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Balasaraswati

2026-05-07T16:45:31Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8:

{{Short description|Indian Bharatnatyam dancer (1918–1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tanjore Balasaraswati
| image = Balasaraswati 2010 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Balasaraswati on a 2010 stamp
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1918|05|13}}
| birth_place = Madras Presidency, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1984|02|09|1918|05|13}}
| death_place = Madras, India
| origin = [[Tanjore]]
| genre = [[Carnatic classical music]]
| occupation = [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatanatyam dancer]]
}}

'''Tanjore Balasaraswati''',<ref name=pa/> also known as '''Balasaraswati''' (13 May 1918 – 9 February 1984), was an Indian dancer, and her rendering of [[Bharatanatyam]], a classical dance style originated in the [[South Indian]] state of [[Tamil Nadu]], made this style of dancing well known in different parts of [[India]] and many parts of the world. Belonging to the devadasi lineage, she preserved the traditional form of Bharatanatyam that embraced ''shringara'' (erotic depictions of divine love), viewing it as beautiful and spiritual rather than immoral, unlike upper-caste dancers such as Rukmini Devi Arundale, who sought to reform the dance by removing its erotic elements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gorlinski |first=Virginia |title=T. Balasaraswati |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/T-Balasaraswati |url-status=live |website=Britannica}}</ref>

She was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1957<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1977, the third and the second highest civilian honours given by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=pa>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2007) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=2007-05-30 |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-10 }}</ref> In 1973, she was awarded the ''[[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]]'' by the ''[[Madras Music Academy]]''. In 1981 she was awarded the ''[[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]]'' award of The Indian Fine Arts Society, Chennai.

==Early life and background==
Balasaraswati was a seventh generation representative of a traditional matrilineal family of temple musicians and dancers ([[devadasi]]s),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/temple-dancer/920036/ |title=Temple Dancer |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=2012-03-05 |access-date=2016-11-22}}</ref> who traditionally enjoyed high social status, who have been described as the greatest single repository of the traditional performing arts of music and dance of the southern region of India. Her ancestor, Papammal, was a musician and dancer patronized in the mid-eighteenth century by the court of Thanjavur. Her grandmother, [[Veenai Dhanammal]] (1867–1938), is considered by many to be the most influential musician of the early twentieth century. Her mother, Jayammal (1890–1967) was a singer who encouraged the training of Balasaraswati and was her accompanist.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Balasaraswati created a revolution in traditional music and dance for Bharatanatyam, a combination of the performance arts of music and dance. She learned music within the family from her infancy, and her rigorous training in dance was begun when she was four under the distinguished dance teacher K. Kandappan Pillai, a member of the famed Thanjavur Nattuvanar family. Her younger brothers were the musicians [[T. Ranganathan]] and [[T. Viswanathan]] who would both become prominent performers and teachers in India and the United States. Her daughter, Lakshmi Knight (1943–2001), became a distinguished performer of her mother's style. Her grandson [[Aniruddha Knight]] continues to perform the family style today, and is artistic director of Bala Music and Dance Association in the United States and the Balasaraswati School of Dance in India. Her son-in-law Douglas M. Knight Jr. has written her biography with the support of a Guggenheim Fellowship (2003). Famous Indian film maker Satyajit Ray made a [[Bala (1976 film)|documentary on her works]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Career==
Balasaraswati's debut took place in 1925. She was the first performer of her traditional style outside of South India, performing first in Calcutta in 1934. As a young teenager, she was seen by choreographer [[Uday Shankar]], who became an ardent promoter of her performances, and throughout the 1930s she captured the imagination of audiences across India. She went on to a global career that attracted international critical attention and the respect of dance greats such as [[Shambhu Maharaj]], Dame [[Margot Fonteyn]], [[Martha Graham]], and [[Merce Cunningham]]. Interest in Bharatanatyam rebounded in the 1950s as the public became interested in promoting a unique Indian art form. Balasaraswati, encouraged by an administrator at the Music Academy in Madras, established a dance school in association with the institution. There she trained new dancers in Bharatanatyam as per her vision. In the early 1960s she increasingly travelled globally, with performances in East Asia, Europe, and North America. Later that decade, throughout the 1970s, and into the early 1980s, she visited the United States repeatedly and held residencies—as both a teacher and a performer—at Wesleyan University (Middletown, Connecticut), California Institute of the Arts (Valencia), Mills College (Oakland, California), the University of Washington (Seattle), and Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival (Beckett, Massachusetts), among other institutions. Through her international engagements as well as her activities in India, especially in Madras, Balasaraswati not only exposed countless audiences to the traditional style of Bharatanatyam but also trained many new practitioners of the art form.

An American student of hers, by the name of Luise Scripps, created the American Society for Eastern Arts, and from July 1965, for over a decade, outstanding musicians, dancers and other artists from India and Indonesia, in particular, had the chance of travelling to the United States to present their art.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Venkataraman |first=L |title=Indian Classical dance: The Renaissance and Beyond [English]. |publisher=Niyogi Books |year=2017}}</ref>

== Awards ==
She received numerous awards in India, including the President's Award from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (1955),{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} [[Padma Vibhushan]] from the Government of India for distinguished national service (1977){{citation needed|date=July 2021}} and [[Sangita Kalanidhi]] from the [[Madras Music Academy]],{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} South India's highest award for musicians (1973). In a review in 1977, the New York Times dance critic [[Anna Kisselgoff]] described her as one of the "supreme performing artists in the world".{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} [[India Today]],{{when|date=July 2021}} based on a survey, classified her as one of the 100 prominent Indians who have shaped the destiny of India.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} She was the only non-western dancer included in a compilation of the Dance Heritage Coalition, "America's Irreplaceable Dance Treasures: The First 100" (2000).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-00-099/library-of-congress-joins-other-institutions-and-the-dance-heritage-coalition-in-announcing-the-identification-of-americas-irreplaceable-dance-treasures-the-first-100/2000-07-28/ |title= Library of Congress Joins Other Institutions and The Dance Heritage Coalition in Announcing the Identification of "America's Irreplaceable Dance Treasures: The First 100"|date=2000-07-28 |access-date=2021-10-10}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bharatanatyam]]
* [[Mani Madhava Chakyar]]

==In popular culture==
Bengali film director [[Satyajit Ray]] made a [[documentary film]] on Balasaraswati named ''[[Bala (1976 film)|Bala]]'' (1976).<ref>{{cite web |author=S. K. Singh |url=http://www.satyajitray.org/films/bala.htm |title=Bala: A film by Satyajit Ray |website=SatyajitRay.org |access-date=2016-11-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911121224/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/bala.htm |archive-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
*[https://www.thebetterindia.com/195407/tanjore-balasaraswati-bharatnatyam-greatest-dancer-woman-chennai-india/ "Tanjore Balasaraswati: Bharatnatyam’s Greatest Dancer"], ''The Better India''.
*[https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/tracing-balasaraswatis-journey/article22689812.ece "Tracing Balasaraswati’s journey"], ''The Hindu'', 25 January 2018.
*Gupta, Indra. ''India's 50 Most Illustrious Women''. {{ISBN|81-88086-19-3}}.
*Knight Jr., Douglas M. ''Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life''. [[Wesleyan University Press]], June 2010. {{ISBN|978-0819569066}}.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140726122452/http://cinemanrityagharana.blogspot.in/2012/03/found-bala-1976-satyajit-ray-and-extant.html ''Bala'' (1976)], a documentary by Satyajit Ray, available online via [[Wayback Machine]].
*Poursine, Kay. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1478754 "Hasta As Discourse on Music: T. Balasaraswati and her Art"], ''Dance Research Journal'', Vol. 23, No. 2, Autumn 1991, JSTOR.
*Poursine, Kay. [http://www.kpoursine.com "Bala in the US"], ''Nartanam'', Vol. IX, No. 4.

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.balasaraswati.com |title=1918-1984 |website=Balasaraswati.com |access-date=2016-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104124053/http://www.balasaraswati.com/ |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=usurped }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.kpoursine.com/my-inspiration |title=The Inspiration |website=Kpoursine.com |access-date=2016-11-22}}
*{{cite web|url=http://centerforworldmusic.org/schools/three.html |title=World Music In the Schools |publisher=Center for World Music |access-date=2016-11-22}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balasaraswati}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Women educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]

K. P. Unnikrishnan

2026-05-03T05:51:04Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: added a data!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1936–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. P. Unnikrishnan
| native_name = കെ.പി. ഉണ്ണികൃഷ്ണൻ
| image = K.P._Unnikrishnan.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1936|09|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], Madras Presidency, British India (present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|3|3|1936|09|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, India
| alma_mater = [[Madras Christian College|Madras Christian College, Chennai]]
| office = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Union Minister of Surface Transport]]
| term_start = 6 December 1989
| term_end = 10 November 1990
| prime_minister = [[V. P. Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Rajesh Pilot]]
| successor = [[Manubhai Kotadia]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Communications (India)|Union Minister of Communications]]
| term_start1 = 6 December 1989
| term_end1 = 23 April 1990
| prime_minister1 = V. P. Singh
| predecessor1 = [[Giridhar Gamang]]
| successor1 = [[Janeshwar Mishra]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]
| term_start2 = {{Start date|1971|03|25|df=yes}}
| term_end2 = {{End date|1996|05|12|df=yes}}
| predecessor2 = A. Sreedharan
| successor2 = O. Bharathan
| party = [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| profession = {{hlist|Journalist|Social worker|Writer}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Amrita Unnikrishnan|1977}}
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 23 September
| year = 2006
| source = http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2282.htm
}}

'''K. P. Unnikrishnan''' (20 September 1936 – 3 March 2026) was an Indian politician and writer who was a Union Minister and parliamentarian of [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/The-Stalwarts-Who-Faded-Away/2014/03/22/article2123739.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224155/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/The-Stalwarts-Who-Faded-Away/2014/03/22/article2123739.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2014|title=The Stalwarts Who Faded Away|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Unnikrishnan was born on 20 September 1936 to a family from the [[Malabar Coast]].<ref>{{cite web
|author = 
|date = 3 March 2026
|title = K.P. Unnikrishnan, former Union Minister and senior Congress leader, passes away
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/former-union-minister-and-senior-congress-leader-kp-unnikrishnan-no-more/article70697853.ece
|website = The Hindu
|location = Chennai
|publisher = Nirmala Lakshman
|access-date = 3 March 2026
}}</ref> His father's name was E. Kunhikannan Nair. He was educated at the [[Madras Christian College]], Chennai. He also completed his law at [[Chennai]]. In 1977, he married Amrita Unnikrishnan. Together, they had two daughters.

== Career ==
Unnikrishnan was associated with the Socialist Party and the [[Praja Socialist Party]] during his youth. In the 1960s, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and became a member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] in 1962. He wrote articles for the [[Mathrubhumi]] and other periodicals as a special correspondent.

He entered into the electoral foray when he first represented [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara constituency]] in 1971 as an Indian National Congress candidate. He remained unbeaten in the next five [[Lok Sabha]] polls (1977, 1980, 1984, 1989, 1991) despite switching over to the [[Indian National Congress (U)]] in 1980 and later to the Indian Congress (Socialist) in 1984.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=29 January 2015 |title=Who's who: Divergence in diversity|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19791130-gayatri-devi-charan-singh-lok-dal-morarji-desai-karpoori-thakur-janata-party-rajinder-puri-atal-behari-vajpayee-harijan-indira-gandhi-raj-narain-madhu-limaye-sheikh-abdullah-818032-2015-01-29|access-date=5 May 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In the period 1981–84, he was the leader of [[Congress (Secular)]] in the parliament. In the period 1980–82, he was also a member of the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]]. He served as the Minister for Telecommunications, Shipping, Surface Transport in the [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh ministry]] (1989–90).<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2019|title=Arif Muhammed Khan visits his old friend KP Unnikrishnan|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150919/arif-muhammed-khan-visits-his-old-friend-kp-unnikrishnan.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> During his tenure as minister he oversaw the [[1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait|evacuation of Indians]] during the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=K. R. Rajeev|date=9 May 2020|title=Foot the bill and bring NRIs home: Ex-Union minister {{!}} Kozhikode News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/foot-the-bill-bring-nris-home-ex-union-minister/articleshow/75635373.cms|access-date=5 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Salil Tripathi DILIP BOBB |date=30 September 1990 |title=For thousands of Indians, Gulf crisis becomes a nightmare without end|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900930-for-thousands-of-indians-gulf-crisis-becomes-a-nightmare-without-end-813091-1990-09-30|access-date=6 May 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Planning Made Kuwait Airlifting a Success: Ex-Minister|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/planning-made-kuwait-airlifting-a-success-ex-minister/713283|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Outlook (India)}}</ref>

His only defeat in the constituency came in 1996. Unnikrishnan later quit active politics, shifted his base to [[New Delhi]] and then to his ancestral house at [[Panniyankara]] in [[Kozhikode district]], and dedicated himself to reading and writing books.

== Death ==
Unnikrishnan died on 3 March 2026, at the age of 89.<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/kerala/2026/Mar/03/former-union-minister-k-p-unnikrishnan-passes-away-at-90 Former Union Minister K P Unnikrishnan passes away at 90]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unnikrishnan, K. P.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Kerala]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Praja Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]

{{Kerala-INC-politician-stub}}

Shibnagar, Bihar

2026-05-02T00:42:51Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: Entry

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shibnagar
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|24|06|N|86|57|00|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Supaul]]
| subdivision_name3 = Basantpur
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 2.28
| elevation_m = 75
| population_total = 2099
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 854340
| area_code = 06473
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = BR-50
}}

'''Shibnagar''' is a village in [[Supaul district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located near the Indo-Nepalese border, 46 kilometres northeast of the district capital [[Supaul]]. As of 2011, Shibnagar's reported population was 2,099.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Shibnagar is situated to the east of the [[Kosi River|Kosi river]]. The village covers an area of 228 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/320/download/930/DH_2011_1006_PART_A_DCHB_SUPAUL.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Bihar District Census Handbook Supaul |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar |page=174 |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
At the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the population of Shibnagar was 2,099, among whom 1,117 were male and 982 were female. Working population accounted for 32.78% of the overall population. Literacy rate of the village stood at 50.98%, with 697 of the male inhabitants and 373 of the female inhabitants being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Supaul district]]

Kendujhar (sadar)

2026-05-01T06:41:11Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: added a stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kendujhar Sadar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.66|N|85.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kendujhar district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 456
| population_total = 60590
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Kudmali language|Kudmali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 758001
| registration_plate = OD-09
| website = {{URL|odisha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kendujhar Sadar''' is an administrative unit in the [[Kendujhar district]] in the state of [[Odisha]], [[India]]. This subdivision consists of the town Keundujhar, the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district.

==Administrative divisions==
Kendujhar Sadar is the largest subdivision out of the three in the Kendujhar district (the other two being Anandapur and Champua). It consists of seven blocks of 160 [[Gram Panchayat]]s:<ref name="Kendujhar District, Government of Odisha 2018">{{cite web | title=Subdivision & Blocks | website=Kendujhar District, Government of Odisha | date=2018-03-20 | url=https://kendujhar.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | access-date=2019-05-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714130730/https://kendujhar.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | archive-date=14 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

* Sadar
* Ghatagaon
* Harichandanpur
* Telkoi
* Banspal
* Patna
* Saharpada

==Geography==
Champua is located at {{coord|21.66|N|85.62|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 456 metres.

==Demographics==
Kendujhar Subdivision has a population of 871,927 according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 India Census]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://kendujhar.nic.in/document/keonjhar-district-census-data/ | title=Keonjhar District Census Data (PDF 4MB) | Kendujhar District, Government of Odisha | India | access-date=19 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714130716/https://kendujhar.nic.in/document/keonjhar-district-census-data/ | archive-date=14 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Languages==
The dominant language is [[Odia language|Odia]], with some locals speaking [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://kendujhar.nic.in/document/keonjhar-district-census-data/ | title=Keonjhar District Census Data (PDF 4MB) | Kendujhar District, Government of Odisha | India | access-date=19 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714130716/https://kendujhar.nic.in/document/keonjhar-district-census-data/ | archive-date=14 July 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Politics==

Kendujhar Sadar is part of [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|access-date=2008-09-27
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304184320/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf
|archive-date=2009-03-04
}}</ref>

The three [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan sabha]] constituencies<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent|author=Shangara Ram|journal=The Gazette of India/Orissa State Gazette|number=282|date=15 December 2006|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154017/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls |title=Seats of Odisha |access-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013054/http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the Kendujhar district and its elected members<ref>{{cite web|url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/MLAprof.aspx|title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly|website=odishaassembly.nic.in|access-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050705/http://odishaassembly.nic.in/MLAprof.aspx|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> of that area are:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Reservation
!Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks)
!Member of 16th Assembly<ref name="Constituency">{{cite web | last=Constituency | first=NameBy | title=Odisha Legislative Assembly | website=Odisha Legislative Assembly | url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/profile_detail.aspx?x=6 | access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>
![[Political party|Party]]
|-
!20
|Telkoi
|ST
|Harichandanpur, Telkoi, Banspal (Part)
| Premananda Nayak
| style="background:#004225;"|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
!23
|Patna
|ST
|Patna, Saharpada, Jhumpura (part), Champua (part)
|Hrusikesh Naik
|style="background:#004225;"|BJD
|-
!24
|Keonjhar
|ST
| Keonjhar (M), Keonjhar, Jhumpura (part) , Bansapal (Part) 
|Mohan Charan Majhi
| style="background:#004225;"|BJD
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kendujhar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kendujhar district]]

Pseudagrion malabaricum

2026-04-27T01:03:22Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: Added new data...

{{Short description|Species of damselfly}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pseudagrion malabaricum male.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = male
| image2 = Pseudagrion malabaricum Female.jpg
| image2_caption= female
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Pal, M. |date=2011 |title=''Pseudagrion malabaricum'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T167297A6325176 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T167297A6325176.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Pseudagrion
| species = malabaricum
| authority = [[Frederic Charles Fraser|Fraser]], 1924
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
}}

'''''Pseudagrion malabaricum''''',<ref name=wol>{{World Odonata List}}</ref><ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> '''Malabar sprite''', '''jungle grass dart''',<ref name=ibp/> is a species of [[damselflies|damselfly]] in the family [[Coenagrionidae]]. It is found in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Myanmar]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=atlas>{{cite book |last1=K.A. |first1=Subramanian |last2=K.G. |first2=Emiliyamma |last3=R. |first3=Babu |last4=C. |first4=Radhakrishnan |last5=S.S. |first5=Talmale |title=Atlas of Odonata (Insecta) of the Western Ghats, India |date=2018 |publisher=Zoological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-8171-495-4|pages=175–176}}</ref>

==Description and habitat==
It is a medium-sized damselfly with blue eyes, dark on top. Back of the head is black in adults. Its thorax is azure blue with broad black dorsal, medial and humeral stripes. Abdominal segments 1 and 2 are blue with black marks on the dorsum. Mark on segment 2 looks like a [[chalice]] or [[Thistle|thistle-head]]. Segments 3 to 7 are black on dorsum and blue on the sides. Segments 8 and 9 are blue with narrow black apical annules. Segment 10 is black on dorsum and blue on the sides. Superior anal appendages are black, diverging outward, and curving inward on the apices. They are smaller than segment 10; but not as small as those of ''[[Pseudagrion australasiae]]''. Inferiors are very small.<ref name=Fraser/>
<gallery>
File:Head and thorax of Pseudagrion malabaricum.jpg|Head and thorax
File:Anal appendages of Pseudagrion malabaricum.jpg|Anal appendages
File:Pseudagrion malabaricum tandem position.jpg|Tandem pair
File:Pseudagrion malabaricum mating.jpg|Mating
</gallery>
Eyes and thorax of the female is bluish green, marked as in the male. Color of the abdomen is similar to the male; but paler. Segments 8 and 9 are also black with fine apical blue rings. Segment 10 is pale blue.<ref name=Fraser/>

It breeds in ponds, lakes, paddy fields and marshes in the [[Montane ecosystems|hills]].<ref name=Fraser>{{cite book|author=C FC Lt. Fraser|author-link=Frederic Charles Fraser|title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Odonata Vol. I|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London|year=1933|pages=[https://archive.org/details/FraserOdonata1/page/n297 284]-286|url=https://archive.org/details/FraserOdonata1}}</ref><ref name=Fraser-WG>{{cite book|author=C FC Lt. Fraser|author-link=Frederic Charles Fraser|title=A Survey of the Odonate (Dragonfly) Fauna of Western India and Descriptions of Thirty New Species|year=1924|pages=494–495|url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/records/026/05/0423-0522.pdf}}</ref><ref name=ias>{{cite book|last=Subramanian|first=K. A.|title=Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India - A Field Guide|year=2005|url=http://www.ias.ac.in/Publications/Overview/Dragonflies}}</ref><ref name=ibp>{{cite web
|url=http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/228179|title=Pseudagrion malabaricum Fraser, 1924|publisher=India Biodiversity Portal|access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref><ref name=ifb>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indianodonata.org/sp/394/Pseudagrion-malabaricum|title=Pseudagrion malabaricum Fraser, 1924|publisher=Odonata of India, v. 1.00. Indian Foundation for Butterflies|access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of odonates of India]]
* [[List of odonates of Sri Lanka]]
* [[List of odonates of Myanmar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150220175430/http://www.asia-dragonfly.net/globalResults.php?Species=403 Query Results]
* [http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pseudagrion_malabaricum/classification/ Animal Diversity Web]
* [http://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/2010/07/malabar-sprite-pseudagrion-malabaricum.html Sri Lanka Biodiversity]

== External links ==
{{Wikispecies-inline|Pseudagrion malabaricum}}

{{Commons category-inline|Pseudagrion malabaricum}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1839656}}

[[Category:Pseudagrion]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1924]]

{{Coenagrionidae-stub}}

International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience

2026-04-26T00:39:57Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: adding a pg.

{{multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=February 2019}}
{{Overly detailed|date=July 2023}}
{{Notability|org|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
|image = IAESTE.svg
|image_alt =
|caption = Logo of IAESTE
|map =
|formation = 1948
|type = Non-profit Organization
|status = [[Association without lucrative purpose]]
|purpose = To operate a practical training exchange program that promotes an internationally-oriented development of technical and professional skills amongst students, academic institutions and employers.
|coordinates = 
|language = English (as per internal communication)
|leader_title = President
|affiliations = 
|budget =
|name = IAESTE
|image_border =
|image_size = 200px
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|abbreviation =
|location =
|region_served = Worldwide
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|website = {{URL|iaeste.org}}
}}
[[File:IAESTE letter.png|thumb|Letter from [[United Nations]] Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]].]]
The '''International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience''', commonly referred to as '''IAESTE''', is an international organization exchanging students for technical work experience abroad. Students gain relevant technical [[training]] lasting from 4 weeks to 52 weeks. IAESTE includes committees representing more than 80 countries, with the potential of accepting new countries into the organization every year. At the general conference 2005 held in [[Cartagena, Colombia]], the statute and by-laws of IAESTE a.s.b.l. were established, making IAESTE a registered "associacion sans but lucratif" ([[non-profit organization]]), with the centre in [[Luxembourg]]. The current president is Bernard Baeyens from [[Colombia]]. IAESTE's motto is "Work, Experience, Discover". IAESTE's aims are to connect students with employers in foreign countries, provide university students with technical experience and culturally enrich students and their host communities.

==History==
IAESTE was founded in 1948 at [[Imperial College, London]]. The Imperial College Vacation Work Committee headed by Mr. James Newby initiated a meeting with national organizations from 10 European countries in a [[Effects of World War II#A New Europe|post war]] effort to promote better understanding between countries and cultures.

Since 1948, the association has grown to include more than 80 countries worldwide and has exchanged in excess of 300,000 students. IAESTE exchanges around 7000 students annually playing an important role in giving technical undergraduates and postgraduates practical work experience and a global perspective.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iaeste.org/student_pages|title = IAESTE A.s.b.l.}}</ref>

==Organization structure==

===International organization structure===
The IAESTE Association is a confederation of National Committees representing academic, industrial and student interests. Coordinating the daily administration of the association is the responsibility of the president. The president is elected for two years and is responsible for the General Conference or the GC as it is called in IAESTE. The GC makes the formal decisions in IAESTE and is composed of one delegate (National Secretary) from each country. The GC meets every year in January and is a forum for discussion.

The Board is an elected body which prepares the work of the General Conference and advises the president. It is composed of four elected members and the president.

One other notable event at the GC is the "International Party". At this party, every member country brings a national dish, drinks and clothes.

The international work is funded by member fees based on [[GDP per capita]] and the number of students sent abroad and is paid by the National Committees.

===National organization structure===
The National Committees represent the member countries and are composed of persons representing academic, industrial and student interests. Every full member of the IAESTE has one vote at the GC. The National Secretary is normally the person with the formal vote, even though the decisions are often made by the whole National Committee.

Each National Committee is responsible for the administration of the exchange in its own country. Membership is given after the establishment of a National Committee in accordance with the statutes of IAESTE, together with a responsible permanent secretariat. The type of secretariat which administers the exchange varies according to each country's national structure, educational system and funding policies. The essential requirement is that the national secretariat, whatever its organization and status, should have competent permanent staff.

Every country has its own way of organizing the work of IAESTE, but the National Committee can mainly be classified into four categories:
* Student-driven - The National Secretary is a student, normally serving for one to two years. Often there is one employed administrative staff for paperwork and keeping contact with other national committees, but the students are making decisions, organizing trainees and even raising funds. Examples are Norway, Denmark, Austria, Slovakia or Croatia.
* Academically - The National Secretary is a professor or employed by a university to front IAESTE on the behalf of the university or the country. Usually, they have students to welcome trainees, but students are not involved in the decision-making. Examples are Turkey, Portugal.
* Governmental - An employee of a governmental international work exchange organization is the National Secretary. Usually, the organization is responsible for several exchange programs and is quite professional. They also often employ students to welcome incoming students. Examples are Finland, Switzerland and UK.
* Other - Non-profit organizations funded by various sources (students, companies, government) but not affiliated with a single institution. Examples are China, USA.

IAESTE varies a lot from country to country and even within countries, there can be a big difference from one city to another. Traineeships also vary a lot: some countries have extended programmes with students employed to help and organize events,<ref>[http://iaeste.no/nyweb/modules/content/index.php?id=78 Example from Norway of the social part of being a trainee]</ref> while in other places arriving trainees organize events themselves.

==Annual Conference (AC)==
[[File:IAESTE Acceptance-1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|IAESTE acceptance letter for a trainee (page 1)]]
[[File:IAESTE Acceptance-2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|IAESTE acceptance letter for a trainee (page 2)]]

The most important international event that connects IAESTE leaders from all over the world. The AC 2021 was turned into an online conference, due to the COVID-19 pandemic (coordinated by a small team in Vienna), while AC 2022 and AC 2023 were hybrid conferences.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | City
|-
| 2024
| {{flagu|Colombia}}
| [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]
|-
| 2023
| {{flagu|Poland}}
| [[Warsaw]]
|-
| 2022
| {{flagu|Austria}}
| [[Vienna]]
|-
| 2021
| {{flagu|Austria}}
| [[Vienna]] (online)
|-
| 2020
| {{flagu|Slovakia}}
| [[Tatranská Lomnica]]
|-
| 2019
| {{flagu|Cyprus}}
| [[Limassol]]
|-
| 2018
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| [[Berlin]]
|-
| 2017
| {{flagu|South Korea}}
| [[Incheon]]
|-
| 2016
| {{flagu|Czech Republic}}
| [[Prague]]
|-
| 2015
| {{flagu|Croatia}}
| [[Zagreb]]
|-
| 2014
| {{flagu|Ecuador}}
| [[Quito]]
|-
| 2013
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| [[Belfast]]
|-
| 2012
| {{flagu|North Macedonia}}
| [[Skopje]]
|-
| 2011
| {{flagu|Thailand}}
| [[Bangkok]]
|-
| 2010
| {{flagu|Switzerland}}
| [[Zürich]]
|-
| 2009
| {{flagu|Poland}}
| [[Warsaw]]
|-
| 2008
| {{flagu|Jordan}}
| [[Amman]], Dead Sea
|-
| 2007
| {{flagu|Portugal}}
| [[Lisbon]]
|-
| 2006
| {{flagu|Malta}}
| [[Marsascala]]
|-
| 2005
| {{flagu|Colombia}}
| [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]]
|-
| 2004
| {{flagu|Austria}}
| [[Vienna]]
|-
| 2003
| {{flagu|Thailand}}
| [[Bangkok]]
|-
| 2002
| {{flagu|Norway}}
| [[Trondheim]]
|-
| 2001
| {{flagu|South Africa}}
| [[Durban]]
|-
| 2000
| {{flagu|United States}}
| [[Washington, D.C.]]
|-
| 1999
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Tokyo]]
|-
| 1998
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| [[Cardiff]]
|-
| 1997
| {{flagu|Spain}}
| [[Barcelona]]
|-
| 1996
| {{flagu|Denmark}}
| [[Copenhagen]]
|-
| 1995
| {{flagu|Greece}}
| [[Athens]]
|-
| 1994
| {{flagu|Mexico}}
| [[Mexico City]]
|-
| 1993
| {{flagu|Ireland}}
| [[Cork (city)|Cork]]
|-
| 1992
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| [[Bonn]]
|-
| 1991
| {{flagu|Cyprus}}
| [[Nicosia]]
|-
| 1990
| {{flagu|Brazil}}
| [[São Paulo]]
|-
| 1989
| {{flagu|Austria}}
| [[Graz]]
|-
| 1988
| {{flagu|Sweden}}
| [[Stockholm]]
|-
| 1987
| {{flagu|Hungary}}
| [[Budapest]]
|-
| 1986
| {{flagu|Portugal}}
| [[Lisbon]]
|-
| 1985
| {{flagu|Turkey}}
| [[Istanbul]]
|-
| 1984
| {{flagu|France}}
| [[Montpellier]]
|-
| 1983
| {{flagu|Austria}}
| [[Vienna]]
|-
| 1982
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| [[Tokyo]]
|-
| 1981
| {{flagu|Switzerland}}
| [[Mürren]]
|-
| 1980
| {{flagu|Norway}}
| [[Trondheim]]
|-
| 1979
| {{flagu|Ireland}}
| [[Dublin]]
|-
| 1978
| {{flagu|Netherlands}}
| [[Amsterdam]]
|-
| 1977
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| [[London]]
|-
| 1976
| {{flagu|Yugoslavia}}
| [[Dubrovnik]]
|-
| 1975
| {{flagu|Austria}}
| [[Salzburg]]
|-
| 1974
| {{flagu|West Germany}}
| [[West Berlin]]
|-
| 1973
| {{flagu|Finland}}
| [[Helsinki]] [[MS Golden Princess|MS ''Finlandia'' (ship)]]
|-
| 1972
| {{flagu|Spain}}
| [[Barcelona]]
|-
| 1971
| {{flagu|Denmark}}
| [[Copenhagen]]
|-
| 1970
| {{flagu|Portugal}}
| [[Lisbon]]
|-
| 1969
| {{flagu|France}}
| [[Paris]]
|-
| 1968
| {{flagu|Greece}}
| [[Athens]]
|-
| 1967
| {{flagu|Switzerland}}
| [[Lausanne]]
|-
| 1966
| {{flagu|Poland}}
| [[Warsaw]]
|-
| 1965
| {{flagu|Israel}}
| [[Haifa]]
|-
| 1964
| {{flagu|Switzerland}}
| [[Lucerne]]
|-
| 1963
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| [[Munich]]
|-
| 1962
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| [[London]]
|-
| 1961
| {{flagu|Italy}}
| [[Rome]]
|-
| 1960
| {{flagu|Yugoslavia}}
| [[Belgrade]]
|-
| 1959
| {{flagu|Turkey}}
| [[Istanbul]]
|-
| 1958
| {{flagu|Spain}}
| [[Madrid]]
|-
| 1957
| {{flagu|West Germany}}
| [[Bad Aachen]]
|-
| 1956
| {{flagu|Norway}}
| [[Trondheim]]
|-
| 1955
| {{flagu|Austria}}
| [[Vienna]]
|-
| 1954
| {{flagu|Sweden}}
| [[Stockholm]]
|-
| 1953
| {{flagu|Switzerland}}
| [[Zürich]]
|-
| 1952
| {{flagu|Netherlands}}
| [[Delft]]
|-
| 1951
| {{flagu|France}}
| [[Paris]]
|-
| 1950
| {{flagu|Finland}}
| [[Helsinki]]
|-
| 1949
| {{flagu|Denmark}}
| [[Copenhagen]]
|-
| 1948
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| [[London]]
|}

==The IAESTE Alumni Network (IAN)==
The Friends of IAESTE Network (FoIN) was founded 1996 in Denmark as the official Alumni branch of IAESTE, with the goal of helping former IAESTE trainees and members keep in touch.

In 2010, FoIN was re-branded as the IAESTE Alumni Network (IAN) and an Alumni Relations Manager was appointed to oversee all activities. The current holder of this position is Bruce Wicks from the [[United Kingdom]]. In 2011, IAN launched a new, online network which currently has over 10,000 members.

==IAESTE Day==
In 2005, an international IAESTE Day was created, for the purpose of global promotion of the organization as well as the celebration of its aims and goals. Starting with 6 countries, IAESTE Day was celebrated in 28 of its member countries in 2007. IAESTE Day is held on 20 October every year.

==JUMP==
Join Us to Motivate People (JUMP) is the [[Bharatpedia:JUMP_-_The_IAESTE_Motivation_and_Training_Seminar|"Motivation and Training Seminar" of IAESTE]]. JUMP was founded in 1995 in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] on the initiative of Martin Klaus, former National Secretary of IAESTE Austria. Martin became co-ordinator of JUMP, later this role was taken over by Adrian Keller from IAESTE Switzerland and in 2009 by Tomasz (Tomek) Pawliszyn from IAESTE Poland.
JUMP is aimed to young members of IAESTE who want to explore more the organisation and meet other members of IAESTE.

Primarily new members of IAESTE meet in a different European city each year during four days in September or October for training sessions and discussion groups. An important component is cultural exchange with corporate tours, cultural events and tours and social events incorporating local cuisine and customs. The theme song for the seminar is [[Jump (For My Love)]] by the [[Pointer Sisters]].

Usually, 40 - 70 participants take part in the event. Each JUMP is combined of six workshop sessions, led by experienced members, that cover the essence of IAESTE activities:
*Introduction to IAESTE
*Administration
*Company Marketing and Fundraising
*Job-Raising
*Local Committee Management
*Student Marketing and Member-Raising
Additionally, all participants visit various information boots on the topics of summer reception, career fairs, career websites, etc. All together combined with IAESTE related games, international evening, sightseeing trip and company presentation to show that IAESTE is much more than the exchange of job offers. One of the other highlights is motivation speeches by invited guests.

Because of the global pandemic, the 2020 IAESTE JUMP Conference was virtual, hosted by IAESTE United States August 26–28, 2020.

==CEC==
The '''Central European Convention''' is a group of several IAESTE member countries in the specific geographic region. Those are all "student-run" countries, so students are in the decision making positions (contrary to academic or professional-run countries).

Those countries agree to meet twice a year and hold working and discussion groups. At the same time, they get to know the culture of the hosting country.

===Goals===
* Motivation
* Education
* Developing IAESTE
* Improve the situation of student-run countries

===History===
The Central European Convention (CEC) was founded in May 1998 in [[Tuheljske Toplice]], [[Croatia]], on the initiative of Thomas Haim, former National Secretary IAESTE AUSTRIA and Mario Kauzlaric, former National Secretary IAESTE CROATIA. Because of the great success, the CEC is held 2 times a year.

'''Past CECs'''
* 43. Online (Croatia, October 2021)
* 42. Kope (Slovenia, October 2019)
* 41. Neum (Bosnia and Herzegovina, May 2019)
* 40. Sopron (Hungary, October 2018)
* 39. Wadowice (Poland, May 2018)
* 38. Vienna (Austria, October 2017)
* 37. Žďár nad Sázavou (Czech Republic, April 2017)
* 36. Krk (Croatia, October 2016)
* 35. Stara Lubovna (Slovakia, May 2016)
* 34. Ljubliana (Slovenia, October 2015)
* 33. Prijedor (Bosnia and Herzegovina, May 2015)
* 32. Györ (Hungary, November 2014)
* 31. Ustroń (Poland, May 2014)
* 30. Klagenfurt (Austria, November 2013)
* 29. Vyšší Brod (Czech Republic, April 2013)
* 28. Maribor (Slovenia, October 2012)
* 27. Trencin (Slovakia, April 2012)
* 26. Zánka (Hungary, October 2011)
* 25. Orahovica (Croatia, April 2011)
* 24. Lackenhof (Austria, October 2010)
* 23. Radějov (Czech Republic, April 2010)
* 22. Bohinj (Slovenia, October 2009)
* 21. Novy Smokovec (Slovakia, April 2009)
* 20. Győr (Hungary, October 2008)
* 19. Rijeka (Croatia, May 2008)
* 18. Purbach (Austria, October 2007)
* 17. Kobyli (Czech Republic, April 2007)
* 16. Kranjska Gora (Slovenia, November 2006)
* 15. Trencin (Slovakia Spring 2006)
* 14. Sümeg (Hungary, Fall 2005)
* 13. Wagrain (Austria, May 2005)
* 12. Zagreb (Croatia, November 2004)
* 11. Prague (Czech Republic, April 2004)
* 10. Maribor (Slovenia, April 2003)
* 9. Szentendre (Hungary, September 2002)
* 8. Admont (Austria, May 2002)
* 7. Krapinske Toplice (Croatia, November 2001)
* 6. Prague (Czech Republic, May 2001)
* 5. Myto pod Dumbierom (Slovakia, November 2000)
* 4. Budapest (Hungary, May 2000)
* 3. Kranjska Gora (Slovenia, November 1999)
* 2. Oberalpendorf (Austria, December 1998)
* 1. Tuheljske Toplice (Croatia, 1998)

==See also==
* [[Employment website]]
*[[AIESEC]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Educational organisations based in Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Engineering education]]
[[Category:International organisations based in Luxembourg City]]
[[Category:International student organizations]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1948]]
[[Category:Student exchange]]
[[Category:Youth organisations based in Luxembourg]]

Fazlul Bari

2026-04-24T18:40:35Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: done

{{Short description|Indian politician and activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Fazlul Bari
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|08|07|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|10|28|1936|08|07|df=yes}}
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], Vidhan Sabha
| constituency1 = [[Gonda Assembly constituency|Gonda]]
| term_start1 = February 1980
| term_end1 = June 1977
| predecessor1 = Triveni Sahai
| successor1 = Raghu Raj Prasad Upadhyay
}}
'''Fazlul Bari''' (7 August 1936 – 28 October 2011, Hindi: फज़लुल बारी), alias Bannay Bhai, was an Indian politician and activist. He was the member of 7th [[Uttar Pradesh]] legislative assembly from [[Gonda Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2004/candidate.php?candidate_id=4348|title=FAZLUL BARI ALIAS BANNE BHAI(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- Gonda(UTTAR PRADESH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes {{!}} India's largest election database |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1985/uttar-pradesh- |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Fazlul Bari was first elected to the [[Uttar Pradesh assembly elections, 2007|Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] in 1977 as a member of the [[Janata Party]]. He played an active role in the movement for the restoration and rebuilding of the [[Babri Masjid]]. Additionally, he served as the national president of [[Majlis Bachao Tehreek|Majlis Bachao]] UP. In the early 1980s, during a time when the Muslim community was facing oppression, especially following events like the [[1987 Meerut riots]] and the [[1980 Moradabad riots|Eidgah massacre of Muslims in Moradabad]] in 1980, Fazlul Bari organized a [[padayatra]], a march on foot, from [[Lucknow]] to [[Delhi]]. This padyatra was a significant demonstration of his commitment to addressing the concerns and grievances of the Muslim community during a period of heightened tension and violence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/2697-fazlul-bari-1936-2011/|title=Fazlul Bari (1936-2011)|website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gonda-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency|title=Gonda Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghazalikhan.com/talking-to-badar-kazmi-the-last-soldier-of-dr-abdul-jalil-faridi-a-forgotten-selfless-muslim-politician-in-independent-india/|title=Talking to Badar Kazmi, the Last Soldier of Dr Abdul Jalil Faridi, A Forgotten Selfless Muslim Politician in Independent India|first=M. Ghazali|last=Khan|date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bari, Fazlul}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1977–1980]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}
{{JP-politician-stub}}

Dadi Amma... Dadi Amma Maan Jaao!

2026-04-19T06:02:30Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: new.

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dadiammadadiamma.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Sooraj Barjatya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sooraj-barjatya-star-plus-show-dadi-amma-dadi-amma-maan-jaao-6231501/|title=Depiction of the elderly as helpless figures unfair, says director Sooraj Barjatya|website=The Indian Express|date=23 January 2020}}</ref>
| based_on =
| developer = Sooraj Barjatya Devaansh Barjatya
| writer = Devaansh Barjatya
| screenplay = Abhishek Kumar
| story = Chandrashekhar Dhavalkar
| director = Vikram Ghai
| creative_director = Surabhi Horo Fatema Rangila
| presenter =
| starring = Seema Biswas Mohan Joshi Shilpa Tulaskar Sheen Dass Anagha Bhosale
| judges =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer = Udbhav Ojha, Nishnat-Raja
| open_theme = Dadi Amma Dadi Amma Maan Jaao...
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 47
| executive_producer = Vishesh Suri
| producer = [[Devaansh Barjatya]]
| news_editor =
| location = [[Indore]]
| cinematography = Dinesh Singh, Alamgir Shaikh
| editor = Shashank Harendra Singh
| camera =
| runtime = 22 or 55

minutes
| company = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| budget =
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|01|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2020|3|26}}
| related =
}}

'''''Dadi Amma... Dadi Amma Maan Jaao!''''' is an Indian Hindi television series on [[StarPlus]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/seema-biswas-dadi-amma-maan-jao-television-comeback-star-plus-show-trailer-video-6198046/|title=Seema Biswas to make TV comeback with Star Plus show Dadi Amma Maan Jao|website=The Indian Express|date=3 January 2020|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104142049/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/seema-biswas-dadi-amma-maan-jao-television-comeback-star-plus-show-trailer-video-6198046/|url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by [[Rajshri Productions]], it stars [[Seema Biswas]], [[Mohan Joshi]], Sheen Das and [[Anagha]] Bhosale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/ek-duje-ke-vaaste-2-to-kartik-purnima-here-are-ten-upcoming-shows-of-2020-to-look-forward-to-1637480-2020-01-16|title=Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 2 to Kartik Purnima: Here are ten upcoming shows of 2020 to look forward to|work=India Today|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618113341/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/ek-duje-ke-vaaste-2-to-kartik-purnima-here-are-ten-upcoming-shows-of-2020-to-look-forward-to-1637480-2020-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref> It premiered on 27 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/surbhi-chandna-sanjivani-2-to-get-new-time-slot-dadi-amma-dadi-amma-maan-jao-to-replace-1139178|title=Surbhi Chandna's 'Sanjivani 2' To Get NEW Time Slot, Will Be REPLACED By THIS Show|website=ABP News|date=8 January 2020|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618111834/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/surbhi-chandna-sanjivani-2-to-get-new-time-slot-dadi-amma-dadi-amma-maan-jao-to-replace-1139178|url-status=live}}</ref> The show was taken off the air abruptly due to the [[COVID-19]] lockdown and later was announced that the show will not be brought back post the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/star-plus-loses-another-show-daadi-amma-daadi-amma-maan-jaao-goes-off-air-exclusive/5ebd1baf0c7a3b3ddf574182|title=STAR Plus Loses Another Show: Daadi Amma, Daadi Amma Maan Jaao Goes Off Air- EXCLUSIVE|website=Spotboye|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623133822/https://www.spotboye.com/amp/television/television-news/star-plus-loses-another-show-daadi-amma-daadi-amma-maan-jaao-goes-off-air-exclusive/5ebd1baf0c7a3b3ddf574182|url-status=live}}</ref> The series is digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

== Plot ==
Millennial sisters Anjali and Shraddha have dreams to fulfill along with the responsibility of taking care of their grandparents Urmila and Vijay. How they would balance both forms the crux of the story. On the other side, two brothers Shlok and Dhruv are fun-loving and the complete opposite of each other. Shlok meets Anjali one day and falls in love at first sight. He begins to pursue her with the help of Dhruv, who soon meets Shraddha and they constantly bicker with each other. On the other hand, Dhruv and Shlok's mother Rekha starts disliking the Pradhans and often locks horn with Urmila. Soon, Shraddha-Dhruv and Anjali-Shlok get married while Rekha plots against the Pradhans and sends some goons to just scare and threaten them. But, the goons brutally attacks Vikas, Shraddha, Urmila and Vijay while Vikas dies and others suffers injuries. On seeing this, Rekha feels guilty for her deeds while Shlok feels guilty for not being present in the situation to save them.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Urmila Pradhan: Vijay's wife; Vikas' mother.
* [[Mohan Joshi]] as Vijay Pradhan: Urmila's husband, Vikas' father; He is a retired wing commander who suffers from memory loss.
* Sheen Dass as Anjali Pradhan Jhavar: Urmila and Vijay's grand daughter, Shraddha's elder sister, Shlok's wife, dead.
* Anagha Bhosale as Shraddha Pradhan Jhavar: Urmila and Vijay's grand daughter, Anjali's sister, Dhruv's wife.
* [[Rudra Kaushish]] as Vikas Pradhan: Urmila and Vijay's son, Anjali and Shraddha's father. He dies while some goons sent by Rekha attacks Pradhans.
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as Rekha Sundarlal Jhavar: Shlok and Dhruv's mother; An industrialist who plots against the Pradhans.

===Recurring===
* [[Vedant Sharan]] as Gourav Juneja: Shraddha's love interest, Dhruv's Friend. He dies due to Rekha's evil plan who wants to destroy the Pradhans.
* Abhishek Singh Pathania as Shlok Jhavar: Anjali's husband, Sundarlal and Rekha's son.
* Ankit Raizada as Dhruv Jhavar: Shraddha's husband, Sundarlal and Rekha's son.
* [[Khalid Siddiqui]] as Sundarlal Jhavar: Rekha's husband, Shlok and Dhruv's father.
* Sachin Parikh as [[Prabhas]] Jhavar: Shlok and Dhruv's uncle, Namrata's husband.
* Sonia Shrivastava as Namrata Jhavar: Shlok and Dhruv's aunt, Prabhas’ wife.

==Production==
===Development===
Initial shooting for the series took place at [[Indore]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sheen-dass-dadi-amma-dadi-jaag-jao-to-replace-yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-on-star-plus-1110731|title=Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka To Go Off Air; THIS Show To Take Its Time Slot On Star Plus?|website=ABP News|date=19 November 2019|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618111833/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sheen-dass-dadi-amma-dadi-jaag-jao-to-replace-yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-on-star-plus-1110731|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/madhya-pradesh-set-to-emerge-as-a-big-venue-for-film-shoots-in-2020/articleshow/73793018.cms?from=mdr|title=Madhya Pradesh set to emerge as a big venue for film shoots in 2020|website=The Economic Times|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710004118/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/madhya-pradesh-set-to-emerge-as-a-big-venue-for-film-shoots-in-2020/articleshow/73793018.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Speaking about shooting in Indore, Producer Sooraj Barjatya said, "It was a collective decision to shoot in Indore as our show is set against the backdrop of the city, and we wanted to make the screenplay authentic. We shot at famous locations including Maheshwar Fort, [[Sarafa Bazaar]], Ahilya Bai Holkar palace."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sooraj Barjatya's TV show 'Dadi Amma...' shot in Indore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-barjatyas-tv-show-dadi-amma-shot-in-indore/articleshow/73590827.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 January 2020|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126091427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-barjatyas-tv-show-dadi-amma-shot-in-indore/articleshow/73590827.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was reported to air on [[Star Bharat]] but was later decided to air on [[Star Plus]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka to be replaced by Rajshri Productions' next|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-to-be-replaced-by-rajshri-productions-next/|website=Eastern Eye|date=20 November 2019|access-date=8 January 2020|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020004829/https://www.easterneye.biz/yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-to-be-replaced-by-rajshri-productions-next/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Speaking about the series producer [[Sooraj Barjatya]] said, " This show is [[Close to My Heart|close to my heart]]. Its tagline, Pichhatar Saal Ke Bachhe, was coined by my father [[Rajkumar Barjatya]],". Further, he said, "I have also included a lot of anecdotes from the time I spent with my father in the show,"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/sooraj-barjatya-on-television-comeback-included-the-moments-i-shared-with-my-father/22391173|title=Sooraj Barjatya On Television Comeback: Included The Moments I Shared With My Father|website=Mid Day|date=8 January 2020}}</ref> He also stated it as a 100 episodes finite series.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-barjatya-reveals-that-seema-biswas-was-hesitant-to-play-a-grandmothers-role/articleshow/73721863.cms|title=Sooraj Barjatya reveals that Seema Biswas was hesitant to play a grandmother's role|website=The Times of India|date=29 January 2020|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=30 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130052624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-barjatya-reveals-that-seema-biswas-was-hesitant-to-play-a-grandmothers-role/articleshow/73721863.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===

[[Seema Biswas]], who was initially sceptical for playing grandmother, was cast as Urmila.<ref name=":1" /> [[Mohan Joshi]] was cast as Vijay who returns to television acting after 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mohan-joshi-dadi-amma-dadi-amma-maan-jao-star-plus-6242533/|title=Mohan Joshi: Stopped doing Hindi films as I was getting the same kind of roles|website=The Indian Express|date=30 January 2020|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131133822/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mohan-joshi-dadi-amma-dadi-amma-maan-jao-star-plus-6242533/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sheen Das was cast as Anjali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sheen-dass-of-piyaa-albela-fame-to-feature-in-sooraj-barjatyas-next/articleshow/71078915.cms|title=Sheen Dass of Piyaa Albela fame to feature in Sooraj Barjatya's next?|website=The Times of India|date=11 September 2019|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521050204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sheen-dass-of-piyaa-albela-fame-to-feature-in-sooraj-barjatyas-next/articleshow/71078915.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Anagha Bhosale was cast as Shraddha.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Besides, Rudra Kaushish, Abhishek Singh Pathania, Ankit Raizada, [[Shilpa Tulaskar]], [[Khalid Siddiqui]] were cast then.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Rudra Kaushish out of 'Dadi Amma...Dadi Amma Maan Jao'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rudra-kaushish-out-of-dadi-amma-dadi-amma-maan-jao/articleshow/74635557.cms|website=The Times of India|date=15 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/meet-the-cast-of-dadi-amma-dadi-amma-maan-jao/videoshow/73359464.cms|title=Meet the cast of Dadi Amma Dadi Amma Maan Jao|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 April 2024|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618113345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/meet-the-cast-of-dadi-amma-dadi-amma-maan-jao/videoshow/73359464.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cancellation===
The series being a finite one, was reported to end in May 2020.<ref name=":4" /> However, due to COVID-19 outbreak, the shooting was stalled from 19 March 2020 indefinitely, and the airing of the series was stopped on 26 March 2020 and was supposed to return after the shootings were resumed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 impact: TV industry braces for loss as production stalled|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|website=Live Mint|date=23 March 2020|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612101236/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-impact-tv-industry-braces-for-loss-as-production-stalled-11584938268645.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in May 2020 this series was axed abruptly by the channel confirming that this series is not returning.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TV news on May 15: Star Plus axes three shows, Sidharth Shukla remembers Balika Vadhu days and more|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-news-on-may-15-star-plus-axes-three-shows-6410950/|website=The Indian Express|date=16 May 2020|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524142051/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/tv-news-on-may-15-star-plus-axes-three-shows-6410950/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/dadi-amma-maan-jaao/s-2477 Dadi Amma... Dadi Amma Maan Jaao!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323170100/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/dadi-amma-maan-jaao/s-2477 |date=23 March 2020 }} on [[Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|id=11590054}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Television productions cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Babajani Durrani

2026-04-18T23:36:12Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: creating details

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Babajani Durrani
| native_name = बाबाजानी दुर्रानी
| birth_name = Abdullah Khan Durrani
| image =
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 10 July 2018
| term_end = July 2024
| constituency =
| predecessor = Narendra Patil ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
| office1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2018
| constituency1 = Parbhani-Hingoli Local Authorities Constituency
| predecessor1 = [[Suresh Sakhabhau Deshmukh]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| successor1 = [[Viplav Bajoria]] ([[Shiv Sena]])
| office2 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2009
| constituency2 = [[Pathri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pathri]]
| predecessor2 = Haribhau Lahane ([[Shiv Sena]])
| successor2 = [[Mira Renge|Mira Kalyanrao Renge]] ([[Shiv Sena]])
| birth_date =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (till 2025), [[Indian National Congress]](current party)
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| father = Abdul Latif Khan Durrani
| spouse = Shaista Begum
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
| occupation = Agriculture
| known_for = Confidant of [[Sharad Pawar]]
| website =
}}
'''Abdullah''' "'''Babajani'''" '''Khan Durrani''' is an Indian politician from [[Pathri]] town of [[Maharashtra]] who belongs to the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. Currently he is member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] and Parbhani district president [[Nationalist Congress Party]], he also served as a Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pathri]] from 2004 to 2009.<ref name="timesofindia_13605948"/> He previously represented the Parbhani-Hingoli Local Authorities constituency in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/bjp-sena-to-claim-chairman-deputy-posts-in-state-council.html | title=BJP, Sena to claim Chairman, Deputy posts in State Council | date=10 July 2018 | first=TN | last=Raghunatha | newspaper=The Pioneer | accessdate=19 October 2019 }}</ref>

==Political profile==
He is known for his strong hold in [[Pathri]] town and as a Sharad Pawar confidant in the political spectrum. He started his political career as a member of Pathri municipal council and later became President of Pathri municipal council and Wakf Board member.<ref name="timesofindia_18507419"/>
He defeated 3 time MLA, Haribhau Lahane of Shivsena in 2004 Maharashtra assembly elections as a [[Nationalist Congress Party]] candidate from [[Pathri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].
He got elected as [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra
Legislative Council]] in 2012 from Parbhani-Hingoli local authorities constituency. On 10 July 2018 he got re-elected unopposed as [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Member of Maharashtra
Legislative Council]].<ref name="timesofindia_13605948"/>

==Positions held==
* Member, Pathri Municipal Council
* President, Pathri Municipal Council
* Member, Maharashtra State Board of Waqf <ref name="timesofindia_18507419"/>
* Member, [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/pathri.html|title= Maharashtra assembly elections, Pathri|website=Elections|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>
* Member, [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] (MLC) <ref name="timesofindia_13605948"/>
* District President, [[Nationalist Congress Party]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name="timesofindia_13605948">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Babajani-Durrani-of-Nationalist-Congress-Party-on-Monday-won-the-Parbhani-Hingoli-constituency-seat-in-Maharashtra-state-legislative-council-/articleshow/13605948.cms |title=Babajani Durrani of Nationalist Congress Party on Monday won the Parbhani-Hingoli constituency seat in Maharashtra state legislative council |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref>
<ref name="timesofindia_18507419">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Waqf-board-members-elected/articleshow/18507419.cms|title=Waqf board members elected |publisher=Times of India|date=14 February 2015|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Durrani, Babajani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Parbhani district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Marathwada]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Muslim politics in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]

2023 Badakhshan earthquake

2026-04-14T05:30:50Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: creating new info...

