakash]]
|-
| 2009 ||''[[Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam|Super Cowboy]]'' || "Rajasimham" || [[G.V. Prakash]]
|-
| 2009 ||''[[Udhayam NH4|NH4]]'' (Dubbed version) || "Nedika Manaku" || [[G.V. Prakash]]
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Ragada]]'' || "Okkadante" || [[Thaman]]
|-
| 2011 ||''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'' || "Ekkadekkada" || [[Thaman]]
|-
| 2011 ||''[[LBW: Life Before Wedding]]'' || "Teerale Vadhante" || Anil
|-
| 2011 ||''Life Before Wedding:LBW'' || "Hey Ento" || Anil
|-
| 2011 ||''[[Dookudu]]'' || "Poovai Poovai" || [[Thaman]]
|-
| 2011 ||''[[Dookudu]]'' || "Nee Dookudu" || [[Thaman]]
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' || "Yedhi Yedhi" || [[Ilaiyaraja]]
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Yeto Vellipoyindhi Manasu]]'' || "Inthakaalam" || [[Ilaiyaraja]]
|-
| 2012 ||''Mr.7'' || "Boostu Thaage" || [[Munna Kasi]]
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Body Guard]]'' || "Body Guard - Title Track" || [[Thaman]]
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]'' || "Gola Gola" || [[Thaman]]
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Om 3D]]'' || "Cheliya" || [[Achu Rajamani]]
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Gundello Godari]]'' || "Aa Eedhi Kurrodu" || [[Ilaiyaraja]]
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Chandee]]'' || "A Apple La" || Chinna/ N.R.Shankar
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' (Dubbed version) || "Pam Pam Pam" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Arrambam|Aata Arrambam]]'' (Dubbed version) || "Manasivvaka Maanukolevu" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Aadu Magaadra Bujji]]'' || "Oosi Nee Andalu" || [[Sri Kommineni]]
|-
| 2013 ||''555'' || "Rowdy Girls" || [[Simon (music director)|Simon]]
|-
| 2013 ||''555'' || "Prema Anna Vinthaloni" || [[Simon (music director)|Simon]]
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Un Samayal Arayil|Ulavacharu Biriyani]]'' || "Thelisi Theliyendhila" || [[Ilaiyaraja]]
|-
| 2014 ||''Nene'' || "Ninninka Chudavu" || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Anegan|Anekudu]]'' (Dubbed version) || "Yolo" || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| 2015 ||''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]'' || "Petromaxu Lightingu" || [[Kalyan Koduri]]
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]'' || "Saradaale" || [[Ilaiyaraja]]
|-
| 2019 ||''[[Mr. Majnu]]'' || "Mr. Majnu" (title track) || [[S. Thaman]]
|}

=== Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music director
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Anna Bond]]'' || "Anna Bond - Title Track" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| 2013 || rowspan="3"|''[[Whistle (2013 film)|Whistle]]'' || "Pala Pala" || [[Joshua Sridhar]]
|-
| 2013 || "Oora Mandhi - Remix" || [[Joshua Sridhar]]
|-
| 2013 || "Oora Mandhi" || [[Joshua Sridhar]]
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Oggarane]]'' || "Manadi Belagayithe" || [[Ilaiyaraja]]
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Viraat (film)|Viraat]]'' || "Ivanobba Olle Uduga" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || "Betagaara Nobba" || [[V. Harikrishna]]
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Game (2016 film)|Game]]'' || "Ondhu Manjina Bindhu" || Illayaraja
|}

=== Malayalam ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Music director
|-
| 2006 ||''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' || "As We All Know" || [[Mejo Joseph]]
|-
| 2009 ||''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]'' (Dubbed version) || "Ka Karuppa" || [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Vandae Maatharam|Vande Mataram]]'' || "One Two Three" || [[D Imman]]
|}

=== English ===
*''[[Love & Love Only]]'' (2015)

===Television===
*''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2]]'' – Evicted Day 35
*''[[Mr and Mrs Chinnathirai]] Season 2'' – Top 7
*''BB Jodigal''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Tamil}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Anil Radhakrishnan Menon

2026-02-19T08:28:19Z

ZEKSheryl225755: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Anil Radhakrishnan Menon
| image = Anil Radhakrishnan Menon.jpg
| native_name_lang = ml
| birth_date = 22 October 1969<ref>{{cite web |title=Anil Radhakrishnan Menon |url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/2075590/ |website=elCinema |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ottapalam]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse = Sarada
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Radhakrishnan Palat|Jayasree}}
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Government Victoria College, Palakkad]]|Zamorin's Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode}}
}}

'''Anil Radhakrishnan Menon''' (born 22 October 1969) is an Indian film director who works in the Malayalam film industry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anil Radhakrishnan Menon |url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/2075590/ |website=elCinema |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
Menon began his professional career by directing television commercials before transitioning to feature films.<ref>{{cite news |title=I see myself as audience first: Anil Radhakrishnan Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-see-myself-as-audience-first-anil-radhakrishnan-menon/articleshow/43527784.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>

He made his directorial debut with ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' (2013), starring [[Fahadh Faasil]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. The film received the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam and the Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Never expected a National Award for my first film: Anil Radhakrishnan Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/never-expected-a-national-award-for-my-first-film-anil-radhakrishnan-menon/articleshow/33866573.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref>

His second film, ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' (2014), received generally positive critical responses and was discussed as part of the Onam season releases that year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sapthamashree Thaskaraha review roundup |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sapthamashree-thaskaraha-review-round-opens-positive-reviews-608535 |work=International Business Times |date=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mixed bag of fortunes for Mollywood in Onam season |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mixed-bag-of-fortunes-for-mollywood-in-onam-season/article6431187.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 September 2014}}</ref>

Menon later directed ''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' (2015), an adventure drama, and ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' (2018), a sports comedy film set in Thrissur that focused on community participation and governance.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[North 24 Kaatham]]'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]'' || Ensemble crime comedy
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]'' || Adventure drama
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || Sports comedy drama
|}

== Personal life ==
Menon is married to Sarada. He was born to Radhakrishnan Palat and Jayasree. Details of his personal life have largely remained private and are not extensively covered by independent sources.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Anil Radhakrishnan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:People from Ottapalam]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

M. T. Vasudevan Nair

2026-02-17T10:03:28Z

ZEKSheryl225755: added article further and added references

{{Short description|Indian author, screenplay writer and film director (1933–2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = M. T. Vasudevan Nair
| pseudonym =
| image = MT Vasudevan Nair.jpg
| birth_name = Madath Thekkepaattu Vasudevan Nair
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|7|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kudallur|Kudallur, British Malabar]], [[Madras Presidency]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|12|25|1933|7|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Novelist, [[short story writer]], [[screenplay writer]], film director
| language = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| alma_mater = [[Victoria College, Palakkad]]
| genre = Novel, short story, children's literature, [[travel literature|travelogue]], essays
| subject = Social aspects, Oriented on the basic Kerala family and cultures
| notableworks = {{bulleted list|
| ''[[Naalukettu (novel)|Naalukettu]]''
| ''[[Randamoozham]]''
| ''[[Manju (novel)|Manju]]''
| ''[[Kaalam (novel)|Kaalam]]''
| ''[[Asuravithu (novel)|Asuravithu]]''
| ''[[Iruttinte Athmavu]]'' }}
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list |{{marriage|Prameela|1961|1976|reason=divorce}}
|{{marriage|[[Kalamandalam Saraswathi]]|1977}} }}
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Vibhushan]]|[[Padma Bhushan]]|[[Kerala Jyothi]]|[[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]]|[[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award]]|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]}}
| signature = M. T. Vasudevan Nair signature.jpg
| signature_alt = The signature of M. T. Vasudevan Nair
| caption = M.T. in 2015
}}

'''Madath Thekkepaattu Vasudevan Narayanan Nair''' (15 July 1933 – 25 December 2024) was an Indian author, lecturer, [[Screenwriter|screenplay writer]], filmmaker and literary statesman. He was a prolific and versatile writer in modern [[Malayalam literature]], and was one of the masters of post-Independence Indian literature. ''[[Randamoozham]]'', which retells the story of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' from the point of view of [[Bhima]]sena, is widely credited as his masterpiece.

At the age of 20, as a chemistry undergraduate, he won the prize for the best short story in Malayalam for ''Valarthumrigangal'' at World Short Story Competition jointly conducted by ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', and ''[[Mathrubhumi]]''. His first major novel, ''[[Naalukettu (novel)|Naalukettu]]'' (''The Legacy''), written at the age of 23, won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1958. His other novels include ''[[Manju (novel)|Manju]]'' (''Mist''), ''[[Kaalam (novel)|Kaalam]]'' (''Time''), ''[[Asuravithu (novel)|Asuravithu]]'' (''The Demon Seed''), and ''Randamoozham'' (''The Second Turn''). The emotional experiences of his early days went into his novels, and most of his works are oriented towards the basic Malayalam family structure and culture. His three novels set in traditional ''[[tharavad]]s'' in Kerala are ''[[Naalukettu (novel)|Naalukettu]]'', ''[[Asuravithu (novel)|Asuravithu]]'', and ''[[Kaalam (novel)|Kaalam]]''.

MT was a screenwriter and director of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]]. He directed seven films and wrote the screenplay for around 54 films. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] four times, for: ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' (1989), ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'' (1991), ''[[Sadayam]]'' (1992), and ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]'' (1994), which is the most by anyone in the screenplay category. In 1995 he was awarded the highest literary award in India, [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]], for his overall contribution to Malayalam literature. In 2005, India's third-highest civilian honour, [[Padma Bhushan]], was awarded to him. He died in [[Kozhikode]] on 25 December 2024. In 2025, he received [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian honour, [[posthumous award|posthumously]].

==Early life and education ==
[[File:Wikisangamolsavam 2015 MT Vasudevan Nair DSC05049.JPG|thumb|M.T. Vasudevan Nair at Malayalam Wikipedia annual meetup 2015]]

Madath Thekkepaattu Vasudevan Narayanan Nair<ref name =kdaily>{{cite web |title=End of an era: Malayalam's beloved writer MT Vasudevan Nair passes away |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |date=25 December 2024 |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1449813&u=malayalams-dear-writer-mt-vasudevan-nair-passes-away-1449813 |access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref> was born on 15 July 1933<ref>{{cite web | title=Celebrating MT Vasudevan Nair's 91st birthday: A tribute to Kerala's literary icon | website=Mathrubhumi | date=15 July 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/celebrating-mt-vasudevan-nairs-ninety-first-birthday-a-tribute-to-keralas-literary-icon-1.9727078 | access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> in the village of [[Kudallur]], then in [[Ponnani Taluk]] (now in [[Pattambi Taluk]], [[Palakkad District]]).<ref>{{cite web | title=MT Vasudevan Nair, doyen of lyrical nostalgia, passes away | website=Onmanorama | date=25 December 2024 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/12/25/mt-vasudevan-nair-malayalam-writer-lyricist-director-passes-away.html | access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> His birthplace fell under [[Malabar District]] in erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]] of the [[British Raj]]. He was the youngest of four children born to T. Narayanan Nair and Ammalu Amma.<ref name=Mathrubhumi1>{{cite news|date=29 August 2010 |title=എം.ടി .വാസുദേവന്നായര് |trans-title=M.T. Vasudevan Nair |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/static/about/award/story.php?id=122679 |language=ml |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |location=[[Kozhikode, India]] |access-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721001802/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/static/about/award/story.php?id=122679 |archive-date=21 July 2015 }}</ref> His father was in [[Ceylon]], and he spent his early days in Kudallur and in his father's house in [[Punnayurkulam]], a village in the present-day [[Thrissur district]].<ref name=Mathrubhumi1/> Although his family did not nurture an interest in reading, Nair started writing at an early age and had his work published in magazines.<ref name=bbc/>

MT attended Malamakkavu Elementary School and then Kumaranelloor High School. He had to break education after high school, and when he joined college in 1949, he was advised to opt for the science stream as it was felt that a degree in science secured a job faster than any other degree.<ref name=Tribune1>{{cite news |date=17 April 2005 |title=Man with the Midas touch|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050417/spectrum/book8.htm |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|location=[[Chandigarh|Chandigarh, India]] |access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> He obtained a degree in chemistry from [[Victoria College, Palakkad]] in 1953.<ref name=Tribune1/><ref name=bbc>{{cite web |title=MT Vasudevan Nair: Celebrated Indian author dies at 91 |website=BBC |date=25 December 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czr3kdn7pv3o |access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>

MT taught mathematics in [[Pattambi]] Board High School and [[Chavakkad]] Board High School for over a year and worked in M.B. Tutorial College, Palakkad during 1955–56.<ref name=Mathrubhumi2/> He also worked as a gramasevakan at a block development office in [[Taliparamba]], [[Kannur]] for a few weeks before joining ''[[Mathrubhumi Weekly]]'' as subeditor in 1957.<ref name=Tribune1/><ref name=bbc/>

==Literary career==

===Short stories===
[[File:M T Vasudevan nair.jpg|thumb|M.T. Vasudevan Nair]]
MT began writing at a very young age, inspired by his elder brothers who wrote time and again in several literary journals and poet [[Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri]] who was his senior at high school.<ref name=Mathrubhumi2/> He initially wrote poems but soon changed to prose writing.<ref name=Mathrubhumi2/> His first published work was an essay on the diamond industry of ancient India, titled "Pracheenabharathathile Vaira Vyavasayam", which appeared in ''Keralakshemam'', a biweekly published by C. G. Nair from [[Guruvayoor]]. His first story "Vishuvaghosham" was published in [[Madras]]-based ''Chitrakeralam'' magazine in 1948. The story explores the feelings of a boy too poor to have [[firecracker]]s of his own, as he stands listening to the sounds of crackers coming from the houses of the rich celebrating the new year festival of [[Vishu]]: an overwhelming sense of loss, the painful realisation that this is the way things are and the way they're likely to stay.<ref name=Grist>{{cite news |author=Kala Krishnan Ramesh |date=9 October 2013 |title=Why Kerala Loves MT Vasudevan Nair |url=https://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/why-kerala-loves-mt-vasudevan-nair-064735073.html |work=Grist Media|publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> His first book, ''Raktham Puranda Manaltharikal'' was published in 1952.<ref name=Mathrubhumi1/>

MT's first literary prize came to him while he was a student at Victoria College, Palakkad – his short story "Valarthumrigangal" (Pet Animals) won first prize in the World Short Story Competition conducted by ''The New York Herald Tribune'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', and ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' in 1954.<ref name=Tribune1/> It was a short story delineating the pathetic plight of circus artistes. The numerous stories that followed dealt with themes culled from widely different milieus and contexts but were uniformly successful and popular.<ref name=Tribune1/>

The noted collections of his stories are ''Iruttinte Athmavu, Olavum Theeravum, Bandhanam, Varikkuzhi, Dare-e-Salam, Swargam Thurakkunna Samayam, Vaanaprastham'' and ''Sherlock''.<ref name=malayalee.com>{{cite news |date=15 July 2013 |title=എണ്പതിന്റെ നിറവില് എംടി വാസുദേവന് നായര് |url=http://malayalee.com.au/?p=29559 |language=ml |publisher=Malayalee.com.au |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717153932/http://malayalee.com.au/?p=29559 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "[[Iruttinte Athmavu]]" ("Soul of Darkness"), one of the most celebrated among his short stories, is the heart wrenching story of a 21-year-old man, regarded as a lunatic by everyone and treated abominably. The story reveals the insanity behind the civilised and supposedly sane world. The story "Sherlock" moves between the rural milieu familiar to MT's readers and the sophisticated world of Indian immigrants in the US, highlighting the contrast between them with subtle irony. Nair wrote passionately of the cruelty hidden at the heart of a seemingly idyllic rural life ("Kurukkante Kalyanam" or "The Jackal's Wedding" and "Shilalikhithangal" or "Stone Inscriptions") and of the privations endured by those dependent on the agricultural cycle ("Karkitakom" and "Pallivalum Kalchilambum" or "Sacred Sword and Anklets"). In the story "Vanaprastham", he studies the delicately balanced relationship between a teacher and a student that has miraculously survived the years.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 July 2023 |title=മലയാളിക്കു മറക്കാനാവാത്ത ഇരുട്ടിന്റെ ആത്മാവിന്റെ രോദനം|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2023/07/07/remembering-the-short-story-iruttinte-athmavu-by-mt-vasudevan-nair.html|work=[[Manorama Online]]|language=Ml |access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

MT was of the opinion that short story is a genre in which a writer can achieve near perfection. He, along with [[T. Padmanabhan]], served as bridges between the early modern short story writers in Malayalam, of the so-called renaissance, and the new short story of the late fifties and sixties.<ref name=Ayyappapanicker/>

===''Naalukettu'' and ''Asuravithu''===
{{Main|Naalukettu (novel)|Asuravithu (novel)}}
MT's debut novel ''Pathiravum Pakalvelichavum'' (''Midnight and Daylight'') was serialised in ''[[Mathrubhumi Weekly]]'' in 1957.<ref name=Mathrubhumi1/> His first major work ''Naalukettu'' (''The Legacy''; 1958) is a veritable depiction of the situation which prevailed in a typical joint family when its fortunes is on a steady decline. The title attributes to [[Nālukettu]], a traditional ancestral home (''Taravad'') of a [[Nair]] joint family. The novel remains a classic in Malayalam fiction. It contributed to the renewal of a literary tradition initiated by [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]], [[Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer]] and [[Uroob]] in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|date=26 June 1999|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/159 159]|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref> It was given the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award in 1959. It has had 23 reprints and was translated into 14 languages and had a record sale of a half a million copies (as of 2008) and still features in the best-seller lists.<ref>K. Kunhikrishnan (6 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080107014821/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2008/01/06/stories/2008010650100300.htm "Caught in the cusp of change"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130706034558/http://www.hindu.com/br/2003/01/21/stories/2003012100070301.htm "'Nalukettu' a landmark work, says Baby"]. ''[[The Hindu]]''. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</ref> MT himself adapted the novel into a [[television film]] for [[Doordarshan]] in 1995. It won the Kerala State Television Award for the year 1996.<ref name=DCB>[http://www.dcbooks.com/publishing-screenplay-of-m-t-vasudevan-nairs-nalukett.html "നാലുകെട്ടിന്റെ തിരക്കഥ വരുന്നു"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518224345/http://www.dcbooks.com/publishing-screenplay-of-m-t-vasudevan-nairs-nalukett.html |date=18 May 2014 }}. (in Malayalam). [[DC Books]]. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</ref>

''Asuravithu'' (''The Demon Seed''; 1972) which is set in a fictional Valluvanadan village named Kizhakkemuri can be considered almost as a sequel to ''Naalukettu''. It has the same geophysical and socio-cultural setting. The novel describes the plight of the protagonist Govindankutty, the youngest son of a proud Nair tharavadu, as he is trapped between the social scenario, social injustice and his own inner consciousness. In ''Asuravithu'' there are clear indications of the damaging impact of an alien culture in the pollution of the indigenous culture and the disintegration of the family and the community. These two early novels—''Naalukettu'' and ''Asuravithu''—depict a phase in which the economic and cultural scenario of Kerala manifested symptoms which were to develop into dangerous ecocidal tendencies at a later stage.<ref>[http://www.mtvasudevannair.com/creationsDetail.php?creations_id=12 "Novel and Short Story to the Present Day"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508190145/http://www.mtvasudevannair.com/creationsDetail.php?creations_id=12 |date=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

===''Manju'' and ''Kaalam''===
{{Main|Manju (novel)|Kaalam (novel)}}

His later novels, such as ''Manju'' (''Mist''; 1964) and ''Kaalam'' (''Time''; 1969), are characterised by profuse lyricism which cannot be found in ''Naalukettu'' or ''Asuravithu''. The eco-feminist theme of patriarchal domination and exploitation gained more prominence in ''Manju'', MT's only novel with a female protagonist (Vimala). Set in the splendid landscape of [[Nainital]], it stands apart as set in a milieu different from the usual one, the Valluvanadan village. The plot of the novel is allegedly similar to a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] story ''Parinde'' (Birds, 1956), by [[Nirmal Verma]]. However, both MT and Verma had rejected these claims.<ref>{{cite journal| title= The two literary stars of Malayalam stand accused of plagiarism. Or, is envy is the motive? |journal=[[India Today]]|author= M. G. Radhakrishnan |volume=26 |page=109 |date=10 September 2001 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/controversy/story/20010910-literary-stars-of-malayalam-m-t-vasudevan-nair-paul-zacharia-stand-accused-of-plagiarism-774182-2001-09-09 |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

In the novel ''Kaalam'', MT returned to his favourite milieu, the dilapidated joint-family Nair tarwad set against the wider backdrop of the Valluvanadan village in the backdrop of the crumbling matrilineal order of Kerala in a newly independent India. Sethu, the protagonist, is toppled over by the eddies of social, cultural and economic transformation. ''Kaalam'', though not strictly autobiographical, has a strong autobiographical element in it. ''Manju'' had a film adaptation in 1983, written and directed by MT himself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/mtvasu.html |title=M. T. Vasudevan Nair: Manju |publisher=Cinemaofmalayalam.net |access-date=30 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019083818/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/mtvasu.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> The novel also had a [[Hindi-language]] film adaptation titled ''Sharad Sandhya''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt3509728/|title=Sharad Sandhya|publisher=IMDB|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>

===''Randamoozham''===
{{Main|Randamoozham}}

''Randamoozham'' (''The Second Turn''; 1984), retells the story of the ''[[Mahabharatha]]'' from the point of view of [[Bhima]]sena, supposed to be the son of [[Vayu]]; this is demystified or demythified in the novel. In this novel, Bhima gains, through the author's ironic undertones, a new psychological depth. "I have not changed the framework of the story by the first Vyasa, Krishna-Dwaipayana. I have read between his lines and expanded on his pregnant silences," says the author.<ref name=profile1>{{cite web|url=http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2004/m.-t.-vasudevan-nair|title=M. T. Vasudevan Nair |website =Internationals Literaturfestival Berlin |language=de|publisher=Literaturfestival.com|access-date=12 July 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140219201522/http://www.literaturfestival.com/participants/authors/2004/m.-t.-vasudevan-nair/ |archive-date =19 February 2014 }}</ref>

===''Varanasi''===
MT's novel ''Varanasi'' (2002) is based around a journey to [[Varanasi]], a pilgrim centre in North India.<ref>Gopikrishnan Kottoor (1 March 2014). [http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/transience-of-human-love/article5740413.ece "Transience of human love"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 9 March 2014.</ref> With no intricate plot, the novel is an experiment. It was well received in the literary circles but received criticism from critic and painter [[M. V. Devan]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Vasudevan-Nair-sues-critic/articleshow/13691144.cms "Vasudevan Nair sues critic"]. ''The Times of India''. 21 June 2002. Retrieved 9 March 2014.</ref>

===Other works===
MT wrote the novel ''[[Arabi Ponnu]]'' (''The Gold of Arabia'') along with [[N. P. Mohammed]]. Nair and Mohamed stayed in a rented house in Karuvarakkundu village, [[Malappuram]] for a period of two weeks to complete this work.<ref name="Manorama1">{{cite web |last1=Premkumar |first1=E.K |title='അറബിപ്പൊന്നി'ന് 60 വയസ്സ്. |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2020/07/11/sunday-60th-anniversary-for-arabipponnu.html |website=manoramaonline.com |publisher=Manorama |access-date=28 September 2020 |ref=Published on 12 July 2020 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912075815/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/2020/07/11/sunday-60th-anniversary-for-arabipponnu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

MT authored two books on the craft of writing—''Kaathikante Panippura'' and ''Kaathikante Kala''—and his anecdotal columns articles on various topics and speeches on different occasions have been compiled under the titles ''Kilivaathililude, Kannanthalippookkalude Kaalam, Vakkukalude Vismayam'' and ''Eekakikalude Sabdam''. ''Manushyar Nizhalukal'' and ''Aalkkoottathil Thaniye'' are his travelogues.<ref>{{cite web|title=M.T. Vasudevan Nair: A life that touched Malayalam literature and cinema|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mt-vasudevan-nair-a-life-that-touched-malayalam-literature-and-cinema/article69027085.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 December 2024|last1=Jayanth |first1=A. S. }}</ref>

==Other activities==
MT occupied many important positions in various literary bodies, including the presidency of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] and the chairmanship of Tunchan Memorial Trust.<ref name=lc/>

MT joined the [[Mathrubhumi|Mathrubhumi Group of Publications]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|title=MT Vasudevan Nair opens up about his early days at Mathrubhumi|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/mathrubhumi-100-years/mt-vasudevan-nair-opens-up-about-his-early-days-at-mathrubhumi-1.7346212|website=Mathrubhumi|date=15 March 2022 |access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mathrubhumi to honour MT Vasudevan Nair as he turns 90|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/mathrubhumi-to-honour-mt-vasudevan-nair-on-his-90th-birthday-1.8705935|website=Mathrubhumi|date=6 July 2023 |access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref> He served as editor of periodicals and chief editor of ''[[Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]]''.<ref name="mt-the-writer-was-not-mt-the-editor">{{cite web|title='MT the writer was not MT the editor|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/mt-the-writer-was-not-mt-the-editor-1.10196857|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>

He espoused and promoted [[secularism]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-26 |title=A river runs through it: The world of MT Vasudevan Nair |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/world-of-mt-vasudevan-nair-8910678/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> through his literature, cinema, and public life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-31 |title=M.T. took an uncompromising stand against communal forces: Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mt-took-an-uncompromising-stand-towards-communal-forces-chief-minister-pinarayi-vijayan/article69047530.ece |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nair created secular intellectual movement in Kerala in the 1990s for peace with many intellectuals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-05 |title=Class, Caste And Communism: An Interview With J. Reghu{{!}} Countercurrents |url=https://countercurrents.org/2023/04/class-caste-and-communism-an-interview-with-j-reghu/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=countercurrents.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Film career==
[[File:M.T. Vasudevan Nair.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Nair along with [[Ramachandra Babu]], who served as cinematographer in many of his films.]]
MT is one of the most distinguished and well accepted script writers and directors in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name=Akademi>{{cite journal |journal=Malayalam Literary Survey |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=April–September 2010 |editor=P. Vatsala |editor-link=P. Valsala |editor2=Purushan Kadalundi |editor3=K. P. Ramanunni |editor3-link=K. P. Ramanunni |editor4=Prabha Varma |editor5=Subhash Chandran |editor5-link=Subhash Chandran |editor6=V. C. Harris |editor7=V. N. Asokan |title=The poetic radiance in Malayalam screenplays: A study of the film-scripts of M.T. Vasudevan Nair |author= Anand Kavalam |pages=51–58}}</ref> He has directed seven films and written the screenplay for around 54 films. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] four times for: ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' (1989), ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'' (1991), ''[[Sadayam]]'' (1992), and ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]'' (1994), which is the most by anyone in the screenplay category.<ref name=Master/>

MT wrote his first screenplay in 1965 for ''[[Murappennu]]'', at the behest of producer Shobhana Parameswaran Nair. The film was an adaptation of his story "Snehathinte Mukhangal". ''The Hindu'' described it as "a well-made film with a compelling plot" and as "one of the most significant films in the history of Malayalam cinema".<ref>P. K. Ajith Kumar (2 June 2016). [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/murappennu-mts-first-screenplay-turns-50/article8679756.ece "Murappennu, MT's first screenplay, turns 50"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 30 June 2016.</ref>

MT was the first and foremost script writer in Malayalam who wrote screenplays after having learnt cinema as a distinctive visual art which has its own language, grammar and structure.<ref name=Akademi/> It was only after he began writing screenplays the Malayali viewers began to consider [[film script]] as a distinctive genre which has its own genuine features. Also, it was M.T who elevated this medium of writing as a literary form.<ref name=Akademi/>

MT's screenplays have won social attention for the portrayal of the social and cultural crisis in the contemporary life of Kerala. The
disintegration of human values and relationship which creates identity crisis, sense of loss, dehumanisation, alienation from one's own surroundings, etc. have been presented in its depth by Nair more than any other writers. The best examples are ''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]'', ''Varikkuzhi'', ''[[Vilkkanundu Swapnangal]]'', Sadayam, Asuravithu, ''Edavazhiyile Poocha Mindappoocha'', ''Akshrangal'', ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]'', ''Aaroodam'' etc.<ref name=Akademi/> A salient aspect of Nair's screenplays is the effective presentation of the ecological or geographical factors and elements making use of the visual possibilities of their portrayal.<ref name=Akademi/> Another unique feature is the language employed in them. Some of his screenplays are known for giving new interpretations to historical characters and historical stories. For instance, he gives the legends woven around the popular story of [[Perumthachan]] a new interpretation in [[Perumthachan (film)|his screenplay]], based on his own assessment of Perumthachan's character.<ref>Nimi Kurian (5 November 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20051130033140/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2005/11/06/stories/2005110600180400.htm "Powerful story of love"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</ref> According to the folklore [[Vadakkanpattu]] (Northern Ballads), Chandu is said to have betrayed his cousin because he was jealous of Aaromal's popularity and abilities. But Nair's ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'',<ref name=Master/> set in 16th-century Kerala,<ref name=bbc/> presents an alternative version of the same legend, as it presents the incident from Chandu's perspective, suggesting that grave injustice has been done to Chandu by wrongly accusing him of replacing the rivets.<ref name=Akademi/>

In 1973, MT made his directorial debut with ''[[Nirmalyam]]'' which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/15/stories/2005031514720300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105124428/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/15/stories/2005031514720300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=P.J. Antony remembered|date=15 March 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 May 2014|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The film is about a village oracle whose services are no longer needed by the community and whose family begins to fall apart.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/143869/Nirmalyam/overview|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711162951/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/143869/Nirmalyam/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Brian Whitener|title=Nirmalyam (1973)|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> Nair scripted and directed many more films including the award-winning ''[[Bandhanam]]'', ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'' and ''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]''. ''Kadavu'' won awards at the [[Singapore International Film Festival]] and [[Tokyo International Film Festival]].<ref name=Master>M. G. Radhakrishnan (15 February 1996). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19960215-madathu-thekkeppattu-vasudevan-nair-a-masters-of-post-independence-indian-literature-834831-1996-02-14 "Winner all the way"]. ''[[India Today]]''. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</ref> His cinema work also includes three documentaries and one TV series. He has written songs for the 1981 film ''[[Valarthumrugangal]]'' which were set to tune by [[M. B. Sreenivasan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/valarthumrugangal-1981/article6845239.ece/|title=Valarthumrugangal (1981)|date=1 February 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=13 February 2015|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

MT was the chairman of Indian Panorama of the [[46th National Film Awards]] (1998).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm46NFAAward.aspx|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091624/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm46NFAAward.aspx|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has also been a member of [[Film Finance Corporation]], [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]] and Film Censoring Committee. He has also served as a faculty in the [[Film and Television Institute]], Pune.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2014/m-t-vasudevan-nair-bags-j-c-daniel-award-160017.html|title=M T Vasudevan Nair Bags J C Daniel Award|date=1 February 2015|work=Filmibeat|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>

==Literary style and themes==
[[File:MT Vasudevan Nair.jpg|thumb|M.T. Vasudevan Nair]]
MT was born and brought up in a sylvan village on the banks of Nila. The writer has so often acknowledged his indebtedness to the ethos of his village and to Nila which has ever been the mainspring of his creative inspiration. Nila occurs and re-occurs in Nair's fiction, as a presence and as a symbol, endorsing this view.<ref>[http://www.keralatourism.org/malabar/nila-kerala-culture.php "Nila and its Cultural influence"]. Keralatourism.org. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.keralatourism.org/leadinglights/m-t-vasudevan-nair/20 "M .T. Vasudevan Nair"]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Keralatourism.org. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref> The staple locale of his fiction is the Valluvanadan village. The landscape and ethos of the Valluvanad region and the transformations undergone by them in the course of the century, involving relics of the tarawad and the communal tensions provide a challenging theme for the highly evocative style of Vasudevan MT's narrative art. The temporal milieu of MT's fiction stretches over the second half of the twentieth century, a period of tremendous social, cultural and economic changes.<ref name=Ayyappapanicker>{{Cite book
| title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature
| author=K. Ayyappa Panicker
| author-link=K. Ayyappa Panicker
| publisher=Information & Public Relations Department, Kerala State
| date=November 1977
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Deep Focus, Volumes 6–7| year=1996 |publisher=Motion pictures |pages=13–14}}</ref>

It was in the sixties that MT rose to prominence as a writer. The phase of social realism had come to an end.<ref name=Ayyappapanicker/> In his opinion, class-war the ideal which had inspired the writers belonging to the preceding generation had almost lost its relevance by the time he entered the literary career. The prominent Malayalam writers of the pre-independence phase—[[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai|Thakazhi]], [[Vallathol]] and [[Kesavadev]]—were all stimulated by the progressive leftist ideals. They focussed their attention on social conflict as the theme for their writings—Conflict between capital and labour, between the landlord and the tenant, between the oppressor and the oppressed. MT felt that this theme of conflict was an outdated phenomenon in the context of present Kerala. The protagonists of MT are men out of society and at war with themselves, a sharp contrast to the heroes of Kesavadev or Thakazhi who fight a losing war against the hostile forces in the society. MT, in spite of his broad and deep sympathy for the marginalised, doesn't identify himself with any particular political ideology or movement.<ref name=Ayyappapanicker/>

==Personal life and death ==
MT married twice. He first married writer and translator Prameela in 1961. They separated after 15 years of marriage.<ref name=Mathrubhumi2>{{cite news
|date=8 November 2011 |title=ജീവിതരേഖ: എം.ടി .വാസുദേവന്നായര്
|trans-title=Life sketch: M.T. Vasudevan Nair
|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/index.php?id=228385&cat=824
|language=ml
|newspaper=Mathrubhumi
|location=[[Kozhikode, India]]
|access-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721073119/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/index.php?id=228385&cat=824
|archive-date=21 July 2015 }}</ref> He had a daughter from this marriage, Sithara, who works as a business executive in the United States.<ref name=Mathrubhumi2/>

In 1977 he married dance artist [[Kalamandalam Saraswathi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nrityalaya.net/kalamandalam-saraswathy/|title=Kalamandalam Saraswathy, Founder of Nrityalaya|publisher=nrityalaya|access-date=26 March 2015}}</ref> with whom he had a daughter, dancer Aswathy Nair.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nrityalaya.net/aswathy-and-srikanth/|title=Aswathy and Srikanth, the Torch Bearers of Nrityalaya|publisher=nrityalaya|access-date=26 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/daughters-tribute/article4916426.ece|title=Daughter's tribute|newspaper=The Hindu|author=P. K. Ajith Kumar|date=15 July 2013|access-date=19 October 2017}}</ref>

MT resided in ''Sithara'', Kottaram Road, [[Kozhikode]], named after his eldest daughter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noted writer MT Vasudevan Nair hospitalised, in critical condition |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Dec/20/noted-writer-mt-vasudevan-nair-hospitalised-in-critical-condition |website=Indian Express |author=Team Cinema Express |date=20 December 2024|access-date=20 December 2024 |language=en-in}}</ref>

He died on 25 December 2024, at the age of 91. He had been admitted to Baby Memorial Hospital in Kozhikode on 15 December due to breathing difficulties. Despite medical intervention, his condition worsened, and he suffered a [[cardiac arrest]], leading to his death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=എം ടി വാസുദേവൻ നായർ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/12/25/mt-vasudevan-nair-passed-away.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=Twentyfournews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="mt-vasudevan-nair-passes-away"/><ref name=bbc/><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi and LoP Rahul Gandhi express condolences on MT Vasudevan Nair's passing |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/pm-narendra-modi-and-lop-rahul-gandhi-express-condolences-on-mt-vasudevan-nair-s-passing-dmn-sp39u6 |work=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=M.T. Vasudevan Nair, Revered Indian Screenwriter and Literary Icon, Dies at 91 |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/obituaries-people-news/mt-vasudevan-nair-dead-indian-screenwriter-literary-icon-1236259882/ |work=Variety |date=26 December 2024}}</ref>

==Recognition, awards, and honours==
Nair is regarded as one of the masters of post-Independence Indian literature.<ref name=Master/><ref name=lc/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/mt-chronicles-of-a-culture-3562.html |title=MT: Chronicles of a Culture |author=((Google Mughal Tent)) |publisher=[[Jaipur Literature Festival]] |access-date=15 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715025434/https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/mt-chronicles-of-a-culture-3562.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/At-80-MT-Vasudevan-Nair-wants-to-do-more/2013/07/15/article1684852.ece |title=At 80, MT Vasudevan Nair wants to do more |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204128/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/At-80-MT-Vasudevan-Nair-wants-to-do-more/2013/07/15/article1684852.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He was bestowed with [[honorary degree|honorary D.Litt. degree]] by the [[Calicut University]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref name="mt-vasudevan-nair-passes-away">{{cite web|title=Jnanpith MT Vasudevan Nair passes away|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/mt-vasudevan-nair-passes-away-1.10196856|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>

As of 2016 the [[Library of Congress]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], United States, had a collection of 62 books authored by Nair (including some English translations) or about him.<ref name=lc>{{cite web|title=M. T. Vasudevan Nair – Malayalam writer|url=https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/mtvasudevannair.html| date=11 January 2016|website=Library of Congress|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>

===Honours===
* 1996: [[Honorary doctorate]] (D.Litt.) from [[University of Calicut]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|title=Honorary degree by Calicut University|publisher=[[University of Calicut]]|access-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107134605/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/news/formerdegreerecepients.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1996: Honorary doctorate from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20141005131914/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3408 "Mahatma Gandhi University"]. [[Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan Awards (2000–2009)|2005]]: [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2009) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510095705/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/LST-PDAWD.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=220|title=Padma Bhushan Awardees |publisher=India.gov.in|access-date=12 July 2012}}</ref>
* 2008: Honorary doctorate from [[Netaji Subhas Open University]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/honorary-doctorate-for-mt/article1231951.ece "Honorary doctorate for MT"]. ''The Hindu''. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2022: [[Kerala Awards]], instituted by the [[Government of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web|title=First 'Kerala Puraskarangal' declared: Kerala Jyothi for MT, Mammootty gets Kerala Prabha |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/10/31/kerala-puraskarangal-declared-mt-vasudevan-nair-kerala-jyothi-mammootty-kerala-prabha.html |work=[[Onmanorama]]|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>
* 2025: [[Padma Vibhushan]] ([[posthumous award|posthumously]]), India's second-highest civilian award<ref name="PV">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=MT Vasudevan Nair awarded Padma Vibhushan, PR Sreejesh to receive Padma Bhushan |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/01/25/padma-awards-2025-republic-day-president-awards.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[OnManorama|Malayala Manorama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MT Vasudevan Nair awarded Padma Vibhushan posthumously |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/mt-vasudevan-nair-awarded-padma-vibhushan-posthumously |website=The News Minute |language=en |date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

