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Elbit Hermes 900

2026-05-11T00:50:41Z

YvonneTran476: entry

{{short description|Israeli military drone, 2009}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = Hermes 900
| logo =
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| image = File:Elbit Systems 900 take off.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Elbit Hermes 900 takeoff
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| aircraft_type = [[Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle]]
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| national_origin = [[Israel]]
| manufacturer = [[Elbit Systems]] [[Adani_Enterprises#Adani-Elbit_Advanced_Systems|Adani-Elbit Advanced Systems]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chand |first=Swati Bharadwaj |date=2018-12-14 |title=India's first pvt UAV facility takes off at Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-pvt-uav-facility-takes-off-at-hyderabad/articleshow/67096441.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| design_group =
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| status = In service
| owners =
| primary_user = [[Israeli Air Force]]
| more_users = [[Philippine Air Force]] [[Swiss Air Force]]
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| introduction = May 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1117055.pdf|title= Worldwide Equipment Guide – Volume 2: Airspace and Air Defense Systems |website=DTIC|at=section 4, page 17}}</ref>
| retired =
| first_flight = December 9, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/features/2009/december/hermes900_first_flight_091209.html|title=Hermes 900 First Flight|access-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091557/http://defense-update.com/features/2009/december/hermes900_first_flight_091209.html|archive-date=2017-09-06|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| initiated =
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| developed_from = [[Elbit Hermes 450]]
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}}

The '''Elbit Systems Hermes 900 ''Kochav''''' ("Star")<ref>[http://www.iaf.org.il/4406-41690-EN/IAF.aspx A Star Is Born: A Name Is Chosen For the "Hermes 900" UAV] - IAF.org.il, 20 March 2014</ref> is an Israeli medium-size, multi-payload, [[medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle]] (UAV) designed for tactical missions. It is a successor to the [[Elbit Hermes 450|Hermes 450]] series of drones, one of the most widely used military drones in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hermes Family|url=https://elbitsystems.com/product/elbit-systems-uavs/#:~:text=Hermes%20450's%20highly%20autonomous%20operation,Class%20II%20in%20the%20world! |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=elbitsystems.com}}</ref>

It has an endurance of over 30 hours and can fly at a maximum altitude of {{convert|30,000|ft|m}}, with a primary mission of [[reconnaissance]], [[surveillance]] and communications relay. The Hermes 900 has a wingspan of {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} and weighs {{convert|970|kg|abbr=on}}, with a payload capability of {{convert|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|first=Yosi |last=Nissan |script-title=he:חוזה לאלביט מערכות עם משרד הביטחון בהיקף 50 מיליון דולר |publisher=Globes |url=http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?QUID=1056,U1272834508247&did=1000556518 |access-date=2010-02-05 |date=2010-02-05 |language=he |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320005935/http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?QUID=1056,U1272834508247&did=1000556518 |archive-date=2012-03-20 }}</ref> Payload options include [[Electro-optics|electro-optical]]/[[Thermographic camera|infrared sensors]], [[synthetic-aperture radar]]/ground-[[moving target indication]], communications and electronic intelligence, [[electronic warfare]], and [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral]] sensors.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/israel-hermes-900-training-nears-completion-416973/ Israel Hermes 900 training nears completion] - Flightglobal.com, 21 September 2015</ref>

==Operational history==

=== Israel ===
The Hermes 900 was first used by Israel during [[2014 Israel–Gaza conflict|Operation Protective Edge]] in July 2014. It had been undergoing test flights and wasn't planned for operational deployment until late 2015, but it was introduced during the operation for unique missions that it could perform better than the [[Hermes 450]]. A few days after receiving orders to deploy the aircraft, one Kochav was readied for "temporary activity." The Hermes 900's first operational mission took place on July 15, 2014 during Israel's war in Gaza, in which a chain of operations and jet attacks destroyed Palestinian infrastructure. Maintenance on the aircraft during the operation was done by Elbit personnel because IAF ground teams had not yet been qualified to perform maintenance on it, and mission stations had Elbit representatives that guided the operators during combat flights. Following the end of the operation, the Hermes 900 returned to integration and flight testing to pass milestones that still needed to be met.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140816153231/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140812/DEFREG04/308120026/Israeli-Forces-Praise-Elbit-UAVs-Gaza-Op Israeli Forces Praise Elbit UAVs in Gaza Op] - Defensenews.com, 12 August 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.iaf.org.il/4427-45608-en/IAF.aspx The IAF's new UAV: The "Hermes 900" is operational once again] - IAF.org.il, 10 November 2015</ref> The Hermes 900 was officially introduced into the IAF's operational lineup on 11 November 2015.<ref>[https://www.algemeiner.com/2015/11/11/new-israel-air-force-drones-star-set-to-rise/# New Israel Air Force Drone’s Star Set to Rise] - Algemeiner.com, 11 November 2015</ref>

On 6 April 2024, [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)|amid border tension]] during the [[Gaza war]] Hezbollah shot down a Hermes 900 with a surface-to-air missile in the south of Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-04-08/ty-article/.premium/israeli-army-confirms-in-a-first-hezbollah-shoots-down-advanced-hermes-900-uav/0000018e-bd86-d92b-adaf-ffe63fde0000|title=IDF Source Confirms Hezbollah Shoots Down Advanced Hermes 900 UAV for First Time|date=8 April 2024|work=Hareetz}}</ref> Another was shot down on 1 June 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2024 |title=Hezbollah fighters shoot down an Israeli drone in Lebanon and fire rockets at an Israeli base |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/hezbollah-fighters-shoot-israeli-drone-southern-lebanon-110737840 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605183924/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/hezbollah-fighters-shoot-israeli-drone-southern-lebanon-110737840|archive-date=5 June 2024 |work=ABCNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-drone-hezbollah-8a1b0816f45eb595e784bb27c8cdc149|title=Hezbollah fighters shoot down an Israeli drone in Lebanon and fire rockets at an Israeli base|date=June 1, 2024|website=AP News}}</ref> Another unit was lost on 29 October 2024, when Hezbollah shot down a Hermes 900 on Marjayoun.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/hezbollah-downs-another-israeli-hermes-900-big-attack-after-dual-drone-strike-with-houthis/videoshow/114754749.cms|title=Hezbollah 'Downs' Another Israeli Hermes 900; Big Attack After Dual Drone Strike With Houthis|date=30 October 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

During the [[Twelve-Day War]], on 18 June 2025, a Hermes 900 serial ''997'', was shot down by a surface-to-air missile in [[Isfahan]], central Iran.<ref name="hermesdowned">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=Israel says drone downed in Iran |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/6/18/live-israel-iran-attacks-continue-trump-demands-unconditional-surrender?update=3783202 |website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-israeli-drone-shot-down-over-iran-idf-says-no-fear-of-information-leaking/|title=In first, Israeli drone shot down over Iran; IDF says no fear of information leaking|date=18 June 2025|work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/520207|title=Hermes 900 Kochav|work=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref> Another two were shot down on 23 June 2025, one in Khorramabad area, western Iran, with Israeli officials acknowledged the loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-air-force-hermes-drone-shot-down-in-western-iran/|title=IDF says Air Force Hermes drone shot down in western Iran|work=The Times of Israel|date=23 June 2025}}</ref> And another was shot down in Arak, Markazi Province Iran. Iranian media showed wreckage of the drone with the serial ''939''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/521775|title=Monday 23 June 2025 {{!}} Elbit Hermes 900 Kochav|work=Aviation Safety Network|date=23 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2025/06/23/x-buzzes-as-iran-downs-israels-30m-hermes-900-in-markazi/|title=X buzzes as Iran downs Israel’s $30M Hermes 900 in Markazi|date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Azerbaijan ===
Azerbaijani media first mentioned the procurement of the Hermes 900 in August 2017, reporting up to 15 units having been purchased. In May 2018, the Azerbaijani government confirmed the purchase, releasing photos of Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] inspecting one of the drones.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azerbaijan shows Hermes 900 Military drone|url=https://horizonweekly.ca/en/azerbaijan-shows-hermes-900-military-drone/|access-date=2020-07-14|website=horizonweekly.ca|date=3 May 2018 }}</ref>

During the [[2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani skirmishes|2020 Armenian-Azerbaijani skirmishes]], Armenia's Defense Ministry spokesperson Shushan Stepanyan reported that Armenian forces had shot down an Azerbaijani Hermes 900 drone, sharing the video of the alleged shoot down on social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://massispost.com/2020/07/armenia-shoots-down-israeli-made-hermes-900-sophisticated-drone/|title=Armenia Shoots Down Israeli Made Hermes-900 Sophisticated Drone|first=Massis|last=Post|date=15 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Stepanyan|first=Shushan|date=14 July 2020|title=Ադրբեջանական "Elbit Hermes 900" ԱԹՍ-ի խոցումը|url=https://www.facebook.com/shushanstepanyan/videos/3050922441610562/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714150428/https://www.facebook.com/shushanstepanyan/videos/3050922441610562|archive-date=14 July 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|website=Facebook}}</ref> The Azerbaijani side denied losing any of its drones.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Öztürk |first1=Alparslan |title=MN: Azərbaycana məxsus PUA-nın vurulması barədə məlumat yalandır |url=https://report.az/qarabag/azerbaycana-mexsus-pua-vurulmayib/ |website=Report İnformasiya Agentliyi |date=13 July 2020|access-date=3 April 2021|language=az}}</ref>

===Brazil===

During the [[2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods]], the [[Brazilian Air Force]] used Hermes 900 drones to help locate flood victims that required rescue. A drone located 36 flood victims between 5–6 May, enabling their rescue by lasing their positions to [[search and rescue|SAR]] helicopters.<ref name=floods1>{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2024/05/07/video-drone-da-fab-ajuda-a-resgatar-36-pessoas-em-24-horas-no-rs.ghtml|title=VÍDEO: Drone da FAB ajuda a resgatar 36 pessoas em 24 horas no RS|language=pt|publisher=g1|date=7 May 2024|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> One drone crashed due to a "technical problem", pending investigation by [[CENIPA]].<ref name=floodcrash>{{cite web|url=https://aeroin.net/drone-da-fab-cai-durante-voo-de-apoio-as-vitimas-de-enchentes/|title=Drone da FAB cai durante voo de apoio às vítimas de enchentes|language=pt|publisher=AEROIN|date=8 May 2024|access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> A replacement Hermes 900 was bought in September 2024.<ref name=replacement>{{cite web|url=https://www.cavok.com.br/forca-aerea-brasileira-adquire-novo-drone-de-vigilancia-hermes-rq-900|title=Força Aérea Brasileira adquire novo drone de vigilância Hermes RQ-900|language=pt|publisher=Cavok|date=24 September 2024|author=Fernando Valduga|access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>

=== India ===
On 14 January 2025, a '''Drishti-10 ''Starliner''''' drone manufactured by [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]] crashed off the [[Gujarat]] coast near [[Porbandar]]. It was the second drone that had been delivered to the [[Indian Navy]] on 4 December 2024 and was undergoing pre-acceptance trials before induction by the [[original equipment manufacturer]]. The drone, worth {{INRConvert|140|c|lk=on|year=2025}}, was not a financial loss for the Navy as it had not been inducted yet. The drone was ditched into water while conducting an [[emergency landing]]. The airframe has been recovered and investigation is underway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-01-14 |title=Drishti 10 Starliner drone crashes off Porbandar during Naval pre-acceptance trial by vendor |url=https://theprint.in/defence/drishti-10-starliner-drone-crashes-off-porbandar-during-naval-pre-acceptance-trial-by-vendor/2444772/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2025, it was reported that the crashed drone would be replaced by the manufacturer within 6 months. During the trials the drone faced frequent SATCOM deconnection which could be a reason for the crash. This malfunction also disables some of the stated capability of the UAV. The Drone delivered to the Army also faced technical problems and is currently grounded.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-01-31 |title=Exclusive : Hermes 900 Crash - Replacement & More |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2025/01/31/exclusive-hermes-900-crash-replacement-more/?amp=1 |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=alphadefense.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-02-03 |title=US firm replaces Indian Navy's crashed drone |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/usfirm-replaces-indian-navy-s-crashed-drone-101738521095761.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Reports in January 2026 indicated that the Indian Navy intends to induct 10 Starliner drones. The first and only active drone was already flying [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance|Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance]] (ISR) missions. The drones will support [[anti-submarine warfare]], over-the-horizon targeting as well as [[search and rescue]] missions, reducing dependence on manned [[maritime patrol aircraft]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-10 |title=Indian Navy to Induct 10 Drishti 10 MALE Drones for Round-the-Clock Sea Surveillance |url=https://defence.newsd.in/military/navy/indian-navy-to-induct-10-drishti-10-male-drones-for-round-the-clock-sea-surveillance |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Newsd Defence |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2009974133673861613 |user=Resonant_News |title=𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗮𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝘃𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁 𝟭𝟬 𝗜𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗵𝘁𝗶 𝟭𝟬 𝗠𝗔𝗟𝗘 𝗗𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗲𝘀 |date=2026-01-10 |access-date=2026-01-12}}</ref>

==Operators==
'''Current operators'''
*{{AZE}}
: Two Hermes 900s were delivered in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> In May 2018, Azerbaijani President [[Ilham Aliyev]] visited a military base to inspect military equipment, released photos from the visit included one Hermes 900.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jennings|first1=Gareth|title=Azerbaijan shows Hermes 900|url=http://www.janes.com/article/79686/|website=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041153/http://www.janes.com/article/79686/azerbaijan-shows-hermes-900|archive-date=3 May 2018|location=London|date=30 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

*{{BRA}}
: Elbit Systems has been awarded a contract to supply a Hermes 900 unmanned air system to the Brazilian air force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/brazil-to-boost-world-cup-security-with-unmanned-hermes-397427/|title=Brazil to boost World Cup security with unmanned Hermes 900|date=26 March 2014}}</ref> In December 2021, the Brazilian Air Force acquires two more remotely piloted Hermes 900 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/fab-adquire-mais-duas-aeronaves-remotamente-pilotadas-hermes-900/ | title=FAB adquire mais duas aeronaves remotamente pilotadas Hermes 900 | date=30 December 2021 }}</ref>

*{{CAN}}
: The Government of Canada awarded a contract to Elbit Systems for one unarmed Hermes 900 StarLiner in 2022, initially to bolster Transport Canada's National Aerial Surveillance Program in the Arctic. Ownership shifted to the Canadian Coast Guard, which was rolled into the Department of National Defence in 2025. The UAS will fill gaps left by satellites and manned aircraft in support of maritime surveillance, oil spills, ice mapping, shipping monitoring, search and rescue, and environmental protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/news/2020/12/contract-awarded-to-acquire-a-remotely-piloted-aircraft-system-for-transport-canada.html|title=Contract awarded to acquire a remotely piloted aircraft system for Transport Canada
|date=21 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Stewart |date=15 April 2026 |title=Coast Guard planning Arctic surveillance flights in Canada's north with Israeli-made drone |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/coast-guard-planning-arctic-surveillance-flights-in-canadas-north-with-israeli-made-drone |work=[[National Post]] |access-date=10 May 2026}}</ref>
: The eventual plan for Arctic defence involves MQ-9B Sky Guardian drones, as well as new fighter aircraft, and new Arctic Offshore Patrol Ships. How the StarLiner will fit into that plan may involve technical and logistical complications that have yet to be addressed.

*{{CHI}}
: In July 2011, Elbit reported the first export sale of its Hermes 900 UAV to the [[Chilean Air Force]]. The Chilean choice followed evaluation of two classes of UAVs. At the high end were the Elbit Hermes 900 and [[IAI Heron]]. At the lower (tactical) level were Elbit Hermes 450, and Aerostar from [[Aeronautics Defense Systems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog:27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post:690a1901-2fb1-479d-a71b-d422738cbd41|title=Ares|website=www.aviationweek.com|access-date=2011-10-08|archive-date=2010-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100321164415/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog|url-status=dead}}</ref> Three Hermes 900 UAVs are operated by the Chilean Air Force. In October 2013, the [[Chilean Navy]] began evaluating the Hermes 900 for procurement for maritime patrol tasks.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/chilean-navy-considers-hermes-900-deal-391408/ Chilean navy considers Hermes 900 deal] - Flightglobal.com, 7 October 2013</ref>
[[File:Hermes 900 Takeoff.jpg|thumb|Elbit Hermes 900 [[unmanned aerial vehicle|UAV]] ]]

*{{COL}}
: In August 2012, Elbit won a multi-million-dollar contract to supply a mixed fleet of Hermes 900 and Hermes 450 unmanned air systems to Colombia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/elbit-systems-sells-hermes-uavs-to-colombia-375131/|title=Elbit Systems sells Hermes UAVs to Colombia|date=6 August 2012}}</ref> In July 2013, the [[Colombian Aerospace Force]] confirmed they have one Hermes 900 on order, to be accepted in the coming months.<ref>[http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=la-fuerza-aerea-de-colombia-confirma-finalmente-la-recepcion-de-los-uavs-hermes-900-y-450-de-elbit-systems La Fuerza Aérea de Colombia confirma finalmente la recepción de los UAVs Hermes 900 y 450 de Elbit Systems] - Infodefensa.com, 24 July 2013</ref>

*{{EU}}
: In September 2018, the Portuguese company Centro de Engenharia e Desenvolvimento was contracted to the [[European Maritime Safety Agency]] to provide long-range, long-endurance maritime surveillance services using the Hermes 900.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Broadbent |first=Mark |title=Coastal UAV selections |magazine=[[Air International]] |date=January 2019 |volume=96 |issue=1 |page=32 |issn=0306-5634}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=EMSA contracts additional RPAS for maritime surveillance, emissions monitoring and pollution response |url=http://www.emsa.europa.eu/news-a-press-centre/press-releases/item/3413-pr-rpas-contracts.html |publisher=[[European Maritime Safety Agency]] |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=2019-03-11 |archive-date=2019-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315104247/http://www.emsa.europa.eu/news-a-press-centre/press-releases/item/3413-pr-rpas-contracts.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*{{IND}}
:Indian variant is to be designated as Adani Drishti-10 Starliner and co-manufactured with [[Adani Group|Adani Defence & Aerospace]]. Orders for 4 units placed in March 2023 with 2 each for the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="Four">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/israel-hamas-conflict-wont-impact-uav-supplies-to-india-officials-say/articleshow/105057588.cms|title=Israel-Hamas conflict won't impact UAV supplies to India, officials say|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|date=8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-orders-hermes-900-for-army-navy|title=India orders Hermes 900 for army, navy|website=www.janes.com|date=10 November 2023}}</ref> Two were delivered to Navy on 10 January and 4 December 2024, respectively. Deployed at [[Porbandar Airport|NAE Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]] with [[INAS 343]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-10 |title=Navy chief unveils first indigenously manufactured Drishti 10 UAV of Adani Defence & Aerospace |url=https://www.adani.com/en/newsroom/media-release/navy-chief-unveils-first-indigenously-manufactured--drishti-10-uav-of-adani-defence-and-aerospace |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=adani.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani Defence Delivers 2nd Drishti-10 Drone To Navy For Maritime Security |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/adani-defence-delivers-2nd-drishti-10-drone-to-navy-for-maritime-security-7170708 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> First UAV for the Army was delivered on 18 June 2024 and is deployed at [[Bathinda Airport#Bhisiana Air Force Station|Bathinda base]], [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-10 |title=Indian Army to get first Hermes-900 drone on June 18, to boost surveillance on Pakistan border |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-to-get-first-hermes-900-drone-on-june-18-to-boost-surveillance-on-pakistan-border/articleshow/110017780.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Army To Get Drishti-10 Drones To Boost Surveillance On Pak Border: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-to-get-drishti-10-drones-to-boost-surveillance-on-pakistan-border-report-5634965 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-04 |title=Adani Defence delivers 2nd Drishti-10 drone to Navy, boosting maritime surveillance capability |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/adani-defence-delivers-2nd-drishti-10-drone-to-navy-boosting-maritime-surveillance-capability/articleshow/115971573.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
:On 14 Jan 2025 an Indian Navy Hermes 900 crashed near [[Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]] during flight. This was one of the two delivered Hermes in December 2024. One drone was operating with the Navy as of Jan 2026 while it plans to induct 10 such drones.<ref name=":0" />

* {{ISL}}
: Iceland uses the Hermes 900 UAV to monitor its [[exclusive economic zone]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/38742 |title=Iceland Uses Hermes 900 UAV to Monitor its EEZ |date=30 May 2019 |website=Israel Defense }}</ref>

* {{ISR}}
:The Israeli air force has equipped its Elbit Systems Hermes 900 unmanned air vehicles with undisclosed specialist payloads, and formally named the type "Kochav" (Star).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/hermes-900-stars-for-israel-397382/|title=Hermes 900 stars for Israel|date=25 March 2014}}</ref> The UAV made its first operational flight during "Protective Edge" operation in Gaza in July 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaf.org.il/4410-42217-en/IAF.aspx|title=The Israeli Air Force : A "Star" In the Sky|website=www.iaf.org.il}}</ref>

*{{MEX}}
: In January 2012, Elbit announced it has been awarded a $50 million contract to supply two Hermes 900 systems to an undisclosed customer "in the Americas",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/elbits-hermes-900-wins-new-export-deal-366448/|title=Elbit's Hermes 900 wins new export deal|date=3 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=8733179&c=MID&s=TOP|title=Defense News}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> later revealed to be the [[Federal Police (Mexico)|Mexican Federal Police]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Paul | last = McLeary | title = Elbit's Mystery Sale to Latin America | date = March 13, 2012 | url = http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog&plckScript=blogScript&plckElementId=blogDest&plckBlogPage=BlogViewPost&plckPostId=Blog%3A27ec4a53-dcc8-42d0-bd3a-01329aef79a7Post%3A4982f0e0-5d66-4eb6-97c1-5dbe7bd65c54 | work = Aviation Week | access-date = 2012-03-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100321164415/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/blogs/defense/index.jsp?plckController=Blog | archive-date = 2010-03-21 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.apartados.hacienda.gob.mx/sistema_cartera_inversion/index.html Secretaria de Hacienda y Credito Publico - Mexico]. Clave de Cartera: 1136C000004; numero de solicitud: 33955; Nombre: "Adquisición de aviones no tripulados, segmento de tierra y cargas útiles adicionales para la Policía Federal."</ref>

*{{PHI}}
: In August 2020, [[Philippine Air Force]] received full delivery of three Hermes 900 and one Hermes 450 unmanned aerial systems (UAS) as part of a contract worth approximately $175 million. Each system consists of three unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a ground control system and support equipment. [[Elbit Systems]] also included a spare used Hermes 450 UAV as part of the deal, for a total of 9 Hermes 900 UAVs and 4 Hermes 450 UAVs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/45190 |title=Philippine Air Force receives full delivery of Hermes 900, Hermes 450 UAVs: report |date=10 September 2020 |website=Israel Defense }}</ref>

*{{SRB}}
: First unveiled to the public in September 2025.<ref name="serbia">{{cite web |last1=Binnie |first1=Jeremy |title=Serbian parade highlights military modernisation |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/serbian-parade-highlights-military-modernisation |website=Janes |access-date=25 September 2025 |language=en |date=23 September 2025}}</ref>

*{{SIN}}
: In November 2025, the [[Republic of Singapore Air Force]] announced that it will progressively take delivery of an undisclosed number of Hermes 900 to replace the in-service Hermes 450, with deliveries beginning in late 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Choo |first1=Roy |url=https://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/2025/11/singapore-confirms-hermes-900-uav-acquisition-foc/ |title=Singapore confirms Hermes 900 UAV acquisition |access-date=9 April 2026 |language=en |date=7 November 2025 |website=Asian Military Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rahmat |first1=Ridzwan |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/air/singapore-airshow-2026-singapore-progresses-hermes-900-uav-towards-full-operationalisation |title=Singapore Airshow 2026: Singapore progresses Hermes 900 UAV towards full operationalisation |access-date=9 April 2026 |language=en |date=5 February 2026 |website=Janes}}</ref>

*{{SWI}}
: In 2015, the Swiss procurement authority selected the Hermes 900 as part of its programme to acquire a Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) unmanned aerial system capable of operating in all weather and lighting conditions and providing continuous intelligence surveillance. The main challenge in Switzerland was the combination of a relatively dense population and an extensive civil and private aviation sector, which required an unmanned system able to integrate safely into civilian airspace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rüstungsprogramm 2015 – Hermes 900 HFE UAV (ADS-15) |url=https://www.parlament.ch/centers/eparl/curia/2014/20140088/Bericht%20BR%20E.pdf|website=Swiss Federal Assembly |publisher=Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport |date=2015 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=de}}</ref>

:The system was specifically adapted to the requirements of the Swiss Armed Forces and designated as Hermes 900 HFE. It is the first and only MALE UAV worldwide to obtain civil certification for operation in civilian airspace, based on approval from the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel (CAAI), which served as a reference for the Swiss programme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Type Certificate No. IA-362 – Elbit Hermes 900 |url=https://www.caa.gov.il/en/aircraft-certification/israeli-tc_ia-362.pdf|website=Civil Aviation Authority of Israel (CAAI) |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Transport and Road Safety |date=2021 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Within the Swiss military it is known as ADS-15. The platform underwent extensive flight testing both in Israel and in Switzerland, and was defined as a mature system ready for delivery to the Swiss Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Step Change in International Aviation: Israel Certifies Unmanned Aircraft System for Integration in Civilian Airspace |url=https://elbitsystems.com/pr-new/israeli-ministry-of-transport-and-road-safety-press-release/ |website=Elbit Systems |publisher=Elbit Systems |date=2021 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

:The project also involved RUAG, the Swiss state-owned aerospace company, which was contracted directly by armasuisse to develop and integrate a “Detect-and-Avoid” (DAA) collision-avoidance system on the Hermes 900 HFE. The RUAG DAA programme remains in the development stage and has faced delays. The ADS-15 programme included a set of unique requirements for both mission capabilities and flight operations, and the process of meeting the standards for civil certification resulted in schedule delays that postponed the system’s operational use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Audit Office report on ADS-15 project |url=https://www.efk.admin.ch/wp-content/uploads/publikationen/berichte/sicherheit_und_umwelt/verteidigung_und_armee/18352/18352be_wik_e.pdf |website=Swiss Federal Audit Office (EFK) |date=2019 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Armasuisse adjusts contract for ADS-15 programme |url=https://www.ar.admin.ch/en/nsb?id=99517 |website=Armasuisse |publisher=Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport |date=2023 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Systems Engineering at Armasuisse |url=https://www.ar.admin.ch/en/armasuisse-wissenschaft-und-technologie/armasuisse-w-t/systems-engineering.html|website=Armasuisse |publisher=Swiss Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport |date=2022 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

*{{THA}}
: The [[Royal Thai Navy]] (RTN) signed a contract with Elbit Systems in September 2022 to acquire the Hermes 900 to strengthen maritime surveillance, search and rescue, and reconnaissance capabilities along Thailand's coastline and in territorial waters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thailand signs contract to buy Israeli-made Hermes 900 drones |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thailand-signs-contract-buy-israeli-made-hermes-900-drones-2022-09-21/ |website=Reuters |access-date=9 April 2026 |language=en |date=21 September 2022}}</ref>

==Specifications==
[[Image:Hermes 900.jpg|200px|thumb|Elbit Hermes 900 UAV]]
{{aircraft specs
|ref=Defense Update<ref>{{cite web |title=First Flight of the Elbit Systems Hermes 900 UAV |url=https://defense-update.com/20091209_first-flight-hermes-900-uav.html |website=Defense Update |date=9 December 2009 |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> Elbit Systems Australia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hermes 900 – Multi-role, Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) |url=https://www.elbitsystems.com.au/uas-hermes-900-multi-role-medium-altitude-long-endurance-male/ |website=Elbit Systems Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404001102/https://www.elbitsystems.com.au/uas-hermes-900-multi-role-medium-altitude-long-endurance-male/ |archive-date=2017-04-04 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
|crew=2 on ground
|capacity={{convert|350|kg|abbr=on}} payload
|length m=8.3
|length ft=
|length in=
|span m=15
|span ft=
|span in=
|width m=
|width ft=
|width in=
|height m=
|height ft=
|height in=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=
|max takeoff weight kg=1180
|max takeoff weight lb=
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Rotax 916]], {{convert|160|kW|HP|abbr=on}}
|eng1 type=
|eng1 kW=
|eng1 hp=
|eng1 kn=
|eng1 lbf=
|max speed kmh= 220
|max speed mph=
|cruise speed kmh=112
|cruise speed mph=
|range km=
|range miles=
|endurance=36 hours
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=30000
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|armament1=
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links ==
{{commons category|Elbit Hermes 900}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402221022/http://elbitsystems.com/Elbitmain/files/HERMES_900.pdf Hermes 900 Brochure]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110705175517/http://62.0.44.103/elbitmain/area-in2.asp?parent=3&num=31&num2=31 Hermes 900], Elbit Systems
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100529111515/http://defense-update.com/products/h/hermes-900.htm Hermes 900 MALE Tactical UAV System], Defense Update
*[http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/uav/hermes_900/Hermes_900.html Hermes 900], Israeli-weapons.com

{{Elbit aircraft}}

[[Category:Elbit unmanned aerial vehicles]]
[[Category:2010s Israeli military reconnaissance aircraft]]
[[Category:V-tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Mid-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston aircraft]]

Koregaon Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T21:34:42Z

YvonneTran476: new a post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Koregaon
| constituency_no = 257
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 257-Koregaon.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
| district = [[Satara district|Satara]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Mahesh Shinde]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =324,454
}}
'''Koregaon Assembly constituency''' of [[Maharashtra]] [[Vidhan Sabha]] is one of the constituencies located in the [[Satara district]], in the [[Koregaon]] area.

It is a part of the [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)]], along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]], [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]], [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]], [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]] and [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]] from the [[Satara district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation Of Parliamentary And Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |access-date=2015-04-25 |archive-date=2010-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Gharge Shankarrao Ganpatrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Mane Vishwasrao Vithalrao
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Tushar Pandurang Pawar
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. N. Phalke
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Dattajirao B. Barge || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="5" | Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="2" | [[Shalini Patil|Dr. Shalini Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="2" | [[Shashikant Shinde]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan="2" | [[Mahesh Shinde|Mahesh Sambhajiraje Shinde]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Koregaon">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Koregaon |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13257.htm |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118105954/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13257.htm |archive-date=18 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Koregaon Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Koregaon Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/koregaon |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118110002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/koregaon |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mahesh Shinde|Mahesh Sambhajiraje Shinde]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 146,166 |percentage = 58.18% |change = {{increase}}8.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shashikant Shinde]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 101,103 |percentage = 40.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 0.41% |change = {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 45,063 |percentage = 17.94% |change = {{increase}}14.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 252,258 |percentage = 77.75% |change = {{increase}}9.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 251,216}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 324,454 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}8.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mahesh Shinde|Mahesh Sambhajiraje Shinde]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 101,487 |percentage = 49.90% |change = {{increase}}40.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shashikant Shinde]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 95,255 |percentage = 46.83% |change = {{decrease}}7.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Balasaheb Santu Chavan |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,583 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kiran Kashinath Sawant |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,088 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,284 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.50 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,232 |percentage = 3.06% |change = {{decrease}}23.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 206,121 |percentage = 68.18% |change = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 203,400}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 302,300 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shashikant Shinde]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 95,213 |percentage = 53.89% |change = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanase Vijayrao Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,966 |percentage = 27.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaware Hanmant Baba |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 15,862 |percentage = 8.98% |change = {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhagat Sanjay Babaso |party = Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 13,126 |percentage = 7.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,991 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yuraj Ramchandra Pawar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,766 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Laxman Shirtode |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,492 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,247 |percentage = 26.74% |change = {{increase}}7.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,815 |percentage = 60.52% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,695}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 295,464 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shashikant Shinde]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 80,373 |percentage = 49.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shalini Patil|Dr. Shalini Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 48,620 |percentage = 30.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santosh Laxman Jadhav |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 16,621 |percentage = 10.27% |change = {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Yashawant (Bhau) |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,701 |percentage = 6.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Mahendra Bhiva |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,514 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Baburao Veer |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,215 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Pandurang Borge (Patil) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,193 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,753 |percentage = 19.61% |change = {{decrease}}9.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,076 |percentage = 62.11% |change = {{decrease}}4.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,886}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,933 |ref = |change = {{increase}}46.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}1.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shalini Patil|Dr. Shalini Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,326 |percentage = 51.29% |change = {{decrease}}7.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadik Shivajirao Anandrao (Sir) |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,322 |percentage = 22.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Bhimrao Parasharam (Kaka) |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,636 |percentage = 19.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajit Anandrao Mane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 2,708 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{decrease}}4.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Ramesh Dagdu (Appasaheb) |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,068 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Suresh Kamalakar Mane |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,785 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandait Chandrakant Tatu |party = Independent politician |votes = 880 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhausaheb Gangaram Wagh |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 847 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,004 |percentage = 29.27% |change = {{increase}}4.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,712 |percentage = 67.10% |change = {{decrease}}6.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,572}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,415 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shalini Patil|Dr. Shalini Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 61,692 |percentage = 58.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,069 |percentage = 34.40% |change = {{decrease}}15.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Barge Dattajirao Nivratti |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 6,726 |percentage = 6.42% |change = {{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,623 |percentage = 24.44% |change = {{increase}}19.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,267 |percentage = 73.18% |change = {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,837}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,679 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,793 |percentage = 50.01% |change = {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shalini Patil|Dr. Shalini Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 53,807 |percentage = 45.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandit Shrikant Dattatraya |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 4,744 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Vinayak Kedari |party = Independent politician |votes = 891 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,986 |percentage = 5.01% |change = {{decrease}}6.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,212 |percentage = 79.13% |change = {{increase}}6.03 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,559}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,436 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,247 |percentage = 53.66% |change = {{decrease}}5.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Shalini Patil|Dr. Shalini Patil]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 44,688 |percentage = 42.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanasaheb Bhosale |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 3,398 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,559 |percentage = 11.03% |change = {{decrease}}7.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 106,451 |percentage = 73.10% |change = {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,819}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,622 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,049 |percentage = 58.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phalke Shivaji Govindrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 33,165 |percentage = 40.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Balkrishna Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 654 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,884 |percentage = 18.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,263 |percentage = 71.55% |change = {{increase}}12.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,868}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,363 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{increase}}3.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 34,829 |percentage = 55.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Barge Dattajirao Bhausaheb |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,227 |percentage = 36.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Gulabrao Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,446 |percentage = 5.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Jaikumar Jagannath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Barge Shankarrao Hariba |party = Independent politician |votes = 493 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,602 |percentage = 18.33% |change = {{increase}}9.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,037 |percentage = 59.49% |change = {{decrease}}14.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,299}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,324 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Shankarrao Chimaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,765 |percentage = 43.62% |change = {{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandurang Nilkanthrao Alias Babasaheb Mane |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,745 |percentage = 35.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhandari Shantilal Rajaram |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,075 |percentage = 12.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurao Baburao Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,656 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janardan Dhondiraj Puranik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,300 |percentage = 3.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talekar Vithalrao Shivram |party = Independent politician |votes = 993 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,020 |percentage = 8.53% |change = {{decrease}}25.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,018 |percentage = 74.29% |change = {{increase}}3.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,534}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,939 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}23.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dattajirao B. Barge |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,225 |percentage = 67.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phalke Vasantrao Jyotirao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,322 |percentage = 33.00% |change = {{decrease}}45.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,903 |percentage = 33.99% |change = {{decrease}}22.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,072 |percentage = 71.23% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,547}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,332 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. N. Phalke |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,547 |percentage = 78.19% |change = {{increase}}27.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. N. Deshpande |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 10,476 |percentage = 21.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,071 |percentage = 56.37% |change = {{increase}}25.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,387 |percentage = 72.19% |change = {{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,023}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,187 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}27.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tushar Pandurang Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,609 |percentage = 50.92% |change = {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Pandurang Bhosale |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,107 |percentage = 20.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakoji Krishana Kadam |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 6,235 |percentage = 15.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pilajrao Dhondiram Dhumal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,864 |percentage = 4.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandurang Kondiba Borate |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,637 |percentage = 4.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dinkarrai Dagdoba Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 733 |percentage = 1.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mugutrao Ganpati Shinde |party = Independent politician |votes = 522 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,502 |percentage = 30.89% |change = {{increase}}27.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,809 |percentage = 65.20% |change = {{increase}}8.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,471}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,190 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Vishwasrao Vithalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,110 |percentage = 42.00% |change = {{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Dinkarrao Dagadoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,192 |percentage = 39.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phalke Rajaram Vyankat |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,910 |percentage = 18.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 918 |percentage = 2.94% |change = {{decrease}}12.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,212 |percentage = 56.75% |change = {{increase}}2.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,212}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,000 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Koregaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gharge Shankarrao Ganpatrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,112 |percentage = 30.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borate Pandurang Kondiba |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,536 |percentage = 15.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Tushar Pandugrang |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 3,280 |percentage = 11.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Ganesh Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,933 |percentage = 9.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vichare Keshav Vishram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,502 |percentage = 8.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mhetras Dattatraya Balvant |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 2,238 |percentage = 7.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mane Raghunathrao Anandrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,091 |percentage = 7.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramrao Dadasahab |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,402 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghorpade Sopanrao Kusdlika |party = Independent politician |votes = 829 |percentage = 2.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katkar Nagesh Maruti |party = Independent politician |votes = 750 |percentage = 2.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,576 |percentage = 15.42% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,673 |percentage = 53.88% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,673}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,068 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Koregaon]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Satara district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17|41|50.05|N|74|09|10.20|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Satara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Alifa Ahmed

2026-05-06T17:03:47Z

YvonneTran476: creating some bio needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Alifa Ahmed
| image = Alifa Ahmed.png
| image_upright = yes
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 June 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
| predecessor = [[Nasiruddin Ahamed]]
| successor =
| birth_place = [[Kaliganj, Nadia]], West Bengal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|4 March 1987}}
| spouse = Dr. Kabirul Islam
| children = 2
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Bengal College of Engineering and Technology]]
| profession = Politician, Engineer
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Alifa Ahmed''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in 2025 By-election from [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]] with huge margin of more than 50000 votes <ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=2025-06-23 |title=Bengal Bypoll Result: TMC's Alifa Ahmed Sweeps Kaliganj By A Margin Of Over 50,000 Votes |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bengal-bypoll-result-2025-tmc-alifa-ahmed-sweeps-kaliganj-by-a-margin-of-over-50-000-votes-1782419/amp |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> as a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALIFA AHMED KALIGANJ : BYE ELECTION ON 19-06-2025 (NADIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=2406|access-date=2025-06-23|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaliganj Bypoll Election Result 2025 LIVE: Alifa Ahmed of TMC Wins
|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/kaliganj-bypoll-election-result-2025-live-leading-winner-mla-9395823.html|date=2025-06-23|access-date=2025-06-23|publisher=News18}}</ref><ref name="Assembly bypoll results highlights: Congress wins Nilambur; AAP wins a seat each in Gujarat, Punjab; Trinamool bags Bengal’s Kaliganj; BJP retains Kadi in Gujarat">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=23 June 2025 |title=Assembly bypoll results highlights: Congress wins Nilambur; AAP wins a seat each in Gujarat, Punjab; Trinamool bags Bengal's Kaliganj; BJP retains Kadi in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-results-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-visavadar-kadi-live-updates-june-23-2025/article69726381.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623125254/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-results-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-visavadar-kadi-live-updates-june-23-2025/article69726381.ece |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Kaliganj Bypoll Election Result 2025">{{cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Kaliganj Bypoll Election Result 2025 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJun2025/candidateswise-S2580.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623141201/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJun2025/candidateswise-S2580.htm |archive-date=23 June 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Trinamool Congress wins Kaliganj Assembly by-election, BJP sees silver lining">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=23 June 2025 |title=Trinamool Congress wins Kaliganj Assembly by-election, BJP sees silver lining |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/trinamool-congress-wins-kaliganj-assembly-by-election-bjp-sees-silver-lining/article69728741.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624042307/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/trinamool-congress-wins-kaliganj-assembly-by-election-bjp-sees-silver-lining/article69728741.ece |archivedate=24 June 2025 |accessdate=24 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Kaliganj bypolls: TMC candidate Alifa Ahmed secures landslide victory against BJP's Ashish Ghosh; CM Mamata Banerjee expresses gratitude">{{cite news |title=Kaliganj bypolls: TMC candidate Alifa Ahmed secures landslide victory against BJP's Ashish Ghosh; CM Mamata Banerjee expresses gratitude |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kaliganj-bypolls-tmc-candidate-alifa-ahmed-secures-landslide-victory-against-bjps-ashish-ghosh-cm-mamata-banerjee-expresses-gratitude/articleshow/122027644.cms |access-date=24 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250624043420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kaliganj-bypolls-tmc-candidate-alifa-ahmed-secures-landslide-victory-against-bjps-ashish-ghosh-cm-mamata-banerjee-expresses-gratitude/articleshow/122027644.cms |archive-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
She completed her B.Tech from Bengal College of Engineering and Technology, Durgapur, and did her schooling at Holy Family School, Krishnagar.

==Career==
Alifa Ahmed has over 15 years of experience with Tata Consultancy Services as an Agile Delivery Manager. She was elected as an MLA in the 2025 by-election for the [[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]] with a winning margin of over 50,000 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Alifa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Heta Pandit

2026-05-06T11:31:46Z

YvonneTran476: new post

{{Short description|Indian heritage activist (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Heta Pandit
| image = Heta Pandit.png
| alt =
| caption = Heta Pandit
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Historian, writer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| awards =
}}

'''Heta Pandit''' (born 1954)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandit |first=Heta |date=2018-07-02 |title=A Wall of Words: A Prologue to "The House Warming" |url=https://journals.library.brocku.ca/index.php/ijpds/article/view/3322 |journal=InterDISCIPLINARY Journal of Portuguese Diaspora Studies |language=en |volume=7 |pages=613–614 |issn=2165-2694}}</ref> is an Indian writer, researcher, and heritage activist whose work focuses on preserving and documenting Goa’s architectural and cultural legacy. She has explored both tangible elements, such as historic Goan homes, and intangible heritage, including local customs and practices.<ref name="HinduStories23">{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2023-07-07 |title=Once upon a time in Goa {{!}} Heta Pandit's new book 'Stories from Goan Houses' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/heta-pandit-stories-from-goan-houses/article67040566.ece |access-date=2025-03-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="ScrollActivist22">{{Cite web |last=Debnath |first=Sayari |date=2022-11-19 |title='Goa homeowners want to save our natural and architectural assets': Activist-writer Heta Pandit |url=https://scroll.in/article/1037552/goa-homeowners-want-to-save-our-natural-and-architectural-assets-activist-writer-heta-pandit |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Pandit has conducted extensive research on Goan heritage, gathering stories associated with old houses in the region. She examines how these homes reflect broader cultural narratives, including community traditions and beliefs.<ref name="HinduStories23" /> She advocates for safeguarding Goa’s architectural wealth, underlining the importance of preserving both natural resources and historic structures.<ref name="ScrollActivist22" />

In 2002, she co-founded the Goa Heritage Action Group.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debnath |first=Sayari |date=2022-11-19 |title=‘Goa homeowners want to save our natural and architectural assets’: Activist-writer Heta Pandit |url=https://scroll.in/article/1037552/goa-homeowners-want-to-save-our-natural-and-architectural-assets-activist-writer-heta-pandit |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Pandit published ''Stories from Goan Houses'', in which she examines the architectural features, family histories, and cultural practices surrounding old Goan homes.<ref name="HinduStories23" /> Two years later, in 2025, she wrote the book ''Grinding Stories''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jassal |first=Smita Tewari |date=2024-10-01 |title=Book review: Heta Pandit (Transl.), Grinding Stories Retold: Songs from Goa |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/09715215241262408 |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |language=EN |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=422–426 |doi=10.1177/09715215241262408 |issn=0971-5215|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and working on translation of [[Pournima Kerkar]]'s book Vismrutichya Umbarthavar from marathi to english''.'' exploring the cultural significance of everyday objects like grinding stones and their links to local traditions.<ref name="GrindingStones25">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=If grinding stones in Goa could talk |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/if-grinding-stones-in-goa-could-talk |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Goa News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref> She has additionally written about the mutual support shown by Goan communities, even in times of conflict, emphasizing the resilient and collective spirit she regards as central to Goan society.<ref name="AdversityTimes24" /> Nevertheless, as op-ed columnist [[Dr. Luis Dias]] points out, Pandit is not Goan and laments her status as an "outsider," to which Dias adds that Pandit should understand why she would be characterised as such given her alleged understanding of Goan culture; Dias concludes that Pandit is "sensationalist."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dias |first=Luis |date=2023-07-29 |title=Much ado about Nut-ting |work=O Heraldo |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/opinions/much-ado-about-nut-ting/215503/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Pandit also co-founded Heritage First Goa in November 2024, aimed at spreading education and awareness about Goa's heritage, history and culture. In 2015, they hosted the Heritage First Festival, which included walking tours and workshops at multiple locations, aiming to educate people about Goan heritage and culture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guha |first=Gargi |date=2025-12-03 |title=Explore Goa’s cultural legacy at Heritage First Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/explore-goas-cultural-legacy-at-heritage-first-festival/article69791417.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Advocacy and themes==
Pandit’s writings often stress the cooperative nature of Goan society, describing how local communities have historically supported each other through difficult circumstances. She notes that Goans sometimes even extend help to adversaries during crises, reflecting a strong sense of solidarity.<ref name="AdversityTimes24">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2023-08-03 |title='In Goa, we help enemies in times of adversity' |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/in-goa-we-help-enemies-in-times-of-adversity |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Goa News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref>

She also promotes responsible development and tourism, urging homeowners to protect the architectural character of their properties and surrounding landscapes. In her view, conservation efforts must include not only physical structures but also the stories that define Goan identity.<ref name="ScrollActivist22" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{URL|https://heritagefirstgoa.com/|Heritage First Goa}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Heta}}

[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Women writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Activists from Goa]]

B. P. Harish

2026-05-02T14:49:52Z

YvonneTran476: creating new stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''B. P. Harish''' (born 1961) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Harihar Assembly constituency]] in [[Davanagere district|Davangere district]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-22 |title=‘Govt. finding it tough to get land for cemeteries, playgrounds, hospitals’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/govt-finding-it-tough-to-get-land-for-cemeteries-playgrounds-hospitals/article68432594.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=B P Harish in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/b-p-harish-harihar-candidate-s10a105c011/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Harihar2">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Harihar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10105.htm?ac=105 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502091517/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10105.htm?ac=105 |archivedate=2 May 2025 |accessdate=2 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Harish is from [[Harihar]], Davanagere district. His father Basavanagowda P is a farmer. He completed his graduation in arts in 1981 at M. S. B. College, Davangere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B P Harish(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HARIHAR(DAVANGERE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7799 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Harish won the [[Harihar Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He secured 63,924 votes, defeating his closest rival and incumbent MLA, N. H. Srinivasa of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 4,304 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Harihar Election Results, Harihar विधानसभाचुनाव परिणाम 2023 - NDTV MPCG |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2023/harihar |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Harihar Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/harihar-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99633555.cms |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the previous election in [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]],<ref name=":0" /> he lost to the same candidate. He first became an MLA after winning the [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm Karnataka Legislative Assembly]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harish, B. P. }}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Davanagere district]]

Subarnalata

2026-04-29T21:40:50Z

YvonneTran476: created a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| name =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Tron Videotrix Sarbari Ghoshal Saurav Sengupta
| based_on = Subarnalata by Ashapoorna Devi
| developer =
| writer = Sarabari Ghoshal / Saurav Sengupta
| director = Amitabha Bhattacharya Bishnupada Maiti Shakti Guha/>Abira Majumder
| creative_director = Sarbari Ghoshal Saurav Sengupta Joy Chandra Chandra
| starring = [[Ananya Chatterjee]] [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] Ipshita Mukherjee Biplab Banerjee Anirban Guha Bishwanath Basu
| theme_music_composer = Pandit Tanmoy Bose
| opentheme = Raanga Paaye Koinna Chole Mutuk Mathay Diya..
| endtheme =
| composer = Chandan Roy Chowdhury
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 671
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Saurav Sengupta Debolina
| producer = Biswajit Guha (Tron Videotrix)
| editor = Sujit Sau Shyamali Chanda
| cinematography = Debnath Ganguly
| camera =
| runtime = 21 minutes
| company =
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2010|04|26|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2012|06|16|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Subarnalata''''' was a Bengali television series that originally aired on [[Zee Bangla]] in 2010, and was based on the second part of the book trilogy by [[Ashapoorna Devi]] of the same name. It premiered from April 2010 at 6pm and was shifted to 8:30pm from July 2010. During the lock-down imposed in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all shooting at sets was shut. Following huge audience request, Subarnalata began re-telecasted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=লকডাউনে সুবর্ণলতা ও পটলকুমারের প্রত্যাবর্তন টেলিপর্দায়|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/star-jalsha-potol-kumar-gaanwala-and-zee-bangla-subarnalata-retelecast-208868/|date=2020-04-04|website=Indian Express Bangla|language=bn-IN|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Subarnalata|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/from-ek-akasher-niche-to-bhutu-old-bengali-hit-shows-to-keep-you-entertained-during-lockdown-phase/photostory/74894244.cms|date=2020-03-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://banglahunt.com/top-6-must-watch-bengali-serials-based-on-bengali-literature-mm/|title=কূটকচালি আর পরকীয়া নয়, রইল দর্শকদের বিচারে সর্বকালের সেরা ৬ বাংলা সিরিয়ালের তালিকা|website=Bangla Hunt|date=4 October 2023 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/4-reasons-why-you-will-love-watching-the-classic-bangla-tv-serial-subarnalata/|title=4 Reasons Why You Will Love Watching The Classic Bangla TV Serial Subarnalata|website=Zee5 News|date=15 July 2020 }}</ref>
This Show is 3rd time repeat telecast on Zee Bangla Cinema on 30 June 2024. (Mon - Sun 10.30PM)

== Plot ==
Subarnalata<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Subarnalata (PDF)|url=https://www.academia.edu/11199748|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-02|website=|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Pradipta Shyam}}</ref> chronicles the life and times of a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] girl called Subaranalata aka Subarno who is brought up in a progressive household by her mother Satyabati, by enrolling her to [[Bethune College|Bethune School]] and imparting in her a deep sense of love for the motherland and respect for the [[Indian independence movement|freedom fighters]] who fought the British. However, Subarno is tricked into marrying at the age of 9 (as per the prevalent Hindu norms) into a rich orthodox family. The marriage is held against Satyabati's wishes and her knowledge by her mother-in-law and Subarno's grandmother, Elokeshi. The incident prompts Satyabati to not acknowledge the marriage in front of Subarno's inlaws. Satyabati's reaction infuriates the in-laws of Subarno, that forms the crux of the treatment meted out to Subarno in later days.

The plot mainly revolves around the pathetic circumstances and oppression women of that era were subjected to in orthodox families, where they had no voices of their own. Subarno, a strong-headed, courageous but kind and generous woman, defies all the brutalities of her husband, Prabodh, a hot headed conservative man, who is unable to accept his beautiful wife's progressive thoughts and is always suspicious of her noble intentions. Subarno's kindhearted ways are supported by her eldest brother-in-law Subodh, and elder sister-in-law Susheel and her open-minded husband Kedar babu. She forges a strong bond with her youngest sister-in-law, Raju (Biraaj), who though dislikes Subarno in the initial days after Subarno's entry in the family, but grows fond of her gradually.

The show presents Subarno's realization that to bring about a change, one does not need to wield a weapon like the revolutionaries fighting the [[British Raj|British in India]] but by trying to gradually peel off the harmful traditions by staying within the same society. It documents her daily struggles and turmoils to win the little victories with her perseverance, courage and intelligence and the hardships that she has to go through to achieve them.

== Cast==
<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=Priyo Tarakar Andarmahal 18 May 2020 Written Update: Meet The Actors From Subarnalata|url=https://zeebangla.zee5.com/priyo-tarakar-andarmahal-18-may-2020-written-update-meet-the-actors-from-subarnalata/|access-date=2020-06-02|website=Zee Bangla|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ananya Chatterjee]] as Satyabati / Subarnalata: Satyabati's daughter(After some years Subarnalata) (MejoBou)
* Ipsita Mukherjee as Young Subarnalata: Satyabati's 9 Years old daughter
* [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] as Muktokeshi Debi:Prabodh, Subodh, Biraj, Prabhash and Prakash's mother- Subarnalata, Umashasi, Bindu and Giribala's mother in law
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Prabodh: Subarnalata's husband, Muktokeshi's second son- Prabhas's, Prakash's elder brother and Subodh's younger brother
* Saugata Bandhopadhay as young Prabodh- Muktokeshi's child Son, Married in 17 years old.
* Biplab Banerjee as Nabakumar
* Papiya Sen as Sodu Pisi
* Kunal Padhi as Ramkali (Satyabati's father)
* Anirban Guha as Subodh: Muktokeshi's first son, Umashasi's husband- Prakash, Prabhash's and Prabod's elder brother
* Maitreyee Mitra / Ratri Ghatak as Umasashi: Subodh's wife (Baro Bou)
* Ranjini Chattopadhyay as poli
* Nina Chakroborty as Biraj
* Diya Chakraborty as young Biraj
* Avijit Sarkar as Prabhas
* Pritha Chatterjee as Jaya
* Ronit Ganguly as young Prabash
* Sneha Chatterjee as Giribala (Prabhas's wife, SejoBou)
* Biswajit Ghosh Majumder as Prakash
* Arpon Das as Young Prakash
* Antara Pakira Nandi as Bindu (Prakash's wife, ChotoBou)
* Sanjib Sarkar as Jagu Dada
* [[Chitra Sen]] as Shyamasundari Debi (Jagu's mother)
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Kedar Babu.
* Debarati Paul as Young Bakul
* Debaparna Chakraborty as Adult Bakul
* [[Indrasish Roy]] as Adult Sunirmal
* Rajat Ganguly as Parimal Ghoshal (Sunirmal's father)
* Ahana Ghosh as Young Chanpa/Nalini (a student of the Satyabati's school)
* Sofia Chattopadhyay as Adult Chanpa (Subarnalata's first child)
* Pritha Chatterjee as Jayabati
* Aratrika Roy as Young Parul
* Swastika Ghosh as Young Mallika
* Samata Chatterjee Lahiri as Adult Mallika (Subodh and Umasashi's first daughter).
* [[Arundhuti Maitra|Lovely Maitra]] / Piyali Mukherjee as Wife of Subarnalata's eldest son

== Trivia ==
The title track of Subarnalata was rendered by Bangladeshi musician [[Anusheh Anadil]] and was composed by [[Tanmoy Bose|Pandit Tanmoy Bose]]. The track received critical acclaim for both Anadil and Bose and they were awarded Zee Bangla Gourav award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anusheh song wins Zee Bangla Gourav Award|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-188175|date=2011-06-02|website=The Daily Star|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subarnalata Tv Series}}
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Ashapurna Devi]]

Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat

2026-04-27T21:48:18Z

YvonneTran476: Stub - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Milap Zaveri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ek Deewane ki Deewaniyat.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Milap Zaveri]]
| writer = Milap Zaveri [[Mushtaq Shiekh]]
| producer = [[Anshul Rajendra Garg]] Dinesh Jain
| starring = [[Harshvardhan Rane]] [[Sonam Bajwa]]
| music = '''Score:''' 
John Stewart Eduri Ariyan Mehedi '''Songs:''' [[JAM8|Kaushik–Guddu]] [[Kunaal Vermaa]] Rajat Nagpal Annkur R Pathakk [[Rahul Mishra]] Lijo George – [[DJ Chetas]]
| cinematography = Nigam Bomzan
| editing = Maahir Zaveri
| studio = Desi Movies Factory
| distributor = Avanika Films
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2025 |title=''Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat'' (2025) |url=https://www.ifco.ie/en/ifco/pages/A17493A500514667 |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=[[Irish Film Classification Office]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹25 crore<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Box Office: Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat takes a good start on 40% screens; Harshvardhan & Sonam film opens at Rs. 8.50 crores |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2025-10-23 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-takes-good-start-40-screens-harshvardhan-sonam-film-opens-rs-8-50-crores/ |access-date=2025-10-23}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} ₹112.03 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat Box Office Collection |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 October 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat/box-office/ |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat''''' ({{Translation|The obsession of a crazy lover}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic drama film]] directed by [[Milap Zaveri]] and written by Zaveri and [[Mushtaq Sheikh|Mushtaq Shiekh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2025 |title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaaniyat Teaser Out: Harshvardhan Rane, Sonam Bajwa's Intense 'Pyaar' To Set Screens On Fire |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/ek-deewane-ki-deewaaniyat-teaser-out-harshvardhan-rane-sonam-bajwas-intense-pyaar-to-set-screens-on-fire-article-152505895 |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Produced under the banner Desi Movies Factory, the film stars [[Harshvardhan Rane]] and [[Sonam Bajwa]] in the lead roles.

The film was theatrically released on 21 October 2025, coinciding with [[Diwali]]. It received generally negative reviews from critics<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ek_deewane_ki_deewaniyat|website=www.rottentomatoes.com|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref> but was a major commercial success, grossing ₹112 crore worldwide and emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2025|12th highest-grossing Hindi film of 2025]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: After super-success of Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat, all eyes now on Harshvardhan Rane's next, Silaa: "50% of shoot is complete; its visuals are unlike Deewaniyat, Sanam Teri Kasam…we shot in world's BIGGEST cave…" : Bollywood News|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-super-success-ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-eyes-now-harshvardhan-ranes-next-silaa-50-shoot-complete-visuals-unlike-deewaniyat-sanam-teri-kas/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=2025-11-13|access-date=2025-11-30}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{no sources section|date=April 2026}}
Vikramaditya Bhonsle is a young, powerful politician being groomed by his ambitious father, Ganpatrao Bhonsle, to become the next Chief Minister. His mother died during his childbirth, and his father has spent a lifetime blaming him for her death, instilling in him a warped sense of entitlement and a belief that he must take whatever he wants by force. Vikramaditya lives a life of luxury and political influence, but beneath his polished exterior lies deep emotional instability rooted in this childhood trauma. His world changes when he sees Bollywood superstar Adaa Randhawa and falls in love at first sight. He becomes immediately obsessed with the idea of marrying her, envisioning an entire future together despite having no real connection with her. Adaa, however, is a strong, independent woman with a modern mindset who feels no romantic interest in him and makes her lack of feelings clear from the start.
Vikramaditya cannot accept her rejection. Unable to handle the word "no," he begins using his political power to manipulate and pressure her. He threatens her career, sabotages her film projects, and sends goons to create disturbances in her life. In one instance, he orchestrates a controversy around one of her films, halting its screening by claiming it hurts religious sentiments. Despite his increasingly threatening behavior, the film occasionally tries to show him in a sympathetic light—he financially helps a young street vendor so the boy can attend school, and he comes to the aid of Adaa's father when his name is dragged into an examination paper leak scam. These moments of charity are meant to complicate his character, presenting him as a political Robin Hood who is simultaneously a dangerous obsessive, but they do little to mask the toxicity of his pursuit.
Adaa repeatedly sets boundaries and pushes back against his advances, but Vikramaditya only grows more relentless. The tension escalates when he begins threatening her family and livelihood, making her life a living nightmare. At an armed forces event, his delusional nature becomes fully apparent as he openly discusses wedding plans with her despite her clear disgust. The breaking point arrives when Adaa, driven to desperation by his unrelenting harassment and finding no help from a police force that works for Vikramaditya, gatecrashes one of his political rallies dressed in red and makes a shocking public announcement on live television: she will spend a night with any man who kills Vikramaditya before Dussehra. This act of defiance, which she frames as aurat ki sanak—a woman's madness—is her attempt to weaponize the very masculinity he has been subjecting her to, turning his obsessive pursuit back on him by putting a bounty on his head.
Vikramaditya is devastated by her announcement. His heartbreak manifests not in retreat but in further self-destructive behavior. In a twisted attempt to prove his love and send a message to the world, he orchestrates an attempt on his own life, hiring someone to shoot him so he can demonstrate that anyone who tries to kill him will face imprisonment. He survives the shooting, and during his recovery, Adaa confronts him with cold fury, lecturing him about his impending death and flinging photographs of him around an empty funeral pyre to show how much she welcomes the prospect of his demise. Meanwhile, Vikramaditya's right-hand man, Sawant, reveals a crucial truth: Ganpatrao had brainwashed Vikramaditya into believing he was responsible for his mother's death, when in fact this was a lie designed to control him. Learning this, Vikramaditya experiences a brief moment of clarity. He apologizes to Adaa, telling her that her choice is what matters most, and expresses his wish to marry her—not as a demand, but as a request.
However, this transformation is short-lived and lacks genuine substance. Ganpatrao, seeing his son's weakness, orders Sawant to kill Adaa. In the climactic confrontation, Sawant aims his gun at Adaa, but Vikramaditya throws himself in front of her, taking the bullet to his heart. As he lies dying, he begs for Adaa's forgiveness. In that final moment, she forgives him and seems to finally feel the weight of his love, but it is too late. He dies in her arms, and she places the engagement ring he had been holding onto her finger—a gesture that suggests a belated acceptance of his devotion, even as it negates her earlier defiance and independence. The film ends on this tragic note, with Vikramaditya's obsession consuming him completely and Adaa left to process the complicated aftermath of a man who loved her to the point of self-destruction.

== Cast ==

* [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as Vikramaditya Bhonsle
** Abeer Jain as young Vikram
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Adaa Randhawa
* [[Shaad Randhawa]] as Sawant
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Ganpatrao Bhonsle, Vikram's father
* [[Ananth Narayan Mahadevan]] as Adaa's father
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Raheja
* Shailesh Korde as Gokhale
* Sakshi Sharma as Adaa's mother
* Sarah Killedar as Adaa's sister

== Production ==

The film was officially announced on 14 February 2025 under the working title ''Deewaniyat''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 February 2025 |title=Harshvardhan Rane announces new romantic drama Deewaniyat; teases epic love story : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/harshvardhan-rane-announces-new-romantic-drama-deewaniyat-teases-epic-love-story/ |access-date=22 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> In May 2025, the title was renamed to ''Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Harshvardhan Rane's Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat To Release On THIS Date {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-harshvardhan-ranes-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-to-release-on-this-date-74163.html |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The film's first look was unveiled on 27 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=27 May 2025 |title=Harshvardhan Rane and Sonam Bajwa's Ek Deewane ki Deewaniyat gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/May/27/harshvardhan-rane-and-sonam-bajwas-ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-gets-release-date |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film's official teaser was released on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-22 |title='Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat' teaser: Harshvardhan Rane and Sonam Bajwa's film is a tale of love, pain, and passion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-teaser-harshvardhan-rane-and-sonam-bajwas-film-is-a-tale-of-love-pain-and-passion/articleshow/123450989.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat'' was initially scheduled for release on 2 October 2025. However, the film was later postponed and was released theatrically on 21 October 2025, coinciding with Diwali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat Teaser: Harshvardhan Rane Promises Yet Another Emotional Roller Coaster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-teaser-harshvardhan-rane-sonam-bajwa-promise-yet-another-emotional-roller-coaster-ws-l-9521214.html |access-date=22 August 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[JAM8|Kaushik–Guddu]], [[Kunaal Vermaa]], Annkur R Pathakk, Rajat Nagpal, [[Rahul Mishra]] and Lijo George – [[DJ Chetas]]
| released = 21 October 2025
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=41|s=07}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Play DMF]]
}}
The music of the film is composed by [[JAM8|Kaushik–Guddu]], [[Kunaal Vermaa]], Annkur R Pathakk, Rajat Nagpal, [[Rahul Mishra]] and Lijo George – [[DJ Chetas]] with lyrics written by Kunaal Vermaa, [[Sameer Anjaan]], Siddhant Kaushal, Sachin Urmtosh and Prince Dubey.