{{Short description|Earthquake in Afghanistan and Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| isc-event = 625897867
| name = 2023 Badakhshan earthquake
| image =
| location = {{coord|36.523|70.979|region:AF_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| map2 = {{Location map many | Afghanistan#South Asia
| relief = yes
| label =
| lat = 36.523
| long = 70.979
| mark = Bullseye1.png
| marksize = 50
| position = bottom
| label2 = Kabul
| label2_size= 99
| lat2 = 34.525278
| long2 = 69.178333
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark2size = 10
| position2 = left
| label3 = Islamabad
| lat3 = 33.693056
| long3 = 73.063889
| mark3 = Red pog.svg
| mark3size = 10
| position3 = top
| width = 260
| float = right
| caption = }}
| timestamp = 2023-03-21 16:47:23
| anss-url = us7000jln7
| local-date = {{start date text|2023-03-21}}
| local-time = 21:17 AFT ([[UTC+04:30]]) 21:47 PKT ([[UTC+05:00]])
| magnitude = 6.5 {{M|w|link=y}}
| depth = {{Convert|187.6|km|abbr=on}}
| type =
| landslide = Yes
| duration =
| intensity = {{MMI|5}}
| casualties = 21 dead, 424 injured{{efn|Ten fatalities and 80 injuries in [[Afghanistan]], 11 fatalities and 343 injuries in [[Pakistan]], and one injury in [[India]].}}
| map_caption =
| aftershocks =
| affected = [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Kazakhstan]]
}}
On 21 March 2023, a magnitude 6.5 [[earthquake]] struck [[Badakhshan Province]], [[Afghanistan]], with an intermediate depth of approximately {{Cvt|187|km|mi}}.<ref name="USGS">{{Cite web|author=National Earthquake Information Center|title=M 6.5 – 40 km SSE of Jurm, Afghanistan|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000jln7/executive|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=21 March 2023|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321170929/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000jln7/executive|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[epicenter]] of the earthquake was {{Cvt|40|km|mi}} south-southeast of [[Jorm, Afghanistan|Jurm]]. At least 21 people were killed in Afghanistan and neighboring Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/earthquake-death-toll-pakistan-afghanistan-9df74903d379151ef71e04417a1e3aea |title=Death toll from Pakistan, Afghanistan quake rises to 21 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=23 March 2023|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

==Tectonic setting==
The [[Himalayas]], partially formed by the collision of [[tectonic plate]]s, are prone to devastating earthquakes. Afghanistan is situated near the southern extent of the [[Eurasian plate]].<ref>{{citation|title=Earthquakes in Afghanistan|first1=N.|last1=Ambraseyes|authorlink=Nicholas Ambraseys|first2=R.|last2=Bilham|year=2003|journal=Seismological Research Letters|volume=74|number=2|page=107|doi=10.1785/gssrl.74.2.107|bibcode=2003SeiRL..74..107A }}</ref> Most of these earthquakes are associated with [[Reverse fault|reverse]], [[Thrust fault|thrust]], or [[strike-slip faulting]]. Large earthquakes with magnitudes of up to 7.5 have occurred in the region with an average recurrence interval of 15 years. These earthquakes correspond to reverse faulting at a depth of {{convert|170|to|280|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Zarifi">{{cite journal |author1=Zoya Zarifi |author2=Jens Havskov |title=Characteristics of dense nests of deep and intermediate-depth seismicity |journal=Advances in Geophysics |date=2003 |volume=46 |pages=237–278 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2687(03)46004-4 |bibcode=2003AdGeo..46..237Z |isbn=9780120188468 |url=https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/2317/Paper_I_Zoya_Zarifi.pdf?sequence=13&isAllowed=y |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321210644/https://bora.uib.no/bora-xmlui/bitstream/handle/1956/2317/Paper_I_Zoya_Zarifi.pdf?sequence=13&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> These earthquakes, rather than occurring at a plate boundary, are sourced from within the Indian plate as it dives beneath the [[Hindu Kush]]. As the tectonic slab of the Indian plate descends at a near-vertical angle into the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], it stretches and begins to "tear", eventually leading to a [[slab detachment]].<ref name="Kakar">{{cite journal |author1=Sofia-Katerina Kufner |author2=Najibullah Kakar |author3=Maximiliano Bezada |author4=Wasja Bloch |author5=Sabrina Metzger |author6=Xiaohui Yuan |author7=James Mechie |author8=Lothar Ratschbacher |author9=Shokhruhk Murodkulov |author10=Zhiguo Deng |author11=Bernd Schurr |title=The Hindu Kush slab break-off as revealed by deep structure and crustal deformation |journal=Nature Communications |date=2021 |volume=12 |issue=1685 |page=1685 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-21760-w |publisher=Nature|pmid=33727553 |pmc=7966371 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1685K |doi-access=free }}</ref> This action results in stress accommodation along [[Fault (geology)|faults]] that produces earthquakes when [[earthquake rupture|ruptured]]. Smaller shallow focus earthquakes are also observed in the region, particularly associated with north–south trending zones of right lateral strike-slip, such as the [[Chaman Fault]], with an increasing degree of shortening to the north, together accommodating the highly oblique convergence between the [[Indian plate|Indian]] and the [[Eurasian plate]]s.<ref name="Ambraseys_&_Bilham_2003">{{Cite journal |last1=Ambraseys |first1=N.N. |author-link=Nicholas Ambraseys |last2=Bilham |first2=R. |s2cid=130945532 |year=2003 |title=Earthquakes in Afghanistan |journal=Seismological Research Letters |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=107–123 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.74.2.107|bibcode=2003SeiRL..74..107A }}</ref>

==Earthquake==
The [[United States Geological Survey]] reported a magnitude of {{M|ww}}6.5,<ref name="USGS"/> while the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] said the earthquake had a magnitude of 6.5.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Munir |last2=Faiez |first2=Rahim |date=2023-03-21 |title=Strong magnitude 6.5 quake rattles Afghanistan, Pakistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-earthquake-islamabad-13f3c17ad5a7924a4217dbd3117388cb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321195111/https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-earthquake-islamabad-13f3c17ad5a7924a4217dbd3117388cb |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-03-21 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |place=Islamabad}}</ref> The earthquake was initially reported inaccurately as {{M|w}}7.7.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibn Hameed |first=Haseeb |date=21 March 2023 |title=Fact Check: 7.7-magnitude earthquake poster, damaged building shared on social media are fake |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/fact-check-77-magnitude-earthquake-poster-damaged-building-shared-on-social-media-are-fake |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=[[Greater Kashmir]] |place=Kashmir |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321184816/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/fact-check-77-magnitude-earthquake-poster-damaged-building-shared-on-social-media-are-fake |url-status=live }}</ref> Shaking was felt over an area {{Cvt|1,000|km|mi}} wide by approximately 285 million people in [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], according to the [[European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre]].<ref name="REUTERS">{{Cite web |author=Greenfield |first=Charlotte |last2=Yunus Yawar |first2=Mohammad |last3=Peshiman |first3=Gibran |last4=Ahmad |first4=Jibran |date=21 March 2023 |editor-last=Maclean |editor-first=William |editor2-last=Maler |editor2-first=Sandra |title=Earthquake of magnitude 6.5 hits northern Afghanistan, killing at least 3 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/earthquake-magnitude-65-hits-northern-afghanistan-emsc-2023-03-21/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |agency=Reuters|place=Kabul, Islamabad and Peshawar |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321184308/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/earthquake-magnitude-65-hits-northern-afghanistan-emsc-2023-03-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Impact==
===Afghanistan===
At least 10 people were killed,<ref>{{Cite web |author=Guinto |first=Joel |last2=Limaye |first2=Yogita |date=22 March 2023 |title=Earthquake in Pakistan and Afghanistan kills at least 19 people |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-65034776 |access-date=22 March 2023 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322043152/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-65034776 |url-status=live }}</ref> 80 others injured,<ref>{{Cite web|title=زلزله در افغانستان تا کنون ۴ کشته و ۸۰ زخمی در پی داشت|url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5738584/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%DB%B4-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%88-%DB%B8%DB%B0-%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA|language=fa|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|work=[[Mehr News Agency]]|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322133213/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5738584/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%DB%B4-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%88-%DB%B8%DB%B0-%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref> and more than 665 houses destroyed in nine [[provinces of Afghanistan]].<ref name="ozodi">{{Cite news|title=زلزله شب گذشته در افغانستان ۴ کشته و ۷۵ زخمی برجا گذاشت|url=https://da.azadiradio.com/a/32329366.html|work=Radio Ozodi|language=prs|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|last1=آزادی|first1=رادیو|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322124243/https://da.azadiradio.com/a/32329366.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="memar">{{Cite news|title=اوچا: 665 خانه را در افغانستان بر اثر زلزله اخیر تخریب شده استگذاشت|url=https://memar.press/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7-665-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87/|work=Memar Press|language=fa|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326235956/https://memar.press/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7-665-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87/|url-status=live}}</ref> Two people died, 25 others were injured and 22 houses collapsed in [[Laghman Province]].<ref name="alarabiya">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Earthquake in Afghanistan kills at least 13, nine of them in Pakistan |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/03/22/At-least-nine-dead-44-injured-in-Pakistan-after-earthquake |access-date=22 March 2023 |work=[[Al Arabiya English]] |place=Pakistan |agency=Reuters|archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322055405/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/03/22/At-least-nine-dead-44-injured-in-Pakistan-after-earthquake |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pajhwok2">{{Cite news|title=د تېرې شپې زلزله؛ لغمان کې دوه کسان مړه او ۲۵ نور ټپیان شوي|url=https://pajhwok.com/ps/2023/03/22/last-nights-earthquake-two-people-died-and-25-others-were-injured-in-laghman/|work=Pajhwok Afghan News|language=ps|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|last1=بېدار|first1=عبیدالله|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322123059/https://pajhwok.com/ps/2023/03/22/last-nights-earthquake-two-people-died-and-25-others-were-injured-in-laghman/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Parstoday">{{Cite web|title=زلزله در لغمان و ننگرهار دهها خانه را بر سر ساکنانش تخریب کرد|url=https://parstoday.ir/dari/news/afghanistan-i206792|work=Pars Today|date=22 March 2023|access-date=27 March 2023|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327045017/https://parstoday.ir/dari/news/afghanistan-i206792|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Takhar Province]], 20 buildings collapsed, one person died and five others were injured.<ref name="bakhtar">{{Cite web|title=در پی زلزله شب گذشته٬ یکنفر در تخار جان باخت|url=https://bakhtarnews.af/dr/%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%A8-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%AC-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86/|work=[[Bakhtar News Agency]]|language=prs|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322130625/https://bakhtarnews.af/dr/%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B4%D8%A8-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%AC-%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="asiaplus"/> In [[Panjshir Province]], three buildings were seriously damaged, and three people injured.<ref name="asiaplus">{{Cite web|title=В Пакистане и Афганистане есть погибшие и разрушения в результате землетрясения|url=https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/incidents/20230322/v-pakistane-i-afganistane-est-pogibshie-i-razrusheniya-v-rezultate-zemletryaseniya|language=ru|work=[[Asia-Plus]]|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322050004/https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/tajikistan/incidents/20230322/v-pakistane-i-afganistane-est-pogibshie-i-razrusheniya-v-rezultate-zemletryaseniya|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Badakhshan Province]], where the epicenter of the earthquake was located, one person was injured, 70 buildings were destroyed and 50 were damaged.<ref name="ava">{{Cite news|title=تخریب بیش از ۷۰ منزل مسکونی در پی زلزله در بدخشان و تخار|url=https://www.avapress.com/fa/news/267243/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4-%DB%B7%DB%B0-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1|language=fa|work=Ava Press|date=22 March 2023|access-date=23 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322223603/https://www.avapress.com/fa/news/267243/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4-%DB%B7%DB%B0-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%BE%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pajhwok">{{Cite news|title=در اثر زلزلۀ شب گذشته در بدخشان یک تن مجروح و ۵۰ منزل مسکونی قسما تخریب گردیده‌است|url=https://pajhwok.com/fa/2023/03/22/as-a-result-of-last-nights-earthquake-in-badakhshan-one-person-was-injured-and-50-residential-houses-were-partially-destroyed/|language=fa|work=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]]|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322122458/https://pajhwok.com/fa/2023/03/22/as-a-result-of-last-nights-earthquake-in-badakhshan-one-person-was-injured-and-50-residential-houses-were-partially-destroyed/|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Kabul Province]], one person died and one house was destroyed.<ref name="ozodi"/> Five houses collapsed in [[Nangarhar Province]].<ref name="Parstoday"/>

===Pakistan===
Tremors were felt in [[Islamabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Lahore]], [[Quetta]], and [[Peshawar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Latif |first1=Aamir |last2=Adil |first2=Ahmad |date=March 22, 2023 |title=At least 4 killed as powerful earthquake jolts Afghanistan, Pakistan, India |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/powerful-earthquake-jolts-afghanistan-pakistan-india/2852155 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]] |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321195145/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/powerful-earthquake-jolts-afghanistan-pakistan-india/2852155 |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Swat District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], a teenager was killed from a collapsing wall and a police station was damaged.<ref name="REUTERS" /><ref name="GEO"/> Two people also died due to a wall collapse in the district,<ref name="IRNA"/> while a falling wall killed another child.<ref name="AL_JAZEERA"/> In Swat District, there were [[power outages]], severe damage and 250 injuries.<ref name="REUTERS" /><ref name="IRNA">{{Cite web|title=زلزله پاکستان ۲ کشته و ۱۲۰ مصدوم برجای گذاشت|url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85063295/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DB%B2-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%88-%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B0-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA|publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]]|date=21 March 2023|access-date=21 March 2023|language=fa|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321192208/https://www.irna.ir/news/85063295/%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DB%B2-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D9%88-%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B0-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AL_JAZEERA" /> In [[Manshera]], a woman died of a [[heart attack]] apparently linked to the earthquake.<ref name="GEO" /> In [[Lower Dir District]], one person died in a stampede related to the earthquake, a man and a woman were killed due to wall collapses and 43 people were injured from various causes.<ref name="GEO">{{Cite web|title=اسلام آباد سمیت ملک کے مختلف شہروں میں زلزلہ، 4 افراد جاں بحق، متعدد زخمی|url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/321997-|publisher=[[Jang Media Group|Geo TV]]|date=21 March 2023|access-date=21 March 2023|language=ur|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321203739/https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/321997-|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AL_JAZEERA">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Latest: 13 dead after earthquake hits Afghanistan, Pakistan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/3/21/earthquake-hits-pakistan-afghanistan-india-live |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321180135/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/3/21/earthquake-hits-pakistan-afghanistan-india-live |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JANG">{{Cite web|title=ملک کے مختلف علاقوں میں زلزلہ، 5 افراد جاں بحق، درجنوں زخمی|url=https://jang.com.pk/news/1207042|date=21 March 2023|access-date=21 March 2023|website=jang.com.pk|language=ur|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321172411/https://jang.com.pk/news/1207042|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Karakoram Highway]] was closed due to blockages from [[landslide]]s.<ref name="GEO" /> In [[Islamabad]], one person died of a [[heart attack]] and a multi-storey apartment building was damaged.<ref name="GEO" /><ref name="JANG"/> There was also a fatality in [[Bajaur District]].<ref name=":0" /> Buildings were damaged in [[Rawalpindi]], including six which were deemed in risk of collapse and were evacuated. Two people were injured and another two went unconscious in the city, all due to panic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asghar |first=Imran |date=23 March 2023 |title=Survey of precarious buildings ordered |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2407588/survey-of-precarious-buildings-ordered |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323070731/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2407588/survey-of-precarious-buildings-ordered |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="GUARDIAN">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=Earthquake hits Pakistan and Afghanistan leaving at least nine dead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/21/people-flee-homes-earthquake-pakistan-afghanistan-india-jurm |access-date=21 March 2023 |work=The Guardian |place=Islamabad |agency=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321180508/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/21/people-flee-homes-earthquake-pakistan-afghanistan-india-jurm |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Abbottabad]], one person died from panic and fear.<ref name="24NEWS">{{Cite web|title=ملک کے مختلف علاقوں میں خوفناک زلزلہ، ہلاکتوں کی تعداد 9 ہوگئی|url=https://www.24urdu.com/22-Mar-2023/71227|work=[[24 News HD]]|date=21 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|language=ur|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171327/https://www.24urdu.com/22-Mar-2023/71227|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Mardan District]], the wall of a police station collapsed, causing an injury.<ref name="24NEWS"/> Five people were injured in [[Swabi District]].<ref name="NEWSONE">{{Cite web|title=ملک بھر میں زلزلے کے شدیدجھٹکے محسوس کئے گئے ، جس کی شدت ریکٹرسکیل پر 7.7ریکارڈ کی گئی ۔|url=https://www.newszonepak.com/2023/03/blog-post_22.html|language=ur|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|work=[[News One (Pakistani TV channel)|News One]]|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322183107/https://www.newszonepak.com/2023/03/blog-post_22.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Dozens of houses collapsed and 40 people were injured in [[Buner District]].<ref name="NEWSONE"/>

===India===
Tremors from the earthquake were felt across parts of [[North India]], particularly in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] and the [[National Capital Region of India|National Capital Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Strong tremors jolt Delhi, parts of north India as 6.6-magnitude earthquake strikes Hindukush region in Afghanistan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/earthquake-tremors-felt-in-delhi-ncr-punjab-himachal-490109 |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321180812/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/earthquake-tremors-felt-in-delhi-ncr-punjab-himachal-490109 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Syed Khalid |date=22 March 2023 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/kashmir-earthquake-earthquake-in-delhi-delhi-ncr-earthquake-earthquake-news-punjab-earthquake-earthquake-today-jammu-kashmir-earthquake-earthquake-in-kashmir-2586517.html |title=Earthquake in Kashmir: Doctors Deliver Baby Amid Strong Tremors at Anantnag Hospital – WATCH |website=Zee News |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322215849/https://zeenews.india.com/india/kashmir-earthquake-earthquake-in-delhi-delhi-ncr-earthquake-earthquake-news-punjab-earthquake-earthquake-today-jammu-kashmir-earthquake-earthquake-in-kashmir-2586517.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Disruptions of electricity and mobile services occurred in some parts of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Earthquake: जम्मू कश्मीर में लगे भूकंप के झटके, बिजली व दूरसंचार सेवा प्रभावित, अनंतनाग में जारी रही सर्जरी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/jammu/earthquake-tremors-in-jammu-and-kashmir-electricity-and-telecommunication-services-affected-2023-03-22 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Amarujala |language=hi |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322084230/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/jammu/earthquake-tremors-in-jammu-and-kashmir-electricity-and-telecommunication-services-affected-2023-03-22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dhar |first1=Aniruddha |last2=Kaul |first2=Rhythma |date=2023-03-21 |title=Top scientist explains why Delhi, northwest India felt earthquake tremors for long time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-scientist-explains-why-people-in-delhi-northwest-india-felt-earthquake-for-long-time-101679420610251.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322202919/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-scientist-explains-why-people-in-delhi-northwest-india-felt-earthquake-for-long-time-101679420610251.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A woman was injured after her house collapsed in [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]], with reports of cracks in other houses and a wall collapse in the town and in the neighboring [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Nowshera]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Woman injured as mud house collapses in Poonch|url=https://kashmiruzma.net/woman-injured-as-mud-house-collapses/|website=kashmiruzma.net|date=22 March 2023|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322115200/https://kashmiruzma.net/woman-injured-as-mud-house-collapses/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Earthquake in Jammu: भूकंप से पुंछ व नौशहरा में मकानों में आई दरारें, लोगों में डर का माहौल|url=https://www.jagran.com/lite/jammu-and-kashmir/rajouri-earthquake-in-jammu-earthquake-cracks-houses-in-poonch-and-nowshera-people-in-fear-23363404.html|website=[[Dainik Jagran]]|date=22 March 2023|access-date=23 March 2023|archive-date=23 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323063636/https://www.jagran.com/lite/jammu-and-kashmir/rajouri-earthquake-in-jammu-earthquake-cracks-houses-in-poonch-and-nowshera-people-in-fear-23363404.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="abplive.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Delhi NCR Earthquake: तेज भूकंप के झटकों की चपेट में दिल्ली, इस्लामाबाद और काबुल, पाकिस्तान में 2 लोगों की मौत, 6 घायल |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/earthquake-in-delhi-ncr-2364079/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=ABP Live |language=hi |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322215921/https://www.abplive.com/news/india/earthquake-in-delhi-ncr-2364079 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cracks were reported in some houses in the state capital [[Srinagar]].<ref name="abplive.com"/> In [[Delhi]], some buildings were reported to have cracked or tilted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=जामिया नगर, कालकाजी और शाहदरा इलाकों से झुकी हुई इमारतों और इमारतों में दरारें से संबंधित कॉल प्राप्त हुए। इन इलाकों में|language=hi|url=https://cgtop36.com/national-international-news/calls-related-to-leaning-buildings-and-cracks-in-buildings-were-received-from-jamia-nagar-kalkaji-and-shahdara-areas-%e0%a4%9c%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%af%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%97%e0%a4%b0/|date=21 March 2023|access-date=21 March 2023|website=cgtop36.com|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321192901/https://cgtop36.com/national-international-news/calls-related-to-leaning-buildings-and-cracks-in-buildings-were-received-from-jamia-nagar-kalkaji-and-shahdara-areas-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other countries===
In [[Rudaki District]], [[Tajikistan]], a house was damaged, causing its occupants to evacuate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title="Божья кара" или стихийное бедствие? Землетрясение напугало жителей Таджикистана |url=https://rus.ozodi.org/a/32329960.html |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Radio Ozodi |language=ru |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322224543/https://rus.ozodi.org/a/32329960.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite the relatively mild intensity, the earthquake damaged a high-rise building in [[Shymkent]], [[Kazakhstan]], in the form of cracks on walls and falling plaster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Трещины на стенах – жители Шымкента боятся возвращаться в многоэтажку после землетрясений |url=https://www.kt.kz/rus/society/_1377948267.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Kazakhstan Today |language=ru |archive-date=2 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402200947/https://www.kt.kz/rus/society/_1377948267.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Afghanistan|Geology|India|Pakistan|Tajikistan}}
*[[List of earthquakes in 2023]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Pakistan]]
*[[List of earthquakes in Afghanistan]]
*[[List of earthquakes in India]]
*[[2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes]]
*[[2015 Hindu Kush earthquake (disambiguation)|2015 Hindu Kush earthquake]]
*[[2023 Herat earthquakes]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2023}}
{{Earthquakes in Afghanistan}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Earthquakes in Pakistan}}
{{Earthquakes in Tajikistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badakhshan earthquake, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 disasters in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2023 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2023 earthquakes]]
[[Category:2023 in Tajikistan]]
[[Category:21st century in Badakhshan Province|2023 earthquake]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Hindu Kush]]
[[Category:March 2023 in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:March 2023 in India]]
[[Category:March 2023 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:March 2023 in Tajikistan]]

Aves Island (Andaman Islands)

2026-04-13T13:32:02Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8:

{{short description|Island of the Andaman Islands}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Aves Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map_caption = Location of Aves Island
| coordinates = {{coord|12.915|N|92.935|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| area_km2 = 0.2
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman|access-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 3.9
| width_km = 1.2
| coastline_km = 2.0
| elevation_m = 63
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="nga">{{cite enroute|173|2017|281}}</ref>
| highest_mount =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Stewart Sound Group]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Diglipur|Diglipur Taluk]]
| population = 2
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 10.00
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Hindu]], [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744202<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archivedate=23 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927 <ref name="allcodesindia">{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =1.2[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census Code| data7 = 35.639.0004
| label8 = Official Languages| data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}
}}
'''Aves Island''' is an island of the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> The island lies {{convert|140|km|0|abbr=on}} north from [[Port Blair]].

==History==

Aves Lighthouse, was established in 2008.<ref name="light">{{cite web|url=http://www.dgll.nic.in/LightHouse.aspx?Consent_id=152&Module_id=16&LocationId=10&LangId=1|publisher=www.dgll.nic.in|title=Government of India, Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships.|accessdate=2016-10-18}}</ref>

==Geography==
The island lies {{convert|3.5|km|0|abbr=on}} east of [[Mayabunder]]. The island is small, having an area of {{convert|0.2|km2|abbr=on}}.

==Administration==
Politically, Aves Island is part of [[Mayabunder]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref name="and">{{cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in |title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |accessdate=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The island is privately owned by the Co-op Society Ltd. plantation.<ref name="knowandamans.com">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Visiting Avis Island, Mayabunder |url=http://www.knowandamans.com/2011/11/visiting-avis-island-mayabunder.html |website=www.knowandamans.com}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Aves Island is about 20 mins ride away by [[Dinghy]] from [[Mayabunder]] jetty.<ref name="knowandamans.com"/>

== Demographics ==
There is only 1 village. According to the [[2011 census of India]], the Island has 1 household. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 100%.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20&%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Andaman & Nicobar Islands |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Andaman & Nicobar Islands |accessdate=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801173328/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3500_PART_B_DCHB_ANDAMAN%20%26%20NICOBAR%20ISLANDS.pdf |archivedate=1 August 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011"/>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 2|| 2|| 0
|}

The residents are farmers growing [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|Paddy]], [[vegetables]], [[coconuts]], horticultural crops, [[spice]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/AandN/North%20Middle.pdf |title=crops |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221120011/http://www.cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/AandN/North%20Middle.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130520212857/http://www.indiatravelnext.com/islands-of-andaman/avis-island-in-andaman.html guide]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050728121303/http://www.gsi.gov.in/mudvol.htm Geological Survey of India]
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{{North and Middle Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Islands of North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
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{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Mighty Young Joe–Goalorious Mothers SC

2026-04-07T06:53:32Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: created first page w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = MYJ–GMSC
| image = MYJ–GMSC logo.png
| image_size = 250px
| fullname = Mighty Young Joe–Goalorious Mothers Sports Club
| short name = MYJ
| nickname = The Mighty Lions
| founded = {{start date and age|2008}} (as ''Mighty Young Joe Sports Club'')
| ground = [[Saint Francis D'Assisi High School|St. Francis D'Assisi High School Ground]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Instagram | url=https://www.instagram.com/myjfootballclub/p/DC7A6ulsGFC/?hl=en }}</ref> Neville D'souza Ground [[Cooperage Ground]]
| capacity =
| owner = Joe Miranda Jeddy Almeida
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Vijith Shetty
| league = [[I-League 2]] [[Mumbai Premier League]]
| season = [[2024–25 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League|2024–25]]
| position = MSSMFL, 2nd of 8
| current =
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'''Mighty Young Joe–Goalorious Mothers Sports Club''' (also known as '''MYJ Mumbai'''<ref>https://www.the-aiff.com/club/19033</ref>) is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Orlem]], a prominent [[List of parishes of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|catholic]] neighborhood in [[Malad]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferro|first=Ashwin|date=2023-08-29|title=Godfrey all praise for Veterans League champs MYJ|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/godfrey-all-praise-for-veterans-league-champs-myj-23306134|access-date=2024-05-04|website=[[Mid-day]]|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Mumbai]]. They won the prestigious [[Nadkarni Cup]] in 2024.

==History==
'''Mighty Young Joe FC''', established in 2008 by Agnelo Picardo and led by Joe Miranda,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2023-10-08|title=MYJ and GMSC merge to form MYJ-GMSC, all set to dominate Mumbai Premier League|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/myj-and-gmsc-merge-to-form-myj-gmsc-all-set-to-dominate-mfa-premier-league/|access-date=2024-05-04|website=Football Counter|language=en-US}}</ref> primarily competes in veteran<ref>{{Cite web|last=News Service|first=FPJ|date=2023-08-27|title=Mumbai: Mighty Young Joe Sports Club Emerge Champions In Veterans League|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/mumbai-mighty-young-joe-sports-club-emerge-champions-in-veterans-league|access-date=2024-05-04|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|language=en-US}}</ref> and rink tournaments around the city.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Magzmumbai|first=Team|date=2019-02-28|title=Craig's twin strikes in Xavierites wins|url=https://www.magzmumbai.com/craigs-twin-strikes-in-xavierites-wins/|access-date=2024-05-04|website=www.magzmumbai.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Magzmumbai|first=Team|date=2018-02-22|title=Falcon Brothers soar to big win|url=https://www.magzmumbai.com/falcon-brothers-soar-to-big-win/|access-date=2024-05-04|website=www.magzmumbai.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Goalorious_Mother_Sports_Club_Badge.jpg|300px|thumb|left|GMSC club crest]]

Before the [[2023–24 Mumbai Premier League]], MYJ bought a 70% stake<ref name=ad>{{Cite web|last=Dias|first=Anil|date=2026-03-27|title=Cooperage comeback fuels Mumbai football revival|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/cooperage-comeback-fuels-mumbai-football-revival/articleshow/129818767.html|access-date=2026-03-27|website=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|language=en-UK}}</ref> in '''Goalorious Mothers Sporting Club''' which was based in [[I.C. Colony|Immaculate Conception Colony]], [[Borivali]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2019-08-24|title=GMSC to conduct trials for MDFA Elite Division|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/gmsc-to-conduct-trials-for-mdfa-elite-division/|access-date=2024-04-29|website=Football Counter|language=en-US|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526070328/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/gmsc-to-conduct-trials-for-mdfa-elite-division/|url-status=live}}</ref> and led by Jeddy Almeida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2023-10-29|title=Mumbai Premier League 2023-24: Mumbai's Best Teams Ready to Compete|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/mumbai-premier-league-2023-24-mumbais-best-teams-ready-to-compete/|access-date=2024-05-04|website=Football Counter|language=en-US}}</ref> GMSC was founded on ''5th September 2018'' and had been competing in Mumbai's top division for five years before the merger.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-09|title=GMSC is an Indian professional football club based in Mumbai|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BngCv8hFyAm/?igsh=YzljYTk1ODg3Zg==|access-date=2024-05-04|website=[[Instagram]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The GMSC club crest prominently features the image of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mother Mary]] from whom the club derives its name. The announcement of this alliance was made at the official jersey launch event.<ref>{{Cite web|last=News Service|first=FPJ|date=2023-11-04|title=Jeddy Almeida And Joseph Miranda Join Hands As They Aim To Propel Mumbai To Football Trophy|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/jeddy-almeida-and-joseph-miranda-join-hands-as-they-aim-to-propel-mumbai-to-football-trophy|access-date=2024-05-04|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

Joe Miranda has been an integral figure in the football community for over a decade, having organized private and veteran tournaments. On the merger, he said:

<blockquote>''I wanted to get into professional leagues, and Vijith and Steven suggested Jeddy and GMSC, and that’s how it came about.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2023-10-08|title=MYJ and GMSC merge to form MYJ-GMSC, all set to dominate Mumbai Premier League|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2023/myj-and-gmsc-merge-to-form-myj-gmsc-all-set-to-dominate-mfa-premier-league/|access-date=2024-05-04|website=Football Counter|language=en-US}}</ref>''</blockquote>

On 1 May 2024, they drew their penultimate game against [[Millat FC]] to win the title and stay unbeaten throughout the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2023-10-29|title=MYJ-GMSC Completes Unbeaten Season with Draw Against Millat FC|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/kartik-strike-in-the-first-half-seizes-myj-gmsc-their-unbeaten-debut-season-in-mfa-premier-league/|access-date=2024-05-04|website=Football Counter|language=en-US}}</ref> They also entered their reserve side into the [[2024 Reliance Foundation Development League]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-12|title=Reliance Foundation Development League 2024: Preview, teams, groups, streaming info|url=https://thebridge.in/football/reliance-foundation-development-league-preview-live-streaming-46868|access-date=2024-05-04|website=thebridge.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mujawar|first=Anas|date=2024-03-29|title=Undefeated MYJ GMSC lead the Reliance Foundation Development League – Mumbai Region|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/undefeated-myj-gmsc-lead-the-reliance-foundation-development-league-mumbai-region/|access-date=2024-05-04|website=Football Counter|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 9 September, MYJ allied with Carmona SC, a football club from [[Goa]], which made them eligible to compete in the [[Goa Football League|GFA]] Third Division.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-09|title=MYJ expands to Goa|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_r87iKv2HA/?igsh=YzljYTk1ODg3Zg==|access-date=2024-09-11|website=[[Instagram]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 11 September, they progressed to the playoffs of the [[2024-25 I-League 3]] by thrashing [[RKM Football Academy|RKM]] 5-1, while [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]] lost to [[Chanmari FC]] 1-2.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-11|title=I-League 3 MYJ-GMSC vs RKM|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/JeHDITDQuxA?si=2kWOsYo_ax4awvnZ|access-date=2024-09-11|website=[[YouTube]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2023-09-11|title=HAL lose to Chanmari, MYJGMSC secure I League 3 Playoff spot|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/hal-lose-to-chanmari-myjgmsc-secure-i-league-3-playoff-spot/|website=Football Counter|language=en-US}}</ref> They defeated Abbas Union 1-0 in their final playoff match. This enabled them to finish third in their playoff group and promoted them to the [[2025-26 I-League 2]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2023-10-04|title=MYJ-GMSC edges out Abbas Union FC to secure I-League 2 Promotion Spot|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/myj-gmsc-edges-out-abbas-union-fc-to-secure-i-league-2-promotion-spot/|website=Football Counter|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-03-25|title=From Mumbai Champions to I-League 2: MYJ-GMSC’s Short but Sharp Rise|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/from-mumbai-champions-to-i-league-2-myj-gmscs-short-but-sharp-rise/|website=Football Counter|language=en-UK}}</ref>

In the [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League]], they finished runners-up to [[India On Track FC]], losing by 1-0 on the final day of the season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Premier League: IOT crowned Champions in final day title decider against MYJ-GM|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbai-premier-league-iot-crowned-champions-in-final-day-title-decider-against-myj-gm/|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=footballcounter.com|date=14 April 2025|language=en-UK}}</ref>

MYJ-GMSC began their [[2026 Indian Football League 2]] journey on 27 March 2026 against [[Sporting Club Bengaluru]]. They are only club from Mumbai in the 2026 national 3rd division of the Indian football pyramid.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shankar|first=Karan|date=2026-03-26|title=I-League 2: MYJ-GMSC happy to keep Mumbai football afloat |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/football/article/myj-gmsc-keeps-mumbai-football-afloat-at-the-i-league-2-23622630|website=[[Mid-day]]|language=en-UK}}</ref> National football returned to the [[Cooperage Ground]] after a year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2026-03-23|title=National Football Returns to Cooperage as MYJ-GMSC Lead Mumbai’s Comeback in I-League 2|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/national-football-returns-to-cooperage-as-myj-gmsc-lead-mumbais-comeback-in-i-league-2/|website=Football Counter|language=en-UK}}</ref>

Running an I-League 2 club is, by Miranda’s own admission, a “bleeding” exercise. MYJ-GMSC are set to spend ₹2.5 crore this I-League 2 season with little expectation of returns. Each home game costs ₹7–10 lakh, while away matches with travel and stay for a 30-member squad can go up to ₹15–20 lakh.<ref name=ad/>

==Coaching staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Position
!Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijith Shetty
|-
|Assistant coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Santosh Koli {{flagicon|IND}} Agnelo Picardo
|-
|Goalkeeping coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sarfaraz Critchley
|-
|Strength and conditioning coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manuel D'Souza]]
|-
|Physiotherapist
|{{flagicon|IND}} Smruti Pawar
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Henry Picardo
|-
|Assistant manager
|{{flagicon|NED}} Jonathan Fraser
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
* '''[[Mumbai Football League#Elite Division (Premier Elite League)|Mumbai Premier League]]'''
** Champions: [[2023–24 Mumbai Premier League|2023–24]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty|first=Chittu |date=2024-04-24|title=MYJ-GMSC Crowned Champions with a dramatic win over MH Oranje FC|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/myjgmsc-crowned-champions-with-a-dramatic-win-over-mh-oranje-fc/|access-date=2024-04-24|website=Football Counter|language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-24 |title=MYJ-GMSC Emerges Victorious, Claiming Mumbai Premier League 2023-24 Title!🏆|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C6G2_wHoz7l/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==|access-date=2024-04-24|website=@officialmfa83 [[Instagram]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[Nadkarni Cup]]'''
** Champions: 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty|first=Chittu |date=2025-01-01|title=MYJ-GMSC Crowned Champions of the MFA Nadkarni Cup 2024|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/myj-gmsc-crowned-champions-of-the-mfa-nadkarni-cup-2024/|access-date=2025-08-29|website=Football Counter|language=en-US }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|myjfootballclub}}

{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra Sports}}

[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2008]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]

Reginald Henry Phillimore

2026-04-03T01:14:01Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: Added new data

Colonel '''Reginald Henry Phillimore''' (19 June 1879 – 30 October 1964) was a Surveyor General in India who wrote a five volume history of the [[Survey of India]] including a comprehensive history of the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]].

Phillimore was born in Ireland, the son of Admiral [[Henry Bourchier Phillimore]] and Anne Ellen Bourdillon. He became [[King's Scholar (Westminster School)|Queen's scholar of Westminster]] and joined the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Woolwich Academy]] and joined the [[Royal Engineers]] in June 1898. He went to India in September 1900 and served with the [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras Sappers and Miners]] at Malakand and Swat. In June 1903, he joined the Survey of India and was involved in surveys in Burma and Assam. In 1914 he joined military duty and served in France and Salonica where he was involved in improving maps of the region, developing methods to determine distance for artillery targeting by sound-ranging and flash-spotting. He was promoted Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel and received a DSO. After the war he returned to become director of the Burma Circle of the survey of India. He then directed the eastern and northern Circles and from 1928 to 1930 he was director of the frontier Circle. He acted as Surveyor-General for a year and was in charge of map publication at Calcutta. He served finally at the Dehra Dun geodetic branch of the Survey of India before retiring in 1934. He then began to work on a history of surveying and map-making in India based on the archives held in Dehra Dun. He was a founding member of the Himalayan Club in 1928. During World War II, he briefly returned to military duty and worked at Shimla.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|author=Mason, Kenneth|title=Obituary. Colonel Reginald Henry Phillimore, CIE, DSO (1879-1964)| journal=Himalayan Journal|volume=24|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/26/20/obituary-5/#point1| year=1965}}</ref> He was appointed [[Order of the British Empire|CIE]] in 1944.

After his career in the Royal Engineers and Survey of India, Phillimore authored several articles on early surveying and map-making in India. He died in India in 1964. He died at Gulmarg and he was buried with military honours at Srinagar.<ref name=":0" /> He was married to Eileen Elizabeth, daughter of Samuel Crosthwait in 1910. They had no children.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* Reginald Henry Phillimore, ''Historical Records of the Survey of India,'' 5 vols. Dehra Dun, Survey of India (1945–1968)
** [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35328 Volume 1: 18th Century]; [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35329 Volume 2: 1800 to 1815]; [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27830 Volume 3: 1815 to 1830]; [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.27831 Volume 4: 1830 to 1843]; [https://archive.org/details/1968-historical-records-of-survey-of-india-vol-5-by-phillimore-s-volume-v Volume 5: 1844 to 1861]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillimore, Reginald Henry}}
[[Category:1879 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]

Mandāravā

2026-03-24T14:06:57Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: created first article and citations

{{Short description|Female guru-deity in Tibetan Buddhism}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mandarava
| image = Shrine to Mandarava in cave above Lake Rewalsar.jpg
| birth_date =
| image_size = 260px
| caption = Shrine to Mandarava in cave above [[Lake Rewalsar]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India|
}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

'''Mandāravā''' ({{IPA|sa|mɐndˈaːrɐʋaː|IPA}}, [[Sanskrit|Skt.]], ''mandāravā'' '[[Erythrina stricta|Indian coral tree]]',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Apte |first=Vaman Shivaram |title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary: containing appendices on Sanskrit prosody and important literary and geographical names of ancient India. |date=1965 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-89581-171-4 |edition=4th Revised and Enlarged |location=Delhi |pages=743}}</ref> {{Bo|t=མནྡཱ་ར་བཱ་མེ་ཏོག|w=man da ra ba me tog}}){{sfn|Padmasambhava|1994|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}} (also known as '''Pāṇḍaravāsinī'''){{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|p=20}} was, along with [[Yeshe Tsogyal]], one of the two principal [[wikt:consort|consorts]] of great 8th-century Indian [[Vajrayana]] teacher [[Padmasambhava]] (Guru Rinpoche), a founder-figure of [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. Mandarava is considered to be a female [[guru]]-[[deity]] in Tantric Buddhism or [[Vajrayana]].

According to her biographer [[Samten Lingpa]], she was born a [[princess]] in Zahor in northern [[India]].{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|pp=78, 116}} She renounced her royal birthright at an early age in order to practice the [[Dharma]]. Mandarava is known as being highly educated at a very young age,{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|pp=97-101}} a rare accomplishment for a woman at that time. She was the primary student of Yeshe Tsogyal.{{cn|date=December 2022}} Mandarava's devotion led her to bring at least 800 women, including her entire personal retinue, to the path of the Dharma, all before meeting her teacher, [[Padmasambhava]].{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|pp=105-108, 113-118}}

Mandarava is said to have attained full enlightenment in the company of Padmasambhava in the [[Halesi-Maratika Caves|Maratika Cave]] in Nepal.{{sfn|Buffetrille|2012}} She is considered to have been a fully realized spiritual adept, [[yogini]], and spiritual teacher.

==Biography==
There is one published English translation of Mandarava's complete spiritual biography which includes several chapters detailing each of her previous incarnations.{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998}} Portions of Mandarava's biography can be found in several other English language sources.{{sfn|Jacoby|2007}}

[[File:Mandarava statue. Close-up. Mandi, 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Mandarava statue. Close-up. [[Mata Kuan Rani Temple]], Mandi, 2010.]]

===Early life===
According to one tradition, Mandarava was born to Vihardhara, the King of Zahor, and his wife the Queen Mohauki (also known as Wangmo Ogema).{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|p=174}} Her birth was said to be accompanied by miraculous signs{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|pp=82-91}}{{sfn|Padmasambhava|1994|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}} and her renunciation and spiritual inclination were apparent at an early age.{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|pp=92-96}}{{sfn|Padmasambhava|1994|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}}

Like many other accomplished [[yogini]]s, Mandarava was pressured to accept an arranged marriage instead of practicing the dharma. This theme is common to the lives of [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] and [[Ayu Khandro]], among others. However Padmasambhava recognised her immediately as being ready for the dharma in the secret Dzogchen. As Mandarava was very beautiful and of high birth, news of her eligibility spread throughout [[India]] and [[China]]. As a result, many kings from these areas vied to marry her. Mandarava preferred to pursue her spiritual calling rather than marry.<ref>{{harvnb|Padmasambhava|1994|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}}: "He allowed her to choose, without pressure, the life she was called to".</ref> Her father would not hear of this and had Mandarava imprisoned in the palace dungeon.{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|p=126}}

It was during this time, in two different episodes, that Mandarava led at least 800 women, including her entire personal retinue, to the path of the Dharma. In the first incident, Mandarava gave teachings to a group of 300 noble women. Based on these teachings, this group of women all took the [[Bodhisattva vow]]s, began serious meditation practice, and together built a temple where they could practice.{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|pp=105-108}} On another occasion, Mandarava interceded to end a war and then offered teachings to a group of 500 women who would have been affected by the war. They too took up serious spiritual practice as a result of Mandarava's dharma teachings.{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|p=113-118}}

At this point, recognizing her seriousness, Mandarava's father sends all suitors away and Mandarava takes both [[ordination]] vows and [[Bodhisattva vow|bodhisattva]] vows. In order to protect his daughter, Mandarava's father then ordered all 500 women in her retinue to also undertake ordination. A new palace was built for Mandarava and her ordained retinue, not far from the palace of her parents.{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|pp=128-30}}

===Meeting Padmasambhava===
[[File:Mandi - Mata Kuan Rani Temple shrine and attendant.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mata Kuan Rani Temple]] shrine and attendant in [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], H.P., India]]
It was during a spiritual retreat with many of the women she converted to [[Buddhism]], that Mandarava and her retinue met [[Padmasambhava]].<ref>Gyatso, Janet. In {{harvnb|Samten Lingpa|1998|loc="Introduction", p. 9}}.</ref>

Mandarava's father was fearful of the contamination of the royal bloodline and what he perceived as Mandarava's [[apostasy]]. Thus, her father endeavoured to have both Mandarava and Padmasambhava purified by [[Fire sacrifice|immolation]] through the flames of a [[pyre]]. Instead of finding their corpses incensed and charred, Vihardhara finds that the [[fire]] of the pyre has been transformed into [[Lake Rewalsar]] near [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] (Zahor) in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, out of which arises a blooming [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] supporting the unharmed Mandarava and Padmasambhava. In this process, they achieve their secret names of [[Vajravarahi]] and [[Hayagriva]], respectively. It is then that Mandarava's father blesses their relationship.{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998|pp=142-151}}{{sfn|Padmasambhava|1994|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}}

===Spiritual practice===
Mandarava realized her calling to spread the [[Dharma]] with Padmasambhava, thereby fulfilling the prediction of her birth that she was a [[dakini]]. Thus, at 16 years of age, Mandarava became the first of Padmasambhava's five historical spiritual consorts and together they practiced at [[Maratika]] (known as Haleshi in the local dialect), the Cave of Bringing Death to an End. [[Maratika Cave]], and later [[Maratika Monastery]], is located in [[Khotang District]] of [[Nepal]].<ref>about 185 kilometres south west of [[Mount Everest]].</ref> Both Mandarava and Padmasambhava achieved the [[unified vajra body]] on the [[vidyadhara]] level of mastery and realised some of the practices of long life or [[longevity]] that were concealed in the Maratika Cave as [[Terma (religion)|terma]] by '[[Dakini Sangwa]]' (Wylie: mKha' 'gro gSang ba), the terma constituted the teachings of [[Buddhahood|Buddha]] [[Amitabha]] and they were elementally encoded as terma at the behest of [[Bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]]. Later, while Padmasambhava continued to spread the teachings throughout the [[Himalaya]]n region, Mandarava remained in [[India]].

Mandarava is said to have manifested her [[sambhogakaya]] form at the great Dharma Wheel of [[Tramdruk]] where she engaged in a dialogue of [[mantra]] and [[mudra]] with Padmasambhava. Extensive details of this are rendered in the ''[[Padma Kathang]]''.

In addition, there is evidence that alongside Padmasambhava, Mandarava practiced the ''Hayagriva Mechar'' [[sadhana]] cycle which now comprises part of the ''Great Play of the Quintessential Lotus and the Treasury of One Thousand Essential Instructions of Tantra on the Union of Hayagriva and Vajravarahi''. Later, during a meeting between Mandarava and [[Yeshe Tsogyal]], Mandarava taught Yeshe Tsogyal the "thirteen pith instructions on Hayagriva".{{sfn|Changchub|Nyingpo|2002|p=163}}

Through practice and diligence, Mandarava realised a degree of spiritual mastery equal to that of Padmasambhava, evidenced in her honorific name [[Machig Drupa Gyalmo]] (''ma gcig grub pa'i rgyal mo''), "Singular Queen Mother of Attainment".

===Additional biographical sources===
Additional biographical information about Mandarava can be found in the following sources.

====Additional Tibetan language sources====

[[Jamgon Kongtrul]] relates the story of Mandarava within ''In The Precious Garland of Lapis Lazuli''.

Another story of Mandarava is found in the 14th century ''Padma Thang Yig Sheldrang Ma'' [[terma (religion)|terma]] of [[Orgyen Lingpa]].

[[Samten Lingpa]] (also known as Tagsham Nu Den Dorje), a [[terton]] from the second half of the 17th century, consecrated six folios to Mandarava and Padmasambhava and their meditation practices in [[Maratika Cave]].

====Additional English language sources====
A summary of Mandarava's life, based on ''The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava'',{{sfn|Samten Lingpa|1998}} can be found on The Treasury of Lives website.{{sfn|Jacoby|2007}}

There is a description of the meeting of [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] with Mandarava to exchange spiritual teachings in ''Sky Dancer: The Secret Life and Songs of the Lady Yeshe Tsogyel''.{{sfn|Dowman|1984|p=147-150}}

==Emanations and reincarnations==
[[File:Shangpadakininiguma.jpg|thumb|[[Niguma]], 11th century dakini and co-founder of the [[Shangpa Kagyu]] school of [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism]]
As Mandarava attained the [[vajra]] [[rainbow body]] (jalus), she is held to be present in the world now spreading and inspiring the [[Dharma]] through various incarnations in both the east and the west.

*The dakini [[Niguma]] is considered to be an incarnation of Mandarava.{{sfn|Padmasambhava|1994|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}}
*The female tertön Jetsunma Do Dasel Wangmo Rinpoche (1928-2019) of Kham, Tibet, is understood as an emanation of Mandarava.{{sfn|Chodar|2013|pp=3, 53}}
*In the USA, [[Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo]] was recognized by Lama [[Orgyen Kusum Lingpa]] as an emanation of Mandarava.{{sfn|Sherrill|2000}}{{sfn|Johnson|2004}}

==Iconography==
[[Image:Mandarava samyeLing.jpg|thumb|right|Mandarava statue in Samye Ling, Scotland]]
The [[iconography]] of Mandarava in her [[sambhogakaya]] form often depicts her with white skin with a tinge of red and wearing regal [[bodhisattva]] ornamentation. In this form, in her right hand she often holds the [[dadar (ritual tool)|dadar]] (or [[arrow]]) a teaching [[tool]] and [[ritual]] implement which is a powerful [[wikt:polyvalent|polyvalent]] [[symbol]] of [[Dzogchen]], disciplic succession, [[Lineage (anthropology)|lineage]] and transmission.

Mandarava is also often depicted adorned with banners and a [[melong]] (or [[mirror]]) which is another ritual implement, teaching tool and polyvalent symbol of [[Dzogchen]] representing the clear, reflective and [[Nothing|void]] (or empty and ethereal) nature of mind. Mandarava's left hand often holds a ''[[bumpa]]'' or long-life vase or wisdom urn of the [[ashtamangala]].

Mandarava is usually depicted in a standing pose, yet there are some depictions of her seated (in meditative postures), and occasional depictions of Mandarava in an energetic dance, with her right leg raised, denoting her enlightened activity and dakini nature.

When depicted with Padmasambhava, Mandarava is often iconographically represented on his right side while Yeshe Tsogyal will be on his left.{{sfn|Meulenbeld|2001|p=52}}{{sfn|Huntington|Bangdel|2004|p=150}}

==Teachings and lineages ==
Teachings and spiritual practices arising from Mandarava are being practiced today by a variety of lineages and [[Buddhist]] organizations. Many of these focus either on long life practices or the consecration of sacred spiritual medicines.

For example, the female terton Dechen Chökyi Wangmo ({{Wylie|w=bDe chen Chos kyi dBang mo}}; 1868–1927) revealed a [[Terma (religion)|terma]] that includes Mandarava.{{sfn|Rossi|2008|pp=371–72}}

<blockquote>
bDe chen Chos kyi dBang mo (Dechen Chökyi Wangmo) was a student of the famous Bon teacher Shar rdza bKra shis rGyal mtshan (1859–1934). When she was 51 years old (Earth-Horse Year/1918), near the hermitage of Nor bu phug, at dMu-rdo in rGyal mo rGya'i rong, she revealed a textual treasure (dBang mo'i rnam thar). This gter ma contains sixteen hagiographies of female saints, including those of Maṇḍarava and Ye shes mTsho rgyal, and seems to be one of the few Bonpo treasure texts revealed by a woman in recent times.{{sfn|Rossi|2008|pp=371–72}}
</blockquote>

The terton [[Namkhai Norbu|Chögyal Namkhai Norbu]] has realized and transmitted a [[Terma (religion)|terma]] of spiritual practices of Mandarava along with oral instructions specifying the iconography of Mandarava and how she is to be depicted in [[thangka]].{{sfn|Norbu|1999}}

Other sources for Mandarava practices include [[Dilgo Khyentse|Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche]]'s [[Terma (religion)|terma]] as offered by [[Gochen Tulku Sang-ngag Rinpoche]].{{sfn|Tara's Refuge|2013}}

The ''Chime Soktik'', a [[terma (religion)|terma]] received by Mandarava and Padmasambhava directly from Buddha Amitayus, has become the central long life practice of the [[Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje|Dudjom Tersar]] lineage.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

==Associations==
The city of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, is said to be named after Mandarava,{{sfn|Dowman|1984|p=265}} and many shrines and important pilgrimage sites to Mandarava can be found there today.