===Literary awards===
{{div col}}
* 1958: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]] – ''[[Naalukettu (novel)|Naalukettu]]''<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109145935/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/novel.htm |date=9 November 2013 }}. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1970: [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitya Academy Award]] – ''[[Kaalam (novel)|Kaalam]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |title=Kendra Sahitya Academy Awards (Malayalam) |publisher=Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]] |access-date=18 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524212356/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/awards.htm |archive-date=24 May 2007 }}</ref>
* 1982: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] – ''Gopura Nadayil''<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Play.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516212809/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Play.htm |date=16 May 2018 }}. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1985: [[Vayalar Award]] for ''[[Randamoozham]]''<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw27.htm "Vayalar Award"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1986: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] – ''Swargam Thurakkunna Samayam''<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Stories.htm "Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705154727/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Stories.htm |date=5 July 2017 }}. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1993: [[Odakkuzhal Award]] – ''Vanaprastham''<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/awards/173/ "ഓടക്കുഴല്‍ അവാര്‍ഡ്‌"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519012051/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/awards/173/ |date=19 May 2014 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1994: [[Muttathu Varkey Award]]<ref>[http://www.muttathuvarkey.com/ "Muttahthu Varkey"]. Muttathuvarkey.com. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1995: [[Jnanpith Award]] for his contributions to Malayalam literature<ref>{{cite web|title=Jnanpith Laureates|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|url=http://jnanpith.net/page/jnanpith-laureates|access-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218122436/http://www.jnanpith.net/page/jnanpith-laureates|archive-date=18 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1998: [[Padmarajan Award]] – ''Kaazhcha''<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw36.htm "Padmarajan Award"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2001: Bahrain Keraleeya Samajam Sahithya Award<ref>T. K. Devasia (9 November 2011). [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/darticlen.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/November/international_November341.xml&section=international "MT picks Kerala's top literary award"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518223949/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/darticlen.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/November/international_November341.xml&section=international |date=18 May 2014 }}. ''Khaleej Times''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2003: [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Lalithambika Antharjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award|Lalithambika Antharjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award]]<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw33.htm "Lalithambika Antharjanam Smaraka Sahitya Award"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2005: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Fellowship<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060924134134/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/24/stories/2005072406830300.htm "MT receives akademi fellowship"]. ''The Hindu''. 24 July 2005. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2005: [[Vallathol Award]]<ref>[http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/ml_aw26.htm "Vallathol Award"]. [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2005: [[Mathrubhumi Literary Award]]<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/awards/176/ "മാതൃഭൂമി സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരം"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519012045/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/awards/176/ |date=19 May 2014 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2011: [[Ezhuthachan Puraskaram|Ezhuthachan Award]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article2608958.ece "M.T. Vasudevan Nair chosen for Ezhuthachan Award"]. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2011: T. K. Puraskaram<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=123571 "TK Puraskaram to M T Vasudevan Nair"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608212636/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=123571 |date= 8 June 2012 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2011: Suvarnamudra Award<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=124563 "MT chosen for Boolokam Suvarnamudra award"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625114106/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=124563 |date=25 June 2012 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2011: Mayilpeeli Award<ref>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=129394 "Award presented to noted writer M T Vasudeavan Nair"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030064332/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=129394 |date=30 October 2012 }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2013: [[Sahitya Akademi]] Fellowship<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mt-gets-akademi-fellowship/article5641669.ece "MT gets Akademi fellowship"]. ''The Hindu''. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2013: Sree Chithira Thirunal Award<ref>[http://www.dcbooks.com/sree-chitra-tirunal-award-for-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html "എംടിക്ക് ശ്രീചിത്തിരതിരുനാള്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518225059/http://www.dcbooks.com/sree-chitra-tirunal-award-for-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html |date=18 May 2014 }}. DC Books. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2013: K. P. S. Menon Award<ref>[http://www.dcbooks.com/m-t-vasudevan-nair-bags-k-p-s-menon-award.html "എം.ടിയ്ക്ക് കെ.പി.എസ് മേനോന്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204163528/http://www.dcbooks.com/m-t-vasudevan-nair-bags-k-p-s-menon-award.html |date=4 December 2013 }}. DC Books. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2014: Nalappadan Award 2014 for his Holistic Contributions to Malayalam Literature (Nalappadan Memorial Cultural Society-NMCS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FAFW-uYE5No&list=PLs30RuTxXwBR_f5K7ppEZxAcetGrFyP0E&index=24&pp=iAQB|title=NMCS 2014 – നാലപ്പാടൻ അവാർഡ് – എം.ടി വാസുദേവൻ നായർ Saritha Asokan Nalapat|access-date=2 January 2015|publisher=Nalapadan Memorial Cultural Society}}</ref>
* 2014: Suvarnamudra Award by Guruvayur Naadha Brahmolsavam<ref>[http://www.dcbooks.com/naadha-brahmotsavam-award-for-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html "നാദബ്രഹ്‌മോത്സവം പുരസ്‌കാരം എംടിയ്ക്ക്"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518224309/http://www.dcbooks.com/naadha-brahmotsavam-award-for-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html |date=18 May 2014 }}. DC Books. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2014: A. R. Raja Raja Varma Award<ref>[http://www.dcbooks.com/a-r-award-for-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html "പ്രഥമ എആര്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം എംടി വാസുദേവന്‍ നായര്‍ക്ക്"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225151800/http://www.dcbooks.com/a-r-award-for-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html |date=25 February 2014 }}. DC Books. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2014: Kakkanadan Award<ref>[http://www.dcbooks.com/kakkanadan-award-to-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html "കാക്കനാടന്‍ പുരസ്‌കാരം എം.ടിയ്ക്ക്"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518224756/http://www.dcbooks.com/kakkanadan-award-to-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html |date=18 May 2014 }}. DC Books. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 2014: [[List of Malayalam literary awards#Balamani Amma Award|Balamani Amma Award]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/balamani-amma-award-for-mt/article6532267.ece "Balamani Amma award for MT"]. ''The Hindu''. 25 October 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.</ref>
* 2014: Tata-Landmark Literature Live! Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tata.in/company/releasesinside/Fifth-edition-of-Tata-Literature-Live-The-Mumbai-LitFest-culminates-with-the-felicitation-of-2014-award-winners|title=Fifth edition of Tata Literature Live! The Mumbai LitFest culminates with the felicitation of 2014 award winners|access-date=2 January 2015|publisher=[[Tata Group|TATA]]|archive-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102110112/http://www.tata.in/company/releasesinside/Fifth-edition-of-Tata-Literature-Live-The-Mumbai-LitFest-culminates-with-the-felicitation-of-2014-award-winners|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/landmark-lifetime-achievement-award-for-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html|title=ടാറ്റ ലാന്ഡ്മാര്ക്ക് പുരസ്‌കാരം എംടിക്ക്|trans-title=Tata-Landmark Lifetime Achievement Award for MT|language=ml|access-date=2 January 2015|publisher=[[DC Books]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102100729/http://www.dcbooks.com/landmark-lifetime-achievement-award-for-m-t-vasudevan-nair.html|archive-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Deviprasadam Trust Award|O.M.C. Narayanan Namboodiripad Memorial Devi Prasadam Trust's Award for Literature]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/award-for-writer/article6877071.ece/ "Award for writer"]. ''The Hindu''. 10 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref>
* 2015: Thakazhi Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcbooks.com/m-t-vasudevan-nair-bags-thakazhi-award.html|title=എം.ടി.വാസുദേവന് നായര്ക്ക് തകഴി പുരസ്‌കാരം|trans-title=M.T. Vasudevan Nair bags Thakazhi Award|language=ml|publisher=[[DC Books]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717175248/http://www.dcbooks.com/m-t-vasudevan-nair-bags-thakazhi-award.html|archive-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>
*2016: Deshabhimani Award<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/m-t-vasudevan-nair-gets-deshabhimani-award-116111501730_1.html|title=M T Vasudevan Nair gets Deshabhimani award|access-date=25 December 2024|website=Business Standard |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>
* 2018: [[O. N. V. Literary Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/m-t-vasudevan-nair-wins-onv-literary-prize-for-overall-contribution-to-malayalam/311663 |title=M.T Vasudevan Nair Wins ONV Literary Prize For Overall Contribution To Malayalam Literature |date=4 May 2018 |newspaper= [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |language=en-IN |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>
* 2024: Amar Ujala Aakashdeep Award<ref>[https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/authors-m-t-vasudevan-nair-vinod-kumar-shukla-to-be-honoured-with-lifetime-achievement-award-aakashdeep20240206201847/ "Authors M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Vinod Kumar Shukla to be honoured with lifetime achievement award 'Aakashdeep'"]. [[Asian News International|ANI]]. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</ref>
{{div col end}}

===Film awards===
====National Film Awards====
{{div col}}
Nair won the following [[National Film Awards]]:
* 1973: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]] – ''[[Nirmalyam]]''<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf|title=21st National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
* 1989: [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|title=37th National Film Awards|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
* 1991: [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
* 1991: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] – ''Kadavu''<ref name="39thawardPDF"/>
* 1992: [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Sadayam]]''<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
* 1994: [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]''<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/42nd_nff_1995.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
* 2000: [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]] – ''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]''<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

====Kerala State Film Awards====
{{div col}}
He won the following [[Kerala State Film Awards]]:
* 1970: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Olavum Theeravum]]''<ref name=StateAwards1>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm "Kerala State Film Award Winners (1969–1980)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}. Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1973: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – ''[[Nirmalayam]]''<ref name=StateAwards1/>
* 1973: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – ''[[Nirmalayam]]''<ref name=StateAwards1/>
* 1973: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Nirmalayam]]''<ref name=StateAwards1/>
* 1978: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – ''[[Bandhanam]]''<ref name=StateAwards1/>
* 1980: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – ''[[Oppol]]''<ref name=StateAwards1/>
* 1981: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''Thrishna'', ''Valarthu Mrigangal''<ref name=StateAwards2>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm "Kerala State Film Award Winners (1981–1990)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}. Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1983: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – ''Aaroodam''<ref name=StateAwards2/>
* 1985: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]''<ref name=StateAwards2/>
* 1986: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Panchagni]], [[Nakhakshathangal]]''<ref name=StateAwards2/>
* 1987: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]''<ref name=StateAwards2/>
* 1989: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragadha]]''<ref name=StateAwards2/>
* 1990: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Perumthachan]]''<ref name=StateAwards2/>
* 1991: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''<ref name=StateAwards3>[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm "Kerala State Film Award Winners (1991–1999)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234157/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards3.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}. Public Relations Department, [[Government of Kerala]]. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
* 1991: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''<ref name=StateAwards3/>
* 1991: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''<ref name=StateAwards3/>
* 1994: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – ''[[Sukrutham]]''<ref name=StateAwards3/>
* 1994: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]''<ref name=StateAwards3/>
* 1998: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screen Play|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Daya (film)|Daya]]''<ref name=StateAwards3/>
* 2000: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – ''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mass Media in India|year=2002|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|page=170}}</ref>
* 2009: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]''<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article391756.ece "'Pazhassi Raja' reigns supreme"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</ref>
{{div col end}}

====Kerala Film Critics Association Awards ====
{{div col}}
He also won [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]:<ref name="Critics Award">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 – 2012"]. [[Kerala Film Critics Association]]. Retrieved 28 January 2023.</ref>
* 1978: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Bandhanam]]''
* 1980: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Vilkkanundu Swapnangal]]''
* 1981: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – ''[[Valarthumrugangal]]''
* 1982: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – ''[[Vaarikuzhi]]''
* 1984: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]''
* 1985: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]''
* 1985: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Story|Best Story]] – ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]''
* 1994: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Sukrutham]]''
* 1997: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – ''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]''
{{div col end}}

====Other film awards====
Other film awards won by Nair include:
*1991: [[Filmfare Special Award – South]]<ref name="filmfare">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/lifetime-achievement-award-south-winners-down-the-years-6684.html|publisher=filmfare.com|title=Lifetime Achievement Award (South) winners down the years... | filmfare.com|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>
* 1992: [[Singapore International Film Festival]] – Special Jury Award – ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''<ref name=Kadavu>{{cite book |title=Kadavu |author=M.T. Vasudevan Nair |year=2012 |publisher=MaluBen}}</ref>
* 1992: [[Tokyo International Film Festival]] – Asia Future Prize – ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]''<ref name=Kadavu/>
* 1996: Kerala State Television Award – ''Naalukettu''<ref name=DCB/>
* 2003: [[Asianet Film Awards]] – [[Asianet Film Awards#Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]<ref>{{Cite video |title=Asianet Film Awards 2003 Exclusive |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0Czn5B-Hsw | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616015055/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0Czn5B-Hsw| archive-date=16 June 2014 | url-status=dead|publisher=[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>
* 2016: [[Asianet Film Awards]] – [[Asianet Film Awards#Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]<ref>[[Asianet Film Awards#Lifetime Achievement Award]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}
* 2013: [[J. C. Daniel Award]] by the [[Government of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|title=J.C. Daniel award for MT|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/jc-daniel-award-for-mt/article6439824.ece|access-date=15 January 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 September 2014}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
* {{Cite book |date=1958 |title=[[Naalukettu (novel)|Naalukettu]] (The Legacy) |publisher=Current |isbn=978-81-226-0727-7 |location=[[Thrissur]]}}
* {{Cite book |date= |title=Pathiravum Pakalvelichavum (Midnight and Daylight) |publisher= |year= |isbn=9788126409792 |location=Thrissur |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |author1=M. T. Vasudevan Nair |author2=[[N. P. Mohammed]] |date=1960 |title=[[Arabi Ponnu]] (The Gold of Arabia) |publisher=Current |isbn=978-81-713-0516-2 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |date=1962 |title=[[Asuravithu (novel)|Asuravithu]] (The Demon Seed) |publisher=Current |isbn=978-81-7130-331-1 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |date=1964 |title=[[Manju (novel)|Manju]] (Mist) |publisher=Current |location=Thrissur}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=cinemaofmalayalam.net |url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/mtvasu.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516230155/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/mtvasu.html |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=www.cinemaofmalayalam.net |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1969 |title= [[Kaalam (novel)|Kaalam]] (Time) |publisher=Current |location=Thrissur}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Rajan |first=P. K. |title=The Growth of the novel in India, 1950–1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-7017-259-8 |page=63}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1978 |title=Vilapayathra |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]] |isbn=978-8122611366 |location=[[Kottayam]]}}
* {{Cite book |date=1984 |title=[[Randamoozham]] (The Second Turn) |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]] |isbn=81-226-0731-4 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |date=2002 |title=Varanasi |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8122613674 |location=Thrissur}}

===Short story collections===
* {{Cite book |date=1952 |title=Raktham Puranda Mantharikal (Blood-soaked Sand) |publisher=Kalaradhaka Sangham |isbn=978-8122610550 |location=[[Palghat]]}} (Collection of 5 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1954 |title= Veyilum Nilavum (Sunlight and Moonlight) |publisher=Janatha Printing & Publishing House |location=[[Madras]] }}<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2024 |title=Details for: Veyilum nilavum / |url=https://catalogue.statelibrary.kerala.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=47248&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=78162 |website=STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY KERALA Online catalog}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1955 |title= Vedanayude Pookkal (Flowers of Sorrow) |publisher=Samadarsi |location=Palghat }}<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2024 |title=Vedanayude pookkal |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/305648 |website=University of Calicut Library Catalogue}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1956 |title=Ninte Ormakku (For Your Memories) |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8126422180 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 6 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1957 |title=Olavum Theeravum (Ripple and Shore) |publisher=Janatha |isbn=978-8122612028 |location=[[Trivandrum]]}} (Collection of 6 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1957 |title=Iruttinte Athmavu (The Soul of the Darkness) |publisher=Current |isbn=9788122608540 |location=Thrissur}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=B. Vijayakumar |date=8 April 2013 |title=Iruttinte Athmavu 1967 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/iruttinte-athmavu-1967/article4588266.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915112431/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/iruttinte-athmavu-1967/article4588266.ece |archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1959 |title=Kuttyedathy |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8122612837 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 5 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1960 |title= Nashtappetta Dinangal (Lost Days) |publisher=Current |location=Thrissur}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nashtappetta Dinangal {{!}} നഷ്ടപ്പെട്ട ദിനങ്ങൾ |url=http://catalogue.nirmalagiricollege.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=6795&query_desc=au%3ASholokhov%2C%20Mikhail%20%7C%20%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%2C%20%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD%20 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=[[Nirmalagiri College]] Koothuparamba Library & Information Center Online Library Catalogue |archive-date=4 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104181507/http://catalogue.nirmalagiricollege.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=6795&query_desc=au%3ASholokhov%2C%20Mikhail%20%7C%20%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%2C%20%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Collection of 5 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1963 |title=Bandhanam (The Binding) |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8130016238 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 5 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1966 |title=Kaliveedu (Playhouse) |publisher=Poorna |location=[[Calicut]] |asin=B096RQDM12}}<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Kaliveedu/ |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.328667/Versions |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref> (Collection of 5 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1966 |title=Pathanam (The Fall) |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8122611823 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 4 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1967 |title= Varikkuzhi (The Trap) | publisher=Current |location=Thrissur}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varikkuzhi (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XDZ/info |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (Collection of 5 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1968 |title=M.T.yude Thiranjedutha Kathakal |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8122609219 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 34 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdNlKpvwX5cC |title=Dar-S-Salam |publisher=Current |isbn=9788124000601 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 5 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1973 |title=Ajnjathante Uyaratha Smarakam |publisher=Current |isbn=9788122609219 |location=Thrissur}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=M.T. yude Theranjedutha Kathakal/ by M.T.Vasudevan Nair |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=613846 |access-date=31 December 2024 |via=[[University of Kerala]]| isbn=978-81-226-0921-9 }}</ref> (Collection of four stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1978 |title= Abhayam Thedi Veendum | publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]] |location=Kottayam}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2024 |title=Abhayam thedi veendum / by M. T. Vasudevan Nair |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Record/uoc.76338/Similar |website=STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY KERALA Online catalog}}</ref> (Collection of 3 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1980 |title=Swargam Thurakkunna Samayam (When the Heaven's Gates Open) |publisher=Poorna |isbn=978-8122612868 |location=Calicut}}
* {{Cite book |date=1992 |title=Vanaprastham (Into the Forest) |publisher=Current |isbn=9788122606300 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 4 stories)
* {{Cite book |date=1998 |title=Sherlek |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8122612844 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 4 stories)

===Children's literature===
* {{Cite book |date=1957 |title=Manikyakallu |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8171301782 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |date=1987 |title=Daya Enna Penkutty |publisher=Malayalam |isbn=978-8126421367 |location=Calicut}} With illustrations by [[N. P. Hafiz Mohamad]]
* {{Cite book |date=1993 |title=Thanthrakkari |publisher=Guru |isbn=978-8171309016 |location=Calicut}} With illustrations by Madanan

===Essays===
* {{Cite book |date=1992 |title=Kilivaathililude |publisher=August Books |isbn=9788126463718 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of essays)
* {{Cite book |date=1994 |title=Ekakikalude Sabdam |publisher=[[DC Books]] |isbn=8171303838 |location=Kottayam}} (Collection of essays and an interview with [[Toni Morrison]])
* {{Cite book |date=1998 |title=Ramaneeyam Oru Kaalam |publisher=Olive |isbn=978-8187480402 |location=Calicut}} (Collection of 34 essays in five parts)

===Memoirs===
* {{Cite book |date=2003 |title=Kannanthalippookkalude Kaalam |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8122613322 |location=Thrissur}} (Collection of 27 essays)
* {{Cite book |date=2003 |title=Snehadarangalode |publisher=Haritham |isbn=978-8122609073 |location=Calicut}} (Collection of memoirs about 19 persons and the screenplay for the documentary ''[[Thakazhi (film)|Thakazhi]]'')
* {{Cite book |date=2005 |title=Ammaykku |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8122613537 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |date=2010 |title=Chithratheruvukal |publisher=Olive |isbn=978-8122611380 |location=Calicut}}

===Plays===
* {{Cite book |date=1980 |title=Gopuranadayil |publisher=Poorna |isbn=978-9383155347 |location=Calicut}}

===Speeches===
* {{Cite book |author= |editor=[[M. N. Karassery]] |date=1999 |title= Vakkukalude Vismayam |publisher=Pappiyon |location=Calicut}}<ref>{{Cite book |date= |title=വാക്കുകളുടെ വിസ്‌മയം |trans-title=Vakkukalude vismayam |url=http://campuslib.keralauniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=220804 |access-date=31 December 2024 |via=[[University of Kerala]]|isbn=978-81-8266-655-9 }}</ref> (Collection of 32 speeches)
* {{Cite book |date=2011 |title=Jalakangalum Kavadangalum |publisher=Kairali Books |isbn=978-9381649732 |location=[[Kannur]]}} (Collection of speeches)

===Studies===
* {{Cite book |date=1963 |title=Kaathikante Panippura |publisher=Current |location=Thrissur |asin=B01N8VHN4I}}<ref>{{Cite book|date= |title=Kathikante panippura / by M. T. Vasudevan Nair |url=https://catalogue.statelibrary.kerala.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=28179&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=6340 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY KERALA Online catalog|isbn=978-81-264-2429-0 }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1964 |title=Hemingway: Oru Mukhavura |publisher=Current |isbn=9789386429896 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |date=1984 |title=Kaathikante Kala |publisher=[[DC Books]] |isbn=978-8122609226 |location=Kottayam}} (Collection of 7 essays)

===Translations===
* {{Cite book |author1=M. T. Vasudevan Nair |author2=[[N. P. Mohammed]] |date=2001 |title=Lokakatha |publisher=Pappiyon |isbn=978-8187474807 |location=Calicut}} (New edition of ''Jeevithathinte Granthathil Ezhuthiyath''. Also includes conversations between N. P. Mohammed and M. T. Vasudevan Nair)

===Travelogues===
* {{Cite book |date=1963 |title= Manushyar Nizhalukal | publisher=Mangalodayam |location=Thrissur}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manushyar nizhalukal / by M. T. Vasudevan Nair |url=https://catalogue.statelibrary.kerala.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=38197&shelfbrowse_itemnumber=30918 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=STATE CENTRAL LIBRARY KERALA Online catalog| date=1963 }}</ref> (Travelogue about the journeys through Eastern Europe)
* {{Cite book |date=1972 |title=Aalkkoottathil Thaniye |publisher=Current |isbn=978-8126477081 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |date=1998 |title=Vankadalile Thuzhavallakkar |publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]] |isbn=978-8182645332 |location=Kottayam}} (Travelogue about the journeys through China)

===Screenplays===
Most of Nair's screenplays are published as books. Some of the published works include:

* {{Cite book |date=1983 |title= Ente Priyapetta Thirakathakal | publisher=Current |location=Kottayam}} (Screenplays for the films ''[[Oppol]],<ref name=":02">{{cite news |author=Hariharan Balakrishnan |date=1 June 2008 |title=Sense and sensitivity |url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2008/06/01/stories/2008060150220400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602211253/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2008/06/01/stories/2008060150220400.htm |archive-date=2 June 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Vaarikuzhi]],''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaarikkuzhi (1982) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1389 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref> ''[[Aaroodam]],''<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2015 |title=Directorate of Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003130200/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm30thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2015 }}</ref> ''[[Neelathamara (1979 film)|Neelathamara]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 July 2016 |title=Mollywood's small-budget films that did big wonders at the box office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/mollywoods-small-budget-films-that-did-big-wonders-at-the-box-office/photostory/53020201.cms |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and ''[[Idavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idavazhiyile Poocha Mindappoocha (1979) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1058 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref>)
* {{Cite book |date=1989 |title= [[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]] | publisher=[[Mulberry Publications|Mulberry]] |location=Calicut }}<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2020 |title=From 'Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha' to 'Urumi': Five Malayalam period dramas to binge-watch during the lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/from-oru-vadakkan-veeragatha-to-urumi-five-malayalam-period-dramas-to-binge-watch-during-the-lockdown/photostory/75050823.cms |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1989 |title= [[Vaisali (film)|Vaisali]] | publisher=Malayalam |location=Calicut }}<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 years of Vaishali: a look back at the cult classic |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/08/24/vaishali-movie-release-cult-classic.html |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1992 |title= [[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]] | publisher=Pusthaka |location=Thrissur }}<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2024 |title=Movie Reviews |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reviews/movies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115085834/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/211231/Perumthachan/overview |archive-date=15 January 2008 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1992 |title= [[Panchagni]] | publisher=Current |location=Thrissur }}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=അങ്ങനെ നസറുദ്ദീന്‍ഷായ്ക്ക് പകരക്കാരനായി മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ എത്തി -ഹരിഹരന്‍ {{!}} Malayalam film news {{!}} top stories {{!}} latest film news – Nana weekly |url=http://www.nanaonline.in/malayalam-movie-news/1583/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081100/http://www.nanaonline.in/malayalam-movie-news/1583/ |archive-date=10 May 2017 }}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1993 |title= [[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]] | publisher=Aksharam |location=Calicut }}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jose |first=Anna |date=27 December 2024 |title=MT Vasudevan Nair: Crisp plots and sharp characters |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Dec/27/mt-vasudevan-nair-crisp-plots-and-sharp-characters |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1994 |title= [[Nakhakshathangal]] | publisher=Current |location=Thrissur }}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nakhakshathangal [1986] {{!}} നഖക്ഷതങ്ങള്‍ [1986] |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4200 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1996 |title= [[Sukrutham]] | publisher=Lipi |location=Calicut }}<ref name=":1" />
* {{Cite book |date=1998 |title= [[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]] | publisher=Kavya |location=Cochin }}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaprakash |first=Ashita |date=18 July 2020 |title=Another of Kerala's gifts to the world: The powerful and timeless words of MT Vasudevan Nair |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jul/18/another-of-keralas-gifts-to-the-world-the-powerful-and-timeless-words-of-mt-vasudevan-nair-2171584.html |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=1999 |title= [[Adiyozhukkukal]] | publisher=[[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|SPCS]] |location=Kottayam }}<ref name=":1" />
* {{Cite book |date=1999 |title= [[Nirmalyam]] | publisher=Current |location=Thrissur }}<ref name=":1" />
* {{Cite book |date=1999 |title= [[Olavum Theeravum]] | publisher=Current |location=Thrissur }}<ref name=":1" />
* {{Cite book |date=2000 |title= [[Daya (film)|Daya]] | publisher=Olive |location=Calicut }}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The Net, Movies: An interview with cinematographer turned director Venu |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/dec/02ven.htm |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |date=2001 |title= [[Oru Cheru Punchiri]] | publisher=[[DC Books]] |location=Kottayam }}<ref name=":1" />
* {{Cite book |date= |title=Naalu Thirakathakal |publisher=Sahridaya |location=[[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]}} (Screenplays for the films ''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'',<ref name="Master" /> ''[[Sadayam]]''<ref name="Master" /> and ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]''<ref name=":1" />)

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Direction !! Notes
|-
|2024
|''[[Manorathangal]]''
|
| Anthology series based on his 9 short stories<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=List of Malayalam Movies by Story MT Vasudevan Nair |url=https://ml.msidb.org/movies.php?tag=Search&story=MT%20Vasudevan%20Nair&sl=0&limit=60&alimit=17&sortorder=4&sorttype=1 |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=ml.msidb.org}}</ref><ref name=bbc/>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2013
|''[[Kadhaveedu]]''
|
|[[Portmanteau film]] based on four stories written by himself, [[Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer]] and [[Kamala Surayya|Madhavikutty]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2013
|''[[Ezhamathe Varavu]]''
|
|Adaptation/Remake of his earlier unreleased film ''Evideyo Oru Shathru''<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2009
|''[[Pazhassi Raja (2009 film)|Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2009
|''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathamara]]'' (''Blue Lotus'')
|
|Remake of the [[Neelathamara (1979 film)|1979 film of the same name]] with revised screenplay<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2001
|''[[Theerthadanam]]'' (''Pilgrimage'')
|
|Based on the story "Vanaprastham"<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|2000
|''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]'' (''A Slender Smile'')
|{{Yes}}
|Based on the story "Mithunam" by Telugu writer Sriramana<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1998
|''[[Daya (film)|Daya]]'' (''Compassion'')
|
|Based on a story from ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]''<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1998
|''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]''
|
|Based on the story "Cheriya Cheriya Bhookampangal"<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1998
|''[[Thakazhi (film)|Thakazhi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|Documentary on renowned Malayalam writer [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]]<ref>[http://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/ocn619988657 " Thakazhi – Sahitya Akademi, National Academy of Letters, India presents; produced by Devasri Films; script, narration, and direction, M.T. Vasudevan Nair."]. [[University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries]]. Retrieved 27 May 2013.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1995
|''Naalukettu''
|
|Tele-Serial based on the [[Naalukettu (novel)|novel of the same name]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1994
|''[[Sukrutham]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1994
|''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]'' (''Wedding'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1992
|''[[Sadayam]]'' (''With Compassion'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1991
|''[[Kadavu (film)|Kadavu]]'' ('' The Ferry'')
|{{Yes}}
|Based on the story "Kadathuthoni" by [[S. K. Pottekkatt]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1991
|''Venal Kinavukal'' (''Summer Dreams'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1990
|''[[Midhya (film)|Midhya]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1990
|''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1990
|''[[Thazhvaram]]'' (''The Valley'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1989
|''[[Utharam]]'' (''Answer'')
|
|Based on the story "No Motive" by [[Daphne du Maurier]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1989
|''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' (''A Northern Story of Valor'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1988
|''[[Aranyakam]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1988
|''[[Vaishali (film)|Vaishali]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1988
|[[Athirthikal]]
|
|Based on MT's short story Dar-Es-Salaam
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1987
|''[[Amrutham Gamaya]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1986
|''Kochu Themmadi'' (''The Little Rascal'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1986
|''[[Abhayam Thedi]]'' (''In Search of a Shelter'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1986
|''Rithubhedam''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1986
|''[[Nakhakshathangal]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1986
|''[[Panchagni]]'' (''Five Fires'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1985
|''Rangam''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1985
|''Idanilangal''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1985
|''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1984
|''[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]]'' (''Alone in a Crowd'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1984
|''[[Adiyozhukkukal]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1984
|''Aksharangal'' (''Alphabets'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1984
|''[[Uyarangalil]]'' (''At the Top'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1984
|''Vellam'' (''Water'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1983
|''Aaroodam''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1983
|''[[Manju (film)|Manju]]'' (''Mist'')
|{{Yes}}
|Based on the [[Manju (novel)|novel of the same name]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1982
|''Varikuzhi'' (''The Trap'')
|{{Yes}}
|Based on the story of the same name<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1981
|''Trishna'' (''Thirst'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1981
|''Valarthu Mrugangal''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1980
|''[[Vilkkanundu Swapnangal]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1980
|''[[Oppol]]'' (''The Elder Sister'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1979
|''Edavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1979
|''[[Neelathamara (1979 film)|Neelathamara]]'' (''Blue Lotus'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1978
|''[[Bandhanam]]'' (''Bond'')
|{{Yes}}
|Based on the story of the same name<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1978
|''[[Ekakini]]''
|
|Based on the story "Karutha Chandran"; Screenplay by P. Raman Nair<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://archive.org/details/malayalanadu-new-india-printers-1978-05-21 |title=Ekakini |work=Malayalanadu |date=21 May 1978 |access-date=19 February 2023 |page=59 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1977
|''Mohiniyattam''
|{{Yes}}
|Documentary film about the Indian art form [[Mohiniyattam]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1974
|''[[Kanyakumari (film)|Kanyakumari]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1974
|''Paathiravum Pakalvelichavum''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1973
|''[[Nirmalayam]]'' (''The Offering'')
|{{Yes}}
|Based on the story "Pallivalum Kalchilambum" Also produced the film under the banner of Novel Films<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1971
|''[[Kuttiyedathi]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1971
|''Mappusakshi''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1971
|''Vithukal'' (''Seeds'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1970
|''[[Nizhalattam]]'' (''Shadow Play'')
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1969
|''[[Olavum Theeravum]]''
|
|Based on the story of the same name<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1968
|''[[Asuravithu (1968 film)|Asuravithu]]''
|
|Based on the [[Asuravithu (novel)|novel of the same name]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1967
|''[[Nagarame Nandi]]''
|
|Partially based on the films ''The Conquerors of the Golden City'' (1965) and ''Birds of Exile'' (1964)<ref>B. Vijayakumar (22 February 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110704173608/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/22/stories/2010022250860400.htm "NAGARAME NANNI 1967"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 27 May 2013.</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1966
|''[[Iruttinte Athmavu]]''
|
|Based on the story of the same name<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1966
|''[[Pakalkkinavu]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|1965
|''[[Murappennu]]''
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|—
|''Evideyo Oru Shathru''
|
|An incomplete feature film starring [[Sukumaran]] and [[Venu Nagavalli]]. The screenplay was published in ''Chilla'' magazine and later released as a book by [[Mathrubhumi]] Books. This book has some stills from the movie.<ref name=":0" />
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Literature|Filmmaking}}
* [[List of Indian writers]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|M. T. Vasudevan Nair}}
* {{IMDb name|0619760}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Malayalam}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{J. C. Daniel Award}}
{{Ezhuthachan Puraskaram}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South}}
{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Director}}
{{Vayalar Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, M. T. Vasudevan}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ezhuthachan Award]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala Jyothi Award Winners]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award]]
[[Category:J. C. Daniel Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Writers of mythic fiction]]

RPG Group

2026-02-17T03:47:17Z

ZEKSheryl225755:

{{short description|Indian industrial conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai}}
{{Distinguish|RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group}}
{{advert|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = RPG Group
| logo = RPG Group.svg
| logo_size =
| image = RPG House Worli.jpg
| image_caption = RPG House, group headquarters, in Mumbai
| type = [[Corporate group]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1820}}, in [[Calcutta]], India
| founder = [[R. P. Goenka| Rama Prasad Goenka]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/The-tycoon-who-kept-faith-in-Bengal/articleshow/19551868.cms|title=The tycoon who kept faith in Bengal|work=The Times of India|date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>
| location = RPG House, Annie Besant Road, [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]], India
| key_people = [[Harsh Goenka]] ([[chairman]])
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = {{Unbulleted list
| [[Tire|Tyre]]
| [[Infrastructure]]
| [[Technology]]
| Specialty
}}
| revenue = {{INRConvert|25500|c}}{{Sfnp|RPG|2019|p=55}}
| revenue_year = 2018−19
| operating_income = {{INRConvert|2660|c}}{{Sfnp|RPG|2019|p=55}}
| income_year = 2018−19
| net_income = {{INRConvert|1085|c}}{{Sfnp|RPG|2019|p=55}}
| net_income_year = 2018−19
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 30,000+ (2018){{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| subsid = [[CEAT Limited|CEAT]] [[KEC International]] [[Zensar Technologies]] [[RPG Life Sciences]] [[Raychem RPG]] [[Harrisons Malayalam]] RPG Ventures
| homepage = {{url|http://www.rpggroup.com/}}
}}

The '''Rama Prasad Goenka Group''', commonly known as '''RPG Group''', is an Indian industrial and services [[conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] headquartered in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topnews.in/rpg-group-spend-rs-160-crore-expansion-specialty-retail-business-252451 |title=RPG Group to spend Rs 160 crore on expansion of specialty retail business | TopNews |publisher=Topnews.in |date=2010-05-07 |access-date=2010-07-27}}</ref> The roots of the RPG Group can be traced back to the enterprise of Ramdutt Goenka in 1820.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/The-tycoon-who-kept-faith-in-Bengal/articleshow/19551868.cms|title=The tycoon who kept with in Bengal|work=The Times of India|date=2013-04-23 |access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref> RPG Enterprises was established in 1979 by [[Rama Prasad Goenka]] and initially comprised the Phillips Carbon Black, Asian Cables, Agarpara Jute, and Murphy India companies. R. P. Goenka held the title of Chairman Emeritus until his death in 2013. The present chairman is [[Harsh Goenka]], R. P. Goenka's eldest son.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rpggroup.com/history.html|title=RPG Enterprises - History|first=The Neon|last=Tree|website=RPG Group}}</ref>

The RPG Group currently consists of more than fifteen companies, mainly infrastructure, tires, and life sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rpggroup.com/about_rpg/overview/overview.aspx |title=Welcome to RPG - Overview |access-date=2015-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164139/http://www.rpggroup.com/about_rpg/overview/overview.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> Some of the companies it holds are [[CEAT Limited|CEAT Tyres]], [[information technology]] firm [[Zensar Technologies]], infrastructure company [[KEC International]], pharmaceutical company [[RPG Life Sciences]], a 50/50 [[Joint venture|joint-venture]] with [[TE Connectivity]] for Raychem RPG, plantation company [[Harrisons Malayalam]], and e-commerce company [[Seniority (company)|Seniority]]. 

==Group companies==
The conglomerate's major companies, subsidiaries and affiliates are divided among the following 4 sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rpggroup.com/contact.html |title=RPG Contact Us |publisher=Rpggroup.com |access-date=2010-07-27}}</ref>

===Tyres===

====CEAT====
{{main| CEAT (company)}}
CEAT is the flagship company of RPG Enterprises, with an annual turnover of {{INRConvert|7,573|c|lk=|year=2018}} in the financial year 2020-21.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CEAT Annual Report|url=https://www.ceat.com/content/dam/ceat/pdf/Annual_Reports/Ceat-Limited-Integrated-Annual-Report-FY21.pdf|access-date=2021-11-16|website=www.ceat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rpggroup.com/our_business/tyres/ceattyre.aspx|title=RPG Enterprises - Tyres - Infrastructure - Information Technology - Plantations - Energy - Pharmaceuticals - RPG Ventures|first=The Neon|last=Tree|website=RPG Group}}</ref> It is the largest exporter of tyres in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatransportportal.com/2012/01/focus-on-ceat/|title=Page not found – India Transport Portal|website=indiatransportportal.com|access-date=22 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213020304/http://indiatransportportal.com/2012/01/focus-on-ceat/|archive-date=13 February 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref> exporting to over 100 countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ceat-sees-new-markets-driving-export-revenues-50-this-fiscal/article2549239.ece|title=Ceat sees new markets driving export revenues 50% this fiscal}}</ref> The company is headquartered in Mumbai. It has manufacturing plants in [[Bhandup]] and [[Ambarnath|Ambernath]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Nashik]], and [[Halol]] (near [[Baroda]]).

====CEAT Sri Lanka====
Entering the Sri Lankan market in 1992, CEAT India formed a joint venture with [[Asia MotorWorks|AMW]], and subsequently a three-way venture with [[Kelani Tyres]] in 1999, to manufacture and market CEAT tyres in [[Sri Lanka]]. This venture resulted in the creation of CEAT Kelani Associated Holdings, formerly Kelani Tyres, which is today the largest domestic tyre manufacturer in Sri Lanka. The exit of AMW in 2009, resulted in a joint venture between CEAT Kelani Holdings and CEAT India. Commencing operations with one plant in [[Kalutara]], the company today has three plants, including a radial plant constructed in 2006.<ref name="businesstoday.lk">{{cite web|date=2019-06-27|title=CEAT Kelani's Truck Bus Radials enter market|url=https://www.lankabusinessonline.com/ceat-kelanis-truck-bus-radials-enter-market|website=lankabusinessonline.com|publisher=Lanka Business Online}}</ref> CEAT Kelani is the single largest brand in the [[Radial tire|radial tyre]] segment in Sri Lanka, with a 33 percent market share.<ref name="businesstoday.lk" />

==== CEAT Bangladesh ====
In 2017, the conglomerate entered into a joint-venture with [[Bangladesh]]i group, [[A K Khan & Company]], to set up a plant in [[Bhaluka Upazila|Bhaluka, Mymensingh]] with an initial investment of US$67 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tyrepress.com/2017/02/ceat-bangladesh-project-confirmed/|title=Ceat Bangladesh project confirmed|date=2017-02-17|website=Tyrepress|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> CEAT obtained a 70% stake in this joint-venture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiresandparts.net/news/tires/ceat-confirms-planned-jv-new-factory-bangladesh/|title=Ceat Confirms Planned JV for New Factory in Bangladesh|last=Mathew|first=Manju|website=Tires & Parts News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===

====KEC International====
{{main|KEC International}}

KEC is a power transmission [[Engineering, procurement, and construction|engineering-procurement-construction]] (EPC) companies in the world,<ref name="indiainfoline.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/K-E-C-International-Ltd/532714 |title=K e C International Ltd Background details about Company Profile - Indiainfoline.com |access-date=22 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619022119/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/Company/Background/Company-Profile/K-E-C-International-Ltd/532714 |archive-date=19 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> recording a turnover of {{INRConvert|13,114|c|lk=|year=2018}} in the financial year 2020–21.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KEC International Annual Report|url=https://www.kecrpg.com/KEC%20data/Investor%20relations/Yearly%20reports/KEC%20Annual%20Report%202020-21.pdf|access-date=2021-11-16|website=www.kecrpg.com}}</ref> The company has developed power infrastructure in over 70 countries across [[South Asia]], the [[MENA|Middle East and North Africa]] (MENA), [[Africa]], [[Central Asia]], and the [[Americas]]. While power transmission is its largest vertical, the company also has a presence in railways, civil, urban infrastructure, solar infrastructure, and oil and gas cross-country pipelines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kecrpg.com/company |title=KEC International Limited - About Us - Company |publisher=Kecrpg.com |access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref>

==== SAE Towers ====
In April 2010, KEC International set up the world's largest tower testing station at [[Butibori]], in [[Nagpur]]. The new test station will facilitate validation of the [[High voltage|Extra-High Voltage]] (EHV) energy network.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.projectsinfo.in/Newslist.aspx?nid=gCt1tFZL+jdXmYhAXbmUww== |title=World's largest tower testing station at Nagpur-Projects Info |website=www.projectsinfo.in |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412230033/http://www.projectsinfo.in/Newslist.aspx?nid=gCt1tFZL+jdXmYhAXbmUww== |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2010, KEC International acquired [[Houston]]-based SAE Towers, a group of operating companies incorporated in the [[United States]], [[Mexico]], and [[Brazil]], consolidated through SAE Towers Holdings, LLC. This acquisition created the second largest steel-lattice tower manufacturer in the world with approximately 1,02,000 MT of annual production capacity. The company also executes EPC works for several transmission lines in the region.