The song "Dil Dil Dil" is a remake of the song of "Koi Jaye To Le Aaye" from the 1996 film ''[[Ghatak: Lethal]]'' sung by [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]] composed by [[Anu Malik]] and written by [[Rahat Indori]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sonam-bajwa-mesmerizes-dil-dil-dil-ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-watch/|title=Sonam Bajwa mesmerizes in 'Dil Dil Dil' from Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=14 October 2025|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 41:07
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Deewaniyat
| extra1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| music1 = [[JAM8|Kaushik–Guddu]]
| length1 = 4:17
| title2 = Mera Hua
| extra2 = Annkur R Pathakk
| lyrics2 = Sachin Urmtosh
| music2 = Annkur R Pathakk
| length2 = 3:43
| title3 = Bol Kaffara Kya Hoga
| extra3 = [[Neha Kakkar]], Farhan Sabri
| lyrics3 = [[Sameer Anjaan]]
| music3 = Lijo George – [[DJ Chetas]]
| length3 = 3:27
| title4 = Mera Hua
| note4 = Arijit Singh
| extra4 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| lyrics4 = Sachin Urmtosh
| music4 = Annkur R Pathakk
| length4 = 3:56
| title5 = Dil Dil Dil
| extra5 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| lyrics5 = Siddhant Kaushal
| music5 = Rajat Nagpal
| length5 = 3:36
| title6 = Hum Bas Tere Hain
| length6 = 4:28
| lyrics6 = Prince Dubey
| music6 = [[Rahul Mishra]]
| extra6 = [[B Praak]]
| title7 = Khoobsurat
| length7 = 4:17
| lyrics7 = Kunaal Vermaa
| music7 = Kunaal Vermaa
| extra7 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| title8 = Dil Mere Naam
| extra8 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length8 = 3:29
| lyrics8 = Prince Dubey
| music8 = Rahul Mishra
| title9 = Mera Hua
| note9 = Female
| extra9 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics9 = Sachin Urmtosh
| music9 = Annkur R Pathakk
| length9 = 3:30
| title10 = Deewaniyat
| note10 = Unplugged
| extra10 = Vishal Mishra
| lyrics10 = Kunaal Vermaa
| music10 = Kaushik–Guddu
| length10 = 1:55
| title11 = Hum Bas Tere Hain
| note11 = Reprise
| extra11 = Rahul Mishra
| music11 = Rahul Mishra
| lyrics11 = Prince Dubey
| length11 = 4:29
}}

==Reception==

''Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat'' received generally negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Audiences didn't agree with you': Milap Zaveri slams review calling Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat 'regressive cringe-fest'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/milap-zaveri-slams-review-calling-ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-regressive-cringe-fest-harshvardhan-rane-sonam-bajwa-101762320392510.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=5 November 2025 |access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and said that "On the whole, EK DEEWANE KI DEEWANIYAT is unapologetically massy and fiercely passionate, backed by solid performances and thumping music."''<ref>{{cite web|first=Bollywood |last=Hungama|title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat Movie Review: EK DEEWANE KI DEEWANIYAT is unapologetically massy.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat/critic-review/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-movie-review/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-is-unapologetically-massy/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=21 October 2025}}</ref>''
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "A visually pleasing but formulaic romantic drama lifted by Harshvardhan Rane and Sonam Bajwa’s performances and a soulful soundtrack. Watch it for the emotions, not for novelty."<ref>{{cite web|first=Archika|last=Khurana|title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat Movie Review: A familiar tale of passion elevated by Harshvardhan & Sonam's performances and music|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat/movie-review/124719998.cms|website=The Times of India|date=21 October 2025}}</ref>
Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated it 1.5/5 stars and wrote "The whole point of the film is to end up as an Instagram reel for jilted lovers to clip and plaster across their feeds."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat review: This boring Harshvardhan Rane, Sonam Bajwa film is tailor-made only for Instagram reels|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-review-this-boring-harshvardhan-rane-sonam-bajwa-film-is-tailor-made-only-for-instagram-reels-101761049909000.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and said that "Harshvardhan Rane leads from the front in Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat, which starts off interestingly, but eventually fizzles out in massy masala movie territory."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rachit|last=Gupta|title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat Review- Promising Concept Killed By Potboiler Writing|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-review-promising-concept-killed-by-potboiler-writing-78585.html|website=Filmfare|date=21 October 2025}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "The most lenient thing that can be said about this romantic saga is that it gives Rane a platform he always yearned for. But the film that he has chosen or that chose him feels 30 years too late despite the success of obsessive (read obnoxious) lovers like [[Kabir Singh]] and [[Raanjhanaa|Kundan]]."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milap Zaveri's 'Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat' Movie Review: Harshvardhan Rane and Sonam Bajwa's love story is outdated and obnoxious |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/milap-zaveris-ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-movie-review-harshvardhan-rane-and-sonam-bajwas-love-story-is-outdated-and-obnoxious-13943821.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

Nishad Thaivalappil of ''[[News 18]]'' gave 1.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Through the whole film, you only feel bad for three people — Anant Mahadevan, Sachin Khedekar and YOURSELF! Why have they done the film and why are you doing this to yourself! To sum it up, the film is the only thing you need to burst out of the big screen this Diwali".<ref>{{cite web|first=Nishad|last=Thaivalappil|title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat Review: Harshvardhan Rane And Sonam Bajwa Present Cringe Fest 2025|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-review-harshvardhan-rane-sonam-bajwa-fail-to-save-this-romantic-drama-ws-l-9650099.html|website=News 18|date=21 October 2025}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "The only reason the film is bearable is because of how sincere both actors are in their performances. Harshvardhan Rane seems to have read the memo well; he has found his niche with these brooding lover characters. Sonam Bajwa, on the other hand, looks stunning and pulls off the part strong-part vulnerable woman quite well."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat review: Another obsessive lover in another problematic film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-review-toxic-love-harshvardhan-rane-sonam-bajwa-2806202-2025-10-21 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=India Today |date=21 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1 stars out of 5 and said that "Bollywood refuses to deep-six the deeply regressive misogynistic toxicity, cementing the dangerous idea that one-sided obsession is a perfectly legitimate emotion. Whatever happened to No means No?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat movie review: Harshvardhan Rane, Sonam Bajwa film revives misogynistic toxicity of Darrs, Anjaams, Tere Naams|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-movie-review-harshvardhan-rane-sonam-bajwa-film-revives-misogynistic-toxicity-of-darrs-anjaams-tere-naams-10318933/|access-date=2025-10-22 |website=The Indian Express |date=22 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "Harshvardhan Rane and Sonam Bajwa star in the most casually offensive Hindi film of the year."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai|first=Rahul|title='Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat' Movie Review: The Love-Gods Must Be Crazy|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-movie-review-harshvardhan-rane-sonam-bajwas-romance-is-anti-woke-and-anti-art|access-date=2025-10-22 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' writes in his review that "The 140-minute film, written by Zaveri and Mushtaq Shiekh, has scenes in excruciating slow motion and songs with the usual doom-and-gloom lyrics. The general feeling is of being trapped in a small elevator during a lengthy power cut."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat' review: One-sided love saga champions stalkers|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1087871/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-review-one-sided-love-saga-champions-stalkers|access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Scroll.in|date=21 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35727678}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat/}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

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Recherla Nayakas

2026-04-23T21:12:32Z

YvonneTran476:

{{short description|14th-century Andhra dynasty in the Telangana region, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{APhistory}}
'''Recherla Nayakas'''(not to be confused with [[Recherla Reddis]]) also known as Padmanayaka Velamas were a Telangana Andhra dynasty that wrested power from the [[Musunuri Nayakas]] and became the dominant power in the [[Telangana]] region during the late 14th century and early 15th century (r. 1375–1435).{{sfn|Talbot|2001|p=177}} They were based at [[Rachakonda]], southeast of [[Golconda]], the border with the [[Bahmani sultanate]] during this period, and built a second base at [[Devarakonda]].{{sfn|Somasekhara Sarma|1946|p=23}}

== History ==
[[File:Main_entrance_in_south.JPG|thumb|The Recherla Nayakas built the [[Rachakonda|Rachakonda fort]]]]
Even though modern historians of Andhra identify the Recherla Nayakas with [[Velama]]s, Cynthia Talbot states that the formation of the Velama community dates to a later period, the mid-sixteenth century at the earliest.{{sfn|Talbot|2001|p=191}}

The Recherla Nayakas are believed to have established their first base at [[Amangal|Amanugallu]]. Driven by ambition and avarice, Recherla Nayaks (Anapota and Maada Nayaka) joined hands with Bahmani Sultan and marched on Warangal. In a battle fought at Bhimavaram in 1368, Kapaya Nayaka was killed and the Recherlas got control of Telangana.{{sfn|Prasad|1988|p=172}}
Anapota Nayaka later claimed, in an inscription issued in 1369, that his grandfather, Dachaya, had served as a chief under the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]] and that [[Prataparudra II]] conferred on him the title ''Pandya-raja-gaja-kesari'' (a lion against the Pandya elephants).{{sfn|Talbot|2001|p=179}} The titles related to the defeat of Pandyas was after a battle at Kanchipuram against Pandyas where Recherla Nayakas defeated five royals of the Pandya empire. Two other titles held by 'Dacha Nayaka' related to this event are {{transliteration|te|ISO|Kañci Kavāṭa Chuṟakāra}} and {{transliteration|te|ISO|Pañca Pānḍya Daḷavibhāḷa}} (i.e. destroyer of armies of five Pandyas, namely, Vira Pandya, Vikrama Pandya, Parakrama Pandya, Sundara Pandya, and Kulasekhara Pandya).<ref>{{Cite book |title=VELUGOTIVARIVAMSAVALI|url=https://archive.org/details/velugotivarivams035105mbp|year=1939|publisher=Bulletin of the Dept. of Indian History and Archaeology No. 6|editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|page=13}}</ref> The Recherla Nayakas built two fortified towns at [[Rachakonda]] and [[Devarakonda]] in the [[Nalgonda district]].{{sfn|Talbot|2001|p=177}}

The Recherlas had as their rivals the [[Reddy dynasty]] in the coastal Andhra region. They were initially allied with the [[Bahmani sultanate]], following the same terms of agreement as reached by the Musunuri Nayakas in 1364, whereas the Reddys were allied to the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Following a split among the Reddy clan, into [[Rajahmundry]] Reddys and [[Kondavidu]] Reddys, the [[Kondavidu]] Reddys switched their allegiance to the Bahmanis and the Recherlas aligned themselves with the Vijayanagara. A major battle ensued at Pangal Fort (near Wanaparthi)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.trawell.in/telangana/mahabubnagar/pangal-fort |title=Pangal Fort |website=Trawell |access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref> in 1419 in which the coalition of the Vijayanagara, Recherlas and [[Rajahmundry]] Reddys was victorious. However, the change of allegiance by Recherlas led to attacks by the Bahmani sultanate in the 1420s, who captured Warangal as well as Rachakonda by 1435. Thereafter, the Recherla chiefs remained small players scattered throughout Telangana.{{sfn|Talbot|2001|pp=180-181}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
; Sources
* {{citation |first=G. Durga |last=Prasad |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. |publisher=P. G. Publishers |location=Guntur |year=1988 |url=http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOfTheAndhras.pdf}}
* {{citation |first=Mallampalli |last=Somasekhara Sarma |title=History of the Reddi Kingdoms (Circa. 1325 A.D., to circa. 144B A.D.) |publisher=Andhra University |location=Waltair |year=1946 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32066}}
* {{citation |first=Cynthia |last=Talbot |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C}}

[[Category:Nayak dynasties]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]

Ramgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:32:56Z

YvonneTran476: creating the details w/ sources - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{For|the constituency in other states|Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramgarh
| type = SLA
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-67-Ramgarh.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
| division = [[Jaipur division|Jaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
| constituency_no = 67
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Sukhavant Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = {{formatnum:271744}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Ramgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{Cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is in [[Alwar district|Alwar]] district and is a segment of [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Durlabh Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Ganga Devi
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Uma Mathur
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2| [[Shobha Ram Kumawat]]
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2| Jai Krishan
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Raghuwar Dayal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan=2| [[Zubair Khan (Indian politician)|Zubair Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Gyan Dev Ahuja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Zubair Khan (Indian politician)|Zubair Khan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan=2| [[Gyan Dev Ahuja]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Shafia Zubair]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Zubair Khan (Indian politician)|Zubair Khan]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India|2024 (by)]]
|[[Sukhavant Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Rajasthan|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Ramgarh}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sukhavant Singh]]|party=Bharatiya Janta Party|votes=1,08,811|percentage=52.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aryan Zubair|party=Indian National Congress|votes=95,175|percentage=46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=798|percentage=0.39|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,636|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janta Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Zubair Khan (Indian politician)|Zubair Khan]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:93765}}
|percentage = 44.4
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sukhavant Singh]]
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|votes = {{formatnum:74069}}
|percentage = 35.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jay Ahuja
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:34882}}
|percentage = 16.52
|change = -21.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:695}}
|percentage = 0.33
|change = +0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19696}}
|percentage = 9.32
|change = +2.74
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:211159}}
|percentage = 77.71
|change = -1.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
| title = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Ramgarh<ref name=election2018>{{Cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shafia Zubair]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:83311}}
|percentage = 44.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sukhavant Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:71083}}
|percentage = 38.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ku. Jagat Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:24856}}
|percentage = 13.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:241}}
|percentage = 0.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12228}}
|percentage = 6.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185941}}
|percentage = 78.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===

* [[Gyan Dev Ahuja]] (BJP): 73,842 votes<ref name="election2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 2013|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
* [[Zubair Khan (Indian politician)|Zubair Khan]] (INC): 69,195

===1951===

* Durlabh Singh (INC): 18,434 votes<ref name="election1951">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 1951|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
* Phool Chand (CPI): 4,371

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Alwar district]]
* [[Ramgarh, Dantaramgarh]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{Coord|27.59|76.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Arambai Tenggol

2026-04-14T02:11:16Z

YvonneTran476: creating the info w/ refs

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Meitei extremist armed militia in Manipur, India}}
{{About|an armed militia of the [[Meitei people]]|the eponymous ancient [[Meitei culture|Meitei]] weapon|Arambai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Arambai Tenggol
| native_name = ꯑꯔꯥꯝꯕꯥꯏ ꯇꯦꯡꯒꯣꯜ
| logo = Logo of Arambai Tenggol (ꯑꯔꯥꯝꯕꯥꯏ ꯇꯦꯡꯒꯣꯜ).jpeg
| type = Ethno-nationalist armed militia
| region_served = [[Imphal Valley]], [[Manipur]], India
| headquarters = [[Imphal]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]]<ref name="Scroll armed gangs"/>
| leader_title2 = Operational Commander
| leader_name2 = Tyson Ngangbam ("Korounganba Khuman")<ref name="Chakrabarti"/>
| founded = 2020<ref name="IE 24 Jan meet"/>
| num_volunteers = ~60,000<ref name="Kuthar"/>
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Arambai Tenggol''' ([[Meitei language|Meitei]]: "dart wielding cavalry")<ref name="Scroll meaning"/> is a [[Meitei people|Meitei]] ethno-nationalist armed militia based in the [[Imphal Valley]], [[Manipur]], India. Established in 2020 and founded under the patronage of [[Rajya Sabha]] member and Manipur's titular king [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]],<ref name="Choudhury">Angshuman Choudhury, [https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/arambai-tenggol-manipur-meitei-organisation-militia-targeting-kuki-zo/article68210312.ece Arambai Tenggol: How a Meitei 'sociocultural organisation' became an armed-to-the-teeth militia], ''Frontline'', 30 May 2024.</ref> the organisation presents itself publicly as a sociocultural revivalist group while operating as a heavily armed militia. It has been characterised as a "radicalised armed militia" by security analysts,<ref name="Scroll 2 Sep 2023">Arunabh Saikia, [https://scroll.in/article/1055257/the-return-of-meitei-insurgents-marks-a-new-turn-in-manipur-conflict The return of Meitei insurgents marks a new turn in Manipur conflict], Scroll.in, 2 September 2023.</ref> as a group "alleged to have engaged in mass killings, rapes, looting, and arson" by the [[Jamestown Foundation]],<ref name="Jamestown">Kham Khan Suan Hausing, [https://jamestown.org/arambai-tenggol-the-meitei-militia-threatening-indias-manipur-state/ Arambai Tenggol: The Meitei Militia Threatening India's Manipur State], Jamestown Foundation, February 2024.</ref> and as a group that "virtually ran a parallel government" in Manipur during much of the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic conflict]].<ref name="TheHindu AT">{{cite news |title=Arambai Tenggol: Manipur's Black T-Shirts |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 June 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/profile-on-arambai-tenggol-manipurs-black-t-shirts/article69695676.ece}}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] documented at least 32 incidents of gender-based violence attributed to its members since May 2023, including sexual assault and rape against [[Kuki people|Kuki-Zo]] tribal communities, and found that not a single member had faced prosecution in the subsequent year.<ref name="Amnesty2024">Amnesty International, [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/india-authorities-missing-in-action-amid-ongoing-violence-and-impunity-in-manipur-state-new-testimonies/ India: Authorities 'missing-in-action' amid ongoing violence and impunity in Manipur state – New testimonies], 17 July 2024.</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) documented that the state government under Chief Minister [[N. Biren Singh]] provided direct political patronage to the group while state police protected its cadres and actively suppressed complaints from its victims.<ref name="HRW2025">Human Rights Watch, [https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/03/27/india-ethnic-clashes-restart-manipur India: Ethnic Clashes Restart in Manipur], 27 March 2025.</ref> The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) has opened criminal proceedings against the militia's operational commander under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] for armed assault on state security forces and looting of military armouries.<ref name="NIA cases">Scroll.in, [https://scroll.in/latest/1076245/nia-probing-arambai-tenggol-chief-for-attack-on-security-personnel-arms-loot NIA probing Arambai Tenggol chief for attack on security personnel, arms loot], 30 November 2024.</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] described the situation in Manipur as an "absolute breakdown of law and order."<ref name="HRW2025"/> The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] expressed alarm at the militia's threats against human rights defenders.<ref name="UNHCHR">2023–2025 Manipur violence, Wikipedia, citing OHCHR statement of October 2023.</ref> Academic scholarship in peer-reviewed journals has identified Arambai Tenggol as a primary driver of the ethnic conflict and a direct threat to Indian national security in a sensitive border state.<ref name="Kipgen2025">K. Thangjalen Kipgen and Mohd Tahir Ganie, 'Implications of Ethnic Conflict in Manipur for India's National Security', ''Journal of Asian Security and International Relations'', 2025. DOI: 10.1177/02627280261419959.</ref><ref name="Baruah2024">Sanjib Baruah, 'When Civilizational Nationalism Meets Subnationalism: The Crisis in Manipur', ''Studies in Indian Politics'', 12(1), 2024, pp. 8–19. DOI: 10.1177/23210230241235360.</ref>

== Etymology ==
"Arambai Tenggol" derives from [[Meitei language]]. ''Tenggol'' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯇꯦꯡꯒꯣꯜ}}|{{Script|Latn|/teŋ.gol/}}}}) denotes a troop or platoon;<ref>H. Surmangol Sharma, ''Learners' Manipuri-English Dictionary'', University of Chicago, 2006, p. 82.</ref> ''Arambai'' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯔꯥꯝꯕꯥꯏ}}|{{Script|Latn|/ə.ram.bai/}}}}) refers to a dart-like weapon historically used by the Meitei kings.<ref>Sharma, 2006, p. 11.</ref> The combined name, translated as "dart wielding cavalry," is an intentional invocation of a romanticised Meitei martial past.<ref name="Scroll meaning">Arunabh Saikia, [https://scroll.in/article/1050361/armed-gangs-and-a-partisan-state-how-manipur-slipped-into-civil-war Armed gangs and a partisan state: How Manipur slipped into civil war], Scroll.in, 6 June 2023.</ref> Analysts have characterised the name as a deliberate strategic choice designed to exploit the Meitei community's insecurities over land and identity, by framing an armed militia as a revival of ancestral tradition.<ref name="Wire escape ban">Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, [https://m.thewire.in/article/communalism/arambai-tenggol-northeast-manipur-armed-new-model How the Arambai Tenggol Has Escaped a Ban and Charges of Separatism Despite Being Armed], ''The Wire'', 2024.</ref> The logo emblazoned on its uniform, three horsemen charging with poisoned darts against the ancient Salai Taret flag, reinforces this martial mythology.<ref name="New Lines">Makepeace Sitlhou and Greeshma Kuthar, [https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/meitei-christians-in-indias-manipur-face-broad-attacks/ While the conflict has been ethnic in nature, there has been an underlying communal element to the violence], New Lines Magazine, 27 December 2023.</ref>

== Origins, structure, and political patronage ==

=== Foundation ===
Arambai Tenggol was established in 2020 under the direct aegis of [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]], at that time already a sitting [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) member of the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name="Chakrabarti">Angana Chakrabarti, [https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/4/15/manipur-bjp-cm-inflamed-conflict-assam-rifles-report-on-india-violence Manipur's BJP CM inflamed conflict: Assam Rifles report on India violence], Al Jazeera, 15 April 2024.</ref> In September 2022, the group held an oath-taking ceremony held at Sanajaoba's Imphal residence; photographs from the event show its operational commander Tyson Ngangbam, who goes by the name "Korounganba Khuman", alongside Sanajaoba, with dozens of black-uniformed cadres in attendance.<ref name="Choudhury"/> In June 2022, the commander was photographed alongside then-Chief Minister [[N. Biren Singh]].<ref name="Chakrabarti"/> The organisation posted records of meetings with both Sanajaoba and Biren Singh on social media, marking the political patronage of the group.<ref name="Scroll armed gangs">Arunabh Saikia, [https://scroll.in/article/1050361/armed-gangs-and-a-partisan-state-how-manipur-slipped-into-civil-war Armed gangs and a partisan state: How Manipur slipped into civil war], Scroll.in, 6 June 2023.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Explained: Who Are Meitei Radical Group Arambai Tenggol And Why Did They Summon Manipur Lawmakers? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-who-are-meitei-radical-group-arambai-tenggol-and-why-did-they-summon-manipur-lawmakers |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Jamestown Foundation]] concluded that without the "tacit patronage" of Biren Singh and Sanajaoba, the militia's cadres "would not have been able to roam freely across various valley districts and the foothills of Manipur," and that its seizure of property in Imphal belonging to ethnic [[Kuki-Zo]] communities would have been "impossible without the complicity or support of the state government."<ref name="Jamestown"/> The 2025 report of [[Human Rights Watch]] stated that the Singh administration "provided political patronage to armed vigilante groups such as Arambai Tenggol and Meitei Leepun, which have looted weapons from state armories and engaged in mob attacks on the Kuki-Zo."<ref name="HRW2025"/>

An internal Assam Rifles briefing identified Arambai Tenggol as directly "fuelling the conflict," linking it to Chief Minister Singh's "hard stance" in his war on drugs campaign and a "vocal social media dissent" operation targeting Kuki communities.<ref name="Chakrabarti"/> The central government took no action against the group throughout Singh's tenure, despite this assessment from its own deployed forces. <ref name="Jamestown"/>{{Relevance inline|date=April 2026}}

=== Structure ===
The militia is organised into hierarchical "units" structured to resemble a conventional armed force. It grew from 12 units in June 2023 to over 65 units, including two dedicated "mobile units for offensive operations", by late 2024, according to security sources cited by ''[[ThePrint]]''.<ref name="TPrint2024">{{cite news |title=Manipur Police arrest 3 armed Arambai Tenggol members amid crackdown |newspaper=ThePrint |date=2 December 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/manipur-police-arrest-3-armed-arambai-tenggol-members-amid-crackdown/2385325/}}</ref> By April 2024 the group claimed approximately 60,000 members.<ref name="Kuthar">Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/biren-singh-gives-a-free-hand-to-arambai-tenggol-militia-imphal-manipur Saviour Complex: Why the Biren Singh government gives a free hand to Arambai Tenggol], ''The Caravan'', 15 April 2024.</ref> Cadres are uniformed in black T-shirts bearing a red insignia of three horsemen charging into battle.<ref name="New Lines"/>

=== Recruitment and radicalisation ===
Recruitment targeted economically marginalised and frustrated Meitei youth through carefully crafted social media content, primarily on Facebook, featuring weapons displays set to nationalist music alongside inflammatory material demonising Kuki communities.<ref name="Kuthar"/> According to reporting by India Today, a significant portion of approximately 500 Meitei insurgent cadres who had surrendered to the state government prior to 2023 subsequently joined Arambai Tenggol, importing combat training and insurgent expertise into the organisation.<ref name="ITLF rise">[https://www.itlfmediacell.com/the-rise-of-arambai-tenggol/ The Rise of Arambai Tenggol], Indigenous Tribal Leaders' Forum, 2023.</ref> These surrendered cadres are believed to have trained recruits in the operational use of the large quantities of military-grade weaponry subsequently looted from state armouries.<ref name="ITLF rise"/> Kipgen and Ganie specifically identified the convergence of weapons proliferation and radicalised youth organisations as a central threat to Indian national security emanating from the conflict.<ref name="Kipgen2025"/>

== Revivalist ideology and communal targeting ==

=== Religious revivalism ===
Arambai Tenggol presents the promotion of [[Sanamahism]], the pre-Hindu traditional faith of the Meitei community, as a core purpose, deploying religious identity as both a mobilisation tool and a mechanism of communal exclusion. Christianity is portrayed as an existential foreign threat to Meitei identity; the group has explicitly aimed to "bring people back" to Sanamahism through coercion.<ref name="Scroll armed gangs"/> Meitei Christian pastors have reported forced conversion under duress from the militia.<ref name="New Lines"/>

In April 2023, cadres stormed the house of a Meitei Christian pastor in response to allegations of blasphemy against the Sanamahi faith.<ref>[https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/youths-storm-house-of-pastor-in-manipur/ Youths storm house of pastor in Manipur], Nagaland Post, 3 April 2023.</ref> In December 2023, a pastor in Imphal West had his Christmas decorations vandalised; the following day, an alleged Arambai Tenggol member dispersed a village committee meeting by opening fire and hospitalised the pastor in a direct physical assault.<ref name="New Lines"/> By the end of 2024, a Christian advocacy body had documented over 800 attacks on Christians in Manipur for that year alone, occurring in a broader context shaped by the militia's anti-Christian campaign.<ref name="IPT2025">India Persecution Tracker, [https://southasiajusticecampaign.org/ipt2025-1/ 2025 | January – March], South Asia Justice Campaign, 2025.</ref>

=== Targeting of minorities ===
Despite its public positioning as a defender of Meitei interests against Kuki aggression, ''[[The Caravan]]'' documented that Arambai Tenggol's violence is directed at multiple communities: [[Kuki-Zo]] tribals, [[Naga people|Naga]] communities, [[Meitei Christians]], Meitei Muslims ([[Pangals]]), and Meitei Hindus who challenge the group's authority.<ref name="Kuthar"/> Sabrang India reported that Arambai Tenggol subjected a Pangal teenager to public torture following a domestic dispute, with the government making no intervention; the outlet characterised the group's "violent and extra-judicial nature of activities" as systematically creating "fissures and polarisation between communities" with the state's tacit approval.<ref name="Sabrang">Sabrang India, [https://sabrangindia.in/arambai-tenggol-champions-of-manipurs-integrity-or-a-meitei-communal-militia/ Arambai Tenggol: champions of Manipur's 'integrity' or a Meitei communal militia?], January 2025.</ref> The organisation conducts cultural policing operations—prohibiting foreign brands, enforcing traditional attire, and surveilling inter-community relationships.<ref name="Choudhury"/> It conducted house-to-house surveys profiling residents by ethnicity and marked the homes of Kuki-Zo tribals, facilitating subsequent targeted attacks.<ref name="Outlook">{{cite news |title=Explained: Who Are Meitei Radical Group Arambai Tenggol And Why Did They Summon Manipur Lawmakers? |newspaper=Outlook India |date=25 January 2024 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-who-are-meitei-radical-group-arambai-tenggol-and-why-did-they-summon-manipur-lawmakers}}</ref>

== Role in the 2023–2025 Manipur violence ==

=== Pre-conflict mobilisation ===
Prior to the eruption of large-scale violence on 3 May 2023, Arambai Tenggol organised blockades on roads leading to hill districts and mobilised its cadres to attend the Meitei protest rallies that preceded the outbreak.<ref name="Kuthar"/> The Chief Minister had spent months vilifying Kuki communities as "illegal immigrants," "drug peddlers," and forest encroachers—rhetoric that was subsequently amplified by Arambai Tenggol across its extensive social media networks and ultimately weaponised to justify violence.<ref name="HRW2025"/> Scholar Sanjib Baruah links this convergence of state rhetoric and militia mobilisation, arguing that the state government "bears most of the responsibility for this violence" and that the two Meitei militias were "primed to target the Kuki community."<ref name="Baruah2024"/>

=== Arms looting and armoury raids ===
When violence erupted, Arambai Tenggol cadres stormed police stations, training centres, and military installations, looting weapons from state armouries.<ref name="Print 11 May">{{cite news |title='Organisations on lines of RSS, Bajrang Dal have been formed in Manipur,' says Congress |newspaper=ThePrint |date=11 May 2023 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/organisations-on-lines-of-rss-bajrang-dal-have-been-formed-in-manipur-says-congress/1568047/}}</ref> Approximately 6,000 weapons were looted from Manipur's state armouries over various incidents starting 3 May.<ref name="Wire looted">[https://m.thewire.in/article/security/bjp-mp-arambai-tenggol-manipur-weaponds-looted What a BJP MP's Words on Arambai Tenggol Mean for Manipur's 'Weapons Surrender' Programme], ''The Wire'', April 2025.</ref> Fewer than 1,200 of those weapons had been recovered by the state government up to early 2025; 6.64 lakh rounds of looted ammunition remained untraceable.<ref name="TPrint2024"/><ref name="IPT2025"/>

The [[National Investigation Agency]] registered two criminal cases against Arambai Tenggol's operational commander in February 2024 under charges that included armed rioting, obstruction of public servants, robbery, criminal conspiracy, a terrorist act under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]], looting of firearms from security forces, and unauthorised use of police and defence uniforms.<ref name="NIA cases"/> The first NIA case concerned a 1 November 2023 incident in which hundreds of cadres, responding to a social media call for all "brave brothers" to assemble, gathered at the Palace Compound in Imphal East, fired upon and overpowered local police, and then advanced to [[Imphal West]].<ref name="NIA FIR">Imphal Free Press, [https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/arambai-tenggol-chief-in-nias-crosshairs Arambai Tenggol chief in NIA's crosshairs], 27 November 2024.</ref> The second case arose from the same date: the same group then attacked the 1st Manipur Rifles Battalion, ransacking government property and looting arms before escaping on the arrival of Assam Rifles and CRPF reinforcements.<ref name="NIA FIR"/> The Supreme Court subsequently transferred these NIA cases from Imphal to a special court in Guwahati after the investigation agency reported that the probe was being "jeopardised" in Imphal by mob interference.<ref name="NIA cases"/>

Despite the gravity of these charges and the scale of documented criminality, no senior Arambai Tenggol leader had been arrested as of early 2025.<ref name="Jamestown"/>

=== Documented atrocities and human rights violations ===
Amnesty International documented at least 32 incidents of gender-based violence committed by Arambai Tenggol and its sister organisation Meitei Lippun against Kuki-Zo tribal communities between May 2023 and mid-2024, including rape and sexual assault, with not a single member prosecuted during that period.<ref name="Amnesty2024"/> The organisation's members publicly and routinely referred to tribal communities as "outsiders" and "illegal," calling for their "annihilation and killing," and no state or central authority took any measures to curb this incitement.<ref name="Amnesty2024"/>

HRW documented the systematic blocking of victims' attempts to register complaints with the Manipur Police: in documented cases, Kuki-Zo individuals who approached police were assaulted, intimidated, or had their belongings confiscated; when victims subsequently filed FIRs, police visited their families and pressured them to withdraw the complaints.<ref name="HRW2025"/> Multiple [[Kuki people|Kuki]] women reported rape by Meitei men during the violence; the Supreme Court of India criticised the Manipur Police for taking fourteen days to register even a preliminary FIR in the viral case of two women paraded naked and sexually assaulted in public—a case that only received state attention after the video circulated internationally.<ref name="SC criticism">2023–2025 Manipur violence, Wikipedia, citing Supreme Court proceedings.</ref>

Arambai Tenggol cadres led mob attacks on Kuki-Zo villages, burning homes, businesses, and places of worship. By June 2024, journalists documented more than 200 villages destroyed, approximately 7,000 houses demolished, and 360 churches razed or desecrated across Manipur.<ref name="Wire will">''The Wire'', [https://m.thewire.in/article/rights/manipur-requires-political-will-which-seems-missing-in-imphal-and-in-new-delhi Manipur Requires Political Will, Which Seems Missing in Imphal, and in New Delhi], June 2024.</ref>

On 16 June 2023, the militia was blamed for the killing of a 55-year-old [[Naga people|Naga]] woman through sustained gunfire at close range. Reports indicate she was first apprehended by [[Meira Paibi]] groups and then handed to Arambai Tenggol for execution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manipur brutality on Naga woman: 'No more head. This way of killing is nice' |newspaper=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |date=7 August 2023 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/manipur-brutality-on-naga-woman-by-mob-no-more-head-this-way-of-killing-is-nice/cid/1957185}}</ref>

On 28 May 2023, fighters operating under the Arambai Tenggol banner, including cadres from officially surrendered Meitei insurgent groups, engaged in a direct armed confrontation with an Assam Rifles unit at Serou in the [[Sugnu]] area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gunfight erupts between Arambai Tenggol militants and 37 Assam Rifles in Manipur |newspaper=India Today NE |date=30 May 2023 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/gunfight-erupts-between-arambai-tenggol-militants-and-37-assam-rifles-in-manipur-567375-2023-05-30}}</ref>

=== Impersonation of state forces and police collusion ===
Arambai Tenggol cadres systematically wore stolen Manipur Police commando uniforms during offensive operations. During the September 2023 attack on the town of [[Pallel]], journalists on the scene observed cadres in these stolen uniforms being granted safe passage by state policeː indicating, in the analysis of ''The Caravan'', a deliberate operational nexus between the militia and state security forces.<ref>Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/manipur-pallel-violence-police The Manipur Police gives safe passage to gunmen shooting at Kuki village near Pallel], ''The Caravan'', 12 September 2023.</ref>

In January 2024 in the border town of [[Moreh, India|Moreh]], militia members in police commando uniforms set fire to eight Kuki houses, two churches, and three schools. CCTV footage examined by ''[[ThePrint]]'' confirmed the testimony of residents.<ref>Sourav Roy Barman, [https://theprint.in/india/burnt-houses-schools-manipur-commandos-led-arson-spree-in-moreh-myanmar-fire-dept-came-to-rescue/1933137/ Burnt houses, schools — Manipur commandos 'led arson spree' in Moreh], ''ThePrint'', 21 January 2024.</ref>

=== Suppression of dissent ===
Arambai Tenggol and its affiliates carried out systematic intimidation campaigns against journalists, human rights workers, and political critics. The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] issued a public statement expressing alarm at threats made by the group against human rights defender Babloo Loitongbam, Director of Human Rights Alert, whose home was ransacked by approximately 15 armed militia members in October 2023 after he publicly documented the group's role in the violence.<ref name="Amnesty2024"/> In October 2023, cadres also attacked the house of a former police officer who had publicly criticised the militia; in October 2024, the same individual's family was assaulted and detained, and police subsequently pressured the family to withdraw their complaint to the National Human Rights Commission.<ref name="HRW2025"/> In September 2023, the Manipur Police filed criminal cases against journalists from the Editors Guild of India who had conducted a fact-finding inquiry into the violence, a further indicator of institutional bias in favour of perpetrators over victims.<ref name="Amnesty2024"/>

A leaked audio recording that surfaced in July 2024, and was submitted by activists to the Ministry of Home Affairs Commission of Inquiry and the Supreme Court, purportedly captured the voice of the Chief Minister expressing intent to bomb Kuki villages and describing the shielding of Meitei attackers; a private forensic laboratory found a 93% voice match.<ref name="IPT2025"/> The former Chief Minister's government denied the tape's authenticity. The Supreme Court is examining the matter.<ref name="IPT2025"/>

== The Kangla Fort meeting: constitutional subversion ==
In January 2024, following a wave of retaliatory Kuki attacks that killed seven people, Arambai Tenggol summoned all elected Meitei legislators in the state, including ministers, to a meeting at the [[Kangla Fort]] on 24 January, threatening to designate any absentee as an "enemy of the Meiteis."<ref name="Print 22 Jan">{{cite news |title='You are not here to observe but to protect' — Manipur CM Biren Singh slams central forces |newspaper=ThePrint |date=22 January 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/you-are-not-here-to-observe-but-to-protect-manipur-cm-biren-singh-slams-central-forces/1933182/}}</ref> On the day, dressed in military fatigues and openly bearing weapons, the militia's commanders rode into the Kangla Fort in jeeps as crowds lined the streets; the entry gate was conspicuously controlled by militia foot soldiers rather than the Manipur Police.<ref name="Jamestown"/>

Thirty-seven members of the Manipur Legislative Assembly across multiple parties, BJP (25), Indian National Congress (5), National People's Party (4), Janata Dal–United (2), and one independent, along with two parliamentarians including a Union Minister of State for External Affairs, attended and took an oath before a shrine, then signed a six-point demand document pledging to communicate it to the central government.<ref name="Hindu 25 Jan">{{cite news |title=Manipur Congress chief assaulted in meeting with Arambai Tenggol at Kangla in Imphal |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 January 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/manipur-congress-chief-assaulted-in-meeting-with-arambai-tenggol-at-kangla-in-imphal-jairam-ramesh/article67777775.ece}}</ref> The Chief Minister did not attend but subsequently signed the demands.<ref name="Jamestown"/> Legislators who refused to comply with the militia's programme were physically assaulted; two BJP legislators and the state president of the Indian National Congress were beaten.<ref name="Hindu 25 Jan"/><ref name="Kuthar"/> The NIA subsequently reported that it had transferred the Manipur proceedings to Guwahati because investigation was being "jeopardised" by mob interference—a tacit acknowledgment that the rule of law had effectively collapsed in Imphal.<ref name="NIA cases"/>

The six-point demands presented to the legislators were: (1) implementation of the [[National Register of Citizens]] based on a 1951 baseline to strip citizenship from Kuki communities; (2) abrogation of the [[ceasefire|Suspension of Operations]] agreements with Kuki militant groups; (3) deportation of Myanmar refugees to a detention centre in Mizoram; (4) fencing of the India–Myanmar border; (5) withdrawal of the [[Assam Rifles]] from Manipur; and (6) revocation of [[Scheduled Tribes]] status for Kuki communities.<ref name="IE 24 Jan meet">{{cite news |title=Manipur ministers and MLAs meet Arambai Tenggol members: Who are the radical Meitei group? |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=24 January 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-arambai-tenggol-radical-meitei-group-9126080/}}</ref>

The Jamestown Foundation described the event as unprecedented in the history of India's insurgency-affected northeast, arguing that while armed groups had historically pressured elected officials, the public capitulation of an entire state legislature to a militia that had conducted mass killings, rapes, and arson represented a qualitatively new collapse of democratic governance.<ref name="Jamestown"/> Writing in ''The Wire'', commentators characterised the ceremony, conducted under duress, as "nothing short of an insurrection, a direct challenge to the state's constitutional authority to enforce law and order."<ref>John Simte and Angshuman Choudhury, [https://thewire.in/government/manipur-arambai-tenggol-imphal Arambai's Political Sway Is Not Only in Imphal but Far Beyond It. Yet the State Turns a Blind Eye], ''The Wire'', 11 February 2024.</ref> The Union Home Ministry sent a negotiating team from Delhi to hold discussions with the militia, conducting meetings at Sanajaoba's residence under his private "royal flag", a spectacle that commentators described as the Indian state's "abject surrender" to a group whose members faced credible accusations of murder, rape, and arson.<ref name="Scroll surrender">Arunabh Saikia, [https://scroll.in/article/1062725/in-imphal-the-states-surrender-to-an-armed-meitei-militia-with-taliban-like-grip In Imphal, the state's surrender to an armed Meitei militia with 'Taliban-like' grip], Scroll.in, 26 January 2024.</ref>

== Academic assessment ==
Analysts have drawn structural parallels between Arambai Tenggol and the [[Salwa Judum]], the state-sponsored vigilante force deployed against [[Naxalites]] in [[Chhattisgarh]], which the [[Supreme Court of India]] later declared unconstitutional in 2011. The deliberate classification of an armed organisation as a "socio-religious group" mirrors the mechanisms by which the Salwa Judum provided state forces with plausible deniability.<ref name="Wire escape ban"/>

Baruah, writing in [[Studies in Indian Politics]], characterised the conflict as a collision between BJP-led "civilizational nationalism" at the national level and Meitei subnationalism at the state level, with Arambai Tenggol as the militia through which the latter was expressed and the former enabled it through political convenience.<ref name="Baruah2024"/> Baruah documented the militia's transformation from a "shadowy group of young armed fundamentalists from which most Meitei people seemed to want to distance themselves" to the most politically influential "civil society group" in Meitei life, a transformation made possible entirely by state-provided impunity.<ref name="Baruah2024"/> ''Frontline'' concluded: <blockquote>''"Manipur today has become a militia state, with Arambai at the centre of it all. No other non-state armed entity in Manipur today enjoys the kind of political protection, firepower, and strategic legroom that Arambai does. Imphal and New Delhi need to show political will to contain it."''<ref name="Choudhury" /></blockquote>Amnesty International summarised the institutional failure: "The BJP-led governments at both the state and central levels have utterly failed to curb the violence, hold perpetrators accountable, or address the humanitarian crisis unfolding in the state."<ref name="Amnesty2025">Amnesty International India, quoted in JURIST, [https://www.jurist.org/news/2025/02/india-must-uphold-human-rights-and-end-violence-in-manipur-rights-advocates-say/ India must uphold human rights and end violence in Manipur], February 2025.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ethnic organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Imphal]]
[[Category:Meitei organisations]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]

Vijay Samnotra

2026-04-04T23:58:25Z

YvonneTran476: created a page

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Vijay Samnotra
|image = VIjay Samnotra UN.jpg
|image_size = 190px
|alt =
|caption =
|order =
|office = Head of [[United Nations Environment Programme]] India
|term_start = 2016
|term_end = 2019
|deputy =
|taoiseach =
|succeeding =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|birth_date = 6 September 1955(65)
|alma_mater = [[St Stephens College, Delhi|St. Stephens' College]], [[University of Delhi]] - Master of Arts (English Literature), Bachelor of Arts (Honors in English Literature), (May 1975 -
Apr 1977) and (Apr 1972 -May 1975)
|Children =
}}

'''Vijay Samnotra''' is an Indian civil servant and former international career diplomat who served in the [[United Nations]]. He formerly served as head of the [[United Nations Environment Programme]] in India<ref name="UN Clean India">{{cite news|title=UN to tie up with Versova beach champs for cleaner seas in India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/un-to-tie-up-with-versova-beach-champs-for-cleaner-seas-in-india/articleshow/58797258.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 May 2017 |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref> and as senior adviser to the United Nations resident coordinator on climate change and urbanization.<ref name="UN Economy">{{cite web|title=Ahead of the Curve - Sustainable Consumption and Production and the Circular Economy in India|url=https://www.un-page.org/files/public/un_ahead_of_the_curve_22_jan_2019_final_web.pdf|work=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="UN Climate Summit 2019">{{cite web|title=What To Watch For At Katowice - Climate Summit 2019|url=https://in.one.un.org/blogs/what-to-watch-for-at-katowice/|work=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=15 August 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308031849/https://in.one.un.org/blogs/what-to-watch-for-at-katowice/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Samnotra's parents and grandparents were [[Partition of India|Partition]]-era refugees to India from former West Pakistan, what is today the modern-day nation of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/will-future-generations-be-able-to-understand-the-unbearable-pain-and-sacrifice-of-the-victims-of-india%E2%80%99s-partition-dr-dp-sharma-and-shri-vijay-samnotra/ |title=Will future generations be able to understand the unbearable pain and sacrifice of the victims of India's Partition : Dr. DP Sharma and Shri Vijay Samnotra |access-date=15 October 2021 |archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015194204/https://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/will-future-generations-be-able-to-understand-the-unbearable-pain-and-sacrifice-of-the-victims-of-india%E2%80%99s-partition-dr-dp-sharma-and-shri-vijay-samnotra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://epaper.patrika.com/nationaledition/rajasthan/2021-8-15/198/page-1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019103250/https://epaper.patrika.com/nationaledition/rajasthan/2021-8-15/198/page-1.html | archive-date=2021-10-19 | title=Unknown}}</ref>

==Career==
Samnotra joined the [[Central Secretariat Service]] after qualifying through the [[Civil Services Examination]]. He served as under secretary to [[Government of India]] and then served as [[Private Secretary|private secretary]] to then Minister of State [[Maneka Gandhi]]. He later resigned from the civil service and joined the [[United Nations]].

He served in the United Nations for 25 years and worked in the [[United Nations Office at Nairobi]] and [[United Nations Environment Programme]]. He also worked as [[speechwriter]] to two [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations|under-secretaries-general of the United Nations]], assisting in conceptualizing the themes and information campaigns for World Environment Day and annual "Clean Up the World" campaigns.<ref name="Global Inspirations">{{cite web|title=Advisory Board - Global Inspirations|url=http://globalinspirationsindia.com/vijay-samnotra.html|work=Global Inspirations India|accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref>

In 2016, Samnotra established the India Country Office of the United Nations Environment Programme in New Delhi. As a senior advisor to the United Nations Resident Coordinator on Climate Change and Urbanization, he also contributed to collaborative projects and programmes for other autonomous associate agencies of the UN, including the [[Bali]] Strategic Plan on Capacity Building and Technology Transfer for quality assurance of UNEP's projects and programmes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://globalinspirationsindia.com/vijay-samnotra.html | title=Mr. Vijay Samnotra }}</ref>

As a senior adviser to the United Nations Resident Coordinator in India on Climate Change and Urbanization, Samnotra coordinated the project on Circular Economy in India, leading to the publication of "Ahead of the Curve"; drafted the plan to make the United Nations in India carbon neutral; advised the UN resident coordinator on all issues relating to climate change and urbanization in his interactions with the United Nations Secretary-General's Office; and drafted the UN-India partnership proposal on climate change, innovation and urbanization.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://unfccc.int/files/parties_observers/submissions_from_observers/application/pdf/787.pdf | title=Climate Change and Cities | access-date=2023-12-26}}</ref>

==Awards==

* INVC International Award for environmental diplomacy<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mpbreakingnews.in/featured/mp-news-senior-ips-pawan-jain-to-get-invc-international-award-2020-on-23-09-2021-mkt/ | title=MP News: Senior IPS Pawan Jain to get INVC International Award 2020 on 23-09-2021 MP News: वरिष्ट IPS पवन जैन को आज मिलेगा INVC इंटरनेशनल अवॉर्ड 2020 | date=23 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/invc-civil-services-and-environment-protection-international-award-for-the-year-2020-to-vijay-samnotra/ | title=INVC Public Services and Environment Protection International Award for the year 2020 to Vijay Samnotra | date=9 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.samagrabharat.com/2021/09/26/senior-ips-officer-pawan-jain-honored-with-invc-international-awards-2020/ | title=आईएनवीसी इंटरनेशनल अवॉर्ड्स 2020 से सम्मानित किए गए वरिष्‍ठ आइपीएस अधिकारी पवन जैन | date=26 September 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200815040731/http://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/26728/UN%20ENVIRONMENT%20DIRECTORY.%20as%20of%2020%20November%20AM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Directory of UN Environment Programme Executive Office] (Archived) UNEP
* [https://www.who.int/india/news/detail/12-07-2017-multisectoral-workshop-on-air-pollution Multisectoral Workshop on Air Pollution] WHO, UN
* [http://archive.unu.edu/hq/ginfo/wip/wip17-1-spr03.pdf Works in Progress 2003] United Nations University
* [https://www.googlehindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbaiites-gear-up-for-100th-week-of-versova-beach-cleanup-7-2-million-kg-trash-removed-so-far/story-IUw1UKXV240PHgxB5iRXQM_amp.html Mumbaiites gear up for 100th week of Versova beach cleanup, 7.2 million kg trash removed so far] Hindustan Times
* [https://www.newscentral24x7.com/reducing-carbon-footprint-and-waste-generation-is-the-need-of-the-hour-says-indian-environmentalist/ Reducing Carbon Footprint and Waste Generation is the Need of the Hour, Says Indian Environmentalist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020033345/https://newscentral24x7.com/reducing-carbon-footprint-and-waste-generation-is-the-need-of-the-hour-says-indian-environmentalist/ |date=20 October 2020 }} News Central 24x7

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samnotra, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]
[[Category:United Nations officials]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Speechwriters]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency

2026-03-29T15:27:16Z

YvonneTran476: corrected structure for clarity and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Howrah Dakshin
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Howrah Dakshin.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Howrah Dakshin Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Nandita Chowdhury]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| constituency_no = 173
| established = 1951
| electors = 294,099
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 173 Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Ward Nos. 35, 38 to 41 and 44 to 46 of [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]] and Duila, Jorhat, Panchpara and Thanamakua [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Sankrail]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Howrah South Assembly constituency is part of No. 25 [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

===Howrah North===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Biren Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Samar Mukhopadhyay
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Saila Mukherjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===Howrah South===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Beni Charan Dutta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|Kanai Lal Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|B. K. Bhattacharya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Pralay Talukdar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Santi Kumar Dasgupta
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Pralay Talukdar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Mrityunjoy Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="2"|Pralay Talukdar
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Badal Basu
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Krishna Kisor Roy
|}

===Howrah East===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Saila Kumar Mukhopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Beni Charan Dutta
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bejoy Bhattacharya
|}

===Howrah West===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="2"|Bankim Chandra Kar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Anadi Dass
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

===Howrah Dakshin===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="2"|Brajamohan Mazumder
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|Nandita Choudhury
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Howrah Dakshin}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[ Nandita Chowdhury ]]
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Abhijit Bandopadhyay
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Adv. Dipshika Bhowmik
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rita Ghosal
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sahabuddin Mondal
|party = Janata Unnayan Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Dakshin]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Nandita Chowdhury
|votes = 1,16,839
|percentage = 53.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rantidev Sengupta
|votes = 66,270
|percentage = 30.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Sumitra Adhikari
|votes = 27,287
|percentage = 12.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,948
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Sushanta Mondal
|votes =1,063
|percentage =0.49
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 50,569
|percentage = 23.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,17,055
|percentage = 73.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Dakshin]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Brajamohan Mazumder]]|votes=93,689|percentage=47.79|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Arindam Basu|votes=77,495|percentage=39.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sahana Guha Roy|votes=16,277|percentage=8.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=3,816|percentage=1.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Srinath Yadav|votes=1,249|percentage=0.64|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=16,194|percentage=8.26|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,96,208|percentage=73.58|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Howrah|Howrah Dakshin]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=173|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Howrah Dakshin|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 1 May 2011|archive-date = 19 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519163421/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=173|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Brajamohan Mazumder]]|votes=1,01,066|percentage=56.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Krishna Kishor Roy|votes=69,644|percentage=38.63|change=-9.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Pramila Singh|votes=4,256|percentage=2.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Sekh Abdul Momin
|votes = 1,803
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Biswanath Mete
|votes =828
|percentage =0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=31,422|percentage=17.43|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,80,437|percentage=76.94|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = #
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Trinamool Congress did not contest this seat in 2006.

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Krishna Kisor Ray of [[Communist Party of India|CPI(M)]] won 164 Howrah South assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Amitava Dutta of [[JD(U)]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Badal Basu of CPI(M) defeated Arup Ray of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Pralay Talukdar of CPI(M) defeated Arup Roy of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>, BJP's candidate Ambooj Sharma secured 10,237 votes, and Mrityunjoy Banerjee of Congress in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> [[Mrityunjoy Banerjee (economist)|Mrityunjoy Banerjee]] of Congress defeated Pralay Talukdar of CPI(M) in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Pralay Talukdar of CPI(M) defeated Amiya Kumar Dutta of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and [[Ambica Banerjee]] of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp164.htm |title =164 - Howrah South Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010}}</ref>

===1951-1972===
Santi Kumar Dasgupta of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Pralay Talukdar of CPI(M) won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> B.K.Bhattacharya of Congress won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Kanai Lal Bhattacharya of [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc]] won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref> Beni Charan Dutta of Congress won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:Howrah]]

Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar

2026-03-25T11:11:17Z

YvonneTran476: adjusted intro per standard format and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Kashmiri militant (born 1967)}}
{{Cleanup|date=December 2024|reason=this article has a discontinuity.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1967}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|J&K]], India
| organization = {{flagicon image|Flag of Al-Umar-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Al-Umar-Mujahideen|Al-Umar Mujahideen]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} Al-Umar Commando Force<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=al Umar Commando Force |url=https://trackingterrorism.org/group/al-umar-commando-force/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=TRAC}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg|20px}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]
| party = [[File:Hurriyat Conference Logo.jpg|25px]] [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat Conference]]
| otherparty = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.png}} [[Muslim Brotherhood|Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Staniland |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E75fAwAAQBAJ |title=Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-7102-5 |pages=93 |language=en}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front flag.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]] (until 1990)
| known_for = kashmiri separatism, [[Jihadism]] and founding of [[Al-Umar-Mujahideen|Al-Umar Mujahideen]] militant group. [[1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed|kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1989 Kidnapping Of Rubaiya Sayeed: Latest News, Videos and Photos of 1989 Kidnapping Of Rubaiya Sayeed {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/1989-kidnapping-of-rubaiya-sayeed |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Released from jail as part of the [[Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking]] hostage deal.
| motive =
| criminal_charges = [[Mass murder]], [[Target killing]] and [[Kidnapping]]<ref name="isbn81-261-1090-2-p117">{{cite book |author=Giriraj Shah |title=Hijacking and terror in sky |publisher=Anmol |location=New Delhi|year=2002 |isbn=81-261-1090-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G7vLJpEDztYC&q=%22Mushtaq+Ahmed+Zargar%22&pg=PA117|page= 117}}</ref>
| criminal_penalty = {{ubl|Life imprisonment (for mass murder)|Death (for target killing and kidnapping), overturned}}
| criminal_status = Wanted by the [[National Investigation Agency]], currently free in Pakistan
}}
'''Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar''' (born 1967, also known as '''Mushtaq Latram''') is a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] separatist leader and militant active in the [[Kashmir insurgency]], and founder of the militant outfit [[Al-Umar-Mujahideen|Al-Umar Mujahideen]]. He spent considerable time in an Indian prison and was released in the aftermath of the [[Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking]]. He currently lives in [[Pakistan]].

==Early life and career==

Zargar grew up in the [[Nowhatta]] area of [[Srinagar]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. He joined the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] in 1988, encouraged by its founder [[Ashfaq Majeed Wani]], and allegedly left for combat training in [[Azad Kashmir]]. He returned to [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1989.

On 8 December 1989<ref>{{Cite web |title=1989 Kidnapping Of Rubaiya Sayeed: Latest News, Videos and Photos of 1989 Kidnapping Of Rubaiya Sayeed {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/1989-kidnapping-of-rubaiya-sayeed |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Zargar was one of the members who carried out [[1989 kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed|kidnapping of Rubaiya Sayeed]], the daughter of the newly appointed Home Minister of India [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]. The kidnappers demanded the release of five of their comrades in exchange for Rubaiya Sayeed's release. The government accepted their demands.

After Wani's death in March 1990, he fell out with Hamid Sheikh and [[Yasin Malik]], Wani's successors, and in 1991 formed his own militant group which he called Al-Umar Mujahideen.

Over the years, at least three dozen murder cases were registered against Zargar in Srinagar, including for alleged killings of high-ranking Indian officers. Zargar was arrested on 15 May 1992 and imprisoned.<ref name="isbn81-261-1090-2-p117">{{cite book |author=Giriraj Shah |title=Hijacking and terror in sky |publisher=Anmol |location=New Delhi|year=2002 |isbn=81-261-1090-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G7vLJpEDztYC&q=%22Mushtaq+Ahmed+Zargar%22&pg=PA117|page= 117}}</ref> He was released from jail on 31 December 1999 as part of the Indian Airlines Flight 814 hostage deal and provided safe passage to Pakistan.<ref name="isbn81-261-1090-2">{{cite book |author=Giriraj Shah |title=Hijacking and terror in sky |publisher=Anmol |location=New Delhi |year=2002 |isbn=81-261-1090-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=G7vLJpEDztYC&q=%22Mushtaq+Ahmed+Zargar%22&pg=PA105|page= 105}}</ref> Shortly after Zargar revived Al-Umar Mujahideen in [[Muzaffarabad]].<ref name="url">{{cite web|url= http://desicritics.org/2008/07/27/132626.php|title= India's Response To Terrorism - Are We Losing The War?|author= Abhinandan Mishra|date= 27 July 2008|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928221117/http://desicritics.org/2008/07/27/132626.php|archive-date= 28 September 2008|access-date= 4 August 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Zargar was reportedly arrested by Pakistani authorities in 2002<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dawn.com/news/68149/mujahideen-commander-arrested| title = Mujahideen commander arrested - Newspaper - DAWN.COM| date = 23 November 2002}}</ref> but as of 2007, he was living in [[Muzaffarabad]] without any restrictions.

In March 2023, the Indian government declared Zargar an officially designated terrorist and the group Al-Umar-Mujahideen as a terrorist organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=NIA attaches property of Pak-based terrorist Mushtaq Zargar in India |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/nia-attaches-property-of-pak-based-terrorist-mushtaq-zargar-in-india-567588 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=[[WION]] |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/jandk/terrorist_outfits/Al_Umar.htm Profile of Al-Umar Mujahideen]
* [http://www.tkb.org/KeyLeader.jsp?memID=5758 Profile of Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zargar, Mushtaq Ahmed}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:Indian Islamists]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Members of jihadist groups]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Islamists]]
[[Category:2000 millennium attack plots]]

Uday Chand Mahtab

2026-03-25T01:45:10Z

YvonneTran476: created a page

{{Short description|Indian zamindar (1905–1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Uday Chand Mahtab
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| birth_date = 14 July 1905
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1984|10|10|1905|7|14|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| father = [[Bijay Chand Mahtab]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1946
| term_end1 = 1947
| constituency1 = Burdwan Landholders
| predecessor1 = [[Bijoy Prasad Singh Roy]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937—1947)|Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1937
| term_end2 = 1945
| constituency2 = Burdwan Central (General)
| successor2 = [[Kanai Lal Das]] and [[Jadabendra Nath Panja]]
}}

'''[[Sir]] Uday Chand Mahtab''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] the [[Maharajadhiraja| Maharajadhiraja Bahadur]] of [[Bardhaman Raj]], [[K.C.I.E.]], (14 July 1905 – 10 October 1984) was the last ruler of [[Burdwan Raj]], who ruled from 1941 until 1955, when the [[zamindari]] system was abolished in India.

==Life==

He was the eldest son of [[Bijay Chand Mahtab]].

He did his graduation from [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] and [[Calcutta University]].<ref>The Indian Year-book and Annual – Page 361</ref>

During the regency of his father he served as [[Dewan|Dewan-i-Raj]] for several years and succeeded to the throne of Burdwan Raj after the death of his father.

During [[British Raj]], he headed and was a member of several committees like, member of the Damodar Canal Enquiry Committee 1938,<ref>The lower Damodar River, India – Page 81 – Google Books</ref> Select Committee on Calcutta Municipal (amendment) Bill 1940; Chairman of Burdwan District Flood Relief and Bengal Central Flood Relief Committees 1943–44; Chairman of Indian Red Cross Appeal (Bengal) 1943-1946 and of Calcutta War Committee 1943-1946 and of Damodar Flood Central Enquiry Committee 1944; Member of Bengal Tanks Improvement Bill Select Committee 1944 and of Advisory Committee on Terrorist Convicts in Bengal 1944; Member of West Bengal Forest Denudation Enquiry Committee 1944 and of Select Committee on Bengal Agricultural Income Tax Bill 1944; Member of the [[Indian Constituent Assembly]] – 1946–1947. He also presided the West Bengal group of Legislators, in 1946, which voted 58:21 in favor of partition of Bengal.<ref>Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter – Page 25</ref>

He served as President of the non-Muslim block of the Bengal Partition meeting in 1947 and was a member of the [[Legislative Assembly of Bengal]] from years 1937 to 1952.<ref>Constitutional Schemes and Political Development in India: Towards ... – Page 654</ref> In the first election after independence in 1952, Sir Uday Chand Mahtab lost to a freedom fighter and communist, [[Benoy Choudhury]], in spite of a campaign in his favor by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. The election defeat was followed by legislation for abolition of the [[zamindari]] system in 1954.

After the abolition of the zamindari system in 1955, he shifted from [[Bardhaman]] to his family's house at [[Alipore|Alipur]] in Calcutta. Here he became a director of [[IISCO]], and several other leading mercantile firms of the day, such as [[Dunlop Rubber|Dunlop]], [[Metal Box]] and [[Brooke Bond]].<ref>Heroes – Page 330</ref> He acceded to the request of the [[List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal|Chief minister of West Bengal]], [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]] and handed over his palace, [[Mahtab Manzil]] and [[Golap Bagh]] to the [[University of Burdwan]].<ref>[http://www.indcareer.com/west-bengal/burdwan/maharajdhiraj-uday-chand-muc-womens-college-bhurdwan Maharajdhiraj Uday Chand (MUC) Women's College, Bhurdwan: the college is housed in the palace donated by Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Mahatab. Later on, a portion of Anjuman Kachhari attached to the palace was also gifted to the College. As a mark of gratitude the institution has been named after the former Raja of Burdwan, Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Mahatab.]</ref>

He donated a piece of land in Bardhaman to the numerous employees of the Raj so that they could build accommodation there. With the end of the Raj, he immersed himself in his commercial and business interests.

He was also a Steward of the [[Royal Calcutta Turf Club]]. He instituted a fund for The Maharajadhiraja Uday Chand Mahtab of Burdwan Memorial Cup at [[Kolkata Race Course|Calcutta Race Course]].