There may be a relationship between Mandarava and the tree with the same colloquial name and the scientific name of ''[[Erythrina]]'' (also called the 'coral tree').{{sfn|Padmasambhava|1994|p={{pn|date=December 2022}}}} Chapter 16 of the [[Lotus Sutra]] mentions, "Mandarava blossoms rain down, scattering over the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and the great assembly. This has been verified by numerous sources".{{sfn|Watson|n.d.}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Buffetrille |first=Katia |author-link=Katia Buffetrille |editor-last=Buffetrille |editor-first=Katia |date=2012 |title= Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World |pages=163–208 |chapter=Low Tricks and High Stakes Surrounding a Holy Place in Eastern Nepal: The Halesi-Māratika Caves |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3011609 |location=Leiden/Boston |publisher=Brill | series=Brill's Tibetan Studies Library |volume=31 |isbn=978-9004232174| issn=1568-6183 |via=Academia.edu}}
* {{cite book |last=Chodar |first=Thubten |translator=Sarah Schneider |year=2013 |title=Luminous Moonlight: The Biography of Do Dasel Wangmo |place=Pagosa Springs, CO |publisher=Machig Publication |isbn=978-0989358804}}
* {{cite book |last=Dowman |first=Keith |year=1984 |title=Sky Dancer: The Secret Life and Songs of the Lady Yeshe Tsogyel |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |place=Boston |isbn=0-7100-9576-7}}
* {{cite book |first1=Gyalwa |last1=Changchub |first2=Namkhai |last2=Nyingpo |title=Lady of the Lotus-born: The Life and Enlightenment of Yeshe Tsogyal |translator=the Padmakara Translation Group |publisher=Shambhala Publications |place=Boston & London |year=2002 |isbn=1-57062-544-1}}
* {{cite book |first1=John |last1=Huntington |first2=Dina |last2=Bangdel |title=The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art |publisher=Serindia Publications |place=Chicago |year=2004 |isbn=978-1932476019}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jacoby |first=Sarah |date=August 2007 |title=Mandāravā |journal=The Treasury of Lives |issn=2332-077X |url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Mandarava/ |access-date=2022-12-08}}
* {{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Allie |title=Trouble in Shangri-La |newspaper=[[The Pitch (newspaper)|The Pitch]] |date=April 22, 2004 |url=https://www.thepitchkc.com/trouble-in-shangrila/ |access-date=2022-12-08}}
* {{cite book |last=Meulenbeld |first=Ben|year=2001 |title=Buddhist Symbolism in Tibetan Thangkas: The Story of Siddhartha and Other Buddhas Interpreted in Modern Nepalese Painting |place=Netherlands |publisher=Binkey Kok |isbn=978-9074597449}}
* {{cite book |last=Norbu |first=Namkhai |title=The Practice of Long Life on the Immortal Dakini Mandarava |publisher=Shang-Shung Editioni |year=1999 |series=Series of Teachings |volume=118 E}}
* {{cite book |author=Padmasambhava |translator=Erik Pema Kunsang |year=1994 |title=Advice from the Lotus-Born: A Collection of Padmasambhava's Advice to the Dakini Yeshe Tsogyal and Other Close Disciples |publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications |place=Boudhanath, Arhus & Hong Kong |isbn=962-7341-20-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rossi |first=Donatella |year=2008 |title=Mkha' 'gro dbang mo'i rnam thar, The biography of the gter ston ma Bde chen chos kyi dbang mo (1868-1927?) |journal=Revue d'Études Tibétaines |volume=15 |pages=371–78}}
* {{cite book |author=Samten Lingpa |translator1=Lama Chönam |translator2=Sangye Khandro |title=The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava: the Indian Consort of Padmasambhava |year=1998 |place=Boston |publisher=Wisdom Publications |isbn=978-0861711444}}
* {{cite news |last=Sherrill |first=Martha |title=The Buddha from Poolesville |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 16, 2000 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2000/04/16/the-buddha-from-poolesville/60120d40-5736-4eaa-92f1-ea68a0d8791c/ |access-date=2022-12-08}}
* {{cite web |url=http://tarasrefuge.org/event/mandarava-empowerment/ |title=Mandarava Empowerment |author=Tara's Refuge |date=April 14, 2013 |access-date=2016-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302160912/http://tarasrefuge.org/event/mandarava-empowerment/ |archive-date=2014-03-02 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Watson|n.d.}} |translator-last=Watson |translator-first=Burton |date=n.d. |chapter-url=https://nichiren.info/buddhism/lotussutra/text/chap16.html |title=The Lotus Sutra |chapter=Chapter Sixteen: The Life Span of the Tathagata |via=Nichiren.info |access-date=2022-12-08}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |first=Mahaprajapati |last=Gautama |date=n.d. |url=http://www.dharmafellowship.org/library/essays/women-buddhas.htm |title=Women Buddhas: A Short List of Female Saints, Teachers and Practitioners in Tibetan Buddhism |website=Dharmafellowship.org |ref=none}}

==External links==
* [https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/mandarava/9 Biography of Mandarava by Sarah Jacoby on The Treasury of Lives]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103013814/http://thangka.ru/gallery/ge_mand.html Dakiny Mandarava's mandala]
* [https://archive.today/20130104133100/http://www.rangjung.com/authors/Mandarava.htm Mandarava] at ''rangjung.com''
* [http://www.yoniversum.nl/dakini/mandarava.html Mandarava] at ''yoniversum.nl''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061231233503/http://www.thangka.ru/history/he_padmadsat_5.html Princess Mandarava]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{TibetanBuddhism}}

[[Category:Dakinis]]
[[Category:Female buddhas and supernatural beings]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Padmasambhāva]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhists from India]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist yogis]]
[[Category:Tibetan women]]
[[Category:Vajrayana and women]]
[[Category:Women yogis]]
[[Category:Buddhist yogis]]

Jagdalpur Legal Aid Group

2026-03-24T07:11:40Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: added a data

{{Orphan|date=December 2016}}

The '''Jagdalpur Legal Aid Group''', also known as '''JagLAG''', is a non-profit that provides free legal services to [[adivasi]]s in south [[Chhattisgarh]]’s five [[Naxalite|Naxal]]-affected districts.

== Establishment and membership ==
In July 2013, Shalini Gera, Isha Khandelwal, Parijata Bharadwaj and Rupesh Kumar moved to Jagdalpur in [[Bastar district|Bastar District]] to establish the group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-group-of-lawyers-trying-bring-law-to-lawless-bastar-region/article7735079.ece|title=In Bastar, a group of lawyers try to bring law to a lawless region|last=Dahat|first=Pavan|date=7 October 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> They were joined by Guneet Kaur a few months later and by Devesh Agnihotri in 2016.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/find-us-a-house-we-are-also-victims-of-war-say-hounded-bastar-lawyers/story-VW8TEaSS1AyBXiGto2WvuO.html|title=Find us a house, we are also victims of war: Hounded Bastar lawyers|last=Ghosh|first=Paramita|date=12 March 2016|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/t5K8jPWw2ooX7mqlHvFiPK/A-few-good-men-and-women.html|title=A few good men and women|last=Masoodi|first=Ashwaq|date=7 October 2015|work=Live Mint|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> In mid-2015 Guneet Kaur, Parijata Bharadwaj and Rupesh Kumar left the group.<ref name=":0" /> In mid-2016 Devesh Agnihotri left the group. Nikita Agarwal and Priyanka Shukla joined the group towards the end of 2016. Shalini Gera moved out in September 2017. Priyanka Shukla left the group in August, 2018. The group is presently hosting [[Shikha Pandey]], a David Leebron Human Rights Fellow for a year.

== Work ==
The group began by filing requests for information under the Right to Information Act. They found that jails in Bastar District were severely overcrowded, that most inmates were awaiting trial ('under-trials' rather than convicts), and that when these cases finally reached the courts many ended in acquittals.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/02/world/shoestring-legal-aid-group-helps-poor-in-rural-india.html?_r=1|title=Shoestring Legal Aid Group Helps Poor in Rural India|last=Bearak|first=Max|date=1 March 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thewire.in/12482/in-chhattisgarh-pressure-mounts-on-lawyers-taking-up-cases-of-tribal-prisoners/|title=In Chhattisgarh, Pressure Mounts on Lawyers Taking Up Cases of Tribal Prisoners|last=Kumar|first=Raksha|date=6 October 2016|work=The Wire|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Since then, JagLAG have focused primarily on providing legal aid to villagers who they believe have been falsely accused in Naxalism-related cases.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

The group's most high-profile case is that of [[Soni Sori]], who has been charged, along with her nephew Linga Ram Kodopi, with extortion and unlawful activities for allegedly accepting money from the [[multinational corporation]] Essar, in return from protecting the company's operations in the state from the Maoist groups.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/interview-jaglag-lawyers-evicted-bastar|title="This Kind Of Terror, We Have Not Seen Before": An Interview With The Lawyers Evicted From Bastar In Chhattisgarh|last1=Kaushik|first1=Krishn|date=9 March 2016|work=The Caravan|last2=Dev|first2=Atul|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

== Disbarment and eviction ==
On 6 October 2015, the Bastar Bar Association passed a resolution prohibiting any lawyer who is not registered with the local Bar Council from practising in the Jagdalpur courts. The resolution prevented JagLAG lawyers Shalini Gera and Isha Khandelwal, both registered with the Delhi State Bar Council, from representing clients in Jagdalpur''.''<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/vantage/chhattisgarh-police-intimidate-jagdalpur-legal-aid-group-malini-subramaniam|title=Chhattisgarh Police Intimidates Jagdalpur Legal Aid Group And Journalist Malini Subramaniam|date=18 February 2016|work=The Caravan|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lsuc.on.ca/newsarchives.aspx?id=2147485737&cid=2147502180|title=India: harassment against human rights lawyers Shalini Gera and Isha Khandelwal|date=nd|work=The Law Society of Upper Canada|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4myvBWaG8jqZ3ZSLV9SdmRhS1E/view|title=Condemn the Harassment of Peoples Lawyers in Jagdalpur|last=Indian Association of People's Lawyers|date=19 February 2016}}</ref> Under Section 30 of the ''Advocates Act of India,'' a local bar association has no authority to prevent a lawyer from practicing in any court in the country. Gera and Khandelwal have responded by transferring their registration from the Delhi State Bar Council to the State Bar Council of Chattisgargh.

In February 2016, the Bastar District Bar Association passed a resolution that any local lawyer who co-signed a memo of appearance with JagLAG would have to sever ties within ten days or be debarred.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://barandbench.com/jag-lag-may-end-up-leaving-chattisgarh-after-relentless-police-action/|title="We can't leave our clients behind", JAG-LAG exploring options after relentless State oppression|last=A|first=Anuj|date=24 February 2016|newspaper=Bar & Bench|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://thewire.in/23899/evicting-the-hope-of-justice-in-lawless-chhattisgarh/|title=Evicting the Hope of Justice in Lawless Chhattisgarh|last=Manecksha|first=Freny|date=7 March 2016|work=The Wire|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> In the same month, JagLAG's landlord was called to the City Kotwali Police station and pressured to evict his tenants.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/chhattisgarh-police-direct-owners-to-evict-jagdalpur-legal-aid-group-journalist-of-accommodation/|title=Chhattisgarh: Police direct owners to evict Jagdalpur Legal Aid Group, journalist|last=Ghose|first=Dipankar|date=19 February 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Gera and Khandelwal were forced to relocate to Bhilaspur.<ref name=":1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Chhattisgarh]]
{{improve categories|date=September 2025}}

Konkan

2026-03-19T13:08:43Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: typo fix

{{Short description|Region of southwest India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Concan, Texas|Khon Kaen|Kanara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Konkan
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kok
| image_skyline = Dabhol Beach.jpg
| caption = [[Dabhol]] in Ratnagiri district, Konkan division, Maharashtra. Beaches dotted with swaying coconut palms are a ubiquitous sight along the Konkani coast.
| image_map = Konkan Districts.png
| map_caption = Districts encompassing the Konkan and [[Karavali]] region.
| coordinates = {{coord|15.6|73.8|display=title}}
| settlement_type = Region
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| parts_type =
| parts =
}}

The '''Konkan''' is a stretch of land by the [[West Coast of India|western coast]] of India, bound by the river [[Daman Ganga]] at [[Daman, India|Damaon]] in the north, to [[Anjediva Island]] next to [[Karwar]] town in the south; with the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and the [[Deccan Plateau]] to the east.<ref name="history" />{{verify source|reason=Political boundary of [[Konkan division]] starts from [[palghar]] this page is about the historical Konkan region not just the Konkan Division occupied by Maharashtra|date=June 2022}} The [[hinterland]] east of the coast has numerous river valleys, riverine islands and the hilly slopes known as the [[Western Ghats]]; that lead up into the [[Table (landform)|tablelands]] of the Deccan. The Konkan region has been recognised by name, since at least the time of [[Strabo]], in the third century [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="history">{{cite book |last=Saradesāya |first=Manohararāya |author-link=Manohar Rai Sardesai |title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&pg=PA1 |isbn=978-8-1720-1664-7 |location=India |pages=1–14 |chapter=The Land, the People and the Language}}</ref> It had a thriving mercantile port with [[Arabs|Arab]] tradesmen from the 10th century onwards.<ref name="Wink1991">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |year=1991 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |page=68 |language=en}}</ref> The best-known islands of Konkan are [[Ilhas de Goa]], the site of the [[Goa state]]'s capital at [[Panjim]]; also, the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]], on which lies [[Mumbai]], the capital of [[Maharashtra]] & the headquarters of [[Konkan Division]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Definition==
Historically, the limits of Konkan have been flexible, and it has been known by additional names like "[[Aparanta]]" and "Gomanchal", the latter being defined as the coastal area between the [[Daman Ganga River]] in the north and the [[Gangavalli River]] in the south.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&dq=daman+ganga+gangavalli&pg=PA7|title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history - Volume 2|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1990|isbn=9788170222590|editor-last=De Souza|editor-first=Teotonio R.|location=India|pages=8–9}}</ref>

The ancient ''[[Coastal South West India|Sapta Konkan]]'' was a larger geographical area that extended from [[Gujarat]] to [[Kerala]] and included the whole region of coastal [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tulunad|coastal Karnataka Tulunad]].<ref name="history" /> However, this segment overlaps the Konkan, [[Tulunad|Tulunad coast]] and [[Malabar coast]] continuum; and usually corresponds to the southernmost and northernmost stretches of these locales respectively.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==Etymology==
According to the ''[[Sahyadrikhanda]]'' of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', [[Parashurama]] threw his axe into the sea and commanded the Sea God to recede up to the point where his axe landed. The new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as ''Saptah-Konkana'', meaning "piece of earth", "corner of the earth", or "piece of the corner", derived from [[Sanskrit]] words: ''koṇa'' (कोण, corner) + ''kaṇa'' (कण, piece).<ref name="skanda">{{cite book |title=Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha) |editor-last=Shastri Gaytonde |editor-first=Gajanan |language=mr |publisher=Shree Katyani Publication |publication-place=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti |version=Part 1 |page=206 |last=Satoskar |first=B. D. |language=mr |publisher=Shubhada Publication}}</ref> [[Xuanzang]], the noted [[China|Chinese]] [[Buddhist]] monk, mentioned this region in his book as ''Konkana Desha''; [[Varahamihira]]'s [[Brihat-Samhita]] described Konkan as a region of India; and 15th-century author Ratnakosh mentioned the word Konkandesha.<ref name="history" />

==Geography==
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |width=
|image1=Deogad Beach in Sindhudurg district ,Konkan region Maharashtra, India.JPG |caption1=Beach of [[Devgad taluka]], [[Sindhudurg district]], in the [[States and union territories of India|State]] of Maharashtra
|image2=Ratnagiri Mountain Ranges.jpg |caption2=View of the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri Mountains]] in the village of Sathare Bambar, Ratnagiri district
}}

The Konkan extends throughout the western coasts of [[Maharashtra]], and [[Goa]].<ref name="history"/> It is bounded by the [[Western Ghats]] mountain range (also known as Sahyadri) in the east, the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west, the [[Daman Ganga River]] in the north, and the [[River Aghanashini]] in the south. The Gangavalli flows in the district of [[Uttara Kannada]] in present-day [[Karnataka]]. Its northern bank constitutes the southernmost portion of Konkan. The towns of [[Karwar]], [[Ankola]], [[Kumta]], [[Honavar]], and [[Bhatkal]] fall within the Konkan coast. The largest city on the Konkan coast is [[Mumbai]], the state capital of [[Maharashtra]]. Districts on the Konkan coast are, from north to south:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Konkan Division District List (कोंकण विभाग जिल्हा यादी)|url=http://www.swapp.co.in/site/indianstatedistrictlist.php?stateid=j1YKCtUvHkShwKBqk6iHow==&divisionid=bRbHGKvCu7LMDJJGUsYuQA==|access-date=26 January 2022|website=swapp.co.in}}</ref>

* [[Daman district, India|Damaon]] district
* [[Palghar district]]
* [[Thane district]]
* [[Mumbai Suburban district]]
* [[Mumbai City district]]
* [[Raigad district]]
* [[Ratnagiri district]]
* [[Sindhudurg district]]
* [[Uttara Kannada|North Kanara]] (Karwar to Bhatkal)

==Ethnology==
{{main|Konkani people}}

The main ethnolinguistic group of the Konkan region is the [[Konkani people]]. Specific caste and communities found in the region are the [[Agri caste|Aagri]], [[Koli people|Koli]], [[Bhandari caste|Bhandari]], [[Kunbi]], [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]], [[Gabit]], Mangela, Karadi, Phudagi, Vaiti, [[Kharvi]], [[Teli]], [[Kumbhar]], [[Nai (caste)|Nhavi]], [[Dhobi]], [[Twashta Kasar|Kasar]], [[Sutradhar|Sutar]], [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]], [[Chamar|Chambhar]], [[Mahar]], [[Dhangar]], [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]] (also includes Rajapur Saraswats and Chitrapur Saraswats), [[Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmin|Kudaldeshkar]], [[Pathare Prabhu]], [[Gomantak Maratha Samaj|Gomantak Maratha]], [[Chitpavan|Chitpavan Brahmins]], [[Karhade Brahmin|Karhade Brahmins]], [[Daivadnya]], [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|Kayastha Prabhu]], [[Panchkalshi]], [[Vani]], [[Komarpant]], [[Chaukalshi|Vadval]] [[Gavli]], Ghorpi, Nath Jogi, [[Gurav]], Pagi, Kalan, Ghadi, Padti, [[Vanjari_caste|Vanjari]], [[Shimpi|Namdev Shimpi]] and others. [[Billava]], [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]], [[Nador (caste)|Nadavara]], [[Mogaveera]] and Linghayat communities found in the parts of Karnataka which are near to Konkan.

Tribal communities include the [[Katkari]], Thakar, [[Konkana]], [[Warli]] and Mahadev Koli, mainly found in the northern and central parts of Konkan. The [[Halpati|Dubla]] and [[Dhodia]] tribes live in southern [[Gujarat]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] and [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Palghar district has the largest percentage of tribal population in Konkan. A small nomadic tribe called the Vanarmare is found in southern parts of Konkan, which was originally associated with the hunting of monkeys. The [[Gauda and Kunbi|Gauda]] and Velip tribes are found in Goa.

The Jewish community called [[Bene Israel]] is mainly found in [[Raigad district]]. The Christians included [[Bombay East Indians]] in North Konkan and [[Mumbai]], [[Goan Catholics]] in [[Goa]], [[Karwari Catholics]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] as well as [[Mangalorean Catholics]] in [[Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]].

Major Muslim communities like [[Konkani Muslims]] and [[Nawayath]]s are scattered throughout the whole region. They are reportedly descendants of people who came from [[Hadhramaut]] (in [[Yemen]] or [[South Arabia]]),<ref name="Khalidi1996">{{citation |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |author-link=Omar Khalidi |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA52 |chapter=The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad |title=Mediaeval Deccan History |editor1=Kulkarni |editor2=Naeem |editor3=De Souza |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=[[Mumbai|Bombay]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-8-1715-4579-7}}</ref> and other parts of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and the [[Middle East]]. The [[Siddi]]s have their roots in [[Africa]].<ref name="Wink1991" />

==See also==
*[[People of the Konkan Division]]
*[[Konkan Railway]]
*[[Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project]]
*[[Malabar Coast]]
*[[Coromandel Coast]]
*[[Tulunad|Tulunad coast]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{wikivoyage inline|Konkan}}
*[http://www.konkan.me Konkan Tourism] – a complete guide on tourism
*[https://www.hotelinkonkan.com Konkan Hotels]
*[https://trendifyworld.com/kokan-darshan-the-best-tourist-places-in-maharashtra/ Tourist Place to visit Konkan Darshan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829150556/https://trendifyworld.com/kokan-darshan-the-best-tourist-places-in-maharashtra/ |date=29 August 2021 }}

{{Maharashtra}}
{{Western Ghats}}
{{GeoSouthAsia}}

[[Category:Konkan| ]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Goa]]
[[Category:Coasts of India]]
[[Category:West Coast of India]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Regions of Maharashtra]]

Vanilla

2026-03-18T18:49:41Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: updated page

{{Short description|Spice extracted from orchids of the genus Vanilla}}
{{About|the flavoring}}
{{Redirect|Vanilla bean|the person|Vanilla Beane|the band|Vanilla Beans (band)}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Vanilla planifolia (6998639597).jpg|upright|thumb|right|''Vanilla planifolia'', flower]]
[[File:Vanilla 6beans.JPG|upright|thumb|right|Dried vanilla beans]]

'''Vanilla''' is a [[spice]] derived from [[orchid]]s of the genus ''[[Vanilla (genus)|Vanilla]]'', primarily obtained from the seed [[Glossary_of_plant_morphology#Fruit_types|pod]]s of the flat-leaved New World vanilla (''[[Vanilla planifolia|V. planifolia]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chambers |first1=Alan H. |last2=Moon |first2=Pamela |last3=de Verlands Edmond |first3=Vovener |last4=Bassil |first4=Elias |date=2019 |title=HS1348/HS1348: Vanilla Cultivation in Southern Florida |language=en |url=https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/HS1348 |publisher=[[University of Florida]] Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225171133/https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/hs1348 |archive-date=25 December 2022}}</ref>

''Vanilla'' is not [[Autogamy|autogamous]], so [[pollination]] is required to produce the pods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espíndola |first=Anahí |date=9 November 2020 |title=Vanilla and food: not plain when it comes to pollination |url=https://marylandgrows.umd.edu/2020/11/09/vanilla-and-food-not-plain-when-it-comes-to-pollination/ |website=Maryland Grows |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=24 Jun 2022 }}</ref> In 1837, the Belgian botanist [[Charles François Antoine Morren]] discovered this and pioneered a method of artificially pollinating the plant. The method proved financially unworkable and was not deployed commercially. In 1841, [[Edmond Albius]], a 12-year-old enslaved child who lived on the French island of [[Réunion]] in the Indian Ocean, discovered that the plant could be [[hand-pollination|hand-pollinated]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krulwich |first=Robert |date=2015-06-15 |title=The Little Boy Who Should've Vanished, but Didn't |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-little-boy-who-shouldve-vanished-but-didnt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302230749/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-little-boy-who-shouldve-vanished-but-didnt |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> Hand-pollination allowed global cultivation of the plant. The noted French botanist and plant collector [[Jean Michel Claude Richard]] falsely claimed to have discovered the technique three or four years earlier. By the end of the 20th century, Albius was considered the true discoverer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edmond Albius–The boy who revolutionised the vanilla industry |url=https://www.linnean.org/news/2019/10/16/edmond-albius |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Linnean Society |language=en}}</ref>

Three major [[species]] of vanilla currently are grown globally, all derived from a species originally found in [[Mesoamerica]], including parts of modern-day [[Mexico]]. They are ''V. planifolia'' (syn. ''V. fragrans''), grown on [[Madagascar]], Réunion, and other tropical areas along the Indian Ocean; ''[[Vanilla × tahitensis|V. × tahitensis]]'', grown in the South Pacific; and ''[[Vanilla pompona|V. pompona]]'', found in the West Indies, Central America, and South America. The majority of the world's vanilla is the ''V. planifolia'' species, more commonly known as {{anchor|Bourbon vanilla}}''Bourbon vanilla'' (after the former name of Réunion, Île Bourbon) or ''Madagascar vanilla'', which is produced in Madagascar and neighboring islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean, and in Indonesia. Madagascar's and Indonesia's cultivations produce two-thirds of the world's supply of vanilla.

Measured by weight, vanilla is the world's second-most expensive spice after [[saffron]], because growing the vanilla seed pods is labor-intensive. Nevertheless, vanilla is widely used in both commercial and domestic baking, perfume production, and [[aromatherapy]], as only small amounts are needed to impart its signature flavor and aroma.

==History==
[[File:Vanilla florentine codex.jpg|upright=1.81|thumb| Drawing of the ''Vanilla'' plant from the ''[[Florentine Codex]]'' (c. 1580) and description of its use and properties written in the [[Nahuatl]] language]]

Before domestication, ''Vanilla planifolia'' grew wild around the [[Gulf of Mexico]] from [[Tampico]] around to the northeast tip of South America, and from [[Colima]] to [[Ecuador]] on the Pacific side, as well as throughout the Caribbean. The [[Totonac]] people, who live along the eastern coast of Mexico in the present-day state of [[Veracruz]], were among the first people to domesticate vanilla, cultivated on farms since at least 1185. The Totonac used vanilla as a fragrance in temples and as a good-luck charm in amulets, as well as flavoring for food and beverages. The cultivation of vanilla was a low-profile affair, as few people from outside these regions knew of it.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Although the Totonacs are the most famously associated with human use of vanilla, it is speculated that the [[Olmecs]], who also lived in the regions of wild vanilla growth thousands of years earlier, were one of the first peoples to use wild vanilla in cuisine.<ref>{{cite book |author1-last=Rain |author1-first=Patricia |author2-last=Lubinsky |author2-first=Pesach |editor1-last=Odoux |editor1-first=Eric |editor2-last=Grisoni |editor2-first=Michel |chapter=Vanilla Use in Colonial Mexico and Traditional Totonac Vanilla Farming |date=2011 |title=Vanilla |chapter-url=http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781420083385 |location=USA |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=252 |isbn=978-1-4200-8337-8}}{{dead link|date=November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vanilla History |url=https://rodellekitchen.com/resources/learning/vanilla-history/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Rodelle Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-04 |title=The Vanilla Bean Orchid |url=https://www.gulleygreenhouse.com/vanilla-bean-orchid/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Gulley Greenhouse |language=en-US |last1=Gulley |first1=Beth |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820032836/https://www.gulleygreenhouse.com/vanilla-bean-orchid/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rain |first=Patricia |date=February 26, 2009 |title=History of Vanilla |url=https://vanillaqueen.com/facts-about-vanilla/}}</ref>

Aztecs from the central highlands of Mexico invaded the Totonacs in 1427, developed a taste for the vanilla pods, and began using vanilla to flavor their foods and drinks, often mixing it with cocoa in a drink called "''xocolatl''" that later inspired modern [[hot chocolate]]. The fruit was named ''tlilxochitl'', wrongly interpreted as "black flower" instead of the more probable "black pod"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Correll |first=Donovan S. |date=1953 |title=Vanilla: Its Botany, History, Cultivation and Economic Import |journal=Economic Botany |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=291–358 |doi=10.1007/BF02930810 |jstor=4287786 |bibcode=1953EcBot...7..291C |s2cid=34061570 |issn=0013-0001}}</ref> because the matured fruit shrivels and turns a dark color shortly after being picked. For the Aztecs, much like earlier Mesoamerican peoples before them, it is probable that vanilla was used to tame the otherwise bitter taste of [[Cocoa bean|cacao]], as [[sugarcane]] was not harvested in these regions at the time and there were no other sweeteners available.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

[[Hernán Cortés]] is credited with introducing both vanilla and [[chocolate]] to Europe in the 1520s.<ref name="nashville">{{cite web |url=http://www.herbsocietynashville.org/gardening.htm |title=The Life of Spice |author=The Herb Society of Nashville |publisher=The Herb Society of Nashville |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920205115/http://www.herbsocietynashville.org/gardening.htm |archive-date=20 September 2011 |quote=Following Montezuma's capture, one of Cortés' officers saw him drinking "chocolatl" (made of powdered cocoa beans and ground corn flavored with ground vanilla pods and honey). The Spanish tried this drink themselves and were so impressed by this new taste sensation that they took samples back to Spain.' and 'Actually it was vanilla rather than the chocolate that made a bigger hit and by 1700 the use of vanilla was spread over all of Europe. Mexico became the leading producer of vanilla for three centuries. – Excerpted from 'Spices of the World Cookbook' by McCormick and 'The Book of Spices' by Frederic Rosengarten, Jr}}</ref> In Europe, vanilla was seen mostly as an additive to chocolate until the early 17th century when [[Hugh Morgan (apothecary)|Hugh Morgan]], a creative apothecary in the employ of Queen Elizabeth I, created chocolate-free, vanilla-flavored "sweetmeats". By the 18th century, the French were using vanilla to flavor [[ice cream]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-23 |title=The History of Vanilla |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/plain-vanilla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227161025/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/plain-vanilla |archive-date=27 February 2021 |author=Rebecca Rupp|access-date=2022-06-14 |publisher=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref>

Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the chief producer of vanilla.<ref>{{cite book |author1-last=Rain |author1-first=Patricia |author2-last=Lubinsky |author2-first=Pesach |editor1-last=Odoux |editor1-first=Eric |editor2-last=Grisoni |editor2-first=Michel |chapter=Vanilla Production in Mexico |date=2011 |title=Vanilla |chapter-url=http://www.crcnetbase.com/isbn/9781420083385 |location=USA |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=336 |isbn=978-1-4200-8337-8}}</ref> One of Mexico's top producing regions was Veracruz, especially in the town of Papantla. By 1889, Mexican exports of vanilla exceeded 70,000 kilograms making the region one of the world leaders in vanilla production at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kouri |first=Emilio |title=A Pueblo Divided: Business, Property, and Community in Papantla, Mexico |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=2004 |page=188 |isbn=978-0-8047-5848-2}}</ref> While vanilla trade was surging throughout Papantla, many farmers who owned land on which this commodity was growing would soon be subject to political shifts that led to those farmers having to pay rent. Protests of these shifts in policy led many to fight and die against the four tier hierarchy made up of Totonac caciques, ranchero clans, a hefty class of landowning labradores, and a bulging stratum of tenants, jornaleros, and ranch hands.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kouri |first=Emilio |title=A Pueblo Divided: Business, Property, and Community in Papantla, Mexico |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=2004 |page=280 |isbn=978-0-8047-5848-2}}</ref> In 1819, French entrepreneurs shipped vanilla fruits to the islands of [[Réunion]] and [[Mauritius]] in hopes of producing vanilla there. After 1841, when [[Edmond Albius]] discovered how to pollinate the flowers quickly by hand, the pods began to thrive. Soon, the tropical orchids were sent from Réunion to the [[Comoros Islands]], [[Seychelles]], and [[Madagascar]], along with instructions for pollinating them. By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion, and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla beans, about 80% of world production in that year. According to the United Nations [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] 2019 data, Madagascar, followed by Indonesia, were the largest producers of vanilla in 2018.<ref name=FAOSTAT>{{cite web |title=Crops, Vanilla |work=FAO Global Statistical Yearbook | date=2019 | url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |access-date=13 April 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:Vanilla fragrans 3.jpg|thumb|Vanilla cultivation, [[Réunion]] ]]

After a [[tropical cyclone]] ravaged key croplands, the market price of vanilla rose sharply in the late 1970s and remained high through the early 1980s despite the introduction of Indonesian vanilla. In the mid-1980s, the [[cartel]] that had controlled vanilla prices and distribution since its creation in 1930 disbanded.<ref name="Bleu-2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wf-NFH5ZuoC&pg=PA213|title=Le Cordon Bleu Cuisine Foundations|first=The Chefs of Le Cordon|last=Bleu|date=21 April 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|via=Google Books|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428023238/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Wf-NFH5ZuoC&pg=PA213|archive-date=28 April 2016|isbn=978-1-4354-8137-4}}</ref> Prices dropped 70% over the next few years, to nearly US$20 per kilogram; prices rose sharply again after [[Cyclone Hudah|tropical cyclone Hudah]] struck Madagascar in April 2000.<ref name="Zhu-2018">{{Cite journal|title=Hot money, cold beer: Navigating the vanilla and rosewood export economies in northeastern Madagascar|first=Annah|last=Zhu|date=21 November 2018|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=45|issue=2|pages=253–267|doi=10.1111/amet.12636|doi-access=free}}</ref> The cyclone, political instability, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices to US$500/kg in 2004, bringing new countries into the vanilla industry. A good crop, coupled with decreased demand caused by the production of imitation vanilla, pushed the market price down to the $40/kg range in the middle of 2005. By 2010, prices were down to $20/kg. [[Cyclone Enawo]] caused a similar spike to $500/kg in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Forani|first1=Jonathan|title=Eager bakers may face a cake crisis as vanilla supply evaporates|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2017/09/20/world-cake-crisis-as-vanilla-supply-evaporates.html|access-date=21 September 2017|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=20 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000857/https://www.thestar.com/life/2017/09/20/world-cake-crisis-as-vanilla-supply-evaporates.html|archive-date=21 September 2017}}</ref>

An estimated 95% of "vanilla" products are artificially flavored with [[vanillin]] derived from [[lignin]] instead of vanilla fruits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vanillaexchange.com/RVCA_Handout.htm |title=Rainforest Vanilla Conservation Association |access-date= 16 June 2011 |publisher= RVCA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624003638/http://vanillaexchange.com/RVCA_Handout.htm |archive-date= 24 June 2009 }}</ref>

Although vanilla was domesticated in [[Mesoamerica]] and subsequently spread to the [[Old World]], the use of an unidentified, Old World-endemic ''[[Vanilla (genus)|Vanilla]]'' species is attested in [[Canaan]]/[[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Israel]] during the Middle Bronze Age and later.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352409X18307557 | title=First evidence for vanillin in the old world: Its use as mortuary offering in Middle Bronze Canaan | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports | date=June 2019 | last1 = Linares | first1 = V. | last2 = Adams | first2 = M. J. | last3 = Cradic | first3 = M. S. | last4 = Finkelstein | first4 = I. | last5 = Lipschits | first5 = O. | last6 = Martin | first6 = M. A. S.| last7 = Neumann | first7 = R. | last8 = Stockhammer | first8 = P. W. | last9 = Gadot | first9 = Y.| volume=25 | pages=77–84 | doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.03.034 | bibcode=2019JArSR..25...77L | s2cid=181608839 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref name="Amir-2022">{{Cite journal | last1=Amir| first1=A.| last2=Finkelstein| first2=I.| last3=Shalev| first3=Y.| last4=Uziel| first4=J.| last5=Chalaf| first5=O.| last6=Freud| first6=L.| last7=Neumann| first7=R.| last8=Gadot| first8=Y.| title= Residue analysis evidence for wine enriched with vanilla consumed in Jerusalem on the eve of the Babylonian destruction in 586 BCE. PLoS ONE 17(3)| year=2022| doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0266085| pmid=35349581| doi-access=free| journal=PLOS ONE| volume=17| issue=3| article-number=e0266085| pmc=8963535}}</ref> Traces of vanillin were found in wine jars in [[Jerusalem]], which were used by the [[Kingdom of Judah|Judahite]] elite before [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|the city was destroyed]] in 586 BCE.<ref name="Amir-2022" />

==Etymology==
The word ''vanilla'' is derived from the Spanish word {{lang|es|vainilla}} meaning "little pod", the [[diminutive]] of ''vaina'' derived from the Latin ''vagina'' (sheath) describing the shape of the [[Pod (botany)|pods]].<ref name="Ackerman-2002">{{eFloras|1|134375|Vanilla |first=James D. |last=Ackerman |volume=26 |quote=Spanish vainilla, little pod or capsule, referring to long, podlike fruits |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229012115/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134375 |archivedate=29 February 2008 |access-date=22 July 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=vanilla&searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=1 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312131351/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=vanilla&searchmode=none |archive-date=12 March 2011 }}</ref> The word "vanilla" entered the English language in 1754, when the botanist [[Philip Miller]] wrote about the genus in his ''Gardener's Dictionary''.<ref>Correll D (1953) Vanilla: its botany, history, cultivation and economic importance. Econ Bo 7(4): 291–358.</ref>

==Biology==

===Vanilla orchid===
{{Main|Vanilla planifolia}}
[[File:VanillaExtract.png|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Vanilla extract]] displays its distinctive color.]]
[[File:VanillaFlowerLongitudinalSection-en.png|thumb|upright=1.2|''V. planifolia'' – flower]]

The main species of vanilla cultivated is ''V. planifolia''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Watteyn |first=Charlotte |last2=Reubens |first2=Bert |last3=Bolaños |first3=José Bernal Azofeifa |last4=Campos |first4=Frank Solano |last5=Silva |first5=Araceli Pérez |last6=Karremans |first6=Adam P. |last7=Muys |first7=Bart |date=2023-09-01 |title=Cultivation potential of Vanilla crop wild relatives in two contrasting land use systems |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1161030123001582 |journal=European Journal of Agronomy |volume=149 |article-number=126890 |doi=10.1016/j.eja.2023.126890 |issn=1161-0301}}</ref> Although it is native to Mesoamerica and South America, it is now widely grown throughout the tropics. Indonesia and Madagascar are the world's largest producers. Additional sources include ''V. pompona'' and ''V. tahitiensis'' (grown in [[Niue]] and [[Tahiti]]), although the vanillin content of these species is much less than ''V. planifolia''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/food/chi-vanilla-types-11jun11,0,5117837.story |title=Types of Vanilla |last=Brockman |first=Terra |work=Chicago Tribune |date=11 June 2008 |access-date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616064118/http://www.chicagotribune.com/features/food/chi-vanilla-types-11jun11,0,5117837.story |archive-date=16 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9014-y |title=Origins and Dispersal of Cultivated Vanilla (''Vanilla planifolia'' Jacks. [Orchidaceae]) |year=2008 |last1=Lubinsky |first1=Pesach |last2=Bory |first2=Séverine |last3=Hernández Hernández |first3=Juan |last4=Kim |first4=Seung-Chul |last5=Gómez-Pompa |first5=Arturo |journal=Economic Botany |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=127–38|s2cid=11744202 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.04.007 |title=RAPD genetic diversity in cultivated vanilla: ''Vanilla planifolia'', and relationships with ''V. Tahitensis'' and ''V. Pompona'' |year=2004 |last1=Besse |first1=Pascale |last2=Silva |first2=Denis Da |last3=Bory |first3=Séverine |last4=Grisoni |first4=Michel |last5=Le Bellec |first5=Fabrice |last6=Duval |first6=Marie-France |journal=Plant Science |volume=167 |issue=2 |pages=379–85|bibcode=2004PlnSc.167..379B }}</ref>

Vanilla grows as a vine, climbing up an existing tree (also called a tutor), pole, or other support. It can be grown in a wood (on trees), in a plantation (on trees or poles), or in a "shader", in increasing orders of productivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perez-Viveros |first=Isabel Janid |last2=García-Barrón |first2=Sergio Erick |last3=Hernández-Rodríguez |first3=Blanca Elizabeth |last4=Barrera-Rodríguez |first4=Ariadna Isabel |last5=Acero-Ortega |first5=Claudia Ariadna |last6=Espejel-García |first6=Anastacio |date=2025-05-07 |title=Influence of Traditional Vanilla Curing on Its Physicochemical Properties and Aromatic Profile |journal=Foods|volume=14 |issue=9 |article-number=1652 |doi=10.3390/foods14091652 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=12071888 |pmid=40361735|doi-access=free}}</ref> Its growth environment is referred to as its ''[[terroir]]'', and includes not only the adjacent plants, but also the climate, geography, and local geology. Left alone, it will grow as high as possible on the support, with few flowers. Every year, growers fold the higher parts of the plant downward so the plant stays at heights accessible by a standing human. This also greatly stimulates flowering.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biology |url=https://ceylonorganicvanilla.com/portfolio/biology/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Ceylon Organic Vanilla |language=en-US}}</ref>

The distinctively flavored compounds are found in the fruit, which results from the [[pollination]] of the flower. These seed pods are roughly {{convert|1/3|in|mm|adj=pre|of an|spell=in}} by {{convert|6|in|mm|spell=in}}, and brownish red to black when ripe. Inside of these pods is an oily liquid full of tiny seeds.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diderot|first1=Denis|title=Vanilla|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0000.830|journal=Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project|access-date=1 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921231225/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;rgn=main;view=text;idno=did2222.0000.830|archive-date=21 September 2015|date=September 2007}}</ref> One flower produces one fruit. ''V. planifolia'' flowers are [[hermaphroditic]]: they carry both male ([[anther]]) and female ([[pistil|stigma]]) organs. However, [[self-pollination]] is blocked by a membrane which separates those organs.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Despite various claims otherwise, the only pollinators definitively documented to date are orchid bees in the genus ''[[Eulaema]]''<ref name="Lubinsky-2006">{{cite journal|last1=Lubinsky|first1=Pesach|last2=Van Dam|first2=Matthew|last3=Van Dam|first3=Alex|title=Pollination of Vanilla and Evolution in the Orchidaceae |journal=Lindleyana |date=2006 |volume=75 |issue=12 |pages=926–9 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288609351|access-date=20 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121041917/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Matthew_Van_Dam/publication/288609351_Pollination_of_Vanilla_and_evolution_in_Orchidaceae/links/56fecd7608ae1408e15d0bc2.pdf|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> and the [[Western honey bee]].<ref name="Pemberton-2023">{{cite journal|last1=Pemberton|first1=Robert|last2=Wheeler|first2=Gregory|last3=Madeira|first3=Paul|title=Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Pollination of Vanilla planifolia in Florida and Their Potential in Commercial Production|journal=Florida Entomologist|date=2023|volume=104|issue=4|pages=230–237|doi=10.1653/024.106.0404 |doi-access=free}}</ref> All commercial vanilla production takes place via hand pollination by humans.

The first vanilla orchid to flower in Europe was in the London collection of the Honourable Charles Greville in 1806. Cuttings from that plant went to Netherlands and Paris, from which the French first transplanted the vines to their overseas colonies. The vines grew, but would not fruit outside Mexico. The only known way to produce fruits is [[pollination management|artificial pollination]]. Today, even in Mexico, hand pollination is used extensively. In 1837, botanist [[Charles François Antoine Morren]] began experimenting with hand pollination of ''Vanilla'' orchids in cultivation in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morren |first=C. |year=1837 |title=Note sur la première fructification du Vanillier en Europe (Note on the first fruiting of vanilla in Europe) |journal=Annales de la Société Royale d'Horticulture de Paris |volume=20 |pages=331–334}} Morren describes the process of artificially pollinating vanilla on p. 333: "{{lang|fr|En effet, aucun fruit n'a été produit que sur les cinquante-quatre fleurs auxquelles j'avais artificiellement communiqué le pollen. On enlève le tablier ou on le soulève, et on met en contact avec le stigmate une mass pollinique entière, ou seulement une partie de cette masse, car une seule de celles-ci, coupée en huit ou dix pièces, peut féconder autant de fleurs.}}" (In effect, fruit has been produced only on fifty-four flowers to which I artificially communicated pollen. One removes the labellum or one raises it, and one places in contact with the stigma a complete mass of pollen [i.e., pollinium], or just a part of that mass, for just one of these, cut into eight or ten pieces, can fertilize as many flowers.) Available on-line at: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160825231127/http://www.hortalia.org/viewer/show/216#page/n679/mode/2up Hortalia.org]</ref> The method proved financially unworkable and was not deployed commercially.<ref name="Hazen-1995">{{cite book |title=Vanilla |url=https://archive.org/details/vanilla00haze |url-access=registration |author=Janet Hazen |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8118-0254-3 }}</ref> A few years later in 1841, a simple and efficient artificial hand-pollination method was developed by a 12-year-old slave named Edmond Albius on Réunion, a method still used today.<ref name=silvercloud>{{cite web |url=http://www.silvercloudestates.com/vanilla_history.aspx |title=History of Vanilla |author=Silver Cloud Estates |publisher=Silver Cloud Estates |access-date=23 July 2008 |quote=In 1837 the Belgian botanist Morren succeeded in artificially pollinating the vanilla flower. On Reunion, Morren's process was attempted, but failed. It was not until 1841 that a 12-year-old slave by the name of Edmond Albius discovered the correct technique of hand-pollinating the flowers. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219152341/http://www.silvercloudestates.com/vanilla_history.aspx |archive-date=19 February 2008 }}</ref>  Using a beveled sliver of [[bamboo]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/10/stories/2004051000900300.htm |title=Flower with money power |date=10 May 2004 |access-date=1 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623222730/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2004/05/10/stories/2004051000900300.htm |archive-date=23 June 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> an agricultural worker lifts the membrane separating the anther and the [[Gynoecium|stigma]], then, using the thumb, transfers the [[pollinia]] from the anther to the stigma. The flower, self-pollinated, will then produce a fruit. The vanilla flower lasts about one day, sometimes less, so growers have to inspect their plantations every day for open flowers, a labor-intensive task.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The [[fruit]], a seed [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]], if left on the plant, ripens and opens at the end; as it dries, the [[natural phenol|phenolic]] compounds [[crystallization|crystallize]], giving the fruits a diamond-dusted appearance, which the French call ''givre'' (hoarfrost). It then releases the distinctive vanilla smell. The fruit contains tiny, black seeds. In dishes prepared with whole natural vanilla, these seeds are recognizable as black specks. Both the pod and the seeds are used in cooking.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Like other orchids' seeds, vanilla seeds will not germinate without the presence of certain [[Orchid mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal]] [[fungi]]. Instead, growers reproduce the plant by [[cutting (plant)|cutting]]: they remove sections of the vine with six or more leaf nodes, a root opposite each leaf. The two lower leaves are removed, and this area is buried in loose soil at the base of support. The remaining upper roots cling to the support, and often grow down into the soil. Growth is rapid under good conditions.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

===Cultivars===
[[File:Madagascar bourbon vanilla x.jpg|thumb|upright 0.7|A bottle of vanilla extract]]

* ''Bourbon vanilla'' or ''Bourbon-Madagascar vanilla'', produced from ''V. planifolia'' plants introduced from the Americas, is from [[Indian Ocean]] islands such as [[Madagascar]], the [[Comoros]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Réunion]], formerly named the [[Île Bourbon]]. It is also used to describe the distinctive vanilla flavor derived from ''V. planifolia'' grown successfully in tropical countries such as India. However, there is no [[Bourbon whiskey]] in Bourbon vanilla extract, despite common confusion about this.
* ''Mexican vanilla'', made from the native ''V. planifolia'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7O5YpNRnpNoC&q=Mexican+vanilla,+made+from+the+native+V.+planifolia&pg=PA44|title=The Art and Soul of Baking|last1=Mushet|first1=Cindy|last2=Table|first2=Sur La|date=2008-10-21|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|isbn=978-0-7407-7334-1|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208201835/https://books.google.com/books?id=7O5YpNRnpNoC&pg=PA44&dq=Mexican+vanilla,+made+from+the+native+V.+planifolia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjqpOyItePUAhVY12MKHQ2bD6IQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=Mexican%20vanilla,%20made%20from%20the%20native%20V.%20planifolia&f=false|archive-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> is produced in much less quantity and marketed as the vanilla from the land of its origin.
* ''Tahitian vanilla'' is from [[French Polynesia]], made with ''V. tahitensis''. Genetic analysis shows this species is possibly a cultivar from a hybrid of ''V. planifolia'' and ''V. odorata''. The species was introduced by French Admiral [[François Alphonse Hamelin]] to French Polynesia from the [[Philippines]], where it was introduced from [[Guatemala]] by the [[Manila Galleon]] trade.<ref name="ucr">{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucr.edu/1911|title=Tahitian Vanilla Originated in Maya Forests, Says UC Riverside Botanist|publisher=University of California at Riverside, Newsroom|date=21 August 2008|access-date=28 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517110743/http://newsroom.ucr.edu/1911|archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> It comprises less than one percent of vanilla production and is only grown by a handful of skilled growers and preparers.<ref>{{cite web |title=What are The Best Vanilla Beans to Buy and Why? |url=https://www.slofoodgroup.com/blogs/recipes-stories/what-are-the-best-vanilla-beans-to-buy-and-why |website=Slofoodgroup |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref>
* ''West Indian vanilla'' is made from ''V. pompona'' grown in the [[Caribbean]] and [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].<ref name=usdaplants>{{PLANTS |symbol=VAPO2 |taxon=Vanilla pompona |url-status=live |url=https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VAPO2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009163405/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=VAPO2 |archive-date=9 October 2008 |access-date=24 July 2008 }}</ref>

The term ''French vanilla'' is often used to designate particular preparations with a strong vanilla aroma, containing vanilla grains and sometimes also containing eggs (especially egg yolks). The appellation originates from the French style of making [[vanilla ice cream]] with a [[custard]] base, using vanilla pods, cream, and egg yolks. Inclusion of vanilla varietals from any of the [[French colonial empire|former French dependencies]] or [[overseas France]] may be a part of the flavoring. Alternatively, French vanilla is taken to refer to a vanilla-custard flavor.

===Chemistry===
{{Main|Vanillin}}
[[File:vanillin.svg|thumb|upright|Chemical structure of [[vanillin]]]]

Vanilla essence occurs in two forms. Real seedpod [[vanilla extract|extract]] is a complex mixture of several hundred different compounds, including vanillin, [[acetaldehyde]], [[acetic acid]], [[furfural]], [[hexanoic acid]], [[4-hydroxybenzaldehyde]], [[eugenol]], [[methyl cinnamate]], and [[isobutyric acid]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/comparison-compounds-bourbon-vanilla-extract-and-vanilla-flavour|title=Comparison of Compounds in Bourbon Vanilla Extract and Vanilla Flavour|journal=The Application Notebook|date=July 2015|last1=Margraf|first1=Marelke|series=The Application Notebook-07-01-2015 }}</ref> Synthetic essence consists of a solution of synthetic vanillin in [[ethanol]]. The chemical compound [[vanillin]] (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a major contributor to the characteristic flavor and aroma of real vanilla and is the main flavor component of [[Curing (vegetable preservation)|cured]] vanilla beans.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bomgardner, M.M. | date = 2016 | url = http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i36/problem-vanilla.html | title = The problem with vanilla | journal = Chemical and Engineering News | volume = 94 | issue = 36 | pages = 38–42 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221238/http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i36/problem-vanilla.html | archive-date = 10 September 2017 | doi=10.1021/cen-09436-cover| doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeh |first=Chih-Hsin |last2=Chen |first2=Kai-Yi |last3=Chou |first3=Chia-Yi |last4=Liao |first4=Hsin-Yi |last5=Chen |first5=Hsin-Chun |date=2021-06-12 |title=New Insights on Volatile Components of ''Vanilla planifolia'' Cultivated in Taiwan|journal=Molecules|volume=26 |issue=12 |article-number=3608 |doi=10.3390/molecules26123608 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=8231200 |pmid=34204654|doi-access=free}}</ref>Vanillin was first isolated from vanilla pods by Gobley in 1858.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gobley, N.-T. | date = 1858 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Yrs8AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA401 | title = Recherches sur le principe odorant de la vanilla | trans-title = Research on the fragrant substance of vanilla | journal = Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie |series=Series 3 | volume = 34 | pages = 401–405 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160603194057/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yrs8AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA401 | archive-date = 3 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cuan-Escobar |first=Tiffany A. |last2=Cuellar-Sánchez |first2=Alma |last3=Gómez-Velázquez |first3=Haiku D. J. |last4=Monribot-Villanueva |first4=Juan L. |last5=Guerrero-Analco |first5=José A. |last6=Gutiérrez-Díaz |first6=Isabel |last7=Luna-Vital |first7=Diego A. |date=2025-02-01 |title=Effect of different killing methods during curing on the phytochemical and bacterial composition of ''Vanilla planifolia'' using multi-omic approaches |journal=Food Chemistry: X |volume=26 |article-number=102269 |doi=10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102269 |issn=2590-1575 |pmc=11872573 |pmid=40034982}}</ref> By 1874, it had been obtained from glycosides of pine tree sap, temporarily causing a depression in the natural vanilla industry. Vanillin can be easily synthesized from various raw materials, but the majority of food-grade (> 99% pure) vanillin is made from [[guaiacol]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanillin {{!}} Baking Ingredients |url=https://bakerpedia.com/ingredients/vanillin/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=BAKERpedia |date=17 November 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Vanilla no Tahiti.jpg|upright|thumb|right|''Vanilla'' × ''tahitensis'' in cultivation]]
[[File:Vanilla plantation in wood dsc00190.jpg|thumb|upright|A vanilla plantation in a forest of [[Réunion Island]]]]

In general, quality vanilla only comes from good vines and through careful production methods. Commercial vanilla production can be performed under open field and "greenhouse" operations. The two production systems share these similarities:

* Plant height and number of years before producing the first grains
* Shade necessities
* Amount of organic matter needed
* A tree or frame to grow around (bamboo, coconut or ''Erythrina lanceolata'')
* Labor intensity (pollination and harvest activities)<ref name="Anilkumar 2004">{{cite journal |last=Anilkumar |first=A. S. |date=February 2004 |title=Vanilla cultivation: A profitable agri-based enterprise |journal=Kerala Calling |pages=26–30 |url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/keralacallfeb04/p26-30.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228070500/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/keralacallfeb04/p26-30.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2013 }}</ref>

Vanilla grows best in a hot, humid climate from sea level to an elevation of 1,500 m.<ref name="Stehlé-1952">{{Cite journal |last=Stehlé |first=Henri |date=1952 |title=Le Vanillier et sa culture: Histoire - Botanique - Géographie - Écologie du vanillier |url=https://revues.cirad.fr/index.php/fruits/article/view/32744 |journal=Fruits |language=fr |volume=7 |pages=50–56}}</ref> The ideal climate has moderate rainfall, 1,500–3,000 mm, evenly distributed through 10 months of the year. Optimum temperatures for cultivation are {{convert|15|-|30|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|15|-|20|C|F}} during the night. Ideal humidity is around 80%, and under normal greenhouse conditions, it can be achieved by an evaporative cooler. However, since greenhouse vanilla is grown near the equator and under polymer (HDPE) netting (shading of 50%), this humidity can be achieved by the environment. Most successful vanilla growing and processing is done in the region within 10 to 20° of the equator.<ref name="Stehlé-1952" />

Soils for vanilla cultivation should be loose, with high organic matter content and loamy texture. They must be well drained, and a slight slope helps in this condition. Soil [[pH]] has not been well documented, but some researchers have indicated an optimum soil pH around 5.3.<ref>Berninger, F., Salas, E., 2003. "Biomass dynamics of Erythrina lanceolata as influenced by shoot-pruning intensity in Costa Rica." ''Agro-forestry Systems'', 57:19–28.</ref> [[Mulch]] is very important for proper growth of the vine, and a considerable portion of mulch should be placed in the base of the vine.<ref name="Davis-1983">{{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Elmo W. |year=1983 |title=Experiences with growing vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=132 |issue=132 |pages=23–9 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1983.132.2 }}</ref> Fertilization varies with soil conditions, but general recommendations are: 40 to 60 g of N, 20 to 30 g of P2O5 and 60 to 100 g of K2O should be applied to each plant per year besides organic manures, such as [[vermicompost]], oil cakes, poultry manure, and wood ash. Foliar applications are also good for vanilla, and a solution of 1% NPK (17:17:17) can be sprayed on the plant once a month. Vanilla requires organic matter, so three or four applications of mulch a year are adequate for the plant.

===Propagation, preparation and type of stock===
Dissemination of vanilla can be achieved either by stem cutting or by tissue culture. For stem cutting, a progeny garden needs to be established.  All plants need to grow under 50% shade, as well as the rest of the crop. Mulching the trenches with coconut husk and micro irrigation provide an ideal microclimate for vegetative growth.<ref name="Elizabeth 2002">{{cite journal |last=Elizabeth |first=K. G. |year=2002 |title=Vanilla: an orchid spice |journal=Indian Journal of Arecanut Spices and Medicinal Plants |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=96–8}}</ref> Cuttings between {{convert|60|and|120|cm|in|abbr=on}} should be selected for planting in the field or greenhouse. Cuttings below {{convert|60|to|120|cm|in|abbr=on}} need to be rooted and raised in a separate nursery before planting. Planting material should always come from unflowered portions of the vine. Wilting of the cuttings before planting provides better conditions for root initiation and establishment.<ref name="Anilkumar 2004"/>

Before planting the cuttings, trees to support the vine must be planted at least three months before sowing the cuttings. Pits of 30 × 30 × 30 cm are dug {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} away from the tree and filled with farm yard manure (vermicompost), sand and top soil mixed well. An average of 2000 cuttings can be planted per hectare (2.5 acres). One important consideration is that when planting the cuttings from the base, four leaves should be pruned and the pruned basal point must be pressed into the soil in a way such that the nodes are in close contact with the soil, and are placed at a depth of {{convert|15|to|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Davis-1983"/> The top portion of the cutting is tied to the tree using natural fibers such as banana or hemp.