===Information technology===

====Zensar Technologies====
{{main|Zensar Technologies}}

Zensar Technologies is an [[information technology]] services and [[outsourcing]] company headquartered in [[Pune]], India. It offers information technology (IT) and [[Business process outsourcing|BPO]] products and services to [[Fortune 500]] clients. Zensar has a marketing presence in the US, Europe, Asia Pacific, and South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/zensar-sells-divests-non-core-businesses/102884|title=Zensar Technologies divests non-core businesses|website=fortuneindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> The company has software development centers at Pune, Hyderabad, and Bangalore in India; [[Gdańsk]], [[Poland]]; and the [[Middle East]].

Zensar service areas include application support and development, application portfolio management, testing, enterprise collaboration and content management, enterprise application integration, business intelligence and data warehousing. Zensar's core competency is application modernization, using Zensar's SBP framework. Zensar is a CMMI Level 5 Company with activity that spans utilities, retail and distribution, banking, financial services and insurance, manufacturing, and telecommunications.

===Specialty===
====Raychem RPG====
Raychem RPG Limited is a 50:50 joint venture between RPG and US group [[TE Connectivity]] (formerly Tyco Electronics). It is involved in engineering products and services to power, telecommunications, hydrocarbon, oil and gas, and water industries. It manufactures cable accessories up to 245 kV, and connector systems, viz. shear bolt, low power-loss wedge connectors, insulation piercing, deep step indentation, and bolted, up to 1200kV. Raychem Zero-Halogen Heat-shrink technology is widely used in Metro underground applications. Raychem has an innovation centre in [[Halol]], Gujarat, wherein research on polymers for electrical applications, connection technologies, and power electronics, take place. The thrust is on solutions to the power sector, to lower the Aggregate Technical & Commercial losses (AT & C). Raychem RPG has introduced Delta-transformer technology, which has lower No-load losses, as compared to conventional transformers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/raychem-rpg-to-now-sponsor-its-halol-workers-education-113032100477_1.html|title=Raychem RPG to now sponsor its Halol workers' education|last=Umarji|first=Vinay|date=21 March 2013|work=Business Standard}}</ref>

====RPG Life Sciences====
{{main|RPG Life Sciences}}

RPG Life Sciences (RPGLS) is an Indian pharmaceutical company, formerly known as Searle (India) Ltd. Its three major sources of business are manufacturing and marketing of bulk drugs, also known as API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients), pharmaceutical formulation and fermentation & biotechnology. It has global partnership for dossiers/DMF in Europe and Canada, artificial sugar in UK, [[Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|NSAID]] in Europe, and formulations in Asia, Canada and Europe.

RPGLS offers services like marketing partnership, NDDS development, development of non-infringing process technologies, and P2P and/or contract manufacturing to its global partners. In 2012, it was named as one of India's best places to work by the Great Places to Work institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|title=Business News Live, Share Market News - Read Latest Finance News, IPO, Mutual Funds News|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

====Harrisons Malayalam====
{{main|Harrisons Malayalam}}
Harrisons Malayalam is an agricultural business corporation. It cultivates between 14'000 ha – 26'000 ha (information varies) of its own land and processes products from other farmlands in its neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/forgery-case-filed-against-harrisons-malayalam-staff/article5307999.ece|title=Forgery case filed against Harrisons Malayalam staff|date=2 November 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref> In addition to banana, cardamom, cocoa, coffee, coconut, pepper, and vanilla, its primary products are rubber, tea, and pineapple. Harrisons Malayalam is the largest producer of pineapples in India,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rpggroup.com/our_business/speciality/harrsio_malayalam.aspx |title=Welcome to RPG - Harrison Malayalam Ltd |access-date=2015-06-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122548/http://www.rpggroup.com/our_business/speciality/harrsio_malayalam.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> and the largest producer of tea in South India.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/We-are-Being-Victimised-Alleges-Harrisonss-Malayalam-Limited/2015/02/18/article2673758.ece|title=We are Being Victimised, Alleges Harrisons Malayalam Limited}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It employs around 13,000 people in rural Kerala.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>

=== Venture capital ===

==== RPG Ventures ====
It is the [[venture capital]] arm of the RPG Group, which makes investments in startups in different sectors like health and wellness, technology, automotive, infrastructure, and project management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/DUZC5m85v0huvW8ZRnGLHP/RPG-Venturesbacked-Seniority-looks-to-raise-funding-to-scal.html|title=Seniority looks to raise funding to scale up business|last=Dhanjal|first=Swaraj Singh|date=2018-12-27|website=livemint|language=en|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> In October 2016, it invested an undisclosed amount in [[Bangalore]]-based bot-mitigation and management startup, ShieldSquare, through a series A funding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/shieldsquare-bot-mitigation-endiya-rpg-ventures|title=RPG Ventures, Endiya Back Bot Mitigation Startup ShieldSquare|date=2017-10-26|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> In September 2017, it invested US$1 million in [[Pune]]-based elderly-care e-commerce platform, Seniority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/trend-tracking/old-biz-new-startups-ideas/articleshow/62961481.cms|title=Old businesses tap startups for new ideas - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/rpg-group-seniority-senior-citizens|title=RPG Group Invests $1 Mn in Senior Citizens Ecommerce Portal - Seniority|last=aparnamishra.06|date=2017-09-07|website=Inc42 Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> In November 2017, it backed the Pune-based online pharmacy, Medsonway Solutions with US$600,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/rpg-ventures-backs-e-pharmacy-startup-medsonway-with-600k|title=RPG Ventures backs e-pharmacy startup Medsonway with $600K|date=2017-11-06|website=VCCircle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite report |author=RPG|date=2019
|url=https://www.rpggroup.com/assets/newsletters/grouppresentation/RPG-AIC-2019-Opening-Presentation.pdf |title=Annual Investor Conference 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120201542/https://www.rpggroup.com/assets/newsletters/grouppresentation/RPG-AIC-2019-Opening-Presentation.pdf|archive-date=2020-01-20
|publisher=RPG|access-date=2020-01-20|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=Organizational Culture and Performance|author=R. K. Dwivedi|year=1995|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd|isbn=81-85880-59-X|page=20}}

{{RPG Group}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:RPG Group}}
[[Category:RPG Group| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Goenka family]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1820]]
[[Category:Family-owned companies of India]]

Sitanshu Yashaschandra

2026-02-14T15:16:46Z

ZEKSheryl225755: brief updated references to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Gujarati poet and writer (born 1941)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sitanshu Yashaschandra
| image = Writer Sitanshu Yashaschandra Mehta at Loktak lake.jpg
| caption = at [[Loktak Lake]], December 2016
|birth_name = Sitanshu Yashaschandra Mehta
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1941|8|19}}
| birth_place = [[Bhuj]] (now in [[Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], India)
| occupation = poet, literary critic, playwright, editor
| period = modern [[Gujarati literature]]
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality= Indian
| alma_mater ={{plainlist|
*[[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] (B.A.)
*[[University of Bombay]] (M.A.; 1965)
*[[Indiana University Bloomington]]
}}
| notableworks = ''[[Jatayu (book)|Jatayu]]'' (1986)
| awards={{plainlist|
*[[Saraswati Samman]] (2017)
*[[Padma Shri]] (2006)
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1987)
*[[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1987)
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Anjaniben|8 May 1966}}
| signature = Sitanshu Yashaschandra signature.svg
|module = {{Listen |embed= yes |filename=|title= Sitanshu Yashaschandra's voice |description=''Jatayu'', a poem written by him}}
}}

'''Sitanshu Yashaschandra Mehta''' (born 19 August 1941), better known as '''Sitanshu Yashaschandra''', is an Indian [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] poet, playwright, translator and academic from [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=aa>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSrEUjm674AC&pg=PA303 |title=Gestures: An Anthology of South Asian Poetry|author=K. Satchidanandan|author-link=K. Satchidanandan|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1996|isbn=9788126000197|page=303}}</ref>

He was the President of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]. He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] given by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, in 1987 for his poetry collection ''[[Jatayu (book)|Jatayu]]''. Subsequently, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award by Government of India, in 2006.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>

==Life==
Sitanshu Yashaschandra was born on 19 August 1941 at [[Bhuj]], [[Cutch State]] (now in [[Kutch]], Gujarat, India).<ref name=pi>{{cite web|url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/11819/27/Sitanshu-Yashaschandra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026071534/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/11819/27/Sitanshu-Yashaschandra|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 October 2012|title=Sitanshu Yashaschandra|work=Poetry International Rotterdam|date=1 July 2008|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Indian literature, an anthology|volume=3|publisher=Sāhitya Akādemī|first=K. M.|last=George|year=1992|isbn=9788172013240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfpjAAAAMAAJ&q=sitanshu+Yashaschandra|page=579}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=379|publisher=Muse India ejournal|access-date=6 October 2014|title=Labhshankar Thakar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107012044/http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=379|archive-date=7 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> His family belonged to [[Petlad]]. His father was a Government Officer. He completed BA in Gujarati and [[Sanskrit]] from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] and later MA from [[University of Bombay]] in 1965. He taught Gujarati from 1965 to 1968. In 1970, he went to US under [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholarship]] and studied MA in Aesthetics and Comparative Literature from [[Indiana University Bloomington]]. He later completed PhD in 1975. He went to France for a year under Ford West European Fellowship where he studied, translated in Gujarati and did comparative study of [[Eugène Ionesco]]'s ''[[Macbett]]'' and [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Macbeth]]''. He also completed PhD in 1977 from [[University of Mumbai]] under [[Ramprasad Bakshi]].<ref name=pi/><ref name=a/><ref name= "agsi">{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=63–69|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7|language=gu}}</ref>

Yashaschandra married Anjaniben on 8 May 1966. His daughter, Vipasha, was born in 1971, while his son, Aranyak, in 1978.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Upadhyay |first=Darshana |title=સર્જક સિતાંશુ યશશ્ચન્દ્ર: કાવ્ય અને નાટ્ય-સાહિત્ય સંદર્ભે: એક અભ્યાસ |trans-title=Writer Sitanshu Yashaschandra: A Study in Context of His Poems and Plays |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/98131 |type=Ph.D |language=gu |date=31 December 2007 |chapter=Chapter 6 |publisher=Department of Gujarati, [[Sardar Patel University]] |location=Vallabh Vidyanagar |pages=772–775|hdl=10603/98131}}</ref>

===Career===
[[File:Department of Gujarati at M S University.jpg|thumb|Building of Department of Gujarati, M. S. University]]
He has taught Gujarati at [[Mithibai College]] from 1972 to 1975 and later at [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] from 1983. Sitanshu served as Vice-Chancellor of [[Saurashtra University]], [[Rajkot]] for three years.<ref name=":055">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0737?rskey=tVZclk&result=2|title=Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|last=Baradi|first=Hasmukh|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780195644463|editor-last=Lal|editor-first=Ananda|language=en|chapter=Yashashchandra, Sitanshu (1941– ): Gujarati poet and dramatist.|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001|via=Oxford Reference}} {{subscription required}}</ref> He served as a visiting professor at the [[Sorbonne University]], [[Loyola Marymount University]], and [[Jadavpur University]]. He was an [[emeritus professor]] and national lecturer at [[University Grant Commission (India)|University Grant Commission]]. He was appointed the chief editor of the ''[[Encyclopedia of Indian Literature]]'' published by [[Sahitya Akademi]], Delhi in 1977.<ref name=pi/><ref name= "agsi"/><ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://www.adaptssi.org/trusteeandgovernngbody.html|work=Adapt Org|title=Trustees and Governing body|access-date=8 July 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113245/http://www.adaptssi.org/trusteeandgovernngbody.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=sa>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/worldpoetryfest_3.jsp|title=World Poetry Fest Participants |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|access-date =11 July 2014}}</ref>

==Works==
Yashaschandra wrote mainly in Gujarati but his works are translated into Hindi and other languages. He has translated some works of poetry, drama and criticism from English to Gujarati.<ref name=pi/> [[Surrealism]] is considered as his signature style.<ref name= "agsi"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXiNXRM_KzMC&pg=PA93 |title=Indian Poetry: Modernism and After : a Seminar|first=Chandrakant|last =Topiwala|page=93|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year= 2001|isbn=9788126010929}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA120 |title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|first=Nalini Natarajan|last= Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1996|isbn=9780313287787|pages=121–122}}</ref>

''Odysseus nu Halesu'' (1974), ''Jatayu'' (1986) and ''Vakhar'' (2008) are his collections of poetry. ''Mohen-jo-dado'' is a collection of poems published in August 1970 in ''Sanskriti'' magazine and later released on audio cassette in 1978.<ref name= "agsi"/>

He has written and adapted several plays. He adapted [[Eugène Ionesco]]'s ''[[The Lesson]]'' as ''Margdarshan'' in Gujarati. He also adapted [[Thomas Hardy]]'s story, ''Day After The Fair'' as a play, ''Vaishakhi Koyal'' in Gujarati. He also adapted [[Peter Shaffer]]'s ''[[Equus (play)|Equus]]'' as ''Tokhar'' in Gujarati.<ref name="agsi" /> It was produced by [[Pravin Joshi]], Shafi Inamdar, and Mahendra Joshi.<ref name=":055" /> All three literary adaptations were successful commercially.<ref name="agsi" /> His ''Aa Manas Madrasi Lage Chhe'' (This Man Looks Madrasi, 1978) was directed by Satyadev Dube.<ref name=":055" /> ''Kem Makanji, Kya Chalya?'' (Hello Makanji, Where Are You Going?, 1985) appeared as a radio play was directed by Nimesh Desai of Chorus.<ref name=":055" /> ''Grahan'' (''Eclipse'', 1989), directed by P. S. Chari, was inspired by ''[[Oedipus]]''.<ref name=":055" /><ref name="agsi" />

In 1999, his six plays, all performed on stage, were published, which included ''Chhabili Ramati Chhanumanu'', ''Kem Makanji, Kya Chalya?'', ''Lady Lalkunwar'', ''Aa Manas Madrasi Lage Chhe'', ''Tokhar'' and ''Khagras''. ''Lady Lalkunvar'' (1999) is a Gujarati adaptation of [[Eduardo De Filippo]]'s play, ''[[Filumena Marturano]]''.<ref name="agsi" /> ''Ashvatthama Aaje Pan Jive Chhe (ane Hanay Chhe)'' (2021) is a play based on [[Ashwatthama]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashwatthama : Aaje Pan Jive Chhe (Ane Hanay Chhe) by Sitanshu Yashaschandra {{!}} Book Pratha |url=https://www.bookpratha.com/bookdetail/Index/268699?name=Ashwatthama-Aaje-Pan-Jive-Chhe-Ane-Hanay-Chhe |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=www.bookpratha.com}}</ref> ''Grahan'' is his unpublished work. ''Jagine Joyu To'' is his other work. He has edited ''Natya-Kesuda''.<ref name="agsi" />

''Simankan ane Simollanghan'' (1977), ''Ramaniyata no Vagvikalpa'' (1979) and ''Asyaha Sarga Vidhau'' (2002) are his works of criticism, theory of literature and literary historiography.<ref name= "agsi"/>

He had written a screenplay of 1993 Hindi film ''[[Maya Memsaab]]'', which was based on [[Gustave Flaubert]]'s ''[[Madame Bovary]]''.<ref>{{IMDb name|0946575}}</ref>

He edited the book ''Critical Discourse in Gujarati'', an anthology of critical writings in Gujarati.<ref name="Acharya 2024">{{cite journal |last=Acharya|first=Abhimanyu|author-link=Abhimanyu Acharya|title=Critical Discourse in Gujarati|journal=South Asian History and Culture|date=31 December 2024|issn=1947-2498|doi=10.1080/19472498.2024.2447196|pages=1–3}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Shri to Shri Sitanshu Yashaschandra, a theorist of culture, at an Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 29, 2006.jpg|thumb|The President, Dr. [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]] presenting Padma Shri to Sitanshu Yashaschandra, at an Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 29, 2006]]
He received [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Gujarati writer in 1987 for his poetry collection ''Jatayu''.<ref name=aa/> He also received [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]], the highest award in Gujarati literature, in 1987. He was awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award in India, in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2013)|publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/mar/134105.htm|title=Corea~ Khare given Padma awards|place=New Delhi|publisher=Mid Day|date=29 March 2006|access-date=9 July 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022555/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2006/mar/134105.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=16900|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|title=President presents second set of civil investiture Awards for 2006|date=29 March 2006|access-date =12 July 2014}}</ref> He also received Rashtriya Kabir Samman (1998) by [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], Indian National Theatre – [[Gujarat Samachar]] award, Nanalal Award, Gujarat State Government Poetry award.<ref name=aa/><ref name=sa/> He was selected for Adyakavi [[Narsinh Mehta Award]] in 2008 but he had declined.<ref name="agsi"/> In 2013, he won [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]]. He received [[Saraswati Samman]] (2017) for his poetry collection ''Vakhar''.<ref name="India Today 2018">{{cite web | author=PTI | title=Gujarati poet Sitanshu Yashaschandras "Vakhar" chosen for Saraswati Samman | website=India Today | date=2018-04-27 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/gujarati-poet-sitanshu-yashaschandras-vakhar-chosen-for-saraswati-samman-1221702-2018-04-27 | access-date=2018-04-27}}</ref> The award citation said: "...Vakhar is the pinnacle of his poetic journey where he crosses the boundaries of the real world and establishes high standards of Liberty in language and creativity by evolving a balance in the contradicting elements of human emotions and thoughts".<ref name="BindustanTimes2019">{{cite web|title=Gujarati poet Sitanshu Yashaschandra presented Saraswati Samman for 2017|website=Hindustan Times|date=22 January 2019|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gujarati-poet-sitanshu-yashaschandra-presented-saraswati-samman-for-2017/story-fSlZd1XYh2ejULkqtfOPhP.html|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
*{{Google Books|id=eAA7JME-rXgC}}
*{{IMDb name}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Saraswati Samman}}
{{Gangadhar National Award For Poetry}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yashaschandra, Sitanshu}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Saraswati Samman Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gangadhar National Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]
[[Category:Translators from English]]
[[Category:Translators to Gujarati]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian literary scholars]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian surrealist writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington alumni]]
[[Category:Comparative literature academics]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]

Shriyans Bhandari

2026-02-12T02:42:33Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Put up new details v1!

{{short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shriyans Bhandari
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Shriyans Bhandari, Surat, Patrika Keynote.jpg
| image_upright =
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption = Shriyans speaking at Patrika event Surat in 2017
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Udaipur]], Rajasthan
| other_names =
| siglum =
| citizenship =
| education = [[Mayo College]], Ajmer
| alma_mater = [[Jai Hind College]], [[Babson College]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
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| agent = 
| known_for =
| notable_works = 
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| website = 
}}

'''Shriyans Bhandari''' is an Indian social entrepreneur, author and co-founder of Greensole.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reincarnating the weary sole |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2017/jan/07/reincarnating-the-weary-sole-1556502.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=7 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Chhabra |first1=Esha |title=Two Indian Athletes Turn Their Worn Out Sneakers Into A Profitable and Eco-Friendly Startup |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/eshachhabra/2016/09/30/two-indian-athletes-turn-their-worn-out-sneakers-into-a-profitable-and-eco-friendly-startup/#232f16abd27a |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Shriyans completed his schooling from St. Paul's Senior Secondary School, [[Udaipur]], and high school from [[Mayo College]] [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shriyans Bhandari |url=https://mayocollege.com/GreenSole.html |website=Mayocollege.com}}</ref> He has done Bachelor of Management studies in finance from [[Jai Hind College]] Mumbai and MSM Entrepreneurial Leadership from [[Babson College|Babson College Franklin W Olin]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=College |first1=Babson |title=Profiles |url=https://www.babson.edu/about/entrepreneurs-of-all-kinds/profiles/shriyans-bhandari.php |website=www.babson.edu |language=en}}</ref>

Shriyans is an ardent marathon runner who ran in 85 long-distance races. He started as athletes from Mumbai and run hundreds of kilometers each year and in the process, he went through several pairs of sports shoes. He noticed wasted sneakers that had no future life, just increasing the pollution. This passion gave him a unique business idea of recycling the used shoes. In 2015 Shriyans and his friend Ramesh Dhami decided to recycle old footwear and founded Greensole.<ref>{{cite web |title=These budding athletes are doing something incredible with worn, used pairs of shoes |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/these-budding-athletes-are-doing-something-incredible-with-worn-used-pairs-of-shoes |website=Vogue India |date=16 March 2016 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An A-Z guide to living your best sustainable life |url=https://elle.in/article/a-z-guide-to-sustainable-living/ |website=Elle India |date=12 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Entrepreneurs: Shriyans Bhandari, 23 and Ramesh Dhami, 22 |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5aaf5461a7ea434a0c2924ac/social-entrepreneurs-shri/#346bfec03535 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

He is the director and board member of Heritage Girls School.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage Girls School |url=https://www.heritagegirlsschool.com/web/board_member |website=Heritage Girls School}}</ref>

Bhandari is also a [[TED (conference)|TedX]] speaker. He spoke in TEDxYouth@WASO which was an independently organized [[TEDx]] event held in Wellington Academy, [[Dubai Silicon Oasis]] in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=TEDxYouth@WASO {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/18087 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Shriyans started his journey as a philanthropist in 2015. He has donated lacs of pairs of slippers to poor children. His start-up Greensole, recycles the used shoes and mold them in to new slippers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Your discarded shoes can save lives; two athletes are refurbishing shoes for the poor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/your-discarded-shoes-can-save-lives-two-athletes-are-refurbishing-shoes-for-the-poor/story-aAODp0W4TPqbu0QHTMjUMK.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=26 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=पुराने जूते-चप्पल को नया लुक देकर गरीबों की मदद कर रहे हैं ये युवा |url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/education/story/two-young-men-are-helping-the-poor-giving-a-new-look-to-old-shoes-greensole-tedu-1-950087.html |website=aajtak.intoday.in |date=2 September 2017 |language=hi}}</ref>

He has also set up a skill center in Jharkhand with [[Tata Steel]], to train tribal women in recycling old footwear.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sunder |first1=Kalpana |title=Real sole: recycling project providing shoes for India's children |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jul/05/real-sole-recycling-project-providing-shoes-for-indias-children |website=The Guardian |date=5 July 2019}}</ref>

==Books==

*"Birds of Aravallis" in association with Rajasthan Tourism and [[Bombay Natural History Society]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhandari |first1=Shriyans |title=A Photographic Guide to Some Common Birds of Aravallis |date=2013 |publisher=Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Limited |isbn=978-93-5126-637-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1G77nQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
*"Lessons of a Curious Sole" with Ms Somma Banerjjee and Vital20 Communications. {{ISBN|978-93-5416-795-9}}, p;100

== Awards and honors ==
*Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia<ref>{{cite web |title=30 Under 30 Asia 2018: Social Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.forbes.com/30-under-30-asia/2018/social-entrepreneurs/#59c71fd75fd0 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
*IAN Global Startup Finalists 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the IAN Global Startup Competition Finalists: Shriyans Bhandari & Greensole |url=https://blogs.babson.edu/entrepreneurship/2018/12/11/meet-the-ian-global-startup-competition-finalists-shriyans-bhandari-greensole/ |website=Babson.edu|date=11 December 2018 }}</ref>
*Inspirational Young Entrepreneur of India<ref>{{cite web |author1=Inspiria-Author |title=Shriyans Bhandari-Inspirational Young Entrepreneur of India |url=https://inspiria.edu.in/shriyans-bhandari-at-inspiria/ |website=Inspiria Knowledge Campus |date=9 June 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{YouTube|8TlIMhz5DE8|Bhandari speaking at TEDx event Dubai}}
*{{YouTube|q0YQM6W4HGM|Shriyans Bhandari Interviewed by Forbes India}}
*{{YouTube|YFpH0Qv_dz4|Shriyans Bhandari Flop to Top}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, Shriyans}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Udaipur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-11T00:56:51Z

ZEKSheryl225755: cleanup

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Kozhikode {{Small|KL-5}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Kozhikode.map}}

|map_caption = Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency
|established = 1952
|reservation = None
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|incumbent_image = Mkr3521.jpg
|mp = [[M. K. Raghavan]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|assembly_cons = [[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]] [[Elathur (State Assembly constituency)|Elathur]] [[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]] [[Kozhikode South (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode South]] [[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]] [[Kunnamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamangalam]] [[Koduvally (State Assembly constituency)|Koduvally]]
|electors = 13,15,355 (2019)
}}
'''Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].

== Assembly segments ==

Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-19
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=2009-03-04
}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|25
|[[Balussery (State Assembly constituency)|Balussery]] (SC)
| rowspan="7" |[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|[[K. M. Sachin Dev]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|26
|[[Elathur (State Assembly constituency)|Elathur]]
|[[A. K. Saseendran]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|-
|27
|[[Kozhikode North (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode North]]
|[[Thottathil Raveendran]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|28
|[[Kozhikode South (State Assembly constituency)|Kozhikode South]]
|[[Ahamed Devarkovil]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National League}}
|-
|29
|[[Beypore (State Assembly constituency)|Beypore]]
|[[P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|30
|[[Kunnamangalam (State Assembly constituency)|Kunnamangalam]]
|[[P. T. A. Rahim]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Independent (politician)}}" |
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|-
|31
|[[Koduvally (State Assembly constituency)|Koduvally]]
|[[M. K. Muneer]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kozhikode (Kerala) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - Kozhikode Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/parliamentary-constituencies/kozhikode.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|Achuthan Damodaran Menon
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|K.P. Kutti Krishnan Nair
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[C.H. Mohammed Koya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|V.A. Seyid Muhammad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[E. K. Imbichi Bava]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[K. G. Adiyodi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[K. Muraleedharan]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[M.P. Veerendra Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[P. Sankaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[K. Muraleedharan]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[M.P. Veerendra Kumar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[M. K. Raghavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Kozhikode]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[M. K. Raghavan]]
|party =Indian National Congress
|votes =5,20,421
|percentage =47.74%
|change ={{gain}} 1.92%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Elamaram Kareem]]
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes=3,74,245
|percentage=34.33%
|change={{loss}} 3.58%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M.T. Ramesh
|party =Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =1,80,666
|percentage =16.57%
|change ={{gain}} 1.60%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aramukhan
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes =1,715
|percentage =0.16%
|change ={{loss}} 0.05%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Aravindakshan Nair M. K
|party =Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party
|votes =1,305
|percentage =0.12%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Raghavan s/o Narayanan Nair
|party = Independent
|votes =1,096
|percentage =0.1%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = T. Raghavan s/o Vellankutty
|party = Independent
|votes =1,018
|percentage =0.09%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. Raghavan s/o Damu
|party = Independent
|votes =782
|percentage =0.07%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Subha
|party = Independent
|votes =712
|percentage =0.07%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. M. Jyothiraj
|party =Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes =653
|percentage =0.06%
|change ={{loss}} 0.06%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdul Kareem s/o Mahammood
|party = Independent
|votes =541
|percentage =0.05%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdul Kareem s/o Ayammath Kutty
|party = Independent
|votes =287
|percentage =0.03%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Abdul Kareem K. s/o Assain
|party = Independent
|votes =293
|percentage =0.03%
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,316
|percentage = 0.58%
|change = {{gain}} 0.26%
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,46,176
|percentage =13.41
|change ={{gain}} 5.5%
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,92,977
|percentage =76.30
|change ={{loss}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}} 1.92%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Kozhikode]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[M. K. Raghavan]]
|votes = 4,93,444
|percentage = 45.82
|change ={{gain}} 3.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[A. Pradeepkumar]]
|votes = 4,08,219
|percentage = 37.91
|change = {{loss}} 2.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Adv. Prakash Babu
|votes = 1,61,216
|percentage = 14.97
|change = {{gain}} 2.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raghu K
|votes = 2,299
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Raghavan. P Vadakke Edoli
|votes = 1,160
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Raghavan. T Thayyullayil
|votes = 1,077
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = A. Sekhar
|votes = 1,031
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Raghavan Nair Manikkothu Kunnummal
|votes = 962
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = PradeepKumar. E. T Peedikathodi Veedu
|votes = 769
|percentage = 0.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Prakash Babu Chaithram
|votes = 571
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Nusrath Jahan
|votes = 558
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Raghavn. N Allachiparambu
|votes = 462
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Pradeep. V. K
|votes = 410
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,473
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 85,225
|percentage = 7.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 10,76,882
|percentage = 81.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =13,18,024 |change ={{gain}}11.46 %}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Kozhikode]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[M. K. Raghavan]]|votes=3,97,615|percentage=42.15|change=-0.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]|votes=3,80,732|percentage=40.36|change=-2.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=C.K Padmanabhan|votes=1,15,760|percentage=12.27|change=+1.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=K.P. Ratheesh|votes=13,934|percentage=1.48|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Musthafa Kommeri|votes=10,596|percentage=1.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Adv. N. P. Prathap Kumar|votes=6,993|percentage=0.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=M. Vijayaraghavan|votes=2,665|percentage=0.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=M. Raghavan|votes=2,331|percentage=0.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Vijayaraghavan. K|votes=1,991|percentage=0.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Velayudhan K. P|votes=1,909|percentage=0.20|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=V. M. Raghavan|votes=964|percentage=0.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Thrissur Nazeer|votes=665|percentage=0.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Muhammed Riyas|votes=473|percentage=0.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=None of the Above|votes=6,381|percentage=0.68|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 16,883
|percentage = 1.79
|change = +1.68
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,43,009|percentage=79.79|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,82,484 |change =% }}
{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===

After the 2008 delimitation [[Kalpetta Assembly constituency|Kalpetta]],[[Sulthan Bathery Assembly constituency|Sulthan Bathery]],[[Thiruvambady Assembly constituency|Thiruvambady]] was removed and added to [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]]{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Kozhikode]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = [[M. K. Raghavan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,42,309
|percentage = 42.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = [[P. A. Mohammed Riyas|Adv. P. A. Mohammed Riyas]]
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 3,41,471
|percentage = 42.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = [[V. Muraleedharan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 89718
|percentage = 11.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = ADV. P. Kumarankutty
|party = Independent
|votes = 5,871
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = A.K. Abdul Nasar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP
|votes = 4,044
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = Dr. D. Surendranath
|party = Independent
|votes = 7,162
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = K. Raghavan
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,740
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = Riyas
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,728
|percentage = 0.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = Vinod K.
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,629
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = ADV. Sabi Joseph
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,163
|percentage = 0.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = P.A. Mohammed Riyas
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,109
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = M. Raghavan
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,033
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = K. Muhammed Riyas
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,026
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = P. Ramachandran Nair
|party = Independent
|votes = 1,005
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = P. Muhammed Riyas
|party = Independent
|votes = 980
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = Mudoor Muhammed Haji
|party = Independent
|votes = 495
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 838
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}

{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 7,97,578
|percentage = 75.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,53,817 |change =% }}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (Secular)
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}[[Janata Dal (Secular)]] faction led by [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]] left [[Left Democratic Front]] following differences over seat sharing in this seat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-15 |title=JD(S) won’t let go of Kozhikode seat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/Mar/11/jds-wont-let-go-of-kozhikode-seat-32042.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Kozhikode]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
|votes = 340,111
|percentage = 43.54
|change = +3.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = [[V. Balaram]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 274,785
|percentage = 35.18
|change = -11.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = M.T.Ramesh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 97,889
|percentage = 12.53
|change = +2.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = A.C Varkey
|party = Independent
|votes = 34,005
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = K. Veerendra Kumar
|party = Independent
|votes = 7,162
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = Dr. D. Surendranath
|party = Independent
|votes = 6,306
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = K. Arunkumar
|party = Independent
|votes = 4,490
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = P. Bharathan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP
|votes = 4,014
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = K. Balaram
|party = Independent
|votes = 3,173
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = Babu Karimpady
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,539
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = T. K. Chandramathi
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,302
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = M. P. Shanthivarma Jain
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,223
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |candidate = A. V. K. Moosad
|party = Independent
|votes = 2,185
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 65,326
|percentage = 8.36
|change = +2.23
}}

{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 781,146
|percentage = 70.41
|change = -2.88
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change =% }}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Calicut}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[K. Muraleedharan]]
|party=Indian National Congress
|votes=3,83,425
|percentage=46.63
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. M. Ibrahim]]
|party =Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes =3,33,023
|percentage =40.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = P.C Mohanan Master
|party =Bhartiya Janata Party
|votes =83,862
|percentage =10.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = C.P. Ibrahim
|votes = 10,401
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = K.T Kunhikannan
|votes = 10,275
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = M.P Santhivarma Jain
|votes = 883
|percentage = 0.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. Harsha
|votes = 438
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =50,402
|percentage =6.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =8,26,901
|percentage =73.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =11,24,640 |change =% }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[2024 Indian general election in Kerala]]
* [[Kozhikode]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}

{{coord|11.27|75.80|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kozhikode (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Kozhikode district]]

Prabir Sandell

2026-02-09T06:12:11Z

ZEKSheryl225755: new a pg

{{Multiple issues|{{Orphan|date=February 2017}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=May 2020}}}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabir Kumar Sandell
| image = Prabir_Sandell_picture.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1934|2|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]], University College of Technology, Kolkata, [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies]]
| occupation = [[Business executive]]
| known_for = Introduction of Color Television in India in 1982 and institutionalizing technology in developing countries.
}}

'''Prabir Kumar Sandell''' (born 18 February 1934) is an Indian [[business executive]] who is the Chairman of Eltech Group of Companies, a member of the governing body of Electronic Skill Sector Council, a management committee member of the Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Assocham) in India, and Chairman of the Chamber's national council on yoga and meditation.

==Early and personal life==
Prabir was born in Kolkata, India, on 18 February 1934 in the Sandell family. He had his earlier education at Rabindranath Tagore institution, Viswabharati, and St. Xavier's School and College in [[Kolkata]], West Bengal. After graduating with physics honors, he completed his M.Sc. (tech) degree and published 3 research notes in nuclear physics in ''Indian Journal of Physics''. Subsequently, he obtained his Ph.D. degree in international management and also was awarded a diploma in marketing from [[Bombay University]].

==Career==
Sandell started work in Philips India Ltd., a subsidiary of the [[Philips|international Philips group]], from 1956 to 1972 as a manager of the scientific and professional electronic division, and in this role, he drove the first-ever manufacturing in India of electronic instruments and professional electronic equipment in Bombay, Pune, and Kolkata. Subsequently, from 1972 to 1982, as general manager of the communication division of Tata Group's Forbes company and as managing director of Uptron Electronics, a UP state government company, he led the manufacturing of power electronics equipment in India. Subsequently, at the invitation of the government of India, he joined E.T.&T as managing director of the electronics trade and technology development company of the government of India.

As chairman of ET&T, Sandell developed the concept of using low power terrestrial transmission technology by using S-Band transmission satellite transducers and large parabolic dishes at reception centers in cities spread throughout India. This proposal resulted in lower cost (about Rupees 25 lacs per system) compared to the alternative solution of using high power systems proposed by Doordarshan, the government's official TV authority. This was operational across 20 cities within 9 months as against 2 years required by Doordarshan engineers. Sandell was also the first to drive the indigenous manufacturing of O.B. color TV vans for outdoor coverage of TV events. He also facilitated the training of local manufacturers of color TV sets and other peripherals such as antennae. As a result of these efforts, all these methods and designs for color TV manufacturing and transmission were standardized by the government of India.

Subsequently, as a member of UNIDO, Sandell created the Institute of Small Scale Electronics Production in Bandung, Indonesia in collaboration with National Electronics Laboratory of the Government of Indonesia.

== Recognition ==
*Lifelong Award for Service to Small Scale IT Industry of India by Skoch Foundation, New Delhi
*Award for Outstanding Management by Amity University, International Management Division
*Award for Outstanding Export Performance to Sandell in his Role as chairman, Electronic and Software Export Promotion Council of India

==References and Publications==
* Digital Divide by Dilip K. Ghosh
* Rise and Decline of Telecommunication Revolution in India by Prabir K. Sandell and Dilip K. Ghosh
* "[http://www.thehindu.com/business/telecom-sector-is-undergoing-transition-pitroda/article4594550.ece Telecom Sector Is Undergoing Transition: Pitroda]." The Hindu. N.p., 08 Apr. 2013. Web. 17 Aug. 2016.()
* Indian Journal of Physics
* India's Who's Who - 1992: Page 393 (Google Books: [https://books.google.com/books?id=8LQEAQAAIAAJ&dq=prabir%20sandell&source=gbs_book_other_versions India Who's who])
* THE GREAT DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION by Dr. D K Ghosh (pages 85–86)
* [http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-06-30/news/27393553_1_fiscal-incentives-esc-10a-and-10b Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/science-and-technology/story/19820515-insat-a-damp-squib-771757-2013-10-16 INSAT: A damp squib]
* [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1982-colour-television-is-introduced-out-of-the-dark-ages-741614-2009-12-23 1982-Colour television is introduced: Out of the dark ages]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandell, Prabir}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]

Parachute (TV series)

2026-02-05T04:40:35Z

ZEKSheryl225755: new new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Parachute (TV series) Poster.jpeg
| caption = Official Poster
| genre = [[Drama thriller]]
| writer = Sridhar K.
| director = Rasu Ranjith
| creator =
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]]
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
* [[Kani Thiru]]
* Shakthi Rithvik
* Iyal
* [[Kaali Venkat]]
* Rasu Ranjith
* [[Bava Chelladurai]]
* Sharanya Ramachandran
* Inba Ravikumar
}}
| composer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| list_episodes =
| editor = Richard Kevin
| cinematography = Om Narayan
| runtime = 22–25 minutes
| producer = Krishna K. S. Madhubala
| company = Tribal Horse Entertainment
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=y}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''Parachute''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[drama thriller]] television series directed by Rasu Ranjith, written by Sridhar K. and starring Shakthi Rithvik, Iyal, [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]], [[Kani Thiru]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Kaali Venkat]], Rasu Ranjith himself, [[Bava Chelladurai]], Sharanya Ramachandran and Inba Ravikumar.<ref>{{cite web| author=Tapapriya Dutta |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/parachute-on-ott-know-release-date-streaming-platform-plot-and-more-about-krishna-kishore-tamil-web-series-ott-news-10201476|title=Parachute On OTT: Know Release Date, Streaming Platform, Plot, Cast And More About Krishna, Kishore's Tamil Web Series|website=english.jagran.com|date=17 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

It was produced by [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] and K. S. Madhubala under the banner of [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Tribal Horse Entertainment]]. It was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] for its label [[Hotstar Specials]] on 29 November 2024 and declared a ''Streaming Blockbuster''.<ref>{{cite web| author=Anusha Sundar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/parachute-on-ott-disney-hotstar-released-glimpse-of-upcoming-web-series/1e0c7bc686496|title=Parachute on OTT: Disney+ Hotstar gives a glimpse of upcoming web series|website=www.ottplay.com|date=30 October 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Rudra and Varun are siblings who live with their mother Lakshmi, a housewife, and father Shanmugam, a gas cylinder delivery agent. Even with his meager income Shanmugam sends his children to a posh school but is short-tempered and grumpy when behaving with his family members. Him resorting to beating Varun when he does wrong, creates even more hurdles when Rudra and Varun take a small adventure in their father’s bike Parachute, and get into trouble after the bike gets off their hands.