He died on 10 October 1984 leaving behind three sons and three daughters. The eldest son is Maharajaadhiraja Saday Chand Mahtab of Burdwan. Born on 26 May 1936.<ref>https://gw.geneanet.org/hubertwalbaum?lang=en&pz=hubert+charles+alphonse&nz=walbaum&p=dr.+saday+chand&n=mahtab></ref>

==Titles==

*[[Maharajadhiraja Bahadur]] (hereditary)

==Honours==
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}:
**[[File:UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|60px]] – [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]-1935.
**[[File:UK King George VI Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|60px]] – [[King George VI Coronation Medal]]-1937.
*{{flag|British India}}:
**[[File:Order of the Indian Empire Ribbon.svg|60px]] – [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] – 1945.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37119|supp=y|page=2938|date=8 June 1945}}</ref>

==Reign==

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Kapoor-Mahtab Dynasty]]||14 July 1905||10 October 1984}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bijoy Chand Mahtab]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bardhaman Raj|Maharajadhiraja of Bardhaman Raj]]|years=1941–1955 (abdicated)}}
{{s-aft|after=None Zamindari abolished (Merged within the Republic of India)}}
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahtab, Uday Chand}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1947–1951]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]

Unmanned aerial vehicle

2026-03-24T02:44:57Z

YvonneTran476: add structure per standard format and improved wording based on references

{{short description|Aircraft without any human pilot on board}}
{{redirect|UAV|other uses|UAV (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect-distinguish|RPAS|Rorschach Performance Assessment System}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV (cropped).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|A [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper]], an [[unmanned combat aerial vehicle]] used for both [[intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance]] (ISTAR) and drone strike missions.]]
[[File:03 diha gorsel 2020 02 12.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Baykar Bayraktar KALKAN]] is a vertical take-off and landing ([[VTOL]]) [[unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle]] capable of operating from [[drone carrier]].]]
[[File:PIA22460-Mars2020Mission-Helicopter-20180525 (cropped).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]] is an [[Extraterrestrial sky|extraterrestrial]] [[Autonomous robot|autonomous]] UAV that performed first powered controlled flight by an aircraft on another planet.]]
[[File:Spying quadcopter (cropped).jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Small civilian [[quadcopter]] UAVs such as [[DJI (company)|DJI]] [[Phantom (UAV)|Phantom]] designed for commercial and recreational [[aerial photography]], which are also useful for short-range reconnaissance and strike (if converted) missions by the law enforcement forces and the military.]]
[[File:Drönare - Drone - DJI Mini 4 pro - 2026.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|A drone for hobby purposes.]]
[[File:Schiebel CAMCOPTER S-100 7.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Although most large military UAVs are [[fixed-wing aircraft]], [[rotorcraft]] designs (i.e., RUAVs) such as this [[Schiebel Camcopter S-100]] are also used.]]

An '''unmanned aerial vehicle''' ('''UAV''') or '''unmanned aircraft system''' ('''UAS'''), commonly known as an '''aerial drone''' or simply '''drone''', is an [[aircraft]] with no human [[Aircraft pilot|pilot]], crew, or passengers on board, but rather is controlled remotely or is autonomous.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Gettinger |first=Daniel|editor-first1=James |editor-last1=Patton Rogers |title=De Gruyter Handbook of Drone Warfare |date=2024 |doi=10.1515/9783110742039-003 |isbn=978-3-11-074203-9|chapter=3 Defining Drones|pages=25–40|publisher=De Gruyter|location=Berlin, Boston}}</ref><ref name="uav">{{cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=Honghao |last2=Zahmatkesh |first2=Mohsen |last3=Rekabi-Bana |first3=Fatemeh |last4=Arvin |first4=Farshad |last5=Hu |first5=Junyan |title=T-STAR: Time-Optimal Swarm Trajectory Planning for Quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles |journal=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |date=August 2025 |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=12532–12547 |doi=10.1109/TITS.2025.3557783 |bibcode=2025ITITr..2612532P}}</ref> UAVs were originally developed through the twentieth century for military missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous"<ref>{{cite journal |date=Spring 1991 |journal=Airpower Journal |last=Tice |first=Brian P. |title=Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – The Force Multiplier of the 1990s |url=http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj91/spr91/4spr91.htm |access-date=6 June 2013 |quote=When used, UAVs should generally perform missions characterized by the three Ds: dull, dirty, and dangerous. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724015052/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj91/spr91/4spr91.htm |archive-date=24 July 2009}}</ref> for humans, and by the twenty-first had become essential assets to most militaries. As control technologies improved and costs fell, their use expanded to many non-military applications.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Alvarado |first=Ed |date=3 May 2021 |title=237 Ways Drone Applications Revolutionize Business |url=https://droneii.com/237-ways-drone-applications-revolutionize-business |access-date=11 May 2021 |website=Drone Industry Insights |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511113408/https://droneii.com/237-ways-drone-applications-revolutionize-business |url-status=live}}</ref> These include [[aerial photography]], area coverage,<ref name="tits">{{cite journal |last1=Rekabi-Bana |first1=Fatemeh |last2=Hu |first2=Junyan |last3=Krajník |first3=Tomáš |last4=Arvin |first4=Farshad |title=Unified Robust Path Planning and Optimal Trajectory Generation for Efficient 3D Area Coverage of Quadrotor UAVs |journal=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |date=March 2024 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=2492–2507 |doi=10.1109/TITS.2023.3320049 |bibcode=2024ITITr..25.2492R |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1899538}}</ref> [[Agricultural drone|precision agriculture]], forest fire monitoring,<ref name="ast">{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Junyan |last2=Niu |first2=Hanlin |last3=Carrasco |first3=Joaquin |last4=Lennox |first4=Barry |last5=Arvin |first5=Farshad |title=Fault-tolerant cooperative navigation of networked UAV swarms for forest fire monitoring |journal=Aerospace Science and Technology |date=April 2022 |volume=123 |article-number=107494 |doi=10.1016/j.ast.2022.107494 |bibcode=2022AeST..12307494H}}</ref> river monitoring,<ref name="Manfreda Dor Remote sensing">{{cite book |last1=Manfreda |first1=Salvatore |last2=Ben Dor |first2=Eyal |title=Unmanned Aerial Systems for Monitoring Soil, Vegetation, and Riverine Environments |chapter=Remote sensing of the environment using unmanned aerial systems |date=2023 |pages=3–36 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-85283-8.00009-6 |isbn=978-0-323-85283-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perks |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Dal Sasso |first2=Silvano Fortunato |last3=Hauet |first3=Alexandre |last4=Jamieson |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Le Coz |first5=Jérôme |last6=Pearce |first6=Sophie |last7=Peña-Haro |first7=Salvador |last8=Pizarro |first8=Alonso |last9=Strelnikova |first9=Dariia |last10=Tauro |first10=Flavia |last11=Bomhof |first11=James |last12=Grimaldi |first12=Salvatore |last13=Goulet |first13=Alain |last14=Hortobágyi |first14=Borbála |last15=Jodeau |first15=Magali |last16=Käfer |first16=Sabine |last17=Ljubičić |first17=Robert |last18=Maddock |first18=Ian |last19=Mayr |first19=Peter |last20=Paulus |first20=Gernot |last21=Pénard |first21=Lionel |last22=Sinclair |first22=Leigh |last23=Manfreda |first23=Salvatore |title=Towards harmonisation of image velocimetry techniques for river surface velocity observations |journal=Earth System Science Data |date=8 July 2020 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=1545–1559 |doi=10.5194/essd-12-1545-2020 |bibcode=2020ESSD...12.1545P |doi-access=free |hdl=11563/161555 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[environmental monitoring]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koparan |first1=Cengiz |last2=Koc |first2=A. Bulent |last3=Privette |first3=Charles V. |last4=Sawyer |first4=Calvin B. |date=March 2020 |title=Adaptive Water Sampling Device for Aerial Robots |journal=Drones |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.3390/drones4010005 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Drone...4....5K}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koparan |first1=Cengiz |last2=Koc |first2=Ali Bulent |last3=Privette |first3=Charles V. |last4=Sawyer |first4=Calvin B. |last5=Sharp |first5=Julia L. |author5-link=Julia Sharp |date=May 2018 |title=Evaluation of a UAV-Assisted Autonomous Water Sampling |journal=Water |volume=10 |issue=5 |page=655 |doi=10.3390/w10050655 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018Water..10..655K}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koparan |first1=Cengiz |last2=Koc |first2=Ali Bulent |last3=Privette |first3=Charles V. |last4=Sawyer |first4=Calvin B. |date=March 2018 |title=In Situ Water Quality Measurements Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) System |journal=Water |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=264 |doi=10.3390/w10030264 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018Water..10..264K}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koparan |first1=Cengiz |last2=Koc |first2=Ali Bulent |last3=Privette |first3=Charles V. |last4=Sawyer |first4=Calvin B. |date=March 2019 |title=Autonomous In Situ Measurements of Noncontaminant Water Quality Indicators and Sample Collection with a UAV |journal=Water |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=604 |doi=10.3390/w11030604 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019Water..11..604K}}</ref> [[Weather drone|weather observation]], policing and surveillance, infrastructure inspections, smuggling,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/drones-smuggling-porn-drugs-to-inmates-around-the-world/ |title=Drones smuggling porn, drugs to inmates around the world |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=17 April 2017 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035314/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/04/17/drones-smuggling-porn-drugs-to-inmates-around-world.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Delivery drone|product deliveries]], entertainment, and [[drone racing]].

A challenging issue is handling aerial drone technology within [[privacy law]]s.<ref>Rebecca L. Scharf, [https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2240&context=facpub Drone Invasion: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and the Right to Privacy], INDIANA LAW JOURNAL Vol. 94, 2019</ref>
{{Toclimit|3}}

==Terminology==
Many terms are used for aircraft which fly without any persons on board.

An '''unmanned aerial vehicle''' ('''UAV''') is defined as a "powered, aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses [[aerodynamic force]]s to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Unmanned+Aerial+Vehicle |title=unmanned aerial vehicle |work=TheFreeDictionary.com |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108233752/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Unmanned+Aerial+Vehicle |url-status=live}}</ref> UAV is a term that is commonly applied to military use cases.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Guilmartin |first1=John F. |title=unmanned aerial vehicle |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/unmanned-aerial-vehicle |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=24 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329092652/https://www.britannica.com/technology/unmanned-aerial-vehicle |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Missile]]s with warheads are generally not considered UAVs because the vehicle itself is a munition, but certain types of propeller-based missile are often called "[[Loitering munition|kamikaze drones]]" by the public and media. Also, the relation of UAVs to [[Radio-controlled aircraft|remote controlled model aircraft]] is unclear in some jurisdictions. The US FAA now defines any unmanned flying craft as a UAV regardless of weight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 15, 2021 |title=14 CFR Part 107 (Docket FAA-2015-0150, Amdt. 107-1, 81 FR 42209, June 28, 2016, as amended by Amdt. No. 107-8, 86 FR 4381, Jan. 15, 2021) |url=https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/part-107 |access-date=Feb 16, 2025 |website=eCFR :: 14 CFR Part 107 -- Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (FAR Part 107) |agency=Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation}}</ref> Similar terms are '''''remotely piloted aircraft''''' ('''RPA''') and '''''remotely piloted aerial vehicle''''' ('''RPAV''').

UAVs or RPAVs can also be seen as a component of an '''unmanned aircraft system''' ('''UAS'''), which also includes a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the aircraft.<ref name="ast" />
The term UAS was adopted by the [[United States Department of Defense]] (DoD) and the United States [[Federal Aviation Administration]] (FAA) in 2005 according to their Unmanned Aircraft System Roadmap 2005–2030.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acq.osd.mil/usd/Roadmap%20Final2.pdf#search=%22Dod%20UAS%20Roadmap%202005%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002220516/http://www.acq.osd.mil/usd/Roadmap%20Final2.pdf#search=%22Dod%20UAS%20Roadmap%202005%22 |title=Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap. |archive-date=2 October 2008}}</ref> The [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO) and the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|British Civil Aviation Authority]] adopted this term, also used in the European Union's [[SESAR Joint Undertaking|Single European Sky (SES) Air Traffic Management (ATM) Research]] (SESAR Joint Undertaking) roadmap for 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European ATM Master Plan 2015 {{!}} SESAR |url=http://www.sesarju.eu/newsroom/brochures-publications/european-atm-master-plan-2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206104147/http://www.sesarju.eu/newsroom/brochures-publications/european-atm-master-plan-2015 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |website=www.sesarju.eu |access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> This term emphasizes the importance of elements other than the aircraft. It includes elements such as ground control stations, data links and other support equipment. Similar terms are '''''unmanned aircraft vehicle system''''' ('''UAVS''') and '''''remotely piloted aircraft system''''' ('''RPAS''').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spatialsource.com.au/unmanned/state-government-gears-autonomous-rpas-mapping |title=State government gears up for autonomous RPAS mapping |date=23 January 2017 |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225064802/http://www.spatialsource.com.au/unmanned/state-government-gears-autonomous-rpas-mapping |url-status=live}}</ref> Many similar terms are in use. Under new regulations which came into effect 1 June 2019, the term RPAS has been adopted by the Canadian government to mean "a set of configurable elements consisting of a remotely piloted aircraft, its control station, the command and control links and any other system elements required during flight operation".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-96-433/FullText.html#s-900.01 |title=Canadian Aviation Regulations |date=1 June 2019 |website=Government of Canada – Justice Laws Website |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106213439/https://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-96-433/FullText.html#s-900.01 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In common usage, "drone" is often applied to both military and civilian UAVs, while technical and regulatory documents may prefer terms such as UAV, UAS, RPAS, or uncrewed aircraft. The term '''drone''' has been used from the early days of [[aviation]], some being applied to remotely flown target [[aircraft]] used for practice firing of a battleship's guns, such as the 1920s [[Fairey III|Fairey Queen]] biplane [[floatplane]] and 1930s [[De Havilland Tiger Moth#Gunnery target drone|de Havilland Queen Bee]] biplane. Later examples included the [[Airspeed Queen Wasp]] and [[Miles Martinet|Miles Queen Martinet]], before ultimate replacement by the [[GAF Jindivik]].<ref>Note; the term "[[Drone (bee)|drone]]" refers to the male bee that serves only to fertilize the [[queen bee]], hence the use of the name in reference to the DH Queen Bee aerial target.</ref> The term remains in common use. In addition to the software, autonomous drones also employ a host of advanced technologies that allow them to carry out their missions without human intervention, such as cloud computing, computer vision, artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and thermal sensors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drones and Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.droneii.com/drones-and-artificial-intelligence |website=Drone Industry Insights |access-date=11 April 2020 |date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917052156/https://www.droneii.com/drones-and-artificial-intelligence |url-status=live}}</ref> For recreational uses, an [[aerial photography]] drone is an aircraft that has first-person video, autonomous capabilities, or both.<ref name="dronesetc">{{cite web |url=https://www.dronesetc.com/blogs/news/21481409-what-is-the-difference-between-a-drone-and-an-rc-plane-or-helicopter |publisher=Drones Etc |title=What is the difference between a drone and an RC plane or helicopter? |work=Drones Etc. |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020459/https://www.dronesetc.com/blogs/news/21481409-what-is-the-difference-between-a-drone-and-an-rc-plane-or-helicopter |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

The term "[[Uncrewed vehicle|Uncrewed]]" is sometimes used rather than "unmanned" when referring to UAVs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://skymantics.com/the-faa-is-shifting-from-unmanned-to-uncrewed-why-is-it-important/ |title=The FAA is shifting from unmanned to uncrewed |date=7 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/defence-drone-strategy-the-uks-approach-to-defence-uncrewed-systems/defence-drone-strategy-the-uks-approach-to-defence-uncrewed-systems|title=Defence Drone Strategy - the UK's approach to Defence Uncrewed Systems|website=GOV.UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/aviation/upload/RM60_Chapter-12_Uncrewed-Aircraft-Systems-508-signed.pdf|title=Aviation Management: Chapter 12 - Uncrewed Aircraft Systems}}</ref>

==Classification types==
UAVs may be classified like any other [[aircraft]], according to design configuration such as weight or engine type, maximum flight altitude, degree of operational autonomy, operational role, etc. According to the [[United States Department of Defense]], UAVs are classified into five categories below:<ref name=uavclassificationA>{{cite web |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog892/node/5 |title=UAV classification |access-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523235132/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog892/node/5 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=uavclassificationB>{{cite web |url=https://irp.fas.org/program/collect/uas-army.pdf |title=Eyes of the Army: U.S. Army Roadmap for UAS 2010–2035 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218054255/https://irp.fas.org/program/collect/uas-army.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|-
! Group:
! Group 1
! Group 2
! Group 3
! Group 4
! Group 5
|-
!Size
| Small
| Medium
| Large
| Larger
| Largest
|-
!Max takeoff weight
| < {{convert|20|lb|kg|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| > 20 & < 55
| > 55 & < 1320
| > {{convert| 1320|lb|kg|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| > {{convert| 1320|lb|kg|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
|-
!Operating altitude
| < {{convert|1,200|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| < {{convert|3,500|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| < {{convert|18,000|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| < {{convert|18,000|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| > {{convert|18,000|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
|-
!Speed
| < {{convert|100|kn|km/h|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| < {{convert|250|kn|km/h|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| < {{convert|250|kn|km/h|abbr=on|disp=br() }}
| Any speed
| Any speed
|}
Other classifications of UAVs include:<ref name=uavclassificationA/>

===Range and endurance===
There are usually five categories when UAVs are classified by range and endurance:<ref name=uavclassificationA/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Range category
! Very close
! Close
! Short
! Medium
! Long
|-
| '''Range (km)''':
| < 5
| > 5 & < 50
| > 50 & < 150
| > 150 & < 650
| > 650
|-
| '''Endurance (hr)''':
| 0.5 – 0.75
| 1–6
| 8–12
| 12–36 or 48
| > 36 or 48
|}

===Size===
There are usually four categories when UAVs are classified by size, with at least one of the dimensions (length or wingspan) meet the following respective limits:<ref name=uavclassificationA/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Category
! Micro/Very small
! Mini/Small
! Medium
! Large
|-
| '''Length/wingspan''':
| < 50 cm
| > 50 cm & < 2 m
| 5 –10 m
| > 10 m
|}

===Weight===
Based on their weight, drones can be classified into five categories:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Drone categories<ref name=dr1>[https://theprint.in/defence/nano-micro-small-the-different-drone-types-in-india-if-jammu-like-strike-can-be-averted/686158/ "Nano, micro, small: The different drone types in India & if Jammu-like strike can be averted"]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629111522/https://theprint.in/defence/nano-micro-small-the-different-drone-types-in-india-if-jammu-like-strike-can-be-averted/686158/ |date=29 June 2021}}. ''[[ThePrint]]'', 29 June 2021.</ref>
|-
! Category
! Nano
! [[Micro air vehicle|Micro]] (MAV)
! [[Miniature UAV|Miniature]] or Small (SUAV)
! Medium
! Large
|-
| '''Weight''':
| < 250 gm
| ≥ 250 gm & < 02  kg
| ≥ 02 kg & < 25  kg
| ≥ 25 kg & < 150  kg
| ≥ 150 kg
|}

NATO uses a similar classification shown below:<ref name="auto1"/>
[[File:UASclassification.png|thumb|[[NATO]] classification of [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles]]]]

===Degree of autonomy===
Drones can also be classified based on the degree of autonomy in their flight operations. ICAO classifies unmanned aircraft as either remotely piloted aircraft or fully autonomous.<ref name="Percepto Drones">{{cite web |last1=Drones |first1=Percepto |title=The Differences Between UAV, UAS, and Autonomous Drones |url=https://percepto.co/what-are-the-differences-between-uav-uas-and-autonomous-drones/ |website=Percepto |date=3 January 2019 |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218072255/https://percepto.co/what-are-the-differences-between-uav-uas-and-autonomous-drones/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some UAVs offer intermediate degrees of autonomy. For example, a vehicle may be remotely piloted in most contexts but have an autonomous return-to-base operation. Some aircraft types may optionally fly manned or as UAVs, which may include manned aircraft transformed into manned or optionally piloted UAVs (OPVs). The flight of UAVs may operate under remote control by a human operator, as '''remotely piloted aircraft''' ('''RPA'''), or with various degrees of [[Vehicular automation|autonomy]], such as [[autopilot]] assistance, up to fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention.<ref name="ICAO">{{cite book |last1=Cary |first1=Leslie |url=http://uvs-info.com/phocadownload/05_3a_2011/P112-P115_C&AI_ICAO-Advisory-Circular.pdf |title=2011–2012 UAS Yearbook – UAS: The Global Perspective |last2=Coyne |first2=James |publisher=Blyenburgh & Co |pages=112–115 |contribution=ICAO Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Circular 328 |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025432/http://uvs-info.com/phocadownload/05_3a_2011/P112-P115_C%26AI_ICAO-Advisory-Circular.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Junyan |last2=Lanzon |first2=Alexander |title=An innovative tri-rotor drone and associated distributed aerial drone swarm control |journal=Robotics and Autonomous Systems |date=May 2018 |volume=103 |pages=162–174 |doi=10.1016/j.robot.2018.02.019 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/an-innovative-trirotor-drone-and-associated-distributed-aerial-drone-swarm-control(4b61945e-f961-44c9-8b22-ad644b49f726).html}}</ref>

===Altitude===
Based on the altitude, the following UAV classifications have been used at industry events such as [[ParcAberporth]] Unmanned Systems forum:
* Hand-held {{convert|2000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}} altitude, about 2 km range
* Close {{convert|5000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}} altitude, up to 10 km range
* NATO type {{convert|10000|ft|m|-3|abbr=on}} altitude, up to 50 km range
* Tactical {{convert|18000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}} altitude, about 160 km range
* [[Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle|MALE (medium altitude, long endurance)]] up to {{convert|30000|ft|m|-3|abbr=on}} and range over 200 km
* [[High-Altitude Long Endurance|HALE (high altitude, long endurance)]] over {{convert|30000|ft|m|abbr=on}} and indefinite range
* Hypersonic high-speed, supersonic (Mach 1–5) or hypersonic (Mach 5+) {{convert|50000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}} or suborbital altitude, range over 200 km
* Orbital low Earth orbit (Mach 25+)
* CIS lunar Earth-Moon transfer
* Computer-assisted carrier guidance system (CACGS) for UAVs

===Composite criteria===
An example of classification based on the composite criteria is U.S. Military's [[U.S. military UAS groups|unmanned aerial systems]] (UAS) classification of UAVs based on weight, maximum altitude and speed of the UAV component.

=== Lift type ===

==== FFLO ====
''Forward flight lift only'' classified by [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]] with the aircraft type designator FFLO - UAV refers to plane-like drones

==== VFHC ====
''Vertical flight/hover capability'' classified by [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]] with the aircraft type designator VFHC - UAV refers to drones using rotaing blades for lift as well as motion

===Power sources===
UAVs can be classified based on their power or energy source, which significantly impacts their flight duration, range, and environmental impact. The main categories include:
* '''Battery-powered (electric):''' These UAVs use rechargeable batteries, offering quiet operation and lower maintenance but potentially limited flight times. The reduced noise levels make them suitable for urban environments and sensitive operations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garrow |first1=Laurie A. |last2=German |first2=Brian J. |last3=Leonard |first3=Caroline E. |date=2021-11-01 |title=Urban air mobility: A comprehensive review and comparative analysis with autonomous and electric ground transportation for informing future research |journal=Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies |volume=132 |article-number=103377 |doi=10.1016/j.trc.2021.103377 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021TRPC..13203377G}}</ref>
* '''Fuel-powered (internal combustion):''' Utilizing traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel, these UAVs often have longer flight times but may be noisier and require more maintenance. They are typically used for applications requiring extended endurance or heavy payload capacity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exploring Gas Powered Drones: Uses and Benefits |url=https://www.flyability.com/blog/gas-powered-drone |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=www.flyability.com}}</ref>
* '''Hybrid:''' Combining electric and fuel power sources, hybrid UAVs aim to balance the benefits of both systems for improved performance and efficiency. This configuration could allow for versatility in mission profiles and adaptability to different operational requirements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Caizhi |last2=Qiu |first2=Yuqi |last3=Chen |first3=Jiawei |last4=Li |first4=Yuehua |last5=Liu |first5=Zhitao |last6=Liu |first6=Yang |last7=Zhang |first7=Jiujun |last8=Hwa |first8=Chan Siew |title=A comprehensive review of electrochemical hybrid power supply systems and intelligent energy managements for unmanned aerial vehicles in public services |journal=Energy and AI |date=August 2022 |volume=9 |article-number=100175 |bibcode=2022EneAI...900175Z |hdl=10356/164036 |hdl-access=free |doi=10.1016/j.egyai.2022.100175}}</ref>
* '''Hydrogen fuel cell:''' [[Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell|hydrogen fuel cells]] offer the potential for longer flight times than batteries yet stealthier (no heat signature) operation than combustion engines.<ref name="auto3">{{cite journal |last1=Nefedkin |first1=Sergey I. |last2=Klimova |first2=Mariya A. |last3=Glasov |first3=Vasiliy S. |last4=Pavlov |first4=Vladislav I. |last5=Tolmachev |first5=Yuriy V. |title=Effect of the corrugated bipolar plate design on the self-humidification of a high power density PEMFC stack for UAVs |journal=Fuel Cells |date=June 2021 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=234–253 |doi=10.1002/fuce.202000163}}</ref> The high energy density of hydrogen makes it a promising option for future UAV propulsion systems.<ref>{{cite web |title=Powering Solutions for Your Drone in 2024: New Fuels |url=https://www.commercialuavnews.com/surveying/powering-solutions-for-your-drone-in-2024-new-fuels |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Commercial Uav News}}</ref>
* '''Solar-powered:''' Equipped with solar panels, these UAVs can potentially achieve extended flight times by harnessing solar energy, especially at high altitudes. Solar-powered UAVs may be particularly suited for long-endurance missions and environmental monitoring applications.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tabibi |first=Alex |date=2024-01-30 |title=Solar-Powered Drones and UAVs |url=https://green.org/2024/01/30/solar-powered-drones-and-uavs/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Green.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Nuclear-powered:''' While nuclear power has been explored for larger aircraft, its application in UAVs remains largely theoretical due to safety concerns and regulatory challenges. Research in this area is ongoing but faces significant hurdles before practical implementation.<ref>{{cite report |type=Preprint |author=Fabled Sky Research |title=Revolutionizing UAV Capabilities: Exploring the Potential of Nuclear Propulsion Systems |date=2024 |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.26198462}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of unmanned aerial vehicles}}
[[File:Winston Churchill and the Secretary of State for War waiting to see the launch of a de Havilland Queen Bee radio-controlled target drone, 6 June 1941. H10307.jpg|thumb|right|[[Winston Churchill]] and others waiting to watch the launch of a [[De Havilland Tiger Moth#Gunnery target drone|de Havilland Queen Bee]] [[target drone]], 6 June 1941]]
[[File:Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Ryan Firebee]], one of a series of target drones/unpiloted aerial vehicles that first flew in 1951. [[Israeli Air Force Museum]], Hatzerim airbase, Israel, 2006]]
[[File:Last preparation before first tactical mission across Suez canal (1969).jpg|thumb|Last preparations before the first tactical UAV mission across the Suez Canal (1969). Standing: Major Shabtai Brill from the Israeli Intelligence Corps, the innovator of the tactical UAV.]]
[[File:Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg|thumb|The Israeli [[Tadiran Mastiff]], which first flew in 1975, is seen by many as the first modern battlefield UAV, due to its data-link system, endurance-loitering, and live video-streaming.<ref>The ''Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History'', ABC-CLIO, 12 May 2008, by Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, pages 1054–55 ISBN</ref>]]

===1800's===
====Early drones====
The earliest recorded use of an unmanned aerial vehicle for warfighting occurred in July 1849,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YSSPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213802/https://books.google.com/books?id=YSSPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT43 |date=27 February 2023 }}, Asser Press{{snd}} Springer, chapter by Alan McKenna, page 355</ref> with a [[balloon carrier]] (the precursor to the [[aircraft carrier]])<ref name="Kaplan">{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Philip |title=Naval Aviation in the Second World War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDARBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT19 |year=2013 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-2997-8 |page=19 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213802/https://books.google.com/books?id=pDARBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT19 |url-status=live}}</ref> in the first offensive use of [[air power]] in [[naval aviation]].<ref name="Hallion">{{cite book |last=Hallion |first=Richard P. |title=Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War |url=https://archive.org/details/takingflightinve0000hall |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-028959-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/takingflightinve0000hall/page/66 66]}}</ref><ref name="LaymanFirst">[https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinf00laym  Naval Aviation in the First World War: Its Impact and Influence], R. D. Layman, page 56</ref><ref name="RennerFirst">{{cite book |last=Renner |first=Stephen L. |title=Broken Wings: The Hungarian Air Force, 1918–45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDoJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2016 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-02339-1 |page=2 |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213803/https://books.google.com/books?id=HDoJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Austrian forces besieging Venice attempted to launch some 200 [[incendiary balloon]]s at the besieged city. The balloons were launched mainly from land; however, some were also launched from the Austrian ship {{SMS|Vulcano}}. At least one bomb fell in the city; however, due to the wind changing after launch, most of the balloons missed their target, and some drifted back over Austrian lines and the launching ship ''Vulcano''.<ref name="Murphy">{{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Justin D. |title=Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918: An Illustrated History of Their Impact |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pS1QpH8FRgC&pg=PA9 |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-488-2 |pages=9–10 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213804/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pS1QpH8FRgC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Haydon">{{cite book |last=Haydon |first=F. Stansbury |title=Military Ballooning During the Early Civil War |url=https://archive.org/details/militaryballooni00hayd |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-6442-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/militaryballooni00hayd/page/18 18]–20}}</ref><ref name="Mikesh">{{cite journal |last1=Mikesh |first1=Robert C. |title=Japan's World War II balloon bomb attacks on North America |journal=Smithsonian Annals of Flight |issue=9 |date=1973 |pages=1–85 |hdl=10088/18679 |doi=10.5479/si.AnnalsFlight.9 }}</ref>

The Spanish engineer [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo]] introduced a radio-based control-system called the [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo#Radio control: the Telekino|''Telekino'']]<ref>[[Tapan K. Sarkar]], ''History of wireless'', John Wiley and Sons, 2006, {{ISBN|0-471-71814-9}}, p. 97.</ref> at the [[Paris Academy of Science]] in 1903, as a way of testing [[airship]]s without risking human life.<ref>[[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31206#page/323/mode/1up ''Mécanique Appliquée. - Sur le télékine. Note de M. L. Torres, présentée par M. Appell''] 3 August 1903, pp. 317-319, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences.</ref><ref>Randy Alfred, "[https://www.wired.com/2011/11/1107wireless-remote-control/ Nov. 7, 1905: Remote Control Wows Public]", ''Wired'', 7 November 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=H. R. Everett |title=Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |date=2015 |pages=91–95 |isbn=978-0-262-02922-3}}</ref>

===1900s===
Significant development of drones started in the 1900s, and originally focused on providing practice targets for training [[military personnel]]. The earliest attempt at a powered UAV was [[Archibald Low|A. M. Low]]'s "Aerial Target" in 1916.<ref name="autogenerated1">Taylor, John W. R.. ''Jane's Pocket Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles''.</ref> Low confirmed that Geoffrey de Havilland's monoplane was the one that flew under control on 21 March 1917 using his radio system.<ref>Professor A. M. Low FLIGHT, 3 October 1952 page 436 "The First Guided Missile"</ref> Following this successful demonstration in the spring of 1917 Low was transferred to develop aircraft controlled fast motor launches [[Coastal Motor Boat|D.C.B.s]] with the Royal Navy in 1918 intended to attack shipping and port installations and he also assisted [[Frank Arthur Brock|Wing Commander Brock]] in preparations for the [[Zeebrugge Raid]]. Other [[British unmanned aerial vehicles of World War I|British unmanned developments]] followed, leading to the fleet of over 400 [[de Havilland Tiger Moth|de Havilland 82 Queen Bee]] aerial targets that went into service in 1935.

[[Nikola Tesla]] described a fleet of uncrewed aerial combat vehicles in 1915.<ref name="armyeyes">{{cite web |last=Dempsey |first=Martin E. |url=http://www.rucker.army.mil/usaace/uas/US%20Army%20UAS%20RoadMap%202010%202035.pdf |title=Eyes of the Army—U.S. Army Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems 2010–2035 |publisher=[[U.S. Army]] |date=9 April 2010 |access-date=6 March 2011 |archive-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922052536/http://www.rucker.army.mil/usaace/uas/US%20Army%20UAS%20RoadMap%202010%202035.pdf}}</ref> These developments also inspired the construction of the [[Kettering Bug]] by [[Charles Kettering]] from [[Dayton, Ohio]] and the [[Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane]] – initially meant as an uncrewed plane that would carry an explosive payload to a predetermined target. Development continued during World War I, when the [[Dayton-Wright Airplane Company]] invented a pilotless [[aerial torpedo]] that would explode at a preset time.<ref>{{cite web |last=Says |first=Robert Kanyike |title=History of U.S. Drones |url=http://understandingempire.wordpress.com/2-0-a-brief-history-of-u-s-drones/ |date=21 May 2012 |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926020824/https://understandingempire.wordpress.com/2-0-a-brief-history-of-u-s-drones/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film star and [[model-airplane]] enthusiast [[Reginald Denny (actor)|Reginald Denny]] developed the first scaled remote piloted vehicle in 1935.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Soviet researchers experimented with controlling [[Tupolev TB-1]] bombers remotely in the late 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andersson |first1=Lennart |title=Soviet Aircraft and Aviation, 1917–1941 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lzbAAAAMAAJ |series=The Putnam Aviation Series |year=1994 |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |publication-date=1994 |page=249 |isbn=978-1-55750-770-9 |access-date=18 December 2021 |quote=Experiments with a pilotless drone version of the TB-1 controlled by radio from other aircraft started in 1935 and continued until 1939. |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213805/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lzbAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

====World War II====
In 1940, Reginald Denny started the [[Radioplane Company]] and more models emerged during [[World War II]]{{snd}} used both to train antiaircraft gunners and to fly attack-missions. [[Nazi Germany]] produced and used various UAV aircraft during the war, like the [[Argus As 292]] and the [[V-1 flying bomb]] with a [[jet engine]]. [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] developed a specialised drone version of the [[Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero|Savoia-Marchetti SM.79]] flown by remote control, although the Armistice with Italy was enacted prior to any operational deployment.<ref>{{cite book |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA318 318] |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |title=Unmanned Systems of World Wars I and II |author=H. R. Everett |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-262-02922-3}}</ref>

====Postwar period====
After World War II development continued in vehicles such as the American [[JB-4]] (using television/radio-command guidance), the Australian [[GAF Jindivik]] and [[Ryan Aeronautical|Teledyne Ryan]] [[Ryan Firebee|Firebee I]] of 1951, while companies like [[Beechcraft]] offered their [[Beechcraft MQM-61 Cardinal|Model 1001]] for the [[U.S. Navy]] in 1955.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Nevertheless, they were little more than remote-controlled airplanes until the [[Vietnam War]]. In 1959, the [[U.S. Air Force]], concerned about losing pilots over hostile territory, began planning for the use of uncrewed aircraft.{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p= xi}} Planning intensified after the [[Soviet Union]] [[1960 U-2 incident|shot down a U-2]] in 1960. Within days, a highly [[classified information|classified]] UAV program started under the code name of "Red Wagon".{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p= xi, xii}} The August 1964 [[Tonkin Gulf Incident|clash in the Tonkin Gulf]] between naval units of the U.S. and the [[North Vietnamese Navy]] initiated America's highly classified UAVs ([[Ryan Model 147]], [[Ryan AQM-91 Firefly]], [[Lockheed D-21]]) into their first combat missions of the [[Vietnam War]].{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p=xii}} When the Chinese government{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p=79}} showed photographs of downed U.S. UAVs via ''Wide World Photos'',{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p=78, 79}} the official U.S. response was "no comment".

During the [[War of Attrition]] (1967–1970) in the Middle East, Israeli intelligence tested the first tactical UAVs installed with [[reconnaissance]] cameras, which successfully returned photos from across the Suez Canal. This was the first time that tactical UAVs that could be launched and landed on any short runway (unlike the heavier jet-based UAVs) were developed and tested in battle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dunstan |first1=Simon |title=Israeli Fortifications of the October War 1973 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=CPm8EocIfoQC |page=16}} |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=2013 |page=16 |isbn=978-1-78200-431-8 |access-date=25 October 2015 |quote=The War of Attrition was also notable for the first use of UAVs, or unmanned aerial vehicles, carrying reconnaissance cameras in combat.}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], [[Israel]] used UAVs as decoys to spur opposing forces into wasting expensive anti-aircraft missiles.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=V. K. |author-link1=Corps of Army Air Defence#Director General |title=The Amazing Growth and Journey of UAV's and Ballistic Missile Defence Capabilities: Where the Technology is Leading to? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwWqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |date=2013 |page=6 |isbn=978-93-82573-80-7 |access-date=25 October 2015 |quote=During the Yom Kippur War the Israelis used Teledyne Ryan 124 R RPVs along with the home-grown Scout and Mastiff UAVs for reconnaissance, surveillance, and as decoys to draw fire from Arab SAMs. This resulted in Arab forces expending costly and scarce missiles on inappropriate targets [...]. |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213814/https://books.google.com/books?id=hwWqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, a few key people from the team that developed this early UAV joined a small startup company that aimed to develop UAVs into a commercial product, eventually purchased by Tadiran and leading to the development of the first Israeli UAV.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blum |first1=Howard |title=The eve of destruction: the untold story of the Yom Kippur War |date=2003 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-001399-8 |language=en}}</ref>{{Pages needed|date=January 2019}}

In 1973, the U.S. military officially confirmed that they had been using UAVs in Southeast Asia (Vietnam).{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p=202}} Over 5,000 U.S. airmen had been killed and over 1,000 more were [[Missing In Action|missing]] or [[POW|captured]]. The USAF [[100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing]] flew about 3,435 UAV missions during the war{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p=200, 212}} at a cost of about 554 UAVs lost to all causes. In the words of USAF [[General]] [[George S. Brown]], Commander, [[Air Force Systems Command]], in 1972, "The only reason we need (UAVs) is that we don't want to needlessly expend the man in the cockpit."{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p=208}} Later that year, General [[John C. Meyer]], Commander in Chief, [[Strategic Air Command]], stated, "we let the drone do the high-risk flying ... the loss rate is high, but we are willing to risk more of them ...they save lives!"{{sfn|Wagner|1982|p=208}}

During the 1973 [[Yom Kippur War]], Soviet-supplied [[surface-to-air missile]]-batteries in [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]] caused heavy damage to Israeli [[fighter jet]]s. As a result, Israel developed the [[IAI Scout]] as the first UAV with real-time surveillance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.howstuffworks.com/reaper1.htm |title=A Brief History of UAVs |publisher=Howstuffworks.com |access-date=8 January 2015 |date=22 July 2008 |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522111255/http://www.howstuffworks.com/reaper1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20090409.aspx |title=Russia Buys A Bunch of Israeli UAVs |publisher=Strategypage.com |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=26 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026110814/http://strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20090409.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000691790 |title=Unmanned combat vehicles shaping future warfare |first=Yuval |last=Azoulai |date=24 October 2011 |work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]] |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203060756/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000691790 |url-status=live}}</ref> The images and radar decoys provided by these UAVs helped Israel to [[Operation Mole Cricket 19|completely neutralize]] the Syrian [[air defense]]s at the start of the [[1982 Lebanon War]], resulting in no pilots downed.<ref name="WSJLevinson">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126325146524725387 |title=Israeli Robots Remake Battlefield |first=Charles |last=Levinson |date=13 January 2010 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |page=A10 |access-date=13 January 2010 |archive-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313163718/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126325146524725387 |url-status=live}}</ref> In Israel in 1987, UAVs were first used as proof-of-concept of super-agility, post-stall controlled flight in combat-flight simulations that involved tailless, stealth-technology-based, three-dimensional thrust vectoring flight-control, and jet-steering.<ref>{{cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Gal-Or |title=Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability & Robot Aircraft |publisher=Springer Verlag |year=1990 |isbn=978-3-540-97161-0}}</ref>

====Post-Cold War UAVs====
[[File:STM_Kargu.png|thumb|The Turkish [[STM Kargu]] was the first [[lethal autonomous weapon]] to attack enemy combatants in warfare.]]
With the maturing and miniaturization of applicable technologies in the 1980s and 1990s, interest in UAVs grew within the higher echelons of the U.S. military. The U.S. funded the [[Counterterrorism Mission Center|Counterterrorism Center]] (CTC) within the CIA, which sought to fight terrorism with the aid of modernized drone technology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Christopher J. |date=2015 |title=The Eagle Comes Home to Roost: The Historical Origins of the CIA's Lethal Drone Program |journal=Intelligence and National Security |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=769–792 |doi=10.1080/02684527.2014.895569 }}</ref> In the 1990s, the U.S. DoD gave a contract to [[AAI Corporation]] along with Israeli company Malat. The U.S. Navy bought the [[AAI RQ-2 Pioneer|AAI Pioneer UAV]] that AAI and Malat developed jointly. Many of these UAVs saw service in the [[1991 Gulf War]]. UAVs demonstrated the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting-machines, deployable without risk to aircrews. Initial generations primarily involved [[surveillance aircraft]], but [[unmanned combat air vehicle|some carried armaments]], such as the [[General Atomics MQ-1 Predator]], that launched [[AGM-114 Hellfire]] [[air-to-ground missile]]s.

===2000s===
[[CAPECON project|CAPECON]], a [[European Union]] [[project]] to develop UAVs,<ref name="Z. Goraj, A. Frydrychewicz, R. Świtkiewicz, B. Hernik, J. Gadomski, T. Goetzendorf-Grabowski, M. Figat, St Suchodolski, W. Chajec">{{cite journal |last1=Goraj |first1=Z. |last2=Frydrychewicz |first2=A. |last3=Świtkiewicz |first3=R. |last4=Hernik |first4=B. |last5=Gadomski |first5=J. |last6=Goetzendorf-Grabowski |first6=T. |last7=Figat |first7=M. |last8=Suchodolski |first8=S. |title=High altitude long endurance unmanned aerial vehicle of a new generation - a design challenge for a low cost, reliable and high performance aircraft |journal=Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences |date=2004 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=173–194 }}</ref> ran from 1 May 2002 to 31 December 2005.<ref name="CORDIS">{{cite book |url=http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/63495_en.html |author=Community Research and Development Information Service |title=Civil UAV application and economic effectiveness of potential configuration solutions |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |access-date=9 December 2015 |author-link=Community Research and Development Information Service |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129123521/http://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/63495_en.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2012}}, the [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) employed 7,494 UAVs{{snd}} almost one in three USAF aircraft.<ref name="WIRED">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/01/drone-report/ |title=Almost 1 in 3 U.S. Warplanes Is a Robot |magazine=Wired |access-date=8 January 2015 |first1=Spencer |last1=Ackerman |first2=Noah |last2=Shachtman |date=9 January 2012 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323171457/https://www.wired.com/2012/01/drone-report/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Singer" /> The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Use of UAVs by the CIA|also operated UAVs]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Radsan |first1=A. J. |last2=Murphy |first2=Richard |title=Measure Twice, Shoot Once: Higher Care for CIA Targeted Killing |journal=University of Illinois Law Review |pages=1201–1241 |volume=2011 |issue=4 |year=2011 |ssrn=1625829}}</ref> By 2013 at least 50 countries used UAVs. China, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, and others designed and built their own varieties. The use of drones has continued to increase.<ref name="sayler">Sayler (2015)</ref> Due to their wide proliferation, no comprehensive list of UAV systems exists.<ref name="Singer">Singer, Peter W. [http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/11_robotic_revolution_singer.aspx "A Revolution Once More: Unmanned Systems and the Middle East"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806065520/http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/11_robotic_revolution_singer.aspx |date=6 August 2011 }}. The Brookings Institution. November 2009.</ref><ref name="Franke">Franke, Ulrike Esther (2015). "The global diffusion of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or 'drones{{'"}}. In Mike Aaronson, ed. ''Precision Strike Warfare and International Intervention''. Routledge.</ref>

In 2006, the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) allowed the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles inside civilian airspace with specific regulations, laying out legal groundwork for consumer drone usage inside the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dronelaunchacademy.com/resources/who-invented-the-drone-uav-history-lesson/ |title=Who Invented the Drone: UAV History Lesson |website=Drone Launch Academy |date=4 September 2024}}</ref>

In 2013, [[DJI (company)|DJI]] released the first model of the [[Phantom (UAV)|Phantom]] drone, DJI's fully assembled drone model. Priced at $629, Phantom was an entry-level drone, featuring much more user-friendly experiences than other drones on the market at the time. The DJI Phantom was considered one of the most influential consumer drone products ever made. With its affordability, accessibility, and user-friendly software, it quickly captured the consumer drone market from hobbyists, professionals, and introduced the modern aerial photography drone form factor to the general public.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-consumer-electronics-hall-of-fame-dji-phantom-drone |title=The Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame: DJI Phantom Drone |website=IEEE Spectrum |date=27 December 2018 |first=Brian |last=Santo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/abacus/who-what/what/article/3028241/story-drone-pioneer-dji |title=The story of drone pioneer DJI |website=South China Morning Post |date=2 October 2018 |first=Karen |last=Chiu}}</ref> By 2017, DJI alone had over 75% of the global consumer drone market share.<ref name="cnbc_1709">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/01/in-race-to-dominate-drone-space-west-is-no-match-for-chinas-dji.html |title=China drone maker DJI: Alone atop the unmanned skies |last=Bateman |first=Joshua |date=1 September 2017 |work=News Ledge |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151200/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/01/in-race-to-dominate-drone-space-west-is-no-match-for-chinas-dji.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2020, a [[STM Kargu|Kargu 2]] drone hunted down and attacked a human target in [[Libya]], according to a report from the [[UN Security Council]]'s Panel of Experts on Libya, published in March 2021. This may have been the first time an [[Lethal autonomous weapon|autonomous killer-robot]] armed with lethal weaponry attacked human beings.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Hambling |first=David |title=Drones may have attacked humans fully autonomously for the first time |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2278852-drones-may-have-attacked-humans-fully-autonomously-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |magazine=New Scientist |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730173534/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2278852-drones-may-have-attacked-humans-fully-autonomously-for-the-first-time/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Superior drone technology, specifically the Turkish [[Bayraktar TB2]], played a role in Azerbaijan's successes in the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]] against Armenia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Forestier-Walker |first1=Robin |title=Nagorno-Karabakh: New weapons for an old conflict spell danger |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-new-weapons-for-an-old-conflict-spell-danger |work=Al Jazeera |publication-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=18 December 2021 |quote=... battlefield videos and the known military capabilities of the two warring sides suggest Azerbaijan has the technological advantage, especially with its combat drones purchased from Israel and Turkey. |archive-date=13 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013185319/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/10/13/nagorno-karabakh-new-weapons-for-an-old-conflict-spell-danger |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Helicopter Above Perseverance on Mars (cropped).jpg|thumb|Artist's concept of ''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]'' landing on [[Mars]]]]
UAVs are also used in [[NASA]] missions. The ''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]'' helicopter is an autonomous UAV that operated on Mars from 2021 to 2024. {{As of|2024}} the [[Dragonfly (Titan space probe)|Dragonfly spacecraft]] is being developed and is aiming to reach and examine [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]. Its primary goal is to roam around the surface, expanding the amount of area to be researched previously seen by [[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]]s. As a UAV, Dragonfly allows examination of potentially diverse types of soil. The drone is set to launch in 2027, and is estimated to take seven more years to reach the Saturnian system.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

Miniaturization is also supporting the development of small UAVs, which can be used as an individual system or in a fleet, offering the possibility to survey large areas in a relatively small amount of time.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bailon-Ruiz |first1=Rafael |last2=Lacroix |first2=Simon |last3=Bit-Monnot |first3=Arthur |title=2018 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) |chapter=Planning to Monitor Wildfires with a Fleet of UAVs |date=2018 |pages=4729–4734 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/IROS.2018.8593859 |isbn=978-1-5386-8094-0 |url=https://hal.laas.fr/hal-01852176}}</ref>

The [[April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel]] took place on 13 April 2024 when the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Iranian Revolutionary Guard]] and other groups of the [[Axis of Resistance]] launched about 300 drones at [[Israel]], a distance of about 1,500 kilometers.<ref name=":02">{{cite news |last1=Williams |first1=Dan |last2=Hafezi |first2=Parisa |date=2024-04-14 |title=Iran launches retaliatory attack on Israel with hundreds of drones, missiles |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-launches-drone-attack-israel-expected-unfold-over-hours-2024-04-13/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Iran launches more than 300 drones and missiles at Israel; Biden condemns attack |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/13/iran-israel-hamas-war-news-gaza-palestine/}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Iran launches hundreds of missiles, drones in first direct attack on Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/13/israeli-army-says-iran-has-launched-drones-at-israel |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Dan |date=2024-04-13 |title=Iran launches drone attack at Israel, expected to unfold 'over hours' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/ukmto-receives-report-incident-50nm-northeast-uaes-fujairah-2024-04-13/ |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=The largest drone attack in history |url=http://iranpress.com/content/277652/the-largest-drone-attack-history |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=iranpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

According to data from [[GlobalData]], the global military uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) market, which forms a significant part of the UAV industry, is projected to experience a compound annual growth rate of 4.8% over the next decade. This represents a near doubling in market size, from $12.5 billion in 2024 to an estimated $20 billion by 2034.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=John |date=2024-05-07 |title=In data: UAS market projected to nearly double in ten years |url=https://www.army-technology.com/news/in-data-uas-market-projected-to-nearly-double-in-ten-years/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Army Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Russo-Ukrainian war====
[[File:UA DPSU Mavic operators 01.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian drone operator controlling a [[DJI Mavic]] drone]]
The [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022 was widely described as the first full-scale war featuring the large-scale use of commercial and consumer-grade UAVs in military settings, particularly [[quadcopters]] and [[First-person view (radio control)|first-person view]] (FPV) drones, modified with sensors and explosives for various missions and tactical usage. The cheap and widely available consumer drone and small UAVs have dramatically shifted modern warfare and given rise to new offensive and defensive strategies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/fpv-drones-in-ukraine-are-changing-modern-warfare/ |title=FPV drones in Ukraine are changing modern warfare |website=Atlantic Council |date=20 June 2024 |first1=Tomas |last1=Milasauskas |first2=Liudvikas |last2=Jaškūnas}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/00963402.2023.2178180 |title=The war in Ukraine shows the game-changing effect of drones depends on the game |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=79 |date=2023 |pages=95–102 |first=Dominika |last=Kunertova |issue=2 |bibcode=2023BuAtS..79b..95K}}</ref>

Both Ukraine and Russia used small consumer drones extensively during the war, which served as a tactical surveillance, strike, and propaganda tools.<ref name="dji_usage_uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/recent-top-news/2022/12/25/ukraine-has-an-unlikely-ally-in-fight-against-russia-dji-drones/ |title=Ukraine has an unlikely ally in fight against Russia: DJI drones |website=East Mojo |date=25 December 2022 |first=Mike |last=Sangma |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220104418/https://www.eastmojo.com/recent-top-news/2022/12/25/ukraine-has-an-unlikely-ally-in-fight-against-russia-dji-drones/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Consumer drones were sourced by governments, hobbyists, international donations to Ukraine and Russia to support each side on the battlefield, and were often flown by drone hobbyists recruited by the armed forces.<ref name="fp_2302" /> Consumer drones' affordability, high performance, and reliability contributed to their popularity.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news |last1=Mozur |first1=Paul |last2=Krolik |first2=Aaron |last3=Bradsher |first3=Keith |date=2023-03-21 |title=As War in Ukraine Grinds On, China Helps Refill Russian Drone Supplies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/21/business/russia-china-drones-ukraine-war.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602144130/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/21/business/russia-china-drones-ukraine-war.html |archive-date=2023-06-02 |access-date=2023-03-23 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US }}</ref><ref name="fp_2302">{{cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Faine |date=16 February 2023 |title=The Drone War in Ukraine Is Cheap, Deadly, and Made in China |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/16/ukraine-russia-war-drone-warfare-china/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250113004905/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/16/ukraine-russia-war-drone-warfare-china/ |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=Foreign Policy}}</ref> They were also preferred for their commercial availability.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Somerville |first1=Heather |last2=Forrest |first2=Brett |date=10 April 2024 |title=How American Drones Failed to Turn the Tide in Ukraine |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/how-american-drones-failed-to-turn-the-tide-in-ukraine-b0ebbac3 |url-access=subscription |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724030203/https://www.wsj.com/world/how-american-drones-failed-to-turn-the-tide-in-ukraine-b0ebbac3 |url-status=live}}</ref> Companies attempted to restrict military usage of consumer product, but effect was limited,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baptista |first=Eduardo |date=2022-03-28 |title=China's DJI rejects claim that Russian military uses its drones in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-dji-rejects-claim-that-russian-military-uses-its-drones-ukraine-2022-03-28/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328082714/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-dji-rejects-claim-that-russian-military-uses-its-drones-ukraine-2022-03-28/ |archive-date=2022-03-28 |access-date=2022-03-28 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chinese drone giant DJI suspends business in Russia, Ukraine |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/4/27/chinese-drone-giant-dji-suspends-business-in-russia-ukraine |language=en |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=2022-04-27 |access-date=2022-04-27 |archive-date=2022-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615225846/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/4/27/chinese-drone-giant-dji-suspends-business-in-russia-ukraine |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kirton |first1=David |date=27 April 2022 |title=China's DJI halts Russia, Ukraine sales to prevent use of its drones in combat |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinese-drone-maker-dji-suspends-business-activities-russia-ukraine-2022-04-26/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426235354/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chinese-drone-maker-dji-suspends-business-activities-russia-ukraine-2022-04-26/ |archive-date=2022-04-26 |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> as donors and buyers could ship the drones across the border via intermediates and modified their software to circumnavigate the restrictions.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |last2=Mazhulin |first2=Artem |date=2023-04-10 |title='They're starting to die': fears Ukraine's drone supremacy may soon be over |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/10/in-war-there-are-no-emotions-ukraine-drone-squads-bakhmut |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=2024-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815030948/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/10/in-war-there-are-no-emotions-ukraine-drone-squads-bakhmut |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Standish |first=Reid |date=5 October 2023 |title=Chinese Drones Flow To Training Centers Linked To Russian War In Ukraine |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-chinese-drones-training-centers/32621432.html |website=[[Radio Free Europe]] |access-date=24 July 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815020956/https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-chinese-drones-training-centers/32621432.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In Ukraine, small commercial UAVs and FPV drones had become an ubiquitous and critical part of the war.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mozur |first1=Paul |last2=Hopkins |first2=Valerie |date=2023-09-30 |title=Ukraine's War of Drones Runs Into an Obstacle: China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/30/technology/ukraine-russia-war-drones-china.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803132222/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/30/technology/ukraine-russia-war-drones-china.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:UAV Physical and hardware.jpg|thumb|General physical structure of a UAV]]

Crewed and uncrewed aircraft of the same type generally have recognizably similar physical components. The main exceptions are the [[cockpit]] and [[Environmental control system (aircraft)|environmental control system]] or [[life-support system]]s. Some UAVs carry payloads (such as a camera) that weigh considerably less than an adult human, and as a result, can be considerably smaller. Though they carry heavy payloads, weaponized military UAVs are lighter than their crewed counterparts with comparable armaments.

Small civilian UAVs have no [[life-critical system]]s, and can thus be built out of lighter but less sturdy materials and shapes, and can use less robustly tested electronic control systems. For small UAVs, the [[quadcopter]] design has become popular, though this layout is rarely used for crewed aircraft. Miniaturization means that less-powerful propulsion technologies can be used that are not feasible for crewed aircraft, such as small electric motors and batteries.

Control systems for UAVs are often different from crewed craft. For remote human control, a camera and video link almost always replace the cockpit windows; radio-transmitted digital commands replace physical cockpit controls. [[Autopilot]] software is used on both crewed and uncrewed aircraft, with varying feature sets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Design, Simulation and New Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles |url=https://www.mdpi.com/topics/UAV |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=www.mdpi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagel |first1=Huub |last2=Bondt |first2=Geert |last3=Custers |first3=Bart |last4=Vergouw |first4=Bas |date=16 July 2016 |title=Drone Technology: Types, Payloads, Applications, Frequency Spectrum Issues and Future Developments |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309184029 |journal=The Future of Drone Use}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=da Silva |first1=F.B |last2=Scott |first2=S.D |last3=Cummings |first3=M.L |date=December 2007 |title=Design Methodology for Unmannded Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Team Coordination |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/46732/HAL2007_05.pdf |journal=Design Methodology for Unmannded Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Team Coordination}}</ref>

===Aircraft configuration===
UAVs can be designed in different configurations than manned aircraft, both because there is no need for a cockpit and its windows, and there is no need to optimize for human comfort, although some UAVs are adapted from piloted examples, or are designed for optionally piloted modes. [[Air safety]] is also less of a critical requirement for unmanned aircraft, allowing the designer greater freedom to experiment. Instead, UAVs are typically designed around their onboard payloads and their ground equipment. These factors have led to a great variety of airframe and motor configurations in UAVs.

For conventional flight, the [[flying wing]] and [[blended wing body]] offer light weight combined with low [[drag (aerodynamics)|drag]] and [[stealth aircraft|stealth]], and are popular configurations for many use cases. Larger types which carry a variable payload are more likely to feature a distinct [[fuselage]] with a tail for stability, control and trim, although the [[wing configuration]]s in use vary widely.

For uses that require vertical flight or hovering, the tailless [[quadcopter]] requires a relatively simple control system and is common for smaller UAVs. [[Multirotor]] designs with 6 or more rotors is more common with larger UAVs, where redundancy is prioritized.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Torres-Sánchez |first1=Jorge |last2=López-Granados |first2=Francisca |last3=De Castro |first3=Ana Isabel |last4=Peña-Barragán |first4=José Manuel |title=Configuration and Specifications of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for Early Site Specific Weed Management |journal=PLOS ONE |date=6 March 2013 |volume=8 |issue=3 |article-number=e58210 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058210 |pmc=3590160 |pmid=23483997 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...858210T |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Propulsion===
{{See also|Short-life engine}}
[[File:Students from Kashan on Rahian-e-Pishraft Tour (11).jpg|thumb|Rear view of the Iranian [[Shahed 149 Gaza]] UCAV]]

Traditional [[internal combustion]] and [[jet engine]]s remain in use for drones requiring long range. However, for shorter-range missions electric power has almost entirely taken over. The distance record for a UAV (built from balsa wood and mylar skin) across the North Atlantic Ocean is held by a gasoline model airplane or UAV. Manard Hill "in 2003 when one of his creations flew 1,882 miles across the Atlantic Ocean on less than a gallon of fuel" holds this record.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/model-airplane-history-maker-maynard-hill-dies-at-the-age-of-85/2011/06/08/AGcnyQNH_story.html |title=Model airplane history-maker Maynard Hill dies at the age of 85 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704034821/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/model-airplane-history-maker-maynard-hill-dies-at-the-age-of-85/2011/06/08/AGcnyQNH_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Besides the traditional piston engine, the [[Wankel rotary engine]] is used by some drones. This type offers high power output for lower weight, with quieter and more vibration-free running. Claims have also been made for improved reliability and greater range.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021|reason=not cited elsewhere}}

Small drones mostly use [[Lithium polymer battery|lithium-polymer batteries]] (Li-Po)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Trakimavicius |first1=Lukas |title=Wanted: More Batteries for Defence |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/wanted-more-batteries-defence |website=RUSI |date=15 October 2025}}</ref>, while some larger vehicles have adopted the [[hydrogen fuel cell]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Savvaris |first1=Al |last2=Xie |first2=Ye |last3=Malandrakis |first3=Konstantinos |last4=Lopez |first4=Matias |last5=Tsourdos |first5=Antonios |title=2016 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED) |chapter=Development of a fuel cell hybrid-powered unmanned aerial vehicle |date=2016 |pages=1242–1247 |doi=10.1109/MED.2016.7536038 |hdl=1826/14084 |isbn=978-1-4673-8345-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldic |first1=Jeff |last2=Osenar |first2=Paul |last3=Lauder |first3=Nick |last4=Launie |first4=Peter |editor-first1=Raja |editor-last1=Suresh |title=Defense Transformation and Net-Centric Systems 2010 |chapter=Fuel cell systems for long duration electric UAVs and UGVs |date=2010 |volume=7707 |doi=10.1117/12.851779}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Chu |first1=Deryn |last2=Jiang |first2=R. |last3=Dunbar |first3=Z. |last4=Grew |first4=Kyle |last5=McClure |first5=J. |editor-first1=Robert E. |editor-first2=Douglas W. |editor-first3=Charles M. |editor-first4=Grant R. |editor-last1=Karlsen |editor-last2=Gage |editor-last3=Shoemaker |editor-last4=Gerhart |title=Unmanned Systems Technology XVII |chapter=Fuel cell powered small unmanned aerial systems (UASs) for extended endurance flights |date=2015 |volume=9468 |pages=94680E |doi=10.1117/12.2087336 }}</ref> [[Hydrogen]]-fueled [[proton-exchange membrane fuel cell]]s for UAVs have the advantages of longer flight duration than rechargeable [[lithium-ion batteries]], of lower [[total cost of ownership]] than primary [[lithium metal batteries]] and of better stealth than [[heat engines]].<ref name="auto3"/>

The energy density of modern Li-Po batteries is far less than gasoline or hydrogen. However, electric motors are cheaper, lighter and quieter. Complex multi-engine, multi-propeller installations are under development with the goal of improving aerodynamic and propulsive efficiency. For such complex power installations, [[Battery eliminator circuit|battery elimination circuitry]] (BEC) may be used to centralize power distribution and minimize heating, under the control of a [[Microcontroller|microcontroller unit]] (MCU).

===Ornithopters – wing propulsion===
Flapping-wing [[ornithopter]]s, imitating birds or insects, have been flown as [[Micro air vehicle|microUAVs]]. Their inherent stealth recommends them for spy missions.

Sub-1g microUAVs inspired by flies, albeit using a power tether, have been able to "land" on vertical surfaces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chirarattananon |first1=Pakpong |last2=Ma |first2=Kevin Y. |last3=Wood |first3=Robert J. |title=Adaptive control of a millimeter-scale flapping-wing robot |journal=Bioinspiration & Biomimetics |date=2014 |volume=9 |issue=2 |article-number=025004 |doi=10.1088/1748-3182/9/2/025004 |pmid=24855052 |bibcode=2014BiBi....9b5004C}}</ref> Other projects mimic the flight of beetles and other insects.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/03/29/giant-remote-controlled-beetles-could-replace-drones/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401144132/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/03/29/giant-remote-controlled-beetles-could-replace-drones/ |archive-date=1 April 2016 |title=Giant remote-controlled beetles and 'biobot' insects could replace drones |author=Sarah Knapton |date=29 March 2016 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

==Computer control systems==
[[File:AbuseMark AfroFlight Naze 32 Flight Controller rev5 white.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|A flight controller run on either CleanFlight or BaseFlight firmware for [[multirotor]] UAVs]]
UAV computing capability followed the advances of computing technology, beginning with analog controls and evolving into microcontrollers, then [[System on a chip|system-on-a-chip]] (SOC) and [[single-board computer]]s (SBC).

Modern system hardware for UAV control is often called the flight controller (FC), flight controller board (FCB) or autopilot. Common UAV-systems control hardware typically incorporate a primary microprocessor, a secondary or failsafe processor, and sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and barometers into a single module.