===Tissue culture===
Tissue culture was first used as a means of creating vanilla plants during the 1980s at Tamil Nadu University. This was the part of the first project to grow ''V. planifolia'' in India. At that time, a shortage of vanilla planting stock was occurring in India. The approach was inspired by the work going on to tissue culture other flowering plants. Several methods have been proposed for vanilla tissue culture, but all of them begin from axillary buds of the vanilla vine.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF01092772 |pmid=30727638 |title=In vitro multiplication of ''Vanilla planifolia'' using axillary bud explants |year=1997 |last1=George |first1=P. S. |last2=Ravishankar |first2=G. A. |journal=Plant Cell Reports |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=490–494|bibcode=1997PCelR..16..490G |s2cid=25158520 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kononowicz |first1=H. |last2=Janick |first2=J. |year=1984 |title=In vitro propagation of Vanilla planifolia |journal=HortScience |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=58–9|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.19.1.58 |s2cid=89492752 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In vitro multiplication has also been achieved through culture of callus masses, protocorms, root tips and stem nodes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Giridhar P, Ravishankar GA |year=2004 |title=Efficient micropropagation of ''Vanilla planifolia'' Andr. under influence of thidiazuron, zeatin and coconut milk |journal=Indian Journal of Biotechnology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=113–118 |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/5837 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506134353/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/5837 |archive-date=6 May 2014 }}</ref> Description of any of these processes can be obtained from the references listed before, but all of them are successful in generation of new vanilla plants that first need to be grown up to a height of at least {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} before they can be planted in the field or greenhouse.<ref name="Anilkumar 2004"/>

===Scheduling considerations===
In the tropics,{{where|date=October 2020}} the ideal time for planting vanilla is from September to November, when the weather is neither too rainy nor too dry, but this recommendation varies with growing conditions. Cuttings take one to eight weeks to establish roots, and show initial signs of growth from one of the leaf axils. A thick mulch of leaves should be provided immediately after planting as an additional source of organic matter. Three years are required for cuttings to grow enough to produce flowers and subsequent pods. As with most orchids, the blossoms grow along stems branching from the main vine. The buds, growing along the {{convert|6|to|10|in|cm|abbr=on}} stems, bloom and mature in sequence, each at a different interval.<ref name="Elizabeth 2002"/>

===Pollination===
{{external media
| float = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RdoTcDD2EU Hand Pollination of Vanilla Planifolia Flowers], YouTube video
}}
Flowering normally occurs every spring, and without pollination, the blossom wilts and falls, and no vanilla bean can grow. In the wild in the [[New World]], the only organisms ever observed to carry ''Vanilla'' pollen are orchid bees in the genus ''[[Eulaema]]'', though direct evidence documenting seed set is lacking.<ref name="Lubinsky-2006" /> Claims that pollination is achieved by stingless bees of the genus ''[[Melipona]]'' or [[hummingbird]]s have never been substantiated, though they do visit the flowers.<ref name="Lubinsky-2006" /> Even within the range of orchid bees, wild vanilla orchids have only a 1% chance of successful pollination. As a result, all vanilla grown today is pollinated by hand. Each flower must be hand-pollinated within 12 hours of opening. A small splinter of wood or a grass stem is used to lift the [[rostellum]] or move the flap upward, so the overhanging anther can be pressed against the stigma and self-pollinate the vine. Generally, one flower per [[raceme]] opens per day, so the raceme may be in flower for over 20 days. A healthy vine should produce about 50 to 100 beans per year, but growers are careful to pollinate only five or six flowers from the 20 on each raceme. The first flowers that open in each raceme are usually the only ones that are pollinated, so the resulting beans are similar in age and mature together. This agronomic practice facilitates harvest and increases bean quality, as over-pollination results in diseases and inferior bean quality.<ref name="Davis-1983" /> The fruits require five to six weeks to develop, but around six months to mature. A vine remains productive between 12 and 14 years.

===Pest and disease management===
Vanilla is susceptible to many fungal and viral diseases. ''[[Fusarium]]'', ''[[Sclerotium]]'', ''[[Phytophthora]]'', and ''[[Colletrotrichum]]'' species cause rots of root, stem, leaf, bean, and [[shoot apex]]. Development of most diseases is favoured by unsuitable growing conditions such as overwatering, insufficient drainage, heavy mulch, overpollination, and too much shade. Fungal diseases can be controlled by spraying [[Bordeaux mixture]] (1%), [[carbendazim]] (0.2%) and [[copper oxychloride]] (0.2%).

Biological control of the spread of such diseases can be managed by applying to the soil ''[[Trichoderma]]'' ({{convert|0.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} per plant in the [[rhizosphere]]) and foliar application of [[pseudomonas]] (0.2%). [[Mosaic virus]], [[leaf curl]], and [[Cymbidium mosaic virus|cymbidium mosaic potexvirus]] are the common viral diseases. These diseases are transmitted through the sap, so affected plants must be destroyed. The insect pests of vanilla include beetles and weevils that attack the flower, caterpillars, snakes, and slugs that damage the tender parts of shoot, flower buds, and immature fruit, and grasshoppers that affect cutting shoot tips.<ref name="Davis-1983" /><ref name="Elizabeth 2002" /> If organic agriculture is practiced, insecticides are avoided, and mechanical measures are adopted for pest management.<ref name="Anilkumar 2004" /> Most of these practices are implemented under greenhouse cultivation, since such field conditions are very difficult to achieve.

===Artificial vanilla===
Most artificial vanilla products contain [[vanillin]], which can be produced synthetically from [[lignin]], a natural polymer found in wood. Most synthetic vanillin is a byproduct from the [[Pulp (paper)|pulp]] used in [[papermaking]], in which the lignin is broken down using [[sulfite]]s or [[sulfate]]s. However, vanillin is only one of 171 identified aromatic components of real vanilla fruits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cooksvanilla.com/about_vanilla.html |title=About Vanilla – Vanilla imitations |publisher=Cook Flavoring Company |year=2011 |access-date=22 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430092229/http://www.cooksvanilla.com/about.html |archive-date=30 April 2009 }}</ref>

The orchid species ''[[Leptotes bicolor]]'' is used as a natural vanilla replacement in Paraguay and southern Brazil.

In 1996 the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] cautioned that some vanilla products sold in Mexico were made from the cheaper [[tonka bean]] which as well as vanillin also contains the toxin [[coumarin]]. They advised consumers to always check the ingredients label and avoid suspiciously cheap products.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm048613.htm |title=IMPORT ALERT IA2807: "DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF COUMARIN IN VANILLA PRODUCTS (EXTRACTS – FLAVORINGS – IMITATIONS)" |access-date=21 December 2007 |date=January 1998 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration Office of Regulatory Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603133600/https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm048613.htm |archive-date=3 June 2009 }}</ref>

===Nonplant vanilla flavoring===
In the United States, [[castoreum]], the exudate from the castor sacs of mature [[beaver]]s, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Burdock GA |title=Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient |journal=Int. J. Toxicol. |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=51–55 |year=2007 |pmid=17365147 |doi=10.1080/10915810601120145|s2cid=39977652 }}</ref> often referenced simply as a "[[natural flavoring]]" in the product's list of ingredients. It is used in both food and beverages,<ref name="Kennedy-2015"/> especially as vanilla and raspberry flavoring, with a total annual U.S. production of less than 300 pounds.<ref name="Kennedy-2015">{{cite news |url=http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/the-flavor-rundown-natural-vs-artificial-flavors/ |title=What's in a flavor? Vanillin dreams |last=Kennedy |first=C Rose |newspaper=Science in the News |year=2015 |series=The Flavor Rundown: Natural vs. Artificial Flavors |publisher=Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences |location=Boston, MA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202173544/http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/the-flavor-rundown-natural-vs-artificial-flavors/ |archive-date=2 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Burdock|first=George A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8OyTzGGJhYC&pg=PA277|title=Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients|date=2004-12-03|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-3787-6|language=en}}</ref> It is also used to flavor some cigarettes and in perfume-making, and is used by fur trappers as a scent lure.

===Harvest===
Harvesting vanilla fruits is as labor-intensive as pollinating the blossoms. Immature, dark green pods are not harvested. Pale yellow discoloration that commences at the distal end of the fruits is not a good indication of the maturity of pods. Each fruit ripens at its own time, requiring a daily harvest. "Current methods for determining the maturity of vanilla (''Vanilla planifolia'' Andrews) beans are unreliable. Yellowing at the blossom end, the current index, occurs before beans accumulate maximum [[glucovanillin]] concentrations. Beans left on the vine until they turn brown have higher glucovanillin concentrations but may split and have low quality. Judging bean maturity is difficult as they reach full size soon after pollination. Glucovanillin accumulates from 20 weeks, maximum about 40 weeks after pollination. Mature green beans have 20% dry matter but less than 2% glucovanillin."<ref>{{cite journal|title=Determining the harvest maturity of vanilla beans|author1=S. Van Dyk |author2=P. Holford |author3=P. Subedi |author4=K. Walsh |author5=M. Williams |author6=W.B. McGlasson |journal=Scientia Horticulturae|volume=168|year=2014|pages=249–257|doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2014.02.002|bibcode=2014ScHor.168..249V }}</ref> The accumulation of dry matter and glucovanillin are highly correlated. To ensure the finest flavor from every fruit, each individual pod must be picked by hand just as it begins to split on the end. Overmatured fruits are likely to split, causing a reduction in market value. Its commercial value is fixed based on the length and appearance of the pod.

If the fruit is more than {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, it is categorized as first-quality. The largest fruits greater than {{convert|16|cm|in|abbr=on}} and up to as much as {{convert|21|cm|in|abbr=on}} are usually reserved for the gourmet vanilla market, for sale to top chefs and restaurants. If the fruits are between 10 and 15 cm long, pods are in the second-quality category, and fruits less than {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length are in the third-quality category. Each fruit contains thousands of tiny black vanilla seeds. Vanilla fruit yield depends on the care and management given to the hanging and fruiting vines. Any practice directed to stimulate [[aerial root]] production has a direct effect on vine productivity. A five-year-old vine can produce between {{convert|1.5|and|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of pods, and this production can increase up to {{convert|6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} after a few years. The harvested green fruit can be commercialized as such or cured to get a better market price.<ref name="Anilkumar 2004"/><ref name="Davis-1983"/><ref name="Elizabeth 2002"/>

===Curing===
Several methods exist in the market for curing vanilla; nevertheless, all of them consist of four basic steps: killing, sweating, slow-drying, and conditioning of the beans.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Havkin-Frenkel D, French JC, Graft NM |s2cid=90867600 |year=2004 |title=Interrelation of curing and botany in vanilla (vanilla planifolia) bean |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=629 |issue=629 |pages=93–102 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.629.12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Havkin-Frenkel |first1=D. |last2=French |first2=J. C. |last3=Pak |first3=F. E. |last4=Frenkel |first4=C. |year=2003 |title=Botany and curing of vanilla |journal=Journal of Aromatic Medicinal Plants}}</ref>

====Killing====
The vegetative tissue of the vanilla pod is killed to stop the vegetative growth of the pods and disrupt the cells and tissue of the fruits, which initiates [[enzymatic reaction]]s responsible for the aroma. The method of killing varies, but may be accomplished by heating in hot water, freezing, or scratching, or killing by heating in an oven or exposing the beans to direct sunlight. The different methods give different profiles of enzymatic activity.<ref name="Frenkel-2010">{{cite book |first1=Chaim |last1=Frenkel |first2=Arvind S. |last2=Ranadive |first3=Javier Tochihuitl |last3=Vázquez |first4=Daphna |last4=Havkin-Frenkel |chapter=Curing of Vanilla |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCraZokdYrkC&pg=PA79 |pages=79–106 [87] |editor1-first=Daphna |editor1-last=Havkin-Frenkel |editor2-first=Faith |editor2-last=Belanger |year=2010 |title=Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2937-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425124132/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCraZokdYrkC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=25 April 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Arana-1944">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjcSAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA119 |first1=Francisca E. |last1=Arana |date=October 1944 |title=Vanilla curing and its chemistry |journal=Bulletin |issue=42 |pages=1–17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427153641/https://books.google.com/books?id=fjcSAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA119 |archive-date=27 April 2016 }}</ref>

Testing has shown mechanical disruption of fruit tissues can cause curing processes,<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US2621127 Methods of dehydrating and curing vanilla fruit] US Patent 2,621,127</ref> including the degeneration of glucovanillin to vanillin, so the reasoning goes that disrupting the tissues and cells of the fruit allow enzymes and [[Enzyme substrate (biology)|enzyme substrates]] to interact.<ref name="Frenkel-2010"/>

Hot-water killing may consist of dipping the pods in hot water ({{convert|63|-|65|C|F}}) for three minutes, or at {{convert|80|C|F}} for 10 seconds. In scratch killing, fruits are scratched along their length.<ref name="Arana-1944"/> Frozen or quick-frozen fruits must be thawed again for the subsequent [[#Sweating|sweating stage]]. Tied in bundles and rolled in blankets, fruits may be placed in an oven at {{convert|60|C|F}} for 36 to 48 hours. Exposing the fruits to sunlight until they turn brown, a method originating in Mexico, was practiced by the Aztecs.<ref name="Frenkel-2010"/>

====Sweating====
Sweating is a [[hydrolytic]] and [[oxidative]] process. Traditionally, it consists of keeping fruits, for 7 to 10 days, densely stacked and insulated in wool or other cloth. This retains a temperature of {{convert|45|-|65|C|F}} and high humidity. Daily exposure to the sun may also be used, or dipping the fruits in hot water. The fruits are brown and have attained much of the characteristic vanilla flavor and aroma by the end of this process, but still retain a 60–70% moisture content by weight.<ref name="Frenkel-2010"/>

====Drying====
Reduction of the beans to 25–30% moisture by weight, to prevent rotting and to lock the aroma in the pods, is always achieved by some exposure of the beans to air, and usually (and traditionally) intermittent shade and sunlight. Fruits may be laid out in the sun during the mornings and returned to their boxes in the afternoons, or spread on a wooden rack in a room for three to four weeks, sometimes with periods of sun exposure. Drying is the most problematic of the curing stages; unevenness in the drying process can lead to the loss of vanillin content of some fruits by the time the others are cured.<ref name="Frenkel-2010"/>

====Conditioning====
Conditioning is performed by storing the pods for five to six months in closed boxes, where the fragrance develops. The processed fruits are sorted, graded, bundled, and wrapped in paraffin paper and preserved for the development of desired bean qualities, especially flavor and aroma. The cured vanilla fruits contain an average of 2.5% vanillin.

===Grading===
{{See also|Food grading}}
[[File:Sambava - grading vanilla beans.jpg|thumb|Grading vanilla beans at [[Sambava]], Madagascar]]

Once fully cured, the vanilla fruits are sorted by quality and graded. Several vanilla fruit grading systems are in use. Each country which produces vanilla has its own grading system,<ref name="Havkin-Frenkel-2011">{{cite book|last=Havkin-Frenkel|first=Daphna|title=Handbook of Vanilla Science and Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookvanillas00havk|url-access=limited|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=978-1-4051-9325-2|author2=Belanger, Faith C. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookvanillas00havk/page/n163 142]–145}}</ref> and individual vendors, in turn, sometimes use their own criteria for describing the quality of the fruits they offer for sale.<ref name=VanillaReview>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanillareview.com/vanilla-information/#grades |title=Vanilla |access-date=15 January 2012 |work=Vanilla Review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308042435/http://www.vanillareview.com/vanilla-information/#grades |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref> In general, vanilla fruit grade is based on the length, appearance (color, sheen, presence of any splits, presence of blemishes), and moisture content of the fruit.<ref name="Havkin-Frenkel-2011" /><ref name="Nielsen-1985">{{cite book|last=Nielsen|first=Chat Jr.|title=The Story of Vanilla|year=1985|publisher=Nielsen-Massey Vanillas|location=Chicago}}</ref> Whole, dark, plump and oily pods that are visually attractive, with no blemishes, and that have a higher moisture content are graded most highly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vanilla|url=http://www.indianspices.com/html/spices_spfarm_vanilla.html|work=Spices Board of India|publisher=Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India|access-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027182357/http://www.indianspices.com/html/spices_spfarm_vanilla.html|archive-date=27 October 2011}}</ref> Such pods are particularly prized by chefs for their appearance and can be featured in gourmet dishes.<ref name=VanillaReview /> Beans that show localized signs of disease or other physical defects are cut to remove the blemishes; the shorter fragments left are called "cuts" and are assigned lower grades, as are fruits with lower moisture contents.<ref name="Nielsen-1985" /> Lower-grade fruits tend to be favored for uses in which the appearance is not as important, such as in the production of vanilla flavoring extract and in the fragrance industry.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Higher-grade fruits command higher prices in the market.<ref name="Havkin-Frenkel-2011" /><ref name="Nielsen-1985" /> However, because grade is so dependent on visual appearance and moisture content, fruits with the highest grade do not necessarily contain the highest concentration of characteristic flavor molecules such as vanillin,<ref name="Binggeli-2008">{{cite book|title="Vanilla Bean Quality – A Flavour Industry View" in Expression of Multidisciplinary Flavour Science: Proceedings of the 12th Weurman Symposium (Interlaken, Switzerland 2008)|year=2008|publisher=Zürich University of Applied Sciences|location=Wädensil, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-905745-19-1 |author1=K. Gassenheimer|author2=E. Binggeli |editor=Imre Blank |editor2=Matthias Wüst |editor3=Chahan Yeretzian|pages=203–206}}</ref> and are not necessarily the most flavorful.<ref name=VanillaReview />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example of a vanilla fruit grading system, used in Madagascar<ref name="Havkin-Frenkel-2011" /><ref>{{cite web|title=LFIE Vanilla Products|url=http://www.vanille-lfie.com/|work=Lopat Frederic Import Export|access-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308020556/http://www.vanille-lfie.com/|archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vanilla Bourbon|url=http://spezie-online.it/en/products/vanilla-bourbon|publisher=SA. VA. Import – Export|access-date=16 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vanilla Products|url=http://www.gascartrading.com/8601.html|publisher=Gascar Trading Company|access-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114045827/http://gascartrading.com/8601.html|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vanilla Bean Products|url=http://www.21food.com/showroom/505673/product/vanilla-bean.html|publisher=Vanexco|access-date=16 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120181613/http://www.21food.com/showroom/505673/product/vanilla-bean.html|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
! Grade !! Color !! Appearance / feel !! Approximate moisture content†
|-
| Black || dark brown to black || supple with oily luster || > 30%
|-
| TK (Brown, or Semi-Black) || dark brown to black sometimes with a few red streaks || like Black but drier/stiffer || 25–30%
|-
| Red Fox (European quality) || brown with reddish variegation || a few blemishes || 25%
|-
| Red American quality || brown with reddish variegation || similar to European red but more blemishes and drier/stiffer || 22–25%
|-
| Cuts || short, cut, and often split fruits, typically with substandard aroma and color || ||
|}
† ''moisture content varies among sources cited''
[[File:Vanillanice-Madagascar-vanilla-grading.png|alt=vanilla-grading in Madagascar|center|thumb|300x300px|vanilla-grading in Madagascar]]
A simplified, alternative grading system has been proposed for classifying vanilla fruits suitable for use in cooking:<ref name=VanillaReview />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Simplified vanilla fruit grading system for cooks
| Grade A / Grade I || 15 cm and longer, 100–120 fruits per pound || Also called "Gourmet" or "Prime". 30–35% moisture content.
|-
| Grade B / Grade II || 10–15 cm, 140–160 fruits per pound || Also called "Extract fruits". 15–25% moisture content.
|-
| Grade C / Grade III || 10 cm ||
|}

Under this scheme, vanilla extract is normally made from Grade B fruits.<ref name=VanillaReview />

{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable floatright col2right"
|+ Vanilla production {{small|2023, tonnes}}
|-
| {{MDG}} || 3,113
|-
| {{IDN}} || 1,833
|-
| {{MEX}} || 508
|-
| {{PNG}} || 491
|-
| {{CHN}} || 434
|-
| '''World''' || '''7,433'''
|-
|colspan=2|{{small|Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]}}<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL|title=Raw vanilla production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2025|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Production==
In 2023, world production of raw vanilla was 7,433 [[tonne]]s, led by [[Madagascar]] with 42% of the total and [[Indonesia]] with 25% (table).

==Uses==
[[File:Pure Vanilla Powder.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|A vanilla powder preparation made from sucrose and vanilla bean extracts]]
[[File:Rhum arrangé Madagascar.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.0|Vanilla rum, [[Madagascar]]]]

The four main commercial preparations of natural vanilla are:

* Whole pod
* Powder (ground pods, kept pure or blended with sugar, starch, or other ingredients)<ref>The [[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] [http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=169.179 requires at least 12.5% of pure vanilla (ground pods or oleoresin) in the mixture] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929120807/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=169.179 |date=29 September 2006 }}</ref>
* [[vanilla extract|Extract]] (in alcoholic or occasionally [[glycerol]] solution; both pure and imitation forms of vanilla contain at least 35% alcohol)<ref>The [[Food and Drug Administration|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] [https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=169.3 requires at least 35% vol. of alcohol and 13.35 ounces of pod per gallon] </ref>
* [[Vanilla sugar]], a packaged mix of sugar and vanilla extract

Vanilla flavoring in food may be achieved by adding vanilla extract or by cooking vanilla pods in the liquid preparation. A stronger aroma may be attained if the pods are split in two, exposing more of a pod's surface area to the liquid. In this case, the pods' seeds are mixed into the preparation. Natural vanilla gives a brown or yellow color to preparations, depending on the concentration. Good-quality vanilla has a strong, aromatic flavor, but food with small amounts of low-quality vanilla or artificial vanilla-like flavorings are far more common, since true vanilla is much more expensive.

Regarded as the world's most popular aroma and flavor,<ref name="Rain-2004">{{cite book|author=Rain, Patricia|title=Vanilla: The Cultural History of the World's Most Popular Flavor and Fragrance|isbn=978-1-58542-363-7|publisher=Tarcher|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/vanillaculturalh00rain}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Le Cordon Bleu Cuisine Foundations | page = 213 | isbn = 978-1-4354-8137-4 | author = Le Cordon Bleu | author-link = Le Cordon Bleu | publisher = Cengage learning | year = 2009}}</ref><ref name="Parthasarathy-2008">{{cite book | title = Chemistry of Spices | last1 = Parthasarathy | first1 = V. A. | last2 = Chempakam | first2 = Bhageerathy | last3 = Zachariah | first3 = T. John | isbn = 978-1-84593-405-7 | publisher = [[CAB International|CABI]] | year = 2008 | page = 2}}</ref> vanilla is a widely used aroma and flavor compound for foods, beverages and cosmetics, as indicated by its popularity as an [[ice cream]] flavor (as of 2004, around half of vanilla flavor consumed in the US was eaten in ice cream).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idfa.org/news-views/news-releases/article/2013/07/23/vanilla-remains-top-ice-cream-flavor-with-americans|title=Vanilla remains top ice cream flavor with Americans |publisher=International Dairy Foods Association, Washington, DC|date=23 July 2013|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916103845/http://www.idfa.org/news-views/news-releases/article/2013/07/23/vanilla-remains-top-ice-cream-flavor-with-americans|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |author-link=Harold McGee |title=[[On Food and Cooking]] |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |year=2004 |isbn=1-4165-5637-0 |location=New York |page=433}}</ref> Although vanilla is a prized flavoring agent on its own, it is also used to enhance the flavor of other substances, to which its own flavor is often complementary, such as [[chocolate]], [[custard]], [[caramel]], [[coffee]], and others. Vanilla is a common ingredient in Western sweet [[baked goods]], such as [[cookies]] and [[cake]]s.<ref name="Parthasarathy-2008"/><ref name="Zhu-2018"/> Despite the expense, vanilla is highly valued for its flavor.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Book of Spices | last1 = Rosengarten | first1 = Frederic | publisher = Pyramid Books | year = 1973 | isbn = 978-0-515-03220-8 | url = https://archive.org/details/bookofspices00fred }}</ref>

The food industry uses [[vanillin|methyl and ethyl vanillin]] as less-expensive substitutes for real vanilla. Ethyl vanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger [[note (perfumery)|note]]. ''[[Cook's Illustrated]]'' ran several taste tests pitting vanilla against vanillin in baked goods and other applications, and to the consternation of the magazine editors, tasters could not differentiate the flavor of vanillin from vanilla;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooksillustrated.com/tastetests/overview.asp?docid=18889 |title=Pure versus Imitation Vanilla Extract |publisher=Cooks Illustrated |date=1 March 2009 |access-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505092901/http://www.cooksillustrated.com/tastetests/overview.asp?docid=18889 |archive-date=5 May 2013 }}</ref> however, for the case of vanilla ice cream, natural vanilla won out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cooksillustrated.com/tastetests/overview.asp?docid=23742 |title=Tasting lab: Vanilla Ice Cream |publisher=Cooks Illustrated |date=1 May 2010 |access-date=30 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510034538/http://www.cooksillustrated.com/tastetests/overview.asp?docid=23742 |archive-date=10 May 2013 }}</ref> A more recent and thorough test by the same group produced a more interesting variety of results; namely, high-quality artificial vanilla flavoring is best for cookies, while high-quality real vanilla is slightly better for cakes and significantly better for unheated or lightly heated foods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cooksillustrated.com/tastetests/overview.asp?docid=18889|title=Vanilla Extract|date=1 March 2009|access-date=19 June 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627131955/http://www.cooksillustrated.com/tastetests/overview.asp?docid=18889|archive-date=27 June 2012}}</ref>

The liquid extracted from vanilla pods was once believed to have medical properties, helping with various stomach ailments.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Vanilla|last = Jaucourt|first = Louis|date = 1765|journal = Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers|hdl = 2027/spo.did2222.0000.830}}</ref>

==Contact dermatitis==
[[File:Blausen 0014 AllergicDermatitis.png|thumb|Illustration of allergic contact dermatitis]]

The sap of most species of vanilla orchid which exudes from cut stems or where beans are harvested can cause moderate to severe dermatitis if it comes in contact with bare skin. The sap of vanilla orchids contains [[calcium oxalate]] crystals, which are thought to be the main causative agent of [[contact dermatitis]] in vanilla plantation workers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262578-2|title=Vanilla planifolia Andrews – Plants of the World Online – Kew Science|website=powo.science.kew.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122013549/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262578-2|archive-date=22 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{PFAF |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033211/http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vanilla+planifolia |archivedate=1 December 2017}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Vanilla plantation dsc01187.jpg|A vanilla planting in an open field on Réunion
File:Vanilla plantation in shader dsc01168.jpg|A vanilla planting in a "shader" (''ombrière'') on Réunion
File:Vanilla_planifolia_1.jpg|Flower
File:Vanilla fragrans 2.jpg|Green fruits
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Vanilla extract]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ecott, Tim (2004). ''Vanilla: Travels in Search of the Luscious Substance''. London: Penguin, New York: Grove Atlantic.
* Jennings, Eric T. (2025). ''Vanilla: The History of an Extraordinary Bean''. New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Rain, Patricia (2004). ''Vanilla: The Cultural History of the World's Favorite Flavor and Fragrance''. New York: J. P. Tarcher/Penguin.
* {{Cite book |last=Sampeck |first=Kathryn E |title=Seeds: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 2018 |publisher=[[Marion Boyars Publishers#Prospect Books|Prospect Books]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-909-248-65-6 |location=Great Britain |chapter=Chocolate and Vanilla: Seeds of Taste |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmmWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA240}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=1|s=y|wikt=vanilla}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Vanilla |short=x}}
* [http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262578-2 Kew Species Profile: ''Vanilla planifolia'' (vanilla)]
* [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/ruud_kirs/ History, Classification and Lifecycle of ''Vanilla planifolia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225044953/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/ruud_kirs/ |date=25 February 2012 }}
* [https://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/biomed/spice/index.cfm?displayID=27 ''Spices'' at UCLA History & Special Collections]
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/view/1/27/ "The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe"] by [[Thomas Kitchin]], 1778, in which Kitchin discusses vanilla
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2019-economics-of-vanilla-markets-madagascar/ "Vanillanomics – Watching global market forces at work in the far reaches of Madagascar"] by ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', December 2019

{{Herbs & spices}}
{{Non-timber forest products}}
{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vanilla| ]]
[[Category:Crops originating from indigenous Americans]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Mexico]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican cuisine]]
[[Category:Mexican cuisine]]
[[Category:Non-timber forest products]]
[[Category:Pollination management]]
[[Category:Spices]]
[[Category:Native American cuisine]]

G. K. Moopanar

2026-03-12T15:46:46Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: clean up

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2001)}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = G. K. Moopanar
| image = File:GK_Moopanar_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Moopanar on a 2010 postage stamp of India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|8|19}}
| birth_place = Sunderaperumal Kovil, [[Thanjavur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Thanjavur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| residence = [[Kabisthalam]], [[Thanjavur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2001|8|30|1931|8|9}}
| death_place = [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| office1 = 12th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 19 January 1991
| term_end1 = 30 January 1991
| 1blankname1 = Speaker
| 1namedata1 = [[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
| predecessor1 = S. R. Eradha
| successor1 = [[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]
| office3 = [[All India Congress Committee|General Secretary of All India Congress Committee]]
| term_start3 = 1980
| term_end3 = 1988
| office2 = President of [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
| term_start2 = 29 March 1996
| term_end2 = 30 August 2001
| predecessor2 = ''position established''
| successor2 = [[G. K. Vasan]]
| president3 = [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| party = [[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1952-1996)
| nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse = Kasthuri
| children = Usha Rani, [[G. K. Vasan]]
| occupation = [[Agriculturalist]], [[Politician]], [[Social Worker]]
| website =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 25 July 1977
| term_end4 = 30 August 2001
}}

'''Govindaswamy Karuppiah Moopanar''' (19 August 1931 – 30 August 2001),<ref>[https://gulfnews.com/uae/moopanar-dies-after-prolonged-illness-1.423967 G.K. Moopanar passes away]</ref> known as '''G. K. Moopanar''', was a [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]] leader, parliamentarian, and social worker. He served as Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], president of [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]] and general secretary of [[All India Congress Committee]]<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Subramanian, T. S. |year=2001 |title=Crusading Congressman G.K. Moopanar, 1931–2001 |journal=Frontline |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |volume=18 |issue=19 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1819/18191180.htm |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140726163341/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1819/18191180.htm |archivedate=26 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> from 1980 to 1988. Moopanar was a close associate of Congress leader and former [[Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]], [[K. Kamaraj]].<ref name="Warrier">{{cite web |author=Warrier, Shobha |year=1997 |title=''Ayya'', the man who lost out |publisher=Rediff On The Net |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/apr/21shob.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107204516/http://www.rediff.com/news/apr/21shob.htm |archivedate=7 November 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==

Moopanar was born on 19 August 1931 at Kabisthalam village in the composite Thanjavur district, the rice granary of Tamil Nadu. His father was R. Govindaswamy Moopanar and his mother was Saraswathi Ammal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Shobha Warrier profiles G K Moopanar, who lost out to I K Gujral in the race for the prime ministership |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/apr/21shob.htm |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> He belonged to a family of landed aristocracy that owned vast tracts of fertile land. His father R. Govindaswamy Moopanar was a Congressman. The family patronised music, arts and literature. Moopanar himself was president of the Tiruvaiyaru Sri Thyaga Brahma Mahotsava Sabha from 1980 until his death. This Sabha conducts the annual Thyagaraja music festival at Thiruvaiyaru, the saint-composer’s birthplace.<ref name="makkalthalaivar.org">[http://www.makkalthalaivar.org/about-moopanar/life-history/ Makkalthalaivar GK Moopanar » Life History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104123229/http://www.makkalthalaivar.org/about-moopanar/life-history/ |date=4 November 2014 }}. Makkalthalaivar.org. Retrieved on 12 November 2018.</ref>

==Political career==
Moopanar first met Kamaraj and [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] when they called on his father Govindasamy Moopanar at his home at Sundaraperumal Kovil, near Kumbakonam, in 1951. Kamaraj was then TNCC president. Moopanar became the president of the Thanjavur district Congress committee in 1965. When the Congress split in 1969 Moopanar continued with Kamaraj. After Kamaraj’s death on 2 October 1975, the two Congress factions in Tamil Nadu merged in 1976. At the merger function, [[Indira Gandhi]] announced that Moopanar would be the president of the unified TNCC.

From then onwards, his rise in the Congress was swift. He was TNCC president from 1976 to 1980, and again in 1988–89. He was a puissant AICC general secretary from 1980 to 1988. Moopanar founded the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] in the year 1996 (TMC) party.<ref name="Warrier" /> He was a Rajya Sabha member when he died. Both Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi offered him ministership but he declined.
[[File:Ayya G. K Vasan.png|left|thumb|[[G. K. Vasan]], son of G. K. Moopanar]]
He also shunned the Prime Minister’s post offered to him in April 1997 after the fall of the United Front government led by [[H.D. Deve Gowda]]. In a volume titled Makkal Thalaivar Moopanar, published by a TMC leader in August 2000, former Union Minister [[R. Dhanuskodi Athithan]] has recalled that CPI(M) general secretary [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]] declared that "Mr. Moopanar is the best and first choice" for the prime ministership. West Bengal Chief Minister [[Jyoti Basu]] seconded the choice. However Mr. Moopanar didn't accept it.

Moopanar died on 30 August 2001, 11 days after celebrating his 70th birthday, at Sri Ramachandra Hospital in [[Chennai]], following a bout of [[pneumonia]]. He was admitted there on 31 July for a [[hip surgery]], which was successful, but he suffered pneumonia as a complication, and his condition turned worse due to [[pulmonary edema]]. His dead body was taken to his home and Rajaji Hall, and was later cremated with full state honours at Kamarajar Ground in Chennai on 31 August, in the presence of many people.

The TMC felt orphaned with the death of Moopanar. The party quickly tried to steady itself when at a meeting of its legislators, Rajya Sabha members and leaders on 1 September, Moopanar’s son [[G. K. Vasan]] was elected TMC president.

[[File:G karuppaiah moopanaar memorial.jpg|thumb|G. K. Moopanar memorial]]
After the demise of Moopanar, under Vasan's leadership, the TMC merged back with the Congress led by [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref name="makkalthalaivar.org"/>

==References==
{{Commons category|G. K. Moopanar}}
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moopanar}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Presidents of Tamil Nadu Congress Committee]]

Bommala Pelli

2026-03-12T02:11:25Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: entry.

{{short description|1958 film}}
{{Long plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bommala Pelli.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Telugu
| director = R. M. Krishnaswamy
| screenplay = [[Acharya Aatreya]]
| producer = M. Radhakrishnan R. M. Krishnaswamy
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] [[Mynavathi]]
| cinematography = C. A. Madhusudhan
| editing = R. M. Venugopal
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Aruna Films
| distributor = Subbu & Co. (Tamil)
| released = {{Film date|1958|01|11|Telugu|1958|05|03|Tamil|df=y}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
}}

'''''Bommala Pelli''''' ({{lit|Wedding of dolls}}; colloquially: Fake wedding) is a 1958 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film, directed by R. M. Krishnaswamy. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] and [[Mynavathi]]. It was simultaneously produced in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as '''''Bommai Kalyanam'''''.

== Plot ==
Suryam (Kannan in Tamil) is a playful teenage boy, in the cusp between puberty and adolescent, the son of the famous and well-to-do lawyer Perayya (Varatharajan in Tamil) and Parvathamma (Thangam in Tamil). While playing football, he meets Radha, the daughter of a well respected freedom fighter family of Simhadri (Veeramuthu in Tamil) and Seshamma (Maragatham in Tamil). At first sight both fall in love.

Perayya is a modest man, but Parvathamma is a greedy woman. Parvathamma wishes to marry off Suryam to her brother Chalamayya's (Sonachalam in Tamil) and Bhadramma's (Perundevi in Tamil) daughter Bullemma (Kannamma in Tamil) and invites them to her place. Bullemma is a naïve girl and Thimaiyya (Mannar in Tamil), Bhadramma 's brother loves her. Perayya likes the simplicity of Simhadri's family and agrees on the alliance of Suryam and Radha. When Parvathamma opposes this, Perayya , in order to carry on with the wedding, lies to her that Simhadri will present a large dowry. The wedding takes place.

After the wedding, Bhadramma, who is furious that Bullemma is not the bride, instigates Parvathamma to query regarding the dowry. A scuffle takes place between the two families and Parvathamma wishes to send back Saroja to her parents place, but Suryam sides with Saroja and accepts her whole-heartedly. Meanwhile, Chalamayya wishes to leave home, but Bhadramma , who is in agony, decides to stay back and plans to create hatred between Parvathamma and Radha. In turn, Parvathamma tortures Saroja in every possible way, but Saroja fights back and keeps calm. Matters get worse when Perayya dies, but not before seeking a promise from Suryam not to disobey Parvathamma. Suryam and Radha's marriage life hits a roadblock. When coming to know that Parvathamma treats Saroja very badly, Simhadri steps in and takes Radha, who is driven away by both Parvathamma and Bhadramma, away to his place.

When Suryam comes back, Parvathamma and Bhadramma lie to him that Saroja had gone to her parents place along with Simhadri, without seeking their consent. That night, Saroja tries to meet Suryam, but Parvathamma would not let Saroja in. Meanwhile, Bullemma unwittingly lets know Suryam regarding this incident and Suryam goes to Simhadri's place to explain, in order to take back Radha. Simhadri spells out to Suryam clearly that Saroja would not go to Suryam's place as long as Parvathamma is there. Taking this opportunity, Parvathamma and Bhadramma force and arrange Bullemma to be married to Suryam. Observing all this, Chalamayya and Thimaiyya attempt to abduct Bullemma, but fail. To make matters worse, Parvathamma sends a letter to Saroja informing that Suryam would remarry and restricts Saroja not to interfere in Suryam's life any more.

On the engagement day, Suryam who is badly disturbed by the events, falls from the first floor of his balcony and is badly injured. Upon hearing this, Saroja rushes to Suryam's place, was stopped by Simhadri , but later consents after hearing to Radha's plea. Suryam is happy to see Saroja around, tells her not to leave him even though Parvathamma mistreats her and Saroja assures this. At this juncture, Parvathamma and Bhadramma further humiliate Simhadri to the worst, which drives him to sell his mansion to compensate with much dowry. Parvathamma tries all her best to drive Saroja away, but to no avail and she becomes violent. Saroja hides in one of the rooms, but Parvathamma tries to force open the door, when the door collapse onto Parvathamma. At the same time, Simhadri parades the dowry items from his home throughout the streets, much to the residents' dismay and reaches Suryam's place. Upon seeing all this, Bhadramma and Bullemma flee.

Parvathamma realises her error on her deathbed and seeks apology from Suryam, Saroja and Simhadri then dies. Suryam and Saroja reunite and live happily.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="5"|Male cast
! rowspan ="10" {{cEmpty}}
! colspan="5"|Female cast
|-
!Cast (Telugu)
!Cast (Tamil)
!Role (Telugu)
!Role (Tamil)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
!Cast (Telugu)
!Cast (Tamil)
!Role (Telugu)
!Role (Tamil)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Suryam
|style="text-align:center;"|Kannan
|rowspan="5"|<ref name="I">{{Cite web |title=బొమ్మల పెళ్లి |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/AKY/1958-Bommala%20Pelli-1958.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923094024/https://indiancine.ma/documents/AKY/1958-Bommala%20Pelli-1958.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma |language=te}}</ref>
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Saroja
|style="text-align:center;"|Radha
|rowspan="5"|<ref name="I" />
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[V. Nagayya]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Perayya
|style="text-align:center;"|Varatharajan
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Santha Kumari]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Parvathamma
|style="text-align:center;"|Thangam
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Simhadri
|style="text-align:center;"|Veeramuthu
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Mynavathi]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Bullemma
|style="text-align:center;"|Kannamma
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Ramana Reddy]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Friend Ramasamy
|style="text-align:center;"|Chalamayya
|style="text-align:center;"|Sonachalam
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]
|style="text-align:center;"|[[M. S. Sundari Bai]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Bhadramma
|style="text-align:center;"|Perundevi
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|{{ill|Nalla Ramamurthy|te|నల్ల రామమూర్తి}}
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Thimaiyya
|style="text-align:center;"|Mannar
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Rushyendramani]]
|style="text-align:center;"|Seshamma
|style="text-align:center;"|Maragatham
|}

;Telugu
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah]] as the [[Sannyasa|sanyasi]]
*Gauripati Shastri as Somayajulu
*Y. V. Raju as Doctor
*B. V. Ramanachari as Bhima
*Bhavana Rishi as Sambhu
*Lakshmi Devi as Kamala
*Sitarammamma as Mangamma
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].

'''Telugu songs'''<ref name="I" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Chitti Baava" || Pithapuram Nageswara Rao & Swarnalatha || [[Acharya Aatreya]]|| 03:27
|-
| "Raavo Kanaraavo" || A. M. Rajah & Jikki || [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]|| 02:29
|-
| "Avunaa Idhi Thudiavunaa" || Jikki || Acharya Aatreya || 02:53
|-
| "Haayigaa Theeyagaa" || A. M. Rajah & Jikki || Acharya Aatreya || 03:31
|-
| "Raaramma Raaramma" || Jikki || Acharya Aatreya || 02:56
|-
| "Chikkave Chindana" || Pithapuram Nageswara Rao || Acharya Aatreya|| 02:42
|-
| "Vasantham Inthenaa" || Jikki || Acharya Aatreya || 03:00
|-
| "Ninne Ninne Meghama" || P. Susheela & K. Jamuna Rani || Acharya Aatreya || 03:06
|-
| "Kalyaname Cheli Vaibhogame" || A. P. Komala || Acharya Aatreya || 03:54
|-
| "Hareram Hareram" || || Acharya Aatreya || 03:54
|}
;Tamil songs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bommai Kalyanam |url=http://gaana.com/album/bommai-kalyanam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403083221/http://gaana.com/album/bommai-kalyanam |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=25 September 2014 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=154 |language=Tamil}}</ref>
The song "Nillu Nillu Megame" by P. Susheela, K. Jamuna Rani & Group did not take place in this film.

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aasai Vachchen" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan & T. V. Rathnam || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]|| 03:27
|-
| "Anbe Nee Ange" || A. M. Rajah & Jikki || [[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 02:29
|-
| "Idhuvo Namgathi" || Jikki || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 02:53
|-
| "Inbame Pongume" || A. M. Rajah & Jikki || A. Maruthakasi || 03:31
|-
| "Kalyaanam Kalyaanam" || Jikki & Group || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 02:56
|-
| "Ennam Pole Pennum" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 02:42
|-
| "Vasandha Kaalam" || Jikki || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 03:00
|-
| "Nillu Nillu Megame" || P. Susheela, K. Jamuna Rani & Group || A. Maruthakasi || 03:06
|-
| "Kalyaname Selvi Kalyaname" || A. P. Komala & Group || A. Maruthakasi || 03:54
|-
| "Raajaadhi Rajan Vandhen" || Kaka Radhakrishnan || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 02:05
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Bommai Kalyanam'' was released by Subbu & Co.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=4 May 1958 |title=பொம்மை கல்யாணம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-05-04/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240923093539/https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-05-04/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Bommala Pelli'' fared slightly better than ''Bommai Kalyanam'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2018 |title=வீட்டை வாங்கி பார், மெட்டை போட்டு பார்! |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/61136 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807051430/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/61136 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> which ran for 50 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஜெயந்தன் |first=ஆர்.சி. |date=4 May 2018 |title=பொன்விழா: ஒரே ஆண்டில் 8 வெற்றிப்படங்கள்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/127788-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503131037/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/127788-8.html |archive-date=3 May 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Bommai Kalyanam'' was panned by Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=18 May 1958 |title=பொம்மை கல்யாணம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-05-18/page/n19/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240923093216/https://archive.org/details/kalki1958-05-18/page/n19/mode/2up |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=11 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=18–19 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1958 Indian films]]
[[Category:1958 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1958 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1958 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1958 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Ola Consumer

2026-03-10T16:45:41Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: Added new page...

{{short description|Indian ridesharing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ola Consumer
| former_name =
| trading_name =
| logo = Ola Cabs logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Transportation]] 
[[Food Industry]]
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2010|12|03}}
| founders = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bhavish Aggarwal]]|Ankit Bhati}}
| defunct = 
| fate =
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = 414, 3rd Floor 4th Block, 17th Main, [[100 Feet Road, Bangalore|100 Feet Road]] [[Koramangala]] [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]] 560034
| num_locations = 250+ cities
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Bhavish Aggarwal]] {{small|([[Organizational founder|Co-founder]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}|Ankit Bhati {{small|([[Organizational founder|Co-founder]])}}}}
| products = [[Mobile app]], [[website]]
| services = {{unbulleted list
| [[Vehicle for hire]]
| [[Financial services]]
| [[Food delivery]]<ref name="Revenue">{{cite web |url=https://entrackr.com/2021/11/ola-losses-accumulate-to-rs-17453-cr-as-revenue-shrinks-63-in-fy21/ |title=Ola's losses accumulate to Rs 17,453 Cr as revenue shrinks 63% in FY21 |date=3 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|2799|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |last1=Sil |first1=Debarghya |title=Ola Cabs Parent ANI Tech's FY23 Revenue Crosses INR 2,500 Cr Mark, Loss Declines To INR 772 Cr |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/ola-cabs-parent-ani-techs-fy23-revenue-crosses-inr-2500-cr-mark-loss-declines-to-inr-772-cr/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Inc42 Media |date=10 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{negative decrease}} {{INRConvert|-772|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner =
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = ~3,000
| num_employees_year = 2020
| parent = ANI Technologies<ref name="anitech">{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=Ola posts operating profit in FY21 ahead of likely share sale |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/company-results/ola-cabs-pushes-towards-ebitda-profitability-in-covid-hit-year-11635846805537.html |access-date=15 November 2021 |work=mint |date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|www.olacabs.com/}}
| footnotes =
| coordinates =
}}

'''Ola Consumer''', formerly '''Ola Cabs''', is an Indian [[transportation company]] that provides [[Ridesharing company|ride-hailing]] services and operates other business verticals such as financial services and [[cloud kitchen]]s. It is headquartered in [[Bangalore]], and operates in 250+ Indian cities.

A variety of [[venture capitalists]] including [[Softbank]] have large stakes in the company.<ref name="wire29apr2018">{{cite news |title=Would an Ola-Uber Merger in India Get the Competition Commission's Approval? |url=https://thewire.in/business/ola-uber-merger-competition-commission-approval |access-date=19 March 2019 |publisher=The Wire |date=29 April 2018}}</ref> In January 2018, Ola extended into its first overseas market, [[Australia]], and launched in [[New Zealand]] in September 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-ola-newzealand/indias-ola-forays-into-new-zealand-in-latest-overseas-push-idUSKCN1LY0H4?il=0|title=India's Ola forays into New Zealand in latest overseas push|date=18 September 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> In March 2019, Ola began its operations in the [[United Kingdom|UK]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Aditi |title=Next pickup is London for Ola |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/ola-gets-green-light-for-london-launch/articleshow/70075567.cms |access-date=1 January 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> In April 2024, the company announced that it is exiting all of its international markets to focus on the Indian market.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-09 |title=Ola Cabs to exit international markets this month |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/ola-cabs-to-exit-international-markets-this-month/articleshow/109159141.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In August 2024, the company rebranded itself to Ola Consumer.

==History==
In 2010, Bhavish Aggarwal established Olatrip.com, a trip planning company operating in the Delhi region. In January 2011, recognizing a growing demand for on-demand cab services, Aggarwal and co-founder Ankit Bhati launched Ola Cabs, a taxi aggregation firm.<ref name="ride">{{cite news |title=Ola: Taking India On A Ride |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2015/ola-taking-india-on-a-ride/41193/1 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> It originally allowed users to make bookings via phone call, before introducing its [[mobile app]] in June 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last1=SN |first1=Vikas |title=Olacabs Offers Real-Time Cab Booking On Mobile; Single Click; Our Take |url=https://www.medianama.com/2012/06/223-olacabs-offers-real-time-cab-booking-on-mobile-single-click-our-take/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=MediaNama |date=13 June 2012}}</ref> By early 2015, Ola reportedly had the biggest market share, followed by TaxiForSure, [[Meru Cabs]], and [[Uber]], which was launched in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Ola and Uber are making other taxi companies irrelevant in India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/india-taxi-market-war-heats-up-ola-cabs-uber-strategy-leaders-52989-2015-08-12 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Business Today |date=12 August 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ride"/>

In March 2015, Ola Cabs acquired rival TaxiForSure for {{INR}}1,237 crore (US$200 million).<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola buys TaxiForSure for Rs 1,237 crore in a cash-and-stock deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/ola-buys-taxiforsure-for-rs-1237-crore-in-a-cash-and-stock-deal/articleshow/46436464.cms |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=3 March 2015}}</ref> In June 2015, Ola integrated TaxiForSure services on the Ola mobile application.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ola cabs app and Taxi For Sure get into a relationship. Twitter trolls prove how complex it is|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/Ola-cabs-app-and-Taxi-For-Sure-get-into-a-relationship-Twitter-trolls-prove-how-complex-it-is/articleshow/47815748.cms|newspaper=[[Business Insider|Business Insider India]]|first=Suchayan|last=Mandal|date=25 June 2015|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626111123/http://www.businessinsider.in/Ola-cabs-app-and-Taxi-For-Sure-get-into-a-relationship-Twitter-trolls-prove-how-complex-it-is/articleshow/47815748.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2015, Ola was reported to be operating in over 100 cities and became an app-only service.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dalal |first1=Mihir |title=Ola to shut website, turn into app-only platform starting August |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/7WPVLoTPKpgBsQROWOFqMP/Ola-latest-to-shut-website-turn-into-apponly-platform.html |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=mint |date=29 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref> Later in the year in November, Ola acquired Geotagg, a trip-planning applications company, for an undisclosed sum.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/17/ola-confirms-it-has-shut-down-taxiforsure-the-rival-it-acquired-for-200m/|title=Ola confirms it has shut down TaxiForSure, the rival it acquired for $200M|website=TechCrunch|first=Jon|last=Russell|date=17 August 2016}}</ref>

In a move to expand beyond cab aggregation, Ola acquired the struggling foodtech company [[Foodpanda]] India with an eye on leveraging the growing food delivery segment business in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/18/ola-foodpanda/|title=Uber rival Ola buys Foodpanda India to get into food deliveries|last=Russell|first=Jon|date=18 December 2017|work=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=20 December 2017|publisher=[[Oath Inc.]]}}</ref> In April 2018, Ola acquired [[Ridlr]] (formerly Traffline), a public transport ticketing app.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indianweb2.com/2018/04/03/ola-acquires-mumbai-based-public-transport-ticketing-app-ridlr/|title=Ola Acquires Mumbai-based Public Transport Ticketing App Ridlr|last=Chaudhary|first=Suman|date=3 April 2018|access-date=3 April 2018|publisher=IndianWeb2.com|archive-date=5 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025619/https://www.indianweb2.com/2018/04/03/ola-acquires-mumbai-based-public-transport-ticketing-app-ridlr/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Later in August 2018, Ola financed Series A funding of the scooter rent startup Vogo, and again in December, invested another $100 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/17/ola-100-million-vogo/|title=Ola, Uber's India rival, invests $100M in scooter rental startup Vogo|website=TechCrunch|date=18 December 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref>

In 2019, more than 10,000 drivers applied both in online and offline mode, ahead of its launch in [[London]]. In February 2020, Ola launched its taxi-hailing services in London with over 25,000 drivers registered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstraveller.com/business-travel/2020/02/13/over-25000-drivers-register-for-ola-in-london/|title=Ola starts in London with over 25,000 drivers|website=Business Traveller|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>

Ola posted its first-ever operating profit of {{INRconvert|90|c}} in the financial year 2020–21.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=Ola posts operating profit in FY21 ahead of likely share sale |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/company-results/ola-cabs-pushes-towards-ebitda-profitability-in-covid-hit-year-11635846805537.html |access-date=1 January 2022 |work=mint |date=2 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2024, Ola announced it was pulling out of all international markets – UK, Australia and New Zealand markets with only a few days notice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Lauren |date=2024-04-09 |title=Global rideshare service abruptly shuts down across Australia |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/ola-rideshare-to-shut-down-operations-across-australia-from-friday-after-six-years-as-customers-are-informed-via-email/news-story/ac0d8792414b8f9dc2b951e3c593fcab |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=skynews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=Ola Cabs to exit international markets this month |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/ola-cabs-to-exit-international-markets-this-month/articleshow/109159141.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Economic Times|language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, Ola migrated from [[Microsoft Azure]] to its own cloud platform Krutrim.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola moves tech workloads out of Microsoft's Azure, says Bhavish Aggarwal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/start-ups/ola-moves-tech-workloads-out-of-microsoft-s-azure-says-bhavish-aggarwal-124052201309_1.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=22 May 2024}}</ref> In July 2024, Ola shifted from [[Google Maps]] to a new in-house mapping tool, Ola Maps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bhavish-aggarwal-launches-ola-maps-as-alternative-to-google-maps-11720231351147.html|title=Bhavish Aggarwal introduces Ola Maps as an alternative to Google Maps.}}</ref>

On 18 August 2024, Ola Cabs was rebranded as Ola Consumer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pushkarna |first=Akshit |date=2024-08-15 |title=Ola Cabs Rebranded To Ola Consumer; Ride-Sharing Service Ola Share Relaunched |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/ola-cabs-rebranded-to-ola-consumer-ride-sharing-service-ola-share-relaunched/?login=1 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries and services==
Apart from the ride-hailing business Ola Cabs, the holding company ANI Technologies operates Ola Fleet, Ola Financial Services, and Ola Foods.<ref name="anitech"/> As of September 2019, it also owns a 6% stake in the electric scooter manufacturing company [[Ola Electric]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Curious Case Of Bhavish Aggarwal And Ola Electric |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/the-curious-case-of-bhavish-aggarwal-and-ola-electric-4447411.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

===Ride hailing===
[[File:Ola pickup area at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Ola has dedicated pickup zones outside major airports, railways stations and bus terminals.]]
Ola Cabs offers different levels of service, ranging from economic to luxury travel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-02/news/53479832_1_ola-cabs-taxiforsure-uber|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904031716/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-02/news/53479832_1_ola-cabs-taxiforsure-uber|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2014|title=Ola aims to counter Uber with its Biz-class service|website=The Economic Times|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> The cabs are reserved through a [[mobile app]] and also through their website, and the service accepts both cash and online payments. It claims to clock an average of more than 150,000 bookings per day and commands 60% of the market share in [[India]] as of 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vccircle.com/news/technology/2014/11/19/ola-now-has-250-300m-annual-gross-transaction-run-rate-peek-its-numbers|title=Ola now has $250-300M annual gross transaction run rate; peek at its numbers – VCCircle|website=VCCircle.com|date=19 November 2014|first=Sainul K|last=Abudheen|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228130811/http://www.vccircle.com/news/technology/2014/11/19/ola-now-has-250-300m-annual-gross-transaction-run-rate-peek-its-numbers|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2019, the company has expanded to a network of more than 1.5 million drivers across 250 cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inside the data driven model of Ola with Sanjay Kharb, VP- Engineering, Ola – ET CIO|url=https://cio.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-analytics/inside-the-data-driven-model-of-ola-with-sanjay-kharb-vp-engineering-ola/71174439|access-date=2 November 2019|work=ETCIO.com}}</ref>

In November 2014, Ola diversified to incorporate [[auto rickshaw]]s on a trial basis in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 November 2014|title=Now Book Auto Rickshaws in Bangalore via Ola Cabs|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/now-book-auto-rickshaws-in-bangalore-via-ola-cabs-623314|work=NDTV Gadgets}}</ref> After the trial phase, Ola Auto expanded to other cities like [[Delhi]], [[Pune]] and [[Chennai]], starting in December 2014, and also in [[Hyderabad]].