== Cast ==
* [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] as Kirubakaran, [[Traffic Police]]
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Shanmugam, Varun and Rudhra's father
* [[Kani Thiru]] as Lakshmi, Varun and Rudhra's mother
* Shakthi Rithvik as Varun
* Iyal as Rudhra, Varun's younger sister
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Charles, Varun and Rudhra's neighbour
* Rasu Ranjith as Kola
* [[Bava Chelladurai]] as Lakshmi's father, Varun and Rudhra's grandfather
* Sharanya Ramachandran as Kirubakaran's wife
* Inba Ravikumar as Muttai, Kola's friend
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Rajan

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table
| background = #9C2A5D
| overall =
| season =
| title =
| director =
| directorR =
| writer =
| writerR =
| aux2R =
| airdate =
| airdateR =

| episodes =
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = A Mother's Nightmare
| DirectedBy = Rasu Ranjith
| WrittenBy = Sridhar K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Love for Parachute
| DirectedBy = Rasu Ranjith
| WrittenBy = Sridhar K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E

}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Bikes and Bandits
| DirectedBy = Rasu Ranjith
| WrittenBy = Sridhar K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E

}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Kids in Danger
| DirectedBy = Rasu Ranjith
| WrittenBy = Sridhar K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Love Over Fear
| DirectedBy = Rasu Ranjith
| WrittenBy = Sridhar K.
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|29}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 9C2A5E
}}

}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced by 'Disney+ Hotstar' as a part of [[Disney+ Hotstar]]'s future slate of content on 31 July 2023.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-news-parachute-webseries-annouced-by-disney-plus-hotstar-657417|title=டிஸ்னி பிளஸ் ஹாட்ஸ்டாரின் அடுத்த சீரிஸ் அறிவிப்பு|website=[[Maalai Malar]]|date=1 September 2023|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author= |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Aug/01/disney-hotstar-announces-new-tamil-project-parachute-46155.html|title=Disney+ Hotstar announces new Tamil project Parachute|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=1 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> The series is produced by actor [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]] and K. S. Madhubala under the banner of [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Tribal Horse Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web| author= |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/disney-hotstar-unveils-tamil-series-parachute-teaser-a-heartfelt-family-drama-7001569|title=Parachute OTT Release Date: When and Where to Watch it Online?|website=www.gadgets360.com|date=12 November 2024|language=en}}</ref> It was second collaboration with [[Disney+ Hotstar]] after [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language series ''[[Jhansi (TV series)|Jhansi]]'' (2022–2023). The show directed by Rasu Ranjith, written by Sridhar K., music by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematographer by Om Narayan and edited by Richard Kevin.

=== Casting ===
Child actors Shakthi Rithvik and Iyal was cast as Varun and Rudhra. Actors [[Krishna (Tamil actor)|Krishna]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/sham-kishore-parachute-web-series|title=ஷாம், கிஷோர் நடிக்கும் வெப் தொடர்... |website=www.nakkheeran.in|date=31 August 2023|language=en}}</ref> was cast as important role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/parachute-trailer-disney-hotstar-series-starring-kishore-promises-a-gripping-search-and-rescue-drama/article68886238.ece|title='Parachute' trailer: Disney+ Hotstar series starring Kishore promises a gripping search-and-rescue drama|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 November 2024|language=en|access-date=22 November 2024|archive-date=21 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121093237/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/parachute-trailer-disney-hotstar-series-starring-kishore-promises-a-gripping-search-and-rescue-drama/article68886238.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was supposed to be his first role in a limited series debut for actor [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]. However, he opted out of the project and<ref name=":0">{{cite web| author=Yuvashree | url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/shaam-new-web-series-parachute-produced-by-starring-kani-thiru-461554|title=வெப் தொடர் நாயகனாக மாறிய நடிகர் ஷ்யாம்..! எந்த சீரிஸ் தெரியுமா..?|website=zeenews.india.com|date=1 September 2023|language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Goli Soda Rising]]'' was his debut in web series. ''[[Cooku with Comali season 2]]'' fame Kani Thiru was cast as female lead, making her first debut role in a limited series.<ref name=":0" />

=== Release ===
The first one-minute Teaser was released on social media Wednesday 29 October 2024. The first Trailer was released on social media Thursday 14 November 2024, featuring reveal of release date.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/tamil/parachute-trailer-video-kishore-kumar-g-and-kaali-venkat-starrer-parachute-official-trailer-video/videoshow/115437772.cms|title=Parachute' Trailer: Kishore Kumar G and Kaali Venkat starrer 'Parachute' Official Trailer|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 November 2024|language=en|access-date=22 November 2024|archive-date=20 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120031735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/tamil/parachute-trailer-video-kishore-kumar-g-and-kaali-venkat-starrer-parachute-official-trailer-video/videoshow/115437772.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The series was scheduled for a worldwide release on 29 November 2024, on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] along with dubbed versions in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite web| author= |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/ott/parachute-a-rescue-drama-web-series-to-stream-from-november-29-811793|title=Parachute, a rescue drama web series, to stream from November 29 |website=www.dtnext.in|date=19 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Parachute
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cover =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 26 November 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| studio = [[U1 Records]], [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| length = 6:20
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| prev_title = [[The Greatest of All Time]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Nesippaya]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Parachute
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Aagasa Usaram
| single1date = 26 November 2024
| single2 = Peroliyil
| single2date = 29 November 2024
}}
}}
The soundtrack of the series was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]].The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].The first single titled "Aagasa Usaram" was released on 26 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 November 2024|title=Aagasa Usaram Song Out Now! 🪂 🛵|url=https://x.com/disneyplusHSTam/status/1861386926101799029|website=[[Twitter]]|access-date=26 November 2024|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205153548/https://x.com/disneyplusHSTam/status/1861386926101799029|url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "Peroliyil" was released on 29 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 November 2024|title='Peroliyil Oor Irulum' - a heart wrenching melody! A Yuvan Shankar Raja magical!|url=https://x.com/TribalHorseOffl/status/1862445886825275701|website=Twitter}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aagasa Usaram
| length1 = 3:03
| lyrics1 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] [[Sriram Parthasarathy]]
| title2 = Peroliyil
| length2 = 3:17
| lyrics2 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| extra2 = Yuvan Shankar Raja [[Vijay Yesudas]]
}}

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Akshay Kumar of [[Cinema Express]] gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "However, the series is praiseworthy for having its heart in the right place and pulling no punches with its opinion on domestic violence and parenting".<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 November 2024|title=Parachute Series Review: Affective emotional core makes up for preachiness|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2024/Nov/30/parachute-series-review-affective-emotional-core-makes-up-for-preachiness|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=3 December 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130115848/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/review/2024/Nov/30/parachute-series-review-affective-emotional-core-makes-up-for-preachiness|url-status=live}}</ref> Kausalya Rachavelpula of [[The Hans India]] gave 2.75/5 stars and wrote, "Parachute is a well-crafted series that offers a refreshing take on family dramas".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2024|title=Parachute Review: Beyond the Strict Exterior|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/parachute-review-beyond-the-strict-exterior-926313|website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

Raisa Nasreen of [[Times Now]] wrote, "Overall, the film manages to keep you invested in the lives of Rudra, Varun, and their reconciliation with their angry, upset yet loving parents".<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 November 2024|title=Parachute Review: A Thrilling Narrative In A Predictable Plot Which Mixes Parenting And Politics|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/parachute-ott-series-review-article-115782321|website=[[Times Now]]|access-date=3 December 2024|archive-date=5 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205235847/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/parachute-ott-series-review-article-115782321|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|34265516}}

{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}
[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language children's television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha

2026-01-31T06:49:50Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Lok Sabha constituencies
| map = File:Wahlkreise in Indien.svg
| caption = Lok Sabha constituencies of India
| category = [[Electoral district]]s
| territory = [[India]]
| current_number = 543
| government = [[Lok Sabha]]
}}

The [[Lok Sabha]], the Lower House of the [[Parliament of India]], is made up of [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Parliament]] ([[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]]). Each member of parliament represents a single geographic constituency.

The maximum size of the Lok Sabha as outlined in the [[Constitution of India]] is 550 members, made up of up to 530 members representing people of [[States of India|28 states]] and 20 members representing people of [[union territories of India|8 union territories]] based on their population. There are currently 543 constituencies in the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/members-parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503063047/https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/members-parliament |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>

{{Horizontal TOC}}

==Delimitation of constituencies==
Under the [[Delimitation Act of 2002]], the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] has redefined the list of parliamentary constituencies, their constituent assembly segments and reservation status (whether reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled castes (SC)]] candidates or [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled tribes (ST)]] candidates or unreserved). [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], which took place in May 2008, was the first state election to use newly demarcated assembly constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html|title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2008|access-date=2019-11-13|archive-date=2019-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116092904/http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Consequently, all assembly elections scheduled in 2008, viz. in the states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, NCT of Delhi, Mizoram and Rajasthan were based on newly defined assembly constituencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eci.gov.in/pn141008.pdf|title=Press Note (Subject: Schedule for General Election to the Legislative Assemblies of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan and NCT of Delhi)|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=2008-10-14|access-date=2008-11-27|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031132454/http://www.eci.gov.in/pn141008.pdf|archive-date=2008-10-31}}</ref>

The size and shape of the Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies are determined, according to section 4 of the [[Representation of the People Act, 1951]], by an independent Delimitation Commission. Under [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India|a constitutional amendment]] of 1976, delimitation was suspended until after the census of 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/womens-reservation-bill-implementation-delimitation-census-southern-states-parliament-seats-13149232.html |title=Women's Reservation Bill implementation depends on delimitation. What is it? |quote=...the 42nd Amendment enacted in 1976 froze the delimitation exercise for 25 years. |date=21 September 2023 |access-date= 31 January 2024 |publisher=[[First Post]]}}</ref> However, certain amendments to the Constitution made in 2001 and 2003 have, while putting a freeze on the total number of existing seats as allocated to various States in the House of the People and the State Legislative Assemblies based on the 1971 census until the first census to be taken after the year 2026,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm |title=Eighty Fourth Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121181551/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend84.htm |archive-date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> provided that each State shall be delimited into territorial Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies based on [[2001 Census of India|2001 census]] and the extent of such constituencies as delimited shall remain frozen until the first census to be taken after the year 2026.<ref name=":0"/> The number of seats to be reserved for SC/ ST shall be re-worked based on the 2001 census. The constituency shall be delimited in a manner that the population of each Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency in a State so far as practicable be the same throughout the State.<ref name=":0"/>

==Summary==
The Delimitation Commission, set up under the [[Delimitation Act|Delimitation Act, 2002]], was entrusted with the task of readjusting all parliamentary and assembly constituencies in the country in all the states of India, except the state of Jammu and Kashmir, based on population ascertained in 2001 Census. The government of India promulgated an Ordinance amending the Delimitation Act, of 2002 nullifies the Final Order of the Delimitation Commission for the state of Jharkhand. Later on, the Government passed four separate Orders under Sec 10 A of the Delimitation Act, 2002, deferring the delimitation exercise in the four North Eastern states of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland. The following table indicates the total number of seats and the number of seats reserved for SC and ST statewise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/bill200_20081202200_The_Representation_of_The_People_Amendment_Bill_2008.pdf|title=The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill, 2008|date=20 March 2019|website=PRS India|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814092159/https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/bill200_20081202200_The_Representation_of_The_People_Amendment_Bill_2008.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between 1952 and 2020, [[Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha|two seats were reserved]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] for members of the [[Anglo-Indian]] community. They were nominated by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the [[Government of India]]. In 2020, it was abolished under the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India#:~:text=The One Hundred and Fourth, Lok Sabha and State Legislative|104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|website=www.livelaw.in|date=23 January 2020|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112184618/https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/government/anglo-indian-mps.html|title=Anglo Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) of India - Powers, Salary, Eligibility, Term|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2020-11-12|archive-date=2020-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125055300/https://www.elections.in/government/anglo-indian-mps.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Largest and smallest Lok Sabha constituencies in India
!
!scope=col|Largest
!scope=col|Smallest
|-
!scope=row|By area
| [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
| [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|-
!scope=row|By electorate
| [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
| [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Lok Sabha constituencies per state/union territory
! rowspan="2" scope=col | #
! rowspan="2" scope=col width="22%"| State/ union territory
! colspan="5" scope=colgroup | Seats
! rowspan="2" scope=col | Population (2011)
! rowspan="2" scope=col | Population per constituency
|-
! scope=col | General
! scope=col | SC
! scope=col | ST
! scope=col | Total
! scope=col | Total (%)
|-
| 1
! scope=row | [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 20
| 4
| 1
| 25
| 4.60%
| {{formatnum:49577103}}
| {{formatnum:1983084}}
|-
| 2
! scope=row | [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 2
| -
| -
| 2
| 0.37%
| {{formatnum:1383727}}
| {{formatnum:691864}}
|-
| 3
! scope=row | [[Assam]]
| 11
| 1
| 2
| 14
| 2.58%
| {{formatnum:31205576}}
| {{formatnum:2228970}}
|-
| 4
! scope=row | [[Bihar]]
| 34
| 6
| -
| 40
| 7.37%
| {{formatnum:104099452}}
| {{formatnum:2602486}}
|-
| 5
! scope=row | [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 6
| 1
| 4
| 11
| 2.03%
| {{formatnum:25545198}}
| {{formatnum:2322291}}
|-
| 6
! scope=row | [[Goa]]
| 2
| -
| -
| 2
| 0.37%
| {{formatnum:1458545}}
| {{formatnum:729273}}
|-
| 7
! scope=row | [[Gujarat]]
| 20
| 2
| 4
| 26
| 4.79%
| {{formatnum:60439692}}
| {{formatnum:2324604}}
|-
| 8
! scope=row | [[Haryana]]
| 8
| 2
| -
| 10
| 1.84%
| {{formatnum:25351462}}
| {{formatnum:2535146}}
|-
| 9
! scope=row | [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 3
| 1
| -
| 4
| 0.74%
| {{formatnum:6864602}}
| {{formatnum:1716151}}
|-
| 10
! scope=row | [[Jharkhand]]
| 8
| 1
| 5
| 14
| 2.58%
| {{formatnum:32988134}}
| {{formatnum:2356295}}
|-
| 11
! scope=row | [[Karnataka]]
| 21
| 5
| 2
| 28
| 5.16%
| {{formatnum:61095297}}
| {{formatnum:2181975}}
|-
| 12
! scope=row | [[Kerala]]
| 18
| 2
| -
| 20
| 3.68%
| {{formatnum:33406061}}
| {{formatnum:1670303}}
|-
| 13
! scope=row | [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 19
| 4
| 6
| 29
| 5.34%
| {{formatnum:72626809}}
| {{formatnum:2504373}}
|-
| 14
! scope=row | [[Maharashtra]]
| 39
| 5
| 4
| 48
| 8.84%
| {{formatnum:112374333}}
| {{formatnum:2341132}}
|-
| 15
! scope=row | [[Manipur]]
| 1
| -
| 1
| 2
| 0.37%
| {{formatnum:2570390}}
| {{formatnum:1285195}}
|-
| 16
! scope=row | [[Meghalaya]]
| -
| -
| 2
| 2
| 0.37%
| {{formatnum:2966889}}
| {{formatnum:1483445}}
|-
| 17
! scope=row | [[Mizoram]]
| -
| -
| 1
| 1
| 0.18%
| {{formatnum:1097206}}
| {{formatnum:1097206}}
|-
| 18
! scope=row | [[Nagaland]]
| 1
| -
| -
| 1
| 0.18%
| {{formatnum:1978502}}
| {{formatnum:1978502}}
|-
| 19
! scope=row | [[Odisha]]
| 13
| 3
| 5
| 21
| 3.87%
| {{formatnum:41974219}}
| {{formatnum:1998772}}
|-
| 20
! scope=row | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 9
| 4
| -
| 13
| 2.39%
| {{formatnum:27743338}}
| {{formatnum:2134103}}
|-
| 21
! scope=row | [[Rajasthan]]
| 18
| 4
| 3
| 25
| 4.60%
| {{formatnum:68548437}}
| {{formatnum:2741937}}
|-
| 22
! scope=row | [[Sikkim]]
| 1
| -
| -
| 1
| 0.18%
| {{formatnum:610577}}
| {{formatnum:610577}}
|-
| 23
! scope=row | [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 32
| 7
| -
| 39
| 7.18%
| {{formatnum:72147030}}
| {{formatnum:1849924}}
|-
| 24
! scope=row | [[Telangana]]
| 12
| 3
| 2
| 17
| 3.13%
| {{formatnum:35003674}}
| {{formatnum:2059040}}
|-
| 25
! scope=row | [[Tripura]]
| 1
| -
| 1
| 2
| 0.37%
| {{formatnum:3673917}}
| {{formatnum:1836959}}
|-
| 26
! scope=row | [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 63
| 17
| -
| 80
| 14.73%
| {{formatnum:199812341}}
| {{formatnum:2497654}}
|-
| 27
! scope=row | [[Uttarakhand]]
| 4
| 1
| -
| 5
| 0.92%
| {{formatnum:10086292}}
| {{formatnum:2017258}}
|-
| 28
! scope=row | [[West Bengal]]
| 30
| 10
| 2
| 42
| 7.74%
| {{formatnum:91276115}}
| {{formatnum:2173241}}
|-
| 29
! scope=row | [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| 1
| -
| -
| 1
| 0.18%
| {{formatnum:380581}}
| {{formatnum:380581}}
|-
| 30
! scope=row | [[Chandigarh]]
| 1
| -
| -
| 1
| 0.18%
| {{formatnum:1055450}}
| {{formatnum:1055450}}
|-
| 31
! scope=row | [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
| 1
| -
| 1
| 2
| 0.37%
| {{formatnum:585764}}
| {{formatnum:292882}}
|-
| 32
! scope=row | [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5
| -
| -
| 5
| 0.92%
| {{formatnum:12267032}}
| {{formatnum:2453406}}
|-
| 33
! scope=row | [[Ladakh]]
| 1
| -
| -
| 1
| 0.18%
| {{formatnum:274000}}
| {{formatnum:274000}}
|-
| 34
! scope=row | [[Lakshadweep]]
| -
| -
| 1
| 1
| 0.18%
| {{formatnum:64473}}
| {{formatnum:64473}}
|-
| 35
! scope=row | [[Delhi]]
| 6
| 1
| -
| 7
| 1.29%
| {{formatnum:16787941}}
| {{formatnum:2398277}}
|-
| 36
! scope=row | [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| 1
| -
| -
| 1
| 0.18%
| {{formatnum:1247953}}
| {{formatnum:1247953}}
|-class=sortbottom
!colspan=2 scope=row|Overall
! 412
! 84
! 47
! 543
! 100%
! {{formatnum:1210569573}}
! {{formatnum:2229410}}
|}

==Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1)==
[[File:Andamanen & Nikobaren Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituency of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| None
|3,15,745
|}

==Andhra Pradesh (25)==
[[File:Andhra Pradesh Loksabha constituencies (2019 - ).svg|thumb|400x400px|Constituencies of [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Araku Lok Sabha constituency|Araku]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|15,57,153
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Srikakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Srikakulam]]
| None
|16,46,686
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| None
|15,90,994
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Visakhapatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Visakhapatnam]]
| None
|19,31,398
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Anakapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Anakapalli]]
| None
|16,01,365
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
| None
|16,34,921
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,32,229
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency|Rajahmundry]]
| None
|16,23,852
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
| None
|14,73,811
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| None
|16,38,116
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency|Machilipatnam]]
| None
|15,40,045
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Vijayawada Lok Sabha constituency|Vijayawada]]
| None
|17,04,469
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| None
|17,93,324
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
| None
|17,36,162
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,11,177
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Ongole Lok Sabha constituency|Ongole]]
| None
|16,14,525
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Nandyal Lok Sabha constituency|Nandyal]]
| None
|17,24,191
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Kurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Kurnool]]
| None
|17,24,191
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency|Anantapur]]
| None
|17,69,264
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Hindupur Lok Sabha constituency|Hindupur]]
| None
|16,58,529
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
| None
|16,41,349
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Nellore Lok Sabha constituency|Nellore]]
| None
|17,12,840
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Tirupati Lok Sabha constituency|Tirupati]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,30,318
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Rajampet Lok Sabha constituency|Rajampet]]
| None
|16,67,385
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Chittoor Lok Sabha constituency|Chittoor]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|16,43,593
|}

==Arunachal Pradesh (2)==
[[File:Arunachal Pradesh Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|200x200px|Constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| None
|5,20,085
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal East]]
| None
|3,78,357
|}

==Assam (14)==

;After 2023 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies of Assam, 2023 |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/Final_Order_and_Notification.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319053903/https://ceoassam.nic.in/Final_Order_and_Notification.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>
[[File:Assam Wahlkreise Lok Sabha 2023.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Assam]] after 2023]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Reserved For
(SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Name
|-
! scope="row" |1
| [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|14,94,404
|-
! scope="row" |2
| [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
|None
|26,63,987
|-
! scope="row" |3
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
|None
|19,79,051
|-
! scope="row" |4
| [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang-Udalguri]]
|None
|22,14,516
|-
! scope="row" |5
| [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
|None
|20,39,765
|-
! scope="row" |6
| [[Diphu Lok Sabha constituency|Diphu]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|9,02,050
|-
! scope="row" |7
| [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
|None
|14,14,520
|-
! scope="row" |8
| [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
|13,74,559
|-
! scope="row" |9
| [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
|None
|18,21,023
|-
! scope="row" |10
| [[Kaziranga Lok Sabha constituency|Kaziranga]]
|None
|20,53,805
|-
! scope="row" |11
| [[Sonitpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sonitpur]]
|None
|16,38,992
|-
! scope="row" |12
| [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|None
|15,80,500
|-
! scope="row" |13
| [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]
|None
|16,61,998
|-
! scope="row" |14
| [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
|None
|17,32,944
|}

;Before 2023 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Parliamentary constiruencies |url=https://ceoassam.nic.in/lok_sabha/2019/pdf/Schedule_2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319062703/https://ceoassam.nic.in/lok_sabha/2019/pdf/Schedule_2019.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-19 |website=Assam CEO}}</ref>
[[File:Assam Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Assam]] before 2023]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Reserved For
(SC/ST/None)
|-
! scope="col" | No
! scope="col" | Name
|-
! scope="row" |1
| [[Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency|Karimganj]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | SC
|-
! scope="row" |2
| [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |3
| [[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency|Autonomous District]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|-
! scope="row" |4
| [[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |5
| [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|-
! scope="row" |6
| [[Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency|Barpeta]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |7
| [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |8
| [[Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency|Mangaldoi]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |9
| [[Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency|Tezpur]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |10
| [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |11
| [[Kaliabor Lok Sabha constituency|Kaliabor]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |12
| [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |13
| [[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dilbrugarh]]
|None
|-
! scope="row" |14
| [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
|None
|}

==Bihar (40)==
[[File:Bihar Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Bihar]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]
| None
|18,29,052
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Paschim Champaran]]
| None
|17,59,234
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Purvi Champaran Lok Sabha constituency|Purvi Champaran]]
| None
|17,93,440
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| None
|18,34,437
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi]]
| None
|19,50,028
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| None
|19,36,759
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
| None
|20,05,278
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Supaul Lok Sabha constituency|Supaul]]
| None
|19,28,887
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Araria Lok Sabha constituency|Araria]]
| None
|20,19,757
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]
| None
|18,30,197
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency|Katihar]]
| None
|18,34,512
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Purnia Lok Sabha constituency|Purnia]]
| None
|18,95,036
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Madhepura Lok Sabha constituency|Madhepura]]
| None
|20,73,608
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| None
|17,82,853
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarpur]]
| None
|18,69,072
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Vaishali Lok Sabha constituency|Vaishali]]
| None
|18,71,877
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Gopalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Gopalganj]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,27,054
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan]]
| None
|19,01,956
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Maharajganj, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| None
|19,42,449
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran]]
| None
|18,00,790
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Hajipur Lok Sabha constituency|Hajipur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,72,915
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Ujiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Ujiarpur]]
| None
|17,48,377
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency|Samastipur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,20,016
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Begusarai Lok Sabha constituency|Begusarai]]
| None
|22,00,435
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency|Khagaria]]
| None
|18,43,767
|-
! scope=row |26
| [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| None
|19,88,207
|-
! scope=row |27
| [[Banka Lok Sabha constituency|Banka]]
| None
|18,59,967
|-
! scope=row |28
| [[Munger Lok Sabha constituency|Munger]]
| None
|20,51,829
|-
! scope=row |29
| [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalanda]]
| None
|22,93,994
|-
! scope=row |30
| [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Patna Sahib]]
| None
|22,95,527
|-
! scope=row |31
| [[Pataliputra Lok Sabha constituency|Pataliputra]]
| None
|20,80,613
|-
! scope=row |32
| [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]
| None
|21,83,625
|-
! scope=row |33
| [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar]]
| None
|19,34,352
|-
! scope=row |34
| [[Sasaram Lok Sabha constituency|Sasaram]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,14,914
|-
! scope=row |35
| [[Karakat Lok Sabha constituency|Karakat]]
| None
|18,88,005
|-
! scope=row |36
| [[Jahanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Jahanabad]]
| None
|16,78,716
|-
! scope=row |37
| [[Aurangabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| None
|18,75,809
|-
! scope=row |38
| [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,21,330
|-
! scope=row |39
| [[Nawada Lok Sabha constituency|Nawada]]
| None
|20,10,286
|-
! scope=row |40
| [[Jamui Lok Sabha constituency|Jamui]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,10,619
|}

==Chandigarh (1)==
[[File:Chandigarh Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituency of [[Chandigarh]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chandigarh]]
| None
|6,60,552
|}

==Chhattisgarh (11)==
[[File:Chhattisgarh Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|330x330px|Constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Sarguja]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|18,20,880
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|18,40,847
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir–Champa]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,58,260
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Korba Lok Sabha constituency|Korba]]
| None
|16,20,051
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]]
| None
|21,03,937
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
| None
|18,69,229
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
| None
|20,92,551
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
| None
|23,76,030
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
| None
|17,63,698
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|14,73,810
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|16,59,374
|-
|}

==Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (2)==
[[File:Dadra Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituency of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" scope="colgroup" | Constituency
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Name
|-
! scope="row" |1
| [[Daman and Diu Lok Sabha constituency|Daman and Diu]]
| None
|1,34,201
|-
! scope="row" |2
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli Lok Sabha constituency|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|2,83,035
|}[[File:Daman & Diu Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituency of [[Daman and Diu]]]]
==NCT of Delhi (7)==
[[File:Delhi Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituencies of [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
| None
|16,46,467
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi]]
| None
|24,64,397
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
| None
|21,21,610
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
| None
|15,26,694
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[North West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North West Delhi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|25,69,274
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[West Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|West Delhi]]
| None
|25,92,498
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
| None
|22,93,698
|}

==Goa (2)==
[[File:Goa Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituencies of [[Goa]]|150x150px]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|North Goa]]
| None
|5,80,710
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency|South Goa]]
| None
|5,98,934
|}

==Gujarat (26)==
[[File:Gujarat Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Gujarat]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,43,633
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha]]
| None
|19,63,312
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Patan Lok Sabha constituency|Patan]]
| None
|20,21,772
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Mahesana Lok Sabha constituency|Mahesana]]
| None
|17,72,048
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]
| None
|19,80,797
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| None
|21,83,402
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Ahmedabad East Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad East]]
| None
|20,40,263
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,27,645
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
| None
|20,35,001
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Rajkot Lok Sabha constituency|Rajkot]]
| None
|21,12,726
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]
| None
|17,69,594
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Jamnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jamnagar]]
| None
|18,18,959
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Junagadh Lok Sabha constituency|Junagadh]]
| None
|17,96,532
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Amreli Lok Sabha constituency|Amreli]]
| None
|17,33,367
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhavnagar]]
| None
|19,18,394
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Anand Lok Sabha constituency|Anand]]
| None
|17,80,709
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency|Kheda]]
| None
|20,08,281
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Panchmahal]]
| None
|18,98,234
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Dahod Lok Sabha constituency|Dahod]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|18,76,247
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Vadodara Lok Sabha constituency|Vadodara]]
| None
|19,50,123
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|18,22,437
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Bharuch]]
| None
|17,23,670
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency|Bardoli]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|20,48,788
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
| None
|17,86,287
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
| None
|22,23,804
|-
! scope=row |26
| [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|18,60,207
|}

==Haryana (10)==
[[File:Haryana Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|313x313px|Constituencies of [[Haryana]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,03,510
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Kurukshetra Lok Sabha constituency|Kurukshetra]]
| None
|17,99,822
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency|Sirsa]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,41,319
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Hisar Lok Sabha constituency|Hisar]]
| None
|17,99,539
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Karnal Lok Sabha constituency|Karnal]]
| None
|21,09,702
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]
| None
|17,77,008
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Rohtak Lok Sabha constituency|Rohtak]]
| None
|19,13,628
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Bhiwani–Mahendragarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwani–Mahendragarh]]
| None
|18,21,764
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Gurgaon]]
| None
|25,84,982
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]]
| None
|24,36,637
|}

==Himachal Pradesh (4)==
[[File:Himachal Pradesh Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|201x201px|Constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Kangra Lok Sabha constituency|Kangra]]
| None
|15,24,032
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| None
|13,77,173
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| None
|14,56,099
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Shimla Lok Sabha constituency|Shimla]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|13,54,665
|}

==Jammu and Kashmir (5)==
[[File:Jammu & Kashmir Wahlkreise Lok Sabha (2022).svg|thumb|Constituencies of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency|Baramulla]]
| None
|17,44,525
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Srinagar]]
| None
|17,48,803
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Anantnag–Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag–Rajouri]]
| None
|18,49,517
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]
| None
|16,40,846
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
| None
|18,18,657
|}

==Jharkhand (14)==
[[File:Jharkhand Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Jharkhand]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|17,05,708
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|15,92,192
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
| None
|20,30,444
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
| None
|16,92,698
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Koderma]]
| None
|22,07,845
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
| None
|18,66,763
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
| None
|22,90,354
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
| None
|22,02,528
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
| None
|18,71,388
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|14,49,471
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|13,29,423
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|14,48,225
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|22,48,082
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
| None
|19,42,771
|}

==Karnataka (28)==
[[File:Karnataka Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|400x400px|Constituencies of [[Karnataka]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkodi]]
| None
|17,70,523
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency|Belgaum]]
| None
|19,31,746
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Bagalkot Lok Sabha constituency|Bagalkot]]
| None
|18,10,090
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,47,976
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency|Gulbarga]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,98,778
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|20,10,441
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Bidar Lok Sabha constituency|Bidar]]
| None
|18,94,364
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
| None
|18,67,016
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Bellary Lok Sabha constituency|Bellary]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|18,84,472
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Haveri Lok Sabha constituency|Haveri]]
| None
|17,94,394
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency|Dharwad]]
| None
|18,34,015
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Uttara Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Uttara Kannada]]
| None
|16,45,721
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Davanagere Lok Sabha constituency|Davanagere]]
| None
|17,09,809
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
| None
|17,53,615
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Udupi Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Udupi Chikmagalur]]
| None
|15,85,721
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
| None
|17,38,818
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| None
|18,18,127
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Chitradurga Lok Sabha constituency|Chitradurga]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,57,385
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]]
| None
|16,61,834
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Mandya Lok Sabha constituency|Mandya]]
| None
|17,80,149
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| None
|20,94,310
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Chamarajanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Chamarajanagar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,78,667
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Rural]]
| None
|28,02,956
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore North]]
| None
|32,15,291
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore Central]]
| None
|24,34,254
|-
! scope=row |26
| [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
| None
|23,41,895
|-
! scope=row |27
| [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikballapur]]
| None
|19,81,767
|-
! scope=row |28
| [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,28,198
|}

==Kerala (20)==
[[File:Kerala Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|544x544px|Constituencies of [[Kerala]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]
| None
|14,55,530
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Kannur]]
| None
|13,63,080
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Vatakara]]
| None
|14,24,792
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]]
| None
|14,64,472
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]
| None
|14,32,508
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Malappuram]]
| None
|14,80,714
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]
| None
|14,71,260
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palakkad]]
| None
|14,00,914
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Alathur Lok Sabha constituency|Alathur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|13,40,183
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency|Thrissur]]
| None
|14,83,783
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency|Chalakudy]]
| None
|13,11,257
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]
| None
|13,24,757
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
| None
|12,51,172
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]
| None
|12,56,138
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]
| None
|14,06,689
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|13,39,159
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Pathanamthitta Lok Sabha constituency|Pathanamthitta]]
| None
|14,33,956
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Kollam]]
| None
|13,30,873
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]
| None
|14,01,114
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| None
|14,34,657
|}

== Ladakh (1)==
[[File:Ladakh Wahlkreis Lok Sabha (2022).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency|Ladakh]]
| None
|1,90,576
|}

==Lakshadweep (1)==
[[File:Lakshadweep Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituency of [[Lakshadweep]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|57,953
|}

==Madhya Pradesh (29)==
[[File:Madhya Pradesh Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Morena Lok Sabha constituency|Morena]]
| None
|20,15,928
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,13,389
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]
| None
|21,60,206
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
| None
|18,90,695
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]]
| None
|17,46,640
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Tikamgarh]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,27,976
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]
| None
|19,26,000
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency|Khajuraho]]
| None
|19,98,536
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Satna Lok Sabha constituency|Satna]]
| None
|17,08,823
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa]]
| None
|18,59,439
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
| None
|20,30,095
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|17,78,158
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
| None
|18,98,180
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|21,03,244
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balaghat]]
| None
|18,75,760
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
| None
|16,34,721
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshangabad]]
| None
|18,58,158
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Vidisha]]
| None
|19,46,631
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]
| None
|23,39,411
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
| None
|18,76,672
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Dewas Lok Sabha constituency|Dewas]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,43,559
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,00,347
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]
| None
|19,00,808
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Ratlam]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|20,95,109
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|19,55,117
|-
! scope=row |26
| [[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
| None
|25,27,978
|-
! scope=row |27
| [[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|20,46,409
|-
! scope=row |28
| [[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
| None
|21,12,874
|-
! scope=row |29
| [[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|18,97,989
|}

==Maharashtra (48)==
[[File:Maharashtra Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Maharashtra]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|19,71,324
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule]]
| None
|20,25,275
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
| None
|20,00,402
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]
| None
|18,23,827
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana]]
| None
|17,87,095
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
| None
|18,94,657
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,38,767
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
| None
|16,84,292
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,50,952
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
| None
|22,24,282
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Bhandara–Gondiya Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara–Gondiya]]
| None
|18,30,399
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli–Chimur]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|16,18,690
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
| None
|18,39,760
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal–Washim]]
| None
|19,42,461
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
| None
|18,19,082
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
| None
|18,53,532
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
| None
|21,24,497
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
| None
|19,69,953
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
| None
|20,61,220
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Dindori Lok Sabha constituency|Dindori]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|18,57,924
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
| None
|20,33,175
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Palghar Lok Sabha constituency|Palghar]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|21,48,850
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Bhiwandi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhiwandi]]
| None
|20,87,604
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Kalyan Lok Sabha constituency|Kalyan]]
| None
|20,82,800
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
| None
|25,08,072
|-
! scope=row |26
| [[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
| None
|18,12,115
|-
! scope=row |27
| [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
| None
|17,35,295
|-
! scope=row |28
| [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
| None
|16,37,292
|-
! scope=row |29
| [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
| None
|17,44,297
|-
! scope=row |30
| [[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
| None
|14,74,660
|-
! scope=row |31
| [[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
| None
|15,36,443
|-
! scope=row |32
| [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad]]
| None
|16,69,722
|-
! scope=row |33
| [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| None
|25,85,776
|-
! scope=row |34
| [[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
| None
|20,62,172
|-
! scope=row |35
| [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
| None
|23,74,884
|-
! scope=row |36
| [[Shirur Lok Sabha constituency|Shirur]]
| None
|25,41,750
|-
! scope=row |37
| [[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
| None
|19,88,934
|-
! scope=row |38
| [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|16,80,067
|-
! scope=row |39
| [[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
| None
|21,47,063
|-
! scope=row |40
| [[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]
| None
|19,96,484
|-
! scope=row |41
| [[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,80,409
|-
! scope=row |42
| [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,31,921
|-
! scope=row |43
| [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
| None
|19,96,298
|-
! scope=row |44
| [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
| None
|18,74,176
|-
! scope=row |45
| [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
| None
|18,99,325
|-
! scope=row |46
| [[Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg]]
| None
|14,52,664
|-
! scope=row |47
| [[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]
| None
|19,42,725
|-
! scope=row |48
| [[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency|Hatkanangle]]
| None
|18,18,396
|}

==Manipur (2)==
[[File:Manipur Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|110x110px|Constituencies of [[Manipur]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]]
| None
|10,01,115
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|10,50,242
|}

==Meghalaya (2)==
[[File:Meghalaya Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|220x220px|Constituencies of [[Meghalaya]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|14,02,892
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|8,27,559
|}

==Mizoram (1)==
[[File:Mizoram Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|132x132px|Constituencies of [[Mizoram]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|8,61,327
|}

==Nagaland (1)==
[[File:Nagaland Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|110x110px|Constituencies of [[Nagaland]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Nagaland Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaland]]
| None
|13,25,383
|}

==Odisha (21)==
[[File:Odisha Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Odisha]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Bargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Bargarh]]
| None
|16,33,893
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Sundargarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sundargarh]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|15,79,096
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Sambalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sambalpur]]
| None
|15,01,538
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Keonjhar]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|15,89,941
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Mayurbhanj Lok Sabha constituency|Mayurbhanj]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|15,46,274
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Balasore Lok Sabha constituency|Balasore]]
| None
|16,10,043
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadrak]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,73,928
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,48,594
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Dhenkanal Lok Sabha constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| None
|15,33,702
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Bolangir Lok Sabha constituency|Bolangir]]
| None
|18,03,544
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
| None
|17,02,038
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Nabarangpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nabarangpur]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|15,14,610
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Kandhamal Lok Sabha constituency|Kandhamal]]
| None
|13,40,580
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Cuttack Lok Sabha constituency|Cuttack]]
| None
|15,74,979
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
| None
|17,95,725
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,03,489
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]
| None
|15,89,698
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| None
|16,75,019
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Aska Lok Sabha constituency|Aska]]
| None
|16,23,404
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
| None
|15,95,228
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Koraput Lok Sabha constituency|Koraput]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|14,81,642
|}

==Puducherry (1)==
[[File:Pondicherry Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituency of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]]
| None
|10,24,024
|}

==Punjab (13)==
[[File:Punjab Lok Sabha constituency map.png|thumb|400x400px|Constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| None
|16,27,611
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
| None
|16,17,542
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
| None
|16,80,035
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|16,55,868
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|16,18,186
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
| None
|17,40,606
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
| None
|17,60,756
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,57,201
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,99,861
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
| None
|16,74,979
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
| None
|16,59,163
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
| None
|15,63,808
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
| None
|18,11,580
|}

==Rajasthan (25)==
[[File:Rajasthan Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Rajasthan]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ganganagar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|21,03,968
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency|Bikaner]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,50,748
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency|Churu]]
| None
|22,22,213
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency|Jhunjhunu]]
| None
|20,97,732
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Sikar Lok Sabha constituency|Sikar]]
| None
|22,32,334
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur Rural]]
| None
|21,94,555
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]
| None
|22,88,793
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
| None
|20,75,093
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|21,24,971
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Karauli–Dholpur Lok Sabha constituency|Karauli–Dholpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,80,182
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|19,03,520
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk–Sawai Madhopur]]
| None
|21,50,616
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]
| None
|19,99,399
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
| None
|21,55,502
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Pali Lok Sabha constituency|Pali]]
| None
|23,48,274
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Jodhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jodhpur]]
| None
|21,38,241
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency|Barmer]]
| None
|22,08,630
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Jalore Lok Sabha constituency|Jalore]]
| None
|22,97,692
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Udaipur]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|22,31,240
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Banswara Lok Sabha constituency|Banswara]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|22,00,607
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Chittorgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Chittorgarh]]
| None
|21,70,738
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency|Rajsamand]]
| None
|20,64,478
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]
| None
|21,48,657
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Kota Lok Sabha constituency|Kota]]
| None
|20,88,853
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Jhalawar–Baran Lok Sabha constituency|Jhalawar–Baran]]
| None
|20,30,974
|}