In 2024 EASA agreed on the first certification basis for a UAV flight controller in compliance with the ETSO-C198 for Embention's autopilot. The certification of the UAV flight control systems aims to facilitate the integration of UAVs within the airspace and the operation of drones in critical areas.<ref>{{cite web |last=Antonio |date=2024-07-11 |title=EASA Approves ETSO Certification Basis for Veronte Autopilot |url=https://www.embention.com/en/news/easa-approves-etso-certification-basis-for-veronte-autopilot/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Embention |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Architecture===
====Sensors====
Position and movement sensors give information about the aircraft state. Exteroceptive sensors deal with external information like distance measurements, while exproprioceptive ones correlate internal and external states.<ref name="Nature - Future of sUAVs">{{cite journal |last1=Floreano |first1=Dario |last2=Wood |first2=Robert J. |title=Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones |journal=Nature |date=27 May 2015 |volume=521 |issue=7553 |pages=460–466 |doi=10.1038/nature14542 |pmid=26017445 |bibcode=2015Natur.521..460F |url=http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/208757 }}</ref>

Non-cooperative sensors are able to detect targets autonomously so they are used for separation assurance and collision avoidance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fasano |first1=Giancarmine |last2=Accardo |first2=Domenico |last3=Tirri |first3=Anna Elena |last4=Moccia |first4=Antonio |last5=De Lellis |first5=Ettore |date=1 October 2015 |title=Radar/electro-optical data fusion for non-cooperative UAS sense and avoid |journal=Aerospace Science and Technology |volume=46 |pages=436–450 |doi=10.1016/j.ast.2015.08.010 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015AeST...46..436F}}</ref>

Degrees of freedom (DOF) refers to both the amount and quality of onboard sensors: 6 DOF implies 3-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers (a typical [[inertial measurement unit]]{{snd}} IMU), 9 DOF refers to an IMU plus a compass, 10 DOF adds a barometer and 11 DOF usually adds a GPS receiver.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arduino Playground – WhatIsDegreesOfFreedom6DOF9DOF10DOF11DOF |url=http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/WhatIsDegreesOfFreedom6DOF9DOF10DOF11DOF |website=playground.arduino.cc |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=18 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218110500/http://playground.arduino.cc/Main/WhatIsDegreesOfFreedom6DOF9DOF10DOF11DOF |url-status=live}}</ref>

In addition to the navigation sensors, the UAV (or UAS) can be also equipped with monitoring devices such as: [[RGB color model|RGB]], [[Multispectral imaging|multispectral]], [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyper-spectral]] cameras or [[Lidar|LiDAR]], which may allow providing specific measurements or observations.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manfreda |first1=Salvatore |last2=McCabe |first2=Matthew F. |last3=Miller |first3=Pauline E. |last4=Lucas |first4=Richard |last5=Pajuelo Madrigal |first5=Victor |last6=Mallinis |first6=Giorgos |last7=Ben Dor |first7=Eyal |last8=Helman |first8=David |last9=Estes |first9=Lyndon |last10=Ciraolo |first10=Giuseppe |last11=Müllerová |first11=Jana |last12=Tauro |first12=Flavia |last13=De Lima |first13=M. Isabel |last14=De Lima |first14=João L. M. P. |last15=Maltese |first15=Antonino |last16=Frances |first16=Felix |last17=Caylor |first17=Kelly |last18=Kohv |first18=Marko |last19=Perks |first19=Matthew |last20=Ruiz-Pérez |first20=Guiomar |last21=Su |first21=Zhongbo |last22=Vico |first22=Giulia |last23=Toth |first23=Brigitta |title=On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Environmental Monitoring |journal=Remote Sensing |date=20 April 2018 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=641 |doi=10.3390/rs10040641 |bibcode=2018RemS...10..641M |doi-access=free |hdl=10251/127481 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

====Actuators====
UAV [[actuator]]s include [[Electronic speed control|digital electronic speed controllers]] (which control the [[Revolutions per minute|RPM]] of the motors) linked to motors/[[engine]]s and [[propeller]]s, [[servomotor]]s (for planes and helicopters mostly), weapons, payload actuators, LEDs and speakers.{{fact|date=December 2025}}

====Software====
Modern UAVs run a software stack that ranges from low-level firmware that directly controls actuators, to high level flight planning. At the lowest level, firmware directly controls reading from sensors such as an [[Inertial measurement unit|IMU]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.roboticsbook.org/S73_drone_sensing.html |title=7.3. Sensing for Drones—Introduction to Robotics and Perception |website=www.roboticsbook.org}}</ref> and commanding actuators such as motors. Control software (often referred to as an autopilot) is responsible for computing actuator speeds given desired vehicle velocity. Due to its direct interaction with hardware, this software is time-critical and may run on [[microcontroller]]s. This software may also handle radio communications, in the case of UAVs that are not autonomous. One popular example is the PX4 autopilot.

At the next level, autonomy algorithms compute the desired velocity given higher level goals. For example, [[trajectory optimization]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.roboticsbook.org/S75_drone_planning.html |title=7.5. Trajectory Optimization—Introduction to Robotics and Perception |website=www.roboticsbook.org}}</ref> may be used to calculate a flight trajectory given a desired goal location. This software is not necessarily time-critical, and can often run on a single board computer running an operating system such as [[Linux]] with relaxed time constraints.

Deep reinforcement learning has also been investigated for UAV flight control, particularly for navigating continuous three-dimensional environments and improving autonomous decision-making.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=Aditya M. |last2=Minai |first2=Ali A. |last3=Kumar |first3=Manish |title=Robust Deep Reinforcement Learning for Quadcopter Control |journal=IFAC-PapersOnLine |date=2021 |volume=54 |issue=20 |pages=90–95 |doi=10.1016/j.ifacol.2021.11.158 }}</ref> Similarly, AI-driven automation is increasingly being applied to counter-UAS (C-UAS) systems to reduce operator cognitive load by automatically linking electronic drone detection data with physical tracking cameras for "hands-free" target tracking.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last1=Manuel |first1=Rojoef |title=US Navy's 14th Freedom Littoral Combat Ship Enters Service |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2024/11/20/us-14th-freedom-enters-service/ |work=The Defense Post |date=20 November 2024 }}</ref>

====Loop principles====
[[File:UAV Flight control.jpg|thumb|Typical flight-control loops for a multirotor]]
UAVs employ open-loop, closed-loop or hybrid control architectures.
* [[Open-loop controller|Open loop]]{{snd}} This type provides a positive control signal (faster, slower, left, right, up, down) without incorporating feedback from sensor data.
* [[Closed-loop transfer function|Closed loop]]{{snd}} This type incorporates sensor feedback to adjust behavior (reduce speed to reflect tailwind, move to altitude 300 feet). The [[PID controller]] is common. Sometimes, [[Feed forward (control)|feedforward]] is employed, transferring the need to close the loop further.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nt.ntnu.no/users/skoge/prost/proceedings/ifac11-proceedings/data/html/papers/2327.pdf |title=The Navigation and Control technology inside the AR.Drone micro UAV |date=2011 |website=IFAC World Congress |author=Pierre-Jean Bristeau |author2=François Callou |author3=David Vissière |author4=Nicolas Petit |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213841/https://folk.ntnu.no/skoge/prost/proceedings/ifac11-proceedings/data/html/papers/2327.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Communications====
UAVs use a [[radio]] for control and [[Data link|exchange of video and other data]]. Early UAVs had only [[narrowband]] uplink. Downlinks came later. These bi-directional narrowband radio links carried command and control (C&C) and [[telemetry]] data about the status of aircraft systems to the remote operator.

In most modern UAV applications, video transmission is required. So instead of having separate links for C&C, telemetry and video traffic, a [[broadband]] link is used to carry all types of data. These broadband links can leverage [[quality of service]] techniques and carry [[TCP/IP]] traffic that can be routed over the internet.

The radio signal from the operator side can be issued from either:
* Ground control – a human operating a [[Transmitter|radio transmitter]]/receiver, a smartphone, a tablet, a computer, or the original meaning of a [[UAV ground control station|military ground control station (GCS)]].
* Remote network system, such as satellite duplex data links for some [[Armed forces|military powers]]. Downstream digital video over mobile networks has also entered consumer markets, while direct UAV control uplink over the cellular mesh and LTE have been demonstrated and are in trials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cellular enables safer drone deployments |url=https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/lte/advanced-pro/cellular-drone-communication |website=Qualcomm |access-date=9 May 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509151213/https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/lte/advanced-pro/cellular-drone-communication |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Another aircraft, serving as a relay or mobile control station{{snd}} military manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a565510.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206104148/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a565510.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=6 February 2016 |title=Identifying Critical Manned-Unmanned Teaming Skills for Unmanned Aircraft System Operators |date=September 2012 |website=U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences}}</ref>

Modern networking standards have explicitly considered drones and therefore include optimizations. The 5G standard has mandated reduced user plane latency to 1ms while using ultra-reliable and low-latency communications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum requirements related to technical performance for IMT-2020 radio interface(s) |url=https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2410-2017 |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=www.itu.int |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806202716/https://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-M.2410-2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

UAV-to-UAV coordination supported by [[Remote ID]] communication technology. Remote ID messages (containing the UAV coordinates) are broadcast and can be used for collision-free navigation.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Vinogradov |first1=Evgenii |last2=Kumar |first2=A. V. S. Sai Bhargav |last3=Minucci |first3=Franco |last4=Pollin |first4=Sofie |last5=Natalizio |first5=Enrico |chapter=Remote ID for separation provision and multi-agent navigation |title=2023 IEEE/AIAA 42nd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) |year=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1109/DASC58513.2023.10311133 |arxiv=2309.00843 |isbn=979-8-3503-3357-2}}</ref>

===Autonomy===
{{main|Autonomous aircraft}}
[[File:Degrees of autonomy.jpg|thumb|UAV's degrees of autonomy]]
The level of autonomy in UAVs varies widely. UAV manufacturers often build in specific autonomous operations, such as:<ref>{{cite web |title=Automated Vehicles for Safety |location=United States |publisher=[[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]] |url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated-vehicles-safety |access-date=2021-10-08 |archive-date=7 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007021013/https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated-vehicles-safety |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Self-level: attitude stabilization on the pitch and roll axes.
* Altitude hold: The aircraft maintains its altitude using barometric pressure and/or GPS data.
* Hover/position hold: Keep level pitch and roll, stable yaw heading and altitude while maintaining position using [[GNSS]] or inertial sensors.
* Headless mode: Pitch control relative to the position of the pilot rather than relative to the vehicle's axes.
* Care-free: automatic roll and yaw control while moving horizontally
* Takeoff and landing (using a variety of aircraft or ground-based sensors and systems; see also "[[autoland]]")
* Failsafe: automatic landing or return-to-home upon loss of control signal
* Return-to-home: Fly back to the point of takeoff (often gaining altitude first to avoid possible intervening obstructions such as trees or buildings).
* Follow-me: Maintain relative position to a moving pilot or other object using GNSS, [[image recognition]] or homing beacon.
* GPS waypoint navigation: Using GNSS to navigate to an intermediate location on a travel path.
* Orbit around an object: Similar to Follow-me but continuously circle a target.
* Pre-programmed [[aerobatics]] (such as rolls and loops)
* Pre-programmed delivery (delivery drones)

One approach to quantifying autonomous capabilities is based on [[OODA loop|OODA]] terminology, as suggested by a 2002 US [[Air Force Research Laboratory]] report, and used in the table on the right.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA515926 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924155100/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA515926 |url-status=live |archive-date=24 September 2020 |title=Metrics, Schmetrics! How The Heck Do You Determine A UAV's Autonomy Anyway? |date=August 2002 |website=US Air Force Research Laboratory |last=Clough |first=Bruce}}</ref>

[[File:X-47B receives fuel from an Omega K-707 tanker while operating in the Atlantic Test Ranges.jpg|thumb|A [[Northrop Grumman X-47B]] unmanned combat aircraft demonstrator of the US Navy refuels in flight from a tanker aircraft.]]
Full autonomy is available for specific tasks, such as [[airborne refueling]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch a step in Navy history: an autonomous drone gets refueled mid-air |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/04/23/watch-a-step-in-aviation-history-an-autonomous-drone-getting-refueled-mid-air/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 April 2015 |access-date=3 February 2016 |first=Christian |last=Davenport |archive-date=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120103200/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/04/23/watch-a-step-in-aviation-history-an-autonomous-drone-getting-refueled-mid-air/ |url-status=live}}</ref> or ground-based battery switching.

Other functions available or under development include; collective flight, real-time [[Collision avoidance system|collision avoidance]], wall following, corridor centring, simultaneous localization and mapping and [[Swarm robotics|swarming]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tahir |first1=Anam |last2=Böling |first2=Jari |last3=Haghbayan |first3=Mohammad-Hashem |last4=Toivonen |first4=Hannu T. |last5=Plosila |first5=Juha |title=Swarms of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – A Survey |journal=Journal of Industrial Information Integration |date=2019 |volume=16 |article-number=100106 |doi=10.1016/j.jii.2019.100106 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[cognitive radio]], and [[machine learning]]. In this context, [[computer vision]] can play an important role for automatically ensuring flight safety.

==Performance considerations==
===Flight envelope===
UAVs can be programmed to perform aggressive maneuvers or landing/perching on inclined surfaces,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaching tiny drones how to fly themselves |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/a-beautiful-robotic-mind/1/ |website=Ars Technica |access-date=4 February 2016 |date=27 November 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205171813/http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/a-beautiful-robotic-mind/1/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and then to climb toward better communication spots.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bdml.stanford.edu/Main/MultiModalRobots |title=Biomimetics and Dextrous Manipulation Lab – MultiModalRobots |website=bdml.stanford.edu |access-date=21 March 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135154/http://bdml.stanford.edu/Main/MultiModalRobots |url-status=live}}</ref> Some UAVs can control flight with varying flight modelisation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The astounding athletic power of quadcopters |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/raffaello_d_andrea_the_astounding_athletic_power_of_quadcopters#t-1461 |website=www.ted.com |access-date=4 February 2016 |first=Raffaello |last=D'Andrea |date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205181354/http://www.ted.com/talks/raffaello_d_andrea_the_astounding_athletic_power_of_quadcopters#t-1461 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Design of Flight Control System for a Small Unmanned Tilt Rotor Aircraft |journal=Chinese Journal of Aeronautics |date=1 June 2009 |pages=250–256 |volume=22 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/S1000-9361(08)60095-3 |first1=Song |last1=Yanguo |first2=Wang |last2=Huanjin |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009ChJAn..22..250Y}}</ref> such as VTOL designs.

UAVs can also implement perching on a flat vertical surface.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The device, designed for landing UAV helicopter type on a flat vertical surface |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/RU160508U1/en?inventor=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE |website=patents.google.com |access-date=6 November 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307103055/https://patents.google.com/patent/RU160508U1/en?inventor=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Endurance===
[[File:UAV-741-F.jpg|thumb|UEL UAV-741 Wankel engine for UAV operations, used on [[AAI RQ-7 Shadow]]]]
[[File:Flight time against mass of small drones.svg|thumb|Flight time against mass of small (less than 1 kg) drones<ref name="Nature - Future of sUAVs"/>]]
UAV endurance is not constrained by the physiological capabilities of a human pilot.

Because of their small size, low weight, low vibration and high power-to-weight ratio, [[Wankel rotary engines]] are used in many large UAVs. Their engine rotors cannot seize; the engine is not susceptible to shock-cooling during descent and it does not require an enriched fuel mixture for cooling at high power. These attributes reduce fuel usage, increasing range or payload.

Proper drone cooling is essential for long-term drone endurance. Overheating and subsequent engine failure is the most common cause of drone failure.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pelonistechnologies.com/blog/proper-cooling-drone-performance |title=The Importance of Proper Cooling and Airflow for Optimal Drone Performance |website=Pelonis Technologies |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220335/https://www.pelonistechnologies.com/blog/proper-cooling-drone-performance |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hydrogen fuel cells]], using hydrogen power, may be able to extend the endurance of small UAVs, up to several hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flying on Hydrogen: Georgia Tech Researchers Use Fuel Cells to Power Unmanned Aerial Vehicle {{!}} Georgia Tech Research Institute |url=http://www.gtri.gatech.edu/casestudy/flying-hydrogen |website=www.gtri.gatech.edu |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203120006/http://www.gtri.gatech.edu/casestudy/flying-hydrogen |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen-powered Hycopter quadcopter could fly for 4 hours at a time |url=http://www.gizmag.com/horizon-energy-systems-hycopter-fuel-cell-drone/37585/ |website=www.gizmag.com |access-date=4 February 2016 |date=20 May 2015 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204194507/http://www.gizmag.com/horizon-energy-systems-hycopter-fuel-cell-drone/37585/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Micro air vehicles endurance is so far best achieved with flapping-wing UAVs, followed by planes and multirotors standing last, due to lower [[Reynolds number]].<ref name="Nature - Future of sUAVs"/>

Solar-electric UAVs, a concept originally championed by the AstroFlight Sunrise in 1974, have achieved flight times of several weeks.

Solar-powered atmospheric satellites ("atmosats") designed for operating at altitudes exceeding 20 km (12 miles, or 60,000 feet) for as long as five years could potentially perform duties more economically and with more versatility than [[low Earth orbit]] satellites. Likely applications include [[weather drone]]s for [[Weather reconnaissance|weather monitoring]], [[Emergency management#Recovery|disaster recovery]], [[Earth imaging]] and communications.

Electric UAVs powered by microwave power transmission or laser power beaming are other potential endurance solutions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-087-DFRC.html |title=NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Beamed Laser Power for UAVs |last=Gibbs |first=Yvonne |date=31 March 2015 |work=NASA |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=5 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405021645/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/FactSheets/FS-087-DFRC.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Another application for a high endurance UAV would be to "stare" at a battlefield for a long interval (ARGUS-IS, Gorgon Stare, Integrated Sensor Is Structure) to record events that could then be played backwards to track battlefield activities.
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable col2right col3right"
|+ Lengthy endurance flights
|-
! UAV !! Flight time hours:minutes !! Date !! Notes
|-
| [[Boeing Condor]] || 58:11 || 1989 || The aircraft is currently in the [[Hiller Aviation Museum]].
<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hiller.org/files/docs/2003Q3.pdf |title=Vertical Challenge: "Monsters of the sky" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911145056/http://www.hiller.org/files/docs/2003Q3.pdf |archive-date=11 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[General Atomics Gnat]] || 40:00 || 1992 ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/gnat.html |title=General Atomics Gnat |publisher=Designation-systems.net |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211063639/http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/gnat.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vectorsite.net/twuav_12.html |title=UAV Notes |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730032004/http://www.vectorsite.net/twuav_12.html |archive-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Spirit of Butts Farm|TAM-5]] || 38:52 || 11 August 2003 || Smallest UAV to cross the Atlantic
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tam.plannet21.com/ |title=Trans atlantic Model |publisher=Tam.plannet21.com |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522211703/http://tam.plannet21.com/ |archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[QinetiQ Zephyr]] Solar Electric || 54:00 || September 2007 || <ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.qinetiq.com/home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2007/3rd_quarter/qinetiq_s_zephyr_uav.html |date=10 September 2007 |publisher=QinetiQ |title=QinetiQ's Zephyr UAV exceeds official world record for longest duration unmanned flight |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423162325/http://www.qinetiq.com/home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2007/3rd_quarter/qinetiq_s_zephyr_uav.html |archive-date=23 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Tom |last=Simonite |url=https://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2007/09/solar-flyer-en-route-to-everlasting.html |title=New Scientist Technology Blog: Solar plane en route to everlasting flight |work=New Scientist |access-date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090342/http://www.newscientist.com/blog/technology/2007/09/solar-flyer-en-route-to-everlasting.html |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[RQ-4 Global Hawk]] || 33:06 || 22 March 2008 || Set an endurance record for a full-scale, operational uncrewed aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Northrop_Grumman_Global_Hawk_Unmanned_Aircraft_Sets_33_Hour_Flight_Endurance_Record_999.html |title=Northrop Grumman's Global Hawk Unmanned Aircraft Sets 33-Hour Flight Endurance Record |publisher=Spacewar.com |access-date=27 August 2013 |archive-date=1 July 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130701060609/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Northrop_Grumman_Global_Hawk_Unmanned_Aircraft_Sets_33_Hour_Flight_Endurance_Record_999.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[QinetiQ Zephyr]] Solar Electric || 82:37 || 28–31 July 2008 || <ref>{{cite press release |publisher=QinetiQ |date=24 August 2008 |url=http://www.qinetiq.com/home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2008/3rd_quarter/qinetiq_s_zephyr_uav.html |title=QinetiQ's Zephyr UAV flies for three and a half days to set unofficial world record for longest duration unmanned flight |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524020631/http://www.qinetiq.com/home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2008/3rd_quarter/qinetiq_s_zephyr_uav.html |archive-date=24 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Airbus Zephyr|QinetiQ Zephyr 7]] || 336:22 || 9–23 July 2010 || Solar electric powered. Remained aloft for 14 days. Also filed for FAI altitude record of 70,740 ft (21,561 m)<ref name="qinetiq.com">{{cite press release |url=http://www.qinetiq.com/home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2010/3rd_quarter/qinetiq_files_for.html |title=QinetiQ files for three world records for its Zephyr Solar powered UAV |work=QinetiQ |date=24 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924231501/http://www.qinetiq.com/home/newsroom/news_releases_homepage/2010/3rd_quarter/qinetiq_files_for.html |archive-date=24 September 2010}}</ref>
|}

The delicacy of the British [[PHASA-35]] military drone (at a late stage of development) is such that traversing the first turbulent twelve miles of atmosphere is a hazardous endeavor. It has, however, remained on station at 65,000 feet for 24 hours. Airbus' Zephyr in 2023 has attained 70,000 feet and flown for 64 days; 200 days aimed at. This is sufficiently close enough to [[Kármán line|near-space]] for them to be regarded in "pseudo-satellites" as regards to their operational capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/drones-reach-stratospheric-heights-in-race-to-fly-higher-longer-a29ceea3 |title=Drones Reach Stratospheric Heights in Race to Fly Higher, Longer |first=Alistair |last=MacDonald |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=14 July 2023 |via=www.wsj.com}}</ref>

===Reliability===
Reliability improvements target all aspects of UAV systems, using [[Resilience (engineering and construction)|resilience engineering]] and [[fault tolerance]] techniques.

Individual reliability covers robustness of flight controllers, to ensure safety without excessive redundancy to minimize cost and weight.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aerospacelab-journal.org/sites/www.aerospacelab-journal.org/files/AL08-02_0.pdf |title=Towards Modular and Certified Avionics for UAV |date=December 2014 |website=Aerospacelab Journal |last=Boniol |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204200527/http://www.aerospacelab-journal.org/sites/www.aerospacelab-journal.org/files/AL08-02_0.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Besides, dynamic assessment of [[flight envelope]] allows damage-resilient UAVs, using [[Nonlinear system|non-linear analysis]] with ad hoc designed loops or neural networks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://enu.kz/repository/2009/AIAA-2009-5736.pdf |title=A Comparison Study of Several Adaptive Control Strategies for Resilient Flight Control |date=2009 |website=AIAA Guidance, Navigation andControl Conference |last=D. Boskovic and Knoebel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204191326/http://enu.kz/repository/2009/AIAA-2009-5736.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> UAV software liability is bending toward the design and certifications of [[avionics software|crewed avionics software]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naefrontiers.org/File.aspx?id=25848 |title=Certifiable Autonomous Flight Management for Unmanned Aircraft Systems |website=University of Michigan |last=Atkins |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305144615/https://www.naefrontiers.org/File.aspx?id=25848 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Swarm resilience involves maintaining operational capabilities and reconfiguring tasks given unit failures.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~gokhale/WWW/papers/EASe14_AutonomousDnC.pdf |title=Key Considerations for a Resilient and Autonomous Deployment and Configuration Infrastructure for Cyber-Physical Systems |date=2013 |website=Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vanderbilt University, Nashville |author=Subhav Pradhan |author2=William Otte |author3=Abhishek Dubey |author4=Aniruddha Gokhale |author5=Gabor Karsai |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204194114/http://www.dre.vanderbilt.edu/~gokhale/WWW/papers/EASe14_AutonomousDnC.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Applications==
{{Main|List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications}}
[[File:IRGC Ground New Equipment 2021 (09).jpg|thumb|An Iranian [[Qods Mohajer-6]] UCAV of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces]] equipped with two [[Qaem#Qaem air-to-ground bomb|Qaem]] [[precision-guided munition]]]]
In recent years, autonomous drones have begun to transform various application areas as they can fly beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS)<ref>{{cite web |title=How Autonomous Drone Flights Will Go Beyond Line of Sight |url=https://www.nanalyze.com/2019/12/autonomous-drone-flights/ |website=Nanalyze |date=31 December 2019 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520194214/https://www.nanalyze.com/2019/12/autonomous-drone-flights/ |url-status=live}}</ref> while maximizing production, reducing costs and risks, ensuring site safety, security and regulatory compliance,<ref>{{cite web |last1=McNabb |first1=Miriam |title=Drones Get the Lights Back on Faster for Florida Communities |url=https://dronelife.com/2020/02/28/drones-get-the-lights-back-on-faster-for-florida-communities/ |website=DRONELIFE |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312063842/https://dronelife.com/2020/02/28/drones-get-the-lights-back-on-faster-for-florida-communities/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and protecting the human workforce in times of a pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peck |first1=Abe |title=Coronavirus Spurs Percepto's Drone-in-a-Box Surveillance Solution |url=https://insideunmannedsystems.com/unintended-consequences-coronavirus-spurs-perceptos-drone-in-a-box-surveillance-solution/ |website=Inside Unmanned Systems |date=19 March 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324195138/https://insideunmannedsystems.com/unintended-consequences-coronavirus-spurs-perceptos-drone-in-a-box-surveillance-solution/ |url-status=live}}</ref> They can also be used for consumer-related missions like package delivery, as demonstrated by [[Amazon Prime Air]], and critical deliveries of health supplies.

There are numerous civilian, commercial, military, and aerospace applications for UAVs.<ref name=":0" /> These include:

;General: [[Recreation]], [[disaster relief]], [[Archaeology|archeology]], conservation of [[Conservation biology|biodiversity]] and [[Habitat conservation|habitat]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valle |first1=Roberto G. |title=Rapid drone semi-automated counts of wintering Greater Flamingos ( Phoenicopterus roseus ) as a tool for amateur researchers |journal=Ibis |date=January 2022 |volume=164 |issue=1 |pages=320–328 |doi=10.1111/ibi.12993 }}</ref> [[law enforcement]], [[crime]], and [[terrorism]].
;Commercial: [[Surveillance aircraft|Aerial surveillance]], [[filmmaking]],<ref name="Mademlis2019"/> [[journalism]], [[Scientific method|scientific research]], [[surveying]], [[Freight transport|cargo transport]], [[mining]], [[manufacturing]], [[forestry]], [[Photovoltaic power station|solar farming]], [[Thermal power station|thermal energy]], [[port]]s and [[agriculture]].{{fact|date=December 2025}}

=== Warfare ===
{{Main|Drone warfare|Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|Loitering munition|One-way attack drone|Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle|Miniature UAV|Micro air vehicle|Target drone}}

[[File:2024- Russian drones launched against Ukraine.svg |thumb|In the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]], use of Russian UAVs increased about tenfold from early 2024 through summer 2025.<ref name=NYTimes_20250908>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Lizzie |last2=Korolchuk |first2=Serhii |last3=Galouchka |first3=Anastacia |last4=Khudov |first4=Kostiantyn |last5=Ram |first5=Ed |last6=Chen |first6=Yutao |last7=Ledur |first7=Júlia |last8=Sand |first8=Bishop |title=Russia bombs Ukraine almost every night. This is what it sounds like. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2025/ukraine-bombing-sounds-war-sirens-russia/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=8 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909004516/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2025/ukraine-bombing-sounds-war-sirens-russia/ |archive-date=9 September 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
[[File:Bayraktar TB2 of UAF, 2020, 09.jpg|thumb|A [[Baykar Bayraktar TB2]] of the [[Ukrainian Air Force]] armed with [[MAM (Smart Micro Munition)|MAM-L]]; two [[UAV ground control station|ground control stations]] in the background]]

As of 2020, seventeen countries have armed UAVs, and more than 100 countries use UAVs in a military capacity.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032725 |doi-access=free |title=Do Emerging Military Technologies Matter for International Politics? |year=2020 |last1=Horowitz |first1=Michael C. |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=385–400}}</ref> The first five countries producing domestic UAV designs are the Turkey, United States, China, Israel and Iran.<ref name="BAYKAR, THE GLOBAL LEADER IN UCAV EXPORTS, ACHIEVES $1.8 BILLION IN EXPORTS IN 2024">{{cite web |title=BAYKAR, THE GLOBAL LEADER IN UCAV EXPORTS, ACHIEVES $1.8 BILLION IN EXPORTS IN 2024 |url=https://baykartech.com/en/press/baykar-the-global-leader-in-ucav-exports-achieves-18-billion-in-exports-in-2024/ |publisher=Baykar Tech |date=2025-02-04 |access-date=2025-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210075111/https://baykartech.com/en/press/baykar-the-global-leader-in-ucav-exports-achieves-18-billion-in-exports-in-2024/ |archive-date=10 February 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Strengthening Turkish Policy on Drone Exports">{{cite web |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2022/01/strengthening-turkish-policy-on-drone-exports?lang=en |title=Strengthening Turkish Policy on Drone Exports |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323025634/https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/01/18/strengthening-turkish-policy-on-drone-exports-pub-86183 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Turkey's defense industry targets more than $4 billion in exports this year: Official">{{cite web |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-defense-industry-targets-more-than-4-billion-in-exports-this-year-official-172005 |title=Turkey's defense industry targets more than $4 billion in exports this year: Official |publisher=Hürriyet Daily News |date=6 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317015136/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-defense-industry-targets-more-than-4-billion-in-exports-this-year-official-172005 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/unmanned/article/14199662/china-military-drones-uav-unmanned |title=Combat drones in China are coming to a conflict near you |website=www.intelligent-aerospace.com |date=19 March 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607015056/https://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/unmanned/article/14199662/china-military-drones-uav-unmanned |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ch">{{cite web |url=https://insideunmannedsystems.com/market-military-drones-will-surge/ |title=Market for Military Drones will Surge |date=27 October 2016 |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219152237/http://insideunmannedsystems.com/market-military-drones-will-surge/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Top military UAV manufactures are including [[Baykar]],<ref name="BAYKAR, THE GLOBAL LEADER IN UCAV EXPORTS, ACHIEVES $1.8 BILLION IN EXPORTS IN 2024"/><ref name="Turkish defence industry grows as Akinci UCAV signs first export deal">{{cite web |url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkish-defence-industry-grows-as-akinci-ucav-signs-first-export-deal-53987 |title=Turkish defence industry grows as Akinci UCAV signs first export deal |publisher=TRTWORLD |date=23 January 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130161059/https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkish-defence-industry-grows-as-akinci-ucav-signs-first-export-deal-53987 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Turkey's defense industry targets more than $4 billion in exports this year: Official"/> [[General Atomics]], [[Elbit Systems]], [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]], [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], [[Boeing]], [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]], [[Iran Aviation Industries Organization|IAIO]], [[China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|CASC]] and [[Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group|CAIG]].<ref name="ch"/> China has established and expanded its presence in military UAV market<ref name="ch"/> since 2010. In the early 2020s, Turkey also established and expanded its presence in the military UAV market.<ref name="Strengthening Turkish Policy on Drone Exports"/><ref name="ch"/><ref name="Turkey's defense industry targets more than $4 billion in exports this year: Official"/><ref name="Turkish defence industry grows as Akinci UCAV signs first export deal"/>

In the early 2010s, Israeli companies mainly focused on small surveillance UAV systems, and by the number of drones, Israel exported 60.7% (2014) of UAVs on the market while the United States exported 23.9% (2014).<ref name="Guardian report 2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2015/mar/16/numbers-behind-worldwide-trade-in-drones-uk-israel |title=The numbers behind the worldwide trade in UAVs |date=16 March 2015 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |last1=Arnett |first1=George |access-date=13 December 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219153019/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2015/mar/16/numbers-behind-worldwide-trade-in-drones-uk-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2010 and 2014, there were 439 drones exchanged compared to 322 in the five years previous to that, among these only small fraction of overall trade – just 11 (2.5%) of the 439 are armed drones.<ref name="Guardian report 2015"/> The US alone operated over 9,000 military UAVs in 2014; among them more than 7000 are [[AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven|RQ-11 Raven]] [[miniature UAV]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/01/02/pentagon-plans-for-cuts-to-drone-budgets/ |title=Pentagon Plans for Cuts to Drone Budgets |work=DoD Buzz |access-date=17 March 2022 |date=2014-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108232952/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/01/02/pentagon-plans-for-cuts-to-drone-budgets/ |archive-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> Since 2010, Chinese drone companies have begun to export large quantities of drones to the global military market. Of the 18 countries that are known to have received military drones between 2010 and 2019, the top 12 all purchased their drones from China.<ref name="ch" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chinapower.csis.org/china-drones-unmanned-technology/ |title=Is China at the Forefront of Drone Technology? |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=29 May 2018}}</ref> The shift accelerated in the 2020s due to China's advancement in drone technologies and manufacturing, compounded by market demand from the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]] and the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3242630/drone-tech-gives-china-edge-middle-east-arms-sales-israel-gaza-war-brings-risks-analysts |title=Drone tech gives China an edge in Middle East arms sales, but Israel-Gaza war brings risks: analysts |website=South China Morning Post |date=25 November 2023 |author=Seong Hyeon Choi}}</ref><ref name="wsj_drone">{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/chinese-americanit-doesnt-matter-israel-wants-inexpensive-drones-339a1355?mod=mhp |title=Chinese, American—It Doesn't Matter. Israel Wants Inexpensive Drones. |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=9 November 2023 |first=Heather |last=Somerville}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2024/04/uk-eyes-chinese-drone-parts-ukraine/396211/ |title=UK eyes Chinese drone parts for Ukraine |date=1 May 2024 |website=Defense One |first=Sam |last=Skove}}</ref>

For intelligence and reconnaissance missions, the inherent stealth of [[Micro air vehicle|micro UAV]] flapping-wing [[ornithopter]]s, imitating birds or insects, offers potential for covert surveillance and makes them difficult targets to bring down.

[[Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle]] are used for [[reconnaissance]], [[Offensive (military)|attack]], [[demining]], and [[target practice]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Robbert van Rossum |date=17 November 2025 |title=De UAS-dreiging in de Russisch–Oekraïense oorlog |url=https://militairespectator.nl/artikelen/de-uas-dreiging-de-russisch-oekraiense-oorlog |website=Militaire Spectator |language=nl}}</ref>

Since the start of the [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]], a dramatic increase in UAV development took place with Ukraine creating the [[Brave1]] platform to promote rapid development of innovative systems. By 2025, [[Unmanned Systems Forces (Ukraine)|Ukraine]] and [[Unmanned Systems Forces (Russia)|Russia]] had both established their own dedicated UAV military commands, named the [[Unmanned Systems Forces]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lister |first1=Tim |last2=Gak |first2=Kosta |title=Russia's drone revolution heaps pressure on Ukrainian defenses |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/22/europe/russia-rubicon-unit-drone-revolution-ukraine-intl-cmd |access-date=13 December 2025 |publisher=CNN |date=22 November 2025}}</ref> Unlike Russia, Ukraine has been able to innovatively employ UAVs to deliver equipment like flexible medical stretchers or electric bicycles to help evacuate wounded soldiers from combat.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cherevko |first=Vlad |title=Drone from Rubizh Brigade delivers bike to save lone wounded soldier on Siversk front – video |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/07/31/7524193/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Ukrainska Pravda}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=«Волокуші» з неба: засідка, щільний вогонь і FPV-дрони — як бійці 225-го полку врятували побратима |url=https://armyinform.com.ua/2025/12/11/volokushi-z-neba-zasidka-shhilnyj-vogon-i-fpv-drony-yak-bijczi-225-go-polku-vryatuvaly-pobratyma/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |language=uk}}</ref>

=== Civil applications ===
[[File:Zipline Drone Launch.jpg|thumb|[[Zipline (drone delivery company)|Zipline's]] aircraft being launched from a base in Rwanda to deliver blood products]]
The civilian (commercial and general) drone market is dominated by Chinese companies. Chinese manufacturer [[DJI (company)|DJI]] alone had 74% of the civil market share in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dronelife.com/2018/09/18/new-report-unveils-drone-industry-market-share-figures/ |title=New Report Unveils Drone Industry Market Share Figures |website=Drone Life |date=18 September 2018}}</ref> with no other company accounting for more than 5%.<ref name="market2018"/> The companies continue to hold over 70% of global market share by 2023, despite under increasing scrutinies and sanctions from the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/08/worlds-largest-drone-maker-dji-is-unfazed-by-challenges-like-us-blacklist.html |title=World's largest drone maker is unfazed—even if it is blacklisted by the U.S. |website=CNBC |date=7 February 2023 |first=Nessa |last=Anwar}}</ref> The US Interior Department grounded its fleet of DJI drones in 2020, while the Justice Department prohibited the use of federal funds for the purchase of DJI and other foreign-made UAVs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Friedman |first1=Lisa |last2=McCabe |first2=David |date=29 January 2020 |title=Interior Dept. Grounds Its Drones Over Chinese Spying Fears |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/technology/interior-chinese-drones.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129191125/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/29/technology/interior-chinese-drones.html |archive-date=2020-01-29 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Maggie |date=8 October 2020 |title=DOJ bans use of grant funds for certain foreign-made drones |url=https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/520269-justice-department-issues-policy-banning-use-of-grant-funds-for-certain |access-date=17 November 2020 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128001142/https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/520269-justice-department-issues-policy-banning-use-of-grant-funds-for-certain |url-status=live}}</ref>
DJI is followed by American company [[3D Robotics]], Chinese company [[Yuneec International|Yuneec]], [[Autel Robotics]], and French company [[Parrot SA|Parrot]].<ref name="market2018">{{Cite web |title=DJI market share: here's exactly how rapidly it has grown in just a few years |url=http://thedronegirl.com/2018/09/18/dji-market-share/ |website=Emberify Blog |date=18 September 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924033312/http://thedronegirl.com/2018/09/18/dji-market-share/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://consortiq.com/uas-resources/5-major-drone-manufacturers-powering-the-industry |title=5 Major Drone Manufacturers Powering the Industry |website=Consortiq |date=2021 |first=David |last=Daly}}</ref> In 2025, Chinese drone companies held 90% of the global UAV market share, with DJI accounting 80 percent of the world market.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2025/05/15/china-dominates-the-drone-industry-the-west-needs-to-change/ |title=China dominates the drone industry. The West needs to change that fast |website=The Telegraph |date=15 May 2025 |first=Matt |last=Oliver}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/why-chinas-uav-supply-chain-restrictions-weaken-ukraines-negotiating-power |title=Why China's UAV Supply Chain Restrictions Weaken Ukraine's Negotiating Power |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies |date=16 December 2024 |first=Aosheng |last=Pusztaszeri}}</ref>

As of May 2021, 873,576 UAVs had been registered with the US [[FAA]], of which 42% were categorized as commercial and 58% as recreational.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAS by the Numbers |url=https://www.faa.gov/uas/resources/by_the_numbers/ |access-date=24 May 2021 |website=www.faa.gov |language=en-us |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517144023/https://www.faa.gov/uas/resources/by_the_numbers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 2018 NPD point to consumers increasingly purchasing drones with more advanced features with 33 percent growth in both the $500+ and $1000+ market segments.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newsledge.com/consumer-drones-2018-numbers/ |title=Consumer Drones By the Numbers in 2018 and Beyond {{!}} News Ledge |date=4 April 2017 |work=News Ledge |access-date=13 October 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014010203/https://www.newsledge.com/consumer-drones-2018-numbers/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The civil UAV market is relatively new compared to the military one. Companies are emerging in both developed and developing nations at the same time. Many early-stage startups have received support and funding from investors, as is the case in the United States, and from government agencies, as is the case in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/sounds-like-a-drone/135174/ |title=Skylark Drones set to raise its first round of funding to boost expansion |date=14 September 2015 |access-date=28 August 2016 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914170336/http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/companies/sounds-like-a-drone/135174/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some universities offer research and training programs or degrees.<ref>{{Cite news |title=States are competing to be the Silicon Valley of drones |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/08/19/states-are-competing-to-be-the-silicon-valley-of-drones/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 August 2013 |access-date=4 February 2016 |first=Andrea |last=Peterson |archive-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213121946/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/08/19/states-are-competing-to-be-the-silicon-valley-of-drones/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Private entities also provide online and in-person training programs for both recreational and commercial UAV use.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dronebusinessmarketer.com/drone-training/ |title=Drone Training Courses – The Complete List |website=Drone Business Marketer |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116112235/http://dronebusinessmarketer.com/drone-training/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Consumer drones are widely used by police and military organizations worldwide because of the cost-effective nature of consumer products. Since 2018, the Israeli military have used DJI UAVs for light reconnaissance missions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/71456/idf-buying-mass-market-dji-drones |title=IDF buying mass-market DJI drones |website=Jane's 360 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053504/http://www.janes.com/article/71456/idf-buying-mass-market-dji-drones |archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Greenwood |first=Faine |date=2017-08-16 |title=The U.S. Military Shouldn't Use Commercial Drones |language=en-US |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=https://slate.com/technology/2017/08/the-u-s-military-shouldnt-use-commercial-drones.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417154848/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2017/08/the_u_s_military_shouldn_t_use_commercial_drones.html |archive-date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="wsj_drone" /> DJI drones have been used by Chinese police in [[Xinjiang]] since 2017<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2020 |title=DJI Won the Drone Wars, and Now It's Paying the Price |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-03-26/dji-s-drone-supremacy-comes-at-a-price |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119092847/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-03-26/dji-s-drone-supremacy-comes-at-a-price |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 December 2017 |title=大疆创新与新疆自治区公安厅结为警用无人机战略合作伙伴 |url=https://www.youuav.com/news/detail/201712/19315.html |website=YouUAV.com |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218075733/https://www.youuav.com/news/detail/201712/19315.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[American police]] departments nationwide since 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/06/axon-and-dji-are-teaming-up-to-make-surveillance-drones-and-the-possibilities-are-frightening.html |title=The Next Frontier of Police Surveillance Is Drones |date=2018-06-07 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=2019-12-10 |archive-date=2019-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211090916/https://slate.com/technology/2018/06/axon-and-dji-are-teaming-up-to-make-surveillance-drones-and-the-possibilities-are-frightening.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pogo.org/analysis/2018/09/these-police-drones-are-watching-you/ |title=These Police Drones are Watching You |date=2018-09-25 |newspaper=[[Project On Government Oversight]] |access-date=2019-12-10 |archive-date=2019-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211163002/https://www.pogo.org/analysis/2018/09/these-police-drones-are-watching-you/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Both Ukraine and Russia used commercial DJI drones extensively during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="dji_usage_uk"/> These civilian DJI drones were sourced by governments, hobbyists, international donations to Ukraine and Russia to support each side on the battlefield, and were often flown by drone hobbyists recruited by the armed forces. The prevalence of DJI drones was attributable to their market dominance, affordability, high performance, and reliability.<ref name="fp_2302"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/07/13/business/drones-us-military-manufacturing-lags.html |title=Drones Are Key to Winning Wars Now. The U.S. Makes Hardly Any |website=The New York Times |date=13 July 2025 |first=Farah |last=Stockman}}</ref>

==== Entertainment ====
{{see also|Drone art|Drone racing}}
Drones are also used in nighttime [[Drone display|displays]] for artistic and advertising purposes, with the main benefits being that they are safer, quieter, and better for the environment than fireworks. They can replace or be an adjunct to fireworks displays to reduce the financial burden of festivals. In addition they can complement fireworks due to the ability for drones to carry them, creating new forms of artwork in the process.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drone Light Shows Powered by Intel |url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/technology-innovation/aerial-technology-light-show.html |access-date=2021-06-28 |website=Intel |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623231138/https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/technology-innovation/aerial-technology-light-show.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2023-07-01 |title=Fireworks Have a New Competitor: Drones |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/01/business/dealbook/fourth-of-july-fireworks-drones.html |access-date=2023-08-10 |last=Hirsch |first=Lauren}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |date=2023-05-01 |title=Fireworks and Drones Combine to Create Amazing Long Exposure Images |url=https://mossandfog.com/fireworks-and-drones-combine-to-create-amazing-long-exposure-images/ |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Moss and Fog |language=en-US}}</ref>

Drones can also be used for racing, either with or without VR functionality.

==== Aerial photography ====
{{see also|Drone journalism}}
Drones are ideally suited to capturing aerial shots in photography and cinematography, and are widely used for this purpose.<ref name="Mademlis2019">{{cite journal |last1=Mademlis |first1=Ioannis |last2=Nikolaidis |first2=Nikos |last3=Tefas |first3=Anastasios |last4=Pitas |first4=Ioannis |last5=Wagner |first5=Tilman |last6=Messina |first6=Alberto |title=Autonomous UAV Cinematography: A Tutorial and a Formalized Shot-Type Taxonomy |journal=ACM Computing Surveys |date=30 September 2020 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3347713 }}</ref> Small drones avoid the need for precise coordination between pilot and cameraman, with the same person taking on both roles. Big drones with professional cine cameras usually have a drone pilot and a camera operator who controls the camera angle and lens. For example, the AERIGON cinema drone, used in film production, is operated by two people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newtonnordic.com/aerigon-cinema-drone/ |title=AERIGON cinema drone (UAV) pioneering in film production |access-date=26 August 2021 |archive-date=26 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826200035/https://newtonnordic.com/aerigon-cinema-drone/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=December 2024}} Drones provide access to dangerous, remote, or otherwise inaccessible sites.

==== Environmental monitoring ====
UASs or UAVs offer a great advantage for [[environmental monitoring]] to generate a new generation of survey at very-high or ultra-high resolution both in space and time.<ref>{{cite book |title=UAVs for the environmental sciences: methods and applications |date=2022 |publisher=wbg Academic |isbn=978-3-534-40588-6 |editor-last=Eltner |editor-first=Anette |location=Darmstadt |editor-last2=Hoffmeister |editor-first2=Dirk |editor-last3=Kaiser |editor-first3=Andreas |editor-last4=Karrasch |editor-first4=Pierre |editor-last5=Klingbeil |editor-first5=Lasse |editor-last6=Stöcker |editor-first6=Claudia |editor-last7=Rovere |editor-first7=Alessio}}</ref> This gives the opportunity to bridge the existing gap between satellite data and field monitoring. This has stimulated a huge number of activities in order to enhance the description of natural and agricultural ecosystems. Most common applications are:
*Topographic surveys<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferreira |first1=Edgar |last2=Chandler |first2=Jim |last3=Wackrow |first3=Rene |last4=Shiono |first4=Koji |date=April 2017 |title=Automated extraction of free surface topography using SfM-MVS photogrammetry |journal=Flow Measurement and Instrumentation |volume=54 |pages=243–249 |doi=10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2017.02.001 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017FloMI..54..243F}}</ref> for the production of orthomosaics, digital surface models and 3D models;
*Monitoring of natural ecosystems for biodiversity monitoring,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reddy |first1=C. Sudhakar |last2=Kurian |first2=Ayushi |last3=Srivastava |first3=Gaurav |last4=Singhal |first4=Jayant |last5=Varghese |first5=A. O. |last6=Padalia |first6=Hitendra |last7=Ayyappan |first7=N. |last8=Rajashekar |first8=G. |last9=Jha |first9=C. S. |last10=Rao |first10=P. V. N. |title=Remote sensing enabled essential biodiversity variables for biodiversity assessment and monitoring: technological advancement and potentials |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |date=January 2021 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1007/s10531-020-02073-8 |bibcode=2021BiCon..30....1R }}</ref> habitat mapping,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gonçalves |first1=João |last2=Henriques |first2=Renato |last3=Alves |first3=Paulo |last4=Sousa-Silva |first4=Rita |last5=Monteiro |first5=António T. |last6=Lomba |first6=Ângela |last7=Marcos |first7=Bruno |last8=Honrado |first8=João |title=Evaluating an unmanned aerial vehicle-based approach for assessing habitat extent and condition in fine-scale early successional mountain mosaics |journal=Applied Vegetation Science |date=January 2016 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=132–146 |doi=10.1111/avsc.12204 |bibcode=2016AppVS..19..132G }}</ref> detection of [[Invasive species|invasive alien species]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barbizan Sühs |first1=Rafael |last2=Ziller |first2=Silvia R. |last3=Dechoum |first3=Michele |title=Is the use of drones cost-effective and efficient in detecting invasive alien trees? A case study from a subtropical coastal ecosystem |journal=Biological Invasions |date=February 2024 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=357–363 |doi=10.1007/s10530-023-03190-5 |bibcode=2024BiInv..26..357B }}</ref> and study of ecosystem degradation due to invasive species or disturbances;
*Precision agriculture<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Chunhua |last2=Kovacs |first2=John M. |title=The application of small unmanned aerial systems for precision agriculture: a review |journal=Precision Agriculture |date=December 2012 |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=693–712 |doi=10.1007/s11119-012-9274-5 |bibcode=2012PrAgr..13..693Z }}</ref> which exploits all available technologies including UAV in order to produce more with less (e.g., optimisation of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation);
*River monitoring several methods have been developed to perform flow monitoring using image velocimetry methods which allow to properly describe the 2D flow velocity fields.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perks |first1=Matthew T. |last2=Russell |first2=Andrew J. |last3=Large |first3=Andrew R. G. |title=Technical Note: Advances in flash flood monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |date=5 October 2016 |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=4005–4015 |doi=10.5194/hess-20-4005-2016 |bibcode=2016HESS...20.4005P |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*Structural integrity of any type of structure whether it be a dam, railway or other dangerous, inaccessible or massive locations for building monitoring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Jianguo |last2=He |first2=Linshu |last3=Luo |first3=Haitao |title=Real-Time Positioning Method for UAVs in Complex Structural Health Monitoring Scenarios |journal=Drones |date=19 March 2023 |volume=7 |issue=3 |page=212 |doi=10.3390/drones7030212 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Drone...7..212Z }}</ref>
*Mineral detection for [[acid mine drainage]] using UAVs and [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral]] cameras can produce detailed maps of proxy minerals (e.g. [[goethite]], [[jarosite]]) for certain pH-values in natural, mining and post-mining environments, such as remediated sites.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackisch |first1=Robert |last2=Lorenz |first2=Sandra |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Robert |last4=Möckel |first4=Robert |last5=Gloaguen |first5=Richard |date=2018 |title=Drone-Borne Hyperspectral Monitoring of Acid Mine Drainage: An Example from the Sokolov Lignite District |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=385 |doi=10.3390/rs10030385 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flores |first1=Hernan |last2=Lorenz |first2=Sandra |last3=Jackisch |first3=Robert |last4=Tusa |first4=Laura |last5=Contreras |first5=I. Cecilia |last6=Zimmermann |first6=Robert |last7=Gloaguen |first7=Richard |date=2021 |title=UAS-Based Hyperspectral Environmental Monitoring of Acid Mine Drainage Affected Waters |journal=Minerals |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=182 |doi=10.3390/min11020182 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Mine...11..182F}}</ref>
*In-situ gas measurements in potentially hazardous places like volcanic plumes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Karbach |first=Niklas |title=Observing volcanoes with drones: studies of volcanic plume chemistry with ultralight sensor systems |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=12 |issue=17890 |year=2022 |article-number=17890 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-21935-5 |pmid=36284218 |pmc=9596470 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022NatSR..1217890K}}</ref>

These activities can be completed with different measurements, such as [[photogrammetry]], [[thermography]], multispectral images, 3D field scanning, [[gas detectors]], and [[normalized difference vegetation index]] maps.

==== Geological hazards ====
UAVs have become a widely used tool for studying [[geohazard]]s such as [[landslide]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Jianwei |last2=Yuan |first2=Guoqin |last3=Song |first3=Laiyun |last4=Zhang |first4=Hongwen |date=January 2024 |title=Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Landslide Investigation and Monitoring: A Review |journal=Drones |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=30 |doi=10.3390/drones8010030 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Drone...8...30S}}</ref> Various sensors, including radar, optical, and thermal, can be mounted on UAVs to monitor different properties. UAVs enable the capture of images of various [[landslide]] features, such as transverse, radial, and longitudinal cracks, ridges, scarps, and surfaces of rupture, even in inaccessible areas of the sliding mass.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dai |first1=Keren |last2=Li |first2=Zhiyu |last3=Xu |first3=Qiang |last4=Tomas |first4=Roberto |last5=Li |first5=Tao |last6=Jiang |first6=Liming |last7=Zhang |first7=Jianyong |last8=Yin |first8=Tao |last9=Wang |first9=Hao |title=Identification and evaluation of the high mountain upper slope potential landslide based on multi-source remote sensing: the Aniangzhai landslide case study |journal=Landslides |date=July 2023 |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=1405–1417 |doi=10.1007/s10346-023-02044-4 |bibcode=2023Lands..20.1405D |hdl=10045/133124 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Yuchuan |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaobo |last3=Jin |first3=Wei |last4=Cao |first4=Jiayun |last5=Cheng |first5=Baogen |last6=Zhou |first6=Shunwen |title=Characteristics analysis of the reservoir landslides base on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) scanning technology at the Maoergai Hydropower Station, Southwest China |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |date=October 2019 |volume=349 |issue=1 |article-number=012009 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/349/1/012009 |bibcode=2019E&ES..349a2009Y |doi-access=free }}</ref> Moreover, processing the optical images captured by UAVs also allows for the creation of [[point cloud]]s and 3D models, from which these properties can be derived.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomás |first1=Roberto |last2=Pinheiro |first2=Marisa |last3=Pinto |first3=Pedro |last4=Pereira |first4=Eduardo |last5=Miranda |first5=Tiago |title=Preliminary analysis of the mechanisms, characteristics, and causes of a recent catastrophic structurally controlled rock planar slide in Esposende (northern Portugal) |journal=Landslides |date=August 2023 |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=1657–1665 |doi=10.1007/s10346-023-02082-y |bibcode=2023Lands..20.1657T |doi-access=free |hdl=1822/88576 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Comparing [[point cloud]]s obtained at different times allows for the detection of changes caused by landslide deformation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Jiawen |last2=Jiang |first2=Nan |last3=Li |first3=Congjiang |last4=Li |first4=Haibo |title=A landslide monitoring method using data from unmanned aerial vehicle and terrestrial laser scanning with insufficient and inaccurate ground control points |journal=Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering |date=October 2024 |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=4125–4140 |doi=10.1016/j.jrmge.2023.12.004 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JRMGE..16.4125Z }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterman |first1=V. |title=Landslide Activity Monitoring with the Help of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle |journal=The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences |date=26 August 2015 |volume=XL-1/W4 |pages=215–218 |doi=10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-1-W4-215-2015 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015ISPAr.XL1..215P }}</ref>

==== Mineral exploration ====
UAVs may help in the discovery of new or reevaluation of known [[Mineral Deposit|mineral deposits]] to meet the demand for [[raw material]]s such as critical raw metals (e.g. [[cobalt]], [[nickel]]), [[Rare-earth element|rare earths]] and battery minerals. By employing a suite of sensors (e.g. [[spectral imaging]], [[Lidar]], [[Magnetism|magnetics]], [[Gamma spectroscopy|gamma-ray spectroscopy]]),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heincke |first1=Björn |last2=Jackisch |first2=Robert |last3=Saartenoja |first3=Ari |last4=Salmirinne |first4=Heikki |last5=Rapp |first5=Sönke |last6=Zimmermann |first6=Robert |last7=Pirttijärvi |first7=Markku |last8=Vest Sörensen |first8=Erik |last9=Gloaguen |first9=Richard |last10=Ek |first10=Lisa |last11=Bergström |first11=Johan |last12=Karinen |first12=Arto |last13=Salehi |first13=Sara |last14=Madriz |first14=Yuleika |last15=Middleton |first15=Maarit |title=Developing multi-sensor drones for geological mapping and mineral exploration: setup and first results from the MULSEDRO project |journal=Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin |date=29 July 2019 |volume=43 |doi=10.34194/GEUSB-201943-03-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Šálek |first1=Ondřej |last2=Matolín |first2=Milan |last3=Gryc |first3=Lubomír |title=Mapping of radiation anomalies using UAV mini-airborne gamma-ray spectrometry |journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity |date=February 2018 |volume=182 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.11.033 |pmid=29220714 |bibcode=2018JEnvR.182..101S }}</ref> and similar to those used in environmental monitoring, UAV-based data can produce maps of geological surface and subsurface features, contributing to more efficient and targeted mineral exploration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackisch |first1=Robert |title=Drone-based surveys of mineral deposits |journal=Nature Reviews Earth & Environment |date=17 March 2020 |volume=1 |issue=4 |page=187 |doi=10.1038/s43017-020-0042-1 |bibcode=2020NRvEE...1..187J }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackisch |first1=Robert |last2=Heincke |first2=Björn H. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Robert |last4=Sørensen |first4=Erik V. |last5=Pirttijärvi |first5=Markku |last6=Kirsch |first6=Moritz |last7=Salmirinne |first7=Heikki |last8=Lode |first8=Stefanie |last9=Kuronen |first9=Urpo |last10=Gloaguen |first10=Richard |title=Drone-based magnetic and multispectral surveys to develop a 3D model for mineral exploration at Qullissat, Disko Island, Greenland |journal=Solid Earth |date=7 April 2022 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=793–825 |doi=10.5194/se-13-793-2022 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022SolE...13..793J |hdl=11250/3044853 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==== Agriculture, forestry and environmental studies====
{{main|Agricultural drone}}
[[File:Drone crop fertilizer.jpg|thumb|[[Agricultural drone]] on trailer setup]]
As global demand for food production grows exponentially, resources are depleted, farmland is reduced, and agricultural labor is increasingly in short supply, there is an urgent need for more convenient and smarter agricultural solutions than traditional methods, and the agricultural drone and robotics industry is expected to make progress.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/global-agriculture-drones-robots-market-101300454.html |title=Global Agriculture Drones and Robots Market Analysis & Forecast, 2018-2028 - ResearchAndMarkets.com |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707150807/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/global-agriculture-drones-robots-market-101300454.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Agricultural drones have been used to help build sustainable agriculture all over the world leading to a new generation of agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.droneaddicts.net/africa-farming-problems-aided-with-drone-technology/ |title=Africa Farming Problems Aided With Drone Technology |date=12 March 2018 |website=Drone Addicts |language=en-US |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629235733/https://www.droneaddicts.net/africa-farming-problems-aided-with-drone-technology/}}</ref> In this context, there is a proliferation of innovations in both tools and methodologies which allow precise description of vegetation state and also may help to precisely distribute nutrients, pesticides or seeds over a field.<ref name="Manfreda Dor Remote sensing"/>

The use of UAVs is also being investigated to help detect and fight wildfires, whether through observation or launching pyrotechnic devices to start [[Controlled burn|backfires]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Brocious |first=Ariana |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/08/03/488477317/drones-that-launch-flaming-balls-are-being-tested-to-help-fight-wildfires |title=Drones That Launch Flaming Balls Are Being Tested To Help Fight Wildfires |publisher=NPR |date=3 August 2016 |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425164411/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2016/08/03/488477317/drones-that-launch-flaming-balls-are-being-tested-to-help-fight-wildfires |url-status=live}}</ref>

UAVs are also now widely used to survey wildlife such as nesting seabirds, seals and even wombat burrows.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Old |first1=Julie M. |last2=Lin |first2=Simon H. |last3=Franklin |first3=Michael J.M. |title=Mapping out bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) burrows with the use of a drone |journal=BMC Ecology |date=December 2019 |volume=19 |issue=1 |article-number=39 |doi=10.1186/s12898-019-0257-5 |pmid=31533684 |pmc=6749681 |bibcode=2019BMCE...19...39O |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Law enforcement ====
{{main|Use of UAVs in law enforcement}}
[[Police]] can use drones for applications such as [[search and rescue]] and [[traffic monitoring]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Faust |first=Daniel R. |title=Police Drones |date=2015 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-5081-4502-8}}{{pn|date=December 2025}}</ref>

====Humanitarian aid====
{{see also|Delivery drone}}
Drones are increasingly finding their application in humanitarian aid and disaster relief, where they are used for a wide range of applications such as delivering food, medicine and essential items to remote areas or image mapping before and following disasters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sindi & Zarei |date=15 September 2023 |title=Drones in humanitarian aid – Can they be a game-changer? |work=CURB |url=https://blogs.coventry.ac.uk/researchblog/drones-in-humanitarian-aid-can-they-be-a-game-changer/ |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116094456/https://blogs.coventry.ac.uk/researchblog/drones-in-humanitarian-aid-can-they-be-a-game-changer/}}</ref>

==Safety and security==
{{see also|List of UAV-related incidents|Unmanned combat aerial vehicle}}
[[File:USDA Drone poster.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|US Department of Agriculture poster warning about the risks of flying UAVs near wildfires]]

===Threats===

====Nuisance====
UAVs can threaten airspace security in numerous ways, including unintentional collisions or other interference with other aircraft, deliberate attacks or by distracting pilots or flight controllers. The first incident of a drone-airplane collision occurred in mid-October 2017 in Quebec City, Canada.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dent |first=Steve |title=Drone hits a commercial plane for the first time in Canada |publisher=Engadget |date=16 October 2017 |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/drone-hits-commercial-plane-first-134300420.html |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016170044/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/drone-hits-commercial-plane-first-134300420.html |archive-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> The first recorded instance of a drone collision with a [[hot air balloon]] occurred on 10 August 2018 in [[Driggs, Idaho]], United States; although there was no significant damage to the balloon nor any injuries to its three occupants, the balloon pilot reported the incident to the [[National Transportation Safety Board]], stating that "I hope this incident helps create a conversation of respect for nature, the airspace, and rules and regulations".<ref>{{cite news |last=Tellman |first=Julie |date=28 September 2018 |title=First-ever recorded drone-hot air balloon collision prompts safety conversation |url=https://www.postregister.com/news/local/first-ever-recorded-drone-hot-air-balloon-collision-prompts-safety/article_7cc41c24-6025-5aa6-b6dd-6d1ea5e85961.html |work=Teton Valley News |publisher=Boise Post-Register |location=Boise, Idaho, United States |access-date=3 October 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220947/https://www.postregister.com/news/local/first-ever-recorded-drone-hot-air-balloon-collision-prompts-safety/article_7cc41c24-6025-5aa6-b6dd-6d1ea5e85961.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Unauthorized UAV flights into or near major airports have prompted extended shutdowns of commercial flights.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/01/26/drones-need-to-be-encouraged-and-people-protected |title=Drones need to be encouraged, and people protected |date=26 January 2019 |id={{ProQuest|2171135630}} |magazine=The Economist |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627180313/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/01/26/drones-need-to-be-encouraged-and-people-protected |url-status=live}}</ref>

Drones caused [[Gatwick Airport drone incident|significant disruption at Gatwick Airport during December 2018]], needing the deployment of the British Army.<ref name="2018-12-01-j-post">{{cite news |last1=Halon |first1=Eytan |title=Israeli anti-drone technology brings an end to Gatwick Airport chaos – International news – Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/International/Israeli-anti-drone-technology-brings-an-end-to-Gatwick-Airport-chaos-575054 |access-date=22 December 2018 |work=jpost.com |date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222131417/https://www.jpost.com/International/Israeli-anti-drone-technology-brings-an-end-to-Gatwick-Airport-chaos-575054 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2018-12-20-guardian">{{cite news |author=Matthew Weaver |author2=Damien Gayle |author3=Patrick Greenfield |author4=Frances Perraudin |title=Military called in to help with Gatwick drone crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/dec/19/gatwick-flights-halted-after-drone-sighting |access-date=22 December 2018 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 December 2018 |archive-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222023943/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/dec/19/gatwick-flights-halted-after-drone-sighting |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United States, flying close to a wildfire is punishable by a maximum $25,000 fine. Nonetheless, in 2014 and 2015, firefighting air support in California was hindered on several occasions, including at the [[Lake Fire (2015)|Lake Fire]]<ref name="atc">{{cite web |last=Graf |first=Scott |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/07/24/425652212/in-the-heat-of-the-moment-drones-are-getting-in-the-way-of-firefighters |title=In The Heat of the Moment, Drones Are Getting in the Way of Firefighters |publisher=NPR |date=24 July 2015 |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305155859/https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/07/24/425652212/in-the-heat-of-the-moment-drones-are-getting-in-the-way-of-firefighters |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[North Fire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/18/us/california-freeway-fire/index.html |title=Drones visit California wildfire, angering firefighters |author1=Michael Martinez |author2=Paul Vercammen |author3=Ben Brumfield |date=18 July 2015 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108102742/http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/18/us/california-freeway-fire/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/20/us/hobby-drones-hinder-california-firefighting-efforts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721041118/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/20/us/hobby-drones-hinder-california-firefighting-efforts.html |archive-date=2015-07-21 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Chasing Video With Drones, Hobbyists Imperil California Firefighting Efforts |first=Jennifer |last=Medina |work=The New York Times |date=19 July 2015 |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> In response, California legislators introduced a bill that would allow firefighters to disable UAVs which invaded restricted airspace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-anti-drone-legislation-20150721-story.html |title=Attack on the drones: Legislation could allow California firefighters to take them down |first=Veronica |last=Rocha |date=21 July 2015 |via=LA Times |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-date=28 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828153646/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-anti-drone-legislation-20150721-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The FAA later required registration of most UAVs.