In March 2016, it introduced [[Motorcycle taxi|bike taxi]] service on its platform.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola, Uber launch bike taxi service in Bengaluru today; price as low as Rs 2 per km |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/ola-uber-intensify-competition-launch-bike-taxis-in-bengaluru/219076/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Ola has faced legal troubles in many states where operating bike taxis is illegal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menezes |first1=Naveen |last2=Peermohamed |first2=Alnoor |title=Karnataka suspends Ola permit for six months over bike taxis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways/ola-cabs-banned-in-bengaluru-for-licence-violation/articleshow/68526735.cms |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=The Economic Times |date=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ola suggests government way to legalise bike taxis; asks banks to ease loan process for drivers |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/ola-suggests-government-way-to-legalise-bike-taxis-asks-banks-to-ease-loan-process-for-drivers/1900937/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=The Financial Express |date=17 March 2020}}</ref>

===Ola Fleet===
In January 2015, Ola acquired radio taxi company GCabs for an undisclosed amount and renamed it as Ola Fleet Technologies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Sayan |title=Ola invests Rs50 crore in cab leasing unit Ola Fleet |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/D1AuvKHuEKDXGhUcRbarzL/Ola-invests-Rs50-crore-in-cab-leasing-unit-Ola-Fleet.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=mint |date=1 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Ola Fleet is engaged in leasing of cabs to partnered drivers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola waives off lease rentals for driver-partners |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/mar/24/ola-waives-off-lease-rentals-for-driver-partners-2121051.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Ola Foods===
Ola entered [[food delivery]] segment in March 2015 under the name Ola Cafe, but stopped the services in March 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola Launches Food Delivery Service in Select Cities |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/ola-cabs-launches-20-minute-food-delivery-service-in-4-cities-672697 |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref name=shutdown>{{cite news |last1=Pillai |first1=Shalina |title=Ola shuts down its grocery and food delivery services |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/ola-shuts-down-its-grocery-and-food-delivery-services/articleshow/51337010.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It began offering food delivery services again in December 2017 with the acquisition of [[Foodpanda]]'s Indian subsidiary for an undisclosed sum. Ola also announced that it would infuse up to $200 million in the food delivery unit.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last=Russell|first=Jon|date=18 December 2017|title=Uber rival Ola buys Foodpanda India to get into food deliveries|work=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[Oath Inc.]]|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/18/ola-foodpanda/|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> While the number of users and orders went up in 2018 due to discounts and offers, the numbers dropped sharply in early 2019. In June 2019, it stopped food delivery service and laid off most of its 1,500 delivery executives. However, it continued to operate Foodpanda's [[cloud kitchen]] business.<ref name="LiveMint-2019-May-Bansal">{{cite news |last=Salman S.H. |first=Varsha Bansal |date=2019-05-22 |title=Ola drops Foodpanda delivery, lays off several employees |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/ola-drops-foodpanda-delivery-lays-off-several-employees-1558463350377.html |work=LiveMint |access-date=2020-06-05}}</ref> As of 2021, Ola Foods operates more than 50 cloud kitchens, including its flagship brand called Khichdi Experiment, in six cities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=SH |first1=Salman |title=Ola Foods holds QSR plans, to focus on meal kits and private brands |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/ola-foods-shelves-qsr-plans-to-focus-on-meal-kits-and-private-brands-11599647857022.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=mint |date=9 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Soni |first1=Yatti |title=Ola Foods plans to launch a burger brand |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ola-foods-plans-to-launch-a-burger-brand/article37092382.ece |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Business Line |date=20 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ola Financial Services===
In November 2015, Ola launched its [[mobile payment]]s and [[digital wallet|wallet]] product called OlaMoney.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Shrutika |title=Ola enters mobile payments space with Ola Money |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/P4REfJgDkjHWkIi6q9shBP/Ola-enters-mobile-payments-space-with-Ola-Money.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=mint |date=13 November 2015 |language=en}}</ref> OlaMoney is owned by Ola Financial Services, which also offers other financial products such as [[buy now pay later]], insurance, [[co-branded]] credit cards and vehicle loans in partnership with other financial institutions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=SH |first1=Salman |title=Ola's financials services arm raises ₹200 crore, CEO Nitin Gupta quits |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/olas-financials-services-arm-raises-inr-200-crore-ceo-nitin-gupta-quits-11590506676062.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=mint |date=26 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ola Financial Services to expand insurance business internationally |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ola-financial-services-to-expand-insurance-business-internationally-121110700213_1.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Panday |first1=Amit |title=Ola launches credit card in tie-up with SBI Card |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/ola-launches-credit-card-in-tie-up-with-sbi-card-1557988617247.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=mint |date=16 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ola Maps===
In October 2021, Ola acquired GeoSpoc, a Pune-based [[geospatial technology]] company. Founder [[Bhavish Aggarwal]] wrote in a blogpost that the acquisition would help the company convert [[satellite imagery]] into [[Web mapping|web maps]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Tarush |title=Ola buys GeoSpoc to boost real-time mapping prowess |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/ola-acquires-geospatial-technology-platform-geospoc-11633431531162.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=Mint |date=5 October 2021}}</ref> In July 2024, Ola launched Ola Maps as alternative to [[Google Maps]] API, with Aggarwal urging Indian developers to use India-based solutions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-08 |title=Use Ola Maps: Bhavish Aggarwal urges developers to exit Google maps |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/exit-google-maps-bhavish-aggarwal-urges-developers-to-shift-to-ola-maps/articleshow/111584626.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Defunct services==
===Ola Dash===
In July 2015, Ola launched Ola Store, a [[Online grocer|grocery delivery]] service in Bangalore, before shutting it down in March 2016.<ref name=shutdown/><ref>{{cite news |title=Inside Ola's plan to crack the food and grocery delivery market, again |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/inside-olas-plan-to-crack-the-food-and-grocery-delivery-market-again-7649021.html |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> In November 2021, Ola Store returned with quick delivery of grocery and essentials, starting with a [[Pilot experiment|pilot launch]] in Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola begins pilot of quick grocery delivery service in Bengaluru: Report |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ola-begins-pilot-of-quick-grocery-delivery-service-in-bengaluru-sources-121110500707_1.html |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=5 November 2021}}</ref> By January 2022, Ola set up 200 [[dark store]]s across nine cities, and rebranded the service as Ola Dash.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola plans aggressive push for Ola Dash in crowded quick-commerce arena |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/ola-plans-aggressive-push-for-ola-dash-in-crowded-quick-commerce-arena/articleshow/89184354.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> In April 2022, Ola Dash scaled down its operations from nine cities to three cities and dismissed over 2,100 contract workers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola Dash: 10-minute grocery delivery service decides to go slow |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/ola-dash-10-minute-grocery-delivery-service-decides-to-go-slow/2499665/ |access-date=27 June 2022 |work=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahay |first1=Priyanka |last2=Toms |first2=Manu P. |title=Ola restructures quick-commerce business, ends contracts of 2,100 workers at Ola Dash dark stores |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/technology-and-startups/ola-restructures-quick-commerce-business-ends-contracts-of-2100-workers-at-ola-dash-dark-stores/primearticleshow/90964308.cms |access-date=27 June 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> In June 2022, it shut down Ola Dash in all cities.<ref name="dashcars">{{cite news |title=Ola to shut Dash, its quick commerce business, and merge cars unit with electric division |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/ola-to-shut-dash-its-quick-commerce-business-and-merge-cars-unit-with-electric-division-8737151.html |access-date=27 June 2022 |work=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

===Ola Cars===
In October 2021, Ola launched its new and pre-owned car marketplace called Ola Cars in 30 cities, which was also expected to sell new vehicles of Ola Electric and other brands.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola launches Ola Cars platform for buying, selling, financing vehicles |url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/ola-launches-new-vehicle-commerce-platform-ola-cars-details-here-11633602867474.html |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=mint |date=7 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ola Cars eyes $2 billion in GMV in 12 months, to hire 10,000 people |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/ola-cars-eyes-2-billion-in-gmv-in-12-months-to-hire-10000-people/articleshow/87186692.cms |access-date=11 November 2021 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> By May 2022, the company had scaled down operations to 17 cities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soni |first1=Yatti |title=Ola Cars to shutdown operations in five cities |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ola-cars-to-shutdown-operations-in-five-cities/article65388339.ece |access-date=27 June 2022 |work=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=6 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In June 2022, it closed Ola Cars across all cities and stated that Ola Cars' "infrastructure, technology and capabilities will now be repurposed towards growing Ola Electric’s sales and service network."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahluwali |first1=Prachi |title=Ola shuts down its used car business to invest in electric vehicles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/ola-shuts-down-its-used-car-business-to-invest-in-electric-vehicles/articleshow/92491000.cms |access-date=27 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=27 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In August 2024 Ola Electric a subsidiary of Ola that manufactures electric powered two wheelers (scooter) went public through and IPO in India. Shares of the company surged 20% on opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2024-08-09 |title=Ola Electric surges 20% in India's biggest listing in two years |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/08/08/ola-electric-surges-in-indias-biggest-listing-in-two-years/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Ola Pedal ===
Ola launched a [[Bicycle-sharing system|bike sharing service]] in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anupam |first=Suprita |date=2017-12-04 |title=Cab Aggregator Ola Introduces Bicycle-Sharing Service Ola Pedal |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/cab-aggregator-ola-bicycle-sharing-ola-pedal/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===Technology===
Ola Cabs' technology came under criticism regarding the security of its mobile app. The [[API]] calls could be replayed to top up its wallet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/startups/taxi-aggregator-ola-hit-by-tech-glitches-that-allow-free-rides/articleshow/46629010.cms|title=Taxi aggregator Ola hit by tech glitches that allow free rides|work=The Economic Times|first1=Varun|last1=Aggarwal|first2=Malavika|last2=Murali|date=20 March 2015}}</ref>

In August 2016, a privacy breach occurred when customers' details such as names, phone numbers and addresses, in [[Bangalore]], were received as SMS messages by an individual in [[Chennai]]. Although these unanticipated messages were reported to Ola, the company ignored them, even under the threat of being reported to the [[TRAI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/ola-cabs-accidentally-reveals-customer-data-to-chennai-girl-and-doesnt-care-244697.html |title=Ola Cabs Accidentally Reveals Customer Data To Chennai Girl, And Doesn't Care |work=Indiatimes.com|first=Kunal |last=Anand|date=30 August 2015}}</ref> The issue was reportedly fixed three weeks later after receiving considerable media coverage and social media attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/ola-blames-manual-error-for-leaked-personal-user-data/ |title=Ola leaked its customers data, claims user; company blames manual error |work=The Indian Express |date=1 September 2015}}</ref>

On 19 January 2020, a technical glitch caused multiple users to receive notifications such as "Your ride is on the way" or "Your ride is here" despite them not even attempting to book through the platform. In some cases, cancelling the ride even attempted to automatically book another ride.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sil|first=Debarghya|date=2021-01-20|title=Technical Glitch: Ola App Sends False Booking Notifications To Users|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/363734|access-date=2021-01-21|website=Entrepreneur|language=en}}</ref>

===Billing and payment issues===
The refund policy of Ola Cabs has been criticised because of charging errors caused by technical glitches in their system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trak.in/tags/business/2015/05/13/ola-billing-issues/|title=Decoding OLA Cabs Billing Issues – Ola ka Gola!|date=13 May 2015|website=Trak.in|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516004001/http://trak.in/tags/business/2015/05/13/ola-billing-issues/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Surge pricing has been an issue with customers, as Ola is said to initially eliminate competition by lowering prices, and then hiking up prices through what it calls [[surge pricing]]. The fact that the same ride can cost different amounts depending on the time, day and the profiles, history and rating of the driver as well as passenger has also attracted criticism.<ref name="wire26mar2018" />

Charges comprise:
* Base fare (fixed amount)
* Distance fare (charged per kilometre)
* Ride time fare (charged per time taken to travel)
* Peak pricing (direct ratio depending on demand for cabs)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.olacabs.com/peak-hour-surcharge-the-what-why-and-how-of-it/|title=Peak Pricing: The what, why, and how of it ||website=blog.olacabs.com|date=10 March 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]] (5%)
* Toll charges (toll collection if crossing a toll junction)

===Driver concerns===
In December 2016, drivers protested outside the [[Kukatpally]], [[Hyderabad]] office of Ola, demanding more transparency over payments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ola, Uber drivers call for 5-day strike to protest against low earnings |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ola-uber-drivers-call-for-5-day-strike-to-protest-against-low-earnings-116123000984_1.html |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> From January 2017, Ola was criticised for continuously dropping the driver incentives which in turn was affecting driver-partner's monthly income.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/ola-uber-driver-pay-cut-by-a-third-in-1-year/articleshow/60726122.cms | title=Ola, Uber cut driver pay by a third in 1 year | date=18 September 2017 | website=economictimes.com}}</ref>

Ola and Uber have also been criticised due to their practice of baiting drivers and passengers, initially with discounts and bonuses, and then hiking up fares without passing the proceeds to drivers. Their practice of taking large signing up amounts from drivers and not considering them employees has also been criticised. Both companies contractually treat drivers as "[[contractors]]" thus excusing themselves from any legal obligations.<ref name="wire26mar2018">{{cite news |title=Ola, Uber and the Precarious Future of Blue Collar Platform Workers |url=https://thewire.in/labour/ola-uber-and-the-precarious-future-of-blue-collar-platform-workers |access-date=19 March 2019 |publisher=The Wire |date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Agrawal2018">{{cite book|author=Ravi Agrawal|title=India Connected: How the Smartphone is Transforming the World's Largest Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLhwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=1 October 2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-085867-4|page=74}}</ref>

====Assaults on and Murders of Ola cab drivers ====
There have been 11 murders, and over 90 kidnappins and robberies of drivers working for app-based cab aggregators including Ola, by criminals posing as passengers using fake profiles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dbpost.com/not-only-passengers-even-cabbies-are-at-risk-of-getting-killed/ |title=Not only passengers, even cabbies are at risk of getting killed |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703185620/https://dbpost.com/not-only-passengers-even-cabbies-are-at-risk-of-getting-killed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The most recent case happened in the city of [[Pune]] in June 2019 when a passenger killed the driver to steal his car.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pune: Two men book Ola cab to murder driver, steal car |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-two-men-book-ola-cab-to-murder-driver-steal-car-5796310/ |access-date=3 July 2019 |agency=Express News Service |issue=June 24, 2019 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=June 24, 2019}}</ref> Two other murders of Ola drivers by robbers took place in [[New Delhi]] and [[Agra]] respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=HT Correspondent |title=Delhi Police arrest two men for Ola cabbie's murder |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-police-arrest-two-men-detain-juvenile-for-ola-cabbie-s-murder/story-AD8scHi4ckHuJSS1XRPyQJ.html |access-date=14 August 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |issue=August 29, 2018}}</ref>

===Congestion externalities===

A recent study has shown that Ola may be contributing significantly to congestion in three major Indian cities – Mumbai, Bangalore and New Delhi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Agarwal |first1=Saharsh |last2=Mani |first2=Deepa |last3=Telang |first3=Rahul |title=The Impact of Ride-hailing Services on Congestion: Evidence from Indian Cities |journal=SSRN |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=3410623 |date=2020}}</ref> The adverse congestion effects were found to be the highest in the busiest areas of each city during peak hours. The study also reported that many who use these services would have otherwise used more efficient forms of public transport, such as the Delhi Metro.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

===Driver credibility===
[[File:Ola Panic Button - Kolkata 2017-05-27 20170527111437.jpg|thumb|100px|Panic button for passengers in an Ola car in Kolkata]]
[[Delhi]] Transport authority in early 2015 questioned the credibility and required verification of drivers working for Ola, along with other competitors such as Uber. The inquiry revealed that approximately 80% of drivers amongst all services did not possess permits to ply commercial transport services in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|title=80% of Uber, Ola does not have permits to ply in Delhi, says minister|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/80-of-uber-ola-cabs-dont-have-permits-to-ply-in-delhi-says-minister/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

===License suspension===
In March 2019, the [[Karnataka]] state transport department suspended Ola's operating license for six months for violation of license conditions and violation of Karnataka On-Demand Transportation Technology Aggregator Rules, 2016, on account of Ola running [[Motorcycle taxi|bike taxi]] services though it only had license for four wheeler taxi operations. The company stated that it was working with driving partners to continue functioning and was in touch with authorities to sort things out.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ola-cabs-banned-in-bengaluru-for-licence-violation/articleshow/68528835.cms|title=Ola cabs banned in Bengaluru for licence violation – Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref>

=== Sexist Ad controversy ===
In 2016, Ola advertised an ad which created controversy for its sexist portrayal of women.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Social |first=Team |title=Video: Ola Cabs' new 'sexist' ad pulled down after public outrage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/everything-social/video-ola-cabs-new-sexist-ad-pulled-down-after-public-outrage/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It created protest from the social media, following which the ad was removed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ola Pulls Down Controversial Ad After Outrage On Social Media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ola-pulls-down-controversial-ad-after-outrage-over-social-media-1398609 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official}}

{{SoftBank}}

[[Category:Ola Cabs| ]]
[[Category:Ridesharing companies of India]]
[[Category:Online companies of India]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Taxis of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:SoftBank portfolio companies]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Mayavathi

2026-03-06T03:37:20Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: created some entry v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayavathi
| image = Mayavathi poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| writer = P. Kannan
| starring = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[Anjali Devi]]
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Ganapathy Pictures
| distributor = [[Modern Theatres]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1949|8|12}}<ref name=anandan>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1949-cinedetails14.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411053617/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1949-cinedetails14.asp|archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>
| runtime = 2 hrs. 24 mins. (12997 ft.)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Mayavathi''''' is a 1949 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced and directed by [[T. R. Sundaram]]. The film stars [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] and [[Anjali Devi]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-mayavathi-1949/article6757070.ece | title=Mayavathi (1949) | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=5 January 2015 | access-date=11 April 2017|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411052251/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-mayavathi-1949/article6757070.ece| archive-date=11 April 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is that of a princess falling in love with a prince who hates women. Another person, a barber is also interested in the princess. He uses several tricks to get her but fails every time. How the princess succeeds in winning over the prince forms the plot of the story.<ref name=hindu />

== Cast ==
The list is adapted from a review article published in [[The Hindu]] newspaper.<ref name=hindu />

{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Surangathan
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]]
*[[Kali N. Rathnam]]
*[[M. G. Chakrapani]]
*K. K. Perumal
*M. E. Madhavan
*A. Karunanidhi
*Narayana Pillai
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Mayavathi
*[[C. T. Rajakantham]]

;Dance
*[[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
The story is based on a folk tale and the film was produced at [[Modern Theatres]] that was located on the outskirts of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. The dances by Lalitha and Padmini were choreographed by K. K. Sinha.<ref name=hindu />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]] while the lyrics were penned by [[A. Maruthakasi]] and [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]].<ref name=hindu /><ref name=anandan /> Singer is [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]. [[Playback singer]] is [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]].

''Pennenum Maaya Peyaam Poi Maadharai'' is the first film song penned by A. Maruthakasi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2011/nov/06/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF-413924.html|title=Thiraikavi Thilagam Kavignar Maruthakasi|trans-title="Thiraikavi Thilagam" Poet Maruthakasi|publisher=[[Dinamani]]|date=19 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504124838/http://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/tamilmani/2011/nov/06/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF-413924.html|archive-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Pennenum Maaya Peyaam Poi Maadharai" || T. R. Mahalingam || A. Maruthakasi || 03:44
|-
| 2 || "Maane En Prema Raani" || T. R. Mahalingam & M. L. Vasanthakumari || || 03:17
|-
| 3 || "Vaaraai En Inba Vaazhve" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || || 02:02
|-
| 4 || "Aahaa Thanimai Tharum Invbam" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || || 02:47
|-
| 5 || "Manamohiniye Unnai Maravene" || T. R. Mahalingam || || 02:55
|-
| 6 || "Sadhaa Un Haasyamevum" || T. R. Mahalingam || || 02:25
|-
| 7 || "Alli Malaraayirundhen" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || A. Maruthakasi || 02:45
|-
| 8 || "Varuvano Madhivadhanan" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || || 02:11
|-
| 9 || "Jeyame En Vaazhvile" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || || 01:30
|}

== Reception ==
According to [[Randor Guy]], this movie was a flop s at the box-office. This was supported in M. Karunanidhi's autobiography. Karunanidhi had written that to recover from this flop in 1949, mogul T.R. Sundaram decided to make "Manthiri Kumari" movie in a grand style and succeeded well in 1950."Mayavathi", nevertheless is "remembered for: Lalitha-Padmini’s dances, and the daring romantic scenes between the lead pair."<ref name=hindu />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{youTube|1AVNO5s9QRs|Pennenum Maaya}} - First film song by [[A. Maruthakasi]]
{{T. R. Sundaram}}
{{Modern Theatres}}

[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:1949 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:1940s romance films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nishijapon

2026-03-04T03:44:28Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nishijapon
| image = Nishijapon.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Sandip Ray]]
| producer = R.D. Bansal
| writer = [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] [[Deepankar De]] [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] [[Rituparna Sengupta]] [[Raima Sen]]
| music = [[Sandip Ray]]
| cinematography = Barun Raha
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005}}
| runtime = 100 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
}}

'''''Nishijapon''''' ({{langx|bn|নিশিযাপন}}, After the Night... Dawn) (2005) is a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Sandip Ray]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mixed menu for Poila Baisakh platter|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mixed-menu-for-poila-baisakh-platter/cid/1271803|access-date=2022-01-06|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> based on a novel of the same name by [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|date=2020-11-19|title="They Greats Are All Gone," Sandip Ray On Soumitra Chatterjee|url=https://bollyspice.com/they-greats-are-all-gone-sandip-ray-on-soumitra-chatterjee/|access-date=2022-01-06|website=BollySpice.com - The latest movies, interviews in Bollywood|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Bimal ([[Soumitra Chatterjee]]) is visited by his family and his friend in his [[Darjeeling]] house. Anita ([[Rituparna Sengupta]]), his elder son Nirmal's wife, takes good care of them, spending most of her time in the kitchen. Brojen ([[Deepankar De]]), the managing director of a tea estate and Bimal's friend, irritates everyone, especially Nirmal ([[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]), with his stories of his guru's miracles and his over-enthusiasm for food. Anita keeps trying to convince Shyamal ([[Parambrata Chatterjee]]), her [[brother-in-law]] and Sunita ([[Raima Sen]]), to see each other. Shyamal and Sunita grow to like each other and Anita enthusiastically declares the alliance to Bimal. Meanwhile, torrential rain makes it impossible for Ram, the servant, to get much food from the nearly closed market. That night the rain stops. Suddenly, all the inmates of the house are jolted out of their sleeps by a terrible earthquake. Power is cut off and most of the things inside the house are broken. Nirmal goes out to discover that Ram's house and orchard have been destroyed in a landslide. The next morning they discover that the wooden bridge which connected them to the world was lying broken. Soon, there is serious shortage of food. Tempers flare as Nirmal and Brojen have a wild argument. Nirmal tries to climb down the mountain to get help, slips and injures himself but saved by Shyamal. Meanwhile, Brojen starts to have optical illusions. He demands more food, which leaves Anita fasting. Nirmal is infuriated by the gesture of Brojen and insults him for being insensitive and an uninvited guest who is a burden to them in this hour of crisis. Anita becomes weak and even faints. Shyamal tries to climb down the mountain alone, but his nerves fail when he sees a dead body stuck in the rocks. He sees Anita drink the water washing a milk powder packet. Nirmal shouts at Brojen insulting him sorely. Anita and Shyamal try to control him but fail. Anita cries out in anger to reveal the truth behind their apparently happy marriage. Brojen, driven nearly [[insane]] by hunger, tries to walk out during the night. Shyamal has to knock him unconscious to bring him back to his room. Sunita feeds her share of rice to Anita who tells her not to trust anyone, Brojen on Shyamal. Bimal contemplates [[suicide]] with sleeping pills. Everyone is shocked out of their respective stupors by the sounds of gunshots. Nirmal shoots birds in the hope of roasting them. When Shyamal tries to stop him, he points the gun at him, saying that soon the only way out would be cannibalism. A shocked and desperate Shyamal begins to try to climb down the mountain again with the horrified Sunita watching. At this moment, relief comes, making arrangements for the family's rescue, bringing hope to all.

== Cast ==
*[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] - Nirmal Das
*[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] - Bimal Das
*[[Deepankar De]] - Brojen Lahiri
*[[Rituparna Sengupta]] - Anita Das
*[[Raima Sen]] - Sunita
*[[Parambrata Chatterjee]] - Shyamal Das

==Awards==
*[[BFJA Awards]] (2006)
*[[BFJA - Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]]-[[Sandip Ray]]
*[[BFJA - Most Promising Actor Award]]- [[Parambrato Chattopadhyay]]
*[[BFJA - Most Promising Actress Award]]- [[Raima Sen]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0458033}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060103082007/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050422/asp/etc/story_4647693.asp www.telegraphindia.com A Ray for a Ray; so what?s new?]

{{Sandip Ray}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sandip Ray]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Narayan Gangopadhyay]]

The Royals (2025 TV series)

2026-03-04T01:21:27Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: Done - done

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{About|the 2025 Indian television series|the 2015 American television series|The Royals (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = The Royals (2025 TV series).jpg
| genre = {{ubl|[[Romantic comedy]]|[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]}}
| creator = {{ubl|Rangita Pritish Nandy|Ishita Pritish Nandy}}
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Neha Veena Sharma}}
| director = {{ubl|Priyanka Ghose|[[Nupur Asthana]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ishaan Khatter]]
*[[Bhumi Pednekar]]
}}
| narrated =
| music =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_series = 
| num_episodes = 8<ref>{{cite web |title=The Royals (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-royals-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmwmdm4 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Pritish Nandy]]
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 39–49 minutes
| company = Pritish Nandy Communications
| budget =
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|09}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}

'''''The Royals''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] television series directed by Priyanka Ghose and [[Nupur Asthana]] and written by Neha Veena Sharma.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Netflix's 'The Royals': Rangita Pritish Nandy on Bringing Indian Regals to the Global Stage and Ishaan Khatter's Shirtless Scenes – 'It's a Lot of Times, and Nobody's Going to be Complaining' |url=https://variety.com/2025/tv/news/netflix-the-royals-indian-palaces-ishaan-khatter-bhumi-pednekar-1236391862/ |website=Variety}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2025 |title=Love, Family, and Royalty: Priyanka Ghose on The Royals on Netflix |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/the-royals-all-about-family-love-director-priyanka-ghose-1876581 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Produced by Pritish Nandy Communications, the series stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Bhumi Pednekar]], [[Ishaan Khatter]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Vihaan Samat]], [[Dino Morea]], and [[Milind Soman]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title='The Royals:' What to know about Netflix's 'breezy rom com' on Indian royalty |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2025/05/08/the-royals-netflix/83463071007/ |website=USA TODAY}}</ref> The narrative follows a financially struggling royal family in modern-day India whose fortunes take an unexpected turn when the heir teams up with a hospitality entrepreneur to revive their ancestral palace as a luxury resort.

The series premiered on [[Netflix]] on May 9, 2025, and received mixed reviews from critics. While the performances of Khatter, Samat, and Tanwar, and its costumes and production design was widely praised, Pednekar's chemistry with Khatter was panned, the direction was considered underwhelming and the storyline drew criticism for lacking emotional depth.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=What to watch on OTT: Conclave, The Royals, Gram Chikitsalay |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/what-to-watch-on-ott-conclave-the-royals-gram-chikitsalay-9992190/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The series was renewed for a second season on May 28, 2025.

== Cast ==

* [[Bhumi Pednekar]] as Sophia Kanmani Shekhar, [[CEO]] of Work Potato
* [[Ishaan Khatter]] as Maharaj Aviraaj "Fizzy" Singh, Maharaja of Morpur and Sophia's love interest.
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as Maharani Padmaja "Paddy" Singh, Morpur; Maharaj Yuvanath Singh's wife; Fizzy, Diggy, and Jinnie's mother
* [[Zeenat Aman]] as Rajmata Maji Saheba Bhagyashree Devi, the matriarch of Motibagh Palace, Morpur
* [[Vihaan Samat]] as Yuvaraj Digvijay "Diggy" Singh, Morpur
* [[Kavya Trehan]] as Yuvarani Divyaranjini "Jinnie" Singh, Morpur
* Udit Arora as Kunal Mehta, Sophia's ex and [[CFO]] of Work Potato
* [[Nora Fatehi]] as Ayesha Dhondi, Fizzy's ex
* [[Dino Morea]] as Nawab Salauddin "Salad" Khan, Alsipur
* [[Milind Soman]] as former Maharaj Yuvanath Singh, Morpur
* [[Chunky Panday]] as Ranjit Shroff
* [[Lisa Mishra]] as Niki Kaushik
* [[Sumukhi Suresh]] as Keerthana
* [[Luke Kenny]] as Adi Mehta / 'Maurice'
* [[Adinath Kothare]] as Zubin Daruwala
* [[Alyy Khan]] as Nawab of Dhondi
* [[Shweta Salve]] as Sameera Kashyap
* Yashaswini Dayama as Molshri Mittal
* [[Shivani Tanksale]] as Rambha
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as Sophia's grandmother
* Jagdish Rajpurohit as Girdhari

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 (2025) ===
{{Episode table |background=#FF5F5F |season=5 |season_type= |title=5 |director=10 |writer=12 |airdate=7 |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = A Royal Misunderstanding.
|DirectedBy = Priyanka Ghose
|WrittenBy = Neha Veena Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = A Pitch Made in Heaven.
|DirectedBy = Priyanka Ghose
|WrittenBy = Neha Veena Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = A Swing and a Ms.
|DirectedBy = Priyanka Ghose
|WrittenBy = Iti Agarwal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = A Ball to Remember.
|DirectedBy = Nupur Asthana
|WrittenBy = Vishnu Sinha and Neha Veena Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Ex-Factor.
|DirectedBy = Priyanka Ghose
|WrittenBy = Iti Agarwal and Neha Veena Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = |LineColor = #FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Maharaja and the CEO.
|DirectedBy = Priyanka Ghose
|WrittenBy = Vishnu Sinha
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = The Maharaja who Loved.
|DirectedBy = Nupur Asthana
|WrittenBy = Neha Veena Sharma and Vishnu Sinha
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FF5F5F
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Lights, Camera, AUCTION!
|DirectedBy = Priyanka Ghose
|WrittenBy = Neha Veena Sharma
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|5|9|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #FF5F5F
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was officially commissioned by [[Netflix]], with Priyanka Ghose and [[Nupur Asthana]] attached to direct. [[Filmmaking#Production|Production]] was handled by Pritish Nandy Communications.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 August 2024 |title=Netflix's 'The Royals' To Star Ishaan Khatter And Bhumi Pednekar |url=https://deadline.com/2024/08/netflix-royals-ishaan-khatter-bhumi-pednekar-india-1236038730/ |website=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 November 2024 |title=Netflix India 2025 Preview: Delhi Crime, Rana Naidu Return; The Royals And Aryan Khan's Series To Premiere |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/netflix-india-2025-preview-delhi-crime-rana-naidu-return-the-royals-and-aryan-khan-series-to-premiere-article-115600300 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Bhumi Pednekar]] and [[Ishaan Khatter]] were cast in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Bhumi Pednekar set for web series debut alongside Ishaan Khatter in Netflix's Royals |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/73208/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Bhumi-Pednekar-set-for-web-series-debut-alongside-Ishaan-Khatter-in-Netflixs-Royals.html |website=Peeping Moon |date=27 January 2024}}</ref> [[Sakshi Tanwar]] joined the ensemble following the departure of [[Mallika Sherawat]], who exited the project due to creative differences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sakshi Tanwar Replaces Mallika Sherawat as Ishaan Khatter's Mother in The Royals |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/sakshi-tanwar-replaces-mallika-sherawat-as-ishaan-khatters-mother-in-the-royals |website=Film Companion |date=14 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in February 2024 and concluded in May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Living life king-size |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/living-life-king-size-23344808 |website=Mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Ishaan Khatter Is Excited For The Royal's Premiere. And, So Are His Fans |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ishaan-khatter-is-excited-for-the-royals-premiere-and-so-are-his-fans-aa-9330358.html |website=News18}}</ref> The series was filmed primarily on location in [[Jaipur]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Filming Locations Of 'The Royals', Bhumi Pednekar And Ishaan Khatter's Regal Romance |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/destinations/india/the-royals-netflix-filming-locations-starring-bhumi-pednekar-ishaan-khatter/ |website=Travel and Leisure Asia}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Royals
| type = Soundtrack
| artist =
| released = {{Start date|2025|05|05|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Royals (Original Soundtrack) - EP by RUUH, JOH, Jonita Gandhi & Neeti Mohan on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-royals-original-soundtrack-ep/1812043511 |website=Apple Music - Web Player |date=5 May 2025}}</ref>
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=20|s=04}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Universal Music India]]
| misc =
}}

The series features a recreated version of the song "Tu Tu Hai Wahi" from the 1982 film [[Yeh Vaada Raha (film)|''Yeh Vaada Raha'']], originally sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 April 2025 |title='Tu Tu Hai Wahi' gets a makeover in 'The Royals' – Watch Ishaan & Bhumi turn up the heat |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/tu-tu-hai-wahi-gets-a-makeover-in-the-royals-watch-ishaan-bhumi-turn-up-the-heat-1503423083.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref> A promotional event for the song, scheduled to take place in [[Juhu]] on 8 May 2025, was cancelled by [[Netflix]] in response to the [[2025 India–Pakistan standoff|2025 India–Pakistan strikes]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Netflix cancels The Royals' grand song launch event |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/operation-sindoor-netflix-cancels-the-royals-grand-song-launch-event-23537520 |website=Mid-day}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:04
| title1 = Tu Tu Hai Wahi
| length1 = 2:35
| lyrics1 = Gulshan Bawra
| music1 = R.D.Burman, RUUH, JOH
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]], RUUH, JOH
| title2 = Who Rules The World
| length2 = 2:41
| lyrics2 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]]
| music2 = Harsh Upadhyay
| extra2 = [[Sukriti Bhardwaj]], Anish Mathew
| title3 = Adayein Teri
| length3 = 2:50
| lyrics3 = Smriti Bhoker, RUUH, JOH
| music3 = RUUH, JOH
| extra3 = Savera, [[Neeti Mohan]], RUUH, JOH
| title4 = Dil Deewana
| length4 = 2:56
| lyrics4 = Smriti Bhoker, RUUH, JOH
| music4 = RUUH, JOH
| extra4 = Sukriti Kakkar, RUUH, JOH
| title5 = Dhun
| length5 = 3:06
| lyrics5 = Swati Marwal
| music5 = Aditya N., Nayantara Bhatkal
| extra5 = Aditya N., Nayantara Bhatkal
| title6 = Jeena
| length6 = 3:22
| lyrics6 = Yashwardhan Goswami
| music6 = [[Kanishk Seth (musician)|Kanishk Seth]]
| extra6 = Akanksha Bhandari
| title7 = Ecstasy
| length7 = 2:34
| lyrics7 = Smriti Bhoker
| music7 = RUUH, JOH
| extra7 = [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]], RUUH, JOH
}}

== Release ==
The first teaser for ''The Royals'' was released on 3 February 2025,<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2025 |title=Netflix India's 2025 slate: Aryan Khan's 'The Bad***s of Bollywood, 'Saif Ali Khan's 'Jewel Thief', Madhavan's 'Aap Jaisa Koi' and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/netflix-indias-2025-slate-aryan-khans-the-bads-of-bollywood-saif-ali-khans-jewel-thief-madhavans-aap-jaisa-koi-and-more/article69177480.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref> followed by the official trailer on 22 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2025 |title=The Royals trailer out: Ishaan Khatter, Bhumi Pednekar's series is full of romance, comedy and drama. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-royals-trailer-out-ishaan-khatter-bhumi-pednekars-series-is-full-of-romance-comedy-and-drama-watch-101745332529960.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The series was made available for streaming on [[Netflix]] on 9 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2025 |title=Ishaan Khatter and Bhumi Pednekar's 'The Royals' to drop on Netflix next month |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ishaan-khatter-and-bhumi-pednekars-upcoming-netflix-series-the-royals-release-date-out/cid/2094553 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the series 2 out of 5 stars. In her review, she criticized the show's emphasis on surface-level aesthetics, remarking that "everything is seen through the prism of sex and good looks." She argued that the narrative—centered on a financially strained royal family launching a hospitality venture—lacked narrative depth and relied excessively on visual appeal.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=The Royals Review: When Luxury Collides With Lameness |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-royals-review/20250509.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also awarded the series 2 out of 5 stars, describing it as "all show." She observed that the production "struggles for air under all that costumery," suggesting that elaborate visuals could not compensate for its lack of narrative substance. Gupta also found the central romantic arc underwhelming, stating that "all that coupling... doesn’t really get as steamy as it should have."<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=The Royals review: Ishaan Khatter, Bhumi Pednekar series struggles for air under all that costumery |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-royals-review-ishaan-khatter-bhumi-pednekar-series-struggles-for-air-under-all-that-costumery-9992646/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' offered a more favorable view, rating the series 3 out of 5 stars. He described it as a "fun rom-com" that balances frivolity with occasional emotional weight. Mathur praised the chemistry between the lead actors and drew comparisons to ''[[Bridgerton]]'', writing that the series effectively combines Bollywood elements with a period-drama sensibility. While noting its imperfections, he concluded that it was a "much-needed clutter-breaker" in the Indian streaming landscape.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=The Royals review: Bhumi Pednekar, Ishaan Khatter both sizzle and dazzle in this fun Bollywood-meets-Bridgerton rom-com |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-royals-review-bhumi-pednekar-ishaan-khatter-impress-in-bollywood-meets-bridgerton-netflix-zeenat-aman-sakshi-tanwar-101746779432383.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Pallavi Keswani of ''[[The Hindu]]'' was more critical of the series, stating that it "finds itself creatively lacking despite possessing a long list of talented names." She argued that the show failed to leverage its ensemble cast into compelling drama, citing an absence of innovation or originality in its storytelling.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title='The Royals' series review: Ishaan Khatter and Bhumi Pednekar fail to hold court in this predictable affair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-royals-series-review-ishaan-khatter-and-bhumi-pednekar-fail-to-hold-court-in-this-predictable-affair/article69557164.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Netflix India originals]]
* [[List of Netflix original programming]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33098081}}
* {{Netflix title|81593166}}

{{Netflix original current series}}
{{Portal bar|Television|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Royals (2025 TV series), The}}
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in India]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]

Pothugadda

2026-03-03T09:08:52Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: Added new data...

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Raksha Veeram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pothugadda poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Raksha Veeram
| writer = Raksha Veeram
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Anupama Chandra Koduri
* G. Sharath Chandra Reddy
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]]
* [[Aadukalam Naren]]
* Prudhvi Dandamudi
* Vismaya Sri
}}
| cinematography = Rahul Shrivatsav
| editing = SJ Shivakiran
| music = '''Score''' Marcus M '''Songs''' Shravan Bharadwaj
| studio = 24 Cinema Street
| distributor = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|1|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 111 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pothugadda''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[political drama]] film written and directed by Raksha Veeram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2024-11-03 |title=Pothugadda Teaser: ఈటీవీ విన్‌.. పోతుగ‌డ్డ అఫీసియ‌ల్ టీజ‌ర్ రిలీజ్ |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/videos/etv-win-orginal-film-pothugadda-official-teaser-released-srk-58189.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> The film portrays [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]], [[Aadukalam Naren]], Prudhvi Dandamudi and Vismaya Sri in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-30 |title=Pothugadda OTT Release: Date, Storyline, and More Details |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/ott/pothugadda-ott-release-date-storyline-and-more-details-372996 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> Under the technical department, the film's cinematography was handled by Rahul Shrivatsav, the editing completed under SJ Shivakiran's leadership, whereas the songs and the background score were composed by Shravan Bharadwaj and Marcus M respectively.

The film was released on 30 January 2025 directly on the Indian [[Over-the-top media services in India|over-the-top]] streaming service, [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-01-20 |title=Pothugadda trailer: A couple caught in a political hijack |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/20/pothugadda-trailer-a-couple-caught-in-a-political-hijack |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121091150/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/20/pothugadda-trailer-a-couple-caught-in-a-political-hijack |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}

==Cast==
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Madduri Bhaskar
* [[Aadukalam Naren]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Samudra
* Prudhvi Dandamudi as Krishna
* Vismaya Sri as Geetha
* Prashant Karthi as Venkat
* Venky Lingam as Anji

== Release and reception ==
''Pothugadda'' was originally scheduled for [[direct-to-video]] release on 14 November 2024 on [[ETV Win]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-10-30 |title=Pothugadda gets a streaming date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/30/pothugadda-gets-a-streaming-date |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217205603/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/30/pothugadda-gets-a-streaming-date |url-status=live }}</ref> but was subsequently released on 30 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Pothugadda OTT release: Here's when and where you can watch Raksha Veeran's Telugu thriller online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pothugadda-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-raksha-veerans-telugu-thriller-online-1369791 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130140634/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pothugadda-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-raksha-veerans-telugu-thriller-online-1369791 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and wrote that, "the lack of depth in the core emotional plot and tension in the proceedings makes it a routine thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pothugadda Review: The Aadukalam Naren film is a slow and routine thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pothugadda-review-the-aadukalam-naren-film-is-routine-thriller-with-forced-emotions/cc41686832136 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Satya Pulagam of ''[[ABP Desam]]'' was critical about the story and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2025-01-30 |title='పోతుగడ్డ' రివ్యూ: లేచిపోయిన ఎమ్మెల్యే కూతురు... ఎన్నికల్లో పరువు... ETV Win పొలిటికల్ డ్రామాలో తండ్రి ఓటు ఎటు? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-pothugadda-movie-review-in-telugu-aadukalam-naren-shatru-vismaya-sri-rayalaseema-political-drama-exclusively-streaming-on-etv-win-196032 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=34383227|title=Pothugadda}}
*[https://www.etvwin.com/original-movies/pothugadda-1 ''Pothugadda''] on [[ETV Win]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:2020s political drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]

Vaanam

2026-03-03T03:04:39Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: Page - done

{{short description|2011 film by Krish}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vaanam Poster.jpg
| alt = Film poster of three people
| caption = Theatrical-release poster
| director = [[Krish Jagarlamudi|Krish]]
| based_on = ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]''
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[VTV Ganesh]]
*R. Ganesh
}}
| screenplay = Krish
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = S. Gnanagiri<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2010 |title=Vedam is Vaanam in Tamil |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jul/26/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-vaanam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417024954/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jul/26/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-vaanam.htm |archive-date=17 April 2011 |access-date=1 May 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
}}
| story = Krish
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Silambarasan TR]]
*[[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Anushka Shetty]]
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
*[[Sonia Agarwal]]
*[[Saranya Ponvannan]]
}}
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
*[[Nirav Shah]]
*[[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
}}
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*VTV Productions
*Magic Box Pictures
}}
| distributor = [[Cloud Nine Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|4|29}}
| runtime = 161 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{Cite web |title=Vaanam |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vaanam-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodi3ndax |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211150902/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vaanam-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodi3ndax |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vaanam''''' ({{Translation|Sky}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[hyperlink cinema|hyperlink]] [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Krish Jagarlamudi|Krish]]. A remake of director's own [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' (2010), it has an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Silambarasan TR]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Sonia Agarwal]] and [[Saranya Ponvannan]]. Anushka and Saranya reprise their roles from the original. The score and soundtrack were composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]; cinematography and editing were by [[Nirav Shah]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]], respectively. The film, produced by [[VTV Ganesh]] and R. Ganesh, was distributed by [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]]'s [[Cloud Nine Movies]].

''Vaanam'' revolves around the lives of five people from different walks of life, illustrating how their fates intertwine on [[New Year's Eve]] at a [[Chennai]] hospital. Released on 29 April 2011, it received mostly positive reviews and was a box-office success.

==Plot==
Thillai "Cable" Raja is a cable operator born and raised in a Chennai slum. He bemoans his poverty and wants to become rich by marrying his girlfriend Priya. Raja cons her into believing he is well-off and adopts a refined persona for her. He is accompanied by his best friend Seenu and guided by [[bhajan]] singer Ganesh. When Priya asks him to buy expensive tickets to a New Year's Eve gala, Raja is very short of money. After a failed attempt at chain snatching in which he crosses paths with the police, he heads to a hospital with theft on his mind.

Bharath Chakravarthy, an aspiring rockstar from [[Bangalore]], is irresponsible but well-meaning. His mother disapproves of his dream and wants him to become an army officer. When Bharath's band misses their flight to a concert because of him, he drives them to Chennai via road. He and his girlfriend Laasya are attacked by religious fanatics and are aided by strangers; this makes him reflect on life. When they arrive in Chennai, their vehicle collides with an [[auto rickshaw]] carrying a pregnant woman. Forgoing the concert, Bharath and Laasya rush her to the hospital.

Saroja is a sex worker at Rani Amma's brothel on the [[Tamil Nadu]]-[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] border. When she discovers that her life is in danger while working there, she escapes to Chennai with her sister Karpooram in the hope of starting a business venture. Hounded by thugs and the police, they are led into a trap. In a fight, Karpooram is mortally wounded in a fight, and Saroja carries her to the hospital.

Rahimuddin Qureshi and his wife Zara lost their unborn twins in a [[Coimbatore]] riot. Zara becomes pregnant again a few months later, and Rahim goes to Chennai to find his younger brother, who had run away after the riot. Rahim is in repeated conflict with Shivaram, an [[Violence against Muslims in independent India|anti-Muslim]] police officer who suspects him of terrorism. He is brutally assaulted by Shivaram and admitted to the hospital under close supervision.

Lakshmi is the daughter-in-law of a poor weaver in [[Thoothukudi]]. When the weaver cannot repay a loan from cruel moneylender Narasimman, Narasimman kidnaps Lakshmi's bright young son and refuses to release him until the debt is paid. Lakshmi arrives in Chennai with her father-in-law, hoping to sell one of her kidneys to obtain money. She undergoes the surgery and receives money, which is insufficient. Raja steals Lakshmi's money, and she and her father-in-law contemplate suicide.

Conscience-stricken, Raja confesses to Priya and returns the money with some of his own; Lakshmi forgives him. Rahim learns that terrorist leader Mansoor Khan and his gang are planning to kill the people in the hospital. He tries to escape, but when he sees Bharath wheeling in a pregnant woman, he is reminded of his wife and offers to help them. The terrorist strike begins, and several people are shot to death. Raja, Bharath, Rahim, and Saroja lead a small group of survivors to an empty room.

Raja and Bharath kill two terrorists, and Bharath takes several bullets in his shoulder to save Saroja. Rahim saves Shivaram from a shooter and encounters his brother, who is part of the terrorist gang. Rahim's brother shoots himself, and Khan reveals himself as a [[Suicide attack|suicide bomber]] ready to explode. Raja sacrifices himself by pulling Khan and falling out a window; an explosion follows.

In the aftermath, Bharath, who lost one of his hands, is hailed as a national hero. Saroja and Karpooram begin a new life, hoping to find redemption. Lakshmi and her father-in-law pay off Narasimman and give her son a good education. Shivaram apologizes to Rahim and asks for forgiveness; Rahim accepts him as a brother. Raja is mourned by Priya and his community, and Ganesh and Seenu see him as a [[martyr]].

==Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Silambarasan]] as Thillai "Cable" Raja
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Bharath Chakravarthy
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Rahimuddin Qureshi
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Tantanatan Seenu
* [[VTV Ganesh|Ganesh]] as "Bhajana" Ganesh
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Saroja
* [[Sonia Agarwal]] as Zara Rahim
* [[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Lakshmi
* [[Vega Tamotia|Vega]] as Laasya
* [[Jasmin Bhasin|Jasmin]] as Priya
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Police Inspector
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Mansoor Khan
* [[Ravi Raghavendra]] as the kidney surgeon
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Shivaram
* Pramila Rani as Raja's mother
* Master Sanjay as Pandi
* Nikki as Karpooram<ref name="Ni">{{Cite tweet |number=474422808210976769 |user=nickyjaan |title=Working on movie Vanam was so much funnn. |author=nickyjaan |date=5 June 2014 |access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani|Dhandapani]] as Narasimman<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Vaanam |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=VTV Productions, Magic Box Pictures |year=2011 |place=India |time=20:35 |time-caption=Character introduced at}}</ref>
* Sandhya Janak as Bharath's mother<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Vaanam |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=VTV Productions, Magic Box Pictures |year=2011 |place=India |time=50:21 |time-caption=Character introduced at}}</ref>}}

Archival footage from ''Vedam'':<ref name="H" />
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Bhairavan<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Vaanam |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=VTV Productions, Magic Box Pictures |year=2011 |place=India |time=59:31 |time-caption=Character introduced at}}</ref>
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as the sub-inspector<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Vaanam |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=VTV Productions, Magic Box Pictures |year=2011 |place=India |time=45:02 |time-caption=Character introduced at}}</ref>
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Gopi<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Vaanam |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=VTV Productions, Magic Box Pictures |year=2011 |place=India |time=10:28 |time-caption=Character introduced at}}</ref>

==Production==
=== Development ===

Producer [[R. B. Choudary]] bought the rights to ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' to remake it in Tamil, and two stars were reportedly signed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2010 |title=Vedem to be remade in Tamil |url=https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news290.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520093408/https://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news290.html |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=4 October 2010 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> [[Silambarasan]] and producer [[VTV Ganesh]] had seen ''Vedam'' at the Casino Theatre in Chennai. They approached [[Krish Jagarlamudi|Krish]], director of ''Vedam'', to direct the remake in his Tamil debut.<ref name="N" /> Silambarasan began shooting for the film in early July, and was also expected to work on ''[[Podaa Podi]]''.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=11 July 2010 |title=I have started shooting for Vaanam: Simbu |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-11/news-interviews/28285462_1_poda-podi-simbu-telugu-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717071031/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-11/news-interviews/28285462_1_poda-podi-simbu-telugu-film |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Silambarasan reportedly lost [[Vettai|a project]] with [[N. Lingusamy]] and [[Dayanidhi Azhagiri]], who were unhappy that he began to shoot this film without informing them (and further delaying their film).<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2010 |title=Vijay is not replacing Simbu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vijay-is-not-replacing-Simbu/articleshow/6191928.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722031616/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-21/news-interviews/28318480_1_poda-podi-lingusamy-simbu |archive-date=22 July 2012 |access-date=30 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Krish slightly modified the original script, expanding the Muslim character and changing the musician character.<ref name="T2" />

=== Casting and filming===
[[Anushka Shetty]] was reportedly hesitant to star in the film, and signed because Krish was the director.<ref name="B">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R S |date=16 July 2010 |title=Simbu's Obsessive co-star Disorder |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/simbus-obsessive-co-star-disorder/articleshow/21830218.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241204221245/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/simbus-obsessive-co-star-disorder/articleshow/21830218.cms |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] }}</ref> Shetty denied reports of her hesitancy and confirmed that she would reprise her role from the original: "At no point did I refuse to be a part of this project".<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2010 |title=I never refused Vaanam: Anushka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/I-never-refused-Vaanam-Anushka/articleshow/6651771.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717133422/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-30/news-interviews/28239666_1_vaanam-anushka-actress |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Manchu Manoj]], expected to reprise his original character and play the rockstar role in ''Vaanam'', opted out<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Venkadesan |date=6 July 2012 |title=Manchu Manoj finally debuts in Kollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2012/Jul/06/manchu-manoj-finally-debuts-in-kollywood-384136.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091626/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2012/Jul/06/manchu-manoj-finally-debuts-in-kollywood-384136.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]].<ref name="N">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2011 |title=Bharath plays a rock star in 'Vaanam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Sep/30/bharath-plays-a-rock-star-in-vaanam-191364.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010925/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Sep/30/bharath-plays-a-rock-star-in-vaanam-191364.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2010 |title=Bharath joins Vaanam! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-18/news-interviews/28281659_1_bharath-vaanam-podaa-podi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715024315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-18/news-interviews/28281659_1_bharath-vaanam-podaa-podi |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=30 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Sneha Ullal]] was initially signed to make her Tamil debut with this film and play Silambarasan's love interest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2010 |title=Kollywood calling Sneha Ullal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kollywood-calling-sneha-ullal/articleshow/6214418.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kollywood-calling-sneha-ullal/articleshow/6214418.cms |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Vega Tamotia]] was signed to play a rock musician played originally by [[Lekha Washington]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2011 |title=I'm taking my time: Vega |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Im-taking-my-time-Vega/articleshow/7304009.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721093459/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-18/news-interviews/28369627_1_vega-vaanam-bharath |archive-date=21 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and VTV Ganesh had a cameo role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2010 |title=VTV Ganesh, the producer who also acts |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article186984.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108042202/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article186984.ece |archive-date=8 January 2014 |access-date=30 November 2010 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2010 |title=Ganesh is back! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Ganesh-is-back/articleshow/6196629.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120706235743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-22/news-interviews/28307849_1_vaanam-vtv-prakash-raj |archive-date=6 July 2012 |access-date=30 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In September 2010, [[Sonia Agarwal]] was signed for a pivotal role, returning to acting after four years and replacing [[Siya Gautham]] as Zara (the wife of [[Prakash Raj]]'s character); Agarwal was initially scheduled to appear in the original version but withdrew due to personal problems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2010 |title=Sonia makes a comeback in Vaanam |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14956803 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917090343/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14956803 |archive-date=17 September 2010 |access-date=30 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She said that she would have more scenes than the original, and one "extra song".<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2010 |title=I'm very nervous: Sonia |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-16/news-interviews/28246926_1_tamil-film-vaanam-actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717063122/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-16/news-interviews/28246926_1_tamil-film-vaanam-actress |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=30 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Manoj Bajpayee]] was initially considered to reprise his role in ''Vedam'',<ref name="B" /> but Prakash Raj was signed for that role instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2010 |title=Sonia Agarwal returns with Simbu film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Sep/20/sonia-agarwal-returns-with-simbu-film-188538.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010750/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Sep/20/sonia-agarwal-returns-with-simbu-film-188538.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Telugu actor [[Ravi Prakash]] reprised his role from the original version for his Tamil film debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2010 |title=Ravi Prakash tests his luck with Vaanam |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-08/news-interviews/28272079_1_prakash-raj-telugu-film-actor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707111322/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-08/news-interviews/28272079_1_prakash-raj-telugu-film-actor |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=1 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In early 2011, Ullal, who had filmed significant portions, was replaced by [[Delhi]]-based model [[Jasmin Bhasin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Jasmine replaces Sneha in Vaanam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jasmine-replaces-sneha-in-vaanam-news-tamil-lczkSbagegg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228024309/http://www.sify.com/movies/jasmine-replaces-sneha-in-vaanam-news-tamil-lczkSbagegg.html |archive-date=28 February 2011 |access-date=1 May 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Bhasin, who completed her filming in 15 days and dubbed for herself, had auditioned for the rock-musician role of Tamotia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2011 |title=Jasmin replaces Sneha Ullal in Vaanam |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/news-interviews/29469023_1_audition-vaanam-sneha-ullal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707013646/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/news-interviews/29469023_1_audition-vaanam-sneha-ullal |archive-date=7 July 2012 |access-date=1 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Scenes filmed with [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] were removed and filmed with [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] after Jagan had a falling-out with Silambarasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2010 |title=Simbu drops Jagan |url=http://www.bollygraph.com/movies/simbu-drops-jagan/1247/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320151215/http://www.bollygraph.com/movies/simbu-drops-jagan/1247/ |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=18 August 2011 |website=Bollygraph.com}}</ref> Shetty's makeup artist, Nikki, played a transgender person in the film,<ref name="Sify" /> reprising his role from the original.<ref name="Ni" /> Krish, who had a cameo appearance in ''Vedam'' as a [[sadhu|''saamiyar'']], also reprised his role in ''Vaanam''.<ref name="T2">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2011 |title=Krish gets standing ovation! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krish-gets-standing-ovation/articleshow/8168733.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krish-gets-standing-ovation/articleshow/8168733.cms |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Due to the film's [[hyperlink cinema|multi-narrative]] format of several short stories which combine in the climax,<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2011 |title=Vaanam – a treat for the eyes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vaanam--a-treat-for-the-eyes/articleshow/8016173.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710000918/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-18/news-interviews/29443249_1_film-vaanam-screens |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> it drew similarities to the Mexican film ''[[Amores perros]]'' (2000),<ref name="T" /> the Tamil film ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004),<ref name="N2" /><ref name="BR" /> the American films ''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' (2004)<ref name="N2" /> and ''[[Babel (film)|Babel]]'' (2006).<ref name="H" /><ref name="N2" /> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that ''Vaanam''{{'s}} ensemble cast has a similar appeal to that of ''Babel''.<ref name="H" />

==Music==
{{Main|Vaanam (soundtrack)}}
Although Krish worked with composer [[M. M. Keeravani]] for the score and soundtrack of the [[Vedam (film)|original film]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] wrote ''Vaanam''{{'s}} original songs and score.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Allu Arjun, Anushka Shetty, Manoj and Krish celebrate a decade of Telugu film 'Vedam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/allu-arjun-anushka-shetty-manoj-and-krish-celebrate-a-decade-of-vedam/article31754619.ece/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song "[[Evan Di Unna Pethan]]" was released as a [[Single (music)|single]] to promote the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2010 |title=Yuvan's Vaanam single track |url=http://sify.com/movies/yuvans-vaanam-single-track-news-tamil-kkgu7chbhcj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007062915/http://sify.com/movies/yuvans-vaanam-single-track-news-tamil-kkgu7chbhcj.html |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=30 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The track was initially planned to be released in London, but after several complications and delays<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2010 |title=Vaanam's audio launch postponed! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Vaanams-audio-launch-postponed/articleshow/6769097.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723233320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-19/news-interviews/28256962_1_vaanam-producer-ganesh-visa |archive-date=23 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> it was released on 1 December 2010 at the [[Chennai Citi Centre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2010 |title=Yuvan's single track for Vaanam |url=http://sify.com/movies/yuvan-s-single-track-for-vaanam-news-tamil-kl2kUcjdeej.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811185047/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-s-single-track-for-vaanam-news-tamil-kl2kUcjdeej.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=8 December 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

''Vedam''{{'s}} soundtrack has eight tracks; the ''Vaanam'' soundtrack has five, including the earlier-released single. It was released on 30 March 2011 at the [[Residency Towers Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2011 |title=A star-studded music launch of 'Vaanam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-parties/regional/A-star-studded-music-launch-of-Vaanam/articleshow/7762687.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708114630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/regional/29177288_1_vaanam-yuvan-shankar-raja-music |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=1 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Release ==
''Vaanam'' was initially scheduled for release on 11 February 2011, during the [[Valentine's Day]] weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2010 |title=Anushka's Vaanam Release on Feb 14th2011 |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150380822525193&id=210302285192&set=a.452351745192&locale=fa_IR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250720092335/https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150380822525193&id=210302285192&set=a.452351745192&locale=fa_IR |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=4 October 2010 |website=[[Anushka Shetty]] |via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> Its release was postponed, and the film was released on 29 April 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2011 |title=Vaanam to release on April 29 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/apr/20/vaanam-to-release-on-april-29-245976.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702214537/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/apr/20/vaanam-to-release-on-april-29-245976.html |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-29 |title=Friday Fury- April 29 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-29-news-tamil-le3ntFijbid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430230451/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-april-29-news-tamil-le3ntFijbid.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=1 May 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> With little publicity, ''Vaanam'' earned {{Indian Rupee}}72 [[lakh]] in Chennai over its first weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Box Office – April 29 to May 1, 2011 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14968998&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507103746/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14968998&cid=13525926 |archive-date=7 May 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

===Critical response===
''[[Rediff]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Pavithra Srinivasan rated the film three out of five and called it "engaging", adding that "if you ignore the minor lapses, you've got a reasonably engaging story, and a moving climax".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Vaanam is engaging |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-movie-review-vaanam/20110429.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170322083038/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-movie-review-vaanam/20110429.htm |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=1 May 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A ''[[Sify]].com'' reviewer considered the film "very good", saying that "this short story genre [...] manages to work well for the new age audience. Almost all the stories are deftly told, with the mandatory twist in the climax which keeps you riveted". The reviewer praised the director and his team as they "push the cinematic envelope and bring savvy freshness to Tamil cinema".<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |title=Vaanam – Review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaanam-review-review-tamil-14968580.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130052925/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaanam-review-review-tamil-14968580.html |archive-date=30 January 2014 |access-date=18 August 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Pithy, poignant, funny and serious as the situation warrants, dialogue (Gnanagiri) is a highpoint of ''Vaanam''. Climax is another. Krish seems to have cut and pasted a few scenes from the Telugu original – they give a dubbed-film feel to Vaanam. Coming after the stupendous hit, VTV, Vaanam should be another significant film in STR's career".<ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2011-05-01 |title=Stars stomp the sky – Vaanam |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/05/01/stories/2011050150050200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503142054/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/05/01/stories/2011050150050200.htm |archive-date=3 May 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

According to a review in ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', "Relaying a warm message of compassion and hope, ''Vaanam'', with its different take, is worth a watch".<ref name="N2">{{Cite web |date=2 May 2011 |title=Vaanam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/May/02/vaanam-249751.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918065724/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/May/02/vaanam-249751.html |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote that his "glass-half-full side wants to deliver a smallish pat on ''Vaanam''{{'s}} back and label it [...] a 'praiseworthy attempt', especially within mainstream parameters", while the "glass-half-empty side" was "still shaking angry fists at what could have and should have been a milestone ... Half the story strands are simply not interesting enough".<ref name="BR">{{Cite web |last=Baradwaj Rangan |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=8 May 2011 |title=Bullet-point Report: Vaanam « Blogical Conclusion |url=http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2011/05/08/bullet-point-report-vaanam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909130823/http://baradwajrangan.wordpress.com/2011/05/08/bullet-point-report-vaanam/ |archive-date=9 September 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |publisher=Baradwajrangan.wordpress.com}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
Silambarasan received the [[ITFA Best Actor Award]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simbu |url=http://itfa.com.sg/facts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715093946/http://itfa.com.sg/facts.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |website=[[International Tamil Film Awards]]}}</ref> and Santhanam received the Chennai Times Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santhanam won the Best Actor in a Comic Role award for 'Vaanam' |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/times-film-awards/Best-actor-in-a-comic-role--Santhanam/articleshow/14318661.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702142117/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/times-film-awards/Best-actor-in-a-comic-role--Santhanam/articleshow/14318661.cms |archive-date=2 July 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In July 2011, Bharath said that he received little attention for his appearance in ''Vaanam'' and was overlooked during its promotion. Although he received favourable publicity for ''[[Pattiyal]]'' (2006), ''Vaanam'' emphasised "only one face" according to Bharath: its lead, Silambarasan. Silambarasan denied any involvement in the film's promotional strategy, but hinted that its success was largely dependent on his stardom.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2011 |title=Bharath takes on Simbu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharath-takes-on-simbu/articleshow/9430845.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004100512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bharath-takes-on-simbu/articleshow/9430845.cms |archive-date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

"Evan Di Unna Pethan" was cited for Silambarasan's allegedly-provocative lyrics. A women's-rights organisation in Chennai criticised the song's lyrics and released a statement to Silambarasan that the lyrics were "chauvinistic" and "demean women";<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=Chennai High Court Quashes Beep Song Case Against Tamil Actor Silambarasan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chennai-high-court-quashes-beep-song-case-against-tamil-actor-silambarasan-4783079.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010753/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chennai-high-court-quashes-beep-song-case-against-tamil-actor-silambarasan-4783079.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> they added that "music needs to appeal to larger sections than to the 'thrill-seeking' youth who are often misguided into 'cheap thrills' because of such songs", and the organisation demanded censorship.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Srinidhi |date=14 March 2011 |title=Simbu, controversy's child? |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/simbu-controversy%E2%80%99s-child-989 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517164001/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/simbu-controversy%E2%80%99s-child-989 |archive-date=17 May 2011 |access-date=15 February 2012 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Several prominent film-industry figures supported Silambarasan, saying that more-objectionable scenes had appeared in past films and there were "bigger issues in society"; censorship was not "the ideal way out in [a] democracy".<ref name="ReferenceB" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Krish (director)}}
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 action drama films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about police brutality]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krish Jagarlamudi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rana Dil

2026-02-28T14:39:08Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8:

{{Short description|17th century concubine of Mughal prince Dara Shikoh}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rana Dil
| birth_place = [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = 17th century
| image = Prince Dara Shikoh and Rana-Dil.jpg
| caption = Painting of Rana Dil and Dara Shikoh in the [[zenana]], c.1658
}}

'''Rana Dil''', also known as Gul Safeh (lit. "white rose") was a [[Concubinage|concubine]] of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince [[Dara Shikoh]]. She was of humble origin and later entered the [[Mughal Harem|imperial harem]].

== Life ==
Gul Safeh was born as ''Rana Dil'' and was an [[orphan]] who worked as a dancer and singer on the streets of [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nevile |first=Pran |title=Nautch girls of India: dancers, singers, playmates |date=1996 |publisher=Ravi Kumar Publisher ; Distributed by Variety Book Depot |isbn=978-81-900688-0-2 |location=Paris ; New York : New Delhi |page=122}}</ref> She had caught the eye of the Prince [[Dara Shikoh]] who had fallen deeply in love with her. Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] was initially against their union but later allowed her to enter the palace as concubine upon Dara Shikoh's behest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wade |first=Bonnie C. |title=Imaging sound: an ethnomusicological study of music, art, and culture in Mughal India |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-86841-7 |series=Chicago studies in ethnomusicology |page=183 |location=Chicago}}</ref>

== After Dara Shikoh's defeat ==
[[File:Portrait of Rana Dil also known as Gul Safeh.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Rana Dil, early 18th century.]]
On 10 August, 1659, [[Aurangzeb]], having won the war of succession and become the new emperor, had Dara Shikoh executed on grounds of [[apostasy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=9789380607344 |page=183 |language=en}}</ref> [[Udaipuri Mahal]], another concubine of Dara Shikoh, was taken into Aurangzeb's harem after Dara's defeat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |title=The Mughal harem |date=1988 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85179-03-2 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Gul Safeh had on many occasions protested against joining the seraglio of the man who had killed her husband. She had tactfully asked him what it was that he found so special about her. When told that he was enamored with her beautiful hair, she chopped off all her hair, served it on a silver platter, and sent it to Aurangzeb. He then told her that he had fallen for her beautiful face, to which she slit and disfigured her face, and sent the bloody dagger to Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krieger-Krynicki |first=Annie |title=Captive princess: Zebunissa, daughter of Aurangzeb |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-579837-1 |edition=1. publ |location=Karachi |pages=62-103}}</ref> When Aurangzeb had come to understand that his efforts were fruitless, he had given up on the marriage with her he wished for and from then on gave her the respect and courtesy she deserved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandrababu |first=B. S. |title=Woman, her history and her struggle for emancipation |last2=Thilagavathi |first2=L. |date=2009 |publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam |isbn=978-81-89909-97-0 |location=Chennai}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dil, Rana}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Mughal royal consorts]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Women from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian musicians]]

History of China–India relations

2026-02-28T10:00:44Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: done

{{For|the history after 1945|China–India relations#Post independence}}

Cultural and economic [[China–India relations|relations between China and India]] date back to ancient times. The [[Silk Road]] not only served as a major [[trade route]] between India and China, but is also credited for facilitating the spread of [[Buddhism]] from India to East Asia.<ref name="Maria">{{cite book |last=Backus |first=Maria |title=Ancient China |date=September 2002 |publisher=Lorenz Educational Press, 2002 |isbn=978-0-7877-0557-2}}</ref> During the 19th century, China was involved in a growing [[opium trade]] with the [[East India Company]], which exported opium grown in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Janin |first=Hunt |title=The India-japan opium trade in the two century |date=January 1999 |publisher=McFarland, 1999 |isbn=978-0-7864-0715-6}}</ref><ref name="Sen2003">{{cite book |author=Tansen Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&q=774+787+srivijaya |title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 |date=January 2003 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5}}</ref> During [[World War II]], both [[British Raj|India]] and the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (ROC) played a crucial role in halting the progress of [[Imperial Japan]].<ref name="Barbara">{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Barbara |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariipacifi0000will |title=World War Two |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books, 2004 |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8225-0138-1 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

== Antiquity ==
[[File:Etched_carnelian_beads_after_Mackay.jpg|left|thumb|[[Etched carnelian beads]], [[Harappa]] Culture.<ref>Chanhudaro, Ernest J. Mackay, American Oriental Society, 2090</ref> Such beads were imported from India to China in the early half of 1st millennium BCE.<ref name="zhao2014">{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Deyun |date=2014 |title=Study on the etched carnelian beads unearthed in China |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chinese Archaeology |volume=14 |pages=176–181 |doi=10.1515/char-2014-0019 |s2cid=132040238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202073138/http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=28 February 2021 |via=The Institute of Archaeology (CASS)}}</ref>]]
[[File:Echecs_chinois.JPG|right|thumb|[[Xiangqi]], or Chinese chess, which, like [[Chess|Western Chess]] is believed to be descended from the Indian chess game of [[chaturanga]].<ref>Henry Davidson, ''A Short History of Chess'', p. 6.</ref> The earliest indications reveal the game may have been played as early as the third century BCE.]]
[[Etched carnelian beads]] of Indus valley origin have been excavated from various archaeological sites in China dating from the [[Western Zhou]] and [[Spring and Autumn period]] (early half of 1st millennium BCE) to the [[Han dynasty|Han]] and [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasties]], indicating early cultural exchanges.<ref name="zhao2014" />

China and India have also had some contact before the transmission of Buddhism. References to a people called the ''[[Chinas]]'', are found in ancient [[Indian literature]]. The [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 5th century BCE) contains references to "[[China in the Mahābhārata|China]]", which may have been referring to the [[Qin (state)|Qin]] state which later became the [[Qin dynasty]]. [[Chanakya]] (c. 350–283 BCE), the prime minister of the [[Maurya Empire]], refers to Chinese silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle) in his ''[[Arthashastra]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colless |first=Brian |date=December 1980 |title=Han and Shen-tu China's Ancient Relations with South Asia |journal=East and West |volume=30 |issue=1/4 |pages=157–177 |jstor=29756564}} Interpretations of the term differ, but there is evidence from Roman sources of Chinese goods from a place called ''This'' travelling from Central Asia to the port of [[Barygaza]] and thence to South India.</ref>

The first records of contact between China and India were written during the 2nd century BCE, especially following the expedition of [[Zhang Qian]] to [[Central Asia]] (138–114 BCE).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Deyun |date=2014 |title=Study on the etched carnelian beads unearthed in China |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Chinese Archaeology |volume=14 |page=179 |doi=10.1515/char-2014-0019 |s2cid=132040238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202073138/http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=28 February 2021 |via=The Institute of Archaeology (CASS)}} Also see "When I was in Bactria ([[Daxia]])", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." (''[[Shiji]]'' 123, [[Sima Qian]], trans. Burton Watson).</ref> [[Buddhism]] was transmitted from India to China in the 1st century CE.<ref>Indian Embassy, Beijing. [http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=0 ''India-China Bilateral Relations – Historical Ties''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821001742/http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=0|date=21 August 2013}}</ref> Trade relations via the [[Silk Road]] acted as economic contact between the two regions. In the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'', [[Zhang Qian]] (d. 113 BCE) and [[Sima Qian]] (145–90 BCE) make references to "Shendu", which may have been referring to the [[Indus River|Indus Valley]] (the [[Sindh]] province in modern Pakistan), originally known as "Sindhu" in [[Sanskrit]]. When [[Yunnan]] was annexed by the [[Han dynasty]] in the 1st century, Chinese authorities reported an Indian "Shendu" community living there.<ref>Tan Chung (1998). [http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm ''A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606221357/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm|date=6 June 2007}}</ref>

A Greco-Roman text [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] (mid 1st century AD) describes the annual fair in present-day [[Northeast India]], on the border with China.{{blockquote|Every year, there turns up at the border of Thina a certain tribe, short in body and very flat-faced ... called Sêsatai ... They come with their wives and children bearing great packs resembling mats of green leaves and then remain at some spot on the border between them and those on the Thina side, and they hold a festival for several days, spreading out the mats under them, and then take off for their own homes in the interior.|Periplus, §65{{sfnp|Casson|1989|pp=51–93}}}}

== Early Middle Ages ==
[[File:Ambassador_from_Zhong_Tianzhu_(中天竺_Central_India)_in_The_Gathering_of_Kings_(王会图)_circa_650_CE.jpg|thumb|Ambassador from Central India (中天竺 ''Zhong Tianzhu'') to the court of the [[Tang dynasty]]. ''Wanghuitu'' (王会图) circa 650 CE.]]
From the 1st century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks traveled to China, such as [[Batuo]] ([[Floruit|fl.]] 464–495 CE)—first abbot of the [[Shaolin Monastery]]—and [[Bodhidharma]]—founder of [[Zen|Chan/Zen]] Buddhism—while many Chinese scholars and monks also traveled to India, such as [[Xuanzang]] (b. 604) and [[I Ching (monk)|I Ching]] (635–713), both of whom were students at [[Nalanda]] University in [[Bihar]]. Xuanzang wrote the ''[[Great Tang Records on the Western Regions]]'', an account of his journey to India, which later inspired [[Wu Cheng'en]]'s [[Ming dynasty]] novel ''[[Journey to the West]]'', one of the [[Four Great Classical Novels]] of [[Chinese literature]]. According to some, [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas the Apostle]] travelled from India to China and back (see Perumalil, A.C. ''The Apostle in India''. Patna, 1971: 5–54.)

=== Chola Empire and Song dynasty ===
{{Main|Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese}}

[[File:Rajendra_map_new.svg|right|thumb|250x250px|[[Chola Empire]] under [[Rajendra Chola]] c. 1030 C.E.]]
The [[Cholas]] maintained a good relationship with the Chinese. Arrays of ancient Chinese coins have been found in the Cholas homeland (i.e. [[Thanjavur]], [[Tiruvarur]], and [[Pudukkottai]] districts of Tamil Nadu, India).<ref>{{cite web |title=Old coins narrate Sino-Tamil story |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article526352.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605052206/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article526352.ece |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=16 May 2016 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Under [[Rajaraja Chola]] and his son [[Rajendra Chola]], the Cholas had strong trading links with the Chinese [[Song dynasty]].<ref name="his_of_india">{{Citation |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |title=The Early History of India |pages=336–358 |year=1904 |publisher=The Clarendon press |isbn=81-7156-618-9}}</ref><ref name="rajendra1">{{Citation |last=Srivastava |first=Balram |title=Rajendra Chola |page=80 |year=1973 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |quote=The mission which Rajendra sent to China was essentially a trade mission,...}}</ref><ref name="cct">{{Citation |last=D. Curtin |first=Philip |title=Cross-Cultural Trade in World History |page=101 |year=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-26931-8}}</ref> The Chola dynasty had strong influence over present-day Indonesia (Sri Vijaya Empire )

Many sources describe [[Bodhidharma]], the founder of the [[Zen]] school of [[Buddhism]] in China, as a prince of the [[Pallava dynasty]].<ref>Kamil V. Zvelebil (1987). "The Sound of the One Hand", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 125–126.</ref>

=== Tang and Harsha dynasties ===
{{see also|China–Nepal relations#Nepal, Tibet and China|Sino-Kannauj war}}
During the 7th century, [[Tang dynasty]] China gained control over large portions of the [[Silk Road]] and Central Asia. In 649, the Chinese general [[Wang Xuance]], along with thousands of recruited Tibetan and Nepalese troops, briefly invaded North India and won the [[Battle of Chabuheluo]].

During the 8th century, the astronomical [[Aryabhata's sine table|table]] of [[Trigonometric functions|sines]] by the [[Indian astronomy|Indian astronomer]] and [[Indian mathematics|mathematician]], [[Aryabhatta]] (476–550), were translated into the [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese astronomical]] and [[Chinese mathematics|mathematical]] book of the ''[[Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era]]'' (''Kaiyuan Zhanjing''), compiled in 718 CE during the Tang dynasty.<ref name="needham volume 3 109">[[Joseph Needham]], Volume 3, p. 109</ref> The ''Kaiyuan Zhanjing'' was compiled by [[Gautama Siddha]], an astronomer and astrologer born in Chang'an, and whose family was originally from India. He was also notable for his translation of the [[Navagraha]] calendar into Chinese.

=== Yuan dynasty ===
A rich merchant from the [[Ma'bar Sultanate]], Abu Ali (P'aehali) 孛哈里 (or 布哈爾 Buhaer), was associated closely with the Ma'bar royal family. After a fallout with the Ma'bar family, he moved to [[Yuan dynasty]] China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Emperor. The woman was formerly [[:zh:桑哥|桑哥]] Sangha's wife and her father was 蔡仁揆 [[:ko:채송년|채송년]] Ch'ae In'gyu during the reign of 忠烈 [[Chungnyeol of Goryeo]], recorded in the [[Dongguk Tonggam]], [[Goryeosa]] and [[:zh:留夢炎|留夢炎]] Liu Mengyan's 中俺集 Zhong'anji.<ref name="Schottenhammer2008">{{cite book |author=Angela Schottenhammer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA138 |title=The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-447-05809-4 |pages=138– |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821080515/https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA138 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |year=2006 |title=The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries |journal=Asia Major |volume=19 |issue=1/2 |pages=299–326 |jstor=41649921}}</ref> [[:zh:桑哥|桑哥]] Sangha was a Tibetan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaykh 'Âlam: the Emperor of Early Sixteenth-Century China |url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223438/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016}} p. 15.</ref> Tamil Hindu Indian merchants traded in [[Quanzhou]] during the Yuan dynasty.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ananth Krishnan |date=19 July 2013 |title=Behind China's Hindu temples, a forgotten history |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621040237/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=16 May 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc |title=China's Hindu temples: A forgotten history |date=2013-07-18 |last= |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2024-12-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Multimedia |url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01523/TH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119135250/http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01523/TH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg |archive-date=19 January 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Hindu statues were found in Quanzhou dating to this period.<ref>{{cite web |title=What to do in Quanzhou: China's forgotten historic port – CNN Travel |url=http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020143/http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>

According to [[Badauni]] and [[Firishta|Ferishta]], the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] had ambitions to invade China. There existed a direct trade relationship between China and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibn Battuta mentions that the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan Emperor]] had sent an embassy to Muhammad for reconstruction of a sacked temple at [[Sambhal]].

== Late Middle Ages ==
[[File:Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_Calicut_stele_-_P1080100.JPG|thumb|[[Stele]] installed in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] by [[Zheng He]] (modern replica)]]
Between 1405 and 1433, [[Ming dynasty]] China sponsored a [[Ming treasure voyages|series of seven naval expeditions]] led by Admiral [[Zheng He]]. Zheng He visited numerous Indian kingdoms and ports, including the [[Malabar coast]], [[Bengal]], and [[Ceylon]], the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Arabia]], and later expeditions ventured down as far as [[Malindi]] in what is now [[Kenya]]. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, [[porcelain]], and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents, including African zebras and giraffes. Zheng He and his company paid respect to local [[deities]] and customs, and in Ceylon, they erected a monument ([[Galle Trilingual Inscription]]) honouring [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Allah]], and [[Vishnu]]. Bengal sent twelve diplomatic missions to [[Nanjing]] between 1405 and 1439.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Garga |date=14 May 2017 |title=OBOR: As Mamata seeks Chinese investment for Bengal, why is Delhi bent on playing spoilsport? |url=https://scroll.in/article/837096/as-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907033736/https://scroll.in/article/837096/as-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport |archive-date=7 September 2018 |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=Scroll Media}}</ref>

After the Ming treasure voyages, private Chinese traders continued operating in the eastern Indian Ocean. Chinese junks could frequently be seen in the ports of the [[Vijayanagara]] Empire, carrying silks and other products.{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|2002|pp=304–305}} The ports of [[Mangalore]], [[Honavar]], [[Bhatkal]], [[Barkur]], [[Cochin]], [[Kannur|Cannanore]], [[Machilipatnam]], and [[Dharmadam]] were important, for they provided secure harbors for traders from China.<ref name="ports2">From the notes of Abdur Razzak in {{harvnb|Nilakanta Sastri|2002|p=304}}</ref> On the other hand, Vijayanagara exports to China intensified and included cotton, spices, jewels, [[Semi-precious stone|semi-precious stones]], ivory, rhino horn, [[ebony]], [[amber]], coral, and aromatic products such as perfumes.

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] may have attempted to reach the Chinese market. According to East India Company official William Hawkins, [[Jahangir|Emperor Jahangir's]] wardrobe master was ordered to replace a valuable porcelain. To fulfill the task, the wardrobe master traveled to China but found nothing of equivalent value.

== Early Modern ==
The [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhois]] of [[Odisha|Orissa]] maintained minor maritime trade links with China. This is noted from the [[Manchu language]] memorials and edicts depicting contacts under the reign of the [[Qing dynasty]] in China, when the [[Qianlong Emperor]] received a gift from the [[Brahmin]] (Ch. Polomen 婆羅門, Ma. Bolomen) envoy of a ruler whose Manchu name was Birakišora han of Utg’ali (Ch. Wutegali bilaqishila han 烏特噶里畢拉奇碩拉汗), who is described as a ruler in Eastern India. Hence, referring to Birakisore Deva I of Khurda (1736–1793) who styled himself as Gajapati, the ruler of Utkala. Many of the [[gosains]] entering Tibet from China passed through his territory when visiting the Jagannath temple at Puri.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cheng |first1=Anne |author1-link=Anne Cheng |url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |title=Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in ''India-China: Intersecting Universalities'' |last2=Kumar |first2=Sanchit |date=2020 |publisher=Collège de France |isbn=9782722605367 |page=19 |language=en |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510021433/https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en |archive-date=10 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The reign of [[Tipu Sultan]] in [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] saw Chinese technology used for sugar production,<ref name="seri2">Kamath (2001), p235-236</ref> and sandalwood was exported to China.<ref name="sandal">Kamath (2001), p236-237</ref> Tipu's and Mysore's tryst with silk began in the early 1780s when he received an ambassador from the Qing dynasty-ruled China at his court. The ambassador presented him with a silk cloth. Tipu was said to be enchanted by the item to such an extent that he resolved to introduce its production in his kingdom. He sent a return journey to China, which returned after twelve years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=A sultan's silken dreams |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/a-sultan-s-silken-dreams-51808 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821051446/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/a-sultan-s-silken-dreams-51808 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

After the Qing expansion into the Himalayas, there was increased contact with South Asia, which often manifested in the form of tributary relations. The Qing were obliged to defend their subservient state, [[Badakhshan]], against the [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], though no major clash with the Marathas ever took place. The Afghans gained the initiative and defeated the Marathas at [[Third Battle of Panipat|Panipat]] in 1761. The battle's outcome was used by the Afghans to intimidate the Qing.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Mosca, Matthew W. |title=From frontier policy to foreign policy : the question of India and the transformation of geopolitics in Qing China |date=31 July 2015 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9729-0 |oclc=1027518281}}</ref>
[[File:Chinese_barber_Goa.jpg|thumb|A Chinese barber in [[Goa]], early 1800s]]

=== Sino-Sikh War ===
{{Main|Sino-Sikh war}}

{{See also|Sikhism in China#Sikh Empire}}
In the 18th to 19th centuries, the [[Sikh Empire]] expanded into neighbouring lands. It had annexed [[Ladakh]] into the state of [[Jammu]] in 1834. In 1841, they invaded [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]] and overran parts of western Tibet. Chinese forces defeated the Sikh army in December 1841, forcing the Sikh army to withdraw, and in turn, entered Ladakh and besieged [[Leh]], where they were, in turn, defeated by the Sikh Army. At this point, neither side wished to continue the conflict, as the Sikhs were embroiled in tensions with the British that would lead up to the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], while the Chinese were in the midst of the [[First Opium War]]. The Sikhs claimed victory. The two parties signed a treaty in September 1842, which stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.<ref name="Rubin">The Sino-Indian Border Disputes, by Alfred P. Rubin, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1. (January 1960), pp. 96–125.</ref>

=== British Raj ===
[[File:Epitaph_of_Major_Hsiao_Chu_Ching_Second_World_War.JPG|thumb|Epitaph of Major Hsiao Chu Ching at [[Jairampur cemetery]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 September 2020 |title=When Indian, Chinese soldiers fought together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/when-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-together/articleshow/78118475.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712165111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/when-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-together/articleshow/78118475.cms |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhuri |first=Atonu |date=29 January 2008 |title=Monumental neglect of war graves – Discovered in 1997, Jairampur cemetery gets entangled in red tape |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/monumental-neglect-of-war-graves-discovered-in-1997-jairampur-cemetery-gets-entangled-in-red-tape/cid/631872 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711181617/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/monumental-neglect-of-war-graves-discovered-in-1997-jairampur-cemetery-gets-entangled-in-red-tape/cid/631872 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-11 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>]]
Indian soldiers, known as "[[Sepoy|sepoys]]", who were in [[British Indian Army|British service]] participated in the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War|Second Opium Wars]] against [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. Indian sepoys were also involved in the suppression of the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in 1900, in addition to serving as guards in the [[British Hong Kong|British colony of Hong Kong]] and foreign concessions such as the [[Shanghai International Settlement]]. The Chinese slur "''Yindu A San'' " (印度阿三 - Indian number three) was used to describe Indian soldiers in British service, with some of the popular sentiment rejecting the possibility for Sino-Indian fraternity.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT52 |title=Beyond Pan-Asianism: Connecting China and India, 1840s–1960s |last2=Tsui |first2=Brian |date=2020-11-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099212-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Modern ==
{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–India|Republic of China (1912–1949)|British India}}[[Hu Shih]], the Chinese ambassador to the United States from 1938 to 1942, commented, albeit critically, on India's Buddhism almost completely subsuming Chinese society upon its introduction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion in Chinese Life |url=http://csua.berkeley.edu/~mrl/HuShih/ReligionChinese.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414144233/http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~mrl/HuShih/ReligionChinese.html |archive-date=14 April 2008 |access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref><blockquote>ASIA is one. The [[Himalayas]] divide, only to accentuate, two mighty civilizations, the Chinese with its [[communism]] of [[Confucius]], and the Indian with its [[individualism]] of the [[Vedas]]. But not even the snowy barriers can interrupt for one moment that broad expanse of love for the [[Absolute (philosophy)|Ultimate]] and [[Universal (metaphysics)|Universal]], which is the common thought-inheritance of every Asiatic race, enabling them to produce all the great religions of the world and distinguishing them from those maritime peoples of the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], who love to dwell on the [[Particular]], and to search out the means, not the end, of life.<ref>Okakura, Tenshin (1904) ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/ioe Ideal of the East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810193906/https://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/ioe/|date=10 August 2022}}''</ref></blockquote>While never having actually visited India in his lifetime, [[Sun Yat-sen]], founder of the Republic of China, occasionally spoke and wrote of India as a fellow Asian nation that was likewise subject to harsh Western exploitation, and frequently called for a [[Pan-Asian]] united front against all unjust imperialism. In a 1921 speech, Sun stated: "The Indians have long been oppressed by the British. They have now reacted with a change in their revolutionary thinking...There is progress in their revolutionary spirit, they will not be cowed down by Britain."<ref>[[wikisource:Sun Yat-sen's speech on Pan-Asianism|Sun Yat-sen's speech on Pan-Asianism]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In the Footsteps of Xuanzang: Tan Yun-Shan and India |url=http://ignca.nic.in/ks_40034.htm#_edn24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316053112/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_40034.htm#_edn24 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |access-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> To this day, there is a prominent street named Sun Yat-sen street in an old Chinatown in Calcutta, now known as [[Kolkata]].

In 1924, on his major tour of several major Chinese cities, giving lectures about using their shared Asian values and traditional spirituality to help together promote world peace, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] was invited to [[Guangzhou|Canton]] by Sun Yat-sen, an invitation which he declined. There was considerably mixed reception to Tagore from the Chinese students and intellectuals. For example, a major Buddhist association in Shanghai stated that for seven hundred years, they had "waited for a message from India", while others, mostly modernizers and communists, outright rejected his ideals, stating that they did not "want philosophy, we want materialism" and "not wisdom, but power".<ref>{{cite book |last=Hogel |first=Bernhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=materialism |title=India and China in the Colonial World |date=2005 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9788187358206 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130709/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=materialism |archive-date=24 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg|right|thumb|Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Song Meiling with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru]]
Believing that then-[[Nationalist Government|Republican China]] and [[British Raj|British India]] were "sister nations from the dawn of history" who needed to transform their "ancient friendship into a new camaraderie of two freedom-loving nations", [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited China in 1939 as an honored guest of the government. Highly praising both [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and his wife [[Song Meiling]], Nehru referred to Chiang as "not only a great Chinese, but a great Asiatic and world figure...one of the top most leaders of the world...a successful general and captain in war", and Song as "full of vitality and charm...a star hope for the Chinese people...a symbol of China's invincibility". During his visit, Chiang and Nehru shared a bunker one night when Japanese bombers attacked [[Chongqing]] in late August, with Chiang recording a favorable impression of Nehru in his diary; the Chiangs also regularly wrote Nehru during his time in prison and even after their 1942 visit to India.<ref name="Transforming India-Taiwan Relations">{{Cite web |title=Transforming India-Taiwan Relations |url=https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph35.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526192816/https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph35.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://www.globalasia.org/v12no3/feature/playing-with-fire-taiwan-and-indias-long-courtship_james-baron Playing with Fire: Taiwan and India's Long Courtship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005631/https://www.globalasia.org/v12no3/feature/playing-with-fire-taiwan-and-indias-long-courtship_james-baron|date=8 April 2023}} ''[[Global Asia]]''</ref>
[[File:Chiang_Couple_Gandhi_India_10_Feb_1942.jpg|right|thumb|The Chiangs with Mahatma Gandhi in Calcutta in 1942]]
Partially to enlist India's aid against both [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Western imperialism]] in exchange for China's support for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]], the Chiangs visited [[British India]] in 1942 and met with Nehru, [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. The Chiangs also sought to present their nation as a potential third option for the Indian people to ally themselves with, with public sympathies at the time sharply split between the British and the Japanese, who actively tried to sway India's population with pledges to liberate Asia if they would help their efforts against the British. Despite pledges of mutual friendship and future cooperation between the two peoples, Chiang argued that, while Gandhi's non-violent resistance was not necessarily invalid for the Indian people, it was an unrealistic worldview on a global context. Gandhi, who had at the time insisted on India refraining from participating in any war unless India was first given complete independence, in turn, later noted that, although "fun was had by all...I would not say that I had learnt anything, and there was nothing that we could teach him."<ref>{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9WCDwAAQBAJ&q=gandhi%20charmed |title=The Life and Death of Mahatma Gandhi |date=June 6, 2014 |publisher=Ibooks |isbn=9781899694792 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005628/https://books.google.com/books?id=e9WCDwAAQBAJ&q=gandhi%20charmed |archive-date=8 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaping the Future of Asia |url=http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611065601/http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf |archivedate=11 June 2014}}</ref> In their meeting in Calcutta, Jinnah tried to persuade Chiang, who had pressed Britain to relinquish India as soon as possible, of the necessity of establishing a separate nation for Muslims in the subcontinent, to which Chiang, who apparently recognized the [[Indian National Congress]] as the sole nationalist force in the country, replied that if ten [[crores]] of Muslims could live peacefully with other communities in China, then there was no true necessity as he saw it of a separate state for a smaller population of nine crores of Muslims living in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Basanta Kumar |date=12 May 1982 |title=The Cripps Mission: A Reappraisal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MoTr7rCnMwEC&dq=Chiang+Jinnah&pg=PA49 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130707/https://books.google.com/books?id=MoTr7rCnMwEC&dq=Chiang+Jinnah&pg=PA49 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |via=Google Books}}</ref> While the public reception to the Chiangs was mostly positive, some reacted less favorably to the Chiangs' presence in India, with Jinnah believing that Chiang Kai-shek lacked proper understanding of Indian society and feeling he was biased in favor of Nehru and Gandhi while neglecting the demands of other religious communities,<ref>{{cite book |last=Deepak |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=As9qCwAAQBAJ&q=alleged%20that |title=India and Taiwan: From Benign Neglect to Pragmatism |date=2005 |publisher=VIJ Books (India) PVT Limited |isbn=9789384464912 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130829/https://books.google.com/books?id=As9qCwAAQBAJ&q=alleged%20that |archive-date=24 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> with his newspaper ''Dawn'' calling him a "meddlesome marshal", while other [[Islam in South Asia|Indian Muslims]], such as [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]], expressed mistrust for the couple's motives, believing that their government wanted to eventually expand its influence to Indochina and the subcontinent after the British departure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tyson Li |first=Laura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRY0v7AH2ngC&q=indochina |title=Madame Chiang Kai-Shek – China's Eternal First Lady |date=September 2007 |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=9780802143228 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408081109/https://books.google.com/books?id=FRY0v7AH2ngC&q=indochina |archive-date=8 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

For his part, Chiang apparently believed none of the major Indian leaders could help his government meaningfully. As an ardent nationalist who lived through China's internally turbulent years, he felt that Jinnah was "dishonest" and was being used by the British to divide the peoples of India and, by extension, Asia, with he and his wife Song believing that cooperation between Indian religious communities was difficult but possible. At the same time, he also felt genuinely disappointed by Gandhi, with whom he initially had high expectations, and noted afterwards that "he knows and loves only India, and doesn't care about other places and peoples". Having been unable to make Gandhi change his views about [[satyagraha]], even after arguing that some of their enemies, such as the Japanese, would make the preaching of non-violence impossible, Chiang, himself raised a Buddhist, blamed "traditional Indian philosophy" for his sole focus on endurance of suffering rather than revolutionary zeal necessary to rally and unite the Asian peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiang Meets Gandhi |url=http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2553/1/Mitter%2C%20Jiang%20meets%20Gandhi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602143024/http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2553/1/Mitter%2C%20Jiang%20meets%20Gandhi.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Chiangs continued to commit themselves to supporting the [[Indian independence movement]] from afar, mostly via diplomacy, with Song Meiling writing to Nehru encouragingly: "We shall leave nothing undone in assisting you to gain freedom and independence. Our hearts are drawn to you, and...the bond of affection between you and us has been strengthened by our visit....When you are discouraged and weary...remember that you are not alone in your struggle, for at all times we are with you in spirit."<ref>{{cite book |last=Pakula |first=Hannah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&q=nothing%20undone |title=The Last Empress Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China |date=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781439154236 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408081108/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&q=nothing%20undone |archive-date=8 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although their meetings had ended on a positive note, with Gandhi offering to adopt Song as a "daughter" in his [[ashram]] if Chiang left her there as his ambassador to India after she asked to be taught about his non-violent principles, and giving her his [[spinning wheel]] as a farewell gift, both sides were met with considerable obstacles in the aftermath.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jVVCwAAQBAJ&dq=soong+gandhi=source=bl&pg=PP146 |title=India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia |date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=9780465098620 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005630/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jVVCwAAQBAJ&dq=soong+gandhi=source=bl&pg=PP146 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref> After the Chiangs tried to seek U.S. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]]'s help in persuading [[Winston Churchill]] to give India independence during the war, Roosevelt suggested [[Partition of India|splitting India's territory in two]] in the hopes of resolving tensions, to which Song replied that both she and Chiang felt that "India was as indivisible as China". Gandhi wrote to Chiang shortly afterwards, seeking to clarify his stance: "I need hardly give you my assurance that, as the author of the new move in India, I shall take no hasty action. And whatever action I may recommend will be governed by the consideration that it should not injure China, or encourage Japanese aggression. I am trying to enlist world opinion in favor of a proposition which to me appears self-proved and which must lead to the strengthening of India and China's defence." Chiang sent a cable to Washington upon reading Gandhi's letter, and advised Roosevelt that the best course of action would be to "restore complete freedom" to India, but Churchill reportedly threatened to end Britain's alliance with China should the Chiangs continue to try to interfere with Indian affairs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hogel |first=Bernhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=emphatic |title=India and China in the Colonial World |date=2005 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9788187358206 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130710/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=emphatic |archive-date=24 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iI5WSCjLmMC&q=assurance%20hasty |title=Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers · Volume 1 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1960 |access-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130831/https://books.google.com/books?id=9iI5WSCjLmMC&q=assurance%20hasty |archive-date=24 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1942, a division of the [[Kuomintang]]'s armies entered India as the [[Chinese Army in India]] in their struggle against Japanese expansion in [[Southeast Asia]]. [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]] and four other Indian physicians traveled to war-torn China to provide medical assistance against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22599356 Why is India's Dr Kotnis revered in China?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901131112/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22599356|date=1 September 2022}} [[BBC]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=蒋介石曾以"元首身份"访印度与甘地谈6小时 |url=http://cul.china.com.cn/lishi/2012-10/17/content_5410894.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227235219/http://cul.china.com.cn/lishi/2012-10/17/content_5410894.htm |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{China–India relations}}
[[Category:China–India relations|History]]

Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Silver Jubilee School, Tirunelveli

2026-02-21T09:50:06Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: fixed references and updated info to improve readability

{{multiple issues|
{{Notability|Org|date=March 2022}}
{{Unreferenced|date=August 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| image = SJSSJS Valli Mandram2.jpg
| name =
| location = Tirunelveli
| motto =
| established =
| country = India
| school_board = Samacheer Kalvi (from Class 1 to Class 10) Tamil Nadu State Board (Class 11 & Class 12)
| language = Tamil
| founder = V.S.V Mani Smt. Lalitha Mani
| dean = V.Aruna {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
| director = Jayendran (Shankar)
| principal = Jayanthi Jayendran
Jayanthi Aruna Jayendran
| faculty = Ramalakshmi - Commerce Prof AN, Mr.I.A.Dinesh - English Prof. MSP - Physics Prof.KSV, Prof JD, Prof AP- Chemistry Prof. AK, Prof VS, Prof AS, Hema - Maths Prof. RS - Computer Science Mrs. Kanniga - Tamil Abhirami - Biology
}}
The '''Sri Jayendra Swamigal Silver Jubilee Matriculation Higher Secondary School''' (SJSSJS) is a school in [[Maharaja Nagar]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[India]].{{When|date=March 2022}} It is named after the [[Kanchipuram|Kanchipuram Sri Jayendra Swamigal]].

The school follows the CBSE syllabus until class 10 and the [[Tamil Nadu]] State Board syllabus for classes 11 and 12.

It is situated near the Roundana bus terminus of Maharaja Nagar.

[[File:SJSSJS Valli Mandram.jpg|thumb|left|261x261px|Valli Mandram Block of SJSSJS]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{Coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Education in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{TamilNadu-school-stub}}

Partho Mukherjee

2026-02-09T06:06:33Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: updated details

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date= March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Partho Mukherjee
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1947|09|21}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| yearsactive = 1958–2017
| father =
| mother =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|12|25|1947|09|21|df=y}}
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Partho Mukherjee '''({{Langx|hi|पार्थ मुखर्जी}}; {{Langx|bn|পার্থ মুখার্জী }}) was an Indian actor who worked in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bengali-actor-partha-mukherjee-dead-1115845-2017-12-25 | title= Veteran Bengali actor Partha Mukherjee dies at the age of 70 | date= 25 December 2017 |publisher=www.indiatoday.in|accessdate= March 8, 2021}}</ref> mainly as supporting actor. He worked in movies like [[Dhanyee Meye]], [[Agnishwar]], Amar Prithivi, [[Bagh Bondi Khela]]. He was particularly known for his boy-next-door looks. He worked with actors like [[Sabitri Chatterjee]], [[Ranjit Mallick]], [[Uttam Kumar]], [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] etc. Beside acting in films, he was also a passionate singer.

==Early life and education==
Partho Mukherjee was born on 21 September 1947 in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. After passing Higher Secondary Examination from Chakraberia Higher Secondary School of Kolkata he studied B.Com at [[Charuchandra College]] in 1965 and later enrolled for M.Com at the [[Calcutta University]] but could not appear for exams due to the film offers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/25/bengali-actor-partha-mukherjee-passes-away-cm-mamata-banerjee-pays-tribute-1736456.html | title= Bengali actor Partha Mukherjee passes away, CM Mamata Banerjee pays tribute| date= 25 December 2017|publisher= www.newindianexpress.com |accessdate= March 8, 2021}}</ref>

==Struggling days==
After getting a break as a child actor in the film ''Maa'' directed by [[Chitta Basu (director)|Chitta Basu]] in 1958 he portrayed a number of memorable roles in the 1960s. Based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s cult short story ''Atithi'' [[Tapan Sinha]] cast him as the protagonist in Bengali film [[Atithi (1965 film)|Atithi]]. Partho Mukherjee also acted in Tapan Sinha's Bengali movie ''[[Apanjan]]''. Known to carry himself well in both comedy, serious and tragic roles, Mukherjee was at one time an automatic choice as Bengal film legend [[Uttam Kumar]]'s on-screen brother or son in several Bengali movies. He acted more than 100 Bengali movies.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-partha-mukhopadhyay-dies-at-70-1791915| title=Bengali Actor Partha Mukhopadhyay Dies At 70 |publisher= www.ndtv.com |accessdate= March 8, 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He married music director Ashima Bhattacharya in 1977,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/dec/25/bengali-actor-partha-mukherjee-passes-away-cm-mamata-banerjee-pays-tribute-1736456.html|title = Bengali actor Partha Mukherjee passes away, CM Mamata Banerjee pays tribute| date=25 December 2017 }}</ref> who composed the music for the Bengali language film [[Chowringhee (film)|Chowringhee]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-21 |title=Tolly singer, composer and producer Ashima Mukherjee passes away at 86 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tolly-singer-ashima-mukherjee-passes-away-at-86/articleshow/107867217.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Death==
He died of cardiac arrest at the age of 70.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/bengali-actor-partha-mukhopadhyay-dies-at-70-4998025/|title= Veteran Bengali actor Partha Mukhopadhyay dies at 70|date= 25 December 2017|publisher=indianexpress.com |accessdate= March 8, 2021 }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
Mukherjee got wide recognition for his role in Tapan Sinha's Bengali movie 'Atithi' adapted from Rabindranath Tagore's short story. The movie participated in Venice Film Festival f but missed the best actor award with just a few votes. The TMC lead state government had conferred Partho Mukhopadhyay with a special award for his contribution to Bengali film industry.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/bengali-film-tv-actor-partha-mukherjee-passed-away/articleshow/62239382.cms| title=স্মৃতিতে বেঁচে 'বগলা'! প্রয়াত অভিনেতা পার্থ মুখোপাধ্যায় |publisher= eisamay.indiatimes.com|accessdate= March 8, 2021 }}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# Maa (1958)
# [[Atithi (1965 film)|Atithi]] (1965)
# [[Galpo Holeo Satti]] (1966) as Alok
# [[Balika Badhu (1967 film)|Balika Badhu]] (1967),
# [[Hatey Bazarey]] (1967)
# [[Apanjan]] (1968)
# [[Dhanyee Meye]] (1971), as Bogola
# Ajker Nayak (1972)
# [[Agnishwar]] (1975)
# [[Bagh Bondi Khela]] (1975)
# Faraar (1975)
# [[Sei Chokh]] (1976) as Amal
# Dampati (1976)
# Joy Maa Tara (1978)
# [[Dui Purush (1978 film)|Dui Purush]](1978)
# Ghatkali (1979) (as Partho Mukhopadhyay)
# [[Paar (film)]] (1984) (Hindi)
# Amar Prithivi (1985)
# Abasheshe (1985)
# [[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]] (1985) (Hindi)
# [[Rehguzar]] (1985)
# Chheleta (1986)(as Partho Mukhopadhyay)
# [[Naan Adimai Illai]] (1986) (Tamil)
# Abhagini (1991)
# Purander

}}

==Television==
He acted in several TV serials.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name| 0611473 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Partho}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Charuchandra College alumni]]

{{India-film-actor-1940s-stub}}

Homen D' Wai

2026-02-07T22:52:53Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: added new stub!

{{Short description|Indian film director (1970–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Homen D' Wai
| image = File:Homen_D'_Wai,_Film_Director.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Homendro Waikhom
| education =
| occupation = Director, Scriptwriter, Lyricist
| years active =
| birth_date = 1970
| birth_place = Sagolband Thangjam Leirak, [[Imphal West]], [[Manipur]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2021|07|10|1970}}
| parents =
| spouse = Waikhom Ongbi Ngangbi
| children =
| awards =
}}

'''Homen D' Wai''' (''full name:'' Homendro Waikhom, 1970 – 10 July 2021) was an Indian film director, scriptwriter and lyricist from [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/8396/manipuri-filmmaker-homen-d-wai-passes-away|title=Manipuri filmmaker Homen D' Wai passes away|accessdate=13 July 2021|newspaper=Imphal Free Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.topinfoguide.com/news/homen-d-wai-death-obituary-dead-homen-d-wai-cause-of-death/|title=Homen D Wai Death :: Obituary – Dead :: Homen D Wai Cause of Death|accessdate=14 July 2021|website=www.topinfoguide.com}}</ref> ''Dr. Yaima'', ''Mittrang Keithel'', ''[[Yaiskulgee Pakhang Angaoba]]'', ''Dr. Hemogee Heloi'' and ''[[VDF Thasana]]'' were some of the famous movies he directed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southasiaviews.com/featured/popular-manipuri-filmmaker-homen-dwai-succumbs-to-covid-related-complications/|title=Popular Manipuri filmmaker, Homen D'Wai succumbs to Covid related complications|accessdate=14 July 2021|website=southasiaviews.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Homen D' Wai started his career in movies under the guidance of K. Ibohal Sharma. He worked as an assistant [[cinematographer]] in the 1993 Ibohal Sharma's directorial venture ''[[Sambal Wangma]]''. Later, he went on to direct music videos which became hit song numbers of the time. The first feature film directed by him was ''Raja'', a 2003 movie. His 2004 feature ''Dr. Yaima'' became a hit and ran at Friends' Talkies, Paona Bazar successfully for more than 100 days. His movies ''Mr. Lakhipyari'' (2005) and ''Mittrang Keithel'' (2006) had successful theatrical run in Friends' Talkies and Usha Cinema respectively for more than 50 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/3/23/IMPHAL-Mar-22-The-three-day-Manipuri-Film-Festival-organised-by-Heritage-Art-and-Culture-Centre-HACC-was.html#/google_vignette|title=Film Fest starts|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Keku_Lotpi.php|title=Keku Lotpi|publisher=E-pao Movie Channel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themorningbell.in/cdgm-condoles-homen-d-wais-demise/|title=CDGM condoles Homen D Wai's demise|accessdate=14 July 2021|website=themorningbell.in}}</ref>

He also attempted to re-unite the Manipuris living in the state and Meiteis from states like [[Assam]], Tripura through his films. These efforts could be seen in his movies like ''Nungshibi Ahing'' (2008) and ''Govindagee Sharik Makhol'' (2010). ''[[Yaiskulgee Pakhang Angaoba]]'' (2011) and ''Dr. Hemogee Heloi'' (2013) were films of Homen D' Wai which made records in the box office at a time when Manipuri cinema's popularity among the masses slowed down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2021.Mourns_demise_of_Filmmaker_Homen_D_wai_20210712|title=MSFDS MOURNS THE DEMISED OF SUPER-HIT FILMMAKER HOMEN D'WAI|accessdate=13 July 2021|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> His last directorial venture was ''[[Ei Actor Natte]]'' (2019). Most of his movies were flavoured with comic, humorous elements. But his versatility as a filmmaker could be seen in movies like ''Nungshibi Ahing'' (2008) and ''[[Kekoo Lotpee]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=27..291008.oct08|title=Nungshibee Ahing captivates Hojai's people|accessdate=28 September 2024|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> The blessing ceremony of a new movie ''Sendoidi Ahing Tumde'' with Homen D' Wai as the director was held in 2021 but he died even before the shooting could commence. He also had plans to make four other movies (''Yaiskulgee Pakhang Angaoba 2'', ''Dr. Hemogee Heloi 2'', ''Khabei Chegap Dot Com'' and ''Phanekse Kanagino'') which he had finished scripting.