==Sikkim (1)==
[[File:Sikkim Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|Constituencies of [[Sikkim]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency|Sikkim]]
| None
|4,66,643
|}

==Tamil Nadu (39)==
[[File:Tamil Nadu Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|400x400px|Constituencies of [[Tamil Nadu]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Thiruvallur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,86,686
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
| None
|14,96,459
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Chennai South Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai South]]
| None
|20,23,381
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai Central]]
| None
|13,50,334
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]
| None
|23,82,578
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Kancheepuram Lok Sabha constituency|Kancheepuram]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,49,192
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency|Arakkonam]]
| None
|15,68,140
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
| None
|15,34,347
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| None
|16,27,851
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| None
|15,26,799
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Tiruvannamalai Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvannamalai]]
| None
|15,36,993
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
| None
|14,99,659
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Villupuram]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,03,959
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Kallakurichi Lok Sabha constituency|Kallakurichi]]
| None
|15,69,097
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]
| None
|16,59,269
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Namakkal Lok Sabha constituency|Namakkal]]
| None
|14,52,952
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
| None
|15,38,960
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]
| None
|16,08,720
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|14,28,889
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
| None
|21,06,500
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi]]
| None
|15,97,717
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
| None
|16,08,624
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency|Karur]]
| None
|14,30,499
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
| None
|15,54,620
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
| None
|14,47,197
|-
! scope=row |26
| [[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
| None
|14,13,170
|-
! scope=row |27
| [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,20,970
|-
! scope=row |28
| [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuturai]]
| None
|15,46,075
|-
! scope=row |29
| [[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|13,45,708
|-
! scope=row |30
| [[Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency|Thanjavur]]
| None
|15,02,056
|-
! scope=row |31
| [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
| None
|16,35,655
|-
! scope=row |32
| [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
| None
|15,83,250
|-
! scope=row |33
| [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency|Theni]]
| None
|16,30,328
|-
! scope=row |34
| [[Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency|Virudhunagar]]
| None
|15,05,927
|-
! scope=row |35
| [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
| None
|16,19,761
|-
! scope=row |36
| [[Thoothukkudi Lok Sabha constituency|Thoothukkudi]]
| None
|14,61,182
|-
! scope=row |37
| [[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,29,130
|-
! scope=row |38
| [[Tirunelveli Lok Sabha constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| None
|16,56,265
|-
! scope=row |39
| [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
| None
|15,66,048
|}

==Telangana (17)==
[[File:Telangana Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|400x400px|Constituencies of [[Telangana]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|16,52,394
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalle]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|15,97,892
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
| None
|17,98,168
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
| None
|17,05,591
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
| None
|16,42,425
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
| None
|18,28,717
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
| None
|37,80,453
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
| None
|21,20,550
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| None
|22,17,305
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| None
|29,39,057
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
| None
|16,83,709
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,39,310
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
| None
|17,26,204
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
| None
|18,09,241
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,25,492
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|15,33,858
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
| None
|16,31,952
|}

==Tripura (2)==
[[File:Tripura Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|220x220px|Constituencies of [[Tripura]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Tripura West Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura West]]
| None
|14,69,453
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|14,01,443
|}

==Uttar Pradesh (80)==
[[File:Uttar Pradesh Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|440x440px|Constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Saharanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Saharanpur]]
| None
|18,57,816
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]]
| None
|17,27,579
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]
| None
|18,23,717
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Bijnor Lok Sabha constituency|Bijnor]]
| None
|17,43,213
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency|Nagina]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|16,47,310
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency|Moradabad]]
| None
|20,62,642
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Rampur Lok Sabha constituency|Rampur]]
| None
|17,33,243
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]]
| None
|18,99,292
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency|Amroha]]
| None
|17,20,677
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]
| None
|20,05,669
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Baghpat Lok Sabha constituency|Baghpat]]
| None
|16,65,208
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency|Ghaziabad]]
| None
|29,48,720
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
| None
|26,81,482
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Bulandshahr Lok Sabha constituency|Bulandshahr]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,67,981
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Aligarh Lok Sabha constituency|Aligarh]]
| None
|20,02,868
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency|Hathras]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,46,138
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency|Mathura]]
| None
|19,39,130
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Agra Lok Sabha constituency|Agra]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,75,821
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur Sikri]]
| None
|18,07,314
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Firozabad Lok Sabha constituency|Firozabad]]
| None
|18,96,052
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency|Mainpuri]]
| None
|17,98,051
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Etah Lok Sabha constituency|Etah]]
| None
|17,03,935
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Badaun Lok Sabha constituency|Badaun]]
| None
|20,10,304
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Aonla Lok Sabha constituency|Aonla]]
| None
|18,93,622
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency|Bareilly]]
| None
|19,26,167
|-
! scope=row |26
| [[Pilibhit Lok Sabha constituency|Pilibhit]]
| None
|18,33,961
|-
! scope=row |27
| [[Shahjahanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Shahjahanpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|23,33,143
|-
! scope=row |28
| [[Kheri Lok Sabha constituency|Kheri]]
| None
|18,71,224
|-
! scope=row |29
| [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency|Dhaurahra]]
| None
|17,19,979
|-
! scope=row |30
| [[Sitapur Lok Sabha constituency|Sitapur]]
| None
|17,60,367
|-
! scope=row |31
| [[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency|Hardoi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,11,779
|-
! scope=row |32
| [[Misrikh Lok Sabha constituency|Misrikh]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,79,798
|-
! scope=row |33
| [[Unnao Lok Sabha constituency|Unnao]]
| None
|23,44,843
|-
! scope=row |34
| [[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Mohanlalganj]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|21,89,866
|-
! scope=row |35
| [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
| None
|21,73,953
|-
! scope=row |36
| [[Raebareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]]
| None
|17,88,731
|-
! scope=row |37
| [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]
| None
|17,98,715
|-
! scope=row |38
| [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Sultanpur]]
| None
|18,55,602
|-
! scope=row |39
| [[Pratapgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Pratapgarh]]
| None
|18,36,748
|-
! scope=row |40
| [[Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency|Farrukhabad]]
| None
|17,51,985
|-
! scope=row |41
| [[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency|Etawah]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,34,489
|-
! scope=row |42
| [[Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency|Kannauj]]
| None
|19,93,616
|-
! scope=row |43
| [[Kanpur Lok Sabha constituency|Kanpur]]
| None
|16,64,794
|-
! scope=row |44
| [[Akbarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Akbarpur]]
| None
|18,75,912
|-
! scope=row |45
| [[Jalaun Lok Sabha constituency|Jalaun]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|20,10,583
|-
! scope=row |46
| [[Jhansi Lok Sabha constituency|Jhansi]]
| None
|21,62,404
|-
! scope=row |47
| [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| None
|18,41,604
|-
! scope=row |48
| [[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
| None
|17,49,034
|-
! scope=row |49
| [[Fatehpur Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur]]
| None
|19,42,597
|-
! scope=row |50
| [[Kaushambi Lok Sabha constituency|Kaushambi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,12,536
|-
! scope=row |51
| [[Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency|Phulpur]]
| None
|20,71,536
|-
! scope=row |52
| [[Allahabad Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]
| None
|18,28,159
|-
! scope=row |53
| [[Barabanki Lok Sabha constituency|Barabanki]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,19,282
|-
! scope=row |54
| [[Faizabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faizabad]]
| None
|19,29,399
|-
! scope=row |55
| [[Ambedkar Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ambedkar Nagar]]
| None
|19,13,756
|-
! scope=row |56
| [[Bahraich Lok Sabha constituency|Bahraich]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,39,281
|-
! scope=row |57
| [[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kaiserganj]]
| None
|19,06,032
|-
! scope=row |58
| [[Shravasti Lok Sabha constituency|Shrawasti]]
| None
|19,80,743
|-
! scope=row |59
| [[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]
| None
|18,43,873
|-
! scope=row |60
| [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency|Domariyaganj]]
| None
|19,62,205
|-
! scope=row |61
| [[Basti Lok Sabha constituency|Basti]]
| None
|19,04,843
|-
! scope=row |62
| [[Sant Kabir Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
| None
|20,76,050
|-
! scope=row |63
| [[Maharajganj, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Maharajganj]]
| None
|20,07,065
|-
! scope=row |64
| [[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]
| None
|21,01,746
|-
! scope=row |65
| [[Kushi Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Kushi Nagar]]
| None
|18,76,962
|-
! scope=row |66
| [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency|Deoria]]
| None
|18,77,227
|-
! scope=row |67
| [[Bansgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bansgaon]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,25,711
|-
! scope=row |68
| [[Lalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Lalganj]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,41,110
|-
! scope=row |69
| [[Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Azamgarh]]
| None
|18,71,946
|-
! scope=row |70
| [[Ghosi Lok Sabha constituency|Ghosi]]
| None
|20,90,637
|-
! scope=row |71
| [[Salempur Lok Sabha constituency|Salempur]]
| None
|17,84,412
|-
! scope=row |72
| [[Ballia Lok Sabha constituency|Ballia]]
| None
|19,36,995
|-
! scope=row |73
| [[Jaunpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaunpur]]
| None
|19,79,004
|-
! scope=row |74
| [[Machhlishahr Lok Sabha constituency|Machhlishahr]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,43,763
|-
! scope=row |75
| [[Ghazipur Lok Sabha constituency|Ghazipur]]
| None
|20,88,636
|-
! scope=row |76
| [[Chandauli Lok Sabha constituency|Chandauli]]
| None
|18,50,547
|-
! scope=row |77
| [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]
| None
|19,99,861
|-
! scope=row |78
| [[Bhadohi Lok Sabha constituency|Bhadohi]]
| None
|20,39,941
|-
! scope=row |79
| [[Mirzapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mirzapur]]
| None
|19,09,448
|-
! scope=row |80
| [[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency|Robertsganj]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,80,728
|}

==Uttarakhand (5)==
[[File:Uttarakhand Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|275x275px|Constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Tehri Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Tehri Garhwal]]
| None
|15,90,526
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
| None
|14,04,233
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Almora Lok Sabha constituency|Almora]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|13,68,432
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| None
|20,26,438
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Haridwar Lok Sabha constituency|Haridwar]]
| None
|20,41,472
|}

==West Bengal (42)==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|400x400px|Constituencies of [[West Bengal]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope=colgroup colspan="2" | Constituency
! scope=col rowspan=2 | Reserved for (SC/ST/None)
! rowspan="2" |Electors (2024)
|-
! scope=col | No.
! scope=col | Name
|-
! scope=row |1
| [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|19,70,743
|-
! scope=row |2
| [[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|17,78,463
|-
! scope=row |3
| [[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,89,840
|-
! scope=row |4
| [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
| None
|17,76,898
|-
! scope=row |5
| [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
| None
|17,91,574
|-
! scope=row |6
| [[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat]]
| None
|15,63,941
|-
! scope=row |7
| [[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Uttar]]
| None
|18,64,285
|-
! scope=row |8
| [[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| None
|17,84,407
|-
! scope=row |9
| [[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
| None
|18,07,556
|-
! scope=row |10
| [[Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency|Baharampur]]
| None
|17,89,424
|-
! scope=row |11
| [[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
| None
|18,90,589
|-
! scope=row |12
| [[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnanagar]]
| None
|17,62,599
|-
! scope=row |13
| [[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,77,599
|-
! scope=row |14
| [[Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bangaon]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,41,292
|-
! scope=row |15
| [[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]
| None
|15,12,101
|-
! scope=row |16
| [[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
| None
|17,00,882
|-
! scope=row |17
| [[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
| None
|19,07,604
|-
! scope=row |18
| [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
| None
|18,05,874
|-
! scope=row |19
| [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,45,363
|-
! scope=row |20
| [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,18,113
|-
! scope=row |21
| [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
| None
|18,81,552
|-
! scope=row |22
| [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
| None
|20,34,251
|-
! scope=row |23
| [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| None
|18,50,115
|-
! scope=row |24
| [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Uttar]]
| None
|15,05,686
|-
! scope=row |25
| [[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
| None
|17,69,973
|-
! scope=row |26
| [[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]
| None
|17,42,388
|-
! scope=row |27
| [[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Srerampur]]
| None
|19,28,256
|-
! scope=row |28
| [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
| None
|18,60,103
|-
! scope=row |29
| [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,85,001
|-
! scope=row |30
| [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
| None
|18,53,363
|-
! scope=row |31
| [[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Kanthi]]
| None
|17,97,658
|-
! scope=row |32
| [[Ghatal Lok Sabha constituency|Ghatal]]
| None
|19,42,313
|-
! scope=row |33
| [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]]
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | [[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]
|17,82,435
|-
! scope=row |34
| [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Medinipur]]
| None
|18,13,205
|-
! scope=row |35
| [[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
| None
|18,25,625
|-
! scope=row |36
| [[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
| None
|17,85,138
|-
! scope=row |37
| [[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Bishnupur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|17,58,481
|-
! scope=row |38
| [[Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman Purba]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,03,240
|-
! scope=row |39
| [[Bardhaman–Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
| None
|18,53,336
|-
! scope=row |40
| [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
| None
|17,71,875
|-
! scope=row |41
| [[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]
|18,42,192
|-
! scope=row |42
| [[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum]]
| None
|18,59,447
|}

==See also==
*[[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[State governments of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/StatewiseList.aspx Members of the Lok Sabha]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190509140255/https://asbtoday.com/topic/election-result-live-2019/ Lok Sabha elections results live 2019]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190526130630/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/ Lok Sabha Elections]
*[http://www.ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2009/PHASE-1-ACs.pdf LIST OF CONTESTING CANDIDATES IN ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES OF PHASE-1]
*[http://myneta.info Candidate Affidavits for Lok Sabha 2009 Election]
*[https://resultuniversity.com/loksabha-election#listofparliamentaryconstituencies List of all Lok Sabha Constituencies in India]

{{Parliament of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Constituencies Of The Lok Sabha}}
[[Category:Constituencies of the Lok Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies in India|*]]

List of business schools in Hyderabad, India

2026-01-23T23:39:43Z

ZEKSheryl225755: small enhance article based on references and updated info

{{Short description|None}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
[[File:Ascihead.jpg|thumb|The Administrative Staff College of India main building, formerly known as [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad|Bella Vista]]]]

This is a '''list of notable business schools in Hyderabad, India'''. [[Hyderabad]] is the capital and largest city of the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Telangana]] and ''[[de jure]]'' capital of [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{refn|According to the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] part 2 Section 5:(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of [[Andhra Pradesh]], shall be the common capital of the State of [[Telangana]] and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh. The common capital is defined as the existing area notified as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. Though Andhra Pradesh uses facilities in Hyderabad during the transition period, Telangana state is responsible for day-to-day administration of the city. City MLAs are members of the [[Legislature of Telangana]] (§ 3 and 18(1) of the Act).|group=upper-alpha}} A [[business school]] is a university-level institution that confers degrees in [[business administration]] or [[management]].

==Business schools in Hyderabad, India==
[[File:04 isb.jpg|thumb|A view of the [[Indian School of Business]] campus in Hyderabad]]
* [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad#Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative Staff College of India]] – A [[State school|public school]] started jointly by the [[Government of India]] and the representatives of industry as an autonomous institute in the year 1956 to impart training in the field of [[management]] development<ref>{{cite web |title=ASCI — A college that moulds administrative mandarins |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/08/22/stories/2005082202220200.htm |access-date=2011-07-16}}</ref>
* [[College of Defence Management]] – Sponsored by India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], the school provides scientific and [[Management science|management]] education to [[Indian Armed Forces]] officers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archive.india.gov.in/sectors/defence/ministry_defence.php |title=Ministry of Defence - Defence - Sectors: National Portal of India |access-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910041730/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/sectors/defence/ministry_defence.php |archive-date=10 September 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Engineering Staff College of India]] - The Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI), established in 1982, is an autonomous organ of the Institution of Engineers. The School of Post Graduate Studies (SPGS), a part of Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI), was established in 2008. It is an autonomous institute approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) & Ministry of HRD, Government of India, for awarding a two-year postgraduate diploma in Management (PGDM), PGDM (General Management).
*[[ICFAI Business School Hyderabad]] - Established in 1995, and accredited by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB), a non-profit membership organization that provides a quality certification to its member schools and their programs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kamath|first=Vinay|title=How IBS Hyderabad secured its AACSB accreditation|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/how-ibs-hyderabad-secured-its-aacsb-accreditation/article31100821.ece|access-date=2020-10-11|website=BLoC|language=en}}</ref> It is promoted by the ICFAI Group. It ranked 25th in [[NIRF]] 2020.
* [[Indian School of Business]] – Accredited by the [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business]] (AACSB),<ref>[https://archive.today/20130103071111/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/news/30468131_1_accreditation-isb-dean-ajit-rangnekarIndian School of Business gets AACSB accreditation], Economic Times, PTI 2 December 2011, 08.50pm IST</ref> a non-profit membership organization that provides a quality certification to its member schools and their programs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aacsb.edu/about|title=About AACSB|publisher=Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref> the school offers certificates in various [[post-graduate]] management programs.
* Siva Sivani Institute of Management, Hyderabad, Telangana, is the first b-school established in the twin Telugu states, approved by AICTE, GOI, in 1992. It offers three two-year full time PGDM programmes: PGDM, PGDM-BIF, Pand GDM-BA. It also offers doctoral level fellowship programmes.
*[[Vignana Jyothi Institute of Management, Hyderabad]] - offers two-year full-time postgraduate diplomas in management (PGDM). It is an autonomous institution approved by AICTE and accredited by SAQS and MBA. Established in 1993 in Hyderabad by the Vignana Jyothi Society, it is one of the old and top B-schools in Hyderabad, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
* Institute of Management Technology, Hyderabad – offers two-year full-time residential postgraduate diplomas in management (PGDM) and 15-month weekend only executive PGDM. It also offers doctoral level fellowship programmes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imthyderabad.edu.in/programs/executive-education|title=Executive Education | IMT Hyderabad|website=www.imthyderabad.edu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imthyderabad.edu.in/|title=PDGM Course | PGDM Colleges in Hyderabad | IMT Hyderabad|website=www.imthyderabad.edu.in}}</ref>
* [[Institute of Public Enterprise]] – Established in 1964, for the study of issues and policies relating to [[State-owned enterprise|public enterprises]], management education started in 1980 with the start of a three-year part-time MBA (PE) programme.
* [[National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management]] – An autonomous [[Agricultural extension|extension]] and [[agribusiness]] management institute with a focus upon [[agricultural economics]] and the provision of support and services to farmers and fishermen for practicing [[sustainable agriculture]].
* [[Schulich School of Business]] – The business school of [[York University]] located in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada, it operates a [[satellite campus]] in Hyderabad.
* School of Management Studies, University of Hyderabad (Hyderabad Central University).
* [[University College of Commerce & Business Management]] – A constituent college of [[Osmania University]] established in 1962, it is divided into the departments of Business Management and Commerce
* [[Woxsen School of Business]] – A private business school established in 2013 by Praveen Pula, an education entrepreneur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2013/jul/26/woxsen-biz-school-draws-rs-500-crore-plan-500456.html|title=Woxsen biz school draws Rs 500 crore plan|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Hyderabad|Business|Schools}}
* [[List of educational institutions in Hyderabad (India)]]
* [[List of schools in Hyderabad, India]]
* [[List of MBA schools in India]]
* [[Education in Hyderabad]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hyderabad topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Business schools in Hyderabad, India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of business schools in India|Hyderabad]]

Lata Narvekar

2026-01-23T15:11:16Z

ZEKSheryl225755: adding initial details from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Lata Narvekar
|image =
|caption =
|birthname = Lata
|birth_date = 28 July 1940
|birth_place =Girgaon
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = Producer
|yearsactive =
|parents=
}}

'''Lata Narvekar''' is a popular [[Marathi language|Marathi]] drama producer who produced popular plays like ‘Sahi Re Sahi’, ‘Amchyasarkhe Amhich’ and ‘Lochya Jhala Re’.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lata Narvekar’s new play premieres May 6 |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/lata-narvekars-new-play-premieres-may-6/article_23709 |accessdate=18 March 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lata Narvekar’s Chintamani Productions is a premier [[Marathi theatre]] production house in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Adhi Basu Mag Bolu’- A play about marriages |url=http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/adhi-basu-mag-bolu-a-play-about-marriages/article_28468 |accessdate=18 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813194127/http://www.afternoondc.in/film-review/adhi-basu-mag-bolu-a-play-about-marriages/article_28468 |archive-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She has also produced two Marathi films in partnership with her friend [[Bharati Achrekar]] – [[Sarivar Sari]] and [[Sakhi (2008 film)|Sakhi]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm2343167}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narvekar, Lata}}
[[Category:Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:1940 births]]

Kota people (India)

2026-01-22T19:42:52Z

ZEKSheryl225755: New

{{Short description|Ethnic group in India}}
{{Other uses|Kota (disambiguation){{!}}Kota}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kotas
| image = [[File:Kota women 1870.jpg|150px]]
| caption = Kota women in traditional clothes circa 1870s
| total = 1203
| total_year = 1974
| languages = [[Kota language (India)|Kota language]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| religions = [[Animism|Kota Religion]], [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Toda people]] and other [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] speakers
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
[[File:Kota Pottery Tribal Museum Nilgiris Nov25 A7CR 09720.jpg|thumb|Kota pottery, Tribal Museum, [[Muthorai Palada|M. Palada]]]]
'''Kotas''', also '''Kothar''' or '''Kov''' by self-designation, are an ethnic group who are indigenous to the [[Nilgiri Mountains]] range in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. They are one of the many tribal people indigenous to the region, notably the [[Todas]], [[Irulas]] and [[Kurumbas]]. Todas and Kotas have been subject to intense anthropological, linguistic and genetic analysis since the early 19th century. Study of Todas and Kotas has also been influential in the development of the field of [[anthropology]]. Numerically Kotas have always been a small group, not exceeding 1,500 individuals spread over seven villages for the last 160 years.{{sfn|Ganesh|Rajakumar|Acharya|Vasumathy|2021}} They have maintained a lifestyle as jacks-of-all-trades such as potters, agriculturalist, leather workers, carpenters, and blacksmiths, and as musicians for other groups. Since the [[British Raj|British colonial period]] they have had greater educational opportunities. This has improved their socio-economic status and they no longer depend on providing their traditional services to make a living. Some anthropologists have considered them to be a specialised [[caste]] as opposed to a tribe or an ethnic group.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Kotas have their own unique language that belongs to the [[Dravidian language]] family but diverged from South Dravidian subfamily at some time [[before the common era]] (BCE). Their language was studied in detail by [[Murray Barnson Emeneau]], a pioneer in the field of Dravidian linguistics. Their social institutions were distinct from mainstream Indian cultural norms and had some slight similarities to Todas and other tribal peoples in neighbouring [[Kerala]] and the prominent [[Nair]] caste. It was informed{{clarify|date=January 2024|reason=Informed how? What, exactly, was 'informed by' fraternal polyandry?}} by a fraternal [[polygyny]] where possible. The religion of the Kota is unlike [[Hinduism]]; it worships non-[[anthropomorphic]] male deities and a female deity. Since the 1940s, many mainstream [[Hindu]] deities also have been adopted into the Kota pantheon and temples of [[Dravidian architecture|Tamil style]] have been built to accommodate their worship. Kotas have specialised groups of priests to propitiate their deities on behalf of the group.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Identity==
The Indian government classifies the Kota as a [[scheduled tribe]] (ST), a designation reserved for indigenous tribal communities throughout India that are usually at a lower socio-economic status than mainstream society.<ref name=Wolf/> They also have a special status as a [[particularly vulnerable tribal group]] (PVTG) based on certain socio-economic and demographic indicators.<ref name=Mohanty>{{Harvnb|Mohanty|2003|page=305}}</ref> The Kotas are a relatively successful group that makes its living in varied roles, such as agriculturalists, doctors, bankers and postmasters, for example; they are in both government- and private-sector employment.<ref name=Wolf>{{Harvnb|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Orientation: Identification"}}</ref> A few anthropologists and some members of other local communities consider them to be a service [[caste]] placed in the Nilgiris for that purpose; Kotas themselves do not believe this. They consider themselves to be original inhabitants of the region, whose provision of traditional artisan skills to other Nilgiri tribes was mutually beneficial and non-servile.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="History and Cultural Relations"}}

The name Kota is an [[exonym]], a term applied to the group by outsiders; Kotas refer to themselves as 'Kov'. There are a number of meanings attributed to the term, but according to Emeneau,<ref name=E1980240>{{Harvnb| Emeneau|1980|page=240}}</ref> ''ko-v'' meant a male potter and ''ko-ty'' a female potter.<ref name=Mohanty/> Since the 1930s through the efforts of a Kota school teacher, social reformer and activist named [[Sulli Kota]] and his followers, Kotas have transformed their previous traditional relationships away from serving other, so-called high-prestige ethnic groups and upgraded their socio-economic status.<ref name=M1971470>{{Harvnb|Mandelbaum|1971|page=470}}</ref> They still observe their traditional practices.<ref name=Wolf/>

==History==
[[File:Nilgiris Range Bokkapuram Sep22 R16 06380.jpg|thumb|Nilgiris massif, lower elevation was occupied by Kurumbar and Irulas whereas Kotas occupied the higher elevations.]]
Although many theories have been put forth as to the origins of Kotas and Todas, none have been confirmed. What linguists and anthropologists agree is that ancestors of both Kotas and Todas may have entered the Nilgiris massif from what is today Kerala or [[Karnataka]] in centuries BCE and developed in isolation from the rest of the society.<ref name=RB05>{{Harvnb|Reddy|Balaji Rao|1997|page=05}}</ref> According to Friedrich Metz,<ref name=Metz112>{{Harvnb|Metz|1864|page=112}}</ref> a missionary, Kotas had a tradition that alluded to them coming over from a place called Kollimale in Karnatakas. They seem to have displaced the previous Kurumba inhabitants from the higher altitudes to lower altitude infested with [[malaria]]l [[mosquitoes]].<ref name=Metz107>{{Harvnb|Metz|1864|page=107}}</ref>

The Kota tribe shows the maternal [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|haplogroup M]] at a frequency of 97 per cent, which is one of the highest in India.<ref name="DK">{{Harvnb|Kumar|2004|page=74}}</ref> Within M haplogroup, M2 lineages are common amongst Dravidian-speaking populations of South India.<ref name="DK" /> The Kota also demonstrate very low admixture rate from other neighbouring groups.<ref name="S54">{{Harvnb|Singh|2004|page=54}}</ref> A 2012 study on the haematological profile of Kota showed that a large segment of the population has a low MCV ([[mean corpuscular volume]]), with high [[mean platelet volume]] (MPV), and [[red blood cell distribution width]] (RDW). Together, these are often indicators of inherited [[haemoglobinopathies]] such as [[thalassemia]]s, and [[sickle cell]] or other [[anaemia]]s. However, several other haematological parameters (for example, [[Red blood cell|RBC]] and [[platelet]] counts) that were measured ruled out these conditions. The investigators suggested that the abnormal MCV, MPV and RDW may instead indicate a genetic propensity to a [[glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] ([[G6PD]] deficiency) among this group.{{sfn|Jyothi|Priya|Sanil|Rauf|2012}}

At some point in their history they developed a symbiotic economic relationship with their [[Water Buffalo|buffalo]]-rearing Toda neighbours as service providers in return for Todas' buffalo milk, hides, [[ghee]], and meat. They also had a trading and ritual relationship with Kurumba and Irula neighbours who were cultivators and hunter-gatherers. They specifically used the Kurumbas as their [[Magician (paranormal)|sorcerers]] and as village guards. The origin myth of Kotas postulates that Kotas, Todas, and Kurumbas were all placed in the Nilgiris area at once as brothers by the Kota god.<ref>{{Harvnb|Emeneau|1984|pages=212–213}}</ref> This symbiotic relationship survived until disturbed by the British colonial officers starting in the early 19th century.<ref name=RB05-08>{{Harvnb|Reddy|Balaji Rao|1997|pages=5–8}}</ref><ref name=Watson>{{Harvnb|Watson|Kaye|1875|pages=433–436}}</ref>

Since the early 19th century, British bureaucrats and both Western and Indian missionaries, anthropologists and linguists have spent an enormous amount of time studying the different ethnic and tribal groups of India; of all, the Todas were the most studied, followed by Kotas. Other groups such as Irulas and various groups of Kurumbars were least studied. The study of the ethnic groups of the Nilgiris was instrumental in the early development of the field of [[Anthropology]].<ref name=Hockings>{{Harvnb|Hockings|2008|pages=1–16}}</ref> Although most groups lived in peace with each other and had developed an interdependent relationship, taboos and cultural practices were developed to maintain social distance. According to Metz,<ref>{{Harvnb|Metz|1864|pages=107–109}}</ref> as the original settlers of the highland, Kurumbars were subject to continuous violence including occasional massacres by the Todas and Badagas. According to Kota informants, they had supplied battle drums during periods of war.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Sociopolitical Organization"}}

==Society==
Kotas were settled in seven relatively large nuclear villages interspersed between Toda and Badaga settlements. Six villages were within the Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu and the seventh one in the [[Wayanad district]] in Kerala. Kota villages are known as Kokkal in their language and as Kotagiri by outsiders.<ref name="Metz112"/> Each village had three 'kerr' (street) and people from same kerr are not supposed to intermarry, in order to avoid parallel cousin marriage. No social hierarchy was evident amongst the inter- and intra-village kerrs.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Sociopolitical Organization"}}

===Position of women===
Women had a greater say in choosing their marriage partners than in any mainstream Indian villages and also participated in many economic activities. They had the right to divorce.<ref name=Mandelbaum1941-574>{{Harvnb|Mandelbaum|1941|pages=574–583}}</ref> They were also exclusively engaged in making pottery. According to early western observers, unlike Toda women, who were friendly towards visitors to their villages, Kota women maintained their distance from outsiders. Wives of Kota priests played an equally important ritual role in religious functions. Women who became possessed to flute music are called ''Pembacol'' and were consulted during important village decisions.<ref name=Mandelbaum1941-24>{{Harvnb|Mandelbaum|1941|page=24}}</ref> Women also had specialised roles associated with cultivation, domestic chores and social functions.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Economy"}}

===Food===
Unlike Todas, Kotas ate meat and were in good physical condition when met by early anthropologists.<ref name=Watson/> Their traditional food is [[Italian millet]], a grain important throughout arid regions of India, known in the [[Kota language (India)|Kota language]] as {{Transliteration|kfe|vatamk}}. {{Transliteration|kfe|Vatamk}} is served in almost all ceremonial occasions but rice is the preferred daily food. It is served with {{Transliteration|kfe|udk}}, a [[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]-like item made of locally available pulses, vegetables and [[tamarind]] juice. Beef is seldom eaten but eggs, chicken and [[mutton]] are consumed, when available, along with locally grown vegetables and beans.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Economy: Subsistence and Commercial Activities"}}

===Governance===
Prior to colonial era penetration of the Kota area there was little-to-no formal relationships between neighbouring political entities and Kota villages. It is assumed that political entities from Karnataka made forays into the highland, but their control was not permanent. There was no formal differentiation that existed within and outside the village level. Each village had an expectation to meet. The village of Thichgad is famous for its women's song and dance, the funerals are well known in Menad, and the Kamatraya festival and instrumental music are famous in Kolmel.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Sociopolitical Organization: Social"}} Kota village is led by a village headman called ''Goethgarn''. The ''Goethgarn'' from Menad was the head of all the seven villages. Whenever a dispute arose, the ''Goethgarn'' will call a meeting known as a ''kuttim'' with the village elders and decide the solutions. Within a village, the ''Goethga-rn'' and elders decide when festivals are to be held and how to solve problems in the community. Although regular justice is handled through the Indian judicial system, local decisions of Kota cultural requirements are handled by the village ''kut''.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Sociopolitical Organization"}}

==Religion==
Kota religion and culture revolved around the [[Forge|smith]].<ref name=Mandelbaum1941-20>{{Harvnb|Mandelbaum|1941|page=20}}</ref><ref name=Mandelbaum1941-23>{{Harvnb|Mandelbaum|1941|page=23}}</ref> Their major deities are ''[[aiyyanar|A-yno-r]]'' also divided into big or ''Doda-ynor'' or small or ''kuna-yno-r,'' a father god and ''Amno-r'' or mother goddess. Father god is also called ''Kamati-cvara'' or ''Kamatra-ya'' in some villages. Although there were two male gods, there was only one version of the female goddess.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Religion and Expressive Culture"}}<ref name=Watson/><ref name=Wilson/> These gods were worshiped in the form of Silver disks at specific temples.<ref name=Mandelbaum1938-576>{{Harvnb|Mandelbaum|1938|page=576}}</ref> Historians Joyti Sahi and Louis Dumont note these deities may have roots in proto-[[Shaivism]] and [[History of Shaktism|proto-Shaktism]]{{sfn|Sahi|1990}}{{sfn|Sharma|1993}}{{sfn|Dumont|1991}} Pre-colonial contact, Kotas had a number of religious festivals which continued into the immediate post-colonial-contact period. These included praying to their rain god ''kakakaku kana- bado '' or titular deity ''Kamatra-ya''. During the seed sowing ceremony, they used to build a forge and a furnace within the main temple and smiths would make [[votive]] item like axes or gold ornaments to the deity.<ref name=Tribhuwan>{{Harvnb|Tribhuwan|2003|pages=175–176}}</ref> The head priest ''mundika-no-n'' and headmen ''gotga-rn'' usually belong to the particular family (''kuyt'') and it was passed from father to son. ''Mundika-no-n'' is assisted by the ''navya-navkaru'', through whom the god (''so-ym'') communicates with the people while being possessed. ''Te-rka-ran'' could come from any family but ''mundika-no-n'' comes from a specific family in a village.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Religion and Expressive Culture: Religious Practitioners"}}<ref name=Watson/>

Kota [[funeral rites]] consist of two ceremonies. The first one is called Green funeral and concerns cremation of the body. The second ceremony is called a dry funeral and involves exhumation of buried bones from the first ceremony, followed by sacrifice of semi-wild buffaloes. The second funeral is no longer practiced widely.<ref name=Watson/><ref name=Wilson>{{Harvnb|Wilson|2003|pages=97–99}}</ref> Kota temples are unique in being run by a variety of people not restricted to original priestly families.{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Religion and Expressive Culture"}}{{sfn|Poduval|1990}}

==Language==
{{further|Kota language (India)}}
Kotas speak the Kota language or ''Ko-v Ma-nt'' and it is closely related to Toda language. It was identified as an independent [[Dravidian language]] in as early as 1870s by [[Robert Caldwell]].<ref name=C>{{Harvnb|Caldwell|1875|page=512}}</ref> It diverged from the common [[South Dravidian]] stock in years BCE. Kota language speakers became isolated and the language developed certain unique characteristics that were studied in detail and by the prominent Dravidian linguist Murray Emeneau. It is informed by maintenance of words that shows strong affinity to [[Archaic Tamil]]. According to Emeneau<ref name=E389>{{Harvnb|Emeneau|1994|pages=389}}</ref> Kotas have been living in isolation since their separation from the mainstream Tamil speakers in years BCE. Emeneau<ref name=E389/> dates the split to the 2nd century BCE as ''[[terminus ante quem]]'' ("limit before which") and was unable to date the period earlier than this in which the split may have happened, but it happened after [[Kannada]] split from the common [[Tamil–Kannada]] stock.<ref name=E389/>

All Nilgiri languages show [[Areal feature|areal influence]] and show affinity to each other.<ref name=E1980>{{Harvnb|Emeneau|1980|pages=78–85}}</ref> Since the reorganization of linguistic states in India, most Kota children study in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] at schools and are bilingual in Kota and Tamil. Previously Kotas were multilingual in Kota, Toda and Badaga languages.<ref name=E1994>{{Harvnb|Emeneau|1994|pages=391–392}}</ref>

===Kota kinship terms===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Kota{{sfn|Wolf|n.d.|loc="Kinship"}}
! English
|-
| Per-in
| Grandfather
|-
| Per-av
| Grandmother
|-
| Ayn
| Father
|-
| Av
| Mother
|-
| Ann
| Elder brother
|-
| Kada-l
| Younger brother
|-
| Kadas
| younger sister
|-
| Akken
| elder sister
|-
|Mamn
|Uncle
|-
|Memm
|Aunt
|}

==See also==
*[[Adivasi]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Cited literature==
{{commons category|Kota (ethnic group in India)}}
*{{Citation|last=Caldwell|first=Robert|title=A comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages
|publisher=Trubner and Co|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfwCAAAAMAAJ&q=kota|year= 1875|oclc=635088088 }}
*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/religioninindia0000unse/page/n11/mode/2up |chapter=A Folk Deity of Tamil Nad: Aiyanar, the Lord |first=Louis |last=Dumont |title=Religion in India |editor=T. N. Madan |pages=38–[https://archive.org/details/religioninindia0000unse/page/48/mode/2up 49] |date=1991 |url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/religioninindia0000unse/page/38/mode/2up |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi |isbn=978-019-563-0923 |archive-date=24 February 2011 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224211847/http://www.mylibrary.britishcouncil.org/knowledge-and-society/religion-in-india |url-status=dead }}
*{{Citation|last=Emeneau|first=Murray|title=Language and Linguistic Area: Essays by Murray B. Emeneau |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTGsAAAAIAAJ&q=Kota&pg=PA80|year= 1980|isbn=978-0-8047-1047-3}}
*{{Citation| last1=Emeneau| first1=Murray|title=Toda Grammar and Texts|publisher= American Philosophical Society| year=1984| isbn=978-0-87169-155-2| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-B94uj2p4hQC}}
*{{Citation|last=Emeneau|first=Murray|title=Dravidian Studies: Selected Papers |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-KSgMeRbtAC&q=Kotas&pg=PA391|year= 1994|isbn=978-81-208-0858-4}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ganesh |first1=Balasubramanian |last2=Rajakumar |first2=Thangarasu |last3=Acharya |first3=Subhendu Kumar |last4=Vasumathy |first4=Sridharan |last5=Sowmya |first5=Sridharan |last6=Kaur |first6=Harpreet |title=Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of Tamil Nadu, India: A Sociocultural Anthropological Review |journal=Indian Journal of Public Health |date=October 2021 |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=403–409 |doi=10.4103/ijph.IJPH_2_21 |url=https://journals.lww.com/ijph/fulltext/2021/65040/particularly_vulnerable_tribal_groups_of_tamil.16.aspx |doi-access=free |pmid=34975088 |issn=0019-557X}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ghosh|first=Alok Kumar|year=1976|title=The Kota of the Nilgiri hills: a demographic study|journal=Journal of Biosocial Science|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=08|issue=1|pages=17–26|doi=10.1017/S0021932000010415|pmid=956200|s2cid=33682820 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1382280|access-date=24 December 2010|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal|last=Hockings|first=Paul|year=2008|title=All Aboard the Nilgiri Express!—Sustained Links between Anthropology and a Single Indian District|journal=History and Anthropology|publisher=Routledge|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1080/02757200802150869|s2cid=162196281}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Jyothi |first1= M. |first2=C. |last2=Priya|first3=R. |last3=Sanil |first4=Arun A. |last4=Rauf |title=Hematological Disorder From The Kota Tribes Of The Nilgiris, India: Novel Research |date=2012 |journal=Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=156–162 |url=http://www.ajbpr.com/issues/volume2/issue4/FINAL%2014.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122319/http://www.ajbpr.com/issues/volume2/issue4/FINAL%2014.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kalla|first1=Alok Kumar|last2=Joshi|first2=P.C.|title=Tribal health and medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDdjLiITmUQC&q=Kota+tribe&pg=PA63|year=2004|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-81-8069-139-3}}
*{{Citation|last=Kumar|first=Dhavendra|title=Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent |publisher=Springer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpl0LXKj13QC&q=Kota+tribe&pg=PA74|year= 2004|isbn=978-1-4020-1215-0}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mandelbaum|first=David|year=1938|title=Polyandry in Kota society|journal=American Anthropologist|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|volume=40|issue=4|pages=574–583|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pz1m3wt|doi=10.1525/aa.1938.40.4.02a00030|s2cid=159846446 |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mandelbaum|first=David|year=1941|title=Culture Change among the Nilgiri Tribes|journal=American Anthropologist|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|volume=43|issue=1|pages=19–26|url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0zj0w51k|doi=10.1525/aa.1941.43.1.02a00040|doi-access=free}}
*{{Citation|last=Mandelbaum|first=David|title=Society in India: Volume 1|publisher= University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C&q=kota+++sulli&pg=PA470|year= 1971|isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 }}
*{{Citation|last=Metz|first=Friedrich|title=The tribes inhabiting the Neilgherry Hills|publisher=Basel Mission Press, Mangalore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=Kotas&pg=PA112|year= 1864|oclc=302321001 }}
*{{Citation|last=Mohanty|first=P.K.|title=Development of primitive tribal groups in India
|publisher= Kalpaz Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVHR13x6fAMC&q=Kota+tribe&pg=PA305|year= 2003|isbn=978-81-7835-024-0 }}
*{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsPMtQ3UdmYC | title=Travancore Inscription: A Topographical List | publisher=New Delhi: Asian Educational Services | last=Poduval |first= R. Vasudeva | year=1990 | pages=76| isbn=9788120605558 }}
*{{Citation|last1=Reddy|first1=K. N.|last2=Balaji Rao|first2=N.S.|title=Technology, life and livelihood strategies of Tribes of Nilgiris: Past, Present and the Continuum|publisher=S.V. University, Tirupati|url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalbalaji.pdf|year=1997|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622033057/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/tribalbalaji.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-22}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sahi |first1=Jyoti |title=The child and the serpent: Reflections on popular Indian symbols |publisher=Penguin Group |location=Canada |isbn=978-0140190816 |page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzpeqN8VrkoC&q=The+child+and+the+serpent:+reflections+on+popular+Indian+symbols |access-date=10 March 2019|date=1 July 1990}}
*{{cite book|first=Shri Pandit Rudrajha |last=Sharma|title=Tattvāloka |volume= 16|year=1993|publisher=Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Educational Trust|page=246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6H9TAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{Citation|last=Singh|first=R.|title=Social transformation of Indian tribes|publisher= Anmol Publishing Ltd. Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ix4T-qyrhWAC&q=low+admixture+++kota&pg=PA50|year= 2004|isbn=978-81-261-0452-9 }}
*{{Citation|last=Tribhuwan|first=Robin|title=Fairs and Festivals of Indian Tribes|publisher=Discovery publishing house|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JC-014hKeKAC&q=Kota+tribe&pg=PA175|year= 2003|isbn=978-81-7141-640-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Forbes|last2=Kaye|first2=John William|title=People of India: A series of Photographic illustrations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThQFAAAAYAAJ&q=Kota&pg=RA1-PA437|volume=8|year=1875|publisher=India Museum|oclc=316376538}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Wilson |editor-first1=Lisa |title=The Living and the Dead: Social Dimensions of Death in South Asian Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rC2zWYj6d2sC&q=kota+religion&pg=PA97|year=2003|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-5677-4}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Kota.html|title=Kota |website=Countries and Their Cultures |last=Wolf|first=Richard Kent|publisher=www.everyculture.com|access-date=25 December 2010|date=n.d.}}

==Further reading==
*{{Citation|last=Wolf|first=Richard|title=The Black Cow's Footprint: Time, Space and Music in the Lives of the Kotas of South India |publisher=University of Illinois Press|year= 2006|isbn=978-0-252-03116-8}}
* {{cite thesis |title= Investigating Kota Tribal Ethnography Through Folklore Analysis |last=Agnisri |first=S. |publisher=SRM Institute of Science and Technology |date=2025 |hdl=10603/669608 |type=PhD |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/669608}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190402202304/http://hellomyexpert.com/breekschatter/summer2012/2012/06/30/the-kotas-jamuna-raju-89/#comment-37 Pictures and Videos of Kotas]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175021/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/111416110-exquisite-tribal-handicrafts-nilgiris-blue-mountains-india Handicrafts of Kota people]}}
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kfe Ethnologue: Kota, A language of India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kota People}}
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Kilimanjaro (song)

2026-01-19T10:39:18Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Article enhanced with better details

{{short description|Tamil song}}
{{About|Tamil-language song composed by A. R. Rahman and used in Indian Enthiran|French-language song by Pascal Danel|Kilimandjaro (song)}}
{{Other uses|Kilimanjaro (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Kilimanjaro
| cover = Kilimanjarosong.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Cover
| type =
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]] (composer) and [[Javed Ali]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] (singers)
| album = [[Enthiran (soundtrack)|Enthiran]]
| released = 31 July 2010
| format =
| recorded = 2010 [[Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]]
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 5:32
| label = [[Think Music]]
| writer = [[A. R. Rahman]] (music), [[Pa.Vijay]] (lyrics)
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| misc = {{External music video|type=song|{{YouTube|E21CJi7R9JM|"Kilimanjaro"}}
}}
}}
'''"Kilimanjaro"''' is a Tamil song from the 2010 Indian film ''[[Enthiran]]'', directed by [[S. Shankar]]. The song was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], lyrics penned by [[Pa.Vijay]] and sung by [[Javed Ali]] and [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]. The Hindi and Telugu version of the song has lyrics respectively written by [[Swanand Kirkire]] and Bhuvana Chandra. The song, based on the [[raga]] Karaharapriya, is reputed for its use of tribal beats with a catchy chorus and with various musical experiments.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} Song shooting took place in [[Machu Picchu]] in [[Peru]]. The song was released in Hindi and Telugu under the same name.