====Security vulnerabilities====
By 2017, drones were being used to drop contraband into prisons.<ref>{{cite web |last=Samilton |first=Tracy |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/11/15/564272346/prisons-work-to-keep-out-drug-smuggling-drones |title=Prisons Work To Keep Out Drug-Smuggling Drones |publisher=NPR |date=15 November 2017 |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175506/https://www.npr.org/2017/11/15/564272346/prisons-work-to-keep-out-drug-smuggling-drones |url-status=live}}</ref>

The interest in UAVs cybersecurity has been raised greatly after the Predator UAV video stream hijacking incident in 2009,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/12/17/drone.video.hacked/ |title=Iraqi insurgents hacked Predator drone feeds, U.S. official indicates |website=CNN.com |author1=Mike Mount |author2=Elaine Quijano |access-date=6 December 2016 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305082148/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/12/17/drone.video.hacked/ |url-status=live}}</ref> where Islamic militants used cheap, off-the-shelf equipment to stream video feeds from a UAV. Another risk is the possibility of hijacking or jamming a UAV in flight. Several security researchers have made public some vulnerabilities in commercial UAVs, in some cases even providing full source code or tools to reproduce their attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medium.com/@swalters/how-can-drones-be-hacked-the-updated-list-of-vulnerable-drones-attack-tools-dd2e006d6809 |title=How Can Drones Be Hacked? The updated list of vulnerable drones & attack tools |last=Walters |first=Sander |date=29 October 2016 |website=Medium |access-date=6 December 2016 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003615/https://medium.com/@swalters/how-can-drones-be-hacked-the-updated-list-of-vulnerable-drones-attack-tools-dd2e006d6809 |url-status=live}}</ref> At a workshop on UAVs and privacy in October 2016, researchers from the [[Federal Trade Commission]] showed they were able to hack into three different consumer [[quadcopter]]s and noted that UAV manufacturers can make their UAVs more secure by the basic security measures of encrypting the Wi-Fi signal and adding password protection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glaser |first1=April |title=The U.S. government showed just how easy it is to hack drones made by Parrot, DBPower and Cheerson |url=http://www.recode.net/2017/1/4/14062654/drones-hacking-security-ftc-parrot-dbpower-cheerson |work=Recode |access-date=6 January 2017 |date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105190345/http://www.recode.net/2017/1/4/14062654/drones-hacking-security-ftc-parrot-dbpower-cheerson |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Aggression====
Many UAVs have been loaded with dangerous payloads, and/or crashed into targets. Payloads have included or could include explosives, chemical, radiological or biological hazards. UAVs with generally non-lethal payloads could possibly be hacked and put to malicious purposes. Counter-UAV systems (C-UAS), from detection to electronic warfare to UAVs designed to destroy other UAVs, are in development and being deployed by states to counter this threat.

Such developments have occurred despite the difficulties. As J. Rogers stated in a 2017 interview to A&T, "There is a big debate out there at the moment about what the best way is to counter these small UAVs, whether they are used by hobbyists causing a bit of a nuisance or in a more sinister manner by a terrorist actor".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2017/03/anti-drone-technology-to-be-test-flown-on-uk-base-amid-terror-fears/ |title=Anti-drone technology to be test flown on UK base amid terror fears |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=7 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507230433/https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2017/03/anti-drone-technology-to-be-test-flown-on-uk-base-amid-terror-fears/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Countermeasures===
====Counter unmanned air system====
{{further|Electronic warfare}}
[[File:Italian Army - 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Sforzesca" troops with CPM-Drone Jammer.jpg|thumb|right|[[Italian Army]] soldiers of the 17th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Sforzesca" with a portable drone jammer in [[Rome]]]]
[[File:Cannon support of anti-drone complex "Rat`h" on the SBA-70K2 chassis (front view).jpg|thumb|Cannon anti-drone system]]

The malicious use of UAVs has led to the development of [[Anti-aircraft warfare#Anti-UAV defences|counter unmanned air system]] (C-UAS) technologies. Automatic tracking and detection of UAVs from commercial cameras have become accurate thanks to the development of deep learning based machine learning algorithms.<ref name="issacmedina21unmanned">{{cite conference |last1=Isaac-Medina |first1=Brian K. S. |last2=Poyser |first2=Matthew |last3=Organisciak |first3=Daniel |last4=Willcocks |first4=Chris G. |last5=Breckon |first5=Toby P. |last6=Shum |first6=Hubert P. H. |title=Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Visual Detection and Tracking using Deep Neural Networks: A Performance Benchmark |date=2021 |pages=1223–1232 |arxiv=2103.13933}}</ref> It is also possible to automatically identify UAVs across different cameras with different viewpoints and hardware specification with re-identification methods.<ref name="organisciak22uavreid">{{cite conference |last1=Organisciak |first1=Daniel |last2=Poyser |first2=Matthew |last3=Alsehaim |first3=Aishah |last4=Hu |first4=Shanfeng |last5=Isaac-Medina |first5=Brian K. S. |last6=Breckon |first6=Toby P. |last7=Shum |first7=Hubert P. H. |title=Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications |chapter=UAV-ReID: A Benchmark on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Re-identification in Video Imagery |date=2022 |pages=136–146 |doi=10.5220/0010836600003124 |isbn=978-989-758-555-5 |publisher=SciTePress |arxiv=2104.06219}}</ref> Commercial systems such as the Aaronia AARTOS have been installed on major international airports.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/heathrows-picks-new-c-uas-combat-drone-disruption/ |title=Heathrow picks C-UAS to combat drone disruption |access-date=13 March 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109111036/https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/uv-online/heathrows-picks-new-c-uas-combat-drone-disruption/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unmannedairspace.info/counter-uas-systems-and-policies/muscat-international-airport-install-usd10-million-aaronia-counter-uas-system/ |title=Muscat International Airport to install USD10 million Aaronia counter-UAS system |date=21 January 2019 |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109111704/https://www.unmannedairspace.info/counter-uas-systems-and-policies/muscat-international-airport-install-usd10-million-aaronia-counter-uas-system/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Once a UAV is detected, it can be countered with kinetic force (missiles, projectiles or another UAV) or by non-kinetic force (laser, microwaves, communications jamming).<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://unidir.org/publication/uncrewed-aerial-systems-primer |title=Uncrewed Aerial Systems: A Primer |date=19 October 2022 |website=United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research |last1=Grand-Clément |first1=Sarah |last2=Bajon |first2=Theò |access-date=5 January 2023 |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105181006/https://unidir.org/publication/uncrewed-aerial-systems-primer}}</ref> Anti-aircraft missile systems such as the [[Iron Dome]] are also being enhanced with C-UAS technologies. Utilising a smart UAV swarm to counter one or more hostile UAVs is also proposed.<ref name="hartley21formation">{{cite journal |last1=Hartley |first1=John |last2=Shum |first2=Hubert P.H. |last3=Ho |first3=Edmond S.L. |last4=Wang |first4=He |last5=Ramamoorthy |first5=Subramanian |title=Formation Control for UAVs Using a Flux Guided Approach |journal=Expert Systems with Applications |date=2022 |volume=205 |article-number=117665 |doi=10.1016/j.eswa.2022.117665 |arxiv=2103.09184}}</ref>

A variety of counter-UAS (C-UAS) systems have been developed globally to address the growing threat of small and tactical UAVs. These include multi-layered approaches combining radar, electro-optical sensors, radio frequency detection, and jamming technologies. Among them are systems developed by [[Elbit Systems]], such as the ReDrone™ suite,<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-Drone Protection |url=https://www.elbitsystems.com/land/land-ew-sigint/anti-drone-protection |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Elbit Systems}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ReDrone Portable CUAS |url=https://www.elbitsystems.com/homeland-security/observation-surveillance-detection/anti-drone-systems/redrone-portable-cuas |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Elbit Systems}}</ref> which includes both fixed and portable configurations for detection and mitigation of drones in civilian and military environments. The Red Sky 2 system, also developed by Elbit, integrates multiple sensors and effectors and is designed to protect strategic sites from low-altitude aerial threats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Sky 2 |url=https://www.elbitsystems.com/homeland-security/observation-surveillance-detection/anti-drone-systems |access-date=5 June 2025 |website=Elbit Systems}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Other developers, such as AirSight, specialize in the software and systems integration layer of C-UAS, utilizing AI and machine learning to analyze sensor data for drone detection and threat assessment in complex environments, as demonstrated by the launch of their AirGuard V3.18 system.<ref name="auto2"/>

===Regulation===
{{main|Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles}}
Regulatory bodies around the world are developing [[unmanned aircraft system traffic management]] solutions to better integrate UAVs into airspace.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is unmanned traffic management? |url=https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/stories/what-is-unmanned-traffic-management-utm.html |website=Airbus |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208195828/https://www.airbus.com/newsroom/stories/what-is-unmanned-traffic-management-utm.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles is becoming increasingly regulated by the [[civil aviation authority|civil aviation authorities]] of individual countries. Regulatory regimes can differ significantly according to drone size and use. The [[International Civil Aviation Organization|International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)]] began exploring the use of drone technology as far back as 2005, which resulted in a 2011 report.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cary |first1=Leslie |last2=Coyne |first2=James |title=2011–2012 UAS Yearbook – UAS: The Global Perspective |publisher=Blyenburgh & Co |pages=112–115 |contribution=ICAO Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Circular 328 |url=http://uvs-info.com/phocadownload/05_3a_2011/P112-P115_C&AI_ICAO-Advisory-Circular.pdf |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025432/http://uvs-info.com/phocadownload/05_3a_2011/P112-P115_C%26AI_ICAO-Advisory-Circular.pdf}}</ref> France was among the first countries to set a national framework based on this report and larger aviation bodies such as the [[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]] and the [[European Aviation Safety Agency|EASA]] quickly followed suit.<ref>{{cite web |last=Boedecker |first=Hendrik |title=The 2021 Drone Regulation – What is new? What is planned? |url=https://droneii.com/the-2021-drone-regulation-what-is-new-what-is-planned |access-date=17 May 2021 |website=Drone Industry Insights |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517121444/https://droneii.com/the-2021-drone-regulation-what-is-new-what-is-planned |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, the FAA published a rule requiring all commercially used UAVs and all UAVs regardless of intent weighing 250 g or more to participate in [[Remote ID]], which makes drone locations, controller locations, and other information public from takeoff to shutdown; this rule has since been challenged in the pending federal lawsuit ''[[RaceDayQuads v. FAA]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAS Remote Identification Overview |url=https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/remote_id/ |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=www.faa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527012153/https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/remote_id/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAA Legal Battle – Challenging Remote ID |url=https://www.racedayquads.com/pages/faa-legal-battle-to-save-fpv |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=RaceDayQuads |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527012139/https://www.racedayquads.com/pages/faa-legal-battle-to-save-fpv |url-status=live}}</ref>

====EU Drone Certification – Class Identification Label====
The implementation of the [https://eudroneport.com/blog/uas-class-label/ Class Identification Label] serves a crucial purpose in the regulation and operation of drones.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAS Class Label |url=https://eudroneport.com/blog/uas-class-label/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=www.eudronport.com |date=August 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005144734/https://eudroneport.com/blog/uas-class-label/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The label is a verification mechanism designed to confirm that drones within a specific class meet the rigorous standards set by administrations for design and manufacturing.<ref>{{CELEX|id=02019R0945-20200809|text=Consolidated text: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/945 of 12 March 2019 on unmanned aircraft systems and on third-country operators of unmanned aircraft systems}}</ref> These standards are necessary to ensure the safety and reliability of drones in various industries and applications.

By providing this assurance to customers, the Class Identification Label helps to increase confidence in drone technology and encourages wider adoption across industries. This, in turn, contributes to the growth and development of the drone industry and supports the integration of drones into society.

====Export controls====
The export of UAVs or technology capable of carrying a 500 kg payload at least 300 km is restricted in many countries by the [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Drone in a Box]]
* [[Fiber optic drone]]
* [[Glide bomb]]
* [[International Aerial Robotics Competition]]
* [[List of films featuring drones]]
* [[List of military electronics of the United States]]
* [[List of unmanned aerial vehicles]]
* [[MARSS Interceptor]]
* [[Micromechanical Flying Insect]]
* [[Optionally piloted vehicle]]
* [[Sypaq Corvo Precision Payload Delivery System]]
* [[Satellite Sentinel Project]]
* [[Tactical Control System]]
* [[Unmanned underwater vehicle]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal bar|Aviation|Systems science|Engineering|Telecommunication}}
{{clear}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite web |url=http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS%20World%20of%20Drones_052115.pdf |title=A world of proliferated drones: a technology primer |date=June 2015 |website=Center for a New American Security |last=Sayler |first=Kelley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306050607/http://www.cnas.org/sites/default/files/publications-pdf/CNAS%20World%20of%20Drones_052115.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016}}
* {{cite book |last=Wagner |first=William |title=Lightning Bugs and Other Reconnaissance Drones |year=1982 |publisher=Armed Forces Journal International, in cooperation with Aero Publishers |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8168-6654-0}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Axe |first=David |title=Drone War Vietnam |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books|Pen & Sword Military]] |location=Yorkshire |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-5267-7026-4}}
*{{cite journal |last=Cahill |first=Bill |title=Lightning Bugs & Buffalo Hunters: The Ryan Model 147 Drone in Vietnam |journal=The Aviation Historian |date=April 2022 |issue=39 |pages=18–27}}
* {{cite book |last1=El-Sayed |first1=Ahmed F. |title=History and Evolution of Aircraft: Technological Advancements in Size, Speed, Armaments, and Engines |date=2025 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton, FL |isbn=9781003450115 |edition=1st |chapter=History and Classification of UAV |pages=306-346 |doi=10.1201/9781003450115-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hill |first1=John |last2=Rogers |first2=Ann |year=2014 |hdl=10613/2480 |title=The rise of the drones: From The Great War to Gaza |publisher=Vancouver Island University |series=Arts & Humanities Colloquium Series}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Garcia-Bernardo |first1=Javier |last2=Dodds |first2=Peter Sheridan |last3=Johnson |first3=Neil F. |title=Quantitative patterns in drone wars |journal=Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications |date=February 2016 |volume=443 |pages=380–384 |doi=10.1016/j.physa.2015.09.055 |bibcode=2016PhyA..443..380G}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mohsan |first1=Syed Agha Hassnain |last2=Khan |first2=Muhammad Asghar |last3=Noor |first3=Fazal |last4=Ullah |first4=Insaf |last5=Alsharif |first5=Mohammed H. |title=Towards the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Comprehensive Review |journal=[[Drones (journal)|Drones]] |date=2022 |volume=6 |issue=6 |article-number=147 |doi=10.3390/drones6060147 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=Ann |last2=Hill |first2=John |year=2014 |title=Unmanned: Drone warfare and global security |publisher=Between the Lines |isbn=978-1-77113-154-4}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Ruchita |last2=Kumar |first2=Sandeep |title=A Comprehensive Insights into Drones: History, Classification, Architecture, Navigation, Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends |journal=arXiv |date=2025 |doi=10.48550/arXiv.2501.10066 |arxiv=2501.10066 |doi-access=free}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Unmanned aerial vehicles}}
<nowiki/>{{Wikiquote|Drones}}
* [https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/how-intelligent-drones-are-shaping-the-future-of-warfare-w471703 How Intelligent Drones Are Shaping the Future of Warfare] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502113749/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/how-intelligent-drones-are-shaping-the-future-of-warfare-w471703 |date=2 May 2018}}, ''Rolling Stone''
{{Lists of aircraft}}
{{Stealth aircraft}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unmanned Aerial Vehicle}}
[[Category:Unmanned aerial vehicles| ]]
[[Category:Wireless]]
[[Category:Avionics]]
[[Category:Robotics]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Chhath (film)

2026-03-20T23:19:33Z

YvonneTran476: New - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
'''Chhath''' is a 2025 [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] produced by [[Nitu Chandra]] and directed by [[Nitin Chandra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | date=2025-10-24 |title=Neetu Chandra's Chhath, celebration of Bihar's culture, premieres on Waves OTT |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/waves-ott-chhath-film-release-bihar-chhath-puja-festival-2807609-2025-10-24 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-10-24 |title=Chhath Movie: छठ पूजा की आस्था दिखाती है ये फिल्म, इस ओटीटी प्लेटफॉर्म पर उठाइए लुत्फ |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/chhath-movie-experience-the-devotion-of-chhath-puja-on-this-ott-platform/4201275/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhath |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTE1MDcyMDI1MDAzMjY= |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref> This film depicts the [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuri culture]] and [[Chhath]] festival.<ref name=":1" /> The film stars Deepak Singh in the lead role and the other actors are Shashi Verma and Sneha pallavi<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IFFI 2025: National Awardee Nitin Chandra's Bhojpuri film 'Chhath' to screen in Indian Panorama section |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=213313 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Babushahi.com}}</ref>

Chhath has been selected to be premiered at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in Indian Panorama section.<ref name=":2" />

== Cast ==

* Shashi Verma as Gobind
* Deepak Kumar
* Sneha Pallavi
* Meghna Panchal

== Plot ==
The story is about a family which gathers to celebrate Chhath village where misunderstanding happens between the uncle and nephew.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=पटना में फिल्म “छठ” का भव्य प्रीमियर, भोजपुरी संस्कृति और पारिवारिक मूल्यों को समर्पित है कहानी - chhath film premiere in patna a tribute to bhojpuri culture and family values |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-chhath-film-premiere-in-patna-a-tribute-to-bhojpuri-culture-and-family-values-40018994.html |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Release ==
It was released on 24 October on Waves OTT of [[Prasar Bharati]].<ref name=":0" /> It has been premiered at [[International Film Festival of India]] in Indian Panorama section.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2020s Bhojpuri-language films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]

Second Medhi ministry

2026-03-20T22:05:38Z

YvonneTran476: created entry

{{Short description|1952 cabinet in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 1952
| date_dissolved = 21 April 1957
| government_head = [[Bishnuram Medhi]]
| state_head = [[Jairamdas Daulatram]] [[Fazl Ali]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| political_parties = *'''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| predecessor = [[First Medhi ministry|Medhi I]]
| successor = [[Third Medhi ministry|Medhi III]]
| image = Bishnuram Medhi.jpg
| election = [[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| last_election = [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
}}

The '''Second Medhi ministry''' was the Cabinet of Assam headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Bishnuram Medhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medhi ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> The Ministry lasted from 1952 to 21 April 1957.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Asian_Recorder/H7fa6FJCEVkC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=march%201957%20assam%20cabinet%20medhi|title=Asian Recorder|date=1957|publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press|language=en}}</ref>

== Ministers (July 1956) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Portfolios
!Constituency
!Party
|-
|[[Bishnuram Medhi]]
Chief Minister
|
* Appointment<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Legislative Assembly digital library |url=http://aladigitallibrary.in/bitstream/123456789/3121/1/Assam%20Legislative%20Assembly%20Who%27s%20Who%201956.pdf}}</ref>
* Home
* Confidential
* Tribal Areas
* Development (Community Projects) (National Extension Service)
* Welfare and Development of Tribes living in Plains and Hills
* Coordination of five-year plan
* Development of the state
* Election
* Social Welfare Organisation
* Coordination of all departments
|[[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|Motiram Bora
|
* Finance
* Revenue
* Relief and rehabilitation
* Mines and minerals
* Distribution of land
* Land reforms
|Marigaon Dhing
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Siddhinath Sarmah
|
* Public Works
* Embankment and drainage
* Flood protective measures (irrigation and transport)
* Nationalisation of transport
* Cooperative and rural developments
|[[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Omeo Kumar Das]]
|
* Labour and labour welfare
* Education
* Development of backward areas
* Welfare of backward classes
* Publicity
|Dhekiajuli North
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Baidyanath Mookerjee
|
* Supply
* Procurement and consumer goods
* Textile
* Housing
* General administration
* Planning and development
* Trade and commerce
* Major industries
* Judicial
|Ratabari Patharkandi
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Rupnath Brahma]]
|
* Medical department
* Public health
* Cottage industries
* Sericulture and weaving
|Kokrajhar Sidli
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Ramnath Das
|
* Printing and stationery
* Secretariat administration
* Forest
* Legislative (excluding election)
* Electricity
* Agriculture
* Food
* Land reclamation
|Jorhat North
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[James Joy Mohan Nichols Roy]]
|
* Excise
* Jails
* Registration and stamps
|Shillong
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Abdul Muhib Mazumder]]
|
* Local Self-Governance
* Veterinary
* Livestock
|[[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" |'''Deputy Ministers'''
|-
|Hareswar Das
|
* Revenue
* Relief
* Rehabilitation
|North Salmara
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|[[Purnananda Chetia]]
|
* Labour and labour welfare
* Education
|[[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Mohikanta Das
|
* Parliamentary affairs
* Community development projects
* Community national extension blocks
* Veterinary
* Local self-government
|[[Barchalla Assembly constituency|Barchalla]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|Joybhadra Hagjer
|
* Public works department
* Transport
* Cooperative
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1952]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1952 in Indian politics]]

Harshdeo Joshi

2026-03-15T20:30:00Z

YvonneTran476: new a data

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{LLM|date=December 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harshdeo Joshi
| image = 
| caption = Harshdeo Joshi, a powerful diplomat and statesman in the Kumaon Kingdom
| office = De facto ruler and chief diplomat of [[Kumaon Kingdom]]
| allegiance = [[Kumaon Kingdom]]
| known_for = Political leadership during the Chand dynasty succession crises
| battles = Conflicts with Garhwal, Pradyumn Chand, Mohan Chand, Lal Singh
| predecessor = Mohan Chand (as king)
| successor = Shiv Chand (nominal)
| birth_place = [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]]
| death_date = Unknown
| death_place = Possibly [[Bareilly]] or [[Tarai]], during exile
}}

'''Harshdeo Joshi''' was a prominent 18th-century Kumaoni statesman, diplomat, and military strategist during the decline of the [[Chand dynasty]] in the [[Kumaon Kingdom]]. Known for his intelligence and political maneuvering, Joshi played a decisive role in the succession disputes and administration of Kumaon.
==Early career==
Very little is known about Harshdeo Joshi's early life, but he rose to prominence as a trusted advisor and strategist during the reign of King Mohan Chand. He gained a reputation for being a shrewd diplomat and was soon involved in high-level political decisions involving both the [[Garhwal Kingdom]] and internal affairs of Kumaon.<ref name="harshdeo">{{cite book |last1=Hāṇḍā |first1=Omacanda |title=History of Uttaranchal |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-134-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2025shakti">{{cite book |last1=Gurung |first1=Gen Shakti |title=Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Memoirs of the Indian Army's First Ethnic Gorkha Lieutenant General |date=30 June 2025 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-6790-397-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XRoEQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="agarwal1995">{{cite book |last1=Aggarwal |first1=J. C. |last2=Agrawal |first2=S. P. |title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-572-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="minister">{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Uttar |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Uttarkashi |date=1979 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |language=en}}</ref>

==Deposition of Mohan Chand==
Harshdeo aligned with Jaikirti Shah of Garhwal and corresponded on matters of legitimacy between the two kingdoms. Though Jaikirti Shah remained suspicious of Harshdeo’s motives, military action followed. Kumaoni forces, under Joshi’s guidance, successfully repelled the Garhwali attack, resulting in the death of Jaikirti Shah in the forest—either in battle or by alleged assassination under Joshi’s orders.<ref name="harshdeo"/><ref name="2025shakti"/><ref name="agarwal1995"/><ref name="kumaon">{{cite book |last1=Valdiya |first1=Khadg Singh |title=Kumaun, Land and People: A Volume in Honour of Shri Narayan Datt Tiwari |date=1988 |publisher=Gyanodaya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85097-13-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UzZuAAAAMAAJ&q=harsh+dev+joshi |language=en}}</ref>

This victory enabled a brutal sack of Srinagar, Garhwal, including the looting of the [[Devalgarh]] temple. The looting was known as '''Joshyanaan''' and was blamed on Harshdeo Joshi and his allies, the Joshis.

==Rise to Power==
Following the chaos, Joshi emerged as the most powerful figure in Kumaon. Despite not crowning himself king, he installed puppet rulers from the Chand dynasty, such as Shiv Chand (also called Shiv Singh). The administration was entirely in the hands of the Joshis during this time.<ref name="harshdeo"/><ref name="2025shakti"/><ref name="agarwal1995"/><ref name="minister"/><ref name="kumaon"/>

==Conflicts and Exile==
Harshdeo faced opposition from multiple rivals: Prince Lal Singh, King Pradyumn Chand, and later Parakram Shah. At various times he fled to [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]], [[Bareilly]], and even sought help from the [[Nawab of Awadh]]. He was pursued by enemies and even detained in Bareilly under orders from local authorities.<ref name="2025shakti"/>

He later corresponded with the [[Kingdom of Nepal]], receiving a red-sealed ''firman'' from Ranbahadur Singh offering support if Harshdeo joined the [[Gorkha]] army against Kumaon. His efforts to regain control ultimately failed.<ref name="harshdeo"/><ref name="agarwal1995"//>

==Death and legacy==
The exact circumstances of Harshdeo Joshi’s death remain unclear. He likely died in exile. Despite his controversial methods—marked by conspiracies, plundering, and imprisonment of rival kings—he is remembered as one of the most influential and cunning political figures in Kumaoni history.

==See also==
* [[Kumaon Kingdom]]
* [[Chand dynasty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Harshdeo}}
[[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:History of Kumaon]]
[[Category:Kumaoni people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Kavita Sahai

2026-03-14T18:05:54Z

YvonneTran476: new new info

{{Short description|Indian woman general of Army medical corps}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]]
| name = Kavita Sahai
| honorific_suffix = [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| image = File:Surg VAdm Kavita Sahai.jpg
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = December 1985 - present
| service_number = 76819-N <ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/allRel.aspx?reg=3&lang=1</ref>
| rank = [[File:IN_SURG_VADM.png|20px]] [[Vice Admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]]
| known_for =
| awards = [[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]] [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[Armed Forces Medical College]] [[Indian Naval Academy]]
}}
[[Vice admiral (India)|Surgeon Vice Admiral]] '''Kavita Sahai''', [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a serving [[flag officer]] in the [[Indian Navy]]. She is the eighth woman in the [[Indian Armed Forces]] to be promoted to a [[Three-star rank]], and the fourth to hold the rank of Vice Admiral. She currently serves as the Director General Medical Services (Navy). She earlier served as the Commandant Army Medical Corps Centre and College, [[Lucknow]].

==Career==
Sahai was commissioned in the [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]] in December 1986 after graduating from [[Armed Forces Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt General Kavita Sahai becomes first woman commandant of Army Medical College |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/education/medical-colleges/lt-general-kavita-sahai-becomes-first-woman-commandant-of-army-medical-college-123902 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Medical Dialogues |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Lt General Kavita Sahai becomes 1st woman to lead AMC Centre & College Lucknow |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2024/02/lt-gen-kavita-sahai-becomes-1st-woman-to-lead-amc-centre-college-lucknow.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavita Sahai Becomes 1st Woman Lt General To Command Lucknow's Army Medical College |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/kavita-sahai-becomes-1st-woman-lt-general-to-command-lucknows-army-medical-college-2716868.html/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17068811592507&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://zeenews.india.com/india/kavita-sahai-becomes-1st-woman-lt-general-to-command-lucknows-army-medical-college-2716868.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref> In 1994, she did her [[Doctor of Medicine]] in pathology and [[Diplomate of National Board]] in [[Pathology]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Lt Gen Kavita Sahai First Woman Commandant Of AMC Centre And College, Lucknow |url=https://bharatshakti.in/lt-gen-kavita-sahai-first-woman-commandant-of-amc-centre-and-college-lucknow/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Lt Gen Kavita Sahai is first woman commandant of AMC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lt-gen-kavita-sahai-first-woman-commandant-of-amc-lucknow/articleshow/107341457.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17068811592507&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lt-gen-kavita-sahai-first-woman-commandant-of-amc-lucknow/articleshow/107341457.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

An alumnus of the [[Armed Forces Medical College]] Pune, Sahai has specialized in Pathology and super specialized in Oncopathology from the prestigious [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS]], New Delhi. She has been Professor and head of Dept, Lab Sciences at [[Army Hospital Research and Referral]] (AHRR) and Base Hospital Delhi Cantt (BHDC). She has also been Professor at Dept of Pathology, [[Armed Forces Medical College]] (AFMC), Pune.<ref>{{cite web |title=SURGEON VICE ADMIRAL KAVITA SAHAI, SM, VSM ASSUMES CHARGE AS DIRECTOR GENERAL MEDICAL SERVICES (NAVY) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2064574&reg=3&lang=1 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kavita Sahai assumes charge as DG Medical Services (Navy) |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/kavita-sahai-assumes-charge-as-dg-medical-services-navy/article68752600.ece |website=thehindubusinessline.com |access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

Prior to assuming charge as the DGMS (Navy), she was the First woman Commandant of AMC Centre & College and Officer-in-Charge Records. She is the first woman officer to be elected as Colonel Commandant of [[Army Medical Corps (India)|Army Medical Corps]]. She has a special interest in Medical Education and was awarded prestigious Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research (FAIMER) Fellowship for advancement of Med Education from Philadelphia, USA in 2013-14.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-02 |title=Lt Gen Kavita Sahai First Woman Commandant Of AMC Centre And College, Lucknow |url=https://bharatshakti.in/lt-gen-kavita-sahai-first-woman-commandant-of-amc-centre-and-college-lucknow/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Bharat Shakti |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In recognition for her distinguished Service, Sahai has been awarded the [[Sena Medal]] in 2024 and [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2018 and has been Commended by the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)| Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS) twice in 2008 & 2012 and the GOC-in-C (WC) in 2010.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|[[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|frameless|105x105px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|Colspan=4|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
||[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
||[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[75th_Independence_Anniversary_Medal_(India)|75th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|Colspan=2|[[20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|Colspan=2|[[9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahai, Kavita}}

[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Female generals of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Female army generals]]
[[Category:Indian women in 21st-century warfare]]
[[Category:Armed Forces Medical Services officers]]

Battle of Ambur

2026-03-13T20:42:34Z

YvonneTran476: fix content to improve readability to improve readability

{{Short description|1749 battle of the Second Carnatic War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2012}}
{{infobox military conflict
|conflict =Battle of Ambur
|partof =the [[Second Carnatic War]]
|image =[[File:Death of the Nabob of the Carnatic by Paul Philippoteaux.jpg|200px|Death of [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]]]]
|caption =Engraving depicting the death of the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]] at Ambur (also note: the [[sharpshooter]] upon the elephants)
|date =3 August 1749
|place =[[Ambur]]
|coordinates =
|map_type =
|map_relief =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|map_size =
|map_marksize =
|map_caption =
|map_label =
|territory =[[Chanda Sahib]] is declared the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]
|result =Allied victory
|status =
|combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the principality of Carnatic.gif}} [[Nawab of Arcot]]
|combatant2 =[[File:Royal Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[Kingdom of France]]
* [[File:Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png|15px]] [[French Indies Company]]
<hr/>
* [[Chanda Sahib]]
* [[Muzaffar Jung]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the principality of Carnatic.gif}} [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan|Anwaruddin Khan]] {{KIA}}
|commander2 =[[File:Royal Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[Joseph François Dupleix]] [[File:Royal Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|De Bussy]] 
<hr/>
[[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Chanda Sahib]]
* [[Muzaffar Jung]]
|units1 =
|units2 =
|strength1 =20,000 total 100 [[war elephant]]s
|strength2 =36,000 total 400 Frenchmen
|casualties1 =4,000
|casualties2 =1,500
|notes =
|campaignbox ={{Campaignbox Second Carnatic War}}
}}
The '''Battle of Ambur''' (3 August 1749) was the first major battle of the [[Second Carnatic War]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=155}}</ref>

The battle was initiated by [[Muzaffar Jung]] and supported by [[Joseph François Dupleix]] and led by [[Chanda Sahib]], who sought to overthrow [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], for supporting [[Nasir Jung]]'s claim to be [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. French forces were decisive in giving the allies victory; Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan was killed in the battle and Chanda Sahib seized control of the Carnatic.

== Background ==
Since the beginning of the [[Second Carnatic War]] [[Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]], had warned the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]] of an irreversible power struggle in the Carnatic and how he wanted his interests to be legitimized by [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] who had nominated him in the first place.

Nizam-ul-Mulk died in 1748 and was succeeded as Nizam by his grandson [[Muzaffar Jung]]. This decision was confirmed by the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] but rejected by [[Nasir Jung]], Nizam-ul-Mulk's son, who captured the city of [[Hyderabad]] after a coup.

[[Muzaffar Jung]] fled Hyderabad and tried to gain new allies. He received the support of the French Governor-General [[Joseph François Dupleix]], who helped release [[Chanda Sahib]] the son-in-law of [[Dost Ali Khan]], who was imprisoned after being overrun by the [[Maratha]]s and after his father-in-law was killed in the fray. Chanda Sahib sought the investiture of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] by declaring himself ''[[Nawab]] of [[Tinnevelly]]'' and gathered his own army of 3500 men and even received 400 French infantry from Dupleix. Because Muzaffar Jung was the chosen successor of Nizam-ul-Mulk his loyalists exceed 30,000. Together they marched towards [[Arcot]], the capital of the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]] and sought to eliminate Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan, who supported [[Nasir Jung]]'s claim to the Hyderabadi throne.

Instead of entrenching himself in Arcot, Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan decided to advance towards the allied forces with his own 20,000 battle-strong army.{{Cn|date=May 2024}}

== Battle ==
On 3 August 1749, the allied forces of Dupleix, Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung met those of Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan at [[Ambur]]. Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan's forces managed to create a formidable stance by gathering around their [[howdah]]s despite being outnumbered 3 to 1, but it was the disciplined [[France|French]] infantry forces led by De Bussy that completely reversed the course of the battle against Khan.<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|author=Tucker, S.C.|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851096725|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC|page=756|accessdate=2014-11-26}}</ref>

Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan was shot and killed in a fierce confrontation while commanding his forces from a [[howdah]]. The next day Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sahib victoriously entered [[Arcot]] and Chanda Sahib became the next [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]. Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan's son, [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah]], fled south to [[Trichinopoly]], where he hid and sought the assistance of the [[Great Britain|British]].

== Aftermath ==
[[Image:French India 1741-1754.png|280px|thumb|[[French Indies Company]] influence 1741–1754.]]
The Battle of Ambur convincingly demonstrated the superiority of European arms and methods of discipline and infantry warfare.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== See also ==
*[[Carnatic Wars]]
*[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Battle of Ambur}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Battles of the Second Carnatic War|Ambur]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Ambur]]
[[Category:Battles involving the French East India Company|Ambur]]
[[Category:1749 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1749|Ambur]]
[[Category:1740s in the Mughal Empire]]

List of current Indian chief justices

2026-03-10T14:48:14Z

YvonneTran476: quick added information for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Overview of current Indian chief justices}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

The [[judiciary of India|Indian judiciary]] consists of the [[Supreme Court of India]], which is the [[supreme court|highest court]] in the country and the constituent courts. The Supreme Court serves as the final [[Appellate court|court of appeal]] for all civil and criminal cases in India and consists of 33 judges headed by the [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rule of law index 2016 |url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/# |work=Justice Project |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429071718/http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/ |archive-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[high courts of India|High Courts]] are the top judicial bodies in individual states, controlled and managed by Chief Justices of the respective courts. There are 25 High Courts in the country with seven of them having multiple jurisdictions. The last high courts created in India are the High Court of Telangana and the Andhra Pradesh High Court, both established on January 1, 2019, following the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-26 |title=Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to have separate HCs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ap-and-telangana-to-have-separate-hcs/article62012917.ece |access-date=7 October 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The High Courts of India manage a system of sub-ordinate courts headed by the various [[District Courts of India|District and Session Courts]] in their respective jurisdictions. As per the [[Constitution of India]], the Chief Justice, the other judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum-of-procedure-of-appointment-of-supreme-court-judges/ |title=Memorandum of procedure of appointment of Supreme Court Judges |work=[[Government of India]] |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309100126/https://doj.gov.in/memorandum-of-procedure-of-appointment-of-supreme-court-judges/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Chief Justice of India ==
{| class="wikitable static-row-numbers static-row-header" style="text-align:center" width="92%"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
![[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2025 |title=Justice Surya Kant sworn in as 53rd Chief Justice of India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-surya-kant-sworn-in-as-53rd-chief-justice-of-india/article70316338.ece/ |website=thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> {{small|([[List of chief justices of India|list]])}}
|-
!Image
|[[File:Justice_Surya_Kant.jpg|alt=|125x125px]]
|-
!Date of elevation to Supreme Court
|{{dts|2019|5|24|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2019|5|24}})
|-
!Date of Appointment as CJI
|{{dts|2025|11|24|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2025|11|24}})
|-
!Date of Retirement
|{{dts|2027|2|9|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2027|2|9}})
|-
!Tenure
|{{ayd|2025|11|24|2027|2|9|duration=on}}
|-
!Nominated By
|[[B. R. Gavai]]
|-
!Appointed By
|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
!Seniority rank on the date of elevation
|11
|-
!Date of Initial Appointment as Judge
|{{dts|2004|1|9|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2004|1|9}})
|-
!Parent High Court
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab and Haryana]]
|}

== List of chief justices of High Courts{{Table alignment}} ==
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter static-row-header" style="font-size: 90%"
!High Court
!Image
!Name of the Chief Justice
!Date of Appointment as Chief Justice
!Date of Retirement
!Tenure
!Nominated as Chief Justice by
!Appointed By
!Parent High Court
![[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India#List of Judges by seniority (in cumulative)|All India seniority rank]]
!Date of Initial Appointment as Judge
!Nominated as Judge of by
!Remarks
|-
![[Allahabad High Court]]
|[[File:Arun Bhansali.jpg|alt=|90x90px]]
|[[Arun Bhansali]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Allahabad High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|2|5}} ({{ayd|2024|2|5}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2029|10|14}} ({{ayd|2029|10|14}})
|{{ayd|2024|2|5|2029|10|14|duration=on}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| rowspan="25" |[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
!11 ''Since {{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|1|8}} ({{ayd|2013|1|8}})
| rowspan="3" |[[Altamas Kabir]]
|
|-
![[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
|
|[[Dhiraj Singh Thakur]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Andhra Pradesh High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|7|28}} ({{ayd|2023|7|28}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|4|24}} ({{ayd|2026|4|24}})
|{{ayd|2023|7|28|2026|4|24|duration=on}}
|[[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh]]
!13 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|3|8}} ({{ayd|2013|3|8}})
|
|-
![[Bombay High Court]]
|[[File:Justice_Shee_Chandrashekhar.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Shree Chandrashekhar]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Bombay High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|09|05}} ({{ayd|2025|09|05}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2027|5|24}} ({{ayd|2027|5|24}})
|{{ayd|2025|9|5|2027|5|24|duration=on}}
|[[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai|B. R. Gavai]]
|[[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand]]
!12 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|1|17}} ({{ayd|2013|1|17}})
|
|-
![[Calcutta High Court]]
|
|[[Sujoy Paul]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Calcutta High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|1|16}} ({{ayd|2026|1|16}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|6|20}} ({{ayd|2026|6|20
}})
|{{ayd|2026|1|16|2026|6|20|duration=on}}
|[[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
!4 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|5|27}} ({{ayd|2011|5|27}})
| rowspan="3" |[[S. H. Kapadia]]
|
|-
![[Chhattisgarh High Court]]
|
|[[Ramesh Sinha]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Chhattisgarh High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|3|29}} ({{ayd|2023|3|29}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|9|4}} ({{ayd|2026|9|4}})
|{{ayd|2023|3|29|2026|9|4|duration=on}}
|[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]]
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
!6 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|format=dmy|2011|11|21}} ({{ayd|2011|11|21}})
|
|-
![[Delhi High Court]]
|
|[[Devendra Kumar Upadhyaya]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Delhi High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|7|29}} ({{ayd|2023|7|29}}) '''''Date of appointment in current HC''''' {{dts|format=dmy|2025|1|21}} ({{ayd|2025|1|21}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2027|6|15}} ({{ayd|2027|6|15}})
|{{ayd|2023|7|29|2027|6|15|duration=on}} '''Tenure in current HC''' {{ayd|2025|1|21|2027|6|15|duration=on}}
|[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]] '''''Nominated in current HC''''' [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
!8 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|[[List of chief justices of the Bombay High Court|47th CJ of Bombay]] From {{dts|format=dmy|2023|7|29}}{{Spaced en dash space}}{{dts|format=dmy|2025|1|20}} ({{ayd|2023|7|29|2025|1|20|duration=on}})
|-
![[Gauhati High Court]]
|
|[[Ashutosh Kumar]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Gauhati High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|7|21}} ({{ayd|2025|7|21}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2028|9|30}} ({{ayd|2028|9|30}})
|{{ayd|2025|7|21|2028|9|30|duration=on}}
|[[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai|B. R. Gavai]]
|[[Patna High Court|Patna]]
!40 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2014|5|15}} ({{ayd|2014|5|15}})
|[[Rajendra Mal Lodha|R. M. Lodha]]
|
|-
![[Gujarat High Court]]
|
|[[Sunita Agarwal]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Gujarat High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|7|23}} ({{ayd|2023|7|23}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2028|4|29}} ({{ayd|2028|4|29}})
|{{ayd|2023|7|23|2028|4|29|duration=on}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]]
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
!7 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|11|21}} ({{ayd|2011|11|21}})
| rowspan="2" |[[S. H. Kapadia]]
|
|-
![[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
|
|[[Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|12|29}} ({{ayd|2024|12|29}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2027|10|31}} ({{ayd|2027|10|31}})
|{{ayd|2024|12|29|2027|10|31|duration=on}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab and Haryana]]
!5 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|9|30}} ({{ayd|2011|9|30}})
|
|-
![[High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court]]
|
|[[Arun Palli]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|4|16}} ({{ayd|2025|4|16}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|9|17}} ({{ayd|2026|9|17}})
|{{ayd|2025|4|16|2026|9|17|duration=on}}
|[[Sanjiv Khanna]]
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab and Haryana]]
!29 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|12|28}} ({{ayd|2013|12|28}})
|[[P. Sathasivam]]
|
|-
![[Jharkhand High Court]]
|[[File:JUSTICE M.S. SONAK.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[M. S. Sonak|Mahesh Sharadchandra Sonak]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|1|9}} ({{ayd|2026|1|9}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|11|27}} ({{ayd|2026|11|27}})
|{{ayd|2026|1|9|2026|11|27|duration=on}}
|[[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
!20 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|6|21}} ({{ayd|2013|6|21}})
| rowspan="2" |[[Altamas Kabir]]
|
|-
![[Karnataka High Court]]
|[[File:Vibhu_Bakhru.jpg|alt=|90x90px|Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud]]
|[[Vibhu Bakhru]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Karnataka High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|7|19}} ({{ayd|2025|7|19}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2028|11|1}} ({{ayd|2028|11|1}})
|{{ayd|2025|7|19|2028|11|1|duration=on}}
|[[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai|B. R. Gavai]]
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
!16 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|4|17}} ({{ayd|2013|4|17}})
|
|-
![[Kerala High Court]]
|
|[[Soumen Sen]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Kerala High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|8}} ({{ayd|2025|10|8}}) '''''Date of appointment in current HC''''' {{dts|2026|1|10|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2026|1|10}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2027|7|26}} ({{ayd|2027|7|26}})
|{{ayd|2025|10|8|2027|7|26|duration=on}} '''''Tenure in current HC''''' {{ayd|2026|1|10|2027|7|26|duration=on}}
|[[B. R. Gavai]] '''''Nominated in current HC''''' [[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
!2 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|4|13}} ({{ayd|2011|4|13}})
|[[S. H. Kapadia]]
|[[Meghalaya High Court|14th CJ of Meghalaya]] From {{dts|format=dmy|2025|10|8}}{{Spaced en dash space}}{{dts|2026|1|9|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2025|10|8|2026|1|9|duration=on}})
|-
![[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
|
|[[Sanjeev Sachdeva]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|7|17}} ({{ayd|2025|7|17}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|12|25}} ({{ayd|2026|12|25}})
|{{ayd|2025|7|17|2026|12|25|duration=on}}
|[[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai|B. R. Gavai]]
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
!15 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|4|17}} ({{ayd|2013|4|17}})
|[[Altamas Kabir]]
|
|-
![[Madras High Court]]
|
|[[S. A. Dharmadhikari|Sushrut Arvind Dharmadhikari]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Madras High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|3|6}} ({{ayd|2026|3|6}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2028|7|7}} ({{ayd|2028|7|7}})
|{{ayd|2026|3|6|2028|7|7|duration=on}}
|[[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
!57 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|10|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|4|7}} ({{ayd|2016|4|7}})
| rowspan="2" |[[T. S. Thakur]]
|
|-
![[Manipur High Court]]
|
|[[M. Sundar]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Manipur High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|9|15}} ({{ayd|2025|9|15}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2028|7|18}} ({{ayd|2028|7|18}})
|{{ayd|2025|9|15|2028|7|18|duration=on}}
|[[Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai|B. R. Gavai]]
|[[Madras High Court|Madras]]
!67 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|10|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2016|10|5}} ({{ayd|2016|10|5}})
|
|-
![[Meghalaya High Court]]
|
|[[Revati Mohite Dere|Revati Prashant Mohite Dere]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Meghalaya High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|1|10}} ({{ayd|2026|1|10}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2027|4|16}} ({{ayd|2027|4|16}})
|{{ayd|2026|1|10|2027|4|16|duration=on}}
|[[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
!19 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|6|21}} ({{ayd|2013|6|21}})
|[[Altamas Kabir]]
|
|-
![[Orissa High Court]]
|[[File:Justice_Harish_Tandon.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Harish Tandon]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Orissa High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|3|26}} ({{ayd|2025|3|26}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|11|15}} ({{ayd|2026|11|15}})
|{{ayd|2025|3|26|2026|11|15|duration=on}}
|[[Sanjiv Khanna]]
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
!1 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|4|13}} ({{ayd|2010|4|13}})
|[[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
|
|-
![[Patna High Court]]
|
|[[Sangam Kumar Sahoo]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Patna High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|1|7}} ({{ayd|2026|1|7}})
|{{dts|2026|6|4|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2026|6|4}})
|{{ayd|2026|1|7|2026|6|4|duration=on}}
|[[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
!41 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2014|7|2}} ({{ayd|2014|7|2}})
|[[Rajendra Mal Lodha|R. M. Lodha]]
|
|-
![[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab & Haryana High Court]]
|
|[[Sheel Nagu]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Punjab and Haryana High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2024|7|9}} ({{ayd|2024|7|9}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|12|31}} ({{ayd|2026|12|31}})
|{{ayd|2024|7|9|2026|12|31|duration=on}}
|[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
!3 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|5|27}} ({{ayd|2011|5|27}})
|[[S. H. Kapadia]]
|
|-
![[Rajasthan High Court]]
|
|Sanjeev Prakash Sharma{{Ref label|†|†|†}} {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Rajasthan High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2025|9|28}} ({{ayd|2025|9|28}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|9|26}} ({{ayd|2026|9|26}})
|{{ayd|2025|9|28|2026|9|26|duration=on}}
| --
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
!85
|{{dts|2016|11|16|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2016|11|16}})
|[[T. S. Thakur]]
|
|-
![[Sikkim High Court]]
|
|[[A. Muhamed Mustaque|Muhamed Mustaque Ayumantakath]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Sikkim High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|1|4}} ({{ayd|2026|1|4}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2029|5|31}} ({{ayd|2029|5|31}})
|{{ayd|2026|1|4|2029|5|31|duration=on}}
|[[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
!34 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2014|1|23}} ({{ayd|2014|1|23}})
|[[P. Sathasivam]]
|
|-
![[Telangana High Court]]
|[[File:Justice Aparesh Kumar Singh.png|90x90px]]
|[[Aparesh Kumar Singh]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Telangana High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|4|17}} ({{ayd|2023|4|17}}) '''''Date of appointment in current HC''''' {{dts|2025|7|19|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2025|7|19}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2027|7|6}} ({{ayd|2027|7|6}})
|{{ayd|2023|4|17|2027|7|6|duration=on}} '''''Tenure in current HC''''' {{ayd|2025|7|19|2027|7|6|duration=on}}
|[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]] '''''Nominated in current HC''''' [[B. R. Gavai]]
|[[Jharkhand High Court|Jharkhand]]
!9 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2012|1|24}} ({{ayd|2012|1|24}})
| rowspan="2" |[[S. H. Kapadia]]
|[[Tripura High Court|8th CJ of Tripura]] From {{dts|format=dmy|2023|4|17}}{{Spaced en dash space}}{{dts|2025|7|18|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2023|4|17|2025|7|18|duration=on}})
|-
![[Tripura High Court]]
|[[File:Justice_M.S._Ramachandra_Rao.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[M. S. Ramachandra Rao (judge)|Mamidanna Satyaratna Ramachandra Rao]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Tripura High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|30}} ({{ayd|2023|5|30}}) '''''Date of appointment in current HC''''' {{dts|2025|7|22|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2025|7|22}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2028|8|6}} ({{ayd|2028|8|6}})
|{{ayd|2023|5|30|2028|8|6|duration=on}} '''''Tenure in current HC''''' {{ayd|2025|7|22|2028|8|6|duration=on}}
|[[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]] '''''Nominated in current HC''''' [[B. R. Gavai]]
|[[Telangana High Court|Telangana]]
!10 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|2012|6|29|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2012|6|29}})
|[[Himachal Pradesh High Court|28th CJ of Himachal Pradesh]] From {{dts|format=dmy|2023|5|30}}{{Spaced en dash space}}{{dts|format=dmy|2024|9|24}} ({{ayd|2023|5|30|2024|9|24|duration=on}}) [[Jharkhand High Court|16th CJ of Jharkhand]] From {{dts|2024|9|25|format=dmy}}{{Spaced en dash space}}{{dts|2025|7|21|format=dmy}} ({{ayd|2024|9|25|2025|7|21|duration=on}})
|-
![[Uttarakhand High Court]]
|
|[[Manoj Kumar Gupta]] {{small|([[List of Former Chief Justices of High Courts of India#Uttarakhand High Court|list]])}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|1|10}} ({{ayd|2026|1|10}})
|{{dts|format=dmy|2026|10|8}} ({{ayd|2026|10|8}})
|{{ayd|2026|1|10|2026|10|8|duration=on}}
|[[Surya Kant (judge)|Surya Kant]]
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
!14 ''Since ''''{{dts|2026|3|6|format=dmy}}''
|{{dts|format=dmy|2013|4|12}} ({{ayd|2013|4|12}})
|[[Altamas Kabir]]
|
|}
{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}'''Key'''
* '''{{Note label|†|†|†}}Acting Chief Justice''''
{{Col-end}}
'''Dates of Changes in Seniority Rank (S.R.):'''

'''{{dts|format=dmy|2026|3|6}} -''' Retirement of [[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava|'''M. M. Shrivastava''']] '''(CJ of Madras)''' on {{dts|format=dmy|2026|3|5}} (S.R. 1)

'''{{dts|format=dmy|2026|3|10}} -''' Retirement of '''Anupinder Singh Grewal''' '''(Judge of Punjab & Haryana)''' on {{dts|format=dmy|2026|3|9}} (S.R. 43)

== See also ==

* [[List of current Indian governors]]
* [[List of current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators]]
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers]]
* [[List of current Indian legislative speakers and chairpersons]]
* [[List of current Indian opposition leaders]]
* [[List of female chief justices in India]]
* [[List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India]]
* [[List of former judges of the Supreme Court of India]]
* [[List of female judges of the Supreme Court of India]]
* [[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India]]
* [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Current Indian chief justices}}
{{Judiciary of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Current Indian chief justices}}
[[Category:Chief justices of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian judges]]

Battle of Chushul

2026-03-09T20:29:55Z

YvonneTran476:

{{Short description|Dogra annexation of Ladakh in 1842}}
{{Original research|date=October 2024|reason=}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Chushul
| place = [[Ladakh]], [[India]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sikh Empire]]
*[[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] [[Dogra dynasty]]
| territory =
| result = {{ublist|[[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]] victory<ref>{{cite book |last1=Francke |first1=August Hermann |title=A History of Western Tibet: One of the Unknown Empires |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn=9788120813946 |page=161 |edition=illustrated, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0EwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>}}
* Tibetan attack on Ladakh repulsed by [[Dogras|Rajputs]]
* [[Dogra dynasty]] annexes Ladakh<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/GENERALZORAWARSINGH/page/n118/mode/1up | title=General Zorawar Singh }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&dq=Tibetans+repulsed+from+Ladakh&pg=PA228 | isbn=978-81-7387-124-5 | title=Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history | date=2001 | publisher=Indus }}</ref>
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of China (1862–1889).svg|25px]] [[Qing dynasty]]
*[[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|25px]] [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]]
| commander1 = [[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] [[Gulab Singh]] [[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] Jawahar Singh [[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] Wazir Lakhpat [[File:Dogra Flag.png|25px]] Diwan Hari Chand
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|25px]] General Ragasha{{KIA}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/GENERALZORAWARSINGH/page/n117/mode/1up | title=General Zorawar Singh }}</ref>
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown, but larger<ref name="auto2"/>
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| partof = [[Dogra–Tibetan war]]
}}
The '''Battle of Chushul'''<ref>{{citation |last1=Sarkees |first1=Meredith Reid |title=Resort to War: A data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816-2007 |page=504 |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvooAQAAMAAJ |publisher=CQ Press |isbn=978-0-87289-434-1 |last2=Wayman |first2=Frank Whelon}}</ref> was one of the major engagements of the [[Dogra–Tibetan war]] fought between the [[Dogra dynasty]] against the [[Tibetans]] under the [[Qing dynasty]]. The battle was fought on 6 September 1842, and ended with a Dogra victory.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite book |last=SUKHDEV SINGH CHARAK |url=http://archive.org/details/GENERALZORAWARSINGH |title=GENERAL ZORAWAR SINGH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=Rajendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEYKDQAAQBAJ&dq=Tibetans+attacked+Ladakh+Dogra&pg=PT22 |title=Strategic Ladakh: A Historical Narrative 1951-53 and a Military Perspective |date=2016-09-01 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85563-50-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last=Shakabpa |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&dq=Sikh+troops+attacked+Tibet&pg=PA576 |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17732-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[Dogras]] under the suizerenity of the [[Sikh Empire]] had invaded [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]] in the [[Dogra–Tibetan war]], however lost their general, [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]] in a battle. Encouraged by the victory, the [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] went on to invade [[Ladakh]]. The leader of the Dogra dynasty, [[Gulab Singh]] immediately sent relief forces and reinforcements, which included [[Sikhs|Sikh]],<ref name="auto3"/> [[Dogras|Dogra]] and [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] troops.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huttenback |first=Robert A |title=Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh |url=http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065805/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2024-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00ahfr |title=A history of Western Tibet : one of the unknown empires |date=1995 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1043-9}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Bhasin |first=Sanjeev Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IZloNzI8BgC&dq=Tibetans+attacked+Ladakh+Dogra&pg=PA58 |title=Amazing Land Ladakh: Places, People, and Culture |date=2006 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-186-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Battle ==
The Battle took place on 6 September 1842. The [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] invaded [[Ladakh]] under the command of General Ragasha. The Tibetans decided upon a night attack, however were found out and could not do any major damage, instead they were pushed back.<ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto1"/> The Tibetans took shelter in a fortification, which was later attacked by the Dogras but had to withdraw. After four days, there was no clear victor. The Dogras decided to flood the Tibetan camp which was situated in a low level valley, after three days, the Tibetan camps were successfully flooded and had to be abandoned. When the Tibetans fled, the Dogras led several attacks and Wazir Mustaddi were sent to negotiate a truce, the Tibetan men came to the Dogra camped but were made prisoners.<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangdrug |first=Dhokham Chushi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BShZEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tibetans+attacked+Ladakh+Dogra&pg=PA31 |title=The Warriors of the Snowland - A History of Chushi Gangdrug - Volume One |date=2022-01-14 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref> Among the seized, Tibetan General Ragasha was killed as an act of vengeance for [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]].<ref name="auto4"/> Another battle took place where the Dogras repulsed the Tibetans, many of the Tibetans being killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/maharajaranjitsi0000dugg |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms |date=2001 |publisher=New Delhi : Abhinav Publications |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-81-7017-410-3}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/>
{{Cquote
| quote = "all old boundaries of Ladakh...repossessed by the Sikhs."
| author = Court of Lahore to British agent in Ludhiana
| source =<ref name="auto"/>
}}

== Aftermath ==
Upon hearing of this struggle, Raja [[Gulab Singh]] had sent 4,000 reinforcements. However, upon hearing of the victory at Ladakh, they halted their march. Gulab Singh himself arrived in Leh shortly afterwards, and ordered the building of a new fort in Leh, replacing the old one.<ref name="auto4"/> Gulab Singh also sent ''vakils'' (agents) to negotiate peace treaties with the Tibetan chiefs.<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puPDDQAAQBAJ&dq=Tibetans+attacked+Ladakh+Dogra&pg=PA187 |title=Social Regulation: Case Studies from Tibetan History |date=2016-09-27 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-33125-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Dogra–Tibetan war]]

9 to 12

2026-03-03T21:18:00Z

YvonneTran476: creating a article w/ refs

{{Short description|2011 Indian film}}
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 9 to 12
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ashok Patil
| producer = Nandish Dhananjay
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]
*[[Nivedhitha|Smitha]]
*[[B. C. Patil]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cinematography = Niranjan Babu
| editing = Shivakumar
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|07|01}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''9 to 12''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Ashok Patil, starring [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Nivedhitha|Smitha]] and [[B. C. Patil]] in lead roles. The film's plot is based on the 2008 Korean film ''Truck'' (also known as ''24 Hours To Die'').<ref name="B"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bypassing-copycats-sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style|access-date=17 April 2022|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190329083728/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Munna
*[[Nivedhitha|Smitha]]
*[[B. C. Patil]]
*[[B. V. Radha]]
*[[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]
*Nimisha
*Vijay Kaundilya
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Sanketh Kashi]]
*Aravind
*[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
}}

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = 9 To 12
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 08:19
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Police Police]]
| prev_year = 2010
| year = 2011
| next_title = [[Dhan Dhana Dhan]]
| next_year = 2011
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| nxAoJ5DyPKE| 9 To 12 - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 8:19
| title1 = Nannanthare Bengalore
| extra1 =Harsha
| length1 = 2:58
| title2 = Aakasha Bhoomige Bandide
| extra2 =Raja
| length2 = 4:12
| title3 = Kanada Kai Gombe
| extra3 =Sai Charan
| length3 = 1:49
}}

== Critical response ==

Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "B C Patil's 'special role' was much talked about but it is a big let-down. Kishore is talented, no doubt, but not as good as he can be, while Nivedita, who has great potential, is confined to strutting around in half-sarees. Nagathihalli Chandrashekar appears as a cop in the film. Music has little place in this film except for one song, and the editing could have been tighter".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-nine-to-twelve/20110701.htm|title=Review: 9 to 12 is disappointing|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1 July 2011}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Niranjan Babu has done an excellent job behind the camera. As far as performance of other artistes is concerned, Nagathihalli Chandrasekhar has provided good support while Sanketh Kashi has done neat job as a drunkard. The movie is worth watching if you are interested in suspense thrillers".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Jul/04/9-to-12-268231.html|title=9 to 12|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 July 2011|access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "Kishore's performance is the highlight of the film. Without his histrionics, the film would have fallen apart. BC Patil, who plays a trigger-happy cop, is patchy. Action thrillers in Kannada in the mould of Hollywood movies were best done by Sunil Kumar Desai. Ashok Patil's attempt at this genre is not good enough to be compared".<ref name="B">{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/9-to-12-poor-mans-transporter/articleshow/21567483.cms|title=9 to 12: Poor man's Transporter|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=1 July 2011}}</ref> A critic from [[News18 India]] wrote "Kishore Kumar has delivered a good performance. Actress Smitha, who has changed her name to Nivedita, doesn't suit the role. Her limited presence in the film doesn't make any impact. Veteran actress BV Radha has done well. Niranjan Babu's camera work stands out. "9 to 12" is a good watch for people who love suspense thrillers".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-9-to-12-an-enjoyable-thriller-381372.html|title=
Kannada Review: '9 to 12' an enjoyable thriller|work=[[News18 India]]|date=4 July 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2094749}}

[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]

Dhuusar

2026-03-02T09:44:17Z

YvonneTran476: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhuusar
| image = Dhuusar Poster of Kid Shila.png
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Snehashish Mondal, Soumi Saha
| producer = Snehashish Mondal, Soumi Saha, Rahul Singh
| writer = Soumi Saha
| starring =
| music = Anjo John
| cinematography = [[Arkodeb Mukherjee]]
| editing = Soumi Saha
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019}}
| runtime = 72 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Dhuusar''''' ({{lit|Grey}}) is a 2019 Indian drama film directed by Soumi Saha and Snehashish Mondal, which features [[Ritwik Bhowmik]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-13|title=Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy to make digital debut with 'Bandish Bandits', a musical romance|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shankar-ehsaan-loy-to-make-digital-debut-with-bandish-bandits-a-musical-romance/article32066566.ece|access-date=2020-09-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-20|title=Bandish Bandits trailer: When musical opposites attract|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bandish-bandits-trailer-6514620/|access-date=2020-09-28|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-13|title=Amazon Prime announces new Indian original series Bandish Bandits, featuring soundtrack by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/amazon-prime-announces-new-indian-original-series-bandish-bandits-featuring-soundtrack-by-shankar-ehsaan-loy/story-A7RbtIs49McKk4mBVCRdNM.html|access-date=2020-09-28|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
''Dhuusar'' is inspired by a real-life incident of [[Sajal Barui]], who was a convicted criminal of [[Kolkata]], India, for the murder of his family at the age of 16.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five teenagers enact a most grisly murder scene in Calcutta|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940115-five-teenagers-enact-a-most-grisly-murder-scene-in-calcutta-808692-1994-01-15|date=January 15, 1994|first=Ruben|last=Banerjee|website=India Today|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> The film is also a semi-autobiographical account of Saha's childhood and adolescence, depicting her relationship with a former lover and her mother.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What drives juvenile delinquency? This is the question at the heart of the film, Dhuusar|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/what-drives-juvenile-delinquency-this-is-the-question-at-the-heart-of-the-film-dhuusar-3362194.html|date=2017-04-02|website=Firstpost|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhuusar - An Epic Biographical Journey Of A Juvenile Convict Brings Out The Best Of Humanity|url=https://www.voxspace.in/2017/05/09/dhuusar-epic-biography/|date=2017-05-09|website=VoxSpace|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Arya Mallick]] – Kid Shila
** Doab Mukherjee – Teen Shila
* [[Vinay Pathak]] – Supt. Avinash Gautam
* [[Subrat Dutta]] – Prashanta Guha
* [[Ritwik Bhowmik]] – Shiladitya Guha
* Senjuti Mukherjee <ref>{{Cite web|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=স্রবন্তী|title=সেঁজুতির মুম্বই যাত্রা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/sejuti-mukhopadhyay-moving-to-mumbai-to-work-in-a-film-1.589151|access-date=2020-09-28|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> – Paromita Guha
* Arpita Banerjee – Shuto
* Soumi Saha – Purva Sharma
* Yashraj Jadhav - Kaka
}}

==Production==
Soumi Saha is the writer, co-director, co-producer, production designer, costume designer, actor and editor of the film.<ref name=lucania/>

==Release and awards==
''Dhuusar'' premiered at the 20th Lucania Film Festival, Italy, where it won the Best Screenplay and Best Actor award for Saha.<ref name=lucania>{{Cite web|title=Selezione Ufficiale / Official selection 2019|url=https://www.lucaniafilmfestival.it/official-selection-lff-2019-2-2/|website=21st Lucania Film Festival · Pisticci · Matera 2019· Southern Italy|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners 2019|url=https://www.lucaniafilmfestival.it/winners-2019/|website=21st Lucania Film Festival · Pisticci · Matera 2019· Southern Italy|language=it-IT|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

It had its Indian premiere in [[Mumbai]], at the [[Jagran Film Festival|10th Jagran Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhuusar - Grey|url=https://jff.co.in/events/dhuusar-grey/|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir by Rohena Gera premieres in India at the 10th Jagran Film Festival in Mumbai this September, finally. Are you going?|url=https://filmtribe.in/newsreel/sir-by-rohena-gera-premieres-in-india-at-the-10th-jagran-film-festival-in-mumbai-this-september-finally-are-you-going|website=filmtribe.in|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-01|title=The 10th Jagran Film Festival concludes in Mumbai on a high note|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-10th-jagran-film-festival-concludes-in-mumbai-on-a-high-note/21831185|access-date=2020-09-28|website=mid-day}}</ref> before travelling to several international film festivals including Winchester Film Festival, United Kingdom;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Selection 2019|url=http://winchesterfilmfestival.com/?page_id=1187|date=2018-10-02|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> [[Barcelona International Film Festival]], Spain; South Europe International Film Festival, Spain;<ref>{{Cite web|title=29. Best Foreign Language Feature Film|url=https://fusionfilmfestivals.com/nomination/29-best-foreign-language-feature-film/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165545/https://fusionfilmfestivals.com/nomination/29-best-foreign-language-feature-film/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 July 2020|last=Stephen|website=Fusion International Film Festivals|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> and the Queen Palm International Film Festival, United States, where it won the Gold award for Best Feature & Best Editor (Saha), Silver award for Best Actor (Ritwik Bhowmik), Bronze award for Best Producer, and an Honorable Mention for Best Costume Design.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Gold Winners Main Category|url=https://www.queenpalmfilmfest.org/2020-gold-main-category-winners-1st|website=Queen Palm Film Fest|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8520380}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{2010s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Jumana Abdu Rahman

2026-02-28T10:28:03Z

YvonneTran476: new a page

{{short description|Indian television and film actress (born 1996)}}
{{Use Indian English|date= October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= October 2024}}

{{Indian name|Jumana|Abdu Rahman}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jumana Abdu Rahman
| image = Jumana at Filmfare 2022 (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|11|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Dubai, UAE]]
| native_name = جمانة عبد الرحمن
| native_name_lang = ar
| other_names = Jumana Khan
| education = {{Unbulleted list | [[Middlesex University Dubai]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]])| | [[Model Private School, Abu Dhabi]]| }}
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Model|Internet celebrity }}
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Aanaparambile World Cup]], [[Moosetape]]
| module =
}}

'''Jumana Abdu Rahman''' ({{Langx|ar|جمانة عبد الرحمن}}) is an Indian actress, model & social media personality from Dubai, UAE. She works predominantly in [[Cinema of India|Indian]] and [[Arab cinema|Arab]] cinema. She has served as a brand ambassador for [[Tourism in Dubai|Dubai Tourism]]. She has appeared as the lead in over 10 music videos. In 2021, Jumana became the second celebrity, after [[Shah Rukh Khan]], to have her photo displayed on the [[Burj Khalifa]], earning recognition as the UAE's "most popular" [[internet celebrity]].