He died on 10 July 2021, from [[COVID-19]] complications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2021.Mourns_demise_of_Filmmaker_Homen_D_wai_20210712|title=Mourns the demise of Filmmaker Homen D'wai |accessdate=28 September 2024|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=33..120721.jul21|title=Many mourn demise of filmmaker Homen D'Wai|accessdate=28 September 2024|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> He was also undergoing dialysis at Shija Hospital, Imphal due to kidney failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/7/11/IMPHAL-Jul-11-Popular-filmmaker-Homen-D-Wai-creator-of-the-super-hit-film-Yaiskul-Pakhang-Ang.html|title=Covid claims noted film maker|accessdate=13 July 2021|newspaper=The Sangai Express}}</ref>

==Accolades==
Homen D' Wai received the Best Director, Best Lyricist, Best Screenplay and Best Feature Film awards at the 8th Manipur State Film Festival 2013 for his work in the movie ''[[Yaiskulgee Pakhang Angaoba]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=6&src=Movies/8thManipurFilmFestival20131224|title=8th Manipur State Film Festival 2013 Awards :: December 24, 2013|accessdate=13 July 2021|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> He also won the Best Lyricist award for a song in the movie ''[[VDF Thasana]]'' at the 9th Manipur State Film Awards 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/793|title=9th & 10th Manipur Film Awards presented|newspaper=The People's Chronicle|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517090103/http://www.thepeopleschronicle.in/daily/english/793|url-status=dead}}</ref> His 2019 movie ''[[Ei Actor Natte]]'' won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment award at the 13th Manipur State Film Awards 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/5/21/Imphal-May-20Highways-of-Life-directed-by-Maibam-Amarjeet-Singh-clinched-four-awards-including-Best-Non-Feature-Film-at-the-13th-Manipur-State-Film-Awards-2020-Art-Culture-Minister-L-Jayantak.html|title=Highways of Life wins big at Manipur State Film Awards 2020|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com}}</ref> The citation for the award reads, "''Most of the sequences of the film [[Ei Actor Natte]] provide amusement tickling the viewers in an emotional narrative promoting a moral health and invoicing the general interest of cine-goers. With this views, the film has been adjudged for the Award of the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment, 2020''".

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Studio
|-
|2003
|''Raja''
|Maxima Films Inc.
|-
|2004
|''Dr. Yaima''
|Milky Way Films
|-
|2005
|''Mr. Lakhipyari''
|Emoinu Films
|-
|rowspan="2"|2006
|''Mittrang Keithel''
|Treasure Island
|-
|''Quarter No. 16''
|Dip Film
|-
|2007
|''Ngashidagi Hourashi''
|Kristy Imphal Production
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|''Nungshibi Ahing''
|Diana Films
|-
|''[[Kekoo Lotpee]]''
|Treasure Island
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|''Leeklam''
|Nongpok Mashu Taibang Films
|-
|''Yumleima Lamleima''
|Seema Films
|-
|2010
|''Govindagee Sharik Makhol''
|Ibudhou Thangjing Films
|-
|2011
|''[[Yaiskulgee Pakhang Angaoba]]''
|Kangla Films, Manipur
|-
|2012
|''Highway 39: Punshi Lambida''
|Kangla Films, Manipur
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''Dr. Hemogee Heloi''
|Penu Leima Film & TV
|-
|''Kundorei''
|Penu Leima Film & TV
|-
|2014
|''[[VDF Thasana]]''
|Robin Color Picture
|-
|2015
|''Eidi Thamoi Pikhre''
|Ebudhou Marjing Films
|-
|2017
|''Ningtha''
|Chin Films
|-
|2019
|''[[Ei Actor Natte]]''
|Imphal Star Films
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D' Wai, Homen}}
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Garhi Abdullakhan

2026-02-05T06:04:21Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: info.

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Garhi Abdulla Khan''' is a village situated in [[Thana Bhawan]] [[Community development blocks in India|Block]] of [[Shamli district]]. i.e. a Tehsil in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

It is located about 50 km kilometres from the Mandal Saharanpur and 32 km from district headquarter Shamli. It is located on Thana Bhawan Road. This village is famous for Abdullah Khan, after whom the village is to be named, was a Baloch sardar. He is remembered locally as an influential figure associated with the early settlement of the area, A shrine (mazaar) traditionally associated with Abdullah Khan is located near the centre of the village, Several other shrines traditionally associated with Sufi figures, such as Laal Peer, Sarvar Peer, and Shah Ji Peer, are located in the surrounding areas of the village.These shrines are part of the local cultural landscape and are visited by people from different backgrounds.

The village has an old Eidgah used for Eid prayers by residents of Garhi Abdullah Khan and nearby villagers. A pond locally known as the “Bibiyon ka Talaab” is located near the Eidgah. The site also includes mature neem trees that form part of the surrounding landscape.

All communities of this village are living peacefully on the outskirts of this village. A temple is situated of [[Lord Shiva]] known as Shivalaya, in the village.

It is an ancient village there are three major religious ancient monuments: An ancient temple Shivalaya dedicated to Lord Shiva, and Jain Temple of British Period dedicated to Lord Mahaveer Swami. There is the first Navagraha Temple of District Shamli known as Shani Dev Dham. It is located on Titron Road. There is a two km belt of Mango trees towards the Titron Road.

'''Major Schools And Colleges''' in the area: Prakash memorial public school affiliates to UP Board, Chaudhary Dhiraj Singh Intermediate College affiliated to UP Board Allahabad. SDS Public School affiliated to up board
. It is now a small town but it is under Gram Panchayat.

'''Nearest Airport''': IGI Airport New Delhi (130  km)
'''Nearest Railway Station''': Thanabhawan Town (12  km)- Rural
'''Nearest Major Railway Station''': Shamli(32 km), Saharanpur(45 km), Karnal (46 km), Muzaffarnagar (45 km)

== References ==
{{reflist}} http://www.maplandia.com/india/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/garhi-abdulla-khan/

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Shamli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Shamli district]]

Unification of Karnataka

2026-01-29T23:05:21Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8:

{{Short description|Formation of the Indian state of Karnataka}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2008}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Karnataka locator map.svg|thumb|Present map of Karnataka. Only South Karnataka was [[Mysore State]] from 1947 to 1956.]]
{{Karnataka History}}
The '''Unification of Karnataka''' or '''Karnataka Ekikarana''' refers to the formation of the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]] (then named [[Mysore State]]) in 1956 when several Indian states were created by redrawing borders based on linguistic demographics. Decades earlier during British rule, the demand for a state based on Kannada demographics had been made.

==Historical background==
[[File:Karnataka 1956 Reorg.svg|thumb|left|Territories before unification]]
During the period of [[British Raj|British rule]], areas that now comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with the [[Kingdom of Mysore|princely state of Mysore]], [[Hyderabad state|Nizam's Hyderabad]], the [[Bombay Presidency]], the [[Madras Presidency]] and the territory of [[Kodagu]] being the most important ones. In effect, nearly two-thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of the [[Wodeyar|Wodeyar kings of Mysore]].

This meant that the [[Kannadigas]] in these regions, in spite of their large numbers, did not have an administrative patronage. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay Presidency where [[Marathi language|Marathi]] was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule where [[Urdu]] was the main language. Kannadigas in [[South Canara]] came under the rule from the Madras Presidency which used [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as their main language.

Under these conditions, a feeling of discontent began among Kannadigas outside Mysore. Thus, while the Kannadigas under the Nizam felt that Urdu was being forced on them at the expense of [[Kannada]], those in the Bombay Presidency felt similarly concerning Marathi.<ref name="misrule">{{cite web|title =Contributing to the cause | work =[[Deccan Herald]] | date = 1 November 2005 | url =http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/nov12005/spectrum14441020051031.asp | access-date = 28 November 2006 }}</ref> These areas also remained economically undeveloped. It was in these conditions that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, began demanding the creation of a separate state consolidating all Kannada-speaking regions. This was called the ''Ekikarana'' or 'Unification' movement.

==Role of North Karnataka==
Almost the entire southern half of Karnataka was then under the Wodeyars of Mysore with [[Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar]]. The official language of the state was Kannada and the state was also one of the more progressive states of the day.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} Important protagonists of the Ekikarana movement including [[Aluru Venkata Rao]] were from northern parts of Karnataka. One of the earliest and most important organisations that was chosen to lead the movement, the ''[[Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha]]'' also began in [[Dharwad]].

==The Vidyavardhaka Sangha and other organisations==
{{Main|Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha}}
[[File:Participants of the first Kannada Sahitya Parishat (Bangalore, 1915).jpg|thumb|right|Participants of the first [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]]]]
The [[Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha]], [[Dharwad]], was established in 1890. It was established by R. H. Deshpande with the objective of working for the resurgence of the Kannada language which had been marginalised under the rule of the Bombay Presidency where Marathi was the official language.<ref name="misrule" /> The Vidyavardhaka Sangha became the aegis under which leaders from all over Karnataka gathered to further their agitation. The influence and success of the Vidyavardhaka Sangha soon lead to more such organisations being set up throughout Karnataka. The most notable of these were the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] (Bangalore) that was set up in 1915, the Karnataka Sangha ([[Shivamogga]]) that began in 1916.

==Aluru Venkata Rao==
Although resentment and protest had started as early as in 1856 and the [[Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha]] had been established in 1890, the movement took a dramatic turn with the arrival of Aluru Venkata Rao on the scene. Speaking at a meeting of the Sangha in 1903, Alur Venkata Rao made a case for integrating all Kannada regions of Madras Province and north Karnataka with Mysore kingdom. Aluru himself was inspired by the protests that followed the British partitioning of Bengal.

In 1907 and again in 1908, Rao organised the All-Karnataka Writers' Conference in [[Dharwad]]. Inspired by the Vidyavardhaka Sangha and the efforts of Deshpande, Aluru helped found the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] in [[Bangalore]] in 1915. This Parishat found a patron in the ruler of Mysore. The Parishat began holding annual literary conferences (that continue today) in different parts of the state. Intellectuals from across the Kannada speaking regions attended these conferences. During the [[Home Rule Movement]], Aluru floated the idea of a Karnataka 'Provincial' unit of the [[Indian National Congress]]. This soon took shape and the Karnataka Pradesh Congress committee was formed.

===Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava===
Amidst all this, Aluru published his most renowned achievement, the ''Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava'' in initially published in 1912, later some sources added the publication of the book in the year 1917. ''Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava'' literally means ''The glory that was Karnataka!''. It was a book that recounted in detail the history of Karnataka until the fall of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] after which the Marathas, Nizam and the British took over. The book impacted the young and old alike. The movement soon caught the imagination of the public and people started rallying around the ''Ekikarana'' movement and the movement picked up momentum. For all these efforts and for being the one who inspired a whole movement, Aluru is today remembered as the ''Kannada Kula Purohita'' or the 'High priest of the Kannada clan'.

==Growth of the movement==
Starting with Aluru's call for a Kannada linguistic state, the movement had slowly started gaining momentum and following. It was also around the time that the Indian independence movement was gathering momentum. Organisations in the movement began organising rallies, talks and conferences where demands for a separate state for Kannada speaking people was made.

Apart from [[Aluru Venkata Rao|Aluru]], supporters like [[Gudleppa Hallikeri]], [[Siddappa Kambli]], R H Deshpande, Rangarao Diwakar, Koujalgi Srinivasarao, Srinivas Rao Mangalvedhe, [[Andanappa Doddameti|A. J. Doddameti]],<ref name="karhist">{{cite web |url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/History/History/en |title=Karnataka History |date=2021-09-08 |website=Government of Karnataka |access-date=2022-11-28}}</ref> [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]], [[Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar]], [[S. Nijalingappa|S Nijalingappa]], T Mariyappa, Subramanya, Sowcar Chennaiah, H K Veerangowda, H C Dasappa, [[H. Siddaiah]], K. R. Karanth, B. S. Kakkillaya, B. V. Kakkillaya and [[Anakru]] were by now prominent in the movement. Anakru in particular, was influential with his writing and oratory.

==Nagpur Conference==
Due to the efforts of these organisations and leaders, the movement not only gained in momentum but also attained a quasi-political influence. In 1920, Karnataka State Political Conference was held at Dharwad. At this conference, which was presided over by V P Madhav Rao, a unanimous resolution was passed demanding the unification of all Kannada speaking areas. The conference also advised Kannadigas to attend the Nagpur Congress to be held later that year in large numbers. Almost 800 delegates attended the Nagpur conference where the Indian National Congress made the decision to create the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee. This aided the movement and leaders of the Congress like [[S. Nijalingappa|S Nijalingappa]] and [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] (both of whom went on to become Chief Ministers of Karnataka) and [[Gudleppa Hallikeri]] also served as active members of the movement.

==1924 Belgaum Conference==
In 1924, the [[Belgaum]] (now belagavi) congress was held under the aegis of the newly formed Karnataka Pradesh Congress committee arm of the INC. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] presided over this historic conference. This conference was attended by Kannadigas from all parts in large numbers. The first Karnataka Unification Conference was also organised at the same venue. This was presided over by Siddappa Kambli.

These two conferences were attended by a significant number of leaders, writers, poets and intellectuals from Karnataka. It was here that [[Huilgol Narayana Rao]] first sang his ''Udayavagali namma cheluva kannada nadu'', which meant ''Let our charming Kannada land dawn!''. The INC lent formal support to the cause; this was the first time the movement had explicit political support. As a result of these conferences, the Karnataka Ekikarana Sabha which was to work in collaboration with the KPCC began with the objective of the unification of Karnataka. The Karnataka Ekikarana Sabha later came to be known as the Karnataka Ekikarana Sangha.

==Nehru committee recommendation==
In 1928, due to the efforts of [[Gudleppa Hallikeri]], the formation of a single province by uniting all Kannada speaking areas was recommended by the [[Nehru Report|Nehru Committee]]. It was stated by the committee that there was a "strong prima facie case for unification". It also went on to state that it believed Karnataka could also be a financially strong province. This recommendation aided the movement. There was later support from literary figures like [[Kuvempu]], [[Da Ra Bendre|Bendre]], [[V K Gokak|Gokak]], S B Joshi, Betgeri Krishna Sharma, M Govinda Pai, [[Shivarama Karanth]] and [[Kayyar Kinhanna Rai|Kayyara Kiyyanna Rai]]. There was also widespread support growing from the newspapers and media. Several smaller public and college organisations also began, notably in Bengaluru, Shivamogga and Raichur.

==1937 elections==
Following the [[Simon Commission]], elections were held in [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937]]. The Congress said it would favour the formation of the separate Karnataka and Andhra states. This was met with some resistance from the British and also some of the princely states. While the princely states feared that they might stand to lose some territory, the British themselves were unsure of how they would handle the reorganisation.

Siddappa Kambli sensing the reluctance, decided that the movement had to approach the [[Simon Commission]] with their case. But the other leaders of the movement like [[Gangadharrao Deshpande]], Rangarao Diwakar, Koujalgi Srinivasarao and [[Aluru Venkata Rao|Aluru]] advised him not to do so as they had boycotted the commission. Gudlappa Hallikeri invited the Maharaja of Mysore to tour the Kannada speaking provinces of Bombay and Hyderabad. After the tour and several discussions the movement gained his active support.

==1946 conference==
The tenth conference of the Ekikarana movement was held on 10 January 1946 in [[Mumbai]]. This conference was inaugurated by [[Sardar Patel]] and attended by the likes of [[B. G. Kher]], the then Chief Minister of Bombay presidency. In his speech at the conference, Sardar Patel stated that the interests of all linguistic groups would be high on the list of priorities for the new government of independent India. This served to reduce the apprehensions of the movement leaders and the common people. This was also to have a bearing on the constituent assembly that met in the same year.

In the same year, the All-Karnataka convention, a gathering of Kannadigas was held in [[Davanagere]], in central [[Karnataka]]. This was presided over by Mr. M P Patil, the revenue minister of Mumbai. This convention attracted tens of thousands of Kannadigas from Karnataka. Leaders like Gudlappa Hallikeri, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, T Mariyappa, Subramanya, Sowcar Chennaiah, H K Veerangowda, H C Dasappa and [[H. Siddaiah]] attended this convention and urged the constituent assembly to create the linguistic states.

==Post Independence==

[[File:KarnatakaPostIndependence.png|thumb|Political Divisions of Karnataka post Independence.]]
India soon gained independence in 1947. The new government soon began delaying concerning the ''Karnataka Ekikarana'' movement. Kannada speaking areas were now grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. The ''Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat'' met in [[Kasaragod Town|Kasargod]] and reiterated the demand for a separate state for [[Kannadigas]].

===Opposition by Mysore State===
Ironically, the state of Mysore and several politicians opposed unification of Karnataka, on the pretext that Mysore state has fertile lands, more developed and present North Karnataka was not developed with large area of dry land.<ref name="hindu1">{{cite news |last1=Pattanashetti |first1=Girish |title=People of Karnataka still haven't united on an emotional level: Jamadar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/people-of-karnataka-still-havent-united-on-an-emotional-level-jamadar/article6234612.ece |access-date=5 July 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

===Liberation of Hyderabad-Karnataka===
While Karnataka became independent with the rest of the country on 15 August 1947, this did not occur in some parts of the state that were under the rule of the Nizam of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]]. Hyderabad consisted of large portions of what were later to be the north eastern districts of [[Bidar district|Bidar]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] and [[Raichur district|Raichur]] of [[Karnataka]] state. The Lingayat minority in these regions also largely believed that they had been neglected and resented the oppression of the [[Nizam]] and the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]]. The Nizam refused to accede to India until his rule was overthrown [[Operation Polo|by force]]. Following the 'police action' against the Nizam, Hyderabad province and its citizens became independent on 17 September 1948. This day is celebrated by the Karnataka government as the ''Hyderabad-Karnataka liberation day''.<ref>{{cite web | title =Hyderabad Karnataka Liberation Day to be celebrated in Bidar on September 17 | date = 13 September 2006 | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/13/stories/2006091307610300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108101714/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/13/stories/2006091307610300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 November 2012 | work =[[The Hindu]] | access-date = 28 November 2006 }}</ref>

===The Dhar and JVP committee===
In the same year, the government appointed the Dhar commission to look into the demands of the ''Ekikarana'' movement as well as those of the other parallel movements in the other states. The Dhar commission in its report, opposed any reorganisation of the states. This was criticised by all quarters including the Jaipur Congress.

The government now formed the 'JVP' committee. This committee had [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sardar Patel|Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Pattabhi Sitaramayya]] on the board. This committee examined the demands again and created a report. The JVP report, however, favoured only the creation of the Andhra state while the ''Karnataka Ekikarana'' movement was deliberately ignored. The ''Ekikarana'' movement saw this as a betrayal of the Congress which had declared the creation of linguistic provinces as one of its goals in its 1951 manifesto.

The movement now formed the ''Karnataka Ekikarana Paksha'' to contest the 1951 polls. This was supported by literary figures as well as politicians like Gudlappa Hallikeri, Kengal Hanumantayya, S Nijalingappa and C M Poonacha, the Chief Minister of Kodagu.

===The Fazal Ali Committee===
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2015}}
In January 1953, at the Congress session in Hyderabad, a resolution was also passed favouring the creation of Andhra Pradesh but not Karnataka. [[Andanappa Doddameti|A. J. Doddameti]], a senior Congress leader and the member of the Bombay assembly, immediately resigned from his seat and launched a hunger strike at Jakkali in Dharwad. This was widely supported. In the riots at Hubli that followed, many people were injured and several courted arrest.

In the Hubli-Dharwad by-elections that followed, the Congress were defeated while the Karnataka Ekikarana Paksha's candidate won by a landslide. Under pressure, Prime Minister Nehru constituted the [[States Reorganisation Act#The States Reorganization Commission|States Reorganisation Commission]] (SRC), also known as the Fazal Ali commission due to being headed by Justice Fazal Ali. At the same time, the Mysore government appointed a fact-finding committee, headed by M. Sheshadri. The SRC opposed the unification but its findings were ignored due to overwhelming support in favour from Mysoreans such as [[Visvesvaraya|Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya]].

Congress leader Gudlappa Hallikeri furthered the cause of unification within his party by advocating for states based on linguistic demographics. He also represented and urged unification in front of the SRC. The SRC eventually recommended the reorganisation of the states based on linguistic demographics and this was soon ratified in parliament.

==Aftermath==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2015}}
The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the SRC was reacted to positively by [[Kannadiga]] people, although there was also disappointment at the non-inclusion of certain parts of Mysore state. Most notable among the excluded areas was [[Kasargod]], which had been one of the centres from which the Ekikarana movement had launched its agitation. This is an issue that continues to affect those who fought for the unification of Karnataka.

On 1 November 1973, under [[Devaraj Urs]] as Chief Minister, Mysore state was renamed as ''Karnataka''.

==Ekikarana Awards==
To mark the celebrations of the 50th year of Karnataka's unification, the [[Government of Karnataka|state government]] headed by the then Chief Minister [[H. D. Kumaraswamy|H D Kumarswamy]] awarded 36 individuals and 4 organisations with the ''Ekikarana Award'' for the service they had rendered for uniting [[Karnataka]].

The Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha, Dharwad and the [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]], [[Bengalooru]] (that [[Aluru Venkata Rao|Aluru]] once assisted and headed) and [[Karnataka Samithi (R), Kasaragod]] were included among the recipients.

==See also==
*[[Mysore (disambiguation)]]
*[[History of Hyderabad, India|History of Hyderabad]]
*[[Karnataka History Timeline|Karnataka history timeline]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/201500/ekikarana-movement-timeline.html |title='Ekikarana' movement: A timeline |date=2011-10-31 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=2022-11-28}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/the-struggle-for-karnataka-1045566.html |title= The struggle for Karnataka |date=2021-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=2022-11-28}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121107023216/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/16/stories/2006091603880300.htm Details of the Liberation Day celebrations in ''The Hindu'']
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/nov12005/spectrum14441020051031.asp Contributing to the cause – An article in the ''Deccan Herald'' detailing the struggle for unification]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20020414191730/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1521/15210360.htm An article in ''The Hindu'' throwing light on the 'liberation' of Nizam's territories]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080119172549/http://www.hindu.com/2005/09/19/stories/2005091903140500.htm Mention of the Fazal Ali report – The Hindu]
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/history.htm Unification and Congress support]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104104109/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/30/stories/2005083003500900.htm G B Pant's statement on reorganisation]
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/leaders/freedom_fighters.htm Freedom fighters of Karnataka]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/Archives/oct242006/state17511420061023.asp Ekikarana awards list]
* {{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/karnataka-a-50-year-old-name-centuries-of-legacy/article66077277.ece |title=Karnataka: a 50-year-old name, centuries of legacy | work=The Hindu |date=2022-11-01 |access-date=2022-11-28}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:History of Karnataka (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Political history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]

Manuke, Ludhiana district

2026-01-28T15:00:24Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: created new location from scratch

{{Short description | Village on Guru Gobind Singh Marg, Punjab, India}}
{{Distinguish|Manooke, Moga|text=[[Manooke, Moga|Manuke]], another village with the same name located in the neighbouring Moga district.}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manuke
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.675|N|75.456|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Guru Gobind Singh
| named_for = Baba Manuu
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 231
| population_total = 9048
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Punjabi
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 142034
| registration_plate = PB-10
| website =
| footnotes =
| translit_lang1 = Māṇūkē
}}
'''Manuke''' is a village in [[Ludhiana district]], Punjab, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Census of India 2011 - Punjab - Series 04 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Ludhiana |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1002 |access-date=August 17, 2022 |website=Census of India - Digital Library}}</ref> Gurdwara Patshahi Dasvee, a gurdwara (Sikh temple) there, is believed to have been visited by [[Guru Gobind Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |volume=2 |pages=841 |chapter=Khalsa Battles Against Mughal Imperialism |quote=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=MĀṆŪKE |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/MANUKE.HTML |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Version) |publisher=Punjabi University |place=Patiala}}</ref> The guru was travelling from Lammāṅ Jaṭpurā towards Dina Kangar in December 1705, with him resting under a pipal tree which still exists at the back of the gurdwara.<ref name=":0" /> A Manji Sahib (small, domed-room) commemorating the guru's short stay was constructed in 1923. Later-on the site was transformed into a proper Sikh gurdwara through later constructions and renovations.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana district]]

University of Pennsylvania Press

2026-01-24T05:44:34Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: brief improve section to improve readability also and corrected details

{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Short description|Books publisher}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = University of Pennsylvania Press logo.png
| parent = [[University of Pennsylvania]]
| status = Active
| founded = {{start date and age|March 26, 1890}}
| founder =
| successor =
| country = United States
| headquarters = 3905 Spruce St., [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, U.S.
| distribution = [[Hopkins Fulfillment Services]] (the Americas) Scholarly Book Services (Canada) Combined Academic Publishers (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia)<ref>[http://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/order/index.html Ordering Information]</ref>
| keypeople =
| publications = Books, magazine, journals
| topics =
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| nasdaq =
| url = {{URL|https://www.pennpress.org/}}
}}
The '''University of Pennsylvania Press''' (also known as '''Penn Press''') is a [[university press]] affiliated with the [[University of Pennsylvania]], a private, [[Ivy League]] university in [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania.

==History==
[[File:SOUTH (FRONT) FACADE AND GENERAL VIEW - Potts House, 3905 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA HABS PA,51-PHILA,581-1.tif|left|thumb|The Potts House at 3905 Spruce Street in [[Philadelphia]]. A mid-nineteenth century villa, it serves as home of the press<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spruce Street, 3905 {{!}} University of Pennsylvania Facilities and Real Estate Services |url=https://facilities.upenn.edu/maps/locations/spruce-street-3905 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=facilities.upenn.edu}}</ref>]]
The press was originally incorporated with by the [[Pennsylvania]] state government on March 26, 1890,<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Pennsylvania Press|url=https://www.degruyter.com/page/2100|access-date=2020-06-26|website=De Gruyter|language=en}}</ref> and the imprint of the University of Pennsylvania Press first appeared on publications in the 1890s, among the earliest such imprints in America. One of the press's first book publications, published in 1899, was [[The Philadelphia Negro|''The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study'']], written by black reformer, scholar, and social critic [[W. E. B. Du Bois]].

University of Pennsylvania Press has an active backlist of roughly 2,000 titles and an annual output of upward of 120 new books in a focused editorial program. It focuses heavily on publishing works related to American history and culture, ancient, medieval, and Renaissance studies, anthropology, landscape architecture, studio arts, human rights, Jewish studies, and political science. The press also publishes 27 [[peer review|peer-reviewed]] [[academic journals]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://journals.pennpress.org/ |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=journals.pennpress.org}}</ref> mostly in the humanities, and the magazine [[Dissent (American magazine)|''Dissent'']].

{{asof|July 2023|post=,}} Wharton School Press is an imprint of University of Pennsylvania Press.<ref name="PennPress2">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-11 |title=Wharton School Press becomes an imprint of the University of Pennsylvania Press |url=https://www.pennpress.org/blog/wharton-school-press-becomes-an-imprint-of-the-university-of-pennsylvania-press/ |website=University of Pennsylvania Press |language=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026015538/https://www.pennpress.org/blog/wharton-school-press-becomes-an-imprint-of-the-university-of-pennsylvania-press/ |archive-date= Oct 26, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="PubWeekly2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/newsbrief/index.html?record=4266|title=Wharton School Press Merges with Penn Press|website=Publishers Weekly |date=Jul 11, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128235624/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/newsbrief/index.html?record=4266 |archive-date= Jan 28, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="ShelfAwareness">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shelf-awareness.com/issue.html?issue=4521 |date=July 13, 2023 |title=Wharton School Press Becomes Imprint of Univ. of Pennsylvania Press|website=Shelf Awareness}}</ref><ref name="PubLunch">{{Cite web|url=https://lunch.publishersmarketplace.com/2023/07/imprints-wharton-school-press/|title=Imprints: Wharton School Press|website=Publishers Lunch |date=July 12, 2023 |first1=Erin |last1=Somers }}</ref>

The University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc. is a nonprofit Pennsylvania corporation wholly owned by the University of Pennsylvania, which maintains nonprofit tax status under [[501(c)(3) organization|Section 501(c)(3)]] of the [[United States Code]].

University of Pennsylvania Press is headquartered at 3905 Spruce Street in [[Philadelphia]]. The building housing the press is the former Potts House built by the [[Wilson Brothers & Company]] architecture firm in 1876.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/campuses/3905spruce/3905spruce1.html|title=A Brief History of the "Carriage House" at the Rear of 3905 Spruce Street: Part I: The Family of Joseph D. Potts, its Connection with the University, and the Property at 3905 Spruce Street 1875 - 1917 |author1=Mark Frazier Lloyd |date=August 2000 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Archives and Records Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423202308/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/campuses/3905spruce/3905spruce1.html |archive-date= Apr 23, 2018 }}</ref> The house previously served as both the headquarters of International House Philadelphia and [[WXPN]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Literature|Pennsylvania}}
* [[List of English-language book publishing companies]]
* [[List of university presses]]
*[[Journal of Austrian-American History]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|pennpress.org}}
*[http://pennpress.typepad.com Penn Press Log]
*[[Historic American Buildings Survey]] documentation, filed under 3905 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA:
**{{HABS |survey=PA-1638 |id=pa0908 |title=Potts House |photos=10 |data=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}
**{{HABS |survey=PA-1638-A |id=pa1430 |title=Potts House, Carriage House and Stable |photos=1 |cap=1 |link=no}}

{{Penn}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:University of Pennsylvania Press| ]]
[[Category:1890 establishments in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1890]]
[[Category:Book publishing companies based in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Companies based in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Historic American Buildings Survey in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1890]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania Press academic journals]]
[[Category:University presses of the United States|Pennsylvania]]

Dhakaich

2026-01-21T09:21:47Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: started

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barka Dhakaich
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.312838|N|83.784635|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Barka+Dhakaich,+Bihar/@25.5784024,84.1679457,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x399278ccb4365389:0x92a2f120757a6698!8m2!3d25.5800018!4d84.183075|title=Dhakaich map|publisher=google.co.in|accessdate=2017-07-21}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buxar district|Buxar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 74
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 802133
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-6184
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#BR.E2.80.94Bihar|BR]]-45
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhakaich''', or '''Barka Dhakaich''', is a village in [[Buxar district]] of [[Bihar]], India.<ref>[http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/HabitationDirectory/Reports/Rep_MappedCensusVillagenameBlockwise.aspx?BlockId=uT4fEoE3Rh%2F9g0O0%2Bc1kiw%3D%3D&BlockName=HCId3M07PRw%3D&DistrictName=T0B%2FkVH5wsA%3D&StateName=RnUOSE2NhVULsh2YgIoEwB2tHTyFkfBJ&Map=j%2F%2BKfXAIskM%3D Mapped Villages]</ref> It is located on [[National Highway 922 (India)|National Highway 922]] (formerly 84), which connects the towns of [[Arrah|Ara]] and [[Buxar]]. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in this village. It has total 4,789 families residing. Asawar has population of 10,144 as per government records.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/247928-dhakaich-bihar.html|title=Population of Dhakaich|publisher=census2011.co.in|accessdate=2017-07-21}}</ref>

==Administration==
Dhakaich village is administered by Mukhiya through its Gram Panchayat, who is an elected representative of the village as per constitution of India and Panchyati Raj Act. Dhakaich comes under Simri block.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Particulars !! Total !! Male!!Female
|-
| Total No. of Houses||4789|| ||
|-
| Population ||10144||5355||4789
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/Bihar/Buxar/ Villages in Buxar Bihar]

{{Patna Division}}
{{Patna Division topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Buxar district]]

{{Buxar-geo-stub}}

Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh

2026-01-20T03:53:13Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: minor edit

{{short description|Political party of India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=June 2019}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=June 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Bharipa - Bahujan Mahasangh
| colorcode = blue
| party_logo =
| chairman = [[Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant|Prakash Ambedkar]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Prakash-Ambedkar-sees-major-realignments-coming/articleshow/35353083.cms|title=Prakash Ambedkar sees major realignments coming - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 May 2014 |access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404102458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Prakash-Ambedkar-sees-major-realignments-coming/articleshow/35353083.cms|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| secretary =
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader =
| colours = {{Colorsample|#0000FF}} Blue
| foundation = 4 July 1994<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharip.org/home.html|title=official site|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111211458/http://bharip.org/home.html|archive-date=11 November 2016|url-status=usurped|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|merged = [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]] (2019)
| Maharashtra_state_seats =
| position = [[Centre-left]]
| ideology = [[Dalit Socialism]] [[Secularism]]
| headquarters =
| publication = Prabuddha Bharat
| students =
| youth = Bharipa Bahujan Federation<ref>{{cite web|title=official|url=http://www.bharip.org/yuva.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703234016/http://www.bharip.org/yuva.html|archive-date=2014-07-03}}</ref>
| state_seats_name =
| state_seats =
| electoral_symbol =
| website = {{URL|http://www.bharip.org/}}
|eci=}}
The '''Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh''' ([[IAST]]: Bhāripa Bahujana Mahāsaṅgha; {{small|abbr.}} BBM) was an Indian political party founded by [[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar|Prakash Ambedkar]] on 4 July 1994.<ref>The Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh founded on 4 July 1994 — The constitution of the BBM, page no. 1; Available to the Election Commission of India.</ref> The party was a splinter group of the [[Republican Party of India]] and had its roots in the [[Scheduled Castes Federation]] led by [[N. Sivaraj]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. The president of the party was [[Prakash Ambedkar]]. The complete name of the party is '''Bharatiya Republican Paksha - Bahujan Mahasangh''' ([[Republican Party of India]] - Majority Grand Union). BBM was primarily based in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.aajtak.in/news/story/bharipa-bahujan-mahasangh-president-prakash-ambedkar-2019-loksabha-election-new-political-alliance-1010747-2018-06-20|title=भारिप-बहुजन महासंघ के अध्यक्ष प्रकाश अंबेडकर का नए राजनीतिक गठबंधन का ऐलान|website=aajtak.in|date=20 June 2018 |language=hi|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501163505/https://m.aajtak.in/news/story/bharipa-bahujan-mahasangh-president-prakash-ambedkar-2019-loksabha-election-new-political-alliance-1010747-2018-06-20|archive-date=2019-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42594660|title=आंबेडकर की विरासत संभाल पाएंगे उनके पोते?|last=खोरे|first=अरुण|date=2018-01-07|access-date=2019-05-25|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501232753/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-42594660|archive-date=2019-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, BBM merged into the [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]], a new political party founded by Prakash Ambedkar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/akola/finally-bharip-bms-merge-vanchit-bahujan-aaghadi/|title=अखेर भारिप-बमसं 'वंचित'मध्ये विलीन!|date=9 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sgJlQv4T94E |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/sgJlQv4T94E |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title = भारिप बहुजन महासंघ का वंचित बहुजन आघाडी में विलय, Rpi का अस्तित्व समाप्त|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== History ==
The party was formed on 4 July 1994, through a split in the [[Republican Party of India]]. The party was led by [[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar|Prakash Ambedkar]], the grandson of [[B. R. Ambedkar]].

In the elections to the [[Maharashtra]] state assembly in 1999 BBM put up 34 candidates. In the [[13th Lok Sabha]] elections during 1999, Ambedkar was elected from the [[Akola city|Akola]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=18|title=Members Bioprofile|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi website|access-date=2009-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195959/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/former_Biography.aspx?mpsno=18|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the 2004 [[Lok Sabha]] election, the party lost its parliamentary representation. In total the party had launched 16 candidates, all from [[Maharashtra]]. In Akola, Ambedkar was defeated by a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) candidate. BBM polled a total of 606,827 votes, and won three seats.

In the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] BBM candidate [[Baliram Sirskar]] won from [[Balapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balapur]] in Akola<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-left-front-wins-in-just-8-seats-2027649|title=Left Front wins in just 8 seats|date=20 October 2014|website=DNA India|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406173451/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-left-front-wins-in-just-8-seats-2027649|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> by a margin of 6,939 votes.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

On 20 March 2018, Prakash Ambedkar founded new political party named the [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]]. On 14 March 2019, Ambedkar has announced the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh will merge with the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi. He said that, despite the 'Akola pattern' of social engineering through the success of the Bharipa-Bahujan Mahasangh, the word 'Bharipa' (RPI) had limited the expansion of the party. He said that after the [[2019 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections 2019]], the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh will merge with the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi, because the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi is acceptable in a broad sense.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loksatta.com/desh-videsh-news/after-lok-sabha-election-2019-bharip-bahujan-mahasangh-merge-in-vanchit-bahujan-aghadi-says-prakash-ambedkar-1857578/|title=भारिप बहुजन महासंघ निवडणुकीनंतर वंचित आघाडीत विलीन होणार: प्रकाश आंबेडकर|date=2019-03-14|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501150259/https://www.loksatta.com/desh-videsh-news/after-lok-sabha-election-2019-bharip-bahujan-mahasangh-merge-in-vanchit-bahujan-aghadi-says-prakash-ambedkar-1857578/|archive-date=2019-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abpmajha.abplive.in/election/bharip-bahujan-mahasangh-merge-in-vanchit-bahujan-alliance-says-prakash-ambedkar-643168|title=भारिप बहुजन महासंघ वंचित आघाडीत विलीन करणार, प्रकाश आंबेडकरांची घोषणा|last=अकोला|first=उमेश अलोणे, एबीपी माझा|date=2019-03-14|website=ABP Majha|language=mr|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lokmat.com/akola/bharip-bahujan-mahasangh-will-merge-vanchit-bahujan-alliance-big-decision-prakash-ambedkar/|title=भारिप बहुजन महासंघ वंचित बहुजन आघाडीत विलीन करणार, प्रकाश आंबेडकरांचा मोठा निर्णय|last=author/online-lokmat|date=2019-03-14|website=Lokmat|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501150120/http://www.lokmat.com/akola/bharip-bahujan-mahasangh-will-merge-vanchit-bahujan-alliance-big-decision-prakash-ambedkar/|archive-date=2019-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/a-big-decision-of-prakash-ambedkar-bharip-bahujan-mahasangh-will-merge-with-vanchit-bahujan-alliance-6034113.html|title=प्रकाश आंबेडकरांचा Big Decision..भारिप बहुजन महासंघ वंचित बहुजन आघाडीत विलीन करणार|date=2019-03-14|website=divyamarathi|language=mr|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501150114/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/a-big-decision-of-prakash-ambedkar-bharip-bahujan-mahasangh-will-merge-with-vanchit-bahujan-alliance-6034113.html|archive-date=2019-05-01|url-status=live}}</ref> On 8 November 2019, the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangha merged into the [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/akola/finally-bharip-bms-merge-vanchit-bahujan-aaghadi/|title=अखेर भारिप-बमसं 'वंचित'मध्ये विलीन!|date=9 November 2019}}</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===Lok Sabha Elections===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="background:#00f;"
! Lok Sabha Term
! Indian General Election
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! Party Votes
! Party Votes %
! State (seats)
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha]]
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| 4
| 0
| 3,29,695
| 1.2
| Maharashtra (0)
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha]]
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| 4
| 1
| 5,92,559
| 2.1
| Maharashtra (1)
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha]]
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| 16
| 0
| 4,28,566
| 1.3
| Maharashtra (0)
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha]]
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| 39
| 0
| 4,92,470
| 1.3
| Maharashtra (0)
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha]]
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| 23
| 0
| 3,60,854
| 0.7%
| Maharashtra (0)
|}

===Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Elections===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Vidhan Sabha Term
! Maharashtra General Election
! Seats contested
! Seats won
! Party Votes
! Party Votes %
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|10th Vidhan Sabha]]
| 1999
| 34
| 3
| 6,06,827
| 1.8
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|11th Vidhan Sabha]]
| 2004
| 83
| 1
| 5,16,221
| 1.2
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|12th Vidhan Sabha]]
| 2009
| 103
| 1
| 3,76,645
| 0.8
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|13th Vidhan Sabha]]
| 2014
| 70
| 1
| 4,72,925
| 0.9
|}

==See also==
*[[Republican Party of India (A)]]
*[[Republican Sena]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041111081129/http://indianexpress.com/archive_full_story.php?content_id=11178 Interview with P.Y. Ambedkar in Indian Express]

{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Republican Party of India]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:Ambedkarite political parties]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]]

Isha Keskar

2026-01-19T03:49:09Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: added a article

{{Short description|Indian Actress (born 1991)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Isha Keskar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1991|11|11}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isha Keskar biography|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Isha-Keskar|website=The Times of India|date=27 February 2023}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[Symbiosis International University|Symbiosis College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2013–present
| known_for = {{plainlist|
*''[[Jai Malhar]]''
*''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
*''[[Laxmichya Paulanni]]''
}}
| partner = [[Rishi Saxena]] (2018–present)
| parents =
}}

'''Isha Keskar''' (born 11 November 1991) is an Indian film and television actress who works primarily in [[Marathi cinema|Marathi films]]. She is known for her lead roles in the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] series ''[[Jai Malhar]]'', ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]'' and ''[[Laxmichya Paulanni]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-29 |title=Marathi Actress Isha Keskar's Glamorous Look Will Blow Your Mind, See Pics |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/marathi-actress-isha-keskars-glamorous-look-will-blow-your-mind-see-pics-5079685.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=News18}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Isha Keskar is from [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. She completed her schooling from Sinhagad School in Pune, and she is a graduate in [[psychology]] from [[Symbiosis International University|Symbiosis College, Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=हॅपी बर्थडे: अभिनेत्री ईशा केसरकरचा प्रवास |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/photogallery/entertainment/isha-keskar-birthday-special/photoshow/72003861.cms |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Isha Keskar Promoting Her Upcoming Film 'Girlfriend' On Instagram |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/isha-keskar-promoting-her-upcoming-film-girlfriend-on-instagram/5d309b05d3d6f236bff411f4 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=SpotboyE}}</ref>

== Career ==
Keskar began her career with the Marathi film ''We are On! Houn Jau Dya'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We Are On! Houn Jau Dya (2013) Cast – Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/we-are-on-houn-jau-dya-21191/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227193157/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/we-are-on-houn-jau-dya-21191/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The following year, she portrayed the character Banu in the popular mythological series ''[[Jai Malhar]]'', which garnered significant acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isha Keskar: उफ्फ तेरी अदा... मराठमोळ्या अभिनेत्रीचा बोल्ड अंदाज पाहिलात का? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/photos/actress-isha-keskar-share-bold-photo-shoot-on-social-media-141668154281559.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=mr |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227191657/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/photos/actress-isha-keskar-share-bold-photo-shoot-on-social-media-141668154281559.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She also appeared in the well-known Marathi family drama series ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive: "After initial rejection, audiences have now accepted me as Shanaya": Mazhya Navryachi Bayko's Isha Keskar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-after-initial-rejection-audience-have-now-accepted-me-as-shanaya-mazhya-navryachi-baykos-isha-keskar/photostory/74441733.cms |access-date=2023-02-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2023, she took on her first leading role in the film ''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]'', starring alongside [[Onkar Bhojane]] and [[Chhaya Kadam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='वेड'साठी जेवढं...स्क्रिन आणि प्राइम टाइमच्या वादावर स्पष्टच बोलली ईशा केसकर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/sarla-ek-koti-actress-isha-keskar-talks-about-prime-time-for-marathi-films-and-ved-promotion/articleshow/97314937.cms |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Sarla Ek Koti': Will Onkar Bhojane bet against Isha Keskar in a game of cards? - Watch teaser |work=The Times of India |url=https://arcattoscana.org/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sarla-ek-koti-will-onkar-bhojane-bet-against-isha-keskar-in-a-game-of-cards-watch-teaser/articleshow/96340146.cms |access-date=2023-02-27}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''We Are On! Houn Jau Dya''
|
|Debut
|
|-
|''Nital''
|Darshana
|Short film
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''A Short Scene About Waiting''
|Isha
|Short film
|
|-
|''Yala Jeevan Aise Naav''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[CRD (film)|CRD]]''
|Dipti
|Hindi film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-24 |title=CRD trailer: Alluring and seductively bold! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/crd-trailer-alluring-and-seductively-bold-584267 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=ABP Live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Girlfriend (2019 film)|Girlfriend]]''
|Kaveri
|
|
|-
|2021
|''Pati, Patni, Aur Locket''
|Naina
|Short film
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Sher Shivraj]]''
|[[Sai Bhonsale|Saibai Rani Sarkar]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ईशा केसकर मोठ्या भूमिकेत; साकारणार सईबाई राणी सरकार.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/actress-isha-keshkar-play-saibai-rani-sarkar-role-in-sher-shivraj-movie |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Sakal |date=16 April 2022 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Sarla Ek Koti]]''
|Sarla
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='सरला एक कोटी' जुगाड कमी गुंता जास्त.. |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/sarla-ek-koti-movie-audience-directed-by-nitin-supekar-amy-95-3442678/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Loksatta |date=5 February 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Shivrayancha Chhava]]''
|Gojau
|
|
|-
|2025
|{{Pending film|Love Sulabh}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-30 |title='Love Sulabh': Priyadarshan Jadhav introduces Isha Keskar as the 'heroine' of his next! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/love-sulabh-priyadarshan-jadhav-introduces-isha-keskar-as-the-heroine-of-his-next/articleshow/81761562.cms |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2014–2017
|''[[Jai Malhar]]''
|[[Banai (goddess)|Banu]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-15 |title=बानू आणि शिवचा फोटो सोशल मीडियावर व्हायरल |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/isha-keskar-and-rishi-saxenas-instagram-post-latest-update-502064 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
|Shanaya Sabnis
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Isha Keskar mourns the sad demise of her grandmother |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/isha-keskar-mourns-the-sad-demise-of-her-grandmother/articleshow/85735061.cms |access-date=2023-02-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2023–2025
|''[[Lakshmichya Paulanni]]''
|Kala Dinkar Khare / Kala Advait Chandekar
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Isha Keskar makes her TV comeback with the upcoming show Laxmichya Paulanni |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/isha-keskar-makes-her-tv-comeback-with-the-upcoming-show-laxmichya-paulanni/articleshow/104415116.cms |access-date=2023-10-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Horn Ok Please''
|Gayatri
|
|}

== Personal life ==
Isha Keskar has been in a relationship with [[Rishi Saxena]] of ''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]'' for the past few years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=ईशा केसकरच्या वाढदिवसानिमित्त ऋषी सक्सेनाची स्पेशल पोस्ट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/rishi-saxenas-special-post-on-isha-keskars-birthday-a603/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Their relationship became public in 2018 when Rishi shared a photo with Isha on his Instagram story. They first met while working on a TV show called ''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''. Isha liked Rishi's calmness when they first met. They started talking more at [[Zee Marathi Awards]] ceremony, where Isha began the conversation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=लग्न कधी करणार? ऋषी सक्सेनाने घेतलं ईशाचं नाव; म्हणाला, "मी तयारच आहे पण... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/rishi-saxena-talks-about-marriage-with-isha-keskar-says-ask-her-i-am-ready-a-a945/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7903847|name=Isha Keskar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keskar, Isha}}
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Dances of Tripura

2026-01-16T01:43:39Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: stub.

{{Short description|Cultural aspect in the state of Tripura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}

There are several forms of folk dance performed in the [[Tripura|state of Tripura]] in [[Northeast India|northeastern India]]. These dances are performed by the [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] (the largest regional [[ethnic group]]) and [[Marma people|Mog (or Marma) peoples]], during annual regional celebrations, such as sowing and harvesting festivals.

==The dancers==
The Tripuris comprise over half the tribal population of Tripura. They live in the hills of Tripura and are [[Jhum cultivation|jhum cultivators]]. Their dances and festivals revolve around the agricultural seasons.<ref name="tsu">{{cite web | title=Folk Dances of Tripura|url=http://tsu.trp.nic.in/tripura/culm2.htm|accessdate=21 March 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412230504/http://tsu.trp.nic.in/tripura/culm2.htm|archive-date=12 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other large local groups, such as the Marmas, [[Halam tribe|Halams]], and [[Reang]]s share in and conduct their versions of these dance festivals as well.<ref name="Mogg" />

==Types of dances==

=== Goria/Garia ===
The Tripuris practice [[shifting cultivation|''jhum'', or shifting cultivation]] and the [[Goria Puja]] festival marks the commencement of their sowing season. ''Garia'' is commemorated through the Garia dance that accompanies the prayers and pujas for a bountiful harvest and is held in April.<ref>{{cite book | last=Raatan| first=T| title=History, Religion, Culture of North East India| year=2006| publisher= Isha Books| location=New Delhi| page=302| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L8x0ZLkFdFkC&q=Lebang+Boomani&pg=PA302|isbn=9788182051782}}</ref> The Goria or Garia dance is performed at the time of the sowing of the crops<ref>{{cite web| title=Tribal Dances of Tripura| url=http://www.destinationindiatourism.com/discover-india/north-east-tribal-tourism/tripura/tribal-dances-of-tripura.html| accessdate=21 March 2013| archive-date=29 April 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429201512/http://www.destinationindiatourism.com/discover-india/north-east-tribal-tourism/tripura/tribal-dances-of-tripura.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> during the festival, in the month of April, and includes people from other ethnic groups in addition to the Tripuri themselves.<ref>S.C. Bhatt, Gopal K. Bhargava (eds), ''Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories: Volume 26: Tripura'', p. 180, Kalpaz Publications, 2006 {{ISBN|8178353822}}.</ref> The dance is accompanied by [[drum]]s and [[flute]]s,<ref name="Barman104">Debapriya Deb Barman, ''Treatise on Traditional Social Institutions of the Tripuri Community'', p. 104, Directorate of Research, Department of Welfare for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes, Government of Tripura, 1984 {{OCLC|610605741}}</ref> and consists of both sexes dancing from village to village in a gradually increasing tempo through various [[mudra]] which mimic the movements of different aspects of nature.<ref>Surajit Debbarma, [http://www.thecreativelauncher.com/upload/30.%20Folk%20music%20and%20Dances%20Of%20Tripura%20-%20Copy.pdf "Folk music and dances of Tripura: with special reference to Tripura tribe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117195321/http://www.thecreativelauncher.com/upload/30.%20Folk%20music%20and%20Dances%20Of%20Tripura%20-%20Copy.pdf |date=17 November 2017 }}, ''The Creative Launcher'', vol. 2, iss. 3, August 2017 {{ISSN|2455-6580}}</ref>

=== Hai-hak ===
[[Hai-hak dance]] is a dance which is specific to the [[Halam tribe|''Halam'']] community within the Tripuri. It is performed to honor the goddess [[Lakshmi]] after the annual harvest, and is typically done at her place of worship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hai-Hak Dance in India |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Hai-Hak-Dance-17594.htm |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=www.india9.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hojagiri ===
[[File:Hojagiri.JPG|thumb|upright|Hojagiri dancers]]

''Hojagiri'' is a folk dance performed by young women of the [[Tripuri people]] of Reang clan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tripura.org.in/goriamwsa.htm| title=Hojagiri| publisher= Tripura.org.in| access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tripura.org.in/hojagiri.htm| title=Tripura, the land of fourteen gods and million statues| website= www.tripura.org.in}}</ref> It comprises four to six members in a team singing and balancing various objects or props on their head and hands, (such as a bottle or an earthen pitcher on the head; and lamps on the hands) while only moving the lower half of the body.<ref name="ttaadc culture">{{cite web |title=The folk dance and music of Tripura |url=http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402002735/http://www.ttaadc.nic.in/folkCultureofTripura.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2013 |access-date=7 July 2012 |publisher=Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |format=PDF}}</ref>

[[File:Hojagiri dance.jpg|thumb|upright|Some mudras (gestures) of Hojagiri dance]]

=== Jhum ===
The ''[[Jhum]] dance'' is a dance which is typically performed by girls and boys.<ref name="Gupta2002">{{cite book | last=Gupta |first=Shobhna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KeAES9dsUcC&pg=PA85 |title=Dances Of India |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-241-0866-6 |page=85 |accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Lebang Boomani ===
Both men and women participate at harvest time in the ''Lebang Boomani dance''. The men use [[bamboo]] [[Clapper (musical instrument)|clappers]] called ''tokkas''<ref name="ezccindia"/> to set a beat while the women join them waving colorful scarves to catch the [[lebang]] (colorful insects of the region). The rhythmic play of the clappers is thought to attract the lebang out of their hiding places allowing the women to catch them.<ref>{{cite web | title=Celebration of Life |url=http://www.nenanews.com/ANE%20Nov%201-15,05/culture.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203173534/http://www.nenanews.com/ANE%20Nov%201-15,05/culture.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 December 2008 |publisher=Access Northeast |accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Dance |url=http://www.incredible-northeastindia.com/tripura/music-dance.html |accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref> The dance is accompanied by musical instruments like the [[flute]], [[khamb]], the [[percussion instrument]] known as a ''[[pung (instrument)|pung]]'', and the [[Sarinda (instrument)|sarinda]]. Women adorn themselves with silver chains, rings, and bangles; and a;so ear and nose rings made of bronze.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bhatt |first=S C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCeQfWe6Am4C&q=Lebang+Boomani&pg=PA181 |title=Land & People of Indian States and Union Territories |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |year=2006 |isbn=9788178353562 |location=New Delhi |page=181}}</ref>

==== Lebangs ====
Following Garia, there is a lull in agricultural activity as the Tripuris await the [[south west monsoon|monsoon]]. During this time, hordes of colorful insects called ''lebangs'' descend on the hill slopes in search of the freshly sown seeds. The dancers depict how bamboo clappers are used to catch them. The Tripuris believe that the number of lebangs caught indicate how good the harvest will be.<ref name="tsu" /><ref name="ezccindia">{{cite web|title=Tripura - tribal and folk dance forms|url=http://ezccindia.org/tripura.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126035307/http://ezccindia.org/tripura.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 January 2010|publisher=Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre|accessdate=21 March 2013}}</ref>

=== Mamita ===
''Mamita dance'' is performed at the [[Mamita Festival]], the harvest festival of the Tripuri people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tripura.org.in/mamita.htm| title=Mamita| publisher=Tripura.org| accessdate=26 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Mosak sulmani ===
The ''Mosak sulmani dance'' is a traditional Indian dance. It originated in Tripura as a hunting ritual. It mimics the act of hunting through elaborate gestures.<ref name="Indian Culture">{{cite web |title=Mosak Sumani |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/intangible-cultural-heritage/performing-arts/mosak-sumani |website=Indian Culture |access-date=9 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barma |first=Aloy Deb |date=2025-04-01 |title=Singing Kokborok, dancing Bollywood: Neo-Bollywoodized Tripuri identities and indigenizing the global in contemporary Kokborok music videos |url=https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/safm_00094_1 |journal=Studies in South Asian Film & Media |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=21–41 |doi=10.1386/safm_00094_1 |issn=1756-4921|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Owa dance ===
The dance is one of the traditional dances of the Marma clans of Tripura, who will also perform the Sangrai dance. The Marmas, also known as Mogs, are [[Buddhist]]s; and the ''Owa -Cho -labre'' is one of their main Buddhist festivals. The Mogs celebrate the Owa festival on the full moon day of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashwin]] in the [[Bengali calendar]]. They attend the Buddhist temple, and laterwards launch paper boats or toy boats in the river.<ref name="Mogg" /><ref>{{citation |url=https://diligentias.com/tripura-states-information-and-important-facts/ |accessdate=2022-07-10 |title=Tripura |work=Diligent IAS |ref={{harvid|Tripura diligent}}}}</ref>

=== Sangrai ===
The ''Sangrai dance'' is a traditional Indian dance performed by the Marma community on the occasion of the Sangrai festival during the month of April (Chaitra in the Bengali calendar year). The Marmas are one of the 19 tribes in Tripura. This dance originated in Tripura. On 26 January 2018, on India's Republic day, [[Rajpath]] witnessed for the first time a traditional dance of the Mog tribe of Tripura, the land of plentiful myths and legends.<ref name="Mogg">{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/sangrai-dance-from-tripura-to-debut-at-rajpath-on-republic-day-5011526/ | title= Sangrai dance from Tripura to debut at Rajpath on Republic Day | date=7 January 2018 | first=Kallol | last=Dey | newspaper=The Indian Express | accessdate=31 December 2018 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53yjmqjw2-g Lebang Boomani dance on YouTube]

{{Tripura}}
{{Dance in India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripuri Dances}}
[[Category:Dances of Tripura| ]]

Brahmacharis (painting)

2026-01-12T02:37:00Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: started.