==Music structure and lyrics==
The song has been composed on raga Karaharapriya. The song features African tribal percussions created by multiple Octapads and vocals, which well suits the song situation. It is sung by noted duo Javed Ali and Chinmayi in all three versions. Singer Chinmayi, who worked with the trio (Rahman, Sankar and Rajinikanth) in the song "Sahana", said it was "a Dream Come True" to sing again for Rajinikanth.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} The additional vocal arrangements of the song is done by [[Clinton Cerejo]].

The original title of the song is retained in all three versions. The words "Kilimanjaro", "Mohenjo-Daro" etc., originally included by Pa. Vijay, appears in all the versions.

==Release and reception==
The song was released as part of the [[Enthiran (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the film on 31 July 2010. The song topped the country charts, holding the #1 position for many continuous weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinefundas.com/2010/09/18/kilimanjaro-from-enthiran-tops-the-chart-this-week |title=Kilimanjaro from Enthiran tops the Chart this week &#124; Cinefundas.com - One Stop Cinema Portal |access-date=2010-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119062939/http://www.cinefundas.com/2010/09/18/kilimanjaro-from-enthiran-tops-the-chart-this-week |archive-date=2010-11-19 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinefundas.com/2010/11/01/kilimanjaro-from-enthiran-tops-the-chart-this-week-3 |title=Kilimanjaro from Enthiran tops the Chart this week &#124; Cinefundas.com - One Stop Cinema Portal |access-date=2010-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102183720/http://www.cinefundas.com/2010/11/01/kilimanjaro-from-enthiran-tops-the-chart-this-week-3 |archive-date=2010-11-02 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> It topped Tamil film music charts for over five months.<ref name="Chart">{{cite web
|url=http://sify.com/movies/who-is-topping-the-charts-in-k-wood-news-tamil-kmgm7rhgbga.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207071644/http://sify.com/movies/who-is-topping-the-charts-in-k-wood-news-tamil-kmgm7rhgbga.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2010-12-07
|title=Who is topping the charts in K'wood?
|author=
|website=[[Sify]]
|accessdate=2010-12-06
}}</ref>

The audio along with the entire soundtrack, broke several records in the Indian music industry, testified by its chart positions and digital downloads. It is often praised to be having the "usual Rahman touch".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-01/news-interviews/28225563_1_rajinikanth-endhiran-sivaji | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103205303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-01/news-interviews/28225563_1_rajinikanth-endhiran-sivaji | url-status=dead | archive-date=2012-11-03 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=A phenomenon called Rajini! | date=2010-10-01}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The song is picturised on [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]] singing a duet with a host of tribal dancers in the background. The song sequence was filmed at [[Machu Picchu]] in [[Peru]], making it the first Indian video to be picturised on the protected heritage site.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} According to official sources, there were interventions from the Indian government to grant permission for the shooting, which was denied even for many international projects like ''[[Quantum of Solace]]''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} It was choreographed by [[Raju Sundaram]], brother of [[Prabhudeva]], who choreographed many other songs in the film.

It was the [[List of most expensive music videos|most expensive Indian music video]] up until then, costing {{INR|4 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Here Are The 12 Most Expensive Songs Ever Made In Bollywood |url=https://www.ucnews.in/news/Here-Are-The-12-Most-Expensive-Songs-Ever-Made-In-Bollywood/1304706038450303.html |work=[[UC News]] |date=19 May 2018 |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231043/https://www.ucnews.in/news/Here-Are-The-12-Most-Expensive-Songs-Ever-Made-In-Bollywood/1304706038450303.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ({{US$|{{#expr:40000000/45.726 round -3}}|long=no}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=2011&locations=IN&start=2010 |website=[[World Bank]] |accessdate=14 December 2018}}</ref> equivalent to {{US$|{{Inflation|US|875000|2010|r=-3}}|long=no}} ({{INR|{{#expr:({{Inflation|US|875000|2010|r=-3}}/10000000)*(1000/{{To USD|1000|IND}}) round 2}} crore}}) adjusted for inflation.

==Other versions ==
The film is parodied in the film ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' (2012) in the song "Kaadhal Oru" with [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] and [[Hansika Motwani]]. In the Telugu film ''[[Nuvva Nena]]'', the song is parodied with Brahmanandam and Kovai Sarala.

==Awards and nominations==

===Won===

* 2010: [[Mirchi Music Awards South|Mirchi Music Award for Best Female Playback Singer - Tamil]] - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* 2010: CSK Academy Of Motion Picture Arts & Science Award for Best Female Playback Singer - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.writercsk.com/2010/12/2010_25.html |title=தமிழ் திரைப்பட விருதுகள் : 2010 |publisher=WriterCSK |date=2010-12-25 |accessdate=2011-08-20}}</ref>
* 2010: MGR Sivaji Academy Award for Best Female Playback Singer - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<ref>{{cite web|author=seeucom |url=http://tamilmoviestar.com/enthiran-was-awarded-the-best-commercial-film-of-the-year-in-mgr-sivaji-awards/ |title=Enthiran was awarded the best commercial film of the year in MGR-Sivaji Awards |publisher=Tamilmoviestar.com |date=2011-01-03 |accessdate=2011-08-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830121703/http://tamilmoviestar.com/enthiran-was-awarded-the-best-commercial-film-of-the-year-in-mgr-sivaji-awards/ |archivedate=2011-08-30 }}</ref>
* 2010: [[Vijay Music Awards|Vijay Music Award for Popular Female Playback Singer]] - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2009923.ece?homepage=true |title=Arts / Cinema : Rhythmic ripples of 'Mellisai' mark function |work=The Hindu |date=2011-05-12 |accessdate=2011-08-20 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* 2010: [[Vijay Music Awards#Popular Female Playback Singer|Vijay Music Award for Popular Song of the year]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515095806/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/12/stories/2011051260290200.htm ] {{failed verification|date=July 2020}}</ref>
* 2010: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback]] - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]

===Nominations===

* [[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]] - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* [[5th Vijay Awards|2010]]: [[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Enthiran franchise}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2010 songs]]
[[Category:Songs about Africa]]
[[Category:Songs about mountains]]
[[Category:Songs with music by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:Enthiran]]

Pandit Arjun Lal Sethi

2026-01-15T04:22:37Z

ZEKSheryl225755: new a article

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and educator (1880–1941)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
'''Shri Arjun Lal Sethi''' (9 September 1880 – 22 December 1941) was a freedom fighter, revolutionary, and educator from [[Jaipur]]. He is sometimes termed the father of the freedom movement in Rajasthan.<ref>[History of the Jaipur City, Ashim Kumar Roy, Manohar], 1978, p. 109.</ref> He was the founder of the Congress party in Rajasthan <ref>''The Idea of Rajasthan: Institutions''. Volume 2 of ''The Idea of Rajasthan: Explorations in Regional Identity'', American Institute of Indian Studies, Karine Schomer, American Institute of Indian Studies, South Asia Publications, 1994, p. 155.</ref> and the Jaipur [[Praja Mandal]]<ref>[http://www.samacharjagat.com/news/article-blog/history-of-rajasthan-in-the-war-of-independence-79876 'आजादी की जंग में राजस्थान का इतिहास', स्वाधीनता आंदोलन को मिली थी नई दिशा, Samachar Jagat], 15 August 2016.</ref>

==Background==
Arjun Lai Sethi was born in a [[Jainism|Jain]] family<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Satish Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dm0AAAAAMAAJ&q=arjun+lal+sethi+jain |title=Progressive Jains of India |date=1975 |publisher=Shraman Sahitya Sansthan |language=en}}</ref> at [[Jaipur]]. He earned his B.A. degree in Persian in 1902.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

==India's freedom movement==

He worked as Kamdar in [[Jaipur State]], but soon left the service, distressed with the behaviour of the English with the Indian people. He was an active participant in revolutionary movements between the years 1905–12. While serving as Head Master of Kalyanmal Mahavidyalaya at Indore, he was arrested and was kept in custody for six years, until 1922, at Jaipur and Vellore.<ref>Rajasthan, ''Gazetteer of India'', Volume 26 of Rajasthan, Government Central Press, 1987, p. 54.</ref>

Daily newspapers from various provinces and senior leaders had initiated movements for his release. [[Annie Besant]], met the Viceroy for this purpose. As he had taken a vow not to consume food without worshiping Jain Tirthankar's idol, he fasted in the jail for seventy days.<ref>"THE XXXII SESSION OF THE INDIAN. NATIONAL CONGRESS Held at Calcutta on 26th, 28th & 29th December 1917", p. 90.</ref><ref>The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi: (24 January 1922 – 12 November 1923), Volume 26, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, p. 69.</ref>

==Death==
He died at Ajmer on 22 December 1941, at the age of sixty-one,<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/ajmer/news/RAJ-AJM-OMC-MAT-latest-ajmer-news-053532-2689257-NOR.html दरगाह परिसर में दफनाए गए थे महान क्रांतिकारी अर्जुनलाल सेठी, Bhaskar News Network, 21 September 2015]</ref> and was buried there.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==See also==
* [[Narayan Hari Apte]]
* [[Kesari Singh Barahath]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[http://en.encyclopediaofjainism.com/index.php?title=SHRI_ARJUN_LAL_SETHI Taken from Article on Encyclopedia of Jainism]
* Memories from his son compiled by Vikas sethi

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethi, Arjun Lal, Pandit}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]

Sevā

2026-01-12T17:36:57Z

ZEKSheryl225755: small changes

{{italictitle}}
{{Short description|Selfless service and volunteering in Indian religions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

{{Hinduism}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
{{Sikh practices}}
'''{{transliteration|sa|Sevā}}''' (also known as '''{{transliteration|sa|Sewā}}''', {{langx|sa|[[wikt:सेवा|सेवा]]}}) is the concept of performing selfless service without any expectation of reward. It exists in [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Sikhism]], taking also the form of [[Bhandara (community kitchen)|Bhandara]] in Hinduism and [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]] in Sikhism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagdhi |first=Ujjawal |date=2018-10-01 |title=भंडारे का इतिहास और महत्व {{!}} History of Bhandara and Importance in Hindi |url=https://dilsedeshi.com/history/bhandara-history-importance-hindi/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=Dil Se Deshi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cole |first1=William Owen |title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1898723134}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadananda |first=Avadhoota |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjYtEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bhandara+food+in++hindu&pg=PT348 |title=Autobiography of an Avadhoota - Part II |date=2017-01-14 |publisher=Gurulight |language=en}}</ref> In Jainism, service is regarded as an internal discipline that cultivates humility, detachment, and moral refinement rather than personal merit or reward.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=R. |title=Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1963 |pages=182–184}}</ref> Sevā is a [[Sanskrit]] term meaning "selfless and meaningful service". Such acts are carried out to benefit other human beings or society; however, a modern interpretation of the term describes it as a service that reflects "dedication to others".<ref>{{cite book | first=Frederique | last=Pagani | chapter=Empathy, Salvation, and Religious Identity | editor-last=Schlecker | editor-first=Markus | editor-last2=Fleischer | editor-first2=Friederike | title=Ethnographies of Social Support | url=https://archive.org/details/ethnographiesofs0000unse | url-access=registration | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-137-33096-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/ethnographiesofs0000unse/page/180/mode/1up 180]}}</ref>

The concept of ''sevā'' is significant in many religious traditions, as service to others is regarded as an essential devotional practice. It is understood as a way of serving God indirectly by leading a religious life that benefits others.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaphcm/international-archives-of-public-health-and-community-medicine-iaphcm-7-090.php?jid=iaphcm |access-date=2025-06-24 |journal=International Archives of Public Health and Community Medicine|doi=10.23937/2643-4512/1710090 |title=Examining the Intersection of Seva and Public Health Policy |date=2023 |last1=Pragat |first1=Patel |volume=7 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The motivation behind ''sevā'' is serving God through serving humanity.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaphcm/international-archives-of-public-health-and-community-medicine-iaphcm-7-090.php?jid=iaphcm |access-date=2025-06-24 |journal=International Archives of Public Health and Community Medicine|doi=10.23937/2643-4512/1710090 |title=Examining the Intersection of Seva and Public Health Policy |date=2023 |last1=Pragat |first1=Patel |volume=7 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Sevā'' can even be integrated into other fields, such as public health, to foster social cohesion and enhance interventions.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaphcm/international-archives-of-public-health-and-community-medicine-iaphcm-7-090.php?jid=iaphcm |access-date=2025-06-24 |journal=International Archives of Public Health and Community Medicine|doi=10.23937/2643-4512/1710090 |title=Examining the Intersection of Seva and Public Health Policy |date=2023 |last1=Pragat |first1=Patel |volume=7 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Etymology and meaning==
Sevā comes from the Sanskrit root {{Lang|sa-Latn|sev}}''—''"to serve".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Marcy Braverman |date=2022-05-17 |title=Sevā: The Heart of Spiritual Citizenship |url=https://www.embodiedphilosophy.com/seva-the-heart-of-spiritual-citizenship/#:~:text=And%20the%20etymology%20of%20sev%C4%81,God/Goddess,%20and%20humanity. |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Embodied Philosophy |language=en-US}}</ref>

''Kar sevā'' ([[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਕਰ ਸੇਵਾ}}), from the Sanskrit words {{transliteration|sa|kar}}, meaning hands or work, and ''sevā'', meaning service,<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=8170103010 |page=121}}</ref><ref name="Christiane Brosius, Melissa Butcher 1999 134">{{cite book |author=Christiane Brosius, Melissa Butcher |title=Image journeys: audio-visual media and cultural change in India |publisher=Sage Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7619-9325-4 |page=134}}</ref> is often translated as "voluntary service". A ''kar'' ''sevā'' volunteer is called a {{transliteration|pa|kar sevak}}: someone who freely offers their services to a religious cause.<ref name="alter">{{cite book|title=Amritsar to Lahore: A Journey Across the India-Pakistan Border|first=Stephen|last=Alter|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc.|year=2001|isbn=9780812217438|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=snp1LwlbiPsC&pg=PA198 198]}}</ref> Sikhs use the term {{transliteration|pa|kar sevak}} to refer to people who engage in ministrations, altruistic philanthropy, and humanitarian endeavors in service to religion and society. {{transliteration|pa|Sevadar}} ({{langx|pa|ਸੇਵਾਦਾਰ}}; also transcribed as {{transliteration|pa|sewadar}}), literally "''sevā''-supporter", is another Punjabi word for a volunteer who performs {{transliteration|pa|seva}}.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|title=Sewa|date=13 December 2018 |url=https://www.khalsaschool.co.uk/sewedars|publisher=Khalsa VA Primary School}}
|2={{cite book|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|first=W. H. |last=McLeod|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA184|publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009|isbn=9780810863446|page=184}} }}</ref>

=={{transliteration|sa|Sevā}} in Hinduism==
{{see also|Bhakti movement#Seva, dāna, and community kitchens}}
In Hinduism, ''sevā'' is the concept of service to God and/or humanity, performed without any expectation of personal gain. ''Sevā'' is seen as a form of {{transliteration|sa|[[dharma]]}} (righteousness) and has been said to provide good {{transliteration|sa|[[karma]]}}, which helps the {{transliteration|sa|[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atma]]}} (soul) to obtain {{transliteration|sa|[[moksha]]}} (emancipation from the cycle of death and rebirth).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gibson|first=Lynne|title=Hinduism|publisher=Heinemann Educational|date=2002|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaBqYvH02_QC&pg=PA56 56]|isbn=9780435336196}}</ref> It is often associated with {{transliteration|sa|[[karma yoga]]}} (disciplined action) and {{transliteration|sa|[[bhakti yoga]]}} (disciplined devotion). In Bhagavad Gita (3.19), it is stated: "Therefore, giving up attachment, perform actions as a matter of duty, because by working without being attached to the fruits, one attains the Supreme."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukundananda |first=Swami |title=BG 3.19: Chapter 3, Verse 19 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda |url=https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/3/verse/19#:~:text=BG%203.19:%20Therefore,%20giving%20up,fruits,%20one%20attains%20the%20Supreme. |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org |language=en}}</ref>

Sevā is also connected to other Sanskrit concepts, such as {{transliteration|sa|[[dāna]]}} (gift giving), {{transliteration|sa|karunā}} ([[compassion]]), and {{transliteration|sa|prema}} ([[love]]/affection).<ref>{{Citation |last=Jacobsen |first=Knut A. |title=Sevā |date=2018-05-29 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-encyclopedia-of-hinduism/seva-COM_2050280?lang=fr|url-access=subscription |encyclopedia=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2022-04-16}}</ref> {{transliteration|sa|Seva}} is also performed as a form of [[Self-concept|ego]]-transcending spiritual practice known as {{transliteration|sa|[[sādhanā]]}} and plays a significant role in modern Hinduism.<ref name="Jacobs2010">{{Cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Stephen |title=Hinduism Today: An Introduction |publisher=Continuum International Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9786612874345 |location=London |pages=42 |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|42}} A key concept in Hinduism is {{transliteration|sa|[[moksha]]}}, or liberation from the cycle of births and death known as {{transliteration|sa|[[saṃsāra]]}}. [[Sādhanā]] is the effort one makes to strive for liberation, highlighting the importance of service to others.{{r|Jacobs2010|page=43}}

=== Historical Context ===
Before the early 19th century, the meaning of ''sevā'' (serving or honoring) had been virtually synonymous with {{transliteration|sa|[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]}} (worship), which typically also included distribution of {{transliteration|sa|[[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]]}} (sacrificial offerings), such as food, fruits, and sweets to all gathered.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|title=Prasada|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/prasada |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
|2={{cite web|title=Puja|date=23 September 2023 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/puja |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
|3={{Cite book|first=Rachana|last=Bhangaokar|chapter=The Development of Communal and Spiritual Dutifulness in India: Upholding ''Dharma'', Offering ''Seva''|editor-last=Jensen|editor-first=Lene Arnett|title=The Oxford Handbook of Moral Development: An Interdisciplinary Perspective|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780190676056|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OcXLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA341 341]|quote=The communal preparing and sharing of food or prasad (sacred food offered to the deity and then distributed among the followers) is particularly important as an activity binding together a community of followers.}}
|4={{Cite book|editor-last1=Hawley|editor-first1=John|editor-last2=Narayanan|editor-first2=Vasudha|title=The Life of Hinduism|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=9780520249141|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9hairjdT-ekC&lpg=PR1&pg=PA13 13]}}
}}</ref> Thus, ''sevā'' typically involved the offering of food to a deity and its {{transliteration|sa|[[murti]]}} (idol), followed by the distribution of that food as {{transliteration|sa|prasad}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cush|first=Denise|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781135189792|page=783}}</ref>

=== References in Bhagavad Gita ===
The concept of ''sevā'' and {{transliteration|sa|karma yoga}} is explained in the [[Bhagavad Gita]], where [[Krishna]] expounds on the subject. In modern times, the concept has been expanded to volunteering for the greater good, such as in disaster relief and other major incidents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Engagement Guidelines: Hindu Leaders|series=Tip Sheets: Engaging Faith Communities |url=https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/fema_faith-communities_hindu-leaders_1.pdf |website=FEMA |access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

== ''Sevā'' in Jainism ==
In Jainism, ''sevā'' is understood as an ethical expression of compassion, non-violence (''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]]''), and the mutual interdependence of all living beings. ''Sevā'' in Jain thought is embedded within a comprehensive moral and metaphysical framework aimed at the purification of the soul (''[[Jīva (Jainism)|jīva]]'') and the minimisation of karmic bondage.<ref>{{Citation |title=Tattvārthādhigama-Sūtra |date=2017 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |pages=1188 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100862 |access-date=2025-12-17 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100862 |isbn=978-94-024-0851-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A foundational Jain formulation relevant to ''sevā'' is the [[aphorism]] '''''[[Parasparopagraho Jivanam|parasparopagraho jīvānām]]''''' (“souls render service to one another”), found in ''[[Tattvartha Sutra|Tattvārtha Sūtra]]'' (5.21).<ref>{{cite book |last=Tatia |first=Nathmal |title=Tattvārtha Sūtra: That Which Is |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |page=131}}</ref>

Acts of service are assessed not only by intention but {{em|also by their effects}}, with careful attention to avoidance and prevention of any harm to anyone. Jain ethical texts state that compassion should be exercised in ways that minimise injury to even the smallest living beings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |publisher=University of California Press |year=1979 |pages=167–170}}</ref> In classical Jain literature, service is associated with ''vaiyāvṛttya'', a form of ethical conduct involving respectful service rendered to others, particularly spiritual teachers, ascetics, the sick, and fellow practitioners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=R. |title=Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1963 |pages=182–184}}</ref> ''Sevā'', when practised in accordance with restraint and right perception, contributes indirectly to spiritual progress by reducing egoism and reinforcing awareness of interdependence.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |publisher=University of California Press |year=1979 |pages=141–143}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norman |first=K. R. |date=1963 |title=Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras. By R. Williams, pp. xxx + 296. Oxford University Press (London Oriental Series, Volume XIV), London. 1963. 70s. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00123974 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=78 |doi=10.1017/s0035869x00123974 |issn=0035-869X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
=== Modern Context ===
In modern contexts, Jain communities have extended the principle of ''sevā'' to organised humanitarian, educational, environmental, and animal-protection initiatives.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cort |first=John E. |year=2010 |title=Green Jainism? Notes and Queries toward a Possible Jain Environmental Ethic |journal=Journal of Jain Studies |volume=2 |pages=1–25}}</ref> Jains express ''sevā'' through ethical engagement with society and sustained support of the Jain community (''[[Sangha|saṅgha]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schermerhorn |first=R. A. |date=1983 |title=Jaina Community, a Social Survey. By Vilas Adinath Sangave. 2d rev. ed.Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1980. xv, 455 pp. Appendixes, Bibliography, Index. Rs. 120 (cloth). |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/2055578 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=708 |doi=10.2307/2055578 |jstor=2055578 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In this way, ''sevā'' functions as a bridge between ideals and their actual implementation in everyday life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |date=2024-09-18 |title=The Jains |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003572343 |doi=10.4324/9781003572343|isbn=978-1-003-57234-3 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Among Jain households, ''sevā'' traditionally includes acts such as providing alms, supporting ascetics, offering care to the poor and infirm, maintaining places of worship, and protecting animals. Animal welfare, in particular, occupies a prominent place in Jain service activities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |pages=163–165}}</ref>

== {{transliteration|pa|Sevā}} in Sikhism ==
{{see also|Langar (Sikhism)|Dasvandh}}
In Sikhism, sevā is an act of service to [[Waheguru]] (the Supreme God), enabling one to grow closer to Waheguru. The principles of sevā underpin many Sikh values and are emphasized numerous times in the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]''. The scripture focuses not only on how one should perform sevā, but also on the proper mindset one should have and the spiritual benefits that result from performing sevā.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seva (Selfless Service) - Institutions - Sikhism - Sikh Missionary Society (U.K.) |url=https://www.sikhmissionarysociety.org/sms/smssikhism/institutions/seva/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=www.sikhmissionarysociety.org}}</ref>

In Sikhism, the word sevā means "to worship, adore, or pay homage through the act of love." Sevā could be social, physical, spiritual, or a security service for the welfare of humanity. In the writings of [[Sikh gurus]], these two meanings of sevā (service and worship) have been merged. Sevā is expected to be a labor of love performed with humility and without selfish desire or expectation.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Labour of love: Kar seva at Darbar Sahib's Amrit Sarover |first=Gurmit Singh |last=Virdee |journal=Sikh Formations: Religion, Culture, Theory |year=2005 |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=13–28 |doi=10.1080/17448720500231409|s2cid=144267107 }}</ref>

''Sevā'' in Sikhism takes three forms: {{transliteration|pa|tan}} (Gurmukhi: {{lang|pa|ਤਨ}}), meaning physical service, i.e., manual labour, {{transliteration|pa|man}} (Gurmukhi: {{lang|pa|ਮਨ}}), meaning mental service, such as studying to help others, and {{transliteration|pa|dhan}} (Gurmukhi: {{lang|pa|ਧਨ}}), meaning material service, including financial support.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Angela |title=Movement and Change |date=1997 |publisher=[[Nelson Thornes]] |location=Cheltenham, England |isbn=978-0-17-437067-3|page=46}}</ref> Sikhism stresses {{transliteration|pa|[[kirat karō]]}} (Gurmukhi: {{lang|pa|ਕਿਰਤ ਕਰੋ}}), "honest work", and {{transliteration|pa|[[vaṇḍ chakkō]]}} (Gurmukhi: {{lang|pa|ਵੰਡ ਛਕੋ}}), "split up", sharing what you have by giving to the needy for the benefit of the community.<ref>{{cite book |first1=W. Owen |last1=Cole |first2=Piara Singh |last2=Sambhi |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon-on-Thames, England |isbn=978-1-135-79760-7 |pages=31, 59}}</ref> It is a duty of every Sikh to engage in ''sevā'' wherever possible, such as volunteering at a [[Gurdwara]], [[community center]], [[senior living]] center, care center, a disaster site, etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Volz|first=Christian|title=Six Ethics A Rights-Based Approach to Establishing an Objective Common Morality|publisher=Ebookit.com|year=2014|isbn=9781456606916|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=miocwwy6LMUC&pg=PT278 278]}}</ref> ''Sevā'' can also be performed by offering service for a religious cause, such as constructing a gurdwara, a place of worship that performs community services, such as providing volunteer-run [[Langar (Sikhism)|food kitchens]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite book|first1=Muninder K.|last1=Ahluwalia|first2=Anna Flores|last2=Locke|first3=Steven|last3=Hylton|editor-last=Kim-Prieto|editor-first=Chu|chapter=Sikhism and Positive Psychology|title= Religion and Spirituality Across Cultures|publisher=Springer Netherlands|year=2014|isbn= 9789401789509|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QPU-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 129]}}
|2={{Cite book|last=Singha|first=H.S.|chapter=Kar Seva|title= The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers|year=2000|isbn= 9788170103011|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA121 121]}} }}</ref>

''Kar sevā'' is one of the main teachings of [[Sikhism]]—including its [[History of Sikhism|ordained philosophy]], in [[Sikh scripture]], [[Guru Granth Sahib|theology]], and [[:Category:Sikh scripture|hermeneutics]]. A tradition set forth with the clear understanding that there is "God within all of us, and thus by serving humanity, you are serving God's creation."<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite book|last=Goshen-Gottstein|first=Alon|title= Interreligious Reflections, Six Volume Set|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2018|isbn= 9781532671524|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VcXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT259 259]}}
|2={{Cite book|last=Hett|first=Geoffrey|title= Diversity, Culture and Counselling|publisher=Brush Education|year=2021|isbn= 9781550598759|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WH86EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 162]}} }}</ref> ''Sevā'' is believed to be a way to control [[Five Thieves|inner vices]] and is a key process in becoming closer to God.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhutti-Johal |first=Jagbir |title=Sikhism today |location=London; New York|publisher= Continuum |year=2011 |isbn=9786613089229 |page=58 |language=English}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
[[File:Kar Sewa appeal for the construction of the clock tower gateway entrance to the Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, ca.1951.jpg|thumb|Kar Sewa appeal for the construction of the clock tower gateway entrance to the [[Golden Temple]], Amritsar, Punjab, {{circa|1951}}]]
Some ''kar sevā'' groups and organizations have been criticized for their lack of care for and apathy towards preserving Sikh historical sites, [[Sikh art and culture|artwork]], and [[Sikh architecture|architecture]] during renovation and construction projects.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gurnam |date=2021-04-21 |title=Who's really destroying Sikh heritage? |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2021/04/21/37425/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Asia Samachar |language=en-GB}}
|2={{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=I. P. |date=August 23, 2021 |first2=Yudhvir |last2=Rana |title=Sikhs wake up late to the loss of religious heritage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/sikhs-wake-up-late-to-the-loss-of-religious-heritage/articleshow/85548603.cms |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}
|3={{Cite web |author=Yudhvir Rana|date=March 31, 2019 |title=Karsewa group demolish historical darshani deori |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amritsar/karsewa-group-demolish-historical-darshani-deori/articleshow/68657470.cms |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}
|4={{Cite web |date=2021-07-31 |others=Sikh24 Punjab Bureau |title=Beleaguered over Destruction of Heritage, SGPC Plans to Initiate Sikh Archives Project |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2021/07/31/beleaguered-over-destruction-of-heritage-sgpc-plans-to-initiate-sikh-archives-project/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Sikh24.com |language=en-US}}
|5={{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Apr 15, 2003 |title=Stop 'kar seva': SAD-A to SGPC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/stop-kar-seva-sad-a-to-sgpc/articleshow/43500092.cms |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}
|6={{Cite web |others=Asia Samachar Team |title=Sikhs aghast with tearing down of historic Sikh site in name of 'kar seva' |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2019/04/01/24582/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=asiasamachar.com |date=April 2019 |language=en-GB}}
|7={{Cite web |date=2019-04-01 |others=Sikh24 Editors |title=UPDATE: Kar Seva's Baba Jagtar Singh Evicted from Sri Tarn Taran Sahib |url=https://www.sikh24.com/2019/04/01/update-kar-sevas-baba-jagtar-singh-evicted-from-sri-tarn-taran-sahib/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Sikh24.com |language=en-US}}
|8={{Cite web |first=I.P.|last= Singh|date=Oct 7, 2018 |title=Heritage under the hammer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/heritage-under-the-hammer/articleshow/66103515.cms |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}
|9={{Cite web |date=26 July 2003 |others=Tribune News Service |title=Frescos of Hindu gods whitewashed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030727/main5.htm |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India}} }}</ref> Numerous historical [[Sikh scriptures|Sikh scriptural]] manuscripts have been systematically "cremated" (burnt to destruction)<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite book |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |title=The Making of Sikh Scripture |publisher=Oxford Academic |year=2001 |pages=121–136 |chapter=8 The Guru Granth Sahib |quote=...all old manuscripts were sent to Goindval for “cremation” in the late 1980s}}
|2={{Cite book |title=Sikh art from the Kapany Collection |year=2021 |editor-first1=P. M.|editor-last1=Taylor|editor-first2=Sonia |editor-last2=Dhami |isbn=978-81-949691-2-9 |edition=First Indian |location=New Delhi, India |pages=296–302 |oclc=1258082801}} }}</ref> over the years at secretive ''‘Angitha Sahib’'' gurdwaras<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite news |last=Dogra |first=Chander Suta |date=2013-05-27 |title=Endangered texts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/endangered-texts/article4750493.ece |access-date=2023-01-08 |issn=0971-751X}}
|2={{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Shivani |date=23 November 2014 |title=For 25 years, a gurdwara near Dehradun has been cremating old copies of sacred texts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/for-25-years-a-gurdwara-near-dehradun-has-been-cremating-old-copies-of-sacred-texts/articleshow/45251949.cms |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}} }}</ref> in Dehradun and around India as part of ''kar sevā''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dogra |first=Chander Suta |date=2013-05-27 |title=Endangered texts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/endangered-texts/article4750493.ece |access-date=2023-01-08 |issn=0971-751X|quote=The logic behind these crematoriums is the Sikh philosophy handed down by the Tenth Guru Gobind Singh that their holy book, the Guru Granth Sahib is the embodiment of a guru}}</ref> The logic behind these crematoriums is the Sikh philosophy handed down by the tenth [[Guru Gobind Singh]] that [[Guru Granth Sahib]] is the [[Guru Maneyo Granth|living embodiment of a Guru]], and so [[Antam Sanskar|Sikh funeral rites]] are carried out. This practice is heavily criticized for systematically destroying historical manuscripts.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Concept in Islam==

The concept of [[Sewa]] or selfless service finds resonance in Islam through several key principles emphasizing service to others and social responsibility. While the term "Sewa" is of South Asian origin, the spirit of altruistic service aligns with Islamic teachings.

In an Islamic context, the concept of selfless service closely aligns with core teachings that emphasize charity, social responsibility, and helping those in need. Islam encourages acts of kindness and community service through practices such as Khidmah (serving others), Sadaqah (voluntary charity), and Zakat (obligatory almsgiving).

=== Khidmah (Service) ===
''Khidmah'' refers to service performed for the benefit of others, motivated by sincerity and devotion to [[Allah]]. Acts of service—whether assisting family, community, or the needy—are considered a form of worship. The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the virtue of serving others, stating: "The best of people are those who are most beneficial to others."<ref>{{cite web |title=Service in Islam |url=https://www.wifaqululama.co.uk/service |website=Wifaq ul-Ulama |date=12 January 2017 }}</ref>

=== Ṣadaqah (Voluntary Charity) ===
''[[Sadaqah]]'' is voluntary charity given out of compassion or religious duty. Unlike obligatory alms, it can be offered at any time and in any amount. Ṣadaqah purifies wealth, promotes community solidarity, and benefits both the giver and recipient. The Quran states: "The example of those who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is like that of a grain of corn which sprouts seven ears, and in each ear there are a hundred grains." (Quran 2:261)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sadaqah and Charity |url=https://www.muslimaid.org/media-centre/blog/zakat-and-sadaqah/ |website=Muslim Aid}}</ref>

=== Zakāt (Obligatory Almsgiving) ===
[[Zakat|''Zakāt'']] is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and requires Muslims to give a fixed portion (usually 2.5%) of accumulated wealth annually to the poor and needy. It serves both as a purification of wealth and a means to reduce economic inequality within the community. The Quran mentions: "Take from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause them increase..." (Quran 9:103)<ref>{{cite web |title=Zakat in Islam |url=https://matwproject.org/islamic-charity/sadaqah-and-zakat/ |website=Matw Project |date=2 April 2024 }}</ref>

==Service in Christianity==

In Christianity, sevā, or serving others, is described as a way of life, where love is put into action, and faith is expressed through deeds. As [[Matthew 22]]:37–39 states, Jesus said, "Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, and mind," followed by the commandment to "love your neighbor as yourself." This teaching serves as a call to action to spread love through service. Similarly, [[Epistle of James|James 2]]:14–17 challenges believers by asking, "What good is it, my brothers and sisters, if people claim to have faith but have no deeds? Can such faith save them?" This passage teaches that faith without actions guided by that faith is insufficient. Acts of service, such as feeding the hungry and caring for the sick, are ways in which faith becomes visible and alive.