== Early life and education ==
Jumana Abdu Rahman was born in Dubai, UAE and raised in [[Abu Dhabi]]. She did her schooling at Model Private School, Abu Dhabi and went to Middlesex University, Dubai to pursue her [[Law degree|law graduation]]. Her father is a [[businessperson]] and her mother is a [[Homemaking|homemaker]], she also has an elder sister.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Jumana Rahman: An artist with multiple talents |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/entertainment/jumana-rahman--an-artist-with-multiple-talents.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513000734/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/entertainment/jumana-rahman--an-artist-with-multiple-talents.html |archive-date=2025-05-13 |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam Actress Jumana Abdu Rahman Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/malayalam/actress/jumana-abdu-rahman |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jumana started as a [[Model (person)|model]] and gained fame on [[TikTok]] and [[Instagram]] for her short videos and pictures.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Gillett |first=Katy |date=2021-02-28 |title=10 top TikTok personalities from the Gulf: from Jumana Khan to Mohammed Abbas |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts/10-top-tiktok-personalities-from-the-gulf-from-jumana-khan-to-mohammed-abbas-1.1172369 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> She began her [[YouTube]] career on 27 March 2017, where she posts vlogs and travel insight.

In February 2021, she participated in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet's]] cooking reality show ''Family Cook Off Season 2'''.'''''<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Serrano |first=Sofia |date=8 February 2021 |title=Season 2 of Family Cook Off is back exclusively on Asianet Middle East |url=https://campaignme.com/season-2-of-family-cook-off-is-back-exclusively-on-asianet-middle-east/ |work=Campaign Middle East}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite news |last=Garg |first=Tanya |date=30 October 2024 |title=Meet Jumana Abdu Rahman, who may become Bigg Boss 18's first wild card entry, know all about her connection with Sidhu Moose Wala |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-jumana-abdu-rahman-who-may-become-bigg-boss-18s-first-wild-card-entry-know-all-about-her-connection-with-sidhu-moose-wala-7360429/ |work=[[India.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Create your own path beyond the conventional - YouTuber and actress Jumana Abdu Rahman |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/women/create-your-own-path-beyond-the-conventional-youtuber-and-actress-jumana-abdu-rahman-918234 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

In October 2021 Jumana participated in an [[amateur boxing]], ''Social Knockout 2,'' taking on social media personality and MBC TV presenter Sarleen Ahmed in the ring. It was the first-ever female influencer boxing match in Dubai.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=WEASER-SEYCHELL |first=LUKE |title=Social Knockout 2: What Date Is The Event? |url=https://www.givemesport.com/1757265-social-knockout-2-what-date-is-the-event/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2021 |title=Jumana Khan excited for Social Knockout 2 |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/local-events/jumana-khan-excited-for-social-knockout-2 |work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Corby |first=Donagh |date=15 October 2021 |title=What UK time is Social Knockout 2? TV channel and live stream as Adam Saleh and Slim Albaher return |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/boxing/what-uk-time-social-knockout-25217649 |work=[[Daily Mirror]]}}</ref>

Jumana is known for her acting in ''Aanaparambile'' ''World Cup'' (2022), she has played the lead roles in [[Shane Nigam]] starring ''Aayirathonnam Ravu (2022) and'' an Emirati film ''Ghanoom the Billionaire (2023).''<ref name=":20">{{Cite news |last=Rajguru |first=Sumit |date=31 October 2024 |title=Who Is Jumana Abdu Rahman? Bigg Boss 18's Tentative Wild Card Contestant |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/who-is-jumana-abdu-rahman-bigg-boss-18-tentative-wild-card-contestant/photostory/114818437.cms |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="غنوم الملياردير".. في السينما اليوم - الاتحاد للأخبار |url=https://www.aletihad.ae/news/دنيا/4420582/-غنوم-الملياردير----في-السينما-اليوم |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=www.aletihad.ae |date=2 August 2023 }}</ref>

Jumana has worked in more than ten music videos with various artists, including [[Maninder Buttar]] and [[Sidhu Moose Wala discography|Sidhu Moosewala]]. One of her music videos, ''GOAT (2021)'' from the album [[Moosetape]] has crossed 352 million views on YouTube. Additionally, she is a speaker at [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] events.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=TEDxTSMU {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/55386 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Yadav |first=Shikha |date=31 October 2024 |title=बिग बॉस 18 की पहली वाइल्ड कार्ड कंटेस्टेंट बन सकती हैं जुमाना अब्दु रहमान, जानें सिद्धू मूसेवाला से क्या है कनेक्शन |url=https://ndtv.in/television/bigg-boss-18-first-wild-card-entry-jumana-abdu-rahman-know-connection-with-sidhu-moose-wala-6900087 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=hi}}</ref>

She has collaborated with more than 200 brands across the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] (GCC). Additionally, she has acted as a brand ambassador for numerous companies, including [[Pond's]], [[Pantene]], [[Xiaomi]], [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]], [[Cetaphil]], [[Pepsi]] and the [[Emaar Group]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Harsh |first=Harsh |date=2 November 2024 |title=Dubai Influencer Jumana Abdu Rahman Attends Exclusive D'YAVOL Fashion Launch by Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.dnpindia.in/entertainment/dubai-influencer-jumana-abdu-rahman-attends-exclusive-dyavol-fashion-launch-by-shah-rukh-khan/518222/ |work=DNP India}}</ref>

== In media ==
In 2021, Jumana became the second celebrity, after [[Shah Rukh Khan]], to have her photograph displayed on the [[Burj Khalifa]], and has been widely recognised by numerous media outlets as the “most popular” [[internet celebrity]] in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=2021-01-04 |title=Malayali influencer Jumana Khan appears on Burj Khalifa's lit-up facade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/malayali-influencer-jumana-khan-appears-on-burj-khalifas-lit-up-facade/articleshow/80101568.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Aashna |date=4 January 2021 |title=जुमाना खान की बुर्ज खलीफा पर लगी फोटो, प्रिया प्रकाश वारियर के डायरेक्टर के साथ कर रही हैं काम |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/jumana-khan-and-ajmal-khan-will-seen-in-omar-lulu-upcoming-hindi-album-photo-viral-2347332 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Ajaz |first=Mahwash |date=20 May 2021 |title=I want to collaborate with Will Smith, says UAE influencer Jumana Khan |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/features/wknd-interview-i-want-to-collaborate-with-will-smith-says-uae-influencer-jumana-khan |work=[[Khaleej Times]]}}</ref>

Jumana has worked as a [[brand ambassador]] for Dubai Tourism and collaborated with [[Dubai Police Force]] multiple times.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Vishakha |date=1 November 2024 |title=Jumana Abdu Rahman Decides Not To Participate In Salman Khan's Show For THIS Reason - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-18-jumana-abdu-rahman-decides-not-to-participate-in-salman-khan-show-for-this-reason-exclusive-article-114852552 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> She has appeared on billboards in Dubai for major campaigns, including [[TikTok]], [[Abu Dhabi National Oil Company]], and Al Ansari Exchange.<ref name=":0" /> Rahman is also the brand ambassador for the Kerala Strikers of [[Celebrity Cricket League]] (CCL) owned by [[Mohanlal]], [[Rajkumar Sethupathi|Rajkumar]], [[Sripriya]] and [[Shaji Kailas|Shaji]].<ref name=":10" />

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Result
!Ref
|-
|2019
|[[Middle East]] WOW Awards
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2021
| [[Filmfare]] Social Night Awards
|{{Won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naval-Shetye |first=Aakanksha |date=2021-01-22 |title=Filmfare ME Social Night: Check out the complete list of Winners |url=https://filmfaremiddleeast.com/filmfare-me-social-night-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners/?amp=1 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[Madhyamam]] Indo-Arab Women Excellence Award
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2022-06-23 |title=ഗൾഫ് മാധ്യമം ഇന്തോ-അറബ് വിമൻ എക്സലൻസ് അവാർഡ് അംഗീകാര നിറവിൽ അഞ്ചു വനിത പ്രതിഭകൾ {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/gulf-news/uae/gulf-madhyamam-indo-arab-women-excellence-award-five-in-recognition-women-geniuses-1033479 |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=[[Madhyamam]] |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Mastervision International Excellence Awards
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2023
|Talent Record Book ([[World record]])
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":10" />
|}

== Filmography ==

=== TV ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col"|Channel

! scope="col"|References

|-
| 2022 || ''Family Cook Off Season 2'' || herself || [[Disney Star]] and [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||<ref name=":5" />
|}

=== Films ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! References

|-

| 2022 || ''[[Aanaparambile World Cup]]'' || Female protagonist || Malayalam ||<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=18 October 2022 |title=Exclusive! Antony Varghese's comedy-drama Poovan has a rooster in a pivotal role: Vineeth Vasudevan |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-antony-vargheses-comedy-drama-poovan-has-a-rooster-in-a-pivotal-role-vineeth-vasudevan/ea40f13c5f860 |work=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=പെപ്പെയ്ക്കൊപ്പം അഭിനയിച്ചത് നല്ല അനുഭവമായിരുന്നു; ജുമാന പറയുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/actress-jumana-khan-talks-about-her-new-movie-aanaparambile-world-cup/photoshow/94726367.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=L |first=Manoj |date=2023-12-01 |title=Jumana Abdu Rahman: A Beacon of Persistence and Resilience in the Digital Realm |url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/jumana-abdu-rahman-a-beacon-of-persistence-and-resilience-in-the-digital-realm/ |access-date= |website=CineTalkers |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| ''Ghanoom the Billionaire'' || Lead role || Arabic||<ref name=":16">https://uae.voxcinemas.com/movies/ghanoom-the-billionaire-arabic</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cinema |first=Al Shaab |title=GHANOOM THE BILLIONAIRE (ARABIC) |url=https://www.alshaabcinema.com/movies/ghanoom-the-billionaire-arabic/113 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.alshaabcinema.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanoom the Billionaire (2023) |url=https://www.gawby.com/movies/9875122 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=GAWBY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://elcinema.com/en/work/2081368/ |title=Movie - Ghanoom Al Milliardaire - 2023 Watch Online، Video، Trailer، photos، Reviews، Showtimes |language=en |access-date=2024-11-02 |via=elcinema.com}}</ref>
|}

*

=== Music videos ===

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#AAAAACCCCDDDDD" align="center"
! Year !! Album !! Singer(s) !! Music !! References

|-
| 2023
|'' About You ''
| [[Maninder Buttar]]
| Jay B
||<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":18" />

|-

| 2022
| ''Ghoda''
| Karan Randhawa
| Showkidd
|
|-

| 2021
| ''GOAT, [[Moosetape]]''
| [[Sidhu Moosewala]]
| Wazir Patar
| |<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Team |first=Kiddaan.com |date=25 July 2021 |title=GOAT Review: Can Sidhu Moosewala Ever Disappoint? No! |url=https://kiddaan.com/goat-review-can-sidhu-moosewala-ever-disappoint-no/ }}</ref>

|-
| 2021
| ''Tu Hi Meri Zindagi ''
| [[Nikhil D'Souza|Nikhil D’Dsouza]]
| [[Jubair Muhammed]]
| |

|-

| 2021
| ''Maar Hi Dalogi''
| Asli Gold
| Barrel
| |

<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Watch Latest Hindi Song 'Maar Hi Dalogi' Sung By Asli Gold Featuring Mr Faisu And Jumana Khan {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-latest-hindi-song-maar-hi-dalogi-sung-by-asli-gold-featuring-mr-faisu-and-jumana-khan/videoshow/83041004.cms |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-

| 2021
| ''Jaana Mere Jaana''
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| Jubair Muhammed
| |<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-04-08 |title=Shane Nigam collaborates with influencer Jumana Khan for a movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-collaborates-with-influencer-jumana-khan-for-a-movie/articleshow/90729452.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-02 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

|-

| 2020
| '' Teri Yaad Mey''
| Zak Zorro
| Atif Ali
|
|-

| 2020
| ''DIL YAARA VE''
| Aaron Tamang
| Pritom
| |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=8 Music Videos Featuring Our Fave Influencers That Made August Beat-tiful |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2020/09/02/8-music-videos-featuring-our-fave-influencers-that-made-august-beat-tiful |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=MissMalini |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-22 |title=वीडियो सॉन्ग 'दिल यारा वे' 26 अगस्त को होगा रिलीज, हसनैन के, अक्षत ईरानी और जुमन खान पर फिल्माया गया {{!}} Hasnain Dil Yara Ve Video Song Juman Khan 26 August |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/hasnain-dil-yara-ve-video-song-juman-khan-26-august-6355474/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>

|-

| 2020
| ''Ro Ro Ke Guzre Din''
| Hardik Tailor
| Hardik Tailor
| |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-08 |title='Ro Ro Ke Guzre Din' Starring Adnaan Shaikh & Jumana Khan Is Finally Out |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2020/08/08/ro-ro-ke-guzre-din-starring-adnaan-shaikh-jumana-khan-is-finally-out |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=MissMalini |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=N |first=S |date=14 August 2020 |title=A music video that encourages to say 'no' to suicide |url=https://www.apnnews.com/a-music-video-that-encourages-to-say-no-to-suicide/ }}</ref>

|-

| 2020
| ''Taake Naina''
| [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Jyotica Tangri]]
| Abhishek - Amol
| |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2020-07-09 |title=Ankit Tiwari teases new love song'Taake naina' - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/ankit-tiwari-teases-new-love-songtaake-naina/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=2020-02-19 |title=Bhavin Bhanushali and Jumana Khan in romantic music video Taake Naina |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/bhavin-bhanushali-jumana-khan-romantic-music-video-taake-naina/2020/02/19 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref>

|-

| 2019
| ''Nazar Na Lag Jaye''
| [[Ramji Gulati]]
| Ramji Gulati
| |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-22 |title=India is listening to Ramji Gulati's "Nazar Na Lag Jaye" |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-ramji-gulati-nazar-na-lag-jaye-6018055/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

|-

| 2019
| '' Giftaan''
| Abhinav Shekhar
| Ramji Gulati
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Latest Punjabi Official Music Video Song 'Giftaan' Sung By Abhinav Shekhar And Shambhavi Thakur Featuring Jumana Khan And Abhinav Shekhar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-punjabi-official-music-video-song-giftaan-sung-by-abhinav-shekhar-and-shambhavi-thakur-featuring-jumana-khan-and-abhinav-shekhar/videoshow/82910268.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=11013666}}
*[https://m.youtube.com/@jumanaabdurahman/ Jumana Abdu Rahman] at [[YouTube]]

{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Biography||Women|Cinema|}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Jumana Abdu}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Middlesex University]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Dubai]]
[[Category:Models from Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian Internet celebrities]]

Kakinada

2026-02-26T00:50:52Z

YvonneTran476: expanded content

{{Other uses}}{{Short description|City in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kakinada
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = District Collector Office building at Kakinada.jpg
| image2 = KAKINADA STATION MAIN ENTRANCE.jpg
| image3 = Mahatma gandhi gate.jpg
| image4 = Kakinada port.jpg
| image5 = Scenic view of Kakinada beach during evening.jpg
| image6 = River in coringa forest.jpg}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': District Collectorate Office, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada|JNTU Kakinada]], Kakinada Beach, Riverfront view in [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]], a boat at [[Kakinada Port]], and [[Kakinada Town railway station]]
| etymology =
| nicknames = Second [[Madras]], Pensioners' Paradise
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|16|57|58|N|82|15|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| established_title1 = Incorporated (Municipality)
| established_date1 = 1866<ref name=":11"/>
| established_title2 = Incorporated (Corporation)
| established_date2 =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| government_footnotes = <ref name="council">{{cite news |last1=M. N. |first1=Samdani |title=Andhra Pradesh's move to supply Krishna water to Coca-Cola plant irks opposition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Andhra-Pradeshs-move-to-supply-Krishna-water-to-Coca-Cola-plant-irks-opposition/articleshow/47239899.cms |access-date=25 May 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=12 May 2015 |location=Mangalagiri |language=en}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Kakinada Municipal Corporation|Kakinada Municipal Corporation (KMC)]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Sunkara Siva Prasanna
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/sunkara-siva-prasanna-is-new-kakinada-mayor/article37169908.ece|title=Sunkara Siva Prasanna is new Kakinada Mayor|newspaper=The Hindu|date=26 October 2021|last1=Naidu|first1=T. Appala}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Kakinada Corporation |url=https://kakinada.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-62 |access-date=4 September 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218221521/http://kakinada.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-62 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 152.51
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of 2011 =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="civicbody">{{cite web |url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs |website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |page=41 |access-date=23 June 2016 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717151418/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in/dtcpweb/ulbs/List%20of%20ULBs-27-2-2019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="profile" />
| population_total = 384,128 [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population|(6th)]] [[Andhra Pradesh|in AP]]
| population_metro = 443,028
| pop_est_as_of =
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| demographics_type1 = Literacy
| demographics1_title1 =
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| demographics1_title2 = Literacy rate
| demographics1_info2 = 81.23%
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533001, 533002, 533003, 533004, 533005, 533006, 533016
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–884
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05, AP06 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada |archive-date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728113337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Nominal GDP]] (2023–24)
| blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|20876|c|=2024}}<ref>https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://kakinada.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-us-62|Kakinada Municipal Corporation}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = [[Vanamadi Venkateswara Rao]] ([[Kakinada City Assembly constituency|Urban]]) [[Pantham Venkateswara Rao|Pantham Nanaji]] ([[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Rural]])
| leader_title2 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| leader_name2 = [[Tangella Uday Srinivas]]
| native_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| map_caption = Interactive map
}}

'''Kakinada''' ({{audio|Kakinada.ogg|listen}}; formerly known as '''Cocanada''') is a [[Port|port city]] and [[municipal corporation]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="pensioner's_paradise2">{{cite news |last1=Kalavalapalli |first1=Yogendra |date=19 July 2016 |title=Pensioner's paradise Kakinada coming of age |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/cMXZqsIvDHpFZMpCNN3uDM/Pensioners-paradise-Kakinada-coming-of-age.html |access-date=8 May 2017 |work=Livemint}}</ref> Situated along the [[Bay of Bengal]], it serves as the headquarters of [[Kakinada district]] and is a prominent economic and cultural centre in the region. It is the sixth most populous city in the state and is recognised as one of India's most livable and cleanest cities among those with a population under one million.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Mapped: Most 'liveable' cities in India |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/rediff-labs-mapped-most-liveable-cities-in-india/20210305.htm |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-26 |title=Kakinada Smart City bags Indian Smart City Award 2022 in sanitation category |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/kakinada-smart-city-bags-indian-smart-city-award-2022-in-sanitation-category/articleshow/103089358.cms#:~:text=%E2%80%9CKakinada%20Smart%20City%20has%20emerged,2022%E2%80%9D%20in%20the%20sanitation%20category. |access-date=2024-10-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Nicknamed the "Pensioners' Paradise," Kakinada is known for its well-planned layout and modern infrastructure.<ref name="city_desc">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Rishi |date=18 March 2016 |title=Kakinada: 'Pensioner's paradise' goes fishing for more |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/kakinada-pensioners-paradise-goes-fishing-for-more/article8366177.ece |website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref>

The city rose to prominence in the mid-19th century, when the decline of the nearby Coringa port, caused by natural disasters and silting, redirected trade activities to Kakinada port. It became the administrative headquarters of the [[Godavari district]] in 1859, further growing as a cotton export hub during the [[American Civil War]]. By the late 19th century, Kakinada emerged as one of India's largest ports and the most significant in the Andhra region.<ref name=":7" /> According to the 1891 census, Kakinada was the most populous city in the Andhra region, a status it largely retained until the 1930s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=H. A. Stuart |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59372/page/n63/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Census Of India, 1891. Volume XIII. |year=1893 |series=Madras. The Report on the Census |pages=25–27}}</ref> During the colonial era, the city also gained importance as the starting point of the [[Buckingham Canal]], a vital route for trade and transportation.<ref name="city_desc" />

In modern times, Kakinada's economy is driven by industries such as fertilizer production, edible oil refining, natural gas extraction, food processing, IT, and power generation. The city also plays a vital role in the [[Krishna Godavari Basin|Krishna-Godavari Basin]], serving as a key hub for petrochemical companies.<ref name="city_desc" /> Culturally, Kakinada is known for its iconic sweet, [[Kakinada Kaja]], and has been the hometown of several notable personalities in [[Telugu cinema]]. Historically, Telugu migrants to countries like [[Myanmar|Burma]] and [[Malaysia]] were referred to as "Coranghees," a term derived from the nearby Coringa port, which served as a major migration point in Andhra.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=W. W. Hunter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IoIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA42 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1885 |publisher=Trübner & Company |volume=IV |pages=42–43 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Satyanarayana |first=Adapa |date=2008 |title=Telugu Diaspora in South East/West Asia, 1871-1990 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147252 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=69 |pages=904–914 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44147252}}</ref>

Kakinada is also an educational hub, hosting institutions such as [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]] (JNTU), [[Rangaraya Medical College]], the [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] (IIFT) campus, and Andhra Polytechnic, the first polytechnic college in Andhra Pradesh. The city also boasts nearby attractions such as [[Hope Island (India)|Hope Island]], which acts as a natural barrier protecting it from cyclones and tsunamis, and the [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]], home to vast [[Mangrove forest|mangrove forests]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourist Places - Kakinada District |url=https://kakinada.ap.gov.in/tourism/tourist-places/ |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Kakinada District Administration |language=en-US}}</ref> Notably, Kakinada was among the first 20 cities selected under the [[Smart Cities Mission]].<ref name=":9">{{cite web |date=28 January 2016 |title=Govt. announces list of first 20 smart cities under 'Smart Cities Mission' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-first-20-smart-cities-under-smart-cities-mission/article8162775.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>{{TOC limit|3}}

== Etymology ==
The name "Kakinada" has multiple theories regarding its origin. One theory suggests that it is derived from the Telugu word "Koka" or "Coca," referring to [[Sari|saree]] products that were stored and exported by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] when the city served as a Dutch settlement. Another theory links the name to the Telugu word "Kaki," meaning "crow," interpreting Kakinada as the "abode of crows," referencing the birds often seen catching fish along the shore.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/208/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |pages=209–210}}</ref> A third theory associates it with Kakasura, a mythological figure from the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Additionally, some believe the name was derived from Kakichika, an ancient ruler of [[Vengi]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6ljAAAAMAAJ&q=kakinada+kakichika |title=Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India |date=1987 |publisher=Epigraphical Society of India |volume=14 |pages=60 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sr21AAAAIAAJ&q=kakinada |title=Archaeology of Andhra Pradesh: Victoria Jubilee Museum, Vijayawada, Centenary, 1887-1987: a Souvenir |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh Department of Archeology and Museums]] |year=1987 |pages=21 |language=en}}</ref>

During British rule, the city was known as "Cocanada." Some believe the name "Cocanada" was modified by the British East India Company from "Co-Canada" for convenience, as the original name was considered difficult to pronounce. The city was also referred to as "Coringa," a name derived from its proximity to the [[Koringa River|Koringa]] River.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

The name "Cocanada" gained prominence with the establishment of the first [[Canadian Baptist Mission]] in the area under British administration. After India gained independence, the city was officially renamed Kakinada.{{fact|date=February 2026}}

== History ==

=== Dutch settlement at Jaggernaickpuram ===
The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) established a [[trading post]] at Jaggernaickpuram (also spelled Jagernaykpalam, among other variations) in present-day Kakinada, during the [[Dutch India|Dutch colonization of India]]. On 25 September 1734, Haji Muhammad Hussain, the Nawab of Rajahmundry, granted the Dutch a parwana and kaul, officially transferring the hamlet of "Jagernaykpalam" to the VOC for the construction of a trading lodge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=Numismatic Society of Bombay, Volume 23-24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFNmAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay |page=99}}</ref><ref name=":73" />

In 1781, during the [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]], the English seized Dutch settlements along the [[Coromandel Coast|Coromandel coast]], including Jaggernaickpuram. The Dutch factory and public buildings were demolished that year. However, in 1784, after peace was declared, the Dutch factories were returned to the VOC.<ref name=":73" />

The Dutch settlements were once again captured by the British during the [[French Revolutionary Wars|wars of the French Revolution]] (1789-1795), but were handed back in 1818 through the Convention of 1814. Finally, in 1825, the Dutch territories in India, including Jaggernaickpuram, were transferred to the British under a treaty between [[Netherlands]] and the UK.<ref name=":73" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4pDAAAAYAAJ&q=cocanada+name&pg=PA338 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |last4=Meyer |first4=William |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |volume=X |pages=338–340 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Establishment and decline of Coringa port ===
In 1759, the British established a shipbuilding and repair facility in the area, which came to be known as [[Coringa, Kakinada district|Coringa]] Town, located on the [[Koringa River|Coringa River]], a branch of the [[Godavari River]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/40/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |pages=40}}</ref> Its strategic location and safe anchorage attracted European merchants, including the British, French, Dutch, and Portuguese, who utilized its port for trade and maritime activities on the [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref name=":732">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/210/mode/2up |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |pages=210–212}}</ref>

In 1802, a wet dock was constructed in Coringa, making it a vital facility for repairing [[Royal Navy]] and other vessels. This dock was notable for being the only wet dock between [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) and one of the few locations capable of accommodating large ships.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, the area, including Cape Cori (now known as [[Hope Island (India)|Hope Island]]), became internationally recognized for its shipbuilding industry, which flourished alongside its repair operations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sankar |first1=K.N. Murali |date=20 July 2016 |title=Coringa's relic of the past |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/coringas-relic-of-the-past/article3379198.ece |access-date=24 April 2018 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

The town's coastal location, however, made it vulnerable to frequent storms and inundations. In 1784, a sea rise caused vessels to drift as far inland as [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name=":3" /> Coringa also suffered significant damage from various storms, including a devastating storm in 1789 that claimed 20,000 lives, and another in May 1832 that further damaged the area.<ref name="Coast of Golconda- Coringa Bay2">{{cite book |last1=Horsburgh |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbhAAQAAMAAJ&q=Coringa+ship+building+AND+india&pg=PA602 |title=The India Directory, Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the ..., Volume 1 |date=1841 |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co. |pages=602–603 |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoiberg |first1=Dale |url=https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni05hoib |title=Students' Britannica. India: Select essays |date=2000 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd |isbn=0-85229-762-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/studentsbritanni05hoib/page/n423 409] |quote=shipbuilding in Coringa. |access-date=24 April 2018 |url-access=registration}}</ref> The most catastrophic of these was the [[1839 Coringa cyclone|cyclone]] of 25 November 1839, which had a storm surge estimated at 40 feet. This cyclone completely destroyed the port and around 20,000 vessels killing over 300,000 people across the region.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=Hell on Earth: 12 of History's Most Destructive Natural Disasters |url=https://historycollection.com/12-historys-remarkable-natural-disasters/ |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=HistoryCollection.com |language=en-US}}</ref> This event was one of the first to be cited by [[Henry Piddington]], who coined the term "[[cyclone]]" to describe such phenomena.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |year=1840 |title=A Second Memoir with reference to the THeory of the Law of Storms in India- Coringa Hurricane of November, 1839, with other Storms. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39938330 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=9 |pages=107–133}}</ref>

After the 1839 disaster, Coringa's port never fully recovered, and homes were relocated further inland.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |url=https://knappily.com/On%20this%20day/november-25-1839-coringa-is-destroyed-by-a-cyclone/5a1971e09622cdde40a8faf9 |title=1839 Coringa destroyed by cyclone |date=25 November 2017 |publisher=Knappily Books |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202125356/https://knappily.com/On%20this%20day/november-25-1839-coringa-is-destroyed-by-a-cyclone/5a1971e09622cdde40a8faf9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the 1870s, the river had become too shallow, and the approaches too difficult, limiting the town's role to servicing only small craft. Despite this decline, Coringa continued to maintain some trade connections, particularly with [[Mawlamyine|Moulmein]] and [[Yangon|Rangoon]].<ref name=":8" /> Neighboring villages, such as [[Thallarevu]], took over the shipbuilding activities, further cementing Coringa’s decline as a maritime centre.<ref name=":732" /> By 1901, [[Siltation|silting]] in the [[estuary]] rendered the port inaccessible to large ships, and by 1905, shipbuilding activities ceased, leading to the eventual closure of the port.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coringa |url=https://knappily.com/On%20this%20day/november-25-1839-coringa-is-destroyed-by-a-cyclone/5a1971e09622cdde40a8faf9 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=Knappily Books |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202125356/https://knappily.com/On%20this%20day/november-25-1839-coringa-is-destroyed-by-a-cyclone/5a1971e09622cdde40a8faf9 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Building of docks2">{{cite book |last1=Frowde |first1=Henry |url=http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/2/25/imperialgazettee11greauoft/imperialgazettee11greauoft.pdf |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol XI |date=1908 |publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press |page=51 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Growth of Cocanada ===
With the silting of Coringa Bay, Kakinada, then known as Cocanada, emerged as a prominent port, replacing [[Coringa, Kakinada district|Coringa]]. Its strategic location and growing exports established it as a significant trade centre in the 19th century.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":73" /> Regular steamer services, initiated in 1858-59, connected the town to [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Yangon|Rangoon]], and [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], facilitating trade.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/30/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |pages=30–34}}</ref> By the 1860s, the [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] began regular maritime operations in the region.<ref name=":5" />

In 1859, Kakinada became the administrative headquarters of the newly formed [[Godavari district]] following the reorganization of the Rajahmundry, Masulipatam, and Guntur Collectorates.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/302/mode/2up |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |pages=302–304}}</ref> This reorganization resulted in the creation of two districts, Godavari and Kistna, with their boundaries defined by the Upputeru and Tamaleru rivers.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/168/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |page=169}}</ref> Since its designation, Kakinada has consistently served as a district headquarters, cementing its role as a key administrative and economic centre in the region.

The [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) further boosted Kakinada's prominence as a key shipping hub for cotton from Guntur.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> With the disruption of cotton supply to mills in [[Lancashire]] during the war, the demand for cotton surged. As a result, Kakinada saw a significant increase in port activity, playing a crucial role in meeting the growing demand for cotton by supplying it to international markets.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Penny |first=Frank |url=https://archive.org/details/churchinmadrasbe03penn/page/182/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Church in Madras: Being the History of Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras from 1835 to 1861 |date=1922 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |volume=III |pages=182}}</ref> In 1865, infrastructure developments included an iron-girder bridge linking Kakinada with Jagannadhapuram<ref name=":5" /> and a [[lighthouse]] to support maritime activities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/64/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |page=64}}</ref> These improvements bolstered trade and communication in the region.<ref name=":5" />

Kakinada was established as a municipality in 1866, reflecting its growing importance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/descriptivehisto00morrrich/page/306/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |page=307}}</ref> The European Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1868, represented European firms, while the native Chamber of Commerce worked alongside it to promote trade.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=T. Appala |date=2020-03-15 |title=Renovation of CCC building nears completion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/renovation-of-ccc-building-nears-completion/article31076598.ece |access-date=2024-11-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The local economy thrived on exports of cotton, gingelly oil seeds, sugar, and rice, while imports included iron and copper.<ref name=":5" /> The town also became a centre for publications, including the ''Cocanada Advertiser'', a mercantile newspaper, and ''Suddhiranjani'', a Telugu [[Weekly newspaper|weekly]].<ref name=":5" /> In 1852, the [[Pithapuram Estate|Pithapuram zamindar]] established a middle school, which was elevated to a second-grade college in 1884, becoming [[P. R. Government College|Pithapur Rajah's College]]. This institution soon gained prominence as a leading educational centre.<ref name=":11" />

By 1871, Kakinada's population reached 17,839, with Hindus making up 94% of the populace. Over the next decades, the population grew significantly, increasing by 61.8% between 1871 and 1881, and 40.5% between 1881 and 1891.<ref name=":6" /> By 1891, Kakinada's population reached 40,553, making it the most populous city in Andhra.<ref name=":6" /> It retained this position until 1921 when it briefly fell to second place with a population of 53,348, narrowly surpassed by [[Rajahmundry]]'s 53,791 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=H. H. Risley |last2=E. A. Gait |year=1903 |title=Census of India, 1901. Volume I. |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1901/CensusIndia1901IndiaTables.pdf |series=Part II - Tables |pages=16–30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=E. A. Gait |year=1913 |title=Census of India, 1911. Volume I. |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20India%20-%20Vol%20II.pdf |series=Part II - Tables |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=J. T. Marten |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1921/CensusIndia1921IndiaTables.pdf |title=Census of India, 1921. Volume I. |year=1923 |series=Part II - Tables |pages=30}}</ref> However, Kakinada reclaimed its status as the region's largest city by 1931, with its population rising to 65,952.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J. H. Hutton |year=1933 |title=Census of India, 1931. Volume I. |url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1931/CensusIndia1931IndiaTables.pdf |series=Part II - Imperial Tables |pages=18–20}}</ref>

By the early 20th century, Kakinada had emerged as the principal port on the Coromandel Coast, north of Madras.<ref name=":11" /> In 1902–03, it was ranked fifth among the ports of the [[Madras Presidency]] in terms of total trade and held the twelfth position among all ports in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. Within the region of present-day Andhra Pradesh, Kakinada was the largest port and ranked seventh among the ports in the territory of modern India.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway |first=F. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/godavaridistrict01frhe/page/112/mode/2up?q=cocanada |title=Godavari District Gazetteer |date=1915 |publisher= Asian Educational Services|others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1462-8 |volume=1 |pages=113–117}}</ref> The port became a thriving commercial hub, attracting prominent European and native merchants, including firms like [[Ralli Brothers]], Gordon, Woodroffe & Co., and [[Volkart Brothers]]. Kakinada port played a crucial role in trade within the [[Godavari district]] and its hinterlands, and even with parts of the [[Hyderabad State|Nizam's Dominions]]. Local industries, such as rice mills, [[cheroot]] factories, and salt works, supported by companies like Simson & Co. and Innes & Co., contributed to the town's economic growth.<ref name=":7" /> But, its economy remained primarily focused on shipping.<ref name=":11" /> The port’s exports included cotton (to the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[France]], and [[Belgium]]), oilseeds (to France and the UK), rice (to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Réunion]], [[Mauritius]]), and tobacco (to Rangoon), while imports included cotton goods, gunny bags, rice, and kerosene.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":7" />

By the early 20th century, Kakinada was home to five printing presses. Among them, the Sujana Ranjani Press published Telugu books, along with a weekly newspaper, ''Ravi'', and a monthly magazine, ''Savitri''. Another press produced a monthly magazine called ''Sarasvati''.<ref name=":73" /> In 1923, Kakinada hosted the [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) meeting from 28 December to 1 January 1924. The event became notable for a controversy over the rendition of ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', which highlighted religious sensitivities of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1998 |title=Kanchan Gupta on the Vande Mataram controversy |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/03vande.htm |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], on 6 April 1942, Kakinada was targeted by a Japanese air raid. A single aircraft attacked the port, damaging two ships and causing casualties, including one death and five injuries. This marked one of the earliest Japanese air raids on India's eastern coast during the war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-10-01 |title=October, 69 years ago, when Madras was bombed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/october-69-years-ago-when-madras-was-bombed/article3956159.ece |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Today, Kakinada is a thriving port city renowned for its industrial and economic importance within Andhra Pradesh. It serves as a key hub for trade, maritime activities, and cultural heritage in the region.

== Geography ==
Kakinada is located at {{Coord|16.93|N|82.22|E|}}, with the [[82nd meridian east|82-degrees east longitude]] passing through the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Kakinada |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kakinada.html |access-date=20 November 2011 |publisher=Fallingrain.com}}</ref> The city has an average elevation of {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}, and several areas lie below sea level.<ref name="pensioner's_paradise">{{cite news |last1=Kalavalapalli |first1=Yogendra |date=19 July 2016 |title=Pensioner's paradise Kakinada coming of age |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/cMXZqsIvDHpFZMpCNN3uDM/Pensioners-paradise-Kakinada-coming-of-age.html |access-date=8 May 2017 |work=Livemint}}</ref>

The city is divided into two regions, connected by bridges. The southern part, Jagannadhapuram, is separated from the main city by the [[Buckingham Canal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2016 |title=Parks to parking lots: 20 smart cities list their complaints to HT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/parks-to-parking-lots-20-smart-cities-list-their-complaints-to-ht/story-xKwwWnTYmwFUZ9jtaHz2jP.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The canal and its branches form Medaline Island,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sankar |first=K. n Murali |date=10 May 2016 |title=Merger issue returns to haunt Medaline Island |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/merger-issue-returns-to-haunt-medaline-island/article8577564.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> which borders the city to the southwest.

Kakinada features an industrial belt that runs north–south, separating the eastern part of the city from the coast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2017 |title=India, ADB ink $375 mn loan pact for industrial corridor |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-adb-ink-375-mn-loan-pact-for-industrial-corridor/565470/}}</ref> To the southeast, Kakinada Bay and surrounding marshlands are home to India's second-largest [[mangrove forest]], which includes the [[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name="Coringa">{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Vadrevu |date=26 December 2015 |title=Coringa to be ecotourism hotspot |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151226/nation-current-affairs/article/coringa-be-ecotourism-hotspot |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The Gouthami, a branch of the Godavari River, flows into the [[Bay of Bengal]] near the city.

=== Climate ===

Kakinada experiences a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Aw) , characterized by hot and humid conditions throughout most of the year. The hottest period occurs in late May and early June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 38°C to 42°C (100°F to 108°F). January is the coolest month, with minimum temperatures of 18°C to 20°C (64°F to 68°F). The city receives most of its rainfall during the southwest monsoon, though it also gets significant rainfall from the northeast monsoon between mid-October and mid-December. Kakinada is frequently affected by cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. Rajalakshmi |date=8 December 2016 |title=Cyclone 'Vardah' may cross Nellore-Kakinada on AP coast by Monday |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/cyclone-vardah-may-cross-nellorekakinada-on-ap-coast-by-monday/article9417172.ece |website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

Prevailing winds are from the southwest for most of the year, except from October to January when they shift to the northeast. The city's average annual rainfall is between 110 and 115 centimetres (43 to 45 inches)

In October 2025, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) reported that a depression over the southeast [[Bay of Bengal]] was likely to intensify into a cyclonic storm and approach the [[Andhra Pradesh]] coast near Kakinada with wind speeds up to 100 km/h. Due to its coastal location, Kakinada periodically experiences such cyclonic systems during the monsoon season.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Cyclone Montha to make landfall on October 28; rain alert on for Odisha, Tamil Nadu|date=26 October 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-montha-to-make-landfall-on-october-28-imd-issues-heavy-rain-alert-in-odisha-tamil-nadu-101761441071736.html}}</ref>{{Weather box
| location = Kakinada (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 34.6
| Feb record high C = 37.8
| Mar record high C = 40.0
| Apr record high C = 42.8
| May record high C = 46.9
| Jun record high C = 47.4
| Jul record high C = 41.7
| Aug record high C = 38.4
| Sep record high C = 38.0
| Oct record high C = 37.3
| Nov record high C = 35.9
| Dec record high C = 34.0
| year record high C = 47.4
| Jan high C = 29.5
| Feb high C = 31.4
| Mar high C = 34.1
| Apr high C = 36.0
| May high C = 37.7
| Jun high C = 35.7
| Jul high C = 33.0
| Aug high C = 32.4
| Sep high C = 32.7
| Oct high C = 32.2
| Nov high C = 30.8
| Dec high C = 29.5
| year high C = 32.9
|Jan mean C = 24.8
|Feb mean C = 26.4
|Mar mean C = 28.8
|Apr mean C = 30.7
|May mean C = 32.3
|Jun mean C = 31.1
|Jul mean C = 29.3
|Aug mean C = 28.9
|Sep mean C = 28.9
|Oct mean C = 28.4
|Nov mean C = 26.7
|Dec mean C = 24.8
| Jan low C = 20.3
| Feb low C = 21.5
| Mar low C = 24.0
| Apr low C = 26.2
| May low C = 28.0
| Jun low C = 27.4
| Jul low C = 26.2
| Aug low C = 26.0
| Sep low C = 26.0
| Oct low C = 24.9
| Nov low C = 22.7
| Dec low C = 20.3
| year low C = 24.4
| Jan record low C = 12.0
| Feb record low C = 15.6
| Mar record low C = 17.2
| Apr record low C = 18.9
| May record low C = 20.5
| Jun record low C = 21.4
| Jul record low C = 21.1
| Aug record low C = 21.7
| Sep record low C = 21.3
| Oct record low C = 17.2
| Nov record low C = 14.4
| Dec record low C = 13.9
| year record low C = 12.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 7.6
| Feb rain mm = 9.4
| Mar rain mm = 6.2
| Apr rain mm = 22.0
| May rain mm = 53.3
| Jun rain mm = 128.0
| Jul rain mm = 177.5
| Aug rain mm = 156.0
| Sep rain mm = 201.7
| Oct rain mm = 248.0
| Nov rain mm = 103.9
| Dec rain mm = 13.2
| year rain mm = 1126.8
| Jan rain days = 0.6
| Feb rain days = 0.7
| Mar rain days = 0.4
| Apr rain days = 1.4
| May rain days = 2.5
| Jun rain days = 7.3
| Jul rain days = 11.5
| Aug rain days = 9.6
| Sep rain days = 9.4
| Oct rain days = 8.7
| Nov rain days = 3.6
| Dec rain days = 0.9
| year rain days = 56.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 67
| Feb humidity = 63
| Mar humidity = 61
| Apr humidity = 62
| May humidity = 62
| Jun humidity = 62
| Jul humidity = 70
| Aug humidity = 73
| Sep humidity = 75
| Oct humidity = 74
| Nov humidity = 70
| Dec humidity = 67
|year humidity = 67
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Kakinada Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 375–376
| access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M9
| access-date = 17 February 2020}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43189
| title = Normals Data: Kakinada – India Latitude: 16.95°N Longitude: 82.23°E Height: 8 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==

{{Historical populations
|1871 | 17839
|1881 | 28856
|1891 | 40553
|1901 | 48096
|1911 | 54110
|1921 | 53348
|1931 |65952|1941 | 75140
|1951 | 99952
|1961 | 122865
|1971 | 164200
|1981 | 226409
|1991 | 279875
|2001 | 327541
|2011 | 384128
}}

As of 2011 [[Census of India]], Kakinada had a population of 443,028, with 222,461 males and 220,567 females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/404-kakinada.html|title=Kakinada Census 2011|website=Census 2011}}</ref> The Kakinada Urban Agglomeration also had a population of 443,028, comprising 217,459 males and 225,569 females, including the city's outgrowths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/351-kakinada.html|title=Kakinada Metropolitan Population|website=Census 2011}}</ref> Kakinada ranks as the 115th largest city in India by population and is one of the fastest-growing cities in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kakinada Snapshot |url=http://www.smartcitieschallenge.in/files/dmfile/Draft-Smart-Cities-Proposal-kakinada1.pdf |website=Smart City Kakinada }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Governance ==

[[Kakinada Municipal Corporation]] covers an area of {{convert|16.63|km2|abbr=on}}, while the [[urban agglomeration]] extends over an area of {{convert|40.36|km2|abbr=on}}. The urban agglomeration includes the Kakinada Municipal Corporation, [[Census town|census towns]] such as Chidiga, [[Ramanayyapeta]], and [[Suryaraopeta]], as well as the [[Out growth|outgrowths]] of Ganganapalle, Sarpavaram, Vakalapudi, and Turangi.<ref name="municipality">{{cite web |title=Kakinada Profile |url=http://kakinadacorporation.ap.gov.in/KMC/kakinadaProfile.apo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013010/http://kakinadacorporation.ap.gov.in/KMC/kakinadaProfile.apo |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=6 November 2015 |website=Kakinada Municipal Corporation |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook – East Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_B_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf |access-date=6 November 2015 |website=Census of India |page=3,16–17}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Kakinada's economy primarily relies on industry, agriculture, and fishing. Key agricultural products include paddy and coconut, while the industrial sector is dominated by edible oil refineries, fertilizers, and natural gas production.<ref name="city_desc" /> In the late 1940s, around the time of Indian independence, the city had minimal industrial activity, with its economy centered on agriculture and fishing.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 June 2008 |title=Naval Enclave will enhance maritime security: Pallam Raju |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Naval-Enclave-will-enhance-maritime-security-Pallam-Raju/article15248353.ece |access-date=15 May 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> By the early 1980s, before the establishment of fertilizer companies, the local economy expanded to include the textile industry, auto parts manufacturing, steel-related ancillary units, alongside its traditional reliance on agriculture and fishing.<ref name="pensioner's_paradise" />

=== Kakinada port ===
[[Hope Island, India|Hope Island]], about {{convert|5|km}} from the coast, makes [[Kakinada Port]] a natural harbour.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/an-island-of-hope/202572 | title=An Island of Hope | website=outlookindia.com| date=6 February 2022 }}</ref> It is home to two ports namely, an Anchorage port and a Deep-water port (and also third port is going to be constructed in KSEZ which will be Greenfield Seaport ).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/AP-to-set-up-commercial-port-at-Kakinada/articleshow/55319372.cms|title=AP to set up commercial port at Kakinada | Visakhapatnam News|website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2016 }}</ref> Kakinada's deep-water port is the second-largest in the state (after [[Visakhapatnam]] port) and the first in the country to be built in a [[public-private partnership]], in 1996 It is operated by Kakinada Seaports.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kakinada Port |url=http://www.apports.in/in/content/view/52/71/Kakinadaseaports.in|publisher=apports.in |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Before the deep-water port was built, the Anchorage port was the largest of India's 40 minor ports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-editorial-feature/andhra-pradesh-ports-steering-growth/article1571942.ece|title=Andhra Pradesh ports steering growth|date=25 March 2011 |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

Kakinada's principal exports include seafood ([[Prawn]]s, [[Shrimp]], [[Fish]]) and related products, agricultural products (including rice and corn),<ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-corn-exports-idINDEL30591120080721 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075659/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-corn-exports-idINDEL30591120080721 | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 November 2016 | work=Reuters|title=UPDATE 1-India corn exports up to Sept set to treble-trade | date=21 July 2008}}</ref> oilmeals, processed food products, chemicals, iron ore, bauxite powder and biofuel. Imports include chemicals, edible oils and agricultural products<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/015200804160321.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=WB floats tender to import 1.86 lakh tonnes of wheat | date=16 April 2008 | access-date=15 April 2008 | archive-date=2 February 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202170933/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/015200804160321.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> (including wheat and sugar).

=== Industrial sector ===
A number of industries and edible oil refineries, and serves as a base for a thriving oil and gas industry for the state of Andhra Pradesh are established at Kakinada.<ref name="city_desc" />

==== Agro−products ====
Coconuts are exported by several companies in and around Kakinada. The Murugappa Group-owned EID Parry (India) and [[Cargill]] International joint venture, Silk Road Sugars, has a port-based stand-alone sugar refinery in Kakinada with a capacity of 600,000 tonnes.,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/article3152110.ece |title="EID Parry teams up with Cargill for sugar EoU", ''The Hindu'' (25 April 2006) |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=25 April 2006 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=14667906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202185711/http://sify.com/finance/fullstory.php?id=14667906 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2009 |title="Murugappa group turnover up by 15%", Sify Business |website=[[Sify]] |date=6 May 2008 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>

==== Edible oil refineries and biofuel plants ====
In 2002, several edible-oil refineries were established in Kakinada, with a refining capacity of 3,000 tons per day; they include Acalmar Oils and Fats (taken over by Adani Wilmar), Ruchi Infrastructure and Nikhil Refineries. The port facilitates the importation of crude palm and soybean oil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/03/29/stories/2002032900211300.htm |title=Nikhil, Acalmar edible oil refineries go on stream |work=The Hindu |date=29 March 2002 |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>

Vakalapudi Industrial Park has attracted over $10 million in investment from [[biodiesel]] companies such as Reliance Industries, Natural Bioenergy and Universal Bio Fuel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universalbiofuelsltd.com/ |title=Universalbiofuelsltd.com |publisher=Universalbiofuelsltd.com |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bio-fuel-is-next-big-bet-if-crude-continues-to-rise_345655.html |title=>> News >> Business >> Bio-fuel is next big bet if crude continues to rise |publisher=Moneycontrol|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh has entered into an agreement with Reliance Industries for [[Jatropha incentives in India|''jatropha'' planting]]. The company selected {{convert|200|acre|ha}} of land in Kakinada to grow ''jatropha'' for quality biodiesel fuel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/5PUX6ShIurFRjlk9krgTPI/Reliance8217s-new-biofuel-business-model-to-provide-fuel.html|title=Reliance's new biofuel business model to provide fuel with food |publisher=Livemint.com|date=20 July 2008|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref>
=== Information technology ===

[[File:Ratan IT Towers Krify Kakinada.png|thumb|alt=Ratan IT Towers in ADB Road, Kakinada|Ratan Towers in ADB Road, Kakinada where companies such as Krify, Avineon are operating]]Kakinada is a tier-II city. [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI) established a facility here in 2007. Since then, several IT companies have come up in the city, mainly due to its educated workforce available in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/gmr-signs-mous-with-firms-on-setting-up-units-in-kakinada-sez/articleshow/56868627.cms|title=GMR signs MoUs with firms on setting up units in Kakinada SEZ|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=30 January 2017 |access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref>

Nearly, 35 Software and IT companies are operating from Kakinada, including Krify,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://krify.co/contact/ |work=Krify |location=India |title=Krify Software Technologies Pvt Ltd in Kakinada}}</ref> Avineon, [[Cyient]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.inkakinada.com/rate/best-it-companies-in-kakinada |work=ITAAP |location=India |title=Software Companies in Kakinada}}</ref>

An IT Association by the name "Godavari IT Association of East and West Godavari districts" (GITA) which an association of IT companies in the twin Godavari districts is formed in 2008 which is based in the city.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kakinada-zooms-ahead-as-an-IT-hub-Vadrevu/articleshow/7490454.cms?referral=PM |work=The Times of India |location=India |title=Kakinada zooms ahead as an IT hub- |date=14 February 2011}}</ref> Since 2016, GITA is merged with "IT Association of Andhra Pradesh" (ITAAP) forming a separate chapter called ITAAP Godavari Chapter.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://theitaap.org/pages/kakinadachapter-membercomitee.html |work=ITAAP |location=India |title=ITAAP Godavari Chapter}}</ref>

=== Power generation ===
There are several power plants in and around Kakinada. Spectrum Power Generation has a 208-MW plant and was one of the first [[Independent Power Producer]]s in the country. The company is planning to expand its capacity to 1350 MW in phases. Tenders for a 350-MW expansion have been requested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spgl.co.in |title=SPGL.co.in |publisher=SPGL.co.in |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> A 220-MW power station (being expanded to 2400 MW at a cost of Rs 100 billion) owned by Reliance Energy<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Anil-Ambani-monitors-progress-at-Samalkot-Plant/articleshow/7341997.cms |work=The Times of India |location=India |title= Anil Ambani monitors progress at Samalkot Plant |date=22 January 2011}}</ref> and a 464-MW combined-cycle power plant by GVK Group are in operation at [[Samalkota]] (Kakinada Rural). These plants supply electricity to the state's transmission utility, AP Transco, under a [[power purchase agreement]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh taking corrective measures to ensure smooth power supply |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh-taking-corrective-measures-to-ensure-smooth-power-supply/article67782693.ece |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The Hindu BusinessLine |language=}}</ref>

=== Natural gas and petroleum ===
Kakinada is the base for [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]'s Eastern Offshore Asset. Several [[petroleum|oil]] companies use Kakinada for oil and gasoline shipments. Baker Hughes and [[Schlumberger]] are field-development companies working on offshore natural-gas fields near the city. The [[Krishna Godavari Basin]] is considered the largest natural gas basin in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2002/oct/31ril.htm |title=Hemangi Balse, "Reliance gas-find 40 times bigger than Bombay High" |work=Rediff.com|date=31 October 2002|access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Significant discoveries of oil and natural gas were made by [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), [[Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation]] and [[Reliance Industries Limited|Reliance]], which has been extracting gas from its KG D6 block off the Kakinada coast. Reliance has an onshore terminal in Gadimoga, about {{convert|25|km}} from Kakinada, to process and distribute gas to other parts of the country. Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure (RGTIL) has built a {{convert|1440|km|adj=on}} pipeline from Kakinada to [[Bharuch]] (Gujarat) to transport 120 million cubic meters per day (mcmd) of natural gas from the Krishna-Godavari fields (owned by Reliance Industries)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/reliance-gets-ready-to-test-east-west-gas-pipeline-_334102.html |title="Reliance gets ready to test east-west gas pipeline" (Apr 14 2008) CNBC Money control.com |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |access-date=20 November 2011}}</ref> across India to its west coast. In 2010, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board awarded Kakinada's gas-distribution project to Bhagyanagar Gas, a [[consortium]] of [[GAIL]] and [[Hindustan Petroleum]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/piped-gas-in-eighteen-months-official/article808337.ece | location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu | title=Piped gas in eighteen months: official | date=2 October 2010}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Festivals ===

[[File:Andhra Telangana Sweets - Kakinada Kaja.jpg|thumb|[[Kakinada Kaja]], a sweet delicacy of Kakinada|195x195px]]
Kakinada Beach Festival (also Sagara Sambaralu) is a music festival held in Kakinada.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121222/news-current-affairs/article/beach-festival-be-held-every-year |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020073642/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121222/news-current-affairs/article/beach-festival-be-held-every-year |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 October 2013 |title=Beach festival to be held every year |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 December 2012 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> It was declared as an annual festival by the government of Andhra Pradesh in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-set-to-become-a-tourist-destination/article4301586.ece |title=AP set to become a tourist destination |work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> It is a three-day event where many artists perform.<ref name="deccanchronicle1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/singer-muralidhar-dies-during-train-journey/article4301623.ece |title=Singer Muralidhar dies during train journey |work=The Hindu|date=12 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>

=== Notable personalities ===
Kakinada has made notable contributions to [[Telugu cinema]] (Tollywood) with several prominent actors, actresses, and filmmakers hailing from the city. Among the notable figures are [[Anjali Devi]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sankar |first=K. N. Murali |date=2016-12-22 |title=Young Men's Happy Club: Lasting legacy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/Young-Men%E2%80%99s-Happy-Club-Lasting-legacy/article16925634.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=అలనాటి నటి సూర్యకాంతంకు అరుదైన గుర్తింపు.. కాకినాడలో ఘనంగా..! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/rajahmundry/kakinada-postal-department-will-release-postal-cover-in-the-name-of-actress-suryakantham/articleshow/87740067.cms |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref> [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Rao Gopal Rao]],<ref name="విశిష్ట తెలుగు మహిళలు">{{cite book|title=దామెర వేంకట సూర్యారావు|last1=రావు కమలకుమారి|first1=విశిష్ట తెలుగు మహిళలు|date=2016 |publisher=రీమ్ పబ్లికేషన్స్|isbn=978-81-8351-2824|page=200}}</ref> [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]], [[P. Adinarayana Rao]],<ref name=":0" /> [[C. Pullayya]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ&q=C.+Pullaiah+kakinada |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 |publisher=Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University |isbn=978-81-86073-07-0 |pages=390 |language=en}}</ref> [[P. B. Sreenivas]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-14 |title=Veteran singer PBS passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-singer-pbs-passes-away/article4617069.ece |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[C. S. Rao]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1973-IA10 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=2014-07-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |page=1973 |language=en}}</ref> [[Krishna Bhagavaan|Krishna Bhagawan]], [[Gunnam Gangaraju]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Jeevi |last2=Aditya |date= |title=Interview with Gunnam Gangaraju - Anukokunda Oka Roju |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/gangarajugunnam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404031526/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/gangarajugunnam.html |archive-date=4 April 2017 |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> [[Gautam Raju|Goutham Raju]], [[Ohmkar]], and singer Anjana Sowmya.

In addition to its contributions to cinema, Kakinada is also the hometown of Indian cricketer [[Hanuma Vihari]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanuma Vihari Profile |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/8424/hanuma-vihari |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> and the freedom fighter [[Baru Alivelamma]].<ref>Janaki, Dr. Komanduri (1999). ''Role Of Women In Freedom Struggle In Andhra Pradesh'' (1st ed.). Hyderabad, India: Neelkamal Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 82.</ref>

== Literature ==
[[File:Andhra Sahitya parishat - Kakinada-5.JPG|thumb|250px|Andhra Sahitya Parishat, an [[Archaeology museum|archaeological museum]] at Kakinada]]Kakinada has been a significant hub for Telugu literature, hosting numerous scholars, poets, and historians who have contributed extensively to the language and its history. The [[Suryaraya Andhra Nighantuvu|''Sri Suryaraya Andhra Nighantuvu'']], considered the most comprehensive monolingual Telugu dictionary, was first published in its initial four volumes by the Andhra Sahitya Parishad in Kakinada between 1936 and 1944.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/ShriiSuuryaraayaandhraNighantuvu6/shrii%20suryaraayan%27dhra%20nighan%27t%27uvu%208/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Suryaraaya Andhra Nighantuvu |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi |year=1982 |volume=8 |language=en}}</ref> This monumental work, featuring over 1.1 lakh words, provides detailed information about word origins, meanings, synonyms, and historical usage in literature, showcasing the city's pivotal role in advancing Telugu linguistic studies.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |author-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwqc7xso22wC&pg=PA2528 |title=Dictionaries: An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography |date=1991 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3-11-012421-7 |volume=Third |pages=2528 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Kasibhatta Brahmaiah Sastry]] (1863–1940), a notable Sanskrit and Telugu scholar, was among the eminent figures in Kakinada's literary landscape. Another celebrated personality, [[Garikapati Narasimha Rao]], earned the title ''Maha Sahasravadhani'' for performing one thousand ''[[Avadhanam]]'' feats, a challenging Telugu poetry competition. He also authored the epic poem ''Sagaraghosha'', adding to his reputation as a literary luminary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-01 |title=Sagara Ghosha {{!}} Pustakanidhi |url=https://pustakanidhi.com/books/sagara-ghosha/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Modern contributions to Telugu literature include Ryali Prasad, a poet, short story writer, and historian. He authored 32 epic poems and historical works, delving into various subjects, including the history of Kakinada. His notable works include ''Kakinada Charitra'', a comprehensive history of the city. Prasad was also skilled in performing Telugu Avadhanam in free verse poetry, exemplifying his versatility as a writer. [[:te:బొల్లోజు బాబా|Bolloju Baba]], a contemporary poet and historian residing in Kakinada, has further enriched the region's literary heritage. He has authored 11 books, six of which focus on literature and the remaining on history. His works include ''Ancient Cities of East Godavari'' and ''Yanam under French Colonial Rule'', which highlight the historical and cultural significance of the region.