{{Short description|1937 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Brahmacharis
| image = Brahmacharis 1937.jpg
| artist = [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year = 1937
| medium = Oil on canvas
| width_metric = 144.5
| length_metric = 86.5
| metric_unit = cm
| imperial_unit = in
| museum = [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[New Delhi]]
}}
'''''Brahmacharis''''' is an [[oil on canvas]] painting by Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], completed in May 1937 at [[Shimla]], [[British India|India]].<ref name=Sundaram2010.807>Sundaram, p. 807</ref><ref name=Rana2017>{{cite journal |last1=Rana |first1=Subir |title=Framing the political, rebellious and 'desiring' body: Amrita Sher-Gil and the 'Modern' in Painting |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |date=2017 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=35–53 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26317442?searchText=&searchUri=&ab_segments=&searchKey=&refreqid=fastly-default%3A5032121bf12a572137885ff7b08405fb |issn=0376-9771}}</ref><ref name=Keserü>{{cite book |last1=Keserü |first1=Katalin |editor1-last=Dalmia |editor1-first=Yashodhara |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: Art & Life : a reader |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-809886-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7W4oAEACAAJ |language=en |chapter=8. Amrita Sher-Gil: the Indian painter and her French and Hungarian connections|pages=111-112}}</ref> It is one of her large compositions and one of her South Indian trilogy, along with ''[[Bride's Toilet]]'' and ''[[South Indian Villagers going to Market]]''.<ref name=Sundaram2010.370>Sundaram, p. 370</ref><ref name=Dalmia2013.201>Dalmia, p. 201</ref> In 1937 it was displayed at [[Amrita Sher-Gil's paintings at Lahore (1937)|her Lahore exhibition]] for a price of ₹1,500.<ref name=Sundaram2010.422>Sundaram, p. 422</ref>
[[File:Amrita Sher-Gil at Lahore 1937 Exhibition.jpg|thumb|Amrita Sher-Gil at her 1937 Lahore Exhibition with ''Brahmacharis'']]
==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1937 paintings]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Paintings in India]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann

2025-12-29T22:47:19Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: new.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Mythology]], [[drama]]
| creator = Sagar Pictures
| director = {{plainlist|
* Neeraj Pandey
* Pradeep P Jadhav
}}
| producer = Meenakshi Sagar
| creative_director = Sudha Saliyan
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Moti Sagar
* Umesh Chandra Upadhyay
}}
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| composer = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| theme_music_composer = {{plainlist|
* [[Sunny Bawra]]
* [[Inder Bawra]]
}}
| cinematography = Deepak Malwankar
| editor = {{plainlist|
* Shams Mishra
* Vikram Mishra
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Sagar Films]]
| network = [[Dangal TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|06|03|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|||df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Dwarkadheesh Bhagwaan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann''''' is a [[Hindi-language]] [[mythological]] series that was aired on [[Dangal TV]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=इस चैनल पर जल्द शुरू होगा 'द्वारकाधीश श्री कृष्ण' का दूसरा सीजन |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/the-second-season-of-dwarkadath-sri-krishna-will-be-started-on-this-channel-soon-1087643 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=ABP News |date=12 March 2019 |language=hi}}</ref> under the banner of [[Sagar Films|Sagar Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dwarkadheesh – Bhagwaan Shree Krishna to return with season 2 on Dangal TV|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/dwarkadheesh-bhagwaan-shree-krishna-return-season-2-dangal-tv/2019/03/06/amp?|work=IWMBuzz|date=6 March 2019 |accessdate=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Awana and Abhinav Singh in Dwarkadheesh 2|date=20 March 2019 |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/ram-awana-abhinav-singh-dwarkadheesh-2/2019/03/20/amp|accessdate=20 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal Karwal On His First Lord Krishna Act: 'My Producer Suggested That I Watch the Old 'Mahabharat', But I Was Determined to Do My Own Thing' {{!}} 📺 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/vishal-karwal-on-his-first-lord-krishna-act-my-producer-suggested-that-i-watch-the-old-mahabharat-but-i-was-determined-to-do-my-own-thing-1756683.html |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=LatestLY |date=16 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Vishal Karwal]], [[Chahat Pandey]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Although I have played Krishna multiple times, nothing matches my fondness for Dwarkadheesh: Vishal Karwal|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/although-played-krishna-multiple-times-nothing-matches-fondness-dwarkadheesh-vishal-karwal/2020/05/15/amp|work=IWMBuzz|date=15 May 2020 |accessdate=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Neetha Shetty and Nisha Nagpal in Dwarkadheesh – Bhagwan Shree Krishna Season 2|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/neetha-shetty-nisha-nagpal-dwarkadheesh-bhagwan-shree-krishna-season-2/2019/03/15/amp|work=Tellychakkar|date=15 March 2019 |accessdate=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-24 |title=Dangal TV to bring alive the magic of Dwarkadheesh – Bhagwaan Shree Krishn |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/dangal-tv-to-bring-alive-the-magic-of-dwarkadheesh-bhagwaan-shree-krishn/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=CineBuster |language=en-US}}</ref> It is the second season of the 2011 Television series ''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwaan Shree Krishn]]'' which was aired on [[Imagine TV]] after its shutdown in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/dwarkadheesh-shree-krishn-return-second-season-vishal-karwal-play-lead-role-190307|title=Dwarkadheesh Shree Krishn to return with second season; Vishal Karwal to play lead role|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-30 |title=Bigg Boss 12 fame Saba Khan to make her acting debut; shares pictures from her new television show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-12-fame-saba-khan-to-make-her-acting-debut-shares-pictures-from-her-new-television-show/articleshow/69117576.cms |access-date=2023-04-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-24 |title=Dangal TV to bring alive the magic of Dwarkadheesh – Bhagwaan Shree Krishna – AuditionForm |url=https://www.auditionform.in/dangal-tv-to-bring-alive-the-magic-of-dwarkadheesh-bhagwaan-shree-krishna/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Story of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]. A girl is crying in Krishna's court and asks to get him justice. Then Krishna asked what happened, then she says that her beloved loves that girl and marries another girl, she is cheated with her, she has bread to get justice, later she is killed by drinking poison. Then Krishna remembers his story very much that he did love to Radha and married Rukmini. He keeps on remembering later. On this side Radha is yearning to meet Krishna. She waits for the lunar eclipse because when Krishna left Radha and went to Mathura, then he had promised Radha that when the lunar eclipse happens, then he will meet in the battlefield of [[Kurukshetra]].

== Cast ==
* [[Vishal Karwal]] as [[Krishna]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirror |first=Indore |date=2020-12-26 |title=Dangal TV to bring alive the magic of Dwarkadheesh– Bhagwan ShriKrishn |url=https://indoremirror.in/dangal-tv-to-bring-alive-the-magic-of-dwarkadheesh-bhagwaan-shree-krishn/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Indore Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=इस चैनल पर जल्द शुरू होगा 'द्वारकाधीश श्री कृष्ण' का दूसरा सीजन |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/the-second-season-of-dwarkadath-sri-krishna-will-be-started-on-this-channel-soon-1087643 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=ABP News |date=12 March 2019 |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Chahat Pandey]] as [[Radha]]<ref>{{cite web|title=THIS actress to play Radha opposite Vishal Karwal in second season of Dwarkadheesh Shri Krishna|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/this-actress-to-play-radha-opposite-vishal-karwal-in-second-season-of-dwarkadheesh-shri-krishna_147792|work=Indiaforums|accessdate=13 March 2019}}</ref>
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as [[Rukmini]]
* [[Nisha Nagpal]] as [[Subhadra]]
* Abhinav Singh Kant as [[Arjuna]]
* Ram Awana as [[Shakuni]]
*Saba Khan as [[Satyabhama]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 12's Saba Khan bags her first fiction TV show post makeover |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bigg-boss-12-s-saba-khan-bags-her-first-fiction-tv-show-post-makeover-1513713-2019-04-30 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=India Today |date=30 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt27426196}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Krishna in popular culture]]

1952 Durand Cup final

2025-12-25T17:42:43Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1952 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Durand Cup|1952 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
| details =
| team1score = 1
| team2score = 0
| date = 23 November 1952
| stadium = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]]
| city = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| referee = Major F. Upfold
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = [[1951 Durand Cup final|1951]]
| next = 1953
}}

The '''1952 Durand Cup final''' was the 49th final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giant [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]] on 23 November 1952 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].

East Bengal won the final 1–0 to claim their 2nd Durand Cup title. [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]] scored the only goal for East Bengal in the final as East Bengal lifted their second Durand Cup title.<ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=11 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 November 2022}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern India Railway]]
|colspan="1"|2–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[8th Gorkha Rifles]]
|colspan="1"|1–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|Hindustan Aircraft]]
|colspan="1"|2–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]]
|colspan="1"|0–0; 1–0
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The Durand Cup final began at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 23 November 1952 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giant [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and faced [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]. East Bengal, the defending champions, reached their second consecutive Durand Cup final after defeating [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|Hindustan Aircraft]] 2–0 in the semi-final. Hyderabad City Police also made their second appearance in the final after they defeated [[Aryan F.C.|Aryan]] 1–0 in the semi-final, having previously won the cup in 1950.<ref name=rsssf/>

East Bengal and Hyderabad City Police, both tried to take control of the game from the first minute, however, neither could break the deadlock until three minutes before the halftime, when Ramana found [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]] free inside the box with a measured pass, who made no error to find the net and make it 1–0 for East Bengal. Hyderabad got perhaps the easiest chance to equalise just two minutes later but Mahmood missed the chance. In the second half, Hyderabad went all out to find the equaliser but were denied by the East Bengal defence led by Dorailingam and Dr. P. Kumar as East Bengal managed to hold onto the scoreline and successfully defend their Durand Cup title, thus becoming the first Indian team to win the Durand Cup more than once.<ref name=rsssf/><ref name=final>{{cite news |date=24 November 1952 |title= ইস্ট বেঙ্গল দলের পুনরায় ডুরান্ড কাপ লাভ |trans-title=
East Bengal wins the Durand Cup again |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-27|title=Top 10 moments in Durand Cup history {{!}} East Bengal won their first-ever Durand Cup in 1951|url=https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2019-history#:~:text=East%20Bengal%20won%20their%20first-ever%20Durand%20Cup%20in%201951|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Khel Now|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184414/https://khelnow.com/football/durand-cup-2019-history#:~:text=East%20Bengal%20won%20their%20first-ever%20Durand%20Cup%20in%201951}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=1 August 2020|url=https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|title=A century of excellence: East Bengal's greatest hits|work=ESPN|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lokapally|first=Vijay|title=East Bengal: A long history with Delhi|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-100-years-delhi-indian-football-kolkata-derby-mohun-bagan-durand-cup-novy-kapadia-aiff/article32247468.ece|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Sportstar|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413173247/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-100-years-delhi-indian-football-kolkata-derby-mohun-bagan-durand-cup-novy-kapadia-aiff/article32247468.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=23 November 1952
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
|score= 1–0
|goals1=[[Pansanttom Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|22}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=10,000 (est.)
|referee=Major F. Upfold}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 000000
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = 000000
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Hyderabad City Police
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manilal Ghatak
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dorailingam
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dr P.Kumar
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} G. R. Gokul
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandan Singh Rawat|Chandan Singh]]
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} S. Ray
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Kannayan]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} M. Apparao
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ramana
|-
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} A. Raya
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sayed Khwaja Aziz-ud-Din]]
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sk. Azam
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Patrick]]
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sk. Jamal
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Noor]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Moinuddin]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} G.Y.S. Laiq
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Doraiswami
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sussay
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahmood
|-
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*50 minutes.
*Replay if scores still level.
*No Substitutes.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html Durand Cup Finals]

{{Durand Cup}}
{{East Bengal Club}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:1952–53 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]

Imroz (painter)

2025-12-18T12:47:04Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8:

{{Short description|Indian artist and poet (1926–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Imroz
| birth_name = Inderjeet Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1926|01|26}}
| birth_place = [[Faisalabad|Lyallpur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2023|12|22|1926|01|26}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Artist (painter, illustrator, poet, and editor)
| period = 1960s–2000s
| notable_works = Jashan Jaari Hai, Manchaaha Hi Rishta and Rang Tere Mere
| partner = [[Amrita Pritam]]
}}

'''Inderjeet Singh''' (26 January 1926 – 22 December 2023), also known as '''Imroz''', was an Indian visual artist and poet. He was the partner of the poet, novelist, and writer [[Amrita Pritam]], and they lived together until Amrita's death in 2005. He ran a monthly literary magazine [[Nagmani (magazine)|''Nagmani'']] along with Amrita for 33 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Amrita Pritam’s partner Imroz passes away at 97 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/amrita-pritam-s-partner-imroz-passes-away-at-97-101703239621054.html |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Inderjeet Singh was born in 1926 at [[Chowrangi|Chowk]] number 36 in Lyallpur of [[Punjab Province (British India)|undivided Punjab]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=‘Main tainu pher milangi’: Artist Imroz passes away at 97, to meet his ‘immortal Amrita’ again |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/artist-imroz-passes-away-at-97-9078615/ |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Birth as Imroz ==
His journey from Inderjeet to Imroz was started when Amrita Pritam came into his life as an independent women. He loved her so much that Amrita wrote many couplets dedicated to him. Although the love story of Amrita and [[Sahir Ludhianvi]] was famous at that time. Both were open about their love towards each other. Sahir was a famous poet and lyricist in [[Hindi Cinema]]. He never lived with her. He was too busy in his professional and personal life. A new women singer Sudha Malhotra came into Sahir's life and Amrita was in disunion. At the same time, Inderjeet was working as an illustrator for Amrita. She found a solace and companionship in Inderjeet Imroz. She lived with Imroz her last 40 years until she died in October 2005. She became the subject of his paintings. His love for Amrita soon became an admiration for the people. A book titled <nowiki/>''Amrita Imroz: A Love Story'' written by Uma Trilok was solely based on Imroz and Amrita's love story.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=22 December 2023 |title=Imroz, famed partner of Amrita Pritam, passes away at 97 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/imroz-famed-partner-of-amrita-pritam-passes-away-at-97-1503252295.html |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutt |first=Nirupama |date=5 November 2006 |title=A love legend of our times |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061105/spectrum/book4.htm |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

Amrita's last literary work came in 2004 titled "Main tainu pher milangi" (I Will Meet You Again) was for Imroz. She wrote and admired how Imroz loved her in the same way as she loved Sahir Ludhianvi. With a strong belief that she will be back, in a [[nazm]] for Imroz in 2004, she wrote, “''Main tainu pher milangi, Kithe… kis tarah… pata nahi… par tainu zaroor milangi…''(I will meet you again… Where.. How?… I know not.. but I will meet you again).”<ref name=":0" />

After Amrita started getting sick, Imroz started composing poems, and he continued to do so even after she died. Several of his poems were dedicated to her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned Poet And Artist Imroz Dies At 97 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/renowned-poet-and-artist-imroz-amrita-pritams-partner-dies-at-97-4723634 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> He wrote poems for Amrita in all four of his poetry volumes. These include "Jashan Jaari Hai", "Manchaaha Hi Rishta", and "Rang Tere Mere", for which he received recognition. "Kabhi kabhi khoobsurat khyaal, khoobsurat badan bhi akhtiyaar kar lete hain," Imroz wrote in a nazm titled "Amrita", beautiful bodies can sometimes be shaped by beautiful thoughts.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Indians (artist)]]
* [[Amrita Pritam]]
* [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imroz}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:People from Faisalabad]]

Nodeep Kaur

2025-12-10T09:45:27Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: Added article

{{short description|Indian activist}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nodeep Kaur
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|02|11}}
| citizenship = Indian
| known_for = India’s Farm Protests
}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
'''Nodeep Kaur''' (born 11 February 1996) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Dalit]] labour rights activist and member of the Mazdoor Adhikar Sangathan (MAS), one of the unions of industrial workers actively supporting the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nandy|first=Asmita|date=3 February 2021|title=Family of Fierce Women: Meet Dalit Labour Activist Held at Singhu|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/nodeep-kaur-farmers-protest-dalit-labour-rights-activist-arrested-from-singhu|access-date=2021-02-04|work=The Quint|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040938/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/nodeep-kaur-farmers-protest-dalit-labour-rights-activist-arrested-from-singhu|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaur was arrested from the [[Kundli, Haryana|Kundli]] Industrial Area by the [[Haryana Police]] on 12 January 2021 and had [[First information report|FIRs]] filed against her on a wide range of sections including unlawful assembly, assault and criminal force, trespass, extortion, snatching, criminal intimidation, and attempt to murder, based on statements made by a police inspector and the accountant of the company that had failed to pay protesting workers’ wages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Activist Nodeep Kaur gets international support amid reports of her 'torture', 'sexual abuse' by Indian cops {{!}} Sikh24.com|url=https://www.sikh24.com/2021/02/07/activist-nodeep-kaur-gets-international-support-amid-reports-of-her-torture-sexual-abuse-by-indian-cops/|access-date=2021-02-08|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040948/https://www.sikh24.com/2021/02/07/activist-nodeep-kaur-gets-international-support-amid-reports-of-her-torture-sexual-abuse-by-indian-cops/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalit Activist, Who Fought for Workers and Farmers' Rights, Faced Custodial Torture, Alleges Family|url=https://thewire.in/rights/dalit-activist-who-fought-for-workers-and-farmers-rights-faced-custodial-torture-alleges-family|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The Wire|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040935/https://thewire.in/rights/dalit-activist-who-fought-for-workers-and-farmers-rights-faced-custodial-torture-alleges-family|url-status=live}}</ref> She was allegedly beaten and sexually assaulted while in police custody.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Manjeet |last=Sehgal|date=February 6, 2021|title=As Meena Harris brings focus to Naudeep Kaur's arrest, torture, police say she assaulted cops on duty|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/meena-harris-naudeep-kaur-arrest-police-version-1766590-2021-02-06|access-date=2021-02-08|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> According to Kaur's lawyer, a medical report ordered after Kaur's arrest revealed wounds that pointed to a sexual assault.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=Jailed Dalit Labour Activist Nodeep Kaur Sexually Assaulted by Cops in Custody, Allege Kin, to Move HC|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/jailed-dalit-labour-activist-nodeep-kaur-sexually-assaulted-by-cops-in-custody-says-family-to-move-hc-3400691.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040942/https://www.news18.com/news/india/jailed-dalit-labour-activist-nodeep-kaur-sexually-assaulted-by-cops-in-custody-says-family-to-move-hc-3400691.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=Nodeep Kaur: All you need to know about jailed Dalit activist|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nodeep-kaur-all-you-need-to-know-about-jailed-dalit-activist-101612689302379.html|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040959/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nodeep-kaur-all-you-need-to-know-about-jailed-dalit-activist-101612689302379.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Sonipat Court, Haryana denied bail to Kaur on 2 February 2021 in one of three FIR's on the grounds that the allegations are serious in nature, but got bail in other two FIR's after that.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 February 2021|title='Will do whatever possible to help trace missing farmers'|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/will-do-whatever-possible-to-help-trace-missing-farmers-430977|access-date=2021-02-04|work=Millennium Post|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040935/http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/will-do-whatever-possible-to-help-trace-missing-farmers-430977|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaur's sister Rajvir (also spelled Rajveer) Kaur has stated that the family intends to move the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-04|title='Will do whatever possible to help trace missing farmers'|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/will-do-whatever-possible-to-help-trace-missing-farmers-430977|access-date=2021-02-04|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040935/http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/will-do-whatever-possible-to-help-trace-missing-farmers-430977|url-status=live}}</ref> and that the story has received little mainstream media attention due to the family's [[Caste system in India|caste]] and economic background.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalit Activist, Who Fought for Workers and Farmers' Rights, Faced Custodial Torture, Alleges Family|url=https://thewire.in/rights/dalit-activist-who-fought-for-workers-and-farmers-rights-faced-custodial-torture-alleges-family|access-date=2021-02-04|website=The Wire|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040957/https://thewire.in/rights/dalit-activist-who-fought-for-workers-and-farmers-rights-faced-custodial-torture-alleges-family|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Why was Dalit labour rights activist, Nodeep Kaur, arrested from Singhu Border?|url=https://www.sabrangindia.in/article/why-was-dalit-labour-rights-activist-nodeep-kaur-arrested-singhu-border|access-date=2021-02-08|website=SabrangIndia|language=en}}</ref> Additionally, Rajveer Kaur has stated that Nodeep Kaur and many others were targeted because of their vision for equality, and a society free from oppression and exploitation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Ashok|date=2021-02-09|title=Who is Nodeep Kaur, and why was she arrested?|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/who-is-nodeep-kaur-and-why-was-she-arrested/article33790286.ece|access-date=2021-02-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Indo-Canadians|Indo-Canadian]] poet [[Rupi Kaur]] brought international attention to Kaur by [[Twitter|tweeting]] in her support and demanding her release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalit Activist, Who Fought for Workers and Farmers' Rights, Faced Custodial Torture, Alleges Family|url=https://thewire.in/rights/dalit-activist-who-fought-for-workers-and-farmers-rights-faced-custodial-torture-alleges-family|access-date=4 February 2021 |website=The Wire|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040959/https://thewire.in/rights/dalit-activist-who-fought-for-workers-and-farmers-rights-faced-custodial-torture-alleges-family|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Meena Harris]] also tweeted about and brought global attention to Kaur.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=Dalit activist Nodeep Kaur's arrest gets global attention after Meena Harris's tweet|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dalit-activist-nodeep-kaur-s-arrest-gets-global-attention-after-meena-harris-s-tweet-142957|access-date=2021-02-08|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040937/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dalit-activist-nodeep-kaur-s-arrest-gets-global-attention-after-meena-harris-s-tweet-142957|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Magan|first=Srishti|date=6 February 2021 |title=Who Is Nodeep Kaur And Why Is Kamala Harris' Niece Demanding Her Release|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/women/who-is-nodeep-kaur-and-why-is-kamala-harris-niece-demanding-her-release/|access-date=2021-02-08|website=www.scoopwhoop.com|language=English|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209040942/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/women/who-is-nodeep-kaur-and-why-is-kamala-harris-niece-demanding-her-release/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nodeep-kaur-granted-bail-by-punjab-haryana-high-court-7205542/|title=Nodeep Kaur granted bail by Punjab & Haryana HC, released from prison|date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kaur was born to a poor [[Dalit]] family in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-02-17|title=Nodeep Kaur: The jailed activist Meena Harris tweeted about|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56071706|access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref>
She was brought upon in a family set up that have always stood against oppression and exploitation. Her mother had been a member of kissan union. She had protested against rape of a landless dalit women by upper caste landlord in her village. Due to which her family faced social boycott and had to move to Telangana. Because of this Nodeep's studies were discontinued. She had to do her 12th from an open college. After completing her 12th, she came to Delhi in 2019 as she wanted to join undergraduate course in delhi university. In Delhi she became a member of [[Bhagat Singh]] Chatra Ekta Manch. Bhagat Singh Chatra Ekta Manch (BSCEM) is a pro-left organisation in [[Delhi University]]. As a member of this student organisation she was active in the anti CAA protest. Later on due to financial crunches in her family, she joined a company in Kundli Industrial area of [[Sonipat district]] in Haryana. She was disturbed by the sight of constant humiliation of labourers at the hand of factory owners. She started demanding the implementation of minimum wage act, [[equal pay for equal work]] for women labour, payment for over time jobs, etc. To successfully campaign for these demands she joined Majdoor Adhikhar Sangathan (MAS).

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite news |last1=Abbas |first1=Ghazanfar |title=Modi government is for the Corporates, of the Corporates and by the Corporates |url=https://enewsroom.in/war-against-farmers-protest-modi-government/ |work=eNewsroom India |date=3 February 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Rajeev |title=Farmers, Workers Demand Release of Dalit Woman Activist, Allege Assault by Haryana Cops |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/19918/Farmers-Workers-Demand-Release-of-Dalit-Woman-Activist-Allege-Assault-by-Haryana-Cops |work=The Citizen |date=24 January 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=John |first1=Karuna |title=Why was Dalit labour rights activist, Nodeep Kaur, arrested from Singhu Border? |url=https://www.sabrangindia.in/article/why-was-dalit-labour-rights-activist-nodeep-kaur-arrested-singhu-border |work=SabrangIndia |date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}
*{{cite web|title=The arrest and custodial violence on Nodeep Kaur |publisher=Odia Films|date=25 January 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1y5Gx8evdU}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Nodeep}}
[[Category:Indian women trade unionists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian trade unionists]]

Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag

2025-12-01T09:19:50Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: created initial stub and citations

{{short description|Indian lawyer and activist (1873–1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{circa|1873}}
| birth_place = [[Karwar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1950|1|17|1873|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] activist, writer
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement = [[Konkani language]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag''' ({{circa|1873}} – 17 January 1950)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konkani Bhasha Mandal Mumbai(Regd.) |url=https://sudkod.tripod.com/konkanisudik/id37.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=sudkod.tripod.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Desai |first=Narayan B. |date=2002 |title=POLITICS OF SCRIPT: THE CASE OF KONKANI (1961 - 1992) |url=http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/bitstream/handle/unigoa/3922/desai_n_b_2002.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Ph.D. Thesis}}</ref> was an Indian lawyer and activist on behalf of the [[Konkani people]]. He was born in [[Karwar|Karwar, Karnataka]]. With a few like-minded companions he travelled in all the Konkani-speaking areas, seeking to unite the fragmented Konkani community under the banner of 'one language, one script, one literature'. He succeeded in organizing the first [[Adhiveshan]] of [[All India Konkani Parishad]] in Karwar in 1939.<ref>Kelekar 2003:14</ref><ref>F.J.Martiris, Parishadeche Pasthis Varsam, Souvenir – 10th Adhiveshan of All India Konkani Parishad – Panaji, Goa 1974</ref>

== Legacy ==
In 2007, [[Goa Konkani Akademi]] instituted Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag Konkani Bhasha Seva Puraskar, an award including a cash prize of Rs. 25,000. It is a lifetime achievement award for those over 50 years of age who have worked as an activist, leader, or organiser for the Konkani language.<ref>[http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/news/news1feb08.htm Goa Konkani Akademi to confer Konkani Sahitya/ Seva Puraskar (Awards) from 2007–2008 onwards] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621024638/http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/news/news1feb08.htm |date=21 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalore: Konkani litterateur Fr Mark Valder gets lifetime honour |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=171953 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2009, [[J. B. Moraes]] won the award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of GKA awards declared |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/winners-of-gka-awards-declared/24359 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

* {{Citation |last=Budinley |first=Kiran |title=SHENOI GOEMBAB / THE MAN AND HIS WORK |url=https://archive.org/stream/shenoygoembab0000drki/shenoygoembab0000drki_djvu.txt |publication-date=August 2003}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Karwar]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]

Angus Finlay Hutton

2025-11-25T12:38:45Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: fix page for clarity

{{Short description|British naturalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
'''Angus Finlay Hutton''' (8 April 1928 – 30 October 2016) was a British naturalist born in [[India]]. Working in the High Wavy range, he discovered a species of [[pit viper]] that is now named after him as Hutton's pit viper (''[[Tropidolaemus huttoni]])''. He also collected a species of bat that was later named as [[Salim Ali's fruit bat]] (''Latidens salimali)'' after Indian ornithologist [[Salim Ali]]. Until his death is 2016, Hutton was the oldest living member of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS). He helped set up butterfly gardens in Southeast Asia before settling in [[Queensland]], Australia.

==Life and work==
Hutton was born in [[Mysore]] on 8 April 1928. His father had served in World War I and came to South India to work with a large British Tea Estate in 1921. He was sent back to Britain at the age of eight but returned to India when the Second World War broke out. He then studied at a number of schools, completing his matriculation in 1944 from [[Bishop Cotton Boys' School]] in Bangalore. He then went to [[Lawrence School, Lovedale|Lawrence Memorial Royal Military College]] in Ooty. At 16 he joined the Southern Provinces Mounted Rifles (AFI Cavalry) and because of his knowledge of Tamil was placed in the South Indian Labour Units with the Madras Sappers & Miners. After the war he joined the tea plantations at Karamallai Estate working under C.R.T. Congreve. He later moved to the High Wavy Mountains to work as an assistant with Tea Estates India Ltd. which was owned by Brooke Bonds. After meeting [[Salim Ali]] who was then conducting a bird survey, he joined the Bombay Natural History Society on 29 November 1945 and, until his death in 2016, was the oldest living member and only "Diamond" member. He moved to Uganda in 1952, then to Kenya and Papua New Guinea before settling in Queensland.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hsi.org.au/editor/assets/WLT_Newsletter_1.pdf|title=A special note from a conservation veteran|author=Hutton, Angus|page=5|journal=Wildlife Lands Australia|year=2007|volume=1}}</ref><ref name=profile>{{cite journal|journal=Wambaliman Magazine| volume=2009|pages=17–19|title=Volunteer profile-Angus Finlay Hutton, FZS, FRES. Honorary Life member WBBCC| url=https://wbbcc.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/wambaliman-winter-2009-for-web1.pdf}}</ref> He set up a butterfly farming venture in Papua New Guinea.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Oryx| year=1985| pages=158–162| doi=10.1017/S0030605300025333|title= Butterfly farming in Papua New Guinea|author=Hutton, Angus F.| volume=19| issue=3| doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Queensland, Hutton established a farm near [[Gympie]], a large part of which was later gazetted as the Mt Monty Nature Refuge. As well as operating his own farm, he helped establish one of Australia's first [[Landcare in Australia|Landcare]] groups in 1988 and worked as the Gympie district's produce inspector for the Queensland Department of Primary Industries. He was also a leader in establishing one of Australia's first integrated catchment management organizations - the [[Mary River (Queensland)|Mary River]] Catchment Planning Association. The Gympie and Districts Landcare Group centre and nursery is named in his honour.

Hutton died in [[Maleny, Queensland|Maleny]] on 30 October 2016 from heart failure, two years after the death of his wife Gem, his partner of over 60 years.

==Discoveries==
In 1948 Hutton collected a species of bat which had been preserved in the collection of the BNHS, misidentified as the common short-nosed fruit bat. The specimen was re-examined later by [[Kitti Thonglongya]] who recognised it as a new species that was named as ''Latidens salimali'' after [[Salim Ali]]. [[Salim Ali's fruit bat]] is considered as one of the rarest fruit bats in the world even entering the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] in 1993 for its rarity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Latidens_salmalii/more_info.html |title=Salim Ali's fruit bat (''Latidens salmalii'') |work=Wildscreen Arkive |access-date=2012-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203222720/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Latidens_salmalii/more_info.html |archive-date=2008-12-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1949 [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Malcolm Smith]] described a new species of viper from two specimens collected by Hutton. It is now called [[Hutton's pitviper]] ''Tropidolaemus huttoni'' (Smith, 1949)<ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; [[species:Michael Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}} (Hutton, p. 128).</ref> and is one of the rarer species of pit vipers. First described from two juveniles found in the [[High Wavy Mountains]], it has not been seen in the wild since. Earlier included in the genus ''Trimeresurus'', it is now the only species of temple pit viper, [[genus]] ''Tropidolaemus'', outside its main distribution range in the Malay Peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.gernot-vogel.de/publications/David1998Hamadryad%20-%20Redescription%20of%20Trimeresurus%20huttoni;%20disc%20of%20relationships.pdf|journal=Hamadryad| volume=22| issue=2| pages=73–87| year=1998| title=Redescription of ''Trimeresurus huttoni'' Smith, 1949 (Serpentes, Crotalinae), with a discussion of its relationships|author1=David, Patrick |author1-link=species:Patrick David |author2=Vogel, Gernot |author2-link=species:Gernot Vogel}}</ref>

Hutton also collected the rare long-haired brown hyena in Kenya.<ref name=profile/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hutton, Angus Finlay}}
[[Category:British naturalists]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:People from Gympie]]
[[Category:Bishop Cotton Boys' School alumni]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]

Aurionpro

2025-11-24T13:33:28Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8:

{{Short description|Indian software company}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Aurionpro
| type = Public
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|AURIONPRO}}|{{BSE|532668}} }}
| industry = IT and IT product company
| founded = October 1997
| hq_location_city = Navi Mumbai, India
| area_served = Worldwide
| website = [http://www.aurionpro.com www.aurionpro.com]
}}

'''Aurionpro Solutions Limited''' is a technology company, headquartered in [[Navi Mumbai]], India. It primarily serves the banking, mobility, payments, and government sectors.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Arbind |title=Aurionpro Solutions: Transforming businesses |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/aurionpro-solutions-transforming-businesses |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=businessindia.co |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qxaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Aurionpro%22 |title=Major Information Technology Companies of the World |date=2009 |publisher=Graham & Whiteside. |isbn=978-1-86099-579-8 |language=en}}</ref> Aurionpro is a publicly listed company, traded on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) and [[National Stock Exchange of India]] (NSE), with a market capitalization exceeding Rs 76 billion as of 15th May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual report analysis |url=http://innovision.sushilfinance.com/Modules/Files/Company%20Report/Aurionpro%20Solutions%20Ltd.%20-%20Reinstating%20Coverage%20-%20Feb.2022_28Feb2022135639.pdf |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=[[Sushilfinance]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Pradeep |date=2023-03-23 |title=Aurionpro's platform-led one converged digital ecosystem covers banking kiosk apps to smart mobility solutions |url=https://www.dqindia.com/aurionpros-platform-led-one-converged-digital-ecosystem-covers-banking-kiosk-apps-to-smart-mobility-solutions/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=[[Dataquest]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Aurionpro was incorporated on 31 October 1997 as Value Added Information Distribution Services Private Limited.<ref name=":2" /> It later changed its name to VAIDS Technologies Private Limited on 30 April 2001 and subsequently to Aurionpro Solutions Private Limited on 18 September 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurionpro Solutions Ltd |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/stocks/aurionpro-solutions-ltd/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> As of March 2023, Aurionpro has 24 offices in 22 countries, with over 2000 employees.<ref name=":2" />

The company is led by [[Paresh Zaveri]], the chairman and managing director. In July 2022, Ashish Rai became the vice chairman and president of Aurionpro,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashish Rai joins Aurionpro Solutions as Vice Chairman & President |url=https://indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/ashish-rai-joins-aurionpro-solutions-as-vice-chairman-amp-president-122072600419_1.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref> while Sanjay Bali heads the Tech Innovation Group,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=SBI picks Aurionpro to provide solutions for Kanpur Metro Project |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sbi-picks-aurionpro-to-provide-solutions-for-kanpur-metro-project/article37880603.ece |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> and Shekhar Mullatti is in charge of the banking division.<ref name=":1" />

== Subsidiaries ==
In 2020, Aurionpro acquired a majority stake of 51% in SC Soft, a [[Singapore]]-based IT company that develops software for transportation fare collections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=chundawat |date=2022-06-10 |title=Aurionpro Solutions trades higher on increasing stake in SC Soft {{!}} Udaipur Kiran |url=https://udaipurkiran.com/aurionpro-solutions-trades-higher-on-increasing-stake-in-sc-soft/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Integro, an IT company, is a subsidiary of Aurionpro.<ref name=":0" />

== Partnerships with state governments ==

* In January 2023, Aurionpro Payments Singapore launched a payment gateway platform called 'AuropayBiz,' to enable businesses to receive digital payments and formed partnerships with 'Stripe Payments' and 'FIS Worldpay.'<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aurionpro Payments gets RBI approval to operate as payment aggregator |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/aurionpro-payments-gets-rbi-approval-to-operate-as-payment-aggregator-123050500595_1.html |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref>
* On February 21, 2023, Aurionpro's subsidiary, Integro Technologies, partnered with Finastra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Aurionpro Solutions' arm partners with Finastra to provide exposure risk offerings for trade finance |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/aurionpro-solutions-arm-finastra-partnership-trade-innovation-solutions-16001321.htm |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref>
* On April 28, 2021, SC Soft Pte. Limited, a subsidiary of Aurionpro, and [[Mastercard|MasterCard]] signed a strategic alliance for automatic fare collection and payment solutions.<ref name=":2" />
* On June 24, 2022, Aurionpro engaged with the [[Government of Rajasthan]] to expand the latter's 3D City platform in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-22 |title=AurionPro Solutions rises 4% on winning Jaipur's 3D City project of Rs 180cr |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/aurionpro-solutions-bags-order-for-jaipurs-3d-city-project-of-rs-180cr-2533717.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
* On November 29, 2022, Aurionpro implemented the [[National Common Mobility Card]] (NCMC) based open loop ticketing system and [[Global Positioning System|GPS system]] at all depots/sub-depots of Haryana Roadways, a state government undertaking.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Parashar |first=Brajendra K |date=23 October 2021 |title=Mumbai firm bags contract more than a year after bidding process began |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20211023/281745567589677 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=Three pvt firms in race to get UPSRTC's e-ticketing tender |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/three-pvt-firms-in-race-to-get-upsrtc-s-e-ticketing-tender-101629913873914.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* Aurionpro was recognized as a Great Place To Work for two consecutive years.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aurionpro wins order from the large private sector bank |work=[[United News of India]] |url=https://www.uniindia.com/news/business-economy/aurionpro-order/2835430.html |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurionpro Solutions certified as 'Great Place to Work'; Stock ends 3.5% higher |url=https://indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/aurionpro-solutions-certified-as-great-place-to-work-stock-ends-higher-122031000244_1.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=[[India Infoline]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Its subsidiary, Integro Technologies, was named as a global category leader in Credit Lending Operations by Chartis, a research and analysis organization for Risk Technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2022 |title=Investor presentation October 2022 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachHis/a4f31966-2867-4f6d-a2f2-643260698cdc.pdf |access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref>
* Received the India Technology Excellence Award in the Digital– Technology category at the Asian Technology Excellence Awards 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-06 |title=Most outstanding technological projects and innovations recognised at the Asian Technology Excellence Awards |url=https://asianbusinessreview.com/co-written-partner/event-news/most-outstanding-technological-projects-and-innovations-recognised-asian-technology-excellence-awards |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Asian Business Review |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurionpro}}
[[Category:Information technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Information technology organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1997]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Bargachia

2025-11-23T15:42:17Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8:

{{refimprove|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bargachia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline = Local Road - Sandhya Bazaar Area - Bargachia - Howrah 2014-09-28 8244.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bargachia Sandhya Bazar
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6500
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 711404
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|howrah.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bargachia''' is a [[census town]] in [[Jagatballavpur (community development block)|Jagatballavpur]] CD Block of [[Howrah Sadar subdivision]] in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |title=District-wise list of stautory towns |publisher=Census Commission of India |access-date=2009-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425193215/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=2009-04-25 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Howrah district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Howrah district]]

{{Howrah-geo-stub}}

Laxminarayan Payodhi

2025-11-14T01:48:35Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: created first page from scratch

{{Short description|Indian poet, writer (born 1957)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=December 2024}}
{{Copy editing|date=December 2024}}}}

'''Laxminarayan Payodhi''' (born 1957) is an Indian [[poet]], story writer, [[novelist]], [[playwright]], critic, editor, and researcher known for his multifaceted contributions to Hindi literature.

==Personal life and education==
Laxminarayan Payodhi was born on March 23, 1957, in the village of Ankisa, Maharashtra, and spent his formative years in [[Bhopalpatnam]], [[Chhattisgarh]]. Hailing from a Telugu-speaking family, Payodhi, despite being a Hindi student, developed a profound interest in various [[Vedas]] and epics, becoming an authority in both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] languages. His educational journey, marked by a focus on Hindi literature and sociology, led him from Bhopalpattnam to [[Jagdalpur]] and [[Raipur]]. Throughout his upbringing, he drew inspiration from luminaries such as [[Ramakrishna Paramhansa]], [[Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala']], [[Swami Vivekananda]], and [[Adi shankaracharya]]. Currently living in [[Bhopal]] for the past 35 years, he has been actively involved in contributing to the welfare of tribes in Madhya Pradesh.

== Career ==
Payodhi is a poet of modern [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. He started publishing his books of poems in Hindi and is best known for his early work ''Somaru'', which was a bestseller and has been published three times (1992, 1997, 2005). His work spanned other fields of Hindi literature as a story writer, novelist, playwright, critic, and editor. He was an editor of the magazine ''Samajh Jharokha'' for tribal children.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} He has done research on tribal languages, lifestyle and culture,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Preservation of tribal dialects in Madhya Pradesh {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/preservation-of-tribal-dialects-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/17904552.cms|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Times of India|date=5 January 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Korku dialect is more than a linguistic identity for many. - Free Online Library|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Korku+dialect+is+more+than+a+linguistic+identity+for+many-a0248462121|access-date=2021-11-05|website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sahu|first=R. C.|date=2006-03-22|title=TRDC compiles tribal dictionary|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/trdc-compiles-tribal-dictionary-106032201075_1.html|access-date=2021-11-05}}</ref> promoting preferment for the tribes of [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==Literary works==

===Poetry===
# ''Somaru''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Payodhi|first=Lakshmīnārāyaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9H5zAAAAIAAJ&q=Laxminarayan+Payodhi|title=Somārū: Bastara ke saṅgharshaśīla janajīvana para kendrita kavitāem̐|date=1997|publisher=Rāshṭrīya Prakāśana Mandira|language=hi}}</ref> (1992, 1997, 2005)
# ''Aakhetakhon ke Viruddh'' (1997)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Payodhi|first=Lakshmīnārāyaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjsbHAAACAAJ|title=Ākheṭakoṃ ke viruddha|date=1997|publisher=Rāshṭrīya Prakāśana Mandira|language=hi}}</ref>
# ''Ant mein bachi Kavita'' (2000)
# ''Gamak (Ghazals, 2002)''
# ''Harshit hai Brahmand'' (Lyrics, 2003–2004)
# ''Kandeel mein Suraj'' (Ghazals, 2005)
# ''Punarapi'' (selected poems, 2005)
# ''Chuppiyon ka Bayaan'' (Ghazals, 2008)
# ''Andhere ke paar'' (Ghazals, 2011)
# ''Chintalnaar se Chintalnaar tak'' (Poems, 2012)
# ''Sugandhon Ka Safar'' (Ghazals, 2015)
# ''Ujaalon ki Talaash'' (Ghazals & lyrics, 2017)
# ''Lamjhana'' (Poems, 2018)
# ''Samay ka Naad'' (Poems, 2018)
# ''Khayalon ki Dhoop'' (Ghazals, 2018)

===Stories===
# ''Sambandhon ke Avaj Mein'' (1992)

===Drama===
# ''Gundadhoor'' (Poetic Drama, 2018)

===Research books===
# Gondi-Hindi shabd kosh (Dictionary, 2006)
# Gond Janjati Ka Sanskratik Pralekh (Culture of Gond Tribe, 2006)
# Bhili-Hindi shabd kosh (Dictionary, 2007)
# Korku-Hindi shabd kosh (Dictionary 2007)
# Janjatiya Godna: Shrungar aur upchaar (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Payodhi|first=Lakshmīnārāyaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zrZswEACAAJ|title=Janajātīya godanā, śr̥ṅgāra aura upacāra|date=2012|publisher=Ādima Jāti Anusandhāna evaṃ Vikāsa Saṃsthā, Madhyapradeśa Śāsana|language=hi}}</ref>
# Bhil Janaati Samuh Ke Saanskritik Aayaam (Culture of Bhil Tribal Group, 2015)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Payodhi|first=Lakshmīnārāyaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUykAQAACAAJ|title=Bhīla janajāti samūha ke sāṃskr̥tika āyāma|date=2015|publisher=Ādima Jāti Anusandhāna evaṃ Vikāsa Saṃsthā, Madhyapradeśa Śāsana|language=hi}}</ref>
# Dhangana (Coffee table book on Baigapainting, 2017)

===Children's literature===
# Vanvaasi Krantiveer (1990)
# Thibaru (Novel, 1992)
# Languron K Desh Mein (1996)
# Titali Pari (Drama, 1998)
# Ababeel Ki Saheli (2000)
# Ghonsala Bola (2005)
# Adivasi Kranti Nayak (2005)
# Suraj ke Desh mein (Novel, 2005)
# Uttar ban Jayen (Poems, 2005)
# Uunche Rakhen Iraade (Poems, 2005)
# Adivaasi Bachchon ke Khel (Encyclopedia on tribal games, In two parts, 2005)

===Other works===
# Telefilm 'Mahuphool' (based on short story 'Mahue ke Phool) and teledrama 'Bhoomkal' (based on Gundadhoor)
# Translated 'Somaru' in Marathi and English and 'Kandeel mein Sooraj' in Urdu.
# Some of the poems and stories have been translated into Urdu, Telugu, Halbi, and Sindhi.
# Some of the stories and poems have included in the syllabus of M.P. board and C.B.S.E
# Gundadhoor, Somaru, Harshit hai Brahmand, Gamak and even him as a personality have been matter of study of PhD and D lit. for many researchers.
# There had been a program called 'Somaru- Prasang' by karvat Kala Parishad (1997)
# An event called 'Payodhi-Prasang' by janhit prakashan and was organized to discuss Payodhi's literature. (2002)
# Vande Matram Samiti organized Ghazal eve on Payodhi's creation. Twice, once on 'Gamak' in 2002 and then for 'Andhere ke Paar' in 2011.

===Editing===
# Samajh jharokha (Govt. monthly magazine for children)
# Vimarsh (about criticism)
# Gondi-Hindi dictionary
# Bhili-Hindi dictionary
# Korku-Hindi dictionary
# Sampark and Sandhaan (newsletter of Tribal Welfare Department, Madhya Pradesh)
# Research bulletin (Tribal Research and Development Institute, Madhya Pradesh)
# Korku Vyakaran
# Bhili Vyakaran
# Kaargil ki Goonj (Poems)

==Honors and awards==
* Indravati Award. (1982) Kondagaon.
* Ambika Prasad 'Divya' Puraskar: 'Sambandhon k Avej Mein' (1993), Harshit hai Brahmaand (2008), Madhya Pradesh Rashtra Bhasha Prachaar Samiti.
* Kadambinee Puraskar, (1995), Hindustan Times.
* Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla Puraskar. (1996) Madhya Pradesh Saahitya Academy
* Bhartiya bal kalyan sansthan, (1996) (contribution for children's literature)
* Vasant Rao Uikey Samman (2002), Vasant Rao Uikey Smruti Sansthan, for tribal emotions in Hindi literature.
* Pavaiya Puraskar: (2007) Kala Mandir.
* A special award for dictionary of 3 tribal languages (Bheeli, Korku, Gondi). (2008) Tribal Welfare Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh.
* Special honor for children's literature (2008) Bal Kalyan evam Bal Sahitya Shodh Kendra.
* Bhasha Bharti samman (2010) Karvat Kala parishad.
* Nagrik Samman (2015) Nagrik kalyan samiti, Bhopal
* Kamleshwar Award from the Dushyant Museum<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dushyant Museum to give 11 Memorial Awards at annual fest|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/dushyant-museum-to-give-11-memorial-awards-at-annual-fest.html|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>
* Sudeergh Samman:Baalinaath Shodh Samsthaan, Ujjain.

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* "Bastar ka kavyapurush Somaru" (kala karvat- April 1997)
* Dr. Lata Agarwal's "Payodhi Ho janey Ka Arth"(Criticism, 2013)
{{refend}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm10703024}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Payodhi, Laxminarayan}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Poets from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

2024 Pune Challenger – Doubles

2025-11-11T13:56:52Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: creating info

{{moresources|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Tennis events|2024|Pune Challenger|s
| champ = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Walton (tennis)|Adam Walton]]
| runner = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong]]
| score = 7–6(7–4), 7–5
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
}}

{{main|2024 Pune Challenger}}

[[Anirudh Chandrasekar]] and [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]] were the defending champions<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/pmr-open-130000-challenger/article66581012.ece|title=Anirudh Chandrasekar & Vijay Sundar Prashanth triumph|first=|last=|date=4 March 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> but chose not to defend their title.

[[Tristan Schoolkate]] and [[Adam Walton (tennis)|Adam Walton]] won the title after defeating [[Dan Added]] and [[Chung Yun-seong]] 7–6(7–4), 7–5 in the final.

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|POL}} [[Piotr Matuszewski]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios]] ''(first round)''
# {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added]] / {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji]] / {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andre Begemann]] ''(first round)''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan|J Nedunchezhiyan]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''6'''
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Choudary Bollipalli|RC Bollipalli]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
| RD1-score02-1=3
| RD1-score02-2=3
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|TPE}} [[Ray Ho|R Ho]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Calum Puttergill|C Puttergill]]
| RD1-score03-1=69
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|GER}} [[Jakob Schnaitter|J Schnaitter]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Wallner|M Wallner]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''711'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=3
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added|D Added]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong|Y-s Chung]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|PHI}} [[Francis Alcantara|FC Alcantara]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaichi Uchida|K Uchida]]
| RD1-score06-1=2
| RD1-score06-2=2
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=WC
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddhant Banthia|S Banthia]] {{flagicon|IND}} Parikshit Somani'''
| RD1-score07-1=5
| RD1-score07-2='''77'''
| RD1-score07-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed08=
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Luca Margaroli|L Margaroli]] {{flagicon|POR}} [[Gonçalo Oliveira|G Oliveira]]
| RD1-score08-1='''7'''
| RD1-score08-2=65
| RD1-score08-3=[5]

| RD1-seed09=WC
| RD1-team09={{flagicon|IND}} Sai Karteek Reddy Ganta {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karan Singh (tennis)|K Singh]]
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2=3
| RD1-score09-3=[4]
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Walton (tennis)|A Walton]]'''
| RD1-score10-1=3
| RD1-score10-2='''6'''
| RD1-score10-3='''[10]'''

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi|K Uesugi]]'''
| RD1-score11-1=4
| RD1-score11-2='''77'''
| RD1-score11-3='''[10]'''
| RD1-seed12=4
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sriram Balaji|S Balaji]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andre Begemann|A Begemann]]
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2=65
| RD1-score12-3=[5]

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Duje Ajduković|D Ajduković]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Enrico Dalla Valle|E Dalla Valle]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''7'''
| RD1-score13-2='''6'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=Alt
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Geoffrey Blancaneaux|G Blancaneaux]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benjamin Bonzi|B Bonzi]]
| RD1-score14-1=5
| RD1-score14-2=3
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD1-score15-1='''77'''
| RD1-score15-2='''6'''
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|POL}} [[Piotr Matuszewski|P Matuszewski]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios|MC Romios]]
| RD1-score16-1=65
| RD1-score16-2=4
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan|J Nedunchezhiyan]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''6'''
| RD2-score01-2='''78'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|GER}} [[Jakob Schnaitter|J Schnaitter]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mark Wallner|M Wallner]]
| RD2-score02-1=4
| RD2-score02-2=66
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=3
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added|D Added]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong|Y-s Chung]]'''
| RD2-score03-1=3
| RD2-score03-2='''7'''
| RD2-score03-3='''[10]'''
| RD2-seed04=WC
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddhant Banthia|S Banthia]] {{flagicon|IND}} P Somani
| RD2-score04-1='''6'''
| RD2-score04-2=5
| RD2-score04-3=[7]

| RD2-seed05=
| RD2-team05='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Walton (tennis)|A Walton]]'''
| RD2-score05-1='''6'''
| RD2-score05-2='''6'''
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=
| RD2-team06={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui|T Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi|K Uesugi]]
| RD2-score06-1=1
| RD2-score06-2=0
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|CRO}} [[Duje Ajduković|D Ajduković]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Enrico Dalla Valle|E Dalla Valle]]
| RD2-score07-1=2
| RD2-score07-2='''77'''
| RD2-score07-3=[2]
| RD2-seed08=
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]'''
| RD2-score08-1='''6'''
| RD2-score08-2=64
| RD2-score08-3='''[10]'''

| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe|A Kadhe]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan|J Nedunchezhiyan]]
| RD3-score01-1=3
| RD3-score01-2=4
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=3
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added|D Added]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong|Y-s Chung]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=
| RD3-team03='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Walton (tennis)|A Walton]]'''
| RD3-score03-1='''78'''
| RD3-score03-2='''6'''
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=
| RD3-team04={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan|R Ramanathan]]
| RD3-score04-1=66
| RD3-score04-2=2
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=3
| RD4-team01={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added|D Added]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong|Y-s Chung]]
| RD4-score01-1=64
| RD4-score01-2=5
| RD4-score01-3=
| RD4-seed02=
| RD4-team02='''{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tristan Schoolkate|T Schoolkate]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Walton (tennis)|A Walton]]'''
| RD4-score02-1='''77'''
| RD4-score02-2='''7'''
| RD4-score02-3=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2024/7100/mdd.pdf Main draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024 Pune Challenger - Doubles}}
[[Category:2024 ATP Challenger Tour|Pune Challenger - Doubles]]
[[Category:KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2024 Doubles]]

{{Tennis-competition-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

Banuri, Himachal Pradesh

2025-11-10T12:14:54Z

ZARAKHANMAHI8: creating stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banuri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district| Kangra]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pin Code]]
| postal_code = 176 061
| coordinates = {{coord|32.100|76.555|display=title,inline}}
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh
}}

'''Banuri (Palampur)''' is Ward No. 14 of MC Palampur which is situated in [[Dhauladhar]] Valley in [[Himachal Pradesh]] ([[India]]).<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/1558022/village-Banuri WikiMapia]</ref> It has around 4 km area and population around 3000. Banuri has many tea gardens. It has a small river (khad) named Oa at its one end. It is situated 4 km away from [[Palampur]] ISBT. Also near by is artists' colony [[Andretta, Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=out>{{cite web|title=Andretta Artists' Village: The Irish Lahorian |author=Charu Soni |url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destination.aspx?id=569&id1=2 |accessdate=2014-02-17 |publisher=Outlook Traveller |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222223924/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destination.aspx?id=569&id1=2 |archivedate=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

== Education ==
The literacy rate in Banuri is very high.{{Clarify|date=April 2024|reason=What is the literacy rate?}} It has four Senior Secondary schools:-
* Saheed Major Sudhir Walia Senior Secondary School.
*'''Aisect Computer Education Lower Banuri.'''
* Jai Public School.
* Crescent Public School.
* Modern Public School.
* [[Sri Sai University]], [[Palampur]] is situated 2 km away from here.
* Dr GC Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences is situated 1 km away from here.
* CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology is situated 1.5 km away from here.
*

==Other Attractions==
* Palampur Science centre

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kangra district}}
[[Category:Villages in Kangra district]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}