In [[Matthew 20]]:28, [[Jesus]] emphasizes this principle: "The Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life as a ransom for many." Sevā can take various forms, and it is performed with the intention of bringing faith into the public realm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Global |title=Seva as a Form of Faith-Based Social Work in India |url=https://globaljournals.org/item/4133-seva-as-a-form-of-faith-based-social-work-in-india |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=globaljournals.org |language=en-us}}</ref> For those participating in it, sevā is an essential component of [[Spirituality|spiritual]] development, serving to reduce the egotism and selfishness associated with modernity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandya |first=Samta P |date=2016-09-01 |title=Sociality and guru-led movements: Interplay of social issues, action and social service |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115602936 |journal=Current Sociology |language=EN |volume=64 |issue=5 |pages=775–793 |doi=10.1177/0011392115602936 |issn=0011-3921|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Sewapanthi]]
* [[Community Service]] in Different Religions:
** [[Bhandara (community kitchen)]]
** [[Dakshina]]
** [[Punya (Hinduism)]]
** [[Sadaqah|Sadaqah (Islam)]]
** [[Tikkun olam]] ('repairing of the world' concept in [[Judaism]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Virtues}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seva (Indian religions)}}
[[Category:Sikh practices]]
[[Category:Sikh philosophy]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Hindu practices]]
[[Category:Vishva Hindu Parishad]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:Volunteering in India]]
[[Category:Alms]]
[[Category:Telugu words and phrases]]
[[Category:Alms in Hinduism]]

National Fisheries Development Board building

2026-01-12T11:01:03Z

ZEKSheryl225755: adding first stub from scratch

{{Short description|Fish-shaped building in Hyderabad, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = National Fisheries Development Board
| image = Fish_shaped_building.jpg
| caption = National Fisheries Development Board building, 22 September 2012
| locmapin =
| map_caption =
| location = Pillar No:235, Fish Building, PV Narasimha Rao Expressway, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] 500052
| built = 2012
| built_for =
| demolished =
| architect = Central Public Works Department of India
| architecture = [[Novelty]]
| native_name = నేషనల్ ఫిషరీస్ డెవలప్‌మెంట్ బోర్డ్
| native_language2 = Hindi
| native_language = Telugu
| native_name2 = राष्ट्रीय मत्स्य विकास बोर्ड
}}
The '''National Fisheries Development Board building''', located in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]], is the headquarters of the eponymous National Fisheries Development Board. The building is notable as a unique example of [[Novelty architecture|mimetic or novelty architecture]], being designed in the shape of a gigantic fish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Cathy |date=2018-01-28 |title=Mimetic architecture: Why does this building look like a fish? |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/mimetic-architecture-osm/index.html |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Time1>{{Cite magazine |last=Adams |first=William Lee |date=2012-11-05 |title=National Fisheries Development Board Building |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://style.time.com/2012/11/05/15-buildings-that-dont-look-like-buildings/slide/national-fisheries-development-board-building/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Fisheries Development Board |url=https://nfdb.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=nfdb.gov.in}}</ref>

The Building was designed and conceptualized by Central Public Works Department (CPWD) .

The four-storey building was officially opened in April 2012, and was reportedly inspired by Frank Gehry's monumental ‘Fish’ sculpture in Barcelona which was completed in 1992.

The building is an example of mimetic architecture, incorporating elements of the fish form into its functionality. This includes the left pectoral fin doubling as an awning above the staircase to the entrance, and the two circular windows acting as eyes.

The building is clad in stainless steel panels and, apart from the central core, is completely raised off the ground on pale blue pilotis. Blue-purple spotlights illuminate the building at night, giving the impression that the ‘giant fish’ is swimming through Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fish Building, India |url=The four-storey building was officially opened in April 2012, and was reportedly inspired by Frank Gehry's monumental ‘Fish’ sculpture in Barcelona which was completed in 1992. The building is an example of mimetic architecture, incorporating elements of the fish form into its functionality. This includes the left pectoral fin doubling as an awning above the staircase to the entrance, and the two circular windows acting as eyes. The building is clad in stainless steel panels and, apart from the central core, is completely raised off the ground on pale blue pilotis. Blue-purple spotlights illuminate the building at night, giving the impression that the ‘giant fish’ is swimming through Hyderabad.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|17.34177|78.42066|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 2012]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Telangana]]
[[Category:Novelty architecture]]

Dhuin

2025-12-29T02:54:57Z

ZEKSheryl225755: stub

{{Short description|2022 Indian Maithili-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Achal Mishra
| writer = Anand Bansal, Abhinav Jha, Achal Mishra, Anubhav Priya, Prashant Rana, Parth Saurabh
| producer = Achal Mishra
| starring = Abhinav Jha, Bijay Kumar Sah, Prashant Rana, Ankush Prasad, Satyendra Jha
| cinematography = Anand Bansal
| editing = Achal Mishra
| music = Tajdar Junaid
| studio = Achalchitra
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|2|22|India|ref1=}}
| runtime = 50 minutes
| country = India
| language = Maithili
}}

'''''Dhuin''''' (धुइन, {{Translation|Mist}}) is a [[Maithili language]] film directed and co-written by Achal Mishra in 2022 and produced by Achalchitra production house.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dhuin (2022) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/dhuin/ |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-05-25 |title=Indian Titles 'Lalanna's Song,' 'Dhuin' Acquired for North America at Cannes Market (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/lalannas-song-dhuin-north-america-release-cannes-1235277111/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India at Cannes! 'Rocketry' to 'Dhuin: Movies to be screened at the film festival |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/india-at-cannes-rocketry-to-dhuin-movies-to-be-screened-at-the-film-festival-478612 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=WION |date=13 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The film is about a guy named Pankaj who comes from a small town and wants to succeed in Mumbai as a [[theatre practitioner]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Dhuin |url=https://mubi.com/films/dhuin |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Pankaj is a theatre performer from a small town who wants to succeed in Mumbai. He must measure his goals against his responsibilities towards his family, which is suffering financially as a result of the lockdown and make a decision.

== Cast ==

* Abhinav Jha as Pankaj
* Bijay Kumar Sah
* Prashant Rana
* Ankush Prasad
* Satyendra Jha
* Asha Ram
* Prakash Bandhu

== Synopsis ==
''Dhuin'' narrates the tale of Pankaj, a small-town theatre performer with aspirations of becoming well known in Mumbai. The novel was inspired by an image of a father and son riding a bike through a foggy winter morning. But Pankaj is forced to choose between following his aspirations and doing what is right for his family, who are suffering financially as a result of the lockdown.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tweet |last2=WhatsApp |date=2022-03-29 |title=Set in Darbhanga, Achal Mishra's 'Dhuin' Brings 'Provincial' to the Fore |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/out-and-about/movies/achal-mishra-dhuin-review-small-town-india/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Live Wire |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Production ==
The scenario in which one of the ''[[Gamak Ghar]]'' performers had to accompany his retired father to a job interview served as the inspiration for ''Dhuin''. Mishra stated, "The picture of the father and son on a bike in the winter stayed with me. We chose to play with a five-page screenplay I created." The length of the film was never figured out. The first cut was 54 minutes long, which is both long enough to qualify as a film and longer than a short. Finally, Mishra, who edited ''Dhuin'' himself, set the time limit at 50 minutes. The tempo as well as the framing give the impression of a little painting and create an instant closeness with the subjects. ''Dhuin'' was shot in the 4:3 aspect ratio, which is used by directors looking to map the mental landscapes of characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title=When a 50-minute film feels just right |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1024474/when-a-50-minute-film-feels-just-right |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Scroll.in |date=22 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhuin |url=https://www.screenslate.com/articles/dhuin |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Screen Slate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unpacking stories of dreamers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/jun/08/unpackingstories-of-dreamers-2463122.html |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>

== Reception ==

* The exception of parts where Pankaj is seen walking around in despair, the camera is static for the majority of the scenes, illustrating the various facets of the town of [[Darbhanga]]. One of the scenes features Pankaj talking about [[Abbas Kiarostami|Kiarostami]] and other filmmakers while they are sitting on the ground next to a monument in the dusk.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nikita |title=Dhuin: How far is Mumbai from Darbhanga? |url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/17631/dhuin-how-far-is-mumbai-from-darbhanga |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=www.cityspidey.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* The most illuminating scene is when he sits with a group of Mumbai-trained filmmakers who have travelled to [[Darbhanga]] to create a documentary about its history. Mishra almost forcefully unpacks the fiercest and most oppressive reach of fake cultural snobbery in this scenario.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhar |first=Debanjan |date=2022-02-24 |title=MAMI Review: Dhuin is Placid and Ruthless in the Same Breath |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/dhuin-2022-mami-review/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=High On Films |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Festival appearances ==
* Jio [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]] Mumbai Film Festival 2022 (Online)<ref>{{Citation |title=Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival {{!}} Dhuin |url=https://online.mumbaifilmfestival.com/film/dhuin/ |language=en |access-date=2022-10-27}}</ref>
* [[International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala]] 2022
* MoMA New York: Making Waves, A New Generation of Indian Independent Filmmakers 2022<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dhuin. 2022. Directed by Achal Mishra {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/8105 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dharamshala International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=DHUIN {{!}} MIST – Dharamshala International Film Festival |url=https://diff.co.in/film/dhuin/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=diff.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[75th Cannes Film Festival]] 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=divya.bhonsale |title=Cannes 2022: Rocketry to Dhuin, 6 Indian films that will be screened at the fest |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/cannes-2022-rocketry-to-dhuin-6-indian-films-that-will-be-screened-at-the-fest-drb-rc16zw |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cannes Film Festival 2022: Rocketry, Godavari, other Indian films to be screened at fest |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-cannes-film-festival-2022-rocketry-godavari-dhuin-boomba-ride-pratidwandi-indian-films-to-be-screened-at-fest-2953876 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2022-05-22 |title=India: Maithili Film 'Dhuin' Being Screened At Cannes Film Festival In France |url=https://english.lematinal.media/india-maithili-film-dhuin-being-screened-at-cannes-film-festival-in-france/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Le Matinal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maithili film 'Dhuin' to be screened at Cannes Film Festival |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/state/bihar/maithili-film-dhuin-to-be-screened-at-cannes-film-festival/na20220521215032820820750 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=ETV Bharat News|date=21 May 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Habitat]] International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=HIFF 2022: Don't miss these 8 Indian films at Habitat International Film Festival, which returns to Delhi after a hiatus of two years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/hiff-2022-dont-miss-these-8-indian-films-at-habitat-international-film-festival-7898317/ |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt18305688}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Maithili-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bihar]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

R. Sirdeshmukh

2025-12-14T01:47:19Z

ZEKSheryl225755:

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Ravi Sirdeshmukh''' ([[Hindi]]: रवि सरदेशमुख) is an Indian cancer biologist and proteomics scientist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Sirdeshmukh's Biography |url=https://selectbiosciences.com/conferences/biographies.aspx?conf=ILA2012&speaker=940194 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Indian Lab Automation}}</ref> He is a distinguished scientist and incumbent associate director of the [[Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore|Institute of Bioinformatics]] (IOB) in [[Bangalore]], founding president of the Proteomics Society, India and Principal Research Advisor at the Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research (MSCTR) in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Sirdeshmukh, Ph.D. |url=https://www.ibioinformatics.org/ravisirdeshmukh.php |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Institute of Bioinformatics}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=PSI Members |url=https://proteomicssociety.in/Members.aspx |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=Proteomics Society, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee Members |url=https://nipgr.ac.in/psi/committee-members.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=8th Annual Meeting of Proteomics Society, India}}</ref> He is also an elected member of the Council of [[Human Proteome Organization]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PI: Ravi Sirdeshmukh, Ph.D. |url=https://hupo.org/widget/chr.12 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=[[Human Proteome Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Bench to bedside: Still a pipedream? Nature India Special Issue: Proteomics Research in India |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nindia.2015.113 |access-date=August 27, 2015 |journal=[[Nature India]]|date=27 August 2015 |doi=10.1038/nindia.2015.113 |last1=Sirdeshmukh |first1=Ravi |last2=m. Zingde |first2=Surekha |last3=Dharmalingam |first3=K. |last4=a. Vijayalakshmi |first4=Mookambeswaran |url-access=subscription }}</ref> He is most noted for his contributions in the [[Human Proteome Project]] where he served as the Group Leader for the countries like [[India]], [[Singapore]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Thailand]]. Sirdeshmukh is also an invited member of the Council of Asian Oceanean HUPO (AOHUPO).<ref name="auto 3">{{Cite web |title=Ravi Sirdeshmukh, Ph.D. |url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=162 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=India Cancer Research Database}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Sirdeshmukh graduated with an [[M.Sc.]] in [[Biochemistry]] from [[Osmania University]] in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]. He then completed his [[Ph.D.]] at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB) in [[Hyderabad]]. He worked in the [[USA]] as a visiting researcher at the [[Washington University School of Medicine]] and the [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2016 |title=Dr. Ravi Sirdeshmukh |url=https://www.msctr.org/2016/06/06/dr-ravi-sirdeshmukh/ |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=Mazumbdar Shaw Center for Translational Research}}</ref>

Sirdeshmukh worked at [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology| CCMB]] for more than two decades and headed the proteomics laboratory as director before joining the [[Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore| Institute of Bioinformatics]] (IOB) as a distinguished scientist. He also works as a consultant in neuro-oncology research at the Mazumdar-Shaw Center for Translational Research (MSCTR), where he leads transnational research programs on brain tumors. Ravi Sirdeshmukh is a member of the research advisory boards of several institutes and centers, such as the [[US Pharmacopeia]] (USP) for protein therapeutics, the [[Human Proteome Organization]] (HUPO) and the Asian Oceanian HUPO (AOHUPO). He was also thereby connected to international research initiatives such as the Membrane Proteomics Initiative of AOHUPO and the [[Chromosome]]-Centric [[Human Proteome Project]] initiated by HUPO.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP): Chromosome 12 |url=https://figshare.com/collections/Chromosome_centric_Human_Proteome_Project_C_HPP_Chromosome_12/2327980 |access-date=2014-07-03 |journal=[[Figshare]]|date=2014 |doi=10.1021/pr500009j |last1=Chaiyarit |first1=Sakdithep |last2=Singhto |first2=Nilubon |last3=Chen |first3=Yi-Ju |last4=Cheng |first4=Chia-Ying |last5=Chiangjong |first5=Wararat |last6=Kanlaya |first6=Rattiyaporn |last7=Lam |first7=Henry H. N. |last8=Peerapen |first8=Paleerath |last9=Sung |first9=Ting-Yi |last10=Tipthara |first10=Phornpimon |last11=Pandey |first11=Akhilesh |last12=Poon |first12=Terence C. W. |last13=Chen |first13=Yu-Ju |last14=Sirdeshmukh |first14=Ravi |last15=Chung |first15=Maxey C. M. |last16=Thongboonkerd |first16=Visith |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=3160–3165 |pmid=24831074 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Sirdeshmukh is also a reviewer for various international [[proteomics]] journals and a member of the editorial board of the ''International Journal of Proteins and Proteomics''. He is also the founding president of the Proteomics Society India.<ref name="auto 3">{{Cite web |title=Ravi Sirdeshmukh, Ph.D. |url=http://www.incredb.org/investigator.php?incredb_id=162 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=India Cancer Research Database}}</ref>

==Research area==
His research interests extend to the areas of protein and nucleic acid biochemistry and his previous work includes RNA processing, mRNA stability, structure-function relationship of ribonucleases and their regulation. More recently, his interest has been in the areas of proteomics of gliomas – a major class of brain tumors and head and neck cancers.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

==Honors and positions==
Sirdeshmukh has been honored with memberships in several national and international bodies. This includes<ref name="auto 3"/>
* Member of the Scientific Advisory Board: Institute of Cytology and Preventive Medicine ([[ICMR]], [[Noida]]); Institute of Pathology, ([[ICMR]], [[New Delhi]]); Council of Human Proteome Organization; Council of Asian Oceanean [[HUPO]]; National Facility for Advanced Proteomics and Protein Research ([[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] (IICB), [[Kolkata]]); [[US Pharmacopeia]] ([[USA]]; responsible for [[protein]] and [[glycoprotein]] analysis)
* Biotechnology Study Committee Member: [[Osmania University]] ([[Hyderabad]])
* Member of the editorial board: Journal of Proteomics and Bioinformatics
* Reviewer of scientific journals: ''[[Annals of Neurology]]'', ''[[Journal of Proteome Research]]'', ''Proteomics'', ''Proteomics: Clinical Applications''
* Head of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research| CSIR]] [[Proteomics]] Network for International Collaborations
* invited member of the Council of [[Human Proteome Organization]] (HUPO)

==Selected publications==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Chaiyarit |first1=Sakdithep |last2=Singhto |first2=Nilubon |last3=Chen |first3=Yi-Ju |last4=Cheng |first4=Chia-Ying |last5=Chiangjong |first5=Wararat |last6=Kanlaya |first6=Rattiyaporn |last7=Lam |first7=Henry H. N. |last8=Peerapen |first8=Paleerath |last9=Sung |first9=Ting-Yi |last10=Tipthara |first10=Phornpimon |last11=Pandey |first11=Akhilesh |last12=Poon |first12=Terence C. W. |last13=Chen |first13=Yu-Ju |last14=Sirdeshmukh |first14=Ravi |last15=Chung |first15=Maxey C. M. |date=2014-07-03 |title=Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP): Chromosome 12 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/pr500009j |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |language=en |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=3160–3165 |doi=10.1021/pr500009j |pmid=24831074 |issn=1535-3893|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Polisetty |first1=Ravindra Varma |last2=Gautam |first2=Poonam |last3=Gupta |first3=Manoj Kumar |last4=Sharma |first4=Rakesh |last5=Uppin |first5=Megha S. |last6=Challa |first6=Sundaram |last7=Ankathi |first7=Praveen |last8=Purohit |first8=Aniruddh K. |last9=Renu |first9=Durairaj |last10=Harsha |first10=H. C. |last11=Pandey |first11=Akhilesh |last12=Sirdeshmukh |first12=Ravi |date=2013-07-05 |title=Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins and Their Interactors Are a Major Class of Deregulated Proteins in Anaplastic Astrocytoma: A Grade III Malignant Glioma |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/pr400339h |journal=Journal of Proteome Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=3128–3138 |doi=10.1021/pr400339h |pmid=23741984 |issn=1535-3893|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=Min-Sik |last2=Pinto |first2=Sneha M. |last3=Getnet |first3=Derese |last4=Nirujogi |first4=Raja Sekhar |last5=Manda |first5=Srikanth S. |last6=Chaerkady |first6=Raghothama |last7=Madugundu |first7=Anil K. |last8=Kelkar |first8=Dhanashree S. |last9=Isserlin |first9=Ruth |last10=Jain |first10=Shobhit |last11=Thomas |first11=Joji K. |last12=Muthusamy |first12=Babylakshmi |last13=Leal-Rojas |first13=Pamela |last14=Kumar |first14=Praveen |last15=Sahasrabuddhe |first15=Nandini A. |date=May 2014 |title=A draft map of the human proteome |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=509 |issue=7502 |pages=575–581 |doi=10.1038/nature13302 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=4403737 |pmid=24870542|bibcode=2014Natur.509..575K }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mushahary |first1=D. |last2=Gautam |first2=P. |last3=Sundaram |first3=C. S. |last4=Sirdeshmukh |first4=R. |date=2013-02-01 |title=Expanded protein expression profile of human placenta using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014340041200450X |journal=Placenta |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=193–196 |doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2012.11.015 |pmid=23261269 |issn=0143-4004|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gautam |first1=Poonam |last2=Upadhyay |first2=Santosh Kumar |last3=Hassan |first3=Wazid |last4=Madan |first4=Taruna |last5=Sirdeshmukh |first5=Ravi |last6=Sundaram |first6=Curam Sreenivasacharlu |last7=Gade |first7=Wasudev Namdeo |last8=Basir |first8=Seemi Farhat |last9=Singh |first9=Yogendra |last10=Sarma |first10=Puranam Usha |date=2011-11-01 |title=Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profile of Aspergillus fumigatus on Exposure to Artemisinin |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9445-3 |journal=Mycopathologia |language=en |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=331–346 |doi=10.1007/s11046-011-9445-3 |pmid=21755315 |s2cid=23190599 |issn=1573-0832|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Peng |first1=Lifeng |last2=Kapp |first2=Eugene A. |last3=Fenyö |first3=David |last4=Kwon |first4=Min-Seok |last5=Jiang |first5=Pu |last6=Wu |first6=Songfeng |last7=Jiang |first7=Ying |last8=Aguilar |first8=Marie-Isabel |last9=Ahmed |first9=Nikhat |last10=Baker |first10=Mark S. |last11=Cai |first11=Zongwei |last12=Chen |first12=Yu-Ju |last13=Van Chi |first13=Phan |last14=Chung |first14=Maxey C. M. |last15=He |first15=Fuchu |date=November 2010 |title=The Asia Oceania Human Proteome Organisation Membrane Proteomics Initiative. Preparation and characterisation of the carbonate-washed membrane standard |journal=Proteomics |language=en |volume=10 |issue=22 |pages=4142–4148 |doi=10.1002/pmic.201000126 |issn=1615-9853 |pmc=3891941 |pmid=20486120}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mathivanan |first1=Suresh |last2=Ahmed |first2=Mukhtar |last3=Ahn |first3=Natalie G. |last4=Alexandre |first4=Hainard |last5=Amanchy |first5=Ramars |last6=Andrews |first6=Philip C. |last7=Bader |first7=Joel S. |last8=Balgley |first8=Brian M. |last9=Bantscheff |first9=Marcus |last10=Bennett |first10=Keiryn L. |last11=Björling |first11=Erik |last12=Blagoev |first12=Blagoy |last13=Bose |first13=Ron |last14=Brahmachari |first14=Samir K. |last15=Burlingame |first15=Alma S. |date=February 2008 |title=Human Proteinpedia enables sharing of human protein data |journal=Nature Biotechnology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=164–167 |doi=10.1038/nbt0208-164 |pmid=18259167 |s2cid=205265347 |issn=1546-1696|doi-access=free |hdl=10261/60528 |hdl-access=free }}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Washington University School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]
[[Category:Proteomics]]
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]

Survivor India

2025-11-03T21:11:31Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Put up basic article added tags!

{{Short description|Indian reality television}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = Survivor India
| otherlabel5 = No.of Seasons
| years = 2012 – present
| otherdata7 =
| otherlabel7 =
| otherdata6 = [[Star Plus]] (Hindi) [[Zee Tamil]] (Tamil)
| otherlabel6 = Original network
| otherdata5 = 2
| otherdata4 = 2
| otherlabel4 = No.of Versions
| tv = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle (Hindi TV series)|Survivor India]]''
* ''[[Survivor (Tamil TV series)|Survivor Tamil]]''
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.banijay.com/show/survivor-2/}}
| otherdata3 = ''[[Robinson (TV series)|Expedition Robinson]]''
| otherlabel3 = Based on
| otherdata2 = [[Banijay]]
| otherlabel2 = Produced by
| otherdata1 = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| otherlabel1 = Languages
| direct-to-video =
}}

'''''Survivor India''''' is an Indian reality television game show franchise based on the Swedish show ''[[Robinson (TV series)|Expedition Robinson]]'' created in 1997 by [[Charlie Parsons]]. It is produced by [[Banijay|Banijay India]]. Subsequently, the show was syndicated internationally and available through [[Zee5]] OTT platforms. ''Survivor India'' was originally in [[Hindi]] in 2012 and was adapted in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Survivor' Returns To India After 10-Year Hiatus|url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/survivor-india-zee5-banijay-zee-tam-1234800499/|access-date=2021-09-19|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=27 July 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-27|title=Banijay Asia Launches Survivor India Comeback|url=https://www.banijay.com/blog/2021/07/27/banijay-asia-launches-survivor-india-comeback/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=www.banijay.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Overview ==
It was first made in 2012. In 2012, [[Star India]] obtained the rights to produce ''[[Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle (Hindi TV series)|Survivor India]]'' in Hindi and debuted it in [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/survival-of-the-fittest-3/|title=Survival of the fittest|website=The Indian Express|date=30 December 2011}}</ref> In 2021, it debuted in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] through [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-22|title='Survivor' series Tamil version host,female,male contestants and premiere date revealed|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/survivor-series-tamil-contestant-list-action-king-arjun-vikranth-nandha-gayathrie-shruste-dange-vijayalakshmi--tamil-news-293539|access-date=2021-09-18|website=www.indiaglitz.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Creation ===
''Survivor India'' is a Hindi language adaption of the Swedish show ''[[Robinson (TV series)|Expedition Robinson]]''. The first season of ''[[Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle (Hindi TV series)|Survivor India]]'' was aired on [[StarPlus]] and hosted by [[Sameer Kochhar]].

=== Expansion ===
In early 2021, the show was telecast in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] on [[Zee Tamil]] and hosted by [[Arjun Sarja]].

== Versions ==

: {{color box|#90EE90}} Currently airing – 0
: {{color box|#E0B0FF}} Upcoming for airing – 0
: {{color box|#fff2a5}} Recently concluded – 0
: {{color box|#FFA500}} No longer airing – 2

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 85%; line-height:20px; width:80%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Language
! Show
! Season/ Year
! Host
! Primary Network
! Online VOD
! Island Location
! Premiere
! Finale
! Days
! Survivors
! Prize money
! Winner
! Runner up
|-
| style="background: #FFA500;" |'''[[Hindi]]''' '''(हिन्दी)'''
|[[Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle (Hindi TV series)|'''Survivor Hindi''']]
|[[Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle (Hindi TV series)|'''1''']] (2012)
|[[Sameer Kochhar]]
|[[StarPlus]]
|N/A
|[[Caramoan]], [[Philippines]]
|6 January 2012
|17 March 2012
|50
|24
|{{INRConvert|1|c}}
|style="background:pink;" |Raj Rani
|style="background:cyan;" |[[Jamnadas Majethia]]
|-
! colspan="16" |
|-
| style="background:#FFA500;" |'''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''' '''(தமிழ்)'''
|[[Survivor (Tamil TV series)|'''Survivor Tamil''']]
|[[Survivor (Tamil season 1)|'''1''']] (2021)
|[[Arjun Sarja]]
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|[[Zee5]]
|[[Zanzibar]], [[Tanzania]]
|12 September 2021
|12 December 2021
|91
|18
|{{INRConvert|1|c}}
|style="background:pink;" |[[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]]
|style="background:cyan;" |[[Saran Shakthi]]
|}
{{Color box|pink|border=darkgray}} Female Winners
{{Color box|cyan|border=darkgray}} Male Winners

== Summary ==
=== ''Survivor Hindi'' ===
{{Main|Survivor India – The Ultimate Battle (Hindi TV series)}}
''Survivor India'' is the [[Hindi]] and the first version of the franchise. The first season was premiered in January 2012 on [[Star Plus]] and was hosted by [[Sameer Kochhar]]. The prize money for the winner was 1 crore (US$140,000) and the location of the island was in the [[Caramoan]] islands in [[Philippines]]. In the first season, [[field hockey]] player Raj Rani won the season while actor [[Jamnadas Majethia]] emerged as the runner up.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starplus.startv.in/survivor-india/shownewsdetailspage.aspx?nid=3067 |title=Raj Rani is elated to win Survivor India |publisher=Starplus.startv.in |access-date=2014-03-11 |archive-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130805070846/http://starplus.startv.in/survivor-india/shownewsdetailspage.aspx?nid=3067 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Raja-Rani-wins-Survivor-India/SP-Article1-833034.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401205036/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Raja-Rani-wins-Survivor-India/SP-Article1-833034.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2012 |title=Raja Rani wins Survivor India |work=Hindustan Times|date=30 March 2012 |access-date=5 August 2013}}</ref>

=== ''Survivor Tamil'' ===
{{Main|Survivor (Tamil TV series)}}
''Survivor'' is the [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] and the second version in the franchise. [[Banijay]] produced the show in 2021 with [[Arjun Sarja]] as the host on [[Zee Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-13|title=Arjun to host the Tamil version of Survivor|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/aug/13/arjun-to-host-the-tamil-version-of-survivor-26042.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=Actor Arjun to host Zee Tamil's adventure-based reality show 'Survivor'|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/actor-arjun-to-host-zee-tamil-s-adventure-based-reality-show-survivor-2383374.html|access-date=2021-09-18|website=zeenews.india.com|language=en-US}}</ref> The prize money for title winner was 1 crore (US$140,000) and the location os the island for the first season was in [[Zanzibar]] which is located in [[Tanzania]].
The first season was premiered in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-08|title=Arjun Sarja's debut television show Survivor to premiere on September 12|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/arjun-sarja-debut-television-show-survivor-to-premiere-on-september-12-7496566/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=indianexpress.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In season 1, actress [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz]] won the season while actor [[Saran Shakthi]] emerged as the runner up.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vijayalakshmi wins first edition of Survivor Tamil|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/vijayalakshmi-wins-first-edition-of-survivor-tamil-ta303-1198221-1.html|access-date=2021-12-14|website=english.newstracklive.com|date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Survivor}}
{{Survivor India}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Survivor (franchise)]]
[[Category:Television series by Banijay]]

Amma (TV series)

2025-09-22T03:51:43Z

ZEKSheryl225755: updated page after review

{{Short description|Indian crime drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television
|image = Amma_Hindi_Television_series.jpg
|caption = First look
|genre = [[Crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Drama]]
|creator = Farhn P Zamma
|writer = Aloke Upadhyay
|creative_director = Farhn P Zamma
|starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
|theme_music_composer =
|opentheme =
|num_seasons = 1
|num_episodes = 52
|country = India
|language = Hindi
|location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|cinematography =
|camera = [[Multi-camera]]
|runtime =
|company = Salt Media LLP
|channel = [[Zee TV]]
|first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|6|25}}
|last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|12|18}}
}}

'''''Amma''''' is an Indian [[crime drama]] television series that premiered on June 25, 2016, on [[Zee TV]]. It was created by Farhn P. Zamma.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Farhn-P-Zamma-Shabana-Azmi-is-the-female-Amitabh-Bachchan/articleshow/54496959.cms|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|title=Farhn P. Zamma: Shabana Azmi is the female Amitabh Bachchan|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Shawar Ali and Nawab Shah in Zee TV's Amma">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shawar-Ali-and-Nawab-Shah-in-Zee-TVs-Amma/articleshow/52691666.cms|title=Shawar Ali and Nawab Shah in Zee TV's Amma|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 June 2016|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref> The show is based on the female underworld don of [[Mumbai]], Jenabai Daruwali.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-show-Amma-based-on-the-life-of-Mumbais-female-don-Jenabai/articleshow/52479523.cms|last=Bhatia|first=Saloni|title=TV show Amma based on the life of Mumbai's female don Jenabai?|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=29 July 2024|date=29 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/280916/shabana-azmi-plays-godmother-on-tv.html|last=Razzaq|first=Sameena|title=Shabana Azmi plays godmather on television|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=27 September 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The show explores the life of a female underworld figure through five decades.<ref name="Shawar Ali and Nawab Shah in Zee TV's Amma"/> It adds the love story of Amma's daughter Rehanna and Faisal. Faisal is one of Amma's gangsters, The show follows them as they face trials and tribulations, so that Amma would accept them and they could marry. A small side love story describes Rehanna's sister Saraswati who loves Atul, her college friend. The show depicts Amma's reaction when she finds out about the romance.

==Cast==
*[[Urvashi Sharma]] as Zeenat Sheikh<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Urvashi-Sharma-to-make-her-TV-debut/articleshow/52327220.cms|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|title=Urvashi Sharma to make her TV debut|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 May 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
*Nasirr Khan as Abbas Sheikh
*[[Shabana Azmi]] as Old Zeenat Sheikh <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shabana-azmi-is-the-new-amma-on-tv/articleshow/54030029.cms|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|title=Shabana Azmi is the new Amma on TV|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 September 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
*[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Shekeran "Anna" Shetty (character based on ''[[Varadarajan Mudaliar]]'')<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aman-verma-bids-adieu-to-amma-gets-emotional/articleshow/53824771.cms|title=Aman Verma bids adieu to 'Amma', gets emotional|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 August 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
*Neha chandra as "Laxmi Shetty" "Anna's wife"
*[[Nishigandha Wad]] as Lakshmi Shetty
*[[Ashmit Patel]] as Faisal Qureshi<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashmit-Patel-Working-with-Shabana-Azmi-a-learning-experience/articleshow/54377283.cms|title=Ashmit Patel: Working with Shabana Azmi a learning experience|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 September 2016|access-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917210535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ashmit-Patel-Working-with-Shabana-Azmi-a-learning-experience/articleshow/54377283.cms|archive-date=17 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Yuvika Chaudhary]] as Rehana Sheikh<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Yuvika-Chaudhary-is-the-new-protagonist-in-Amma/articleshow/53960582.cms|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|title=Yuvika Chaudhary is the new protagonist in Amma|newspaper=The Times of India|date=1 September 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
*[[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Haider Ali Qazi (character based on ''[[Haji Mastan]]'')<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nawab-Shah-set-to-return-in-Amma/articleshow/54918159.cms|title=Nawab Shah set to return in Amma|newspaper=the Times of India|date=18 October 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
*Ziya Siddique as Saraswati Shetty
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Police Commissioner K. N. Dayal <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Meghna-Naidu-and-Zakir-Hussain-to-enter-Amma/articleshow/53378774.cms|title=Meghna Naidu and Zakir Hussain to enter 'Amma'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 July 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
*[[Meghna Naidu]] as Hanaan
*[[Raju Kher]] as Faakir<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Actor-Raju-Kher-to-play-the-role-of-Fakira-in-Amma/articleshow/54467155.cms|title=Actor Raju Kher to play the role of Fakira in Amma|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 September 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
*[[Ajaz Khan]] as Azhar Yeda<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-scoop-ex-bigg-boss-contestant-ajaz-khan-to-play-a-psychopath-in-amma-2267925|title=Scoop:Ex Bigg-Boss contestant Ajaz Khan to play a psychopath in 'Amma'|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=27 October 2016|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
*Syed Ashraf Karim as Naeem Qureshi
*Jeetu Verma as Inspector P. K. Prajapati
*[[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as ACP Atul Sahay
*[[Shawar Ali]] as Parvez Khan
*[[Deepraj Rana]] as Kabeer Lal (character based on ''[[Karim Lala]]'')
*[[Sonal Parihar]] as Ghazzala
*Rahul Verma Rajput
*Shashi Kiran
*Jitendra Bohara as Tariq Qureshi brother of Faisal Qureshi
*[[Kanchan Awasthi]] as Sarla

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.zeetv.com/promos/amma-a-new-show-starts-25th-june-saturday-sunday-1030-pm.html Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amma (TV series)}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television series about organized crime]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:Works about organised crime in India]]

Naikal, Wadgera

2025-09-13T11:10:33Z

ZEKSheryl225755: adding new info v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naikal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|43|23|N|077|03|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yadgir]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Wadgera, Yadgir|Wadgera]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6050
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 585319
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| registration_plate = KA 33
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

''' Naikal ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 377400 {{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012024644/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2007|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com/|title=Yahoomaps India|accessdate=2008-12-18|archive-date=3 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403060944/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/|url-status=dead}}Naikal, Gulbarga, Karnataka</ref> It lies at the foot of a rocky hill called Parmanan,<ref name="Strahan-1890">{{Cite book|editor-last=Strahan |editor-first=George |author-link=George Strahan (engineer) |year=1890 |title=Account of The Operations of the Great Triganometrical Survey of India |location=[[Dehradun]], India |publisher=Surveyor General of India |volume=12 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=geJW7gp7CPYC&pg=RA2-PA9 Appendix A, page 9] }}</ref> along the Yadgir-Shahapur Road (State Highway 15 (Karnataka)).<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/16%C2%B043'23.0%22N+77%C2%B003'54.0%22E/@16.7207017,77.0523847,14z/data=!4m4!3m3!8m2!3d16.7230556!4d77.065 Google Maps: Naikal]</ref> Administratively, it is under [[Wadgera, Yadgir|Wadgera Taluk]] of [[Yadgir district]] in Karnataka. The Naikal Hill Station, #17 of the Great Arc Meridional Survey, was located just east of the village on another rocky hill called Gúrbasapa.<ref name="Strahan-1890"/>

Naikal lies along the path of the proposed [[Surat-Chennai Expressway]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Surat Chennai Expressway Project Complete Details, Route Map, Current Status, Contractors Etc. |date=24 October 2023 |publisher=Indian Construction Info |url=https://indianconstructioninfo.com/surat-chennai-expressway/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124192848/https://indianconstructioninfo.com/surat-chennai-expressway/ |archive-date=24 November 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> and over forty hectares of Naikal's irrigated land was condemned by [[eminent domain]] in 2020 for the project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3A Notification for "Development of 6 lane of Access Controlled Newly proposed Green Field Highway of NH-150C starting from MH/KN Border (Nimbal Village) to KN/TS Border (Singanodi village) as part of Surat - Chennai Economic Corridor under Bharatmala Pariyojna |date=24 September 2020 |url=https://bhoomirashi.gov.in/sdet.asp?project_id=59494&EncHid=&notification_id=52875&nid=9 |archive-url=https://archive.today/sHdD7?https://bhoomirashi.gov.in/sdet.asp?project_id=59494&EncHid=&notification_id=52875&nid=9 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

KBN Agro Industries operates a cotton gin in Naikal, and Sugureshwar Mineral Water operates a bottling plant there.<ref>{{Citation|title=F-Register of Organizations, KSPCB, RO, Yadgir for the period up to 01-04-2021 to 31-12-2022 |publisher=Karnataka State Pollution Control Board |url=https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Yadgir_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124191255/https://kspcb.karnataka.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Yadgir_0.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Naikal had a population of 6,050 with 3,010 males and 3,040 females.<ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|title=Official Website of Yadgir District|url=http://yadgir.nic.in}}
{{Clear}}

{{Yadgir district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naikal}}
[[Category:Villages in Yadgir district]]

Chalukyas of Navasarika

2025-09-11T12:31:38Z

ZEKSheryl225755: expanded formatting after review

{{Short description|Former Indian dynasty}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of the inscriptions issued by the Chalukyas of Navasarika" width="300" height="400" zoom="5" longitude="72.94" latitude="20.94">
{
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "[[Navsari]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9323831, 20.952407] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Nashik]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [73.7898, 19.9975] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Surat]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.8311, 21.1702] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Manor, India|Manor]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9289, 19.7224] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Diveagar]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9902, 18.1682] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Valsad]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.9343, 20.5992] }
}
]
}
</mapframe>
{{History of Gujarat}}
The '''Chalukyas''' ([[IAST]]: Cālukya) '''of Navasarika''' (modern [[Navsari]]) were an Indian dynasty that ruled parts of present-day [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]] during 7th and 8th centuries, as vassals of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi]]. They are also known as the "Early Chalukyas of Gujarat" (as opposed to the later [[Chaulukya|Chalukyas of Gujarat]]).

In the late 660s, the Vatapi Chalukya king [[Vikramaditya I]] appointed his brother Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman as the governor of the north-western parts of his kingdom, which included southern Gujarat ([[Lata (region)|Lata]]), [[Nashik division|Nashik region]], and northern [[Konkan]]. Dharashraya's eldest son Shryashraya Shiladitya died before him, and he was succeeded by his younger sons, first Jayashraya Mangalarasa, and then Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin. Avanijanashraya is best known for repulsing an [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Arab invasion]] from the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] near Navsari, a feat recorded in his 738-739 inscription. After his reign, the history of this Chalukya branch is uncertain: their territory subsequently came under the [[Rashtrakuta]] control.

== Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman ==
[[File:Map of the Chalukyas.png|left|thumb|Chalukya Empire at its largest extent]]
The Navsari branch of the Chalukyas was established by Dharashraya Jayasimhavarman ([[IAST]]: Dharāśraya Jaya-siṃha-varman), who was a son of the [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Vatapi Chalukya]] king [[Pulakeshin II]], and a younger brother of Pulakeshin's successor [[Vikramaditya I]]. Sometime before 667-670 CE, Vikramaditya appointed Dharashraya as the governor of the north-western Chalukya territories, which included parts of present-day southern [[Gujarat]], and the [[Konkan]] and [[Nashik division|Nashik region]] of [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=50}}

Dharashraya is attested by his [[Nashik]] inscription, which is dated to 20 or 21 March 685 (year 436 of the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri era]]). This Sanskrit-language inscription records the grant of the Dhondhaka village in the Nasikya ''[[vishaya]]'' (Nashik province) to a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] named Trivikrama.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=309}}

The Nashik inscription states that Dharashraya defeated and routed the army of a king named Vajjada, between the [[Mahi River|Mahi]] and the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] rivers. Historian [[V. V. Mirashi]] theorizes that Vajrata invaded the [[Gurjaras of Lata|Gurjara]] kingdom, whose ruler Dadda III was a Chalukya vassal; the Chalukya emperor dispatched Dharashraya to repulse the invader.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=50}} However, there is no concrete proof to support this theory. Historian Shyam Manohar Mishra theorizes that Vajjada may have been another name for Dadda III.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=51}} It is possible that this Vajjada is same as the Vajrata, who according to a [[Samangad]] inscription, was defeated by the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Dantidurga]]. It is likely that Dharashraya's campaign against Vajjada was ordered by his overlord and nephew [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vinayaditya]] (the successor of Vikramaditya I), who wanted to expand the Chalukya power in the north.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=152}}

=== Shryashraya Shiladitya ===

Dharashraya's eldest son was Shryashraya Shiladitya (IAST: Śrayāśraya Śilādtiya).{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=51}} An inscription of Shryashraya, issued by him as the [[crown prince]] (''yuvaraja''), is dated to 23 May 668 (year 420 of the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri era]]). Its [[find spot]] is unknown. It is written in [[Sanskrit]] language using an early form of the [[Telugu-Kannada alphabet]].{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=308}} It records the grant of Mudgapadra village to migrant [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] cousins Revaditya and Varasyaka by Dharashraya and Shryashraya. The inscription was issued from Navasarika (Navsari) and its text was composed by Dhananjaya.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=308}}{{sfn|Swati Datta|1989|p=168}}

A [[Surat]] inscription of Shryashraya, also in Sanskrit language, is dated to 28 January 671 (Kalachuri year 421). It records the grant of the Asatti village to Bhogikasvamin.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=308}} Another of his Sanskrit inscriptions, found at Surat, is dated 692-693 (Kalachuri year 443: the date can be read as 2 August 692 CE, assuming that the inscription was issued in the Kalachuri year 443; or as 23 July 693 CE, assuming that it was issued after the expiry of the Kalachuri year 443).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|pp=309-310}} The inscription was issued from Kusumeshvara, and records the grant of a field in the Osumbhala village to Matrishvara Dikshita.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=310}}

Shryashraya appears to have died before his father Dharashraya; therefore, Dharashraya was succeeded by his second eldest son Jayashraya Mangalarasa, who was succeeded by Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin, another of Dharashraya's sons.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=51}} Tribhuvanashraya Nagavardhana, a fourth son of Dharashraya, is attested by an inscription found at Nirpan village of Maharashtra. This inscription records the grant of the Belegrama village to the shrine of the deity Kapaleshvara, but is considered spurious by historians.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=309}}{{sfn|D R Bhandarkar|1983|p=383}}

== Jayashraya Mangalarasa ==

Jayashraya Mangalarasa (IAST: Jayāśraya Maṅgalarasa-rāja) was nominally a vassal of the Chalukya king [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vinayaditya]], but appears to have been practically independent.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=51}}

The [[Manor, India|Manor]] inscription of Mangalarasa is dated to 7 April 691 (year 613 of the [[Shaka era]]). This Sanskrit language inscription describes Mangalarasa as a crown prince, and records the grant of some villages and other land to the [[Surya|Sun]] temple at Manapura. It indicates that Mangalarasa bore the titles ''Prithvi-vallabha'', ''Yuddhamalla'', and ''Vinayaditya''.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=309}}

The [[Diveagar]] inscription issued during Mangalarasa's reign is dated to 727-728 (Shaka 649). It records the grant of the Talavallika village by prince Dharashraya Jayasimha to the goddess Katyayani, whose statue was located on the bank of a temple tank in Kadadroho-Votinera.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=310}}

The [[Valsad]] (Balsar) inscription of Mangalarasa is dated to 731-732 (Shaka 653). It describes him as "Raja Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla Mangalarasa".{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=311}}

The [[Rashtrakuta]] chief Indra I forcibly abducted Bhavanaga, a daughter or niece of Mangalarasa, from a marriage ''[[Wedding mandap|pandal]]'' at [[Kheda|Kaira]].{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=51}} Kaira was located in the traditional [[Maitraka]] territory; therefore, historian [[A. S. Altekar]] theorizes that Bhavanaga was to be married to a Maitraka prince. On the other hand, historian Shyam Manohar Mishra theorizes that Mangalarasa had conquered Kaira from the Maitrakas by this time.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|pp=51-52}}

== Avani-janashraya Pulakeshin ==
[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|300px|{{legend|#fad07d|Expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate during 661–750}}]]
[[File:Arab-Gujarat campaigns 724-740 CE.png|thumb|300px|right|Campaigns from the [[Caliphal province of Sind]] into [[Gujarat]] (724-740 CE). Avanijanashraya ultimately repulsed these attacks.
{{legend|yellow|Desert areas ([[Thar Desert]])}}
{{legend|#DEB887|[[Caliphal province of Sind]] (712-854 CE)}}
{{legend|#E0FFFF|Maitraka Kingdom (c.475–c.776 CE)}}
]]{{Main|Umayyad campaigns in India|Battle of Navsari}}
Mangalarasa's younger brother and successor Avani-janashraya Pulakeshin (IAST: Avani-janāśraya Pulakeśi-rāja) ascended the throne sometime between 731 and 739.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=52}} He is attested by a Sanskrit inscription, which is known as the Navsari inscription, although its exact [[find spot]] is not known.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=311}} The Epigraphical Society of India received it from a resident of Satem village of [[Navsari district]].{{sfn|Sharada Srinivasan|1987|p=41}} It is dated to the year 490 of the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri era]]; the date can be interpreted as 1 November 738 (assuming current year i.e. it was issued in the 490th year of the Kalachuri era) or 21 October 739 (assuming expired year i.e. it was issued after 490 years of the era had been completed).{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=311}}

The inscription records Avanijanashraya's repulsion of an [[Umayyad campaigns in India|Arab invasion]] from the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. It states that the Tajikas (the Arabs) had advanced up to Navsari after plundering the kingdoms of the [[Saindhava]]s, [[Kutch district|Kachchhelas]], [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Chapotkata|Chavotkas]], [[Mori Rajputs|Mauryas]], the [[Gurjaras of Lata|Gurjaras]], and others. The forces of Avanijanashraya defeated the invaders after a fierce battle.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=166}}

As a result of this success, Avanijanashraya's overlord conferred several titles upon him, including "solid pillar of [[Dakshinapatha]]" (''Dakshinapathasadhara''), "ornament of the Chalukya family" (''Challuki-kulalankara''), "beloved of the earth" (''[[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Prithvi-vallabha]]''), and "the repeller of the unrepellable" (''Anivartaka-nivartayitri'').{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=52}}{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=166}} The overlord was the Vatapi Chalukya ruler [[Vikramaditya II]], although the inscription doesn't mention his name,{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|pp=52-53}} simply calling him "Vallabha Narendra".{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=311}}

Avanijanashraya appears to have annexed the former [[Gurjaras of Lata|Gurjara]] territory to the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya kingdom]] after repulsing the Arabs.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=167}} He became the most powerful ruler of the Navsari Chalukya family, and assumed the title ''Paramabhattaraka''.{{sfn|Shyam Manohar Mishra|1977|p=52}} His use of this title, usually borne by the sovereign rulers, cannot be explained with certainty. It is possible that it signifies his declaration of independence; alternatively, it is possible that he remained a Chalukya vassal, and the assumption of the title was just meant for glorification.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=167}}

The Chalukyas of Navasarika were ultimately supplanted by the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] in the 8th century.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=167}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |editor=D R Bhandarkar |title=Appendix to Epigraphia Indica Volumes XIX-XXIII |year=1983 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56665/2015.56665.Appendix-To-Epigraphia-Indica-Vol19-23#page/n393/mode/1up/search/navasarika |oclc=1568118 }}
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Sharada Srinivasan |title=Satem copper plates of Avanijanasraya Pulakesiraja |journal=Studies in Indian Epigraphy |volume=14 |year=1987 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6ljAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Shyam Manohar Mishra |title=Yaśovarman of Kanauj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZWgj-YMdVEC&pg=PA50 |year=1977 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=557679616 }}
* {{cite book |author=Swati Datta |title=Migrant Brāhmaṇas in Northern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKAb9DPUCCcC&pg=PA18 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0067-0 }}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==

* [http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/kalachuri-chedi/kalachuri-chedi-part1/incriptionsoftheearlychalukyasofgujarat.html Inscriptions of the early Chalukyas of Gujarat]

[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:8th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]

Vindhyagiri Hill

2025-07-07T00:15:56Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Put up first data basic info

{{Short description|Hill in Karnataka, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Redirect|Vindhyagiri|the Indian Navy frigate|INS Vindhyagiri (F42)}}
{{Infobox mountain
| photo = Shravanabelagola2007 - 01.jpg
| photo_alt = Vindhyagiri
| photo_caption = Vindhyagiri hill from the ground
}}
'''Vindhyagiri''', also known as '''Indragiri''', is one of the two hills in [[Shravanabelagola]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramaswamy |first=Chitra |date=2019-05-04 |title=Holy hills beckon |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/lifestyle/travel/holy-hills-beckon-731918.html |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JHC |date=2011-12-17 |title=Indragiri |url=https://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/karnataka/shravanabelagola/indragiri/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Jain Heritage Centres |language=en-US}}</ref> The other one being [[Chandragiri Hill|Chandragiri]].

==History==
Vindhyagiri is first referred to as "Per kavappu" (Large - Kalbappu) in 8th Century, but its history begins with that of Gommateshwara in the Late 10th century. A century and half later the town is named Gommatapura, after the colossus, but the hill itself is not identified with a distinctive name. The present name "Vindhyagiri" is said to be derived from ''vim'', 'spirit', and ''dhya'', 'meditation', as being the spot consecrated by rishis observed in the meditation on the supreme spirit.

==Geography==
The hill is located about 3,288 Feet from Mean sea Level and 438 Feet above the ground.

== Importance ==
[[File:Shravanabelagola Hillview.jpg|thumb|Vindyagiri summit area with [[Gommateshwara statue]] in the background, [[Odegal basadi]] in foreground.]]
{{Main|Gommateshwara statue}}
{{See also|Odegal basadi}}

The colossus of [[Gommateshwara|Bahubali]] at the summit dominates the valley. Jain mythology informs us that the first colossus of Bahubali was installed by Bharata at Paudanapura, it is described to be about 525 spans (Maru - about a meter) high. The 58' 8" high Bahubali image on the Large Hill with 438' high granite mass forming its pedestal.

In 981 A.D., [[Chavundaraya]], a Ganga minister converted a tor standing at the summit into a colossus.{{sfn|Sangave|2006|p=206}} Choosing a strategic opening between boulders, he also constructed a gateway (the present Akhanda Bagilu) with a large Gajalakshmi panel adorning its upper portion.

Odegal basadi is the largest basadi on Vindhyagiri hill.{{sfn|Raman|1994|p=57}} The temple derives the name from 'Odega', i.e., soapstone used for strengthening the walls of the temple.{{sfn|Sangave|1981|p=14}} The temple houses image of Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha.{{sfn|Knapp|2008|p=496}}

==See also==
{{commons cat}}
*[[Shravanbelgola]]
*[[Jainism in Karnataka]]
*[[Jainism in North Karnataka]]
*[[Jain Bunt]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last=Knapp | first=Stephen | title=Seeing Spiritual India | url={{Google books|d1JJCgAAQBAJ|pg=PT496|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[iUniverse]] | date=2008 |isbn=9780595614523 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |authorlink=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Aspects of Jaina religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UhvGRoyAqMC |edition=5 |date=2006 |orig-date=1990 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Jnanpith]] |isbn=81-263-1273-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=The Sacred ʹSravaṇa-Beḷagoḷa: A Socio-religious Study | volume=8 | issue=8 | series=Murtidevī granthamālā |url={{Google books|nZ3S6CW5KKQC|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=1981 |publisher=[[Bhartiya Jnanpith]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |isbn=9789326355599 }}
* {{cite book | last=Raman | first=Afried | title=Bangalore - Mysore | url={{Google books|cBDkVEmLf0cC|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] | location=Bangalore | date=1994 |isbn=9780863114311 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.shravanabelagola.com/largehill.html Vindhyagiri Hill]

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism Topics}}

{{coord|12|51|15|N|76|29|07|E|type:mountain_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hills of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Hassan district]]

Jibu Jacob

2025-07-01T09:43:30Z

ZEKSheryl225755: added some article added tags

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jibu Jacob
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Njarackal]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Cinematographer
* director
}}
| years_active = 2002{{En dash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' (2014) ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' (2017)
}}

'''Jibu Jacob''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] and [[Film director|director]] working in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He debuted as a cinematographer in 2002 with the crime film ''[[Stop Violence]]''. After a decade long career as a cinematographer, he made his debut as a director in 2014 with the political satire film ''[[Vellimoonga]]''. His most recent directorial ''[[Mei Hoom Moosa]]'' released in September 2022.

== Film career ==
After a short stint as an assistant cinematographer in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]], he made his independent debut in cinematography with the 2002 crime film ''[[Stop Violence]]'' directed by [[A. K. Sajan]]. Later he worked in a number of Malayalam films as a cinematographer until 2013. He debuted as a director with the comical political satire film ''[[Vellimoonga]]'' (2014) starring [[Biju Menon]], which was both a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|author=Saraswathy Nagarajan|title=The new stars of the box office|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/jibu-jacob-joji-thomas-bask-in-the-success-of-vellimoonga/article6548473.ece|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 October 2014}}</ref> His second directorial was ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'', starring [[Mohanlal]]. It is a comedy family film released in January 2017, it became one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dinil Sasi.S. Sen|title=Munthirivallikal Thalirkumbol : Mohanlal continues his terrific form in the teaser of 2016 Christmas release|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/munthirivallikal-thalirkumbol-mohanlal-continues-his-terrific-form-in-the-teaser-of-2016-christmas-release-1480883624.html|accessdate=14 January 2017|work=[[Times of India]]|date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Times News Network|title=Mohanlal's next to start filming in Kozhikode|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Mohanlals-next-to-start-filming-in-Kozhikode/articleshow/53130359.cms|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Mohanlal, Meena start shooting for untitled Jibu Jacob movie [PHOTOS]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlal-meena-start-shooting-untitled-jibu-jacob-movie-photos-686732|accessdate=20 July 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 July 2016}}</ref>
He has acted in 2015 movie, Ben in a character role.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Credited as
! Notes
!{{refh}}
|-

| 2002
| ''[[Stop Violence]]''
| rowspan="22" | Cinematographer
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2005
| ''Deepangal Sakshi''
|
|
|-

| ''The Campus''
|
|
|-

| ''December''
|
|
|-

| ''[[Boy Friend (2005 film)|Boy Friend]]''
|
|
|-

| ''[[Thaskaraveeran (2005 film)|Thaskaraveeran]]''
|
|
|-

| rowspan="2”|2006
| ''[[Raashtram]]''
|
|
|-

| [[Oruvan (2006 film)|Oruvan]]
|
|
|-

| rowspan="3"|2007
| ''[[Anaamika]]''
|
|
|-

| ''[[Pranayakalam]]''
|
|
|-

| ''[[Heart Beats (film)]]''
|
|
|-

| rowspan="2"|2008
| ''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]''
|
|
|-

| ''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]''
|
|
|-

| rowspan="2"|2009
| ''[[Oru Black and White Kudumbam]]''
|
|
|-

| ''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe''
|
|
|-

| rowspan="3"|2010
| ''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]''
|
|
|-

| ''[[Rama Ravana]]''
|
|
|-

| ''[[Oru Small Family]]''
|
|
|-

| 2011
| ''[[Mohabbath (2011 film)|Mohabbath]]''
|
|
|-

| 2012
| ''[[Cinema Company]]''
|
|
|-

| rowspan="2"|2013
| ''Rebecca Uthup Kizhakkemala''
|
|
|-

| ''[[Bharya Athra Pora]]''
|
|
|-

| 2014
| ''[[Vellimoonga]]''
| rowspan="5" | Director
|
|
|-

| 2017
|! scope="row" | ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]''
|
|
|-

|2019
|''[[Adhyarathri]]''
|
|
|-

|2021
|''[[Ellam Sheriyakum]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ആസിഫ് അലിയെ ഒറ്റച്ചവിട്ടിന് താഴെയിട്ട് രജിഷ വിജയൻ, 'എല്ലാം ശരിയാകും' ടീസര്‍ {{!}} Asif Ellam Sheriyakum film teaser out|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/asif-ellam-sheriyakum-film-teaser-out-r0gen3|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.asianetnews.com}}</ref>
|-

|2022
|''[[Mei Hoom Moosa]]''
|
|
|-

|2023
|''[[Kurukkan]]''
|Cinematographer
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurukkan - Malayalam Movie Review, Ott, Release Date, Trailer, Budget, Box Office & News - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/kurukkan.html |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== As an actor ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''Ben'' || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Vattameshasammelanam'' || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Sara's]]'' || Producer ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Pappachan Olivilanu]]'' || C.I Sebastian Paul ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Thaanara'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-20 |title=First single from Vishnu Unnikrishnan's Thaanara out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/20/first-single-from-vishnu-unnikrishnans-thaanara-out |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.jibujacob.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025356/http://www.jibujacob.com/ |date=26 October 2018 }}
* {{IMDb name|1953961}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob, Jibu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT

2025-06-02T07:59:43Z

ZEKSheryl225755: new

{{Short description|Advanced Information Technology Institute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[Image:Kofi Annan Centre.jpg|thumb|right]]

The '''Ghana-India [[Kofi Annan]] Centre of Excellence in ICT''' (AITI-KACE) is [[Ghana]]'s first Advanced Information Technology Institute (AITI).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Sachin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vw0EAAAQBAJ |title=Development Cooperation and Emerging Powers: New Partners or Old Patterns? |last2=Fues |first2=Thomas |last3=Sidiropoulos |first3=Elizabeth |date=2012-05-10 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78032-065-6 |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> It was established in 2003, through a partnership between the [[government of Ghana]] and the [[government of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cTsZg3P3uF0C |title=The Report: Ghana 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=978-1-907065-64-4 |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Francesco |first=Amoretti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veqJIC7-wBQC |title=Electronic Constitution: Social, Cultural, and Political Implications: Social, Cultural, and Political Implications |date=2009-03-31 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-60566-255-8 |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref>

The centre also houses West Africa's first supercomputer. The meeting and lecture rooms as well as the [[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] wireless network guarantee that the AITI can host close to 1000 people at any given time.

==History==
In August 2002, [[John Agyekum Kufuor|H.E. John Agyekum Kufuor]], President of Ghana, went to [[India]] on a four-day state visit, to find business partners to invest and undertake joint ventures in Ghana. During that visit, the two Governments came to a bilateral agreement, to facilitate cooperation in the area of ICT. The Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT was created as a result.

India provided computer hardware, software and other communication equipment, training for instructors and the curriculum. Ghana provided the infrastructure and the administrative and technical staff.

AITI-KACE was launched on 9 December 2003.
[[File:AITI premises.jpg|thumb|The main premises of AITI]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.aiti-kace.com.gh/ Advanced Information Technology Institute / Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in ICT]
*[http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/ghana-ict-training-gets-boost/571/ Ghana ICT training gets a boost]
*https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/kace-ventures-into-software-development.html
*https://www.ghanaweb.com//GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Kofi-Anna-Centre-of-Excellence-Launches-Innovation-Week-604889

{{coord|5|33|34.5|N|0|11|31.4|W|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghana-India Kofi Annan Centre of Excellence in Ict}}
[[Category:Education in Accra]]
[[Category:Information and communication technologies in Africa]]
[[Category:Information technology organizations based in Africa]]
[[Category:East Ridge, Accra]]

Meotipa sahyadri

2025-05-28T06:24:26Z

ZEKSheryl225755: adding new entry more to come...

{{Short description|Species of spider}}{{stack begin}}
{{Speciesbox | name = Meotipa sahyadri
| genus = Meotipa
| species = sahyadri
| authority = (Kulkarni, Siddharth & Vartak, 2017 )
}}
{{stack end}}
'''''Meotipa sahyadri''''' is a [[spider]] species of the genus [[Meotipa]] that is mainly indigenous to the [[Western Ghats]] in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Indian spider, named for Western Ghats|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/new-indian-spider-named-for-western-ghats-4902601/|work=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Meotipa sahyadri in The spiny theridiid genus Meotipa Simon, 1895 in India|url=https://zenodo.org/record/827662|journal=[[Zenodo]]|year=2017|doi=10.5281/zenodo.827662|accessdate=25 October 2017|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Siddharth|last2=Vartak|first2=Atul|last3=Deshpande|first3=Vishwas|last4=Halali|first4=Dheeraj}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=[Arachnida • 2017] The Spiny Theridiid Genus Meotipa Simon, 1895 (Araneae, Theridiidae) in India, with Description of A Strange New Species, Meotipa sahyadri, with Translucent Abdomen and A Phylogenetic Analysis about the Genus Placement|url=http://novataxa.blogspot.in/2017/07/meotipa-sahyadri.html?m=1|work=Novataxa|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kulkarni|first1=Siddharth|last2=Vartak|first2=Atul|last3=Deshpande|first3=Vishwas|last4=Halali|first4=Dheeraj|title=The spiny theridiid genus Meotipa Simon, 1895 in India, with description of a strange new species with translucent abdomen and a phylogenetic analysis about the genus placement (Araneae, Theridiidae)|journal=Zootaxa|date=13 July 2017|volume=4291|issue=3|pages=504–520|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4291.3.4|url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4291.3.4/28411|accessdate=26 October 2017|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

''Meotipa sahyadri'', named after the [[Sanskrit]] name for the [[Western Ghats]] i.e., '''Sahyadri'''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q42954638}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Spiders of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 2017]]
[[Category:Theridiidae]]

{{Theridiidae-stub}}

Ardhendu Maity

2025-05-27T20:58:59Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Started A Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Ardhendu Maity''' (4 March 1953)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardhendu Maity, AITC MLA from Bhagabanpur - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/ardhendu-maity/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former two time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Purba Medinipur district]]. He was last elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhagabanpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bhagabanpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Maity is from [[Bhagabanpur]], Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal. He is the son of Baikuntha Maity. He completed his BA in 1974 and later did his LLB at the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1982. He is an advocate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ardhendu Maity(All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Bhagabanpur (Purbo Medinipur) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=67 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Maity was first elected as an MLA in the Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency representing All India Trinamool Congress in the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 93,845 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ranjit Manna of the [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 8,997 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-17 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Bhagabanpur profile: TMC's Ardhendu Maity won seat in past two elections |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-bhagabanpur-profile-tmcs-ardhendu-maity-won-seat-in-past-two-elections-9417351.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> He retained the seat for the Trinamool Congress winning the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election where he polled 111,201 votes and beat his closest opponent, Hemangshu Shekhar Mahapatra of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 31,943 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagabanpur Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Bhagabanpur Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-bhagabanpur-constituency-214.html |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Bhagabanpur Assembly Constituency 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/bhagabanpur-1188370534 |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He contested the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], also on a Trinamool ticket, but lost to [[Rabindranath Maity]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 27,549 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maity, Ardhendu}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]

Maharaja Birendra Kishore Museum

2025-02-28T15:42:13Z

ZEKSheryl225755: adding the article w/ refs...

{{Infobox museum
| name = Maharaja Birendra Kishore Museum
| former_name = Raj bhavan of Tripura
| location = [[Pushbanta Palace]]
| type = Cultural museum
| collections = Fine arts Contemporary photography
| owner = [[Government of Tripura]]
}}

'''Maharaja Birendra Kishore Manikya Museum''', is a proposed [[Museum|digital museum]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2022-09-24 |title=President - Draupadi Murmu Likely To Lay Foundation Of Tripura's Digital Museum On October 14 |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/24/president-draupadi-murmu-likely-to-lay-foundation-of-tripuras-digital-museum-on-october-14/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref> and being developed as a national-level [[Cultural center|cultural centre]], at the [[Pushbanta Palace]] in [[Agartala]], capital of [[Tripura|Tripura, India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-10 |title=President Draupadi Murmu to begin 2-day Tripura visit on Wednesday |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/prez-to-begin-2-day-tripura-visit-on-wed/articleshow/94750481.cms |access-date=2023-02-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-31 |title=Iconic Tripura palace to be turned into museum, cultural centre |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/iconic-tripura-palace-to-be-turned-into-museum-cultural-centre-101659260129040.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Proposal ==
The foundation stone for the digital museum at Pushbanta Palace was laid by [[Droupadi Murmu|Draupadi Murmu]], the President of India, on October 14, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2022-09-24 |title=President - Draupadi Murmu Likely To Lay Foundation Of Tripura's Digital Museum On October 14 |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/24/president-draupadi-murmu-likely-to-lay-foundation-of-tripuras-digital-museum-on-october-14/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref> It is estimated that about {{Crore|40}} rupees have been sanctioned for the development of the heritage structure as a digital museum. A display of the heritage of the [[Northeast India|North Eastern States]], fine arts of [[Southeast Asia|South East Asia]], and contemporary photography, as well as the national and international archives, are planned.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2022-02-02 |title=Tripura Government Sanctions Rs 40 Crores For Establishing Museum At Pushpabanta Palace |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/02/02/tripura-tourism-ministry-sanctions-rs-40-crore-for-establishing-museum-at-pushpabanta-palace/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2022-07-31 |title=Tripura: Pushpabanta Palace to be developed as museum |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-pushpabanta-palace-museum.html |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tripura}}

[[Category:Museums in Tripura]]

M. H. Douglas

2025-02-03T18:59:58Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. H. Douglas
| birth_name = Muhammad Hussain Khan
| image = Mhdouglasrajender.jpg
| caption = M. H. Douglas (left) with [[Rajendra Kumar]] on the sets of ''[[Ayee Milan Ki Bela]]'' in 1963
| other_names = Douglas, [[Ustad]], Fight Master Sando, Abba
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|10|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State|Princely State Of Hyderabad]]
| death_date = {{Death date|1964|3|30|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| resting_place = Disused Muslim Cemetery, [[Bombay]], [[India]] (now in [[Mumbai]], [[India]])
| children=3
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[action director]]
}}
'''M. H. Douglas''' (born '''Muhammad Hussain Khan''') was an Indian actor, director, action director, and fight composer in the [[Hindi film industry]]. He choreographed fight and action scenes for many [[Bollywood]] hits. He is also one of the founding member of the Fight and Cine artist Association based in Mumbai.

As an actor, Douglas appeared in many [[silent films]] in the 1940s and 1950s.

== Early life and background ==

It is believed that Douglas was born to prominent Muslim parents in [[Hyderabad State]], India, though his exact birth date remains unknown. His father, Nawab Kale Khan, was a [[Nawab]] in the [[Hyderabad State|Princely State Hyderabad]]. Little is known about his early childhood and family background. Douglas's father moved to [[Bombay]] before the [[Independence of India]] and the [[Hyderabad State|integration of the Princely State of Hyderabad into the Indian Union]]. Douglas grew up as Muhammad Hussain and used the [[stage name]] "M. H. Douglas" after entering the [[Hindi film industry]]. From a very young age, Douglas had a keen interest and was trained in [[Aerobics]], [[Fencing]], [[Swordsmanship]], and [[Martial Arts]].

==Career==
Douglas started his career as a [[Extra (actor)|background actor]] in many [[Silent film|silent movies]]. He appeared as a lead actor in several silent films most of which are now [[Lost film]]s. Several attempts have been made to search those films in the [[Film archive]]s.

==Death==
On the afternoon of 30 March 1964, Douglas suffered a heart attack and died before reaching the hospital.

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | As an actor
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Role
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Director
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Cast
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Notes
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Daughter of Sindbad]]'' || Actor || Ratilal || [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]] ||
|- <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/daughter-of-sindbaad|title=Daughter of Sindbaad}}</ref>
| 1956 || ''Samundari Daku'' || Actor || A.R. Zamindar || [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], [[Nadira (Indian actress)|Nadira]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] ||
|- <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/samundari-daaku|title = Samundari Daku}}</ref>
| 1956 || ''Qismet'' || Actor || Nazir Ajmeri || [[Musarrat Nazir]] || [[Pakistani Film]]
|- <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/duglus | title=Duglus }}</ref>
| 1948 || ''Diler Detective'' || Actor || Mohd. Hussain || [[Rajkumari Dubey]] ||
|- <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0403970/|title=Mohammed Hussain|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
| 1947 || ''Sher-e-Bengal'' || Actor || Mohd. Hussain, [[Ranjibhai Arya]] || Rajkumari Dubey ||
|- <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0403970/|title=Mohammed Hussain|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
| Unknown || ''Sher-e-Punjab'' ([[silent film]]) || [[Actor]] || || ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | As a director
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Role
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Cast
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Notes

|-
| 1961 || ''Aflatoon'' || Director || [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] || Co-directed with [[Basu Bhattacharya]]
|- <ref>{{cite web | url=https://muvyz.com/moviepage/cr235247 | title=Aflatoon (1961) | Hindi Movie Review, Songs, Trailer, Videos - Bollywood MuVyz }}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;" | As a fight composer
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Role
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Director
! style="text-align:center; background:#3cf;"| Cast
|-

| 1966 || ''[[Alibaba Aur 40 Chor (1966 film)]]'' || Action Director || [[Homi Wadia]] || [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[L. Vijaylakshmi]]
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Phool Aur Patthar]]'' || Fight Composer || O. P. Ralhan || [[Dharmendra]], [[Meena Kumari]]
|-
| 1965 || ''Bedaag'' || Action Coordinator: Fire Sequences || R. Bhattacharya || [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]
|-
| 1965 || ''आधी रात के बाद'' || Actions || [Nanabhai Bhat] || [[अशोक कुमार]], [[रागिनी]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Ayee Milan Ki Bela]]'' || Fight Composer || [[Mohan Kumar (director)|Mohan Kumar]] || [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Saira Banu]], [[Dharmendra]]
|-
| 1964 || [[Badshah (1964 film)|''Badshah'']] || Action Director ||Chandrakant Gaur|| [[Dara Singh]], [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]]
|-
| 1964 || ''Ek Sapera Ek Lutera'' || Fight Composer|| [[Naresh Kumar (film director)]] || [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]], [[Kumkum (actress)|Kumkum]]
|-
| 1964 || ''Samson'' || Fight Composer || ||
|-
| 1963 || ''Cobra Girl'' || Fight Composer / Action Director || ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Teen Ustad'' || Stunt Director || ||
|-
| 1960 || [[Kohinoor (1960 film)|''Kohinoor'']] || Action Director || S U Sunny || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Meena Kumari]]
|-
| 1956 || ''Sheikh Chilli'' || Stunt Coordinator || Ramchandra Thakur || [[Shyama (Hindi actress)|Shyama]], [[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]]
|-
| 1955 || ''Bara-Dari'' || Action Co-ordinator: Tipu Sultan Club || ||
|-
| 1955 || ''Teerandaz (1955 film)'' || Action Co-ordinator: Tipu Sultan Club || ||
|-
| 1952 || [[Aan (1952 film)|''Aan'']] || Fencing Fight Coordinator || [[Mehboob Khan]] || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nimmi]]
|-
| 1952 || [[Saqi (film)|''Saqi'']] || Action || [[H. S. Rawail]] || [[Premnath]], [[Madhubala]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1755108}}
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1755108/bio M.H. Douglas - Biography]
* {{cite web|url=https://pro.imdb.com/name/nm1755108/?d=nm_header_moreatpro |title=IMDb Pro : M.H. Douglas Business Details |publisher=Pro.imdb.com |date= |accessdate=2012-03-10}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Douglas, M. H.}}
[[Category:Indian action choreographers]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian stunt performers]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Jhujkadanga

2025-01-13T22:04:07Z

ZEKSheryl225755: added first article w/ sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhujkadanga
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 855
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_total_km2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713125
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 0342
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman-Durgapur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatar]]
| website = {{URL|purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|24|24.5|N|87|51|55.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| area_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Jhujkadanga''' is a village in [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]], a [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is located about {{convert|27|km||abbr=}} from [[West Bengal]] on [[National highways of India|National Highway]] towards [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]].<ref>{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook|year=1985|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaMXAAAAMAAJ&q=Jhujkadanga,dist}}</ref>

== Population ==
Members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] make up most of the population. Scheduled Tribes were 39.65% and Scheduled Castes 15.79% in 2011.<ref name="census3-2011">{{cite web|title=2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html|accessdate=26 February 2017|work=West Bengal – District-wise|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|accessdate=25 January 2019|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Particulars
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total no. of houses
|'''187'''
| -
| -
|-
|Population
|'''855'''
|415
|440
|-
|Child (0–6)
|'''111'''
|40
|71
|-
|Schedule Caste
|'''135'''
|68
|67
|-
|Schedule Tribe
|'''339'''
|156
|183
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

{{WestBengal-geo-stub}}

Bappiriyan Theyyam

2024-09-09T05:53:42Z

ZEKSheryl225755: Started A Post

{{short description|Regional Hindu god}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Bappiriyan Theyyam at Muchiriyan Kavu Kannur.jpg
| caption = Bappiriyan Theyyam at Muchiriyan Kavu Kannur
| name = Bappiriyan
| god_of =
| affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| mantra =
| weapon =
| consort =
| children =
| abode =
| mount =
| spouse =
| region = [[North Malabar]], [[Kerala]], India
}}
'''Bappiriyan Theyyam''' (also spelled as Bappirian) is a [[theyyam]] performed in [[North Malabar]] region in [[Kerala]], India. It is a type of [[Mappila Theyyam]].

The myth of Bappiriyan who is believed to be a Muslim and Arya Poonkani, a Hindu goddess is an example of Hindu-Islamic religious harmony in Kerala.

==Myth==
===Myth related to Arya Poonkani===
{{main|Arya Poonkani}}
Bappiriyan was believed to be a Muslim merchant who made a name for himself in [[Tulu Nadu]].<ref name="samayam">{{Cite web |title=മലബാറിലെ 'ബപ്പിരിയൻ' തെയ്യത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/spirituality/bappiriyan-theyyam-in-north-kerala/articleshow/53896801.cms |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Samayam Malayalam |publisher=The times of India |language=ml |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226085711/https://malayalam.samayam.com/spirituality/bappiriyan-theyyam-in-north-kerala/articleshow/53896801.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In the mythology, he was the captain of the ship in which the goddess Arya Poonkani was sailing.

According to the myths, Arya Poonkani and her brothers, who were travelling in search of pearls for the marriage, got caught in a storm and were separated by a shipwreck.<ref name="samayam"/> They took hold of the wreckage of the wrecked ship and spent seven days at sea, and on the eighth day they all came ashore. When they reached the shore, they separated from each other.

Arya Poonkani, worried by the sea, sees Bappiriyan going in a small boat in the sea. At first he ignores Aryapoonganni's call for help, but she surprises him with her magical skills and takes Bappiriyan with her to rush his brothers.<ref name="janmabhumi">{{Cite web |last=സന്തോഷ് |first=യു പി |title=ബപ്പിരിയന്‍ തെയ്യം |url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/news857452 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=www.janmabhumi.in |date=13 May 2019 |publisher=[[Janmabhumi]] |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226085721/https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/samskriti/news857452 |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally they find her brothers in Venmalatinkara, but they were not ready to go with her and decided to settle there.<ref name="janmabhumi"/> Then Aryapoonkanni and Bappiriyan continues the journey and reaches the Kooran hills on the North [[Malabar Coast|Malabar coast]].<ref name="janmabhumi"/> There they are enshrined in the [[Thaliparamba]] Kaithakeel temple.<ref name="janmabhumi"/>

===Myth related to Ramayana===
Another myth is related to [[Ramayana]]. According to this, [[Hanuman]] who goes in search of [[Sita]] is portrayed as Bappiriyan Theyyam.<ref name="Manorama">{{Cite web |title=മനുഷ്യനും ദൈവവും തമ്മിലുള്ള ദൂരമെത്രെ;ഒരു കൈയകലമെന്ന് സുമേഷ് പെരുവണ്ണാൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/festivals-and-religion/2017/09/21/theyyam-artist-sumesh-peruvannan-sharing-experience.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=ManoramaOnline |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226085712/https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/festivals-and-religion/2017/09/21/theyyam-artist-sumesh-peruvannan-sharing-experience.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Unable to find Sita, Bappiriyan would climb into big trees and send his eyes to distant places.<ref name="Manorama"/> This is why theyyam climbs the coconut trees. In his anger at not finding Sita, Bappiriyan kicks the coconut tree and drops down all the coconuts in the tree.<ref name="Manorama"/>

==Ritual==
An important ritual in theyyam performance is that Bappiriyan Theyyam climbs the coconut trees and shakes the tree by kicking them and dropping all the coconuts.<ref name="Manorama"/> During this ceremony, it is common for the performers to fall from the coconut tree and get seriously injured.<ref name="Manorama"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=തെങ്ങിൽകയറി കരിക്കിടുന്നത് ആചാരം; കളിയാട്ടത്തിനിടെ ബപ്പിരിയൻ തെയ്യം തെങ്ങിൽനിന്ന് വീണു {{!}}VIDEO |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/theyyam-falls-from-coconut-tree-1.8335792 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=23 February 2023 |language=ml |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225223340/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/theyyam-falls-from-coconut-tree-1.8335792 |url-status=live }}</ref>

This theyyam is performed by the [[Vannan community]] in Kerala.<ref name="janmabhumi"/> The story of Bappiriyan theyyam is an example of Hindu-Islamic religious harmony in Kerala.<ref name="samayam"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bappiriyan, Theyyam}}
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Theyyam]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]

Antecedent drainage stream

2024-07-12T09:37:51Z

ZEKSheryl225755: slightly adjust references per standard format additionally

{{Short description|Stream maintaining its original course despite changes in underlying rocks}}
An '''antecedent stream''' is a stream that maintains its original course and pattern despite the changes in underlying rock topography. A stream with a [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Dendritic drainage pattern|dendritic drainage pattern]], for example, can be subject to slow tectonic uplift. However, as the uplift occurs, the stream erodes through the rising ridge to form a steep-walled [[Canyon|gorge]]. The stream thus keeps its dendritic pattern even though it flows over a landscape that will normally produce a [[Drainage system (geomorphology)#Trellis drainage system|trellis drainage pattern]].<ref name=Grotzinger>Grotzinger, J. & Jordan, T.H. 2006. Understanding Earth, 5th ed., Freeman, New York {{ISBN|978-0716766827}}</ref>

A '''superimposed stream''' is a [[stream]] that forms over horizontal beds that overlie folded and faulted rock with varying resistance. Having cut down through the horizontal beds, the stream retains its course and pattern as it proceeds to erode the underlying rocks despite their different character. The stream erodes a gorge in the resistant bed and continues its flow as before.<ref name=Grotzinger/>

== Examples ==
* Many [[Himalaya|Himalayan]] rivers are good examples of antecedent origin. These rivers originated well before the Himalayan region was uplifted. The rivers [[Indus River|Indus]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Sutlej]], [[Koshi River|Kosi]] and [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]] originated on the Tibetan side and now traverse the existing mountain ranges, cutting deep [[Canyon|gorges]].
* The [[Colorado River]] cut the [[Grand Canyon]] as the [[Colorado Plateau]] rose between 5 and 2.5 million years ago. [[Paradox Valley]] is another good example in the Colorado Plateau.
* [[Devil's Gate (Wyoming)|Devil's Gate]] in Wyoming is a remarkable display of an antecedent stream. A 100-meter slot is cut through a granite ridge which would have missed the ridge completely had the river flowed just a kilometer to the south.
* The [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]] still flows south-north from France to Belgium through the [[Ardennes]] which were elevated after the river had assumed that course.

== See also ==
* [[Canyon]]
* [[Water gap]]
* [[Wind gap (geographical feature)|Wind gap]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rivers, streams and springs}}

[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Geomorphology]]

Zee Cine Special Award for Debut Director

2024-03-15T22:26:55Z

ZEKSheryl225755: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Zee Cine Awards#Awards]] {{R from merge}}