== Transport ==

The city has various modes of transport in terms of road, rail and sea.<ref name="city_desc" /> Previously private city buses and rickshaws used to dominate the roads but after massive amount of urbanisation the primary mode of intra-city public transport is [[auto rickshaw]]s and there are about 7,000 of them being operated in the city limits with an additional of 3,000 from the surrounding settlements.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sankar|first1=K.N. Murali|title=Auto-rickshaws rule the roost|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/autorickshaws-rule-the-roost/article6071558.ece|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> Non-transport vehicles cover, [[Motorcycle]]s, [[bicycle]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sankar|first1=K N Murali|title=Civic body to promote cycling in Kakinada|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Civic-body-to-promote-cycling-in-Kakinada/article16769787.ece|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> For cyclists and motorists, there are planned cycling paths, bicycle sharing stations,<ref>{{cite news|title=Under smart city initiative, Andhra's Kakinada city plans to encourage cycling|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/under-smart-city-initiative-andhras-kakinada-city-plans-encourage-cycling-54030|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The News Minute|date=8 December 2016}}</ref> and bike hiring outlets.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gopal|first1=B. Madhu|title=Now, hire a bike to go sight-seeing|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Now-hire-a-bike-to-go-sight-seeing/article16927394.ece|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>

=== Roadways ===

Kakinada is connected by road to the rest of the state and other cities of India by means of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]]. [[National Highway 216]] which stretches from Kathipudi to Ongole passes through Kakinada. The bypass road is under construction which reduces the traffic in the city<ref>{{cite web|title=National Highways and their Lengths |url=http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396.htm |website=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410062034/http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/NH_StartEnding_Station8634854396.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is a well planned city with Grid type Road network.<ref name="city_desc" /> The city has a total road length of 719.21 km.state highway 42 connects Kakinada with other cities. ADB Road and Canal Road connects Kakinada with Rajamahendravaram. Government is going to construct a new national highway to Tuni along coast under Sagaramala scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |title=Details of Roads in Each ULB of Andhra Pradesh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp |archive-date= 1 August 2016 }}</ref>

=== Railways ===
[[File:Kakinada Town Railway station main entrance.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Kakinada Town Jn. Railway Station main entrance]]
{{rws|Kakinada Town}} and {{rws|Kakinada Port}} are the two railway stations serving the rail needs of the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Special trains from Kakinada to Secunderabad|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-02-24/Special-trains-from-Kakinada-to-Secunderabad/209385|access-date=15 May 2017|work=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref> {{rws|Kakinada Town}} is classified as an ''A–category'' station in [[Vijayawada railway division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing Category-wise No.of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=12 May 2017|page=2}}</ref> It is recognised as one of the ''Adarsh stations'' of the division in [[South Coast Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1327487244480-Division%20profile-new.pdf |title = Vijayawada Division – a profile| publisher= Indian Railways| access-date = 13 February 2013}}</ref>

SCR operates its carriage and Wagon depot which is one of the medium-sized depots in [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada division]]. It's the second station after [[Vijayawada Junction railway station]] to have Intermediate Overhauling IOH shed for all types of coaches.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624606460406-03%20Functions%20CnW%20English.pdf | title = Coaching Depots Vijayawada Division - a profile | publisher= South Central Railway| access-date = 10 August 2021}}</ref>

=== Waterways ===
[[File:Far view of Kakinada port from Beach.jpg|thumb|Far view of Kakinada port from Beach]]
[[Kakinada Port]] is located on the shore of [[Bay of Bengal]]. It is one of the intermediate ports in the state. The [[National Waterway 4]] connects Kakinada with [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]] and was declared in 2008 as National Waterway by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] for cargo transport and tourism.<ref name="city_desc" />

=== Airways ===
The nearest airport is [[Rajahmundry Airport]] which is 55 km from the city. Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) operates an Aerodrome at Gadimoga in the city. Cocanada was a stop by [[Francesco de Pinedo]] of the [[Regia Aeronautica]] and his mechanic, Ernesto Campanelli, during Pinedo's 1925 Rome- Australia-Tokyo-Rome flight.<ref name="flight19251001">{{cite news | url=http://www.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1925%2F1925%2520-%25200644.html&usg=AFQjCNGcDxbpKBgjBn6FteoTZfVFzYOUBw&sig2=gaw8DyhjS4bvT4SKyE7QOw&bvm=bv.110151844,d.cGc | author=Anonymous | title=Italian Flight to Tokyo Accomplished | work=Flight | date=1 October 1925 | page=644}}</ref><ref name="Flight19251112">{{cite news | url=http://www.flightglobal.com%2FFlightPDFArchive%2F1925%2F1925%2520-%25200756.PDF&usg=AFQjCNGAjxLdvh8rMqo4jsBR3rq5aLF8jw&sig2=odTGJ0rWSqY1qNjRuPA6xw | author=Anonymous | title=Rome-Tokyo-Rome: Marquis de Pinedo's Grand Air Tour Successfully Concluded | work=Flight | date=12 November 1925 | page=756}}</ref>{{Clear}}

== Education ==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Kakinada}}

[[File:Mahatma gandhi gate.jpg|left|thumb|281x281px|One of the entrance gates of JNTU, Kakinada]]
[[File:Entr.JPG|thumb|245x245px|Entrance of Rangaraya Medical College]]
Kakinada, known as an educational hub in Andhra Pradesh, provides a wide range of primary, secondary, and higher education options. Primary and secondary education in the city is offered by government, aided, and private schools under the School Education Department of Andhra Pradesh, with instruction available in both English and Telugu.

The city and its surrounding areas are home to numerous professional institutions offering courses in fields such as engineering, medicine, information technology, and management at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Among these institutions, [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada]] (JNTU Kakinada), stands out. Originally established as Vishakapatnam College of Engineering on former military land, it offers a variety of engineering programs and includes a business school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.jntucek.ac.in/history |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=University college of Engineering Kakinada, JNTUK}}</ref>

[[Rangaraya Medical College]], established in 1958 by Dr. M. V. Krishna Rao and Dr. [[Datla Satyanarayana Raju]], is another prominent institution in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangaraya Medical College - History |url=http://rmckakinada.com/pdf/RMC%20History.pdf}}</ref> Initially supported by donations, including land and financial contributions from various benefactors, the college became a fully government-run institution by 1981. The Government General Hospital, Kakinada serves as its teaching hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rangaraya Medical College |url=https://dme.ap.nic.in/edu_inst/med_colle/Rangaraya%20Medical%20College.pdf#:~:text=on%2017%2D11%2D1959.%20In%20the%20year%201977%20Government,Rangaraya%20Medical%20College%20became%20a%20full%20fledged. |website=Directorate of Medical Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

The Andhra University Postgraduate Centre, founded in 1977, provides higher education in Kakinada. It is located on a {{convert|50.93|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in Thimmapuram, approximately six kilometers from Kakinada Town Railway Station. Andhra Polytechnic, the first polytechnic college in Andhra Pradesh, was established in 1946 by the British Indian government on land donated by [[M. S. N. Charities]] in Jagannaickpur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.andhrapolytechnickkd.com/about.php |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Andhra Polytechnic college, Kakinada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thrimurthulu |first=S. |date=2021-07-11 |title=MSN Trust committed to cause of education |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/Jul/11/msn-trust-committed-tocause-of-education-2328508.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In recent years, Kakinada's educational landscape has expanded with the establishment of the [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] (IIFT), inaugurated by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], making it the third IIFT campus in the country, after [[Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFT Kakinada Campus |url=https://www.iift.ac.in/iift/iiftkakinada.php |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=[[IIFT]]}}</ref>

Additionally, the city is home to several other prominent institutions, including [[P. R. Government College, Kakinada|P. R. Government College]] and [[Ideal College of Arts and Sciences]], offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses. The [[National Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh]], located in [[Tadepalligudem]], is also situated 80 kilometres from Kakinada, further strengthening the region’s reputation as an educational center.

== Tourism ==
[[File:Coringa national park Mangrove forest 28.jpg|thumb|217x217px|Coringa wildlife sanctuary ]]
[[Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary]], part of the Godavari delta, [[Hope Island, India]], a sandspit formed by the Godavari, [[Konaseema]], scenic Godavari delta islands. It is the second-largest mangrove forest in India after Sundarbans.<ref name="Coringa" /> Uppada beach is primarily considered as Kakinada beach which is having one of longest coastlines in Indian beaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/hudhud-brings-out-vulnerability-of-uppada-beach-road/article6498960.ece|title=Hudhud brings out vulnerability of Uppada beach road|first=K. n Murali|last=Sankar|date=14 October 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Kakinada beach is meant for its mild blue waters and cold breeze all the day.

[[Bhavanarayana Temple, Sarpavaram|Bhavanarayana Swamy temple]] in Sarpavaram in Kakinada suburbs is a historic temple renowned for its mythological significance, intricate architecture, and historical inscriptions dating back to various dynasties.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Kakinada: Ancient temple in Sarpavaram in pitiable condition |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/kakinada-ancient-temple-in-sarpavaram-in-pitiable-condition-757129 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> It is recognized as one of the [[List of State Protected Monuments in Andhra Pradesh|State Protected Monuments]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web |title=Protected Monuments in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_andhra.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607002152/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_andhra.asp |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=3 November 2024 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref> The Bala Tripura Sundari Devi Temple is a famous temple located within the city. The temples of [[Suryanarayana Swamy Temple, Gollala Mamidada|Suryanarayana Swami]] and [[Kodandarama Temple, Gollala Mamidada|Kodandarama]] are located at G. Mamidada which is 20 km from the city.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kodandarama Temple, Gollala Mamidada |date=2023-05-20 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodandarama_Temple,_Gollala_Mamidada&oldid=1156030630 |access-date=2024-06-30 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Kodanda_Ramalayam_,_G._Mamidada.jpg|thumb|kodanda rama temple,G mamidada]]

{{Clear}}

== Sports ==

[[Cricket]] is the most popular game in the city, followed by [[badminton]] and athletics. Kakinada is home to a number of local cricket teams participating in district and zone matches,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Amaravati-Tab/2017-03-08/Andhra-Loyola-Engg-College-wins-JNTU-K-cricket-runners-up-cup/285419|title=Andhra Loyola Engg College wins JNTU-K cricket runners-up cup|first=The Hans|last=India|date=8 March 2017|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref> with a stadium used for [[Ranji Trophy]] matches. The East Godavari District Sports Authority has a sports complex in the city with an indoor stadium and swimming pool. Indian international [[Hanuma Vihari]] hails from Kakinada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanuma Vihari Profile - ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/8424/hanuma-vihari |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref>

[[Tennis]] is taught to students by the KTA (Kakinada Tennis Academy) at the tennis courts of [[Rangaraya Medical College]] There is a [[Roller rink|roller-skating rink]] in Vivekananda Park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/follow-in-vivekanandas-footsteps-students-told/article4303910.ece|title=Follow in Vivekananda's footsteps, students told|date=13 January 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population]]
* [[List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Kakinada}}
{{Commons category|Kakinada}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021085143/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Links.html ULBs of Andhra Pradesh]

{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Kakinada district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kakinada| ]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Kakinada district]]

Sittanavasal

2026-02-25T07:11:33Z

YvonneTran476: created new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = sittanavasal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = A aesthetic entrance in Sittanavasal.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = An entrance gate to Sittanavasal
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.466|N|78.734|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04322
| registration_plate = TN 55
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sittanavasal''' is a small hamlet in [[Pudukkottai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is known for the [[Sittanavasal Cave]], a 2nd-century [[Tamil Jain|Jain]] cave complex.<ref name="Lālavānī1991">{{cite book|last=Lālavānī|first=Gaṇeśa|title=Jainthology: an anthology of articles selected from the Jain journal of last 25 years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpnXAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=27 October 2012|year=1991|publisher=Jain Bhawan}}</ref> From the 7th to the 9th century A.D., the village flourished as a Jain centre.<ref name="Quarterly1994">{{cite book|title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PxtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=27 October 2012|year=1994|publisher=The Society|page=96}}</ref><ref name="Journal1989">{{cite book|title=Jain Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grDWAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=27 October 2012|year=1989|publisher=Jain Bhawan|page=15}}</ref>

==Etymology==
There are several interpretations of the word Sittanvasal. In [[Tamil language]], ''Sit-tan-na-va-yil'' means "the abode of great saints".<ref name=Sudharshan>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/swaminathan/sittannavasal/Sittannavasal%20-%20a%20booklet.pdf|title=S u d h a r s a n a m:A centre for Arts and Culture|accessdate=26 October 2012|publisher=Indian Heritage Organization}}</ref> Another explanation is that this was a suburb of [[Annalvayil]], called ''chiru-annal-vaayil'', meaning "smaller Annalvayil".Sittanavasal is a [[Tamil name]] that was used in the [[Sangam period]], or that is a derivative from ''Siddhaanaam-vaasah'', of north Indian origin which was corrupted first to "iddhannavaasah" and finally as "Sittannavasal". In the Brahmi script, the name mentioned in the inscriptions is "ChiRu-posil".<ref name=Sudharshan/><ref name=Rocky>{{cite news|title=Rocky retreat |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/22/stories/2004102200450100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041126152037/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/10/22/stories/2004102200450100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=Tatva>{{Cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|title=Sittanavasal – A passage to the Indian History and Monuments|accessdate=26 October 2012|publisher=Puratattva: The Legacy of Chitrasutra, Indian History and Architecture|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814174527/http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:A aerial view of Chithannavasal plain.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Aerial view of Sittanavasal]]
The Sittanavasal village is about {{convert|20|km}} to the northwest of [[Pudukottai]], just before [[Annavasal, Pudukkottai|Annavasal]] village and about {{convert|58|km}} from [[Trichy]]. The entrance to the village has a welcome arch. Within its geographical setting there is a prominent hill of {{convert|70|m}} height, which runs in the north–south direction, where many [[Sittanavasal Cave|Jaina cave monuments]] are located.<ref name="Anand1973">{{cite book|last=Anand|first=Mulk Raj|title=Album of Indian paintings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtLqAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 October 2012|year=1973|publisher=National Book Trust, India; [sole distributors: Thomson Press (India), Delhi|page=45}}</ref> Megalithic sites of the 1st century BC have also been excavated near the village, on the road to the monuments. It was a flourishing village during the Jaina period from the 7th to 9th century AD.<ref name="Quarterly1994"/><ref name=Sudharshan/><ref name=Tatva/> Before entering the Sittanavasal and on the road to the monuments, remains of prehistoric burial sites are seen. The Jain natural caverns, called Ezhadippattam are approached from the foothills. On the western slope of the central part of the hill is the cave temple which is approached by climbing a few 100 steps.<ref name=Sudharshan/><ref name=Tatva/>

==History==
The village was settled during the megalithic period from the 1st century BC according to excavations of several megalithic sites near the village.<ref name=Sudharshan/> Jainism flourished here from 1st century BC to 10th century AD. The Arivarkovil or the Temple cave is initially dated to [[Pallava]] King [[Mahendravarman I]] (580-630AD) prior to his conversion from [[Jainism]] to [[Hinduism]]. The village later fell under the reign of the [[Pandyan]]s in Tamil Nadu, and an inscription attributes renovation of the cave to a Pandyan king, probably Maran Sendan (654- 670AD) or [[Arikesari Maravarman]] (670-700AD).<ref name=Tatva/><ref name=ASI>{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rockjaintemple.asp|title=Rock-cut Jaina temple, Sittannavasal|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref> The Jain beds on the hill top indicate a [[Jainism|Jaina era]] pilgrimage centre which lasted till the 9th century CE.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Architectural monuments==
The archaeological monuments found in the area surrounding Sittanavasal village are the architectural features of the Arivar Kovil (Sittanvasal Cave), on the western side of the hill towards the north and the painting and sculptures found within its precincts, the Jaina beds, also known as Ekadipattam or Ezhadippattam in a natural cavern on the eastern side of the hill, the [[Samavasarana]], a place of assembly of a [[tirthankara]] in the form of mural paintings on the roof of the cave temple, megalithic burial urns, stone circles, cairns, dolmens, cists from the Iron Age called ''mudu-makkal-thaazhi'', and a submerged [[tarn (lake)|tarn]] called the ''Navach-chunai'' to the north of the natural cavern in the hill.<ref name=Sudharshan/><ref name=Tatva/><ref name=Poetry>{{Cite web|url=http://poetryinstone.in/lang/en/2010/11/01/sittanavasal-the-zenith-of-painting-part-2.html|title=Poetry In Stone|accessdate=26 October 2012|publisher=Poetry in Stone}}</ref> The Archaeological Survey of India is responsible for the maintenance of the Arivar Kovil and the Jaina beds.<ref name=Sudharshan/>

===Sittanavasal Cave===
{{Main|Sittanavasal Cave}}
[[File:Südindischer Meister um 850 001.jpg|right|thumb|250px| A [[fresco-secco]] painting]]
The Sittanavasal Cave, also known as Arivar Kovil, is a Jain monastery of the 7th century, small in size, excavated in a bluff on the western slope of the hill in its centre. It is noted for its paintings which have been painted in [[fresco-secco]] technique with many mineral colours. The painting themes depict a beautiful lotus pond and flowers, people collecting lotuses from the pond, two dancing figures, lilies, fish, geese, buffaloes and elephants.<ref name=Trove>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Pudukkottai10.aspx?catid=010110P03|title=Pudukottai: Treasure trove of archaeology |accessdate=26 October 2012|publisher=Official web site of Tamil Nadu Tourism}}</ref> Mulk Raj Anand said of the paintings, "Pallava craftsmen used greens and browns and puqiles, with a genuine ability and a lyrical flow of line. Lotuses spring up from imaginary ponds amid variegated greenery, under a bluish sheen."<ref name="Anand1973"/> In addition, inscriptions of the 9th and 10th century are also seen. The exquisite ceiling of the Ardhamandapam is decorated with murals from the 7th century.<ref name=Culture>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/paintings/cave.html|title=Cave Paintings in India|accessdate=26 October 2012|publisher=CulturalIndia.net}}</ref> The cave temple has placid pillars and sculptures of [[Tamil Jain|Jain]] [[Tirthankaras]]. However, most of the frescoes which were covered fully in plaster have been severely defaced or not clearly visible due to inadequate security and maintenance resulting in vandalism in the past five or six decades. Originally, the entire cave temple, including the sculptures, was covered with plaster and painted. The paintings are on the theme of Jaina [[Samavasarana]], the "most attractive heavenly pavilion", referring to the attainment of [[Nirvana]] and [[Khatika bhumi]].<ref name=Sudharshan/><ref name=Tatva/>

===Ezhadippattam===
[[File:Samanar Padukkai.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Stone beds or Ezhadippattam with inscriptions of Jain saints]]
[[File:3-2 B.C.Chithannavasal cave.JPG|right|thumb|250px| Walk way along rocky cliff with guard rails to the Jaina Beds or Ekadippatham]]
Ezhadippattam or Jaina beds is a natural cave, marked by a horizontal floor space which is laid out with well-polished rock beds that were used by Jaina ascetics. There are seventeen beds at the top marked on the floor. These carved beds have headrests cut in them in the form of a raised pillow. The oldest Tamil [[Brahmi]] inscriptions seen inscribed on the beds are dated to the 3rd century BC, although recent research by Iravatham Mahadevan dates it to the First Century BC and extending to the 10th Century AD. On one of the oldest and largest beds, the inscription in Tamil is of Tamil Brahmi script of the 1st century BC, considered as the oldest [[lithic technology|lithic]] record of [[South India]].<ref name=Sudharshan/> Also, names of ascetics who engaged in [[sallekhana]] (fasting unto death) are written on their respective beds.<ref name=Sudharshan/>
[[File:A ASI announcement in Sittanavasal 2.JPG|thumb|right|A plaque at the entrance to the monuments in Sittanvasil]]

=== Jambunatha Cave ===
Jambunatha Cave or Navach-chunai, in the style of late Pandya temples of the 13th century AD, is a [[tarn (lake)|tarn]] located between Ezadippattam and Arivar Kovil caves. It is on the eastern slope on the central part of the hills. This is a small rock-cut temple which is submerged in a small lake (tarn). Hill climbing is required to reach the cave temple. An old [[jambu tree]] (''[[Syzygium jambolanum]]'') is seen near the lake, which gives its name to the cave. It is a [[Shiva temple]] with a [[lingam]] in the centre, which is worshiped by baling out water from the lake.<ref name=Sudharshan/><ref name=Tatva/>

==Megalithic sites==
Excavations carried out in 1934–35 in the Sittanvasal village have revealed many [[Megalithic]] burial sites near the hill, which are in the form of both [[cist]] and [[urn burial]]s. These are located on both sides of the road leading from the monuments to the main road, after about {{convert|100|m}} from the Ezhadippattam; more are seen on the left side of the road leading to Pudukkottai. Antiquaries collected from the sites also include specimens of garnet, red jasper and rock crystal at the foot of the hill have been picked up near the foot of the hill, pottery pieces with coating of molten and coloured glass inside, and also small pieces of coloured glass; all these are indicative of glass manufacturing in the area.<ref name=Sudharshan/>
[[File:Jain Sculpture close to Sittanavasal,India.jpg|thumb|Jain Sculpture close to Sittanavasal, India]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Pudukkottai district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Jain rock-cut architecture]]

B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management

2026-02-19T18:09:46Z

YvonneTran476:

{{short description|Engineering college in Bangalore, India}}{{More sources needed|date=November 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = BMS Institute of Technology
| image = B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management logo.png
| image_size =
| motto =
| mottoeng = Freedom Through Truth{{cn|date=November 2024}}
| type = Private (Government Aided)
| city = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]
| country = India
| established = {{start date and age|2002}}
| coordinates = {{coord|13|7|59.18|N|77|34|6.44|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| faculty = 700
| administrative_staff = 500
| total_staff = 1200
| students = 6000
| undergrad = 5500
| postgrad = 500
| principal = Sanjay H A
| dean = Anil G. N (VP){{cn|date=November 2024}}
| parent = [[B.M.S. College of Engineering]]
| accreditation = [[AICTE]], [[National Board of Accreditation]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]{{cn|date=November 2024}}
| academic_affiliation = [[Autonomous]] institute under [[VTU]]{{cn|date=November 2024}}
| campus = Urban
| colors = {{color box|blue}} {{color box|white}} Blue and white
| sports_nickname = Bmsitians, BMSians
| mascot =
| sports_free1 =
| campus_size = {{Convert|25|acre}}
| website = {{URL|bmsit.ac.in}}
}}

B.M.S. Institute of Technology (Autonomous) is a [[Private university|private]] (Government Aided) [[Engineering education in India|engineering college]] in [[Yelahanka, Bangalore]], India. It was started in 2002 by [[B. M. Sreenivasaiah|Bhusanayana Mukundadas Sreenivasaiah]] Institute of Technology (BMSIT) and is run by the B.M.S. Educational Trust. It is affiliated with [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] and became autonomous in 2020. It is partially funded by the [[Government of Karnataka]].

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type=College
| NIRF_E_2023 = 101-150
}}
B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management was ranked in the 101-150 band by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) engineering ranking in 2023.<ref name=Rankings_NIRF_E_2023/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University]]

Roopkar

2026-02-10T18:20:33Z

YvonneTran476: creating a post v1

{{short description|Assamese film magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = Roopkar
| category = Film magazine
| frequency = Monthly
| language = Assamese
| editor = [[Pabitra Kumar Deka]]
| editor_title = Founding editor
| founded = {{Start date|1975}}
| firstdate =
| country = India
}}

'''''Roopkar''''' was the first [[Assamese language]], tabloid-sized magazine about [[Assamese cinema]], theater and culture. Established in 1975, the magazine was founded and edited by journalist and humor writer [[Pabitra Kumar Deka]]. Advisers of the magazine were famous singer & composer [[Bhupen Hazarika]] and writer Nirode Choudhury.<ref>{{cite news |author=Abdul Gani |title=Roopkar Film Festival to celebrate 100 years of Indian cinema |url=http://www.assamtimes.org/node/8111 |access-date=22 June 2016 |work=Assam Times |date=31 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= ETV Bharat Assamese Team |title=ৰূপকাৰ... নব্বৈ দশকৰ অসমীয়া শিল্প-সাংস্কৃতিক সাংবাদিকতাৰ নব্য-ৰূপকাৰ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!entertainment/lets-revisit-roopkar-a-memorable-journey-of-pabitra-kumar-dekas-theatre-movement-assam-news-ass25060104121|work=www.etvbharat.com |date= June 1, 2025}}</ref>

The magazine existed till the early 1990s.

== Magazine publishing ==
''Roopkar'' was published on a monthly basis.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vishwanath Bite|title=Vishwanath Bite in Conversation with Utpal Datta|url=http://www.the-criterion.com/vishwanath-bite-in-conversation-with-utpal-datta/#.WBNwpuGLQxc|accessdate=28 October 2016|work=The Criterion|date=February 2015}}</ref> It was the most popular entertainment magazine in the Northeast; it also instituted the first popular film awards '''Roopkar Awards''' in Assam in 1975.<ref>{{cite news|author=Prantik Deka|title=The Iconic Roopkar Film Award 1975|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/the-iconic-roopkar-film-award|work=North East Film Journal|date=10 March 2023}}</ref>

Many young journalists contributed to the magazine, including Assamese film critic [[Utpal Datta]] and Arun Lochan Das.<ref>{{cite news|author=Prantik Deka|title=Arun Lochan Das, who brought people into the limelight|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/arun-lochan-das-who-brought-people-into-the-limelight|work=North East Film Journal|date=28 October 2023}}</ref> The Kolkata correspondent for the magazine was Nitai Ghosh. Besides cultural reporting, writers such as Padma Borkotoki and [[Lakshmi Nandan Bora]] wrote social novels for the magazine. [[Bhupen Hazarika]] and [[Lakshmi Nandan Bora]] wrote the columns ''Anyamat'' and ''Brittor Bahirot'' respectively.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

In 2025, to commemorate fifty years of publication of Roopkar, the magazine was revived by [[Prodyut Kumar Deka]], son of Pabitra Kumar Deka, who announced it would be published annually as a Special issue <ref>{{cite news|author=Prantik Deka|title=Roopkar to be published again!|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/roopkar-to-be-published-again|work=North East Film Journal|date=7 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Prantik Deka|title=Roopkar Revival: The Iconic Assamese Magazine Set to Make a Comeback!|url=https://northeastindia24.com/roopkar-revival-the-iconic-assamese-magazine-set-to-make-a-comeback/|work=North East India 24|date=9 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Puja Mahanta|title=Assam: Legendary Assamese magazine 'Roopkar' to be republished in April 2025|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/assam-legendary-assamese-magazine-roopkar-to-be-republished-in-april-2025-1181809-2025-03-10|work=India Today NE|date=10 March 2025}}</ref>

== Roopkar Award ==

The Roopkar Award was instituted in 2011 in the memory of its founder Pabitra Kumar Deka. It is given yearly to one distinguished personality in the field of stage, cinema and media.<ref>{{cite news|author=Apurba Kumar Das|title=Pabitra Kumar Deka Archive and Rupkar Awards|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/at.asp?id=jan1618/Page10|work=The Assam Tribune|date=16 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Prantik Deka|title=Roopkar awards and Pabitra Kumar Deka Archive|url=http://www.kothasobi.com/award/roopkar-awards-opening-pabitra-kumar-deka-archive|work=www.kothasobi.com|date=17 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=21 January 2018 |title=Heaping praise on Pabitra Kr Deka |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/20815 |work=[[Assam Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Roopkar Awards presented' |url=http://www.northeastindia24.com/assam-roopkar-awards-presented/ |website=northeastindia24.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='UTPAL DATTA AND SANJEEV HAZORIKA HONOURED' |url=https://thedailyeye.info/in-the-news/festivals-utpal-datta-and-sanjeev-hazorika-honoured/088ae107006bcf73/ |website=thedailyeye.info}}</ref>

=== Roopkar Award winners ===

* 2011 – '''Ratna Oza''': Writer and stage director
* 2012 – '''[[Tapan Das]]''': Actor, director, and short story writer
* 2013 – '''[[Munin Barua]]''': Film director and playwright
* 2014 – '''Arun Lochan Das''': Film journalist
* 2015 – '''Sashi Phukan''': Publisher and editor of Bismoi Magazine
* 2016 – '''Nayan Prasad''': Actor and stage director
* 2017 – '''[[Samarendra Narayan Dev]]''': Film and stage director
* 2018 – '''Tapan Das''': Still photographer and founder of PVTI<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=‘Roopkar Awards 2018 presented' |url=https://www.kothasobi.com/2019/01/roopkar-awards-2018-presented.html |website=kothasobi}}</ref>
* 2019 – '''[[Jahnu Barua]]''': Film director<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title='Roopkar Awards presented to renowned Filmmaker Jahnu Barua, Actor Arun Nath' |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/roopkar-awards-presented-to-renowned-filmmakerjahnu-barua-actor-arun-nath-520270’ |website=[[Sentinel Assam]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Noted writer-director and prominent photographer presented with Roopkar awards |url=https://eclecticnortheast.in/2019/01/noted-writer-director-and-prominent-photographer-presented-with-roopkar-awards/ |website=[[Eclectic Northeast]]}}</ref>
* 2020 – '''Arun Nath''': Film and stage actor<ref name=":0" />
* 2021 – '''Pranjal Saikia''': Film and stage actor<ref>{{cite web |title=‘প্ৰাঞ্জল শইকীয়া আৰু মৃদুল গুপ্তালৈ ৰূপকাৰ বঁটা - 2021' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/assamese/assam/state/kamrup-metropolitan/roopkar-awards-for-years-2021-and-2022-presented/assam20230107153006680680738}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=‘Roopkar Awards for years 2021 and 2022 presented' |url=https://ibgnews.com/2023/01/06/roopkar-awards-for-years-2021-and-2022-presented}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021 |title='Roopkar Awards Presented' |url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2021/01/roopkar-awards.html |website=[[Magical Assam]]}}</ref>
* 2022 – '''Mridul Gupta''': Film director<ref>{{cite web |title='Roopkar Awards presented to Pranjal Saikia and Mridul Gupta' |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/roopkar-awards-pranjal-saikia-mridul-gupta-pabitra-kumar-deka |website=pratidintime}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* 2023 – '''[[Utpal Datta]]''': Film critic, writer and short filmmaker<ref>{{cite web |title='বিশিষ্ট চিত্ৰ সমালোচক উৎপল দত্ত আৰু বিশিষ্ট অভিনেতা তথা পৰিচালক সঞ্জীৱ হাজৰিকাক প্ৰদান কৰা হ'ল 'ৰূপকাৰ বঁটা' |url=https://assam.news18.com/photogallery/assam/rupkar-award-conferred-to-utpal-datta-and-sanjiv-hazarika-dd-434279.html |website=assam.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=‘দুই বিশিষ্ট ব্যক্তিলৈ ২০২৩-২০২৪ বৰ্ষৰ সন্মানীয় ‘ৰূপকাৰ বঁটা’ - ROOPKAR AWARD 2023 2024' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/as/!entertainment/roopkar-cine-enterprise-to-confer-roopkar-award-to-actor-director-sanjib-hazarika-and-prominent-film-critic-utpal-dutta-assam-news-ass25010602883 |website=etvbharat}}</ref>
* 2024 – '''Sanjeev Hazorika''': Film and stage actor and director<ref>{{cite web |date=2025 |title='Roopkar Awards' presented to eminent film critic Utpal Datta and filmmaker Sanjeev Hazorika' |url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/23327#:~:text=The%20prestigious%20Roopkar%20Awards%2C%20instituted,the%20premises%20of%20the%20Pabitra |website=assamtimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2025 |title='Roopkar Awards Honour Utpal Datta and Sanjeev Hazorika'|url=https://northeastfilmjournal.com/roopkar-awards-honour-utpal-datta-and-sanjeev-hazorika|website=northeastfilmjournal}}</ref>

== Book publishing ==

Roopkar Prakashan, the publisher of the magazine, also published a few books. Roopkar Prakashan was revived in the 2020s.<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Utpal Datta Unveils Captivating Anthology 'Kapurusar Tarowal' Amidst Acclaim |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2024/01/08/utpal-datta-unveils-captivating-anthology-kapurusar-tarowal-amidst-acclaim/ |website=neindiabroadcast.com}}</ref>

=== Books published by Roopkar Prakashan ===

''From 1975 to 1995''
* {{Cite book |title=Samipeshu |last=Bordoloi |first=Nirmal Prabha |author-link=Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi}}, poetry
* {{Cite book |title=Antaranga |last=Bordoloi |first=Nirmal Prabha |author-link=Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi}}, poetry
* {{Cite book|title=Hoimontika|first=Pulok |last=Gogoi}}, novel
* {{Cite book|title=Asomor Satuta Dosokar Chalachitra|last=Deka|first=Pabitra Kumar|author-link=Pabitra Kumar Deka}}, cinema

''From 2020 to Present''
* {{Cite book|title=Mur Satya Anna Sansthanor Kahini|last=Deka|first=Pabitra Kumar|author-link=Pabitra Kumar Deka}}, humour
* {{Cite book|title=Roopkaror Shrestha Golpo}}, short story collection
* {{Cite book |title=The Big Sleep |last=Deka |first=Prodyut Kumar |author-link=Prodyut Kumar Deka}}, novel
* {{Cite book|title=Past Revisited|first=Prantik |last=Deka}}, cinema
* {{Cite book|title=Kapurusar Taruwal|author-link=Utpal Datta|first=Utpal|last=Datta}}, novel
* {{Cite book|title=Ramavijaya|first=Pallabi |last=Borah}}, mythology

== 100 years of Indian Cinema ==
On the occasion of 100 years of Indian cinema, Roopkar celebrated the occasion by instituting '''Roopkar Film Festival''' (RFF), which was held from April 21 to 23, 2013 at the Rudra Barua Auditorium, Jyotichitrabon Complex in Guwahati where the cinematic heritage of the Indian film industry was showcased. Some of the master pieces crafted throughout the century by some of the tallest figures of the fraternity from Satyajt Rays' ''Nayak'' to Ramesh Sippy's ''Sholay'' were screened. The festival also published a book on cinema essay titled ''Chalachitra-Samoi-Samaj-Nandanttwa'' edited by [[Utpal Datta]] for the occasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtimes.org/node/8111|title='Roopkar Film Festival to celebrate 100 years of Indian cinema'}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1975 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Assamese-language mass media]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Film magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1975]]
[[Category:Mass media in Assam]]
[[Category:Theatre magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines with year of disestablishment missing]]
[[Category:1990s disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Assamese-language magazines]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{entertainment-mag-stub}}

Pramod Sadasheo Moharir

2026-02-09T06:14:37Z

YvonneTran476: creating initial data from scratch

{{short description|Indian geophysicist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Pramod Sadasheo Moharir
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1943|4|21}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|1|14|1943|4|21}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Geophysics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[BITS, Pilani]] | [[IIT Roorkee]] | [[IIT Mumbai]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Bombay]] | [[IIT Kanpur]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on geophysical signal processing
| awards = {{ublist | 1987 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Pramod Sadasheo Moharir''' (21 April 1943 – 14 January 2003) was an Indian [[geophysicist]] and a former senior scientist at the [[National Geophysical Research Institute]].<ref name="Dimri2000">{{cite book|author=V.P. Dimri|title=Application of Fractals in Earth Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpMrOD06OwoC&pg=PR9|date=1 January 2000|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-90-5410-284-7|pages=9–}}</ref> He was known for his studies on geophysical [[signal processing]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=340 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born on 21 April 1943, he obtained an MTech from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]] in 1966 and after securing a PhD from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1971 under the guidance of Kalluri Ramalinga Sarma,<ref name="Batch of 1971">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitk.ac.in/ee/alumni/alumni.php?yop=1971 |title=Batch of 1971 |date=2016 |publisher=IIT Kanpur}}</ref> he started his career as a lecturer at [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]] but moved to the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee]] in 1972.<ref name="Pramod Sadasheo Moharir (1943–2003)">{{Cite journal |last=V. P. Dimri |title=Pramod Sadasheo Moharir (1943–2003) |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/apr102003/943.pdf |journal=Current Science |publication-date=April 2003 |volume=84 |issue=7 |access-date=19 December 2016 |archive-date=17 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217222046/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/apr102003/943.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> His stay at IIT Roorkee was short-lived and the same year, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] where he served as a lecturer till 1976 when he was appointed as an assistant professor at IIT Mumbai. After one year, he returned to IIT Roorkee and served the institute as a reader and professor until 1989. His next move was to the [[National Geophysical Research Institute]] as a visiting scientist but became a senior scientist in 1992 and served there till his death on 14 January 2003 succumbing to a brain haemorrhage, at the age of 59.<ref name="Pramod Sadasheo Moharir (1943–2003)" />

Moharir's researches were focused on the resolving the problems of modelling of earthquake sequences as well as on designing numerical algorithms for earth system models.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=19 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the author of a book on the subject titled, ''Pattern Recognition Transforms''.<ref name="Moharir1992">{{cite book|author=Pramod Sadasheo Moharir|title=Pattern-Recognition Transforms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TIdQAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Research Studies Press|isbn=978-0-86380-137-2}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 1987.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite book |url=http://library.sharif.ir/parvan/resource/299363/pattern-recognition-transforms |title=Pattern-recognition transforms |last=Pramod Sadasheo Moharir |date=1992 |publisher=Research Studies Press |location=Taunton, England |pages=272|isbn=9780863801372 }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moharir, Pramod Sadashiv}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Indian geophysicists]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Roorkee]]

Centre-left politics

2026-02-09T00:59:48Z

YvonneTran476: typo fix

{{Short description|Political orientation}}
{{Redirect|Left of centre|the political ideology in Turkey|Left of Center (Turkey)|other uses|Left of center (disambiguation){{!}}Left of center}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=July 2021}}
{{Party politics|political spectrum}}
'''Centre-left politics''' is the range of [[left-wing]] political [[ideologies]] that lean closer to the [[political centre]]. Ideologies commonly associated with it include [[social democracy]], [[social liberalism]], [[progressivism]], and [[green politics]]. Ideas commonly supported by the centre-left include [[welfare capitalism]], [[social justice]], [[liberal internationalism]], and [[multiculturalism]]. Economically, the centre-left supports a [[mixed economy]] in a [[democratic capitalist]] system, often including [[economic interventionism]], [[progressive taxation]], and the [[right to unionize]]. Centre-left politics are contrasted with [[far-left politics]] that reject [[capitalism]] or advocate [[revolution]].

The centre-left developed with the rest of the [[left–right political spectrum]] in 18th and 19th century France, where the centre-left included those who supported transfer of powers from the [[French monarchy|monarchy]] to parliament or endorsed [[Moderate Republicans (France, 1848–1870)|moderate republicanism]]. Early progressivism and left liberalism evolved in the late-19th and early-20th centuries in Western Europe and the United States, while social democracy split from [[revolutionary socialism]], which became associated with [[communism]], and advocated [[reformist socialist]] positions. Social democracy became the dominant ideology in Western Europe during the [[post–World War II economic expansion]] and it spread to Africa after [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization]].

Centre-left economics declined in popularity following the [[1973–1975 recession]] and was replaced by [[neoliberalism]]. In the 1990s, [[Third Way]] politics emerged as a centrist variant of social democracy in Europe, and centre-left politics spread to Latin America during the [[pink tide]]. In the 21st century, centre-left politics are challenged by the developments of the [[Digital Revolution]], the subsumption of the lower class into the middle class in developed nations, and an increase in support for [[populism]].

== Ideologies ==
The ideologies of the centre-left include [[social democracy]],{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. |date=2 January 2023 |title=The ideological morphology of left–centre–right |journal=Journal of Political Ideologies |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770 |s2cid=256033370 |issn=1356-9317|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[social liberalism]],{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":6" /> [[progressivism]],{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ostrowski |first=Marius S. |date=2021 |title=How (Not) to Form a Progressive Alliance: Lessons from the History of Left Cooperation |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-923X.12939 |journal=The Political Quarterly |language=en |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |doi=10.1111/1467-923X.12939 |issn=0032-3179 |s2cid=229437666|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[green politics]].{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":9" /> Centre-left politics often incorporate elements of [[libertarianism]] and occasionally favour limited state intervention.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}} As with all political alignments, the exact boundaries of centre-left versus far-left or centrist politics are not clearly defined and can vary depending on context.<ref name=":6" /> Centre-left ideologies are common in stable political systems, which typically allow for political debate with an ideological centre.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=112}}

=== Social democracy ===
{{Main|Social democracy}}
[[File:2019-09-10 SPD Regionalkonferenz Nieder-Olm by OlafKosinsky MG 0464.jpg|thumb|2019 regional conference of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] in [[Nieder-Olm]]]]
Social democracy is a [[reformist]] offshoot of [[socialism]] that supports the modification of capitalist economies rather than their total abolition.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=1}} It seeks to regulate capitalism to protect [[social equality]],{{Sfn|Menz|2022|p=3}} advocating reforms that benefit the entire people and the [[common good]] while rejecting the Marxist position of aligning specifically with the working class.{{Sfn|Berman|2011|p=35}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Sheri |date=2010 |title=What Happened to the European Left? |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/dissent/v057/57.3.berman.html |journal=Dissent |language=en |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1353/dss.0.0158 |s2cid=144099065 |issn=1946-0910|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Liberty under social democracy is defined as a collective concept based in equality rather than an individualist concept.{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=55–56}} [[Democratization]], the [[welfare state]], [[public education]], and [[Keynesian economics]] are all major components of social democratic politics.{{Sfn|Granadino|Nygård|Stadius|2022|p=2}}

Social democracy has influenced the politics of nearly every major democracy;{{Sfn|Keman|2017|p=1}} however, it has historically been most successful in the [[European Union]],{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=10}} where it was the predominant ideology from 1945 to 1973.{{Sfn|Granadino|Nygård|Stadius|2022|p=2}} Sweden in particular has historically been closely associated with social democracy, as it was the first country to be led by a social democratic party,{{Sfn|Berman|2011|p=35}} and social democrats in Sweden continued to be relevant even after the ideology lost influence in other countries during the 1970s.{{Sfn|Berman|2011|p=44}} Social democracy also became a popular ideology in many African governments after the [[decolonisation of Africa]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Abbey |first=Michael |date=7 November 2022 |title=The state of African social democracy |url=https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/future-of-social-democracy/the-state-of-african-social-democracy-6030/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120023556/https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/future-of-social-democracy/the-state-of-african-social-democracy-6030/ |archive-date=20 November 2022 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=IPS |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Social liberalism ===
{{Main|Social liberalism}}
Social liberalism, or left liberalism, overlaps significantly with social democracy.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=142}} This form of liberalism argues in favour of capitalism and the benefits it provides for society, but it also advocates regulations to reduce [[wealth inequality]]. It rejects the idea that the [[upper class]] seeks to harm or exploit members of society, instead arguing that these are unintentional effects of [[laissez-faire]] economics.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|pp=142–143}} Left liberalism supports [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[capitalism]] and a [[mixed economy]], which have been adopted by virtually all liberal nations.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Cahoone |first=Lawrence |date=2023 |title=The End of Enlightenment Liberalism? |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/2/article/877110 |journal=The Journal of Speculative Philosophy |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |doi=10.5325/jspecphil.37.1.0081 |s2cid=255049487 |issn=1527-9383|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|Political pluralism]] and strong social [[institution]]s are prioritized by liberalism.<ref name=":11" />{{Sfn|Dahrendorf|1991|p=389}}

Social liberalism was developed in the United Kingdom in the mid-20th century,{{Sfn|Dahrendorf|1991|p=388}} where it took the form of [[New liberalism (ideology)|new liberalism]].<ref name=":11" /> The identification of centre-left ideologies as "liberal" is most common to the United States.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=111}} Liberalism is less common in regions such as Africa and Asia, where there is no [[individualist]] or [[liberal democratic]] tradition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sindima |first=Harvey |date=1990 |title=Liberalism and African Culture |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002193479002100205 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=190–209 |doi=10.1177/002193479002100205 |s2cid=142905098 |issn=0021-9347|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teson |first=Fernando |date=1999 |title=A defence of liberal democracy for Africa |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09557579908400270 |journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=29–40 |doi=10.1080/09557579908400270 |issn=0955-7571|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Sfn|Bell|2006|pp=1–4}}

=== Progressivism ===
{{Main|Progressivism}}
Progressivism is the support of continuous [[social reform]] to improve society [[Gradualism|gradually]], opposing [[revolutionary]] or [[Conservatism|conservative]] politics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Freeden |first=Michael |date=2014 |title=Progress and Progressivism: Thoughts on an Elusive Term |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1478-9302.12042 |journal=Political Studies Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=68–74 |doi=10.1111/1478-9302.12042 |issn=1478-9299 |s2cid=145271709|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is typically associated with the centre-left ideologies of social liberalism and social democracy, though communist and centrist ideologies have sometimes been involved in progressive politics.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}}<ref name=":1" /> There is great divergence within the progressive movement, with disagreement in what reforms should be attempted and how they can be implemented,<ref name=":1" /> though [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributive]] policies are a common theme within progressivism.<ref name=":0" /> Progressivism first developed in the United Kingdom and the United States during the 19th century.<ref name=":0" />

=== Green politics ===
{{Main|Green politics}}
Green politics is an ideological movement that advocates a political focus on [[ecology]] and [[nonviolence]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} It challenges modern [[industrialisation]] and institutions through a lens of [[social justice]]{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|p=268}} while rejecting traditional political philosophy and organization.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=281}} Definitions of the scope of green politics may vary; it may be limited to explicitly environmentalist parties, or it may broadly cover political movements descended from [[New Left]] or [[Left-libertarianism|left-libertarian]] ideas.{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|pp=281–282}} Besides environmentalism, green politics often includes support for [[disarmament]],<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Rüdig |first=Wolfgang |date=2002 |title=Between Ecotopia Disillusionment: Green Parties in European Government |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139150209605605 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=20–33 |doi=10.1080/00139150209605605 |bibcode=2002ESPSD..44c..20R |s2cid=218496440 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Anti-nuclear movement|ending nuclear power]],<ref name=":12" /> [[Decentralization|decentralized]] democracy,{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=286}} [[feminism]],{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=288}} and [[immigration]].{{Sfn|Price-Thomas|2016|p=289}}

Green politics developed from various left-wing ideologies, including social democracy and Marxism, in the 1970s.{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=19–20}} It was initially developed in Australia and New Zealand,<ref name=":12" /> and it first gained influence in Germany as a response to the [[Cold War]] and [[Environmentalism|environmental issues]].{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}} The presence of green politics in national government is mostly limited to Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, though green political parties briefly held influence during the [[postcommunist]] period of Eastern Europe.<ref name=":12" /> Green political parties have been most successful in Belgium, Finland, France, and Germany, where they integrated into the national party system.{{Sfn|van Haute|2016|p=1}}

=== Related ideologies ===
In addition to the most common centre-left ideologies, other ideologies are sometimes described as centre-left or have centre-left variants.<ref name=":6" /> [[Democratic socialism]] supports the abolition of capitalism in favour of socialism, though it opposes the creation of a [[communist state]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=March |first=Luke |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf |title=Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? |date=2008 |publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Internat. Policy Analysis, Division for Internat. Dialogue |isbn=978-3-86872-000-6 |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> It was historically seen as a centre-left position,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=Richard |date=2 November 2022 |title=Democratic Socialism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726 |journal=Rethinking Marxism |language=en |volume=35 |pages=24–35 |doi=10.1080/08935696.2022.2127726 |issn=0893-5696 |s2cid=253291157|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and may sometimes be described as such;{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}} however, modern democratic socialism is typically considered [[Radical politics|radical]] in nature and distinct from centre-left ideologies.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> The [[Third Way]] is a variation of social democratic politics that gained prominence in the 1990s after the decline of traditional social democracy. It advocates reform of the social democratic model to emphasize [[equal opportunity]] over [[equality of outcome]].{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=171–173}} To accomplish this, it supports heavy [[deregulation]] and [[privatization]] for the purpose of increasing [[economic growth]] to fund [[Public good (economics)|public goods]] such as education, healthcare, and pensions.{{Sfn|Pierson|2018|p=177}} The Third Way may be defined as centre-left or as [[centrist]].{{Sfn|Keman|2017|pp=175–177}}

[[Christian democracy]] is an ideology that incorporates [[Catholic social teaching]] into a [[secular]] political philosophy.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Kalyvas |first1=Stathis N. |last2=van Kersbergen |first2=Kees |date=1 May 2010 |title=Christian Democracy |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=183–209 |doi=10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.021406.172506 |issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free }}</ref> Though most enduring Christian democratic parties are centrist,{{Sfn|Sigmund|2003|p=75}} those in Latin America have historically ranged across the political spectrum, with centre-left and centre-right variants both being common.{{Sfn|Mainwaring|Scully|2003|p=53}} Christian democrats often support the welfare state,<ref name=":13" /> and social justice has been a frequent theme among Christian democracy parties in Latin America.{{Sfn|Mainwaring|Scully|2003|p=43}} Christian democracy in Europe is not usually associated with the centre-left, instead favouring the centre-right.{{Sfn|Sigmund|2003|p=75}}

Though it is often associated with conservatism,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Alan K.L. |date=2000 |title=Confucian Ethics and the Critique of Ideology |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09552360020011286 |journal=Asian Philosophy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=245–261 |doi=10.1080/09552360020011286 |s2cid=143410352 |issn=0955-2367|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yan Bing |last2=Lin |first2=Mei-Chen |last3=Nonaka |first3=Akihiko |last4=Beom |first4=Khisu |date=2005 |title=Harmony, Hierarchy and Conservatism: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Confucian Values in China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00036810500130539 |journal=Communication Research Reports |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=107–115 |doi=10.1080/00036810500130539 |hdl=1808/6818 |s2cid=33020343 |issn=0882-4096|hdl-access=free }}</ref> some elements of [[Confucianism]] invoke ideas that are associated with the centre-left in Western countries. Promotion of general welfare, supporting members of the family, and the ideal of the [[Harmonious Society]] all have implications for centre-left politics.{{Sfn|Bell|2006|pp=236–237}} The welfare state of East Asian countries such as Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan are sometimes described as Confucian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abrahamson |first=Peter |date=2 January 2017 |title=East Asian welfare regime: obsolete ideal-type or diversified reality |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17516234.2016.1258524 |journal=Journal of Asian Public Policy |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1080/17516234.2016.1258524 |s2cid=157114983 |issn=1751-6234|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These welfare systems have been influenced by Confucian [[familialism]], which shifts some of the burden of welfare from the state to the family.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Dayoon |date=2018 |title=The evolution of family policy in South Korea: From Confucian familism to Neo-familism |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aswp.12137 |journal=Asian Social Work and Policy Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=46–53 |doi=10.1111/aswp.12137|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Positions ==
Centre-left politics seeks [[equal opportunity]] in society.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=143}} Centre-left groups are more likely to prioritize issues of long-term or abstract importance than other ideological groups. These include environmentalism, the arts, science, [[social equality]], and [[foreign aid]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Abou-Chadi |first1=Tarik |last2=Kayser |first2=Mark A. |date=2017 |title=It's not easy being green: Why voters punish parties for environmental policies during economic downturns |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261379416302293 |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en |volume=45 |pages=202 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2016.10.009|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Advocates of centre-left politics typically support laws and government programs to support [[Social exclusion|marginalized]] groups such as the elderly, disabled, and unemployed. Measures to this effect include financial assistance and [[anti-discrimination law]]s.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=143}}

[[Liberal internationalism]] is associated with the centre-left through its [[Idealism in international relations|idealism]], [[Constructivism (international relations)|constructivism]], and progressivism.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Rathbun |first=Brian |date=2012 |title=Politics and Paradigm Preferences: The Implicit Ideology of International Relations Scholars1: Politics and Paradigm Preferences |journal=International Studies Quarterly |language=en |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=607–622 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2478.2012.00749.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> Liberal internationalists seek cooperation between nations,<ref name=":7" /> often including support for common security and [[arms control]] between nations to facilitate peace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Risse-Kappen |first=Thomas |date=1994 |title=Ideas do not float freely: transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the end of the cold war |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020818300028162/type/journal_article |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=185–214 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300028162 |issn=0020-8183 |s2cid=154420496|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The centre-left, along with the centre-right, [[Liberal international order|implemented this foreign policy]] in Europe during the Cold War, but it has become less prominent due to the rise of [[anti-globalist]] far-right parties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trubowitz |first1=Peter |last2=Burgoon |first2=Brian |date=2022 |title=The Retreat of the West |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1537592720001218/type/journal_article |journal=Perspectives on Politics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=102–122 |doi=10.1017/S1537592720001218 |issn=1537-5927 |s2cid=216203061|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The immigration policies of centre-left groups vary depending on the political circumstances of a given country, and they may seek to greatly expand or greatly restrict immigration.{{Sfn|Pérez|2011|pp=265–266}} In principle, centre-left parties generally believe in [[multiculturalism]] and support high immigration.{{Sfn|Menz|2022|p=2}} The key issue of centre-left immigration policy is the balance between [[egalitarianism]] and pragmatism.{{Sfn|Pérez|2011|p=265}} The centre-left often faces pressures from [[working class]] voters to restrict immigration to prevent competition over jobs and public services.{{Sfn|Pérez|2011|p=267}} Other centre-left policies can also be negatively impacted by immigration, as a large increase in low-skilled workers can raise concerns about the increased price of public services, prompting spending cuts and roll-backs of centre-left welfare policies.{{Sfn|Pérez|2011|p=268}}

Though positions on environmentalism are not consistent across centre-left parties, they are more likely to support environmentalist policies than centre-right parties.<ref name=":9" /> Centre-left parties are popularly associated with environmental policies in the minds of voters, which earns them support in good economic conditions but loses them support in poor economic conditions.<ref name=":10" /> Environmentalism is a major component of green politics.{{Sfn|Talshir|2002|pp=33–34}}

=== Economics ===
[[File:John Maynard Keynes (1929).jpg|thumb|The economic thought of [[John Maynard Keynes]] (pictured in 1929) has been influential on centre-left politics]]
Centre-left groups generally support a [[mixed economy]] with moderate [[economic interventionism]]. [[Keynesian economics]] has historically seen support among the centre-left.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}} This is an interventionist economic philosophy that emphasizes income rather than pricing.{{Sfn|Eatwell|1991|p=367}} These ideas have since declined in popularity in favour of [[balanced budget]]s and low government spending.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}} Closely related to centre-left politics are concepts of the welfare state and regulated [[Labour economics|labour markets]].{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|pp=343–344}} In the 20th century, [[trade union]]s and their working class constituency were closely associated with social democratic and labour parties, especially in Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, and former British colonies in the Pacific.{{Sfn|Allern|Bale|2017|pp=1–2}} These associations generally lessened by the end of the century as union membership declined and centre-left parties shifted toward Third Way politics,{{Sfn|Allern|Bale|2017|pp=2–3}} which introduced elements of neoliberalism into centre-left politics, increasing the focus on free markets.{{Sfn|Pierson|2018|p=177}} Labour-government relations and the [[right to unionize]] have been less prominent ideas in East Asia.{{Sfn|Bell|2006|p=263}}

Centre-left politics often involve [[transfer payment]] systems, such as welfare and [[early childhood education]], with the goal of creating higher employment while avoiding a [[welfare trap]].{{Sfn|Jenson|2011|pp=243–244}} Closely associated with this is the implementation of a [[progressive tax]], in which higher earnings are taxed at higher rates.{{Sfn|Woshinsky|2007|p=143}} Some early centre-left groups supported gradual reform toward socialism, but this position is not supported by the centre-left in the 21st century.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=3}} The modern centre-left distinguishes between just and unjust capitalism, advocating for welfare state policies to create what it considers to be just capitalism.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=8}} Through the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the centre-left has been more likely to benefit electorally during periods of economic growth and suffer electorally in economic downturn.<ref name=":10" />

The core objective underlying centre-left economic policies, [[democratic capitalism]], has largely been achieved within many economies, with further policies seeking to merely reform or improve upon this system. These may include measures to reduce poverty or to support lower-wage workers.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=352}} One common dispute within the centre-left is the extent to which centre-left parties should reform markets versus regulating pre-existing markets.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=353}} Centre-left parties in Europe and the United States have supported [[corporate governance]] reform to protect the investments of [[shareholders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cioffi |first1=John W. |last2=Höpner |first2=Martin |date=2006 |title=The Political Paradox of Finance Capitalism: Interests, Preferences, and Center-Left Party Politics in Corporate Governance Reform |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0032329206293642 |journal=Politics & Society |language=en |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=463–502 |doi=10.1177/0032329206293642 |s2cid=154465433 |issn=0032-3292|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0012-4B42-1 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Nordic model|economies of Nordic countries]] such as Denmark and Sweden are often upheld by proponents of centre-left economic policies as successful applications of these policies.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=14}} These economies heavily emphasize [[international trade]] as well as [[Tripartism|collaboration]] between government, industry, and labour.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=345}} In post-war Europe, [[West Germany]] established the socioeconomic model of a [[social market economy]], a [[regulated market]] economic system that promoted [[free market]]s and [[fair competition]] with regulation for social policies and a [[welfare state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tietmeyer |first=Hans |url=http://archive.org/details/socialmarketecon0000tiet |title=The social market economy and monetary stability |date=1999 |publisher=London : Economica |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-902282-06-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Glossner |first=Christian Ludwig |url=http://archive.org/details/makingofgermanpo0000glos |title=The making of the German post-war economy : political communication and public reception of the social market economy after World War II |date=2010 |publisher=London; New York : Tauris Academic Studies |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-4416-7695-5}}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also|Social democracy#History|Social liberalism#Origins|Progressivism#History|Democratic socialism#History|Green politics#History}}

=== Origins ===
The centre-left is descended from left-wing politics, which originated in the [[French Revolution]] and in the response to early capitalism.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=1}} In France, the early centre-left was led by [[Adolphe Thiers]], head of the liberal-nationalist [[Movement Party (France)|Movement Party]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Drolet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTZaCwAAQBAJ&q=centre-left+adolphe+thiers&pg=PA14|title=Tocqueville, Democracy and Social Reform|date=11 August 2003|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=9780230509641|page=14}}</ref> The centre-left was [[Orléanist]], but supported a liberal interpretation of the [[Charter of 1830]], more power to the [[Parliament of France|Parliament]], [[manhood suffrage]] and support to [[Nationalism#19th century|rising European nationalisms]]. Thiers served as [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] for King [[Louis Philippe I]] twice (in 1836 and 1840), but he then lost the king's favour, and the centre-left rapidly fell.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Alice Primi|title=100 fiches d'histoire du XIXe siècle|author2=Sophie Kerignard|author3=Véronique Fau-Vincenti|date=2004|publisher=Bréal}}</ref> The centre-left during the [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]] and the [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] was commonly associated with the [[Moderate Republicans (France, 1848–1870)|Moderate Republicans]]. Thiers restored the centre-left to prominence in the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]], where it was led by the liberal republican [[Opportunist Republicans|Opportunist]] faction.<ref>{{cite book |author=Unknown |title=Léon Say et le centre gauche: 1871-1896 : la grande bourgeoisie libérale dans les débuts de la Troisième République |date=1993 |page=196}}</ref>

Elsewhere in Europe, centre-left movements appeared from the 1860s, mainly in [[Spain]] and [[Italy]]. In Italy, the centre-left was born as coalition between the liberal [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] and the progressive [[Urbano Rattazzi]], the heads respectively of the [[Historical Right|Right]] and [[Historical Left|Left]] groupings in Parliament. This alliance was called "''connubio''" ("marriage") for its opportunist characteristics.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Serge Berstein|title=Histoire de l'Europe contemporaine: le XIXe siècle (1815-1919)|author2=Pierre Milza|date=1992|publisher=[[Hatier]]}}</ref> Liberalism was typically associated with the centre-right in the late 19th century,{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=2}} but liberal parties in France, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom adopted left liberal policies through coalitions of middle and working class voters that survived until [[World War I]].{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=7}}

Progressivism developed as a school of thought within British and American centre-left politics in the mid-19th century. Early progressive thought developed from [[modernism]] and [[humanism]], manifesting as calls for reform. It developed as a political movement in the late-19th and early-20th centuries as it was adopted by social liberal and social democratic parties.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike later social democratic movements, social democracy in the 19th century held socialist society as an eventual goal.{{Sfn|Keman|2017|p=2}} The first social democratic party was established in Germany in 1863.{{Sfn|Keman|2017|p=1}}

=== Early 20th century ===
Social democracy had developed as a major political movement in Europe by the early 20th century as a response to the strength of capitalism.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=1}} Challenging the idea that capitalism was [[Late capitalism|nearing an implosion]], reformist socialists such as [[Eduard Bernstein]] rejected Marxist ideas of [[historical materialism]] and [[class conflict]],{{Sfn|Berman|2011|p=33}}<ref name=":2" /> and social democrats established themselves as a reformist alternative to the [[revolutionary]] left, arguing that societal improvements within capitalist democracy would better serve the working class.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=1}} This philosophy became widely popular among the European left after World War I, which had convinced many contemporary leftists that [[national identity]] was more important to the working class than class [[solidarity]], which would render Marxism unviable. This was reinforced by the [[Waves of democracy|wave of democracy]] that followed, allowing socialists to participate in electoral politics.{{Sfn|Berman|2011|p=33}}

Social democrats made up the centre-left during the [[interwar period]] in Europe, advocating government regulation and intervention in opposition to the passive policies of the predominant Marxist and [[classical liberal]] parties.{{Sfn|Berman|2011|p=34}} The centre-left and the centre-right in this period were primarily divided by their stance on trade unions, with social democracy advocating greater powers for unions in collective bargaining. In Western Europe, the centre-left supported the [[Plan De Man]].{{Sfn|Berman|2011|p=34}} During the [[Great Depression]] in the 1930s, social democracy became a viable alternative to other left-wing ideologies,<ref name=":2" /> and state intervention saw popular support throughout the western world.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=6}} It was also seen as a potential means to counteract rising far-right movements that were developing in Europe.<ref name=":2" /> The centre-left was particularly strong in Sweden, which was the only country at the time to have ruling party that was explicitly social democratic, the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party]].{{Sfn|Berman|2011|p=35}} Other European countries with social democratic governments included Denmark, Norway, and Czechoslovakia.{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=2}} The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in the United States also implemented centre-left policies with the [[New Deal]], as a lack of ties to socialist groups allowed for a stronger centre-left relative to other countries.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=17}}

=== Post-war politics ===
Centre-left ideas proliferated rapidly after the Great Depression and [[World War II]]. A [[post-war consensus]] formed among policymakers in Western Europe that rejected both classical liberalism and democratic socialism in favour of social democratic ideals.{{Sfn|Berman|2011|pp=36–37}} With the end of fascism, countries in Western Europe adopted social democracy and liberal democracy.{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=1}} Social democracy was widely adopted and implemented in much of Europe, both by centre-left and by traditionally centre-right parties.<ref name=":2" /> Social liberalism was developed in the United Kingdom by liberal politicians such as [[John Maynard Keynes]] and [[William Beveridge]], who advocated market restrictions to the benefit of the public.{{Sfn|Dahrendorf|1991|p=388}} [[Keynesian economics]] became the mainstream in Western Europe during the 1950s and 1960s,{{Sfn|Luebbert|1991|p=1}} while the social market economy was developed by social democrats in Germany at the same time.{{Sfn|Dahrendorf|1991|p=388}} As social democracy became influential in Europe, the [[United Nations]] considered the [[New International Economic Order]] plan that would facilitate social democratic governments in developing nations.{{Sfn|Granadino|Nygård|Stadius|2022|p=3}}

Centre-left politics were historically unpopular in Latin America,{{Sfn|Balán|Montambeault|2020|p=1}} and left-wing candidates were kept out of power through both right-wing dictatorships and through conservative victories in fair elections.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Petras |first=James |date=1997 |title=Alternatives to Neoliberalism in Latin America |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094582X9702400105 |journal=Latin American Perspectives |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=80–91 |doi=10.1177/0094582X9702400105 |s2cid=143597298 |issn=0094-582X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the mid-20th century, centre-left politics supported state-led development and industrialization in the region, which allowed redistributive and socially inclusive policies to be implemented. In East Asia, interventionism and developmental policy were adopted by right-wing parties rather than centre-left parties.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=da Silva |first1=Pedro Perfeito |last2=Bandeira |first2=Julia Veiga Vieira Mancio |date=9 February 2023 |title=Center-Left Parties and Developmental Regimes in Latin America: Assessing the Role of Democracy |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094582X231153139 |journal=Latin American Perspectives |language=en |pages=0094582X2311531 |doi=10.1177/0094582X231153139 |s2cid=256805880 |issn=0094-582X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Keynesian economics declined in popularity after the end of the post-war consensus, spurred by the [[1970s energy crisis]] and the [[1973–1975 recession|subsequent recession]].{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=5}}{{Sfn|Granadino|Nygård|Stadius|2022|p=2}} The centre-left parties that had held power to that point received much of the blame for the economic crises, and support for the centre-left declined in favour of conservative [[neoliberalism]].{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=6}} At the same time, the end of several right-wing dictatorships in [[Southern Europe]] prompted support for centre-left politics among these countries in the 1970s.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=17}} A decline in the relevance of [[trade union]]s, historically a prominent voter group for social democratic parties, contributed to the limited success of centre-left politics in the 1980s.{{Sfn|Pierson|2018|p=172}} Furthermore, centre-left policies faced new challenges that necessitated a reconsideration of the welfare state, including [[population ageing]] that threatened pension programs and [[women in the workforce]] that heavily altered the [[job market]].{{Sfn|Jenson|2011|p=241}} Green political parties first became prominent in the 1980s when they became influential in European politics.{{Sfn|van Haute|2016|p=1}}

=== Late 20th century ===
Third Way politics developed as a prominent form of centre-left politics, beginning with the Australian governments of [[Bob Hawke]] and [[Paul Keating]] in the 1980s and 1990s. Similar movements developed elsewhere, including in Germany and New Zealand.{{Sfn|Pierson|2018|p=176}} Centre-left parties in Latin America also shifted from social democracy to social liberalism in a pragmatic attempt to reach voters.<ref name=":5" /> The most prominent adoption of Third Way politics was that of [[New Labour]] in the United Kingdom.{{Sfn|Pierson|2018|p=176}} Centre-left politics remained unpopular in much of [[Continental Europe]] at this time.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=15}} Third Way politics lost support among the centre-left after the early 2000s, and [[neo-Keynesianism]] regained popularity.{{Sfn|Menz|2022|p=2}}

Centre-left ideologies were among those uplifted by the [[pink tide]] in Latin America in the late 1990s.{{Sfn|Balán|Montambeault|2020|p=1}} Early centre-left politics and progressivism in Latin America has focused heavily on the inclusion of previously [[Social exclusion|excluded]] groups in society through [[citizenship]] and its associated [[Legal rights|rights]].{{Sfn|Balán|Montambeault|2020|p=2}}{{Sfn|Cameron|2020|p=54}} Income inequality also became a major focus, and centre-left parties in the region promote [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistributive policy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Antía |first=Florencia |date=2019 |others=Translated by Margot Olavarria |title=The Political Dynamic of Redistribution in Unequal Democracies: The Center-Left Governments of Chile and Uruguay in Comparative Perspective |journal=Latin American Perspectives |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=152–166 |doi=10.1177/0094582X18806827 |s2cid=149990469 |issn=0094-582X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Liberalism in Latin America has historically been conservative and oligarchic rather than a centre-left liberalism of progressivism or egalitarianism.{{Sfn|Cameron|2020|p=46}} Several centre-left parties supported reforms toward [[economic liberalism]] in line with those supported by their right-wing counterparts, in some cases leading to backlash that saw incumbent centre-left leaders replaced by far-left populists.{{Sfn|Roberts|2020|pp=75–76}}

Ideological diversity developed in Africa after the end of the [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization]] period, which had been dominated by far-left politics. Most post-colonial African political parties adopted some form of socialism or social democracy, though social democratic policies have seen limited success due to the unstable nature of democracy in Africa.<ref name=":8" />

=== Early 21st century ===
By the beginning of the 21st century, the centre-left had almost entirely overtaken further left groups in politics globally, with other forms of left-wing politics seeing little support in democratic nations.{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=4}} [[Globalization]] and the [[Digital Revolution]] altered the objectives and demographics of the centre-left, as the working class has been largely subsumed by the [[middle class]] in developed nations due to increased living standards and the establishment of a [[knowledge economy]].{{Sfn|Cronin|Shoch|Ross|2011|p=9}} Of those in [[service industry]] careers, class is not a unifying or significant aspect of personal identity.{{Sfn|Menz|2022|p=2}} In particular, this shift has caused People's Parties based on [[mass mobilization]] to be less viable.{{Sfn|Cuperus|2018|p=190}} These rapid developments in society during the turn of the century caused distress among voters, including increased perceptions of social inequality and fear of change, causing voters to move away from traditional centre-left ideologies toward [[populism]].{{Sfn|Cuperus|2018|p=190}}

The [[Great Recession]] exacerbated this trend, bringing significant challenges to the rule of centre-left parties, particularly those with social democratic leanings.{{Sfn|Manwaring|Kennedy|2018|p=5}}{{Sfn|Menz|2022|p=1}} In Europe, this brought about a period of [[Pasokification]] in which social democratic parties saw large declines during the 2010s, largely being replaced by [[Far-left politics|far-left]] and [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] parties.{{Sfn|Cuperus|2018|p=186}} The centre-left's stance on immigration in Europe was one of multiculturalism, further pushing working class voters from the centre-left to the far-right.{{Sfn|Menz|2022|p=8}} In some cases, centre-left and centre-right politics in these countries became less distinct as [[Cleavage (politics)|political cleavages]] shifted toward populist versus traditional politics.{{Sfn|Cuperus|2018|p=187}} The [[Arab Spring]] in the [[Middle East and North Africa]] supported ideals often associated with social democracy and the centre-left.{{Sfn|Granadino|Nygård|Stadius|2022|p=7}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Political science}}
* [[Centre-right politics]]
* [[Distributism]]
* [[Eco-capitalism]]
* [[Green liberalism]]
* [[Green libertarianism]]
* [[Green politics]]
* [[Hard left]]
* [[List of left-wing political parties]]
* [[Neoclassical liberalism]]
* [[Social democracy]]
* [[Soft left]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

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}}

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* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppe20kevrzgC |title=Christian Democracy in Latin America: Electoral Competition and Regime Conflicts |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8047-4598-7 |editor-last=Mainwaring |editor-first=Scott |language=en |editor-last2=Scully |editor-first2=Timothy}}
** {{harvc|last=Sigmund|first=Paul E.|c=The Transformation of Christian Democratic Ideology|in=Mainwaring|in2=Scully|year=2003|pp=64–77}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8-AEAAAQBAJ |title=The Resistible Corrosion of Europe's Center-Left After 2008 |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=9781000634532 |editor-last=Menz |editor-first=Georg}}
* {{Cite book |last=Talshir |first=Gayil |title=The Political Ideology of Green Parties: From the Politics of Nature to Redefining the Nature of Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2002 |isbn=9781403919892}}
* {{Cite book |last=van Haute |first=Emilie |editor-first1=Emilie |editor-last1=Van Haute |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315585932/green-parties-europe-emilie-van-haute |title=Green Parties in Europe |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |doi=10.4324/9781315585932 |isbn=978-1-315-58593-2}}
** {{harvc|last=Price-Thomas|first=Gareth|c=Green Party Ideology Today|in=van Haute|year=2016|pp=280–297}}
* {{Cite book |last=Woshinsky |first=Oliver |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubCTAgAAQBAJ |title=Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2007 |isbn=9781135901349}}

{{Political spectrum}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Centre-Left}}
[[Category:Centre-left politics| ]]
[[Category:Centrism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Political spectrum]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]

Karthika (Malayalam actress)

2026-02-08T22:40:26Z

YvonneTran476: new article

{{short description|Indian Malayalam Actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karthika
| birth_name = Sunanda Nair
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_date =
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| parents = [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] P. K. R. Nair (father)
| height =
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| relatives =
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 1984{{endash}}1988
| known_for = ''[[Thalavattam]]'' (1986) ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987)
| spouse = {{Marriage|Dr. Sunil Kumar|1988}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Sunanda Nair''', better known by her [[stage name]] '''Karthika''' is an Indian former actress who worked predominantly in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] movies and a few [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] movies. She was one of the popular lead Malayalam actresses during 1984-1988.She is well known for her portrayal of Charumathy in ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987).<ref>[https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/nayagan-movie-actress-karthika-family-and-son-wedding-picture/ நாயகன் படத்தில் கமல் மகளாக நடித்த நடிகை என்ன ஆனார் – அவரின் குடும்ப புகைப்படம் இதோ.]</ref><ref>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=228555&u=how-can-gopalakrishna-panicker-skip-meera%E2%80%99s-son%E2%80%99s-wedding-karthika-invites-and-lalettan-arrives-228555 How can Gopalakrishna Panicker skip Meera's son's wedding? Karthika invites, Lalettan arrives]</ref>

==Early life==
Karthika was born in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]] to [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] P. K. R. Nair, a retired army officer, Ex Servicemen Corporation Chairman and leader of Ex-Service Congress affiliated to the [[Indian National Congress]]. Her mother is a homemaker. She has a sister, Sujatha Balgovind.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150528/nation-current-affairs/article/arjun-now-waits-cross-iit-hurdle |work=Deccan Chronicle |title=Arjun now waits cross IIT hurdle|date=28 May 2015 }}</ref> She is a trained [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]] and [[Kathakali]] artist. She is also an amateur [[Tennis]] player.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/evergreen-malayalam-actress-karthikas-son-engagement-stills/articleshow/69757350.cms |work=samayam |title=നടി കാ‍ർത്തികയുടെ മകൻ്റെ വിവാഹ നിശ്ചയം |accessdate=13 June 2019}}</ref>

==Film career==
Karthika made her cinema debut as a junior artist. Her first film was in 1984, ''[[Oru Painkilikatha]]'' directed by [[Balachandra Menon]]. She played one of the group dancers in the movie. However, she got a heroine role in the very next year. Her second film is ''[[Manicheppu Thurannappol]]''. In the movie, she played one among the female leads along with [[Jalaja]].<ref>[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/news/actress-karthika-son-engagement-picture-viral-karthika-old-malayalam-actress-1.3869369 നടി കാര്‍ത്തികയുടെ മകന്റെ വിവാഹ നിശ്ചയം: ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ വൈറല്‍]</ref>

She has worked in twenty films, among which two films are Tamil films and the rest are Malayalam films. [[Adiverukal]], [[Thalavattam]], [[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam]], [[Neela Kurinji Poothappol]], [[Ente Entethu Mathram]], [[Desatanakkili Karayarilla]], [[Kariyilakkattu Pole]] and [[Adukkan Entheluppam]] are the films performed by her in 1986. In 1987, she worked in films like [[Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha]], [[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]], [[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]], [[Neeyethra Dhanya]], [[January Oru Orma]] and ''Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham''. [[David David Mr. David]] and [[Avanikunnile Kinnari Pookkal]] are the films performed by her in 1988 and 1989 respectively.<ref>[https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/sindhu-joy-with-actress-karthika.html സിന്ധു ജോയിക്കൊപ്പം മലയാളികളുടെ കാർത്തിക]</ref>

She made her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut in 1987 through ''[[Nayagan]]'' with [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]] and [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]. The film directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. Her second and final Tamil film was with [[Sathyaraj]] in ''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]'' directed by [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]].

At the peak of her career, Karthika decided to quit the film industry. She married Dr. Sunil Kumar and went to the [[United States]]. The couple has a son, Vishnu. She is now settled in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/actress-karthika-son-marriage-photos-335657/ |work=The Indian Express |title=Karthika's son gets married}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1979||''[[Prabhaathasandhya]]''||Young Usha||rowspan=12|[[Malayalam]]||Child artist||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|1984||''[[Oru Painkilikatha]]''||Dancer ||Uncredited junior artist||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|1985||''[[Manicheppu Thurannappol]]''|| Karthika ||Debut||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|Rowspan=9|1986 ||''[[Desatanakkili Karayarilla]]'' ||Nirmala||||<ref>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Neelima |title=From 'Deshadanakili Karayarilla' to 'Aami': The gay identity in Malayalam films |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/deshadanakili-karayarilla-aami-gay-identity-malayalam-films-84563 |accessdate=23 July 2019 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=11 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kariyilakkattu Pole]]''||Shilpa||||<ref>{{cite news |title='അറം' അങ്ങനെ കരിയിലക്കാറ്റ് പോലെ'യായി; അന്ധവിശ്വാസങ്ങളുടെ ഫലമായി പേര് മാറ്റിയ അറിയാക്കഥ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sudhakar-mangalodhayam-padmarajan-ananthapadmanabhan-kariyilakkattupole-movie-1.4913805 |access-date=1 August 2020 |work=[[Mathrubhumi|മാതൃഭൂമി]] |date=18 July 2020 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ente Entethu Mathrem]]'' ||Sheela||||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|''[[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam]]'' ||Meera||||<ref>{{cite news |last=ലിഷോയ് |first=എം. എസ്. |title=30 വർഷത്തിനുശേഷം സത്യൻ അന്തിക്കാട് എത്തി; പണിക്കർ ഒഴിപ്പിക്കാനെത്തിയ ആ വീട്ടിൽ |trans-title=Sathyan Anthikadu Came After 30 Years; To the House Panikkar Came To Evict |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/sanmanassullavarkku-samadhanam-mohanlal-sathyan-anthikkad-malayalammovie-kochi-1.1718176 |access-date=11 February 2017 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=9 February 2017 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adiverukal]]''||Sreedevi||||<ref>{{cite news |title=തുമ്പികൈ കൊണ്ട് ആന ലാലിനെ ഒറ്റയടി....മോഹൻലാലിന് ആനയുടെ ആക്രമണം നേരിടേണ്ടി വന്നതിനെ കുറിച്ച് ബാബു നമ്പൂതിരി |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=60848&u=adiverukal-movie-elephant-attacked-mohanlal-60848 |accessdate=28 August 2020 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=19 March 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]]''||Maya||||<ref>{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Neelima |title=The director with the golden touch |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article240024.ece |access-date=29 February 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229065642/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article240024.ece |archive-date=29 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thalavattam]]''||Savithri||||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-meets-thalavattam-heroine-karthika-1.4462318 |work=mathrubhumi |title=Mohanlal meets Thalavattam heroine Karthika }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adukkan Entheluppam]]''||Vimala||||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|''[[Neela Kurinji Poothappol]]'' ||Sandhya Varma||||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|Rowspan=8|1987||''[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]''||Yamuna||rowspan=2|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hummaa.com/music/album/poovizhi-vasalile/30775 |title=Poovizhi Vasalile : Tamil Movie |access-date=30 December 2011 |publisher=hummaa.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nayakan]]'' ||Charumathi||||<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2010 |title=Tragedy brings back memories of Nayagan |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/oct/07/tragedy-brings-back-memories-of-nayagan-193076.html |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321071954/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/oct/07/tragedy-brings-back-memories-of-nayagan-193076.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha]]'' ||Abhirami||rowspan=8|[[Malayalam]]|| ||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|''Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham'' ||Gigi Varma||||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]'' ||Animol||||<ref>{{cite news |last=Express News Service |title=They cast a spell on Kochiites |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/They-cast-a-spell-on-Kochiites/2013/05/19/article1596548.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091711/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/They-cast-a-spell-on-Kochiites/2013/05/19/article1596548.ece |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=18 December 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=19 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[January Oru Orma]]'' ||Nimmy||||<ref>{{cite news |last=T |first=Nandakumar |title=Life Thiruvananthapuram : Pooja 'specials' on a platter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/10/22/stories/2004102200860200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220084715/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2004/10/22/stories/2004102200860200.htm |archive-date=20 February 2016 |access-date=20 December 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 October 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Neeyethra Dhanya]]'' ||Shyama||||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| ''[[Neela Kurinji Poothappol]]'' ||Sandhya||||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|1988||''[[David David Mr. David]]'' ||Karthika||||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
|1991||''[[Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal]]'' ||Indu||||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|}

==Personal life==
Karthika married Sunil Kumar in 1988. She has a son, Vishnu Sunil Jaikumar, a Veterinary Surgeon & Radiologist.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/yesteryear-actress-karthikas-son-gets-engaged/articleshow/69774183.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Yesteryear actress Karthika's son gets engaged |author=Deepika Jayaram |access-date=13 June 2019 |date=13 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lodgetvm168.org/images/wm/W.Bro.Sunilkumar_2015.html |work=lodgetvm168 |title=W Bro Sunil Kumar}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0440232|name=Karthika}}

[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Chunchanakatte Falls

2026-01-04T10:05:31Z

YvonneTran476: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Waterfall in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Chunchanakatte Falls.jpg|thumb|Chunchanakatte Falls]]
'''Chunchanakatte Falls''' is a [[waterfall]] on the [[Kaveri River]], near the village of Chunchanakatte in [[krishnarajanagar|saligrama]] taluk of [[Mysore]] district, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. Water cascades from a height of about 20 meters.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Chunchanakatte-Falls-15983.htm
|title=Chunchanakatte Falls
|publisher=india9
|access-date=2006-12-09
}}</ref> It is in the [[Western Ghats]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/documents/rivers.htm
|title=Rivers of Western Ghats
|publisher=ces.iisc
|access-date=2006-12-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194103/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/documents/rivers.htm
|archive-date=2011-07-19
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Here the river falls in two small cascades before joining again to flow as one.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun82006/metrothurs131836200667.asp
|title=For some moments of solitude
|publisher=Deccan Herald
|access-date=2006-12-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020011/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun82006/metrothurs131836200667.asp
|archive-date=6 April 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Location==
The waterfall can be reached by taking a diversion at [[Krishnarajanagar]] on the [[Mysore]]-[[Hassan, India|Hassan]] highway. The diversion is on the left at the circle in the town of KR Nagar which joins the KR Nagar- Holenarasipura road (SH 108) through Saligrama. A subsequent right turn at chunchanakatte village leads to the waterfall. It is located at approximately 7 k.m from taluk headquarters Saligrama and 14 km from the town of KR Nagar.

Chunchanakatte is the holy place where Lord [[Sri Rama]] during his [[vanvas]] stopped by and availed the hospitality of a tribal couple called Chuncha and Chunchi. The significance of this place is that the sound of the powerful falls can be heard all over except inside the [[sanctum sanctorum]] of the centuries-old temple, the story goes that Lord [[Rama]] was tired of the constant complaining of [[Sita]] Mata and gave a curse saying that the tongue of a woman should not be sharp and since Cauvery (river) is considered to be female the noise that the river generated would not be heard in the sanctum sanctorum of the lord. It is also said that when Sita Mata was tired and weary and wanted to have a bath, Lord Ram directed Lakshman to fire an arrow at a rock, once [[Lakshmana]] fired the arrow, water in 3 different shades started pouring out, one with turmeric, one with oil and one with shikakai (fruit for hair - natural shampoo). These shades are visible even today when there is considerable amount of water flowing in the falls. Before the powerplant was established, this place was like paradise on earth with nature at its best.

There is an epic that Goddess Sitha matha was bathing in the waterfalls. Hence, is also called Sithamaduvu.

===Distances and importance===
It is situated in [[Mysore]] District at a distance of 56 km from Mysore, 14 km from K.R.Nagar and 7 km from taluk headquarter Saligrama . It is well connected by road. Buses ply between Mysore and Chunchanakatte. The place is not known for any amenities but one can find bakeries and small eateries and hotels at K.R.Nagar.

Is very famous for sugar and also paddy. Chunchanakatte is surrounded by the Cauvery river, which goes to KRS dam reservoir. It is also a holy place for many [[Hindus]], where they have Lord Sree Kodanda Rama who on the way to [[Lanka]] stopped here.

This locale has been used in a lot of Kannada movies and has been a haunt for many of the film stars and politicians, most famous being [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]. This region is mainly inhabited by farmers and employees of a local sugar mill and of late the power generation plant.

[[File:Kodanda Rama Temple at Chunchanakatte, Mysore district.jpg|thumb|Kodanda Rama temple at Chunchankatte Falls]]

==History==

{{Empty section|date=November 2021}}

==Kodandarama Temple==
There is an ancient temple built here dedicated to Lord Kodandarama. The uniqueness of the idol installed here is that Sita is standing to the right side of Sri Rama instead of the usual left. Legend describes that Lord Rama during his tenure in the forests stayed in this place on the behest of the tribal couple Chuncha and Chunchi. It seems during that time there was not a drop of water here, and when Rama's wife Sita wanted to have a bath, Rama instructed his brother Lakmana to facilitate Sita Devi's wish. Lakmana shot an arrow on the rocks and water started gushing out in plenty and Sita Devi could take her bath. Also in this forest Lord Rama met Agnatha Rishi (Unknown Sage) and was impressed by his devotion to lord Narayana, so Rama asked the Rishi to ask for a boon and the Rishi asked Lord Rama that he desired to see Lord Rama with Sita on his right side. The boon was granted and so was the idol installed in the same manner. There are two Hanuman temples, one at the entrance to the temple and the other after the temple near the river.

The most astonishing feature of this temple is that even though the falls beside the temple makes a deafening noise, inside the garbhagudi ([[Sanctum sanctorum]]) nothing of the roar can be heard. It is as though the falls does not exist. The legend narrated for this phenomenon goes like this – it seems Lord Rama was tired of Sita Devi's constant complaining so he cursed that women should not talk unnecessarily and add to the noise pollution. Even though women till now do not seem to have been touched by the curse, river Cauvery's (who is considered a woman) roar at least is not heard in the garbhagudi of the temple.

[[File:Chunchanakatte Sri. Kodanda Rama.jpg|thumb|Chunchanakatte Kodanda Rama]]

==Chunchankatte Falls==
Cauvery flows into Chunchankatte roaring thunderously forming a 60 feet height and approximately 300 to 400 feet wide waterfalls. This place is situated 57 km from Mysore in saligrama taluk, Mysore district. When the river reaches to cascade it is divided into two separate falls and joins again to continue to flow as one into Krishna Raja Sagar (KRS) dam. The roar is deafening and the spray from the falls is refreshing. The gushing of water from every nook and corner of the rocky bed forms a milky white falls and the brown colored water in some parts of the falls shows the fertility that Cauvery brings along with her to the deccan plateau. At one angle you can see a large quantity of water whoosh to about 10 feet away from the jutting rocky bed before cascading into the river displaying the force at which it flows. This force is well tapped here and there is a hydraulic power generating station installed. It is in its best form during monsoon, but during seasons where there is less inflow of water, you can climb onto the rocks and explore more.
From Mysore, drive down Mysore-Hassan highway and reach K.R.Nagar. Here, any of the locals can guide you to the falls. It is approximately 7 kilometers from saligrama.and 15 kilometers from K.R.Nagar. The falls is unsafe as water flow increases suddenly when water is released from [[KRS dam]].<ref>{{cite web| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/szqeahcr1Io| archive-date = 2021-12-05| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szqeahcr1Io| title = Watch: CFTRI scientist washed away in Karnataka's Chunchanakatte falls - Karnataka News | website=[[YouTube]]| date = 4 June 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Important events==
Brahma Ratotsava (car festival) is held on the day of [[Makara shankranthi]] every year. This day falls in January. The cattle festival, which is one of the biggest in this region, is held during January first week.

Many water and shore birds can be spotted here. Good place to picnic.

==See also==
*[[List of waterfalls]]
*[[List of waterfalls in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120406020011/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun82006/metrothurs131836200667.asp For some moments of solitude]

{{Western Ghats}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Kaveri River]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Mysore district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mysore district]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of India]]

St. Mary's Cathedral, Ranchi

2025-12-30T19:08:59Z

YvonneTran476: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=November 2025}}
{{Expand Spanish|topic=struct|date=August 2025}}
{{Expand Polish|topic=struct|date=August 2025}}
{{Expand Italian|topic=struct|date=August 2025}}
}}


{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary's Cathedral
| fullname =
| other name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ranchi - Cathédrale Sainte-Marie - 1.jpg
| imagesize =
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| imagealt = Photo of St. Mary's Cathedral
| landscape =
| caption = St. Mary's Cathedral

| pushpin map =
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| coordinates = {{coord|23.2879|75.6200|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw = 
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| location = [[Ranchi]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]
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| former name =
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| founded date = {{start date| 1847}}
| founder = Fr. John Mc Donnel
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| status = [[Cathedral]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
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| capacity =
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| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| episcopalarea =
| archdiocese =
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi]]
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =

| archbishop = [[Felix Toppo]]
| bishop =
| dean =
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| viceprovost =
| subdean =
| precentor =
| chancellor =
| canonchancellor =
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| succentor =
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| reader =
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| logo =
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}}

'''St. Mary's Cathedral''' is one of the oldest church of the [[Ranchi]], in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] area. Catholics and Christian faithful working as tea gardens in Tea Estates area, Railway along with the farmers were the early community of the church.

==History==
Christian Missionaries serving among the people made thatched sheds on the hillock near the market and Kallada River. One of the thatched sheds used as Church during 1866 was the first Church of Ranchi established by the Roman Catholic missionaries. The Church was named after [http://www.catholictradition.org/Mary/olgc.htm 'Mother of Good Counsel'](St. Mary) and liturgies of the Church were in Latin. St. Mary's Church was built in 1909 and remodelled with concrete structure during 25 May 1927.

Belgian Carmelite missionaries were the First Fathers of Punalur and of places around Punalur. During the Second World War the First Fathers had to go back, entrusting the church work to the diocesan clergy of Quilon ([[Kollam]]).

[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi Diocese]] was separated from the [[Diocese of Quilon]] (Kollam) and created into a separate unit by the Bull “Verba Christ” of [[Pope John Paul II]], issued on 21 December 1985.

Catholics at St. Mary's Cathedral, Ranchi, celebrated the election in 2025 of Robert Cardinal Prevost as [[Pope Leo XIV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/catholics-in-state-rejoice-at-election-of-pope-leo-xiv-hail-it-as-moment-of-hope-and-unity/amp_articleshow/121038724.cms|title=Catholics In State Rejoice At Election Of Pope Leo XIV, Hail It As Moment Of Hope And Unity|date=May 10, 2025|access-date=November 8, 2025}}</ref>

==Location==
St Mary's Cathedral complex is located on north of Ranchi railway on Dr caumil Bulke path (Purulia Road).

==See also==
*[[Roman Catholic Church]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}


*
*
*
*



{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary's Cathedral, Ranchi}}
[[Category:Ranchi district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Jharkhand]]

{{India-RC-cathedral-stub}}

Central College Ground, Bengaluru

2025-12-23T06:33:04Z

YvonneTran476: Done

{{Short description|Multi-purpose college ground in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Central College Ground
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Central College Ground
| former_names =
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground = 1935
| built =
| opened = 1935
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Central College of Bangalore]]
| operator = [[Central College of Bangalore]]
| surface =
| scoreboard =
| cost =
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = n/a
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| volume =
| tenants =
| embedded =
| website = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57893.html ESPNcricinfo]
| public_transit =
}}
'''Central College Ground''' is a multi purpose ground in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India. The ground is mainly used for organizing matches of football, cricket, rugby, American football, athletics, basketball, kabaddi and other sports. The ground has hosted 52 [[First-class cricket|First-class]] matches <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/899_f.html First-class matches]</ref> from 1941 when [[Mysore cricket team]] played against [[Hyderabad cricket team]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17329.html Scorecard]</ref>

The ground has hosted two [[List A]] matches <ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/899_a.html List A matches]</ref> 2002 when [[Andhra cricket team]] played against [[Kerala cricket team]]<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/75/75935.html Scorecard]</ref> and again in 2002 when [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]] played against [[Kerala cricket team]]<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/75/75990.html Scorecard]</ref> but since then the ground has hosted non-first-class matches.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/899_misc.html Other matches]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/899.html CricketArchive]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57893.html ESPNcricinfo]
* [http://wikimapia.org/6247936/Ganpati-Nagar-Cricket-Ground Wikimapia]

{{Bangalore topics}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1935]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Sonderkommando Blaich

2025-12-09T18:26:24Z

YvonneTran476: minor cleanup

{{short description|German air raid against Fort Lamy in Chad in 1942}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = The [[Western Desert campaign]]
| partof = [[North African campaign]]
| image = File:Heinkel He 111H dropping bombs 1940.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = Example of a Heinkel He 111H dropping bombs during the Battle of Britain in 1940
| date = 21 January 1942
| place = [[Fort Lamy]], [[French Equatorial Africa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.11|15.05|display=inline,title}}
| result = Axis victory
| combatant1 = {{ubl|{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}|{{flagcountry|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}}}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Free French Forces}}
| commander1 = [[Theo Blaich]]
| commander2 = [[Philippe Leclerc]]
| units1 = {{lang|de|[[Fliegerführer Afrika]]}}
| units2 =
| strength1 = 3 aircraft
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = {{cvt|80000|impgal}} fuel destroyed{{efn|Bierman and Smith (2004) wrote that eight British [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] fighters were also destroyed.{{sfn|Bierman|Smith|2004|pp=136, 492}}}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox North Africa}}
}}
'''{{lang|de|Sonderkommando Blaich}}''' (Special Command Blaich) was a German unit consisting of a [[Heinkel He 111]]H [[medium bomber]] supported by an Italian [[Savoia-Marchetti SM.82]] ({{lang|it|Marsupiale}}) transport aircraft and a [[Messerschmitt Bf 108]]B ({{lang|de|Taifun}}). In January 1942 the Heinkel raided the [[Free French Forces|Free French]]–controlled [[Fort Lamy]] (now [[N'Djamena]]) in the [[Colonial Chad|Chad]] region of [[French Equatorial Africa]].{{sfnm|1a1=Oliver|1y=2013|1loc=Chapter 4|2a1=Moore|2y=2011|2pp=142–143|3a1=Windrow|3y=1965|3p=6}} The raid against a target {{cvt|1250|mi}} from Axis bases in North Africa was a success but on its return flight the Heinkel ran out of fuel and had to make an emergency landing; the crew and aircraft were rescued a week later.{{sfn|Oliver|2013|loc=Chapter 4}}

==Background==

===Fort Lamy===
[[Chad]] and [[Fort Lamy]] had been captured by the [[Free French]] in 1940 and was a staging post for the [[Capture of Kufra]], operations against the [[Kufra]] oasis group.{{sfn|Moore|2011|pp=142–143}} {{lang|de|Sonderkommando}} Blaich had been conducting operations from an airfield at [[Hun, Libya|Hun]] {{cvt|400|mi}} south of Tripoli in Libya and from [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]], {{cvt|250|mi}} south of Hun against attacks by the British [[Special Air Service]] (SAS) and the [[Long Range Desert Group]] (LRDG). The British attacked Axis ammunition dumps, fuel dumps, radio stations, airfields and other rear units. An important LRDG base was the Free French airfield at Fort Lamy on the banks of [[Lake Chad]], which was also part of the [[Royal Air Force]] delivery route from [[RAF Takoradi]] in [[Ghana]], to Egypt.{{sfn|Oliver|2013|loc=Chapter 4}}

===Theo Blaich===

[[File:Un-chad.png|thumb|{{center|UN map of Chad; Fort Lamy (now [[N'Djamena]]) is on the Cameroon border.}}]]
[[Theo Blaich]] was a German adventurer and plantation owner who had joined the {{lang|de|[[Wehrmacht]]}} in 1939, arriving in his own [[Messerschmitt Bf 108]]B {{lang|de|Taifun}} (Typhoon) KG+EM. Blaich understood the importance of Fort Lamy as a way station in the overland transport and communication route from the west coast of Africa to the Nile, as well as a base for Allied operations against Libya. Blaich proposed the capture of Fort Lamy to safeguard the southern border of Libya. When his suggestions were dismissed, he suggested that he should at least carry out a bombing raid.{{sfn|Moore|2011|p=142}} General [[Erwin Rommel]] approved the idea and forwarded it to {{lang|de|[[Generalmajor]]}} [[Stefan Fröhlich (German general)|Stefan Fröhlich]] the {{lang|de|[[Fliegerführer Afrika]]}}. The date for the operation was set for 21 January 1942, to coincide with an Axis attack against the British at [[El Agheila]].{{sfn|Oliver|2013|loc=Chapter 4}}

==Prelude==

===Plan===
{{lang|de|Sonderkommando Blaich}} was an Axis force comprising German and Italian personnel, equipped with a He 111H-6 from II/{{lang|de|Kampfgeschwader}} 4 with all excess equipment, including the dorsal and ventral guns removed, a [[Savoia-Marchetti SM.82]] ({{lang|it|Marsupiale}}) transport aircraft carrying extra fuel for the Heinkel and Blaich's {{lang|de|Taifun}}, which were to depart from the oasis of Hun on 20 January.{{sfnm|1a1=Bierman|1a2=Smith|1y=2004|1p=136|2a1=Moore|2y=2011|2p=142}} The Heinkel crew and Blaich were to go on the raid, while the Italian support crew, except for the pilot, {{lang|it|Maggiore}} (Major) Roberto Count Vimercati-San Severino, stayed behind.{{sfn|Oliver|2013|loc=Chapter 4}}

==={{lang|ar|Bir Misciuro}}===
The {{lang|de|Sonderkommando}} flew to Camp 1 ({{lang|it|Campo Uno}}) a remote natural airstrip in southern Libya at {{lang|ar|Bir Misciuro}}, which had been discovered by Vimercati-San Severino in 1935, when he landed there during a safari. He had surveyed and marked out the site later but it had no facilities. The {{lang|de|Marsupiale}} was used as the supply base and the Heinkel was refuelled by hand from fuel drums.{{sfn|Oliver|2013|loc=Chapter 4}} The members of the expedition who were to fly on the operation were {{lang|de|[[Hauptmann]]}} Theo Blaich, pilot of the Bf 108B {{lang|de|Taifun}} and raid commander, {{lang|de|[[Leutnant]]}} Franz Bohnsack, pilot of the He 111, {{lang|de|[[Feldwebel]]}} Heinrich Geissler, navigator, {{lang|de|[[Unteroffizier]]}} Wolfgang Wichmann, wireless operator, {{lang|de|Leutnant}} Fritz Dettmann, [[war correspondent]] and {{lang|it|[[Major (rank)|Maggiore]]}} Roberto Count Vimercati-San Severino, desert expert and pilot of the {{lang|it|Marsupiale}}.{{sfn|Pallud|2021|p=261}}

==Raid==

===Outward flight===
[[File:R.A. - Savoia-Marchetti SM.82.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|Example of a Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 ({{lang|it|Marsupiale)}}}}]]
The Heinkel He 111 took off from {{lang|it|Campo Uno}} at 08:00 on 21 January but experienced bad weather, contrary to the weather forecast. The aircraft had been loaded with {{cvt|1000|impgal}} of fuel but the weather increased fuel consumption.{{sfn|Windrow|1965|p=6}} Geissler had to use [[dead reckoning]] and radio stations from which he could get a [[direction finding]] (D/F) fix. Hours later, Geissler realised that he was more than {{cvt|100|mi}} off course and ordered a turn to the west to the [[Chari River]] and flew along it to Fort Lamy at the confluence of the Chari and [[Logone River|Logone]] rivers where they join Lake Chad. The Heinkel reached the lake by noon, after which navigation became easier, despite the storm intensifying. At 14:30, flying at {{cvt|1500|ft}}, the Heinkel reached Fort Lamy. Being so remote, the airfield and supply depot had no air defences. The Heinkel crew could not delay and made one bombing run. Sixteen {{cvt|100|kg|order=flip}} bombs were dropped unhindered on the fuel dump at the edge of the airfield. The French forces were too surprised to fight back and {{cvt|80000|impgal}} of fuel and all of the oil were destroyed.{{sfn|Oliver|2013|loc=Chapter 4}}{{efn|Eight [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] fighters might also have been destroyed.{{sfn|Bierman|Smith|2004|pp=136, 492}}}}

===Return journey===
The Heinkel was undamaged and turned northwards but the crew knew that the detour made it impossible to reach {{lang|it|Campo Uno}} with the fuel remaining. The engines were run at the leanest mixture possible and at {{nowrap|1,950 [[rpm]]}} to fly as far as possible. Wireless contact with the Italian support crew had been lost on the outbound leg and could not be re-established. At 18:00, towards sunset, {{cvt|160|mi}} short of {{lang|it|Campo Uno}}, Bohnsack made an emergency landing on a high plateau. The crew of six men had {{cvt|20|L|order=flip|adj=on}} of water remaining. Wichmann, the wireless operator, set up his 3-Watt wireless aerial, laying it out on tent poles. On 6,197 kHz (48.37 m), Wichmann managed to contact a wireless operator at the headquarters of {{lang|de|Fliegerführer Afrika}} in Benghazi, {{cvt|650|mi}} to the north. The Italian support crew was still out of contact and three days later, Benghazi sent a message that the Italians had been contacted and that they were searching for the Heinkel. On the fifth day, the crew transmitted a D/F signal with the Heinkel wireless, running one engine with the little fuel that remained, to power the wireless generator. Within the hour an Italian [[Caproni Ca.309]] ({{lang|it|Ghibli}}) landed with water and melons for the Heinkel crew. On the next day a [[Junkers Ju 52]] from {{lang|de|Wüstennotstaffel}} 1 (Desert Rescue Squadron 1) arrived with more water and fuel. The crew took off for the short journey to {{lang|de|Campo Uno}}, where the Heinkel was refuelled and then the crew flew on to Hun.{{sfnm|1a1=Oliver|1y=2013|1loc=Chapter 4|2a1=Pallud|2y=2021|2p=266}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:Map of traditional provinces of Libye-en.svg|thumb|upright=.75|{{center|Map of the traditional provinces of Libya, showing [[Fezzan]] in the south}}]]
The attack on Fort Lamy caused minor damage to installations and few casualties but destroyed fuel supplies, despite strenuous efforts to save them, reducing the supply of the Free French and the RAF in the region by half. The raid caused General [[Philippe Leclerc]] to strengthen the anti-aircraft defences at Fort Lamy and to start hit-and-run operations against the Italian forces in the [[Fezzan]] region of Libya.{{sfn|Moore|2011|pp=142–143}} {{lang|de|Sonderkommando Blaich}} continued operations against the LRDG during the first half of 1942. In June 1942 the Heinkel crashed near Kufra after an engine failure. The crew was rescued four days later but had to set the Heinkel on fire and this ended the {{lang|de|Sonderkommando}}{{'s}} operations.{{sfn|Oliver|2013|loc=Chapter 4}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bierman |first1=J. |last2=Smith |first2=C. |title=Alamein. War without Hate: The Dersert Campaign of 1940–1943 |year=2004 |orig-year=2002 |publisher=Penguin |location=London |edition=prev. pub. The Battle of Alamein by Viking Penguin, New York |isbn=978-0-14-200394-7}}
* {{cite book |first=William Mortimer |last=Moore |year=2011 |title=Free France's Lion: The Life of Philippe Leclerc, de Gaulle's Greatest General |publisher=[[Casemate Publishers]] |location=Newbury |isbn=978-1-61200-080-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Oliver |first=David |year=2013 |orig-year=2005 |title=Airborne Espionage: International Special Duty Operations in the World Wars |publisher=[[The History Press]] |location=Stroud |edition=e-book |isbn=978-0-7524-9552-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Pallud |first=Jean Paul |title=The Desert War: The Campaign in North Africa 1940–43, Then and Now |year=2021 |orig-year=2012 |publisher=Battle of Britain International |edition=After the Battle (Pen & Sword, Barnsley) |location=London |isbn=978-1-870067-77-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Windrow |first=M. C. |series=Profile Publications (No. 15) |title=The Heinkel He 111H |year=1965 |publisher=Profile Publications |location=Leatherhead |oclc=705834365}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |first=Wolfgang |last=Wichmann |language=de |title=Husarenstreich gegen Fort Lamy |trans-title=Hussar's Prank against Fort Lamy |journal=Flugzeug Magazin |issue=5 |publication-date=November 1986 |issn=0933-8454}}

{{World War II}}
{{WWII city bombing}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 in Africa]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving France]]
[[Category:North African campaign]]
[[Category:N'Djamena]]
[[Category:1940s in Chad]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by Germany]]

Madras Red sheep

2025-12-06T03:31:27Z

YvonneTran476: started basic entry first draft

{{Short description|Sheep breed native to India}}
{{Infobox sheep breed
| name = Madras Red Sheep
| image = Breeding ram.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Breeding ram
| status =
| altname =
| nickname =
| country = India
| distribution = Northeastern Tamil Nadu
| standard =
| use = mutton
| maleweight =
| femaleweight =
| maleheight =
| femaleheight =
| skincolor =
| type =
| woolcolor =
| facecolor =
| horns = only on males, coiled
| note =
}}

The '''Madras Red Sheep''' is an indigenous breed of sheep native to the northeastern parts of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The breed is characterized by medium size, reddish brown in colour with white markings on the leg and forehead. They are hardy and drought tolerant. Males are horned and ewes are polled.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Raman, K.S.|author2=Sundararaman, M.N.|author3=Haribhaskar, S.|author4=Ganesakale, D.|year=2003|title=Biometrics and breed characteristics of Madras Red Sheep|url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2057274/1/TNV-981-4.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of Small Ruminants|volume=9|issue=1|pages=6–9}}</ref> Wattles are found in about 73% females and 69% males. They feed on grass and a variety of tree leaves including those of ''[[Albizia|Albizzia]]'', ''[[Ficus]]'', ''[[Leucaena]]'', ''[[Gliricidia]]'', ''[[Erythrina]]'', ''[[Pithecellobium dulce|Inga dulce]]'' and ''[[Thespesia populnea|Thespesia]]''.<ref name="Balasubramanyam 2012">{{Cite journal|last=Balasubramanyam|first=D.|last2=Raja|first2=T. V.|last3=Jawahar|first3=K. T. P.|last4=Jaishankar|first4=S.|last5=Kumarasamy|first5=P.|last6=Sivaselvam|first6=S. N.|year=2012|title=Characterization of Madras Red sheep in their breeding tract|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal-genetic-resources-resources-genetiques-animales-recursos-geneticos-animales/article/characterization-of-madras-red-sheep-in-their-breeding-tract/BDE258138E4672F8C92B0341F033C840|journal=Animal Genetic Resources/Resources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales|language=en|volume=50|pages=37–42|doi=10.1017/s2078633612000069|issn=2078-6344|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The breed is maintained mostly for meat and is one of five hairy breeds from Tamil Nadu. The breed has been traditionally developed and maintained in the [[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram]] and [[Tiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]] district by Naicker and Pillai communities.<ref name="Balasubramanyam 2012" /> In an outbreak of sheep pox there was a mortality of up to 10% among adults, while the mortality was about 37% in adults of Mechery sheep. A virus similar to that causing Rift Valley Fever has also been noted to affect the sheep in an outbreak 1994.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1998|title=A post-epizootic survey of rift valley fever-like illness among sheep at Veerapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu|url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/2057191/1/TNV-979-51.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of Virology|volume=14|issue=2|pages=15–157|author1=Joshi, M.V.|author2=Elankumaran, S|author3=Joshi, GF| author4=Albert A| author5=Padbidri, VS| author6=Manohar, B Murali|author7=Ilkal MA| author8=Sundararaj, AS| author9=Umarani UB| author10=Venugopalan AT| author11=Manickam R}}</ref> They breed during July to September.<ref name="Balasubramanyam 2012" />[[File:Ewe with lamb mr.jpg|left|thumb|Ewe with lamb]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sheep breeds]]
[[Category:Sheep breeds originating in India]]

Charkhari

2025-11-25T02:56:32Z

YvonneTran476: added article for clarity for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Charkhari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 200
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1
|image1 = Charkhari fort.jpg
|image2 = Maheswari Mata Charkhari.jpg}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Charkhari Fort, Maheshwari Mata Temple
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4|N|79.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 184
| population_total = 27,760
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 210421
| registration_plate = UP-95
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Charkhari''' is a city in [[Mahoba district]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It was the [[Capital city|capital]] of the Charkhari concession. The state was founded in 1765 by Bijai Bahadur, a Rajput of Bundela clan. It is also the [[headquarters]] of Charkhari tehsil and the Legislative Assembly seat is also Charkhari.

==Geography==
Charkhari is located at {{Coord|25.4|N|79.75|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Charkhari.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Charkhari]</ref> It has an average elevation of 184 metres (603 feet). Charkhari is also known as the 'Kashmir of [[Bundelkhand]]'. The town is surrounded by many lakes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiaheritagehub.org/2012/10/11/2743/ |title=India heritage hub |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031851/http://indiaheritagehub.org/2012/10/11/2743/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are lakes named Vijay Sagar, Malkhan Sagar, Vanshi Sagar, Jai Sagar, Ratan Sagar and Kothi Tal.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==History==
{{main|Charkhari State}}
[[Charkhari State]] was one of the [[Princely state]]s of India during the period of the [[British Raj]]. The state was founded in 1765 by Bijai Bahadur, a [[Rajput]] of [[Bundela]] clan. On India's independence, this Princely state was acceded to India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiaheritagehub.org/2012/10/11/2743/ |title=India heritage hub |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031851/http://indiaheritagehub.org/2012/10/11/2743/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Charkhari had a population of 27,760. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Charkhari has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 68% and female literacy of 47%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Charkhari |volume=5 |page=891 |short=1}}

{{Mahoba district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mahoba district]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]

{{Mahoba-geo-stub}}

Balouch, Sudhanoti

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YvonneTran476: creating some article w/ infobox

{{more citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = {{nq|تحصیل بلوچ}}
| name = Baloch
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize = 240px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = RotatingAtlas
| image_map =
| mapsize = 150 px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.6461|73.8156|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Azad Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt = 
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Azad Kashmir]]
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_est = 30,000
| pop_est_as_of = 2008
| population_footnotes ={{citation needed|date=December 2019}}
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 2069
| population_density_km2 = 700/km2
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| area_code = 0992
| area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes of Pakistan|Calling code]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| website = www.ajk.gov.pk
| footnotes =
}}

'''Balouch''' or '''Baloch''' is a [[Tehsil]] in [[Sudhanoti District]], [[Azad Kashmir]]. It is the highest most peak in Sudhnoti district parallel to but not in balanced surface proportion with the Bisarh'i peak.{{clarify|date=December 2019}}<ref>Statistical Year Book 2023" (PDF). ''Statistics Azad Jammu and Kashmir''.
https://pndajk.gov.pk/uploadfiles/downloads/AJ&K%20Statistical%20Year%20Book%202023(1).pdf</ref> The third peak is Baithak. It is located at 33°38'40N 73°49'25E with an altitude of 1769 metres (5804 feet).<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/PK/06/Baloch.html Location of Baloch - Falling Rain Genomics]</ref>

Nearby villages include Baithak Awanabad, Berry, Upper Keemar, Lower Keemar, Norsa, Upper Kahala, Lower Kahala, Kanjeri, Saran, Manjhari, Dhamman, and Phukotar.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

The [[Pir Panjal range]] is visible from the town and if a person hikes up to Irh'iryari. In winter, tourists gather in the area. It receives annual snowfall. Mainly it is in the month of January when snowstorms come.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

The majority of the population in this area is Muslim, almost 99 percent.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} It is in the south of Sudhnoti district. 3G and 4G internet service is available in Balouch and surrounding areas.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

There are two major shrines in Baloch area. One is of the Noshahi order Sufi Ghulam Muhammad Qadri Noshahi and the other is on the east of Baloch named Sain Chall'ha Darbar or sometimes Jhandiyaan.Also Manjahari Pond is a historical heritage here.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==Further reading==
* Gazetteer of Kashmir & Ladakh (1890)
* Tribes & Castes of Punjab & North West Frontier Province by Ebbetson.
* The Sudhan Revolt (The News 19 October 1997.) By Sardar M. Saleem Khan.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ajk.gov.pk Government of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Azad Jammu and Kashmir}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46696/Azad-Kashmir# Britannica - Azad Kashmir]

{{Poonch Division}}

[[Category:Populated places in Sudhanoti District]]

Marmadesam

2025-11-11T19:17:40Z

YvonneTran476: typo fix

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name = மர்மதேசம்
| image = Vidathukaruppu dvd.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption = Poster
| genre = [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] [[Suspense]] [[Drama]] [[Soap opera]]
| creator = [[Kavithalayaa Productions|Min Bimbangal]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| story = [[Indra Soundar Rajan]] '''(Ragasiyam, Vidathu Karuppu, Sorna Reghai, Iyanthira Paravai, Edhuvum Nadakkum)''' Theme Naga '''(Edhuvum Nadakkum)'''
| screenplay = Indra Soundar Rajan '''(Ragasiyam, Vidathu Karuppu, Iyanthira Paravai, Edhuvum Nadakkum)''' C. J. Baskar '''(Sorna Reghai)''' Naga '''(Edhuvum Nadakkum)''' '''Dialogues''' Indra Soundar Rajan '''(Ragasiyam, Vidathu Karuppu, Iyanthira Paravai, Edhuvum Nadakkum)''' C. J. Baskar '''(Sorna Reghai)''' Naga '''(Edhuvum Nadakkum)'''
| director = [[Naga (director)|Naga]] '''(Ragasiyam, Vidathu Karuppu, Edhuvum Nadakkum)''' C. J. Baskar '''(Sorna Reghai, Iyanthira Paravai)''' Rajendra Kumar '''(Iyanthira Paravai)'''
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring =
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Rehan '''(Ragasiyam, Vidathu Karuppu, Sorna Reghai, Iyanthira Paravai)''' [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]] '''(Edhuvum Nadakkum)'''
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 5
| num_episodes = 204
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Bala Kailasam|B. Kailasam]] [[Geetha Kailasam|Geetha B. Kailasam]] '''(Ragasiyam, Vidathu Karuppu, Sorna Reghai, Iyanthira Paravai, Edhuvum Nadakkum)''' [[Ashok Amritraj]] [[Michael Jay Solomon]] '''(Ragasiyam)'''
| editor =
| cinematography = Naga '''(Ragasiyam, Vidathu Karuppu)''' [[Sakthi Saravanan]] '''(Sorna Regai, Iyanthira Paravai)''' Anand Babu '''(Vidathu Karuppu)''' Narayan Kumar '''(Edhuvum Nadakkum)'''
| camera =
| runtime = 23-30 minutes
| company = [[Kavithalayaa Productions|Min Bimbangal]] '''(Ragasiyam, Vidathu Karuppu, Sorna Reghai, Iyanthira Paravai, Edhuvum Nadakkum)''' Amritraj Solomon Communications '''(Ragasiyam)'''
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] (1996-1998) [[Raj TV]] (1999-2001)
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|1996|01|05}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2001|12|22}}
| related =
}}

'''''Marmadesam''''' ({{translation}} Land of Mystery) was a 1996-2001 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[mystery film|mystery]] [[Anthology series|anthology]] television series telecasted between 1996 and 1998 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and then on [[Raj TV]] between 1999 and 2001 lasting 5 seasons.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/marmadesam-tamils-truly-captivating-nostalgia-tv-is-coming-episode-by-episode-to-youtube-7086151.html|title=Marmadesam: Tamil's truly captivating nostalgia TV is coming episode-by-episode to YouTube|date=1 Aug 2019|last=Krishnakumar|first=Ranjani|website=First Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026082741/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/marmadesam-tamils-truly-captivating-nostalgia-tv-is-coming-episode-by-episode-to-youtube-7086151.html|archive-date=26 October 2019}}</ref>

From 2019, it started airing on YouTube from Monday to Saturday by [[Kavithalaya Productions|Kavithalaya]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cult-tamil-supernatural-thriller-marmadesam-series-release-youtube-104081|title=Cult series Marmadesam released on youtube|date=22 June 2019|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series consisted of 5 stand-alone stories dealing with [[supernatural]] and [[mystery film|mystery]] occurrences. While the stories are purely fictitious, they explore to some extent the beliefs and real-life traditions of [[Tamilnadu]].

'''''Ragasiyam''''' was set in both village and city.

'''''Vidathu Karupu''''' had a complete village setting.

'''''Sorna Regai''''' had a complete city setting.

'''''Iyandira Paravai''''' had both village and city setting.

'''''Edhuvum Nadakkum''''' was set in a forest.

The seasons are named:
* '''''Ragasiyam''''' ('''{{langx|ta|ரகசியம்}}''') ({{translation}} The Secret) ([[fantasy]] [[thriller film|thriller]]) (Director: Naga) Explores the legend of the mysterious healing powers of ''Nava-bhashana lingam''. 73 Episodes.
* '''''Vidāthu Karuppu''''' ('''{{langx|ta|விடாது கருப்பு}}''') ({{translation}} ( [[Karuppu Sami|Karuppu]] ) Black Never Spares) ([[psychological thriller|Psychological Thriller]]) (Director: Naga) Explores the legend of the Hindu village deity [[Karuppu Sami]]. PS: Karuppu Sami where., Karuppu means Black, Sami Means God. Its so called because the deity is black is colour. Karuppu Sami is considered as a god which protects the villages. Vidātha Karuppu means the god (Karuppu Sami) wont spares the one who make's mistakes. 79 Episodes.
*
* '''''Sorna Regha'''i'' ('''{{langx|ta|சொர்ண ரேகை}}''') ({{translation}} Golden palmlines) ([[crime thriller]]) (Director: C.J.Bhaskar) Explores the field of [[palmistry]]. 20 Episodes.
* '''''Eyanthira Paravai''''' ('''{{langx|ta|இயந்திர பறவை}}''') ({{translation}} The Mechanical Bird) ([[crime thriller]]) (Director: C.J.Bhaskar) Explores the art of Varmakalai. 34 Episodes.
* '''''Edhuvum Nadakkum''''' ('''{{langx|ta|எதுவும் நடக்கும்}}''') ({{translation}} Anything can happen) ([[fantasy]] [[horror film|horror]]) (Director: Naga) Explores the legend of Kalpaka-vriksham and environment as a living entity. 33 Episodes (the story is not complete as it was abandoned mid-way.)

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=December 2018}}

=== ''Ragasiyam'' ===

Ragasiyam is the first season of ''Marmadesam'' series. The story-line is about the mysterious healing powers of ''Navabhashanam'' [[Lingam]]s of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]].

The plot opens with a small fictional village named Chitharpatti, where a temple of Chitheswarar (also pronounced as Sitheshwarar) attracts a large number of devotees thanks to its legend as well as its purported power to heal any known or unknown disease. An ashram adjacent to the temple, headed by Oomaisaamy ([[Charuhasan]]) is also a popular name, as it cures literally any physically or mentally ill patient.

The temple is closed from 6 pm every evening until 6 am the following morning. It is believed that [[Siddhar]]s enter the temple past its closure for the day, and perform their rituals and prayers and leave before dawn, and anyone who disturbs the prayers of the [[Siddhar]]s is done away with by the guardian of the temple, [[Bhairava|Kaalabhairavar]], who is believed to guard the temple during the night in the form of a dog. This belief attracts a number of rationalists to the temple, who want to try and solve the mystery. One such rationalist, a journalist names Srikanth ([[Indra Soundar Rajan]]), hides in the temple when it is being closed for the day, in an attempt to find out what really happens in the temple in the dark. However, as if the villagers' fear is made true, Srikanth is killed by a dog while he is inside the temple. Hence, the entire village is convinced that the temple of Chitheshwarar is actually a den of heavenly Siddhas who pray during the night, leaving ordinary people to pray during the day.

Srikanth's friend, Mani Sundaram ([[Ram G]]) is the young son of the temple's chief priest. He is a rationalist, who does not believe in myths and rituals. Instead, he chooses to rationalize his beliefs, and hence often ends up at odds with his father with regard to the temple's mysteries and rituals. One by one, four people are killed inside the temple, including a police inspector who is there to investigate the mystery. At this juncture, Dr. KR ([[Delhi Ganesh]])—once a great psychiatrist, but now intellectually disabled—strays into the village, and is admitted to Oomaisaamy's ashram by Mani. Prasad ([[Babloo Prithviraj|Prithviraj]]), Dr. KR's son, comes in search of him, and ends up being a guest to Mani and his sister Lalitha (Vasuki). As Mani and Prasad try to reveal the temple's mystery even more, they come to know that Dr. KR is actually acting as a fool, and he too is trying to do the same. But Dr. KR has personal intentions. He had been regarded as one of the best psychiatrists of India, and an Indian Central Minister admits his intellectually disabled son to his hospital for treatment. But Dr. KR is unable to cure the Minister's son even after giving his best for the patient. Enraged by this, the Minister ridicules Dr. KR and moves his son away to Oomaisaamy's ashram after hearing other people speak so highly about it. Dr. KR feels insulted and decides to find out how Oomaisaamy is able to cure patients so effortlessly in his ashram. To achieve this, he makes everyone believe he is foolish, and lands up in Oomaisaamy's ashram. What Dr. KR does not know, is that he was unable to cure the Minister's son not because of his incompetency, but because of a sinister scheme laid out by his junior, Dr. Vishwaram ([[Mohan V. Ram]]).

As Dr. KR acts as a fool and tries to uncover Chitharpatti's mystery, he stumbles upon a greater truth about what might be going on inside the temple during the dark. Dr. KR and Mani then decide to work together to find out the truth. Mani finds out that there are actually one or more persons entering the temple at night through a secret entrance to the temple, and exiting at dawn. In an attempt to find out what they are actually doing inside the temple, Mani hides in the temple one night. He finds out that the two men enter the temple with trained dogs searching for Navabhashana lingams, of which, he learns, they have six already and are trying to locate the remaining three. Mani finds out that these dogs were the ones that killed the four, and it was just the work of thugs and not God, as the villagers believe. Also, the two men seem to get instructions from someone inside the village, who knows and is capitalizing on the superstitious nature of the villagers.

Meanwhile, Prasad fall in love with lalitha (Vasuki), (sister of Sundaram) and they decide to marry. Mani is found hiding by these men, and a chase ensues where Mani, fighting for his life, kills the dogs, and forces the two men to leave the temple as stealthily as they arrived, and set the ball rolling for a police probe. Vaithiyar ([[Kavithalaya Krishnan]]), Mani's best friend in the village, turns out to be the man behind these killings inside the temple. As he is about to get caught, he escapes with the lingams he had already stolen, and sets off to Chennai with an accomplice. However, on the way, the accomplice is killed by a truck, which also chases Vaithiyar, but only manages to send him into a coma. The box containing the lingams is lost in the van Vaithiyar was driving, and finds its way to Chennai.

The rest of the story is a nail-biting chase for these lingams. In between this hunt for the Lingams, people who are involved in this case gets killed by a moving lorry. A guy, known as Guruji, is the reason behind all these crimes and the police tries to crack the code, to find the man. Mani on his own, tries to find him, with the help of his girlfriend, Devi (Nithya), who unfortunately gets killed by the lorry. Angered, Mani goes and meets Vaithiyar, who is acting as a fool, asking him to disclose who Guruji is. From him, Mani gets to know about a book, which had stated all the current happenings, and it was written 400 years ago. He also learns that the box containing the Lingams would find its way to his sister Lalitha. Shocking truth about many people that Mani believes, come to light, making him not to trust anyone around him except his sister and Rudrapathi ([[Poovilangu Mohan]]). Rudrapathi also gets killed by the truck. Finally, Mani becomes the one to find the Guruji, by keeping a letter pad on one above another and it is shown that guruji is none other than mani's two neighbors govindaraj and rangaraj. Govindaraj dies of heart attack and rangaraj is arrested. Also in various stages of the plot, the significance of these lingams, values of ancient Hindu scriptures are brought out, which makes the viewer intrigued until the last scene.

The last scene was made in a way to tell the viewers about human life and nature's significance. The people who died in the plot, by the lorry, comes to life to address the viewers. The actors declare that Marma Desam series would continue. Thus, telling the viewers about the second season of the series, Vidaathu Karuppu, which turned out to be the most successful of the whole Marma Desam series.

The novel version of this season is '''''ரகசியமாக ஒரு ரகசியம்.'''''

=== ''Vidaathu Karuppu'' ===

The second season was titled ''Vidaathu Karuppu''. ''Vidathu Karuppu'' was the most successful of the Marmadesam series. The story examines the psychological underpinnings of the concept of [[split personality|split personalities]] even while exploring in detail the rural cult of [[Karuppu Sami]] prevalent in the southern part of Tamil Nadu. Starring [[C. T. Rajakantham]], [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]], [[Devadarshini]], Meenakumari, Vijaya Sarathy, Master Lokesh, [[Mohan V. Ram]], [[Poovilangu Mohan]], [[Ponvannan]], Sureshwar, Kausalya, [[Muthusubramanian]] and [[Sivakavitha]], the series was a huge commercial success and triggered imitations and supernatural thrillers by other television directors.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Each episode was made of two parts—the first ten minutes of each 30-minute episode was set in the year 1970; the second part of each episode was set in 1995 and related to the events shown in the first part. While the first part revolved around the events of the Anaimudi Alampriyar household as seen through the eyes of the young Rajendran (played by Master Lokesh), the second part was mainly concerned with the customs, beliefs and traditions of the village and events unfolding in the Anaimudi Alampriyar household as seen through the eyes of the sceptical medical student Reena ([[Devadarshini]]) and her superstitious Chief Doctor, Nanda ([[Mohan V. Ram]]). The story begins with Reena's arrival in the village in the company of her colleague and best friend, Ratna, daughter of the village headman, Anaimudi Alampriyar, who seeks sanction from her village's guardian deity [[Karuppu Sami]] to marry her lover Aravind.

In Ratna's village, Reena and her boss learn about the cult of Karuppu Sami, the guardian deity and how Karuppu Sami punishes people who transgress his rules. While Reena's Chief believes it, due to him getting hold of some mysterious notebook with weird stuff and a sword which draws blood, every time it is taken out, Reena is skeptical about it. Eventually, they witness some mysterious and gruesome deaths. Simultaneously, the story of the Anaimudi's mother, the evil moneylender Pechi who indulges in [[usury]] is told in flashback through the eyes of Anaimudi's son and Ratna's older brother, the extremely soft and timid Rajendran who is obsessed with legends of Karuppu Sami. Pechi murders one of her opponents and is eventually killed herself, the first in a string of mysterious deaths attributed to Karuppu Sami. A few days later, strange events and sightings take place in the Anaimudi household, prompting Anaimudi's family to conclude that the house is haunted by Pechi's ghost and move out.

Among the mysterious death (believed to be done by Karuppu Sami), is the hunt for some golden pot. Happened to be the jewels not only of Aanmai Udaiyar, but also the whole village. Every single one in the village had been looking for it, though some of the women try to avoid it extremely (thought that the gold is cursed due to the warth gained by Pechi). Aanmai Udaiyar and Ratna's Uncle, Brahmman are the two people in the whole village putting in the greatest effort to find the gold. Believing Pechi had hidden the gold and jewels in four golden pots and hid it in the village, they near it but miss them. Each time one of the pots is found, it is always empty. Taking it as a challenge and to win over Karuppu Sami, to prove to the villagers that no such deity is around, Reena starts to uncover it too.

Reena, anxious to know the identity of Karuppu Sami, investigates the murders and discovers that the haunting was a sham perpetuated by the village schoolteacher (played by [[Poovilangu Mohan]]) who held a grudge against the Anaimudi's family and orchestrated the haunting to drive them out of the house. But the schoolteacher vehemently denies that he had anything to do with the mysterious murders. Reena, then suspects the priest of the Karuppu Sami shrine in the village who frequently enters a state of trance during which he is possessed by Karuppu Sami and pronounces judgement. But Reena discovers that though the priest is genuinely possessed by the spirit of Karuppu Sami on occasion, he was not the killer. In her investigations, Reena is assisted by Rajendran who acts as her guide. Rajendran gradually falls in love with Reena.

Eventually, Rajendran proposes to Reena who rebuffs him questioning his masculinity. Shamed, Rajendran rapes Reena and absconds. That night, Reena discovers the murderer. When Rajendran, in the form of karuppu comes in search of Reena's rapist, Dr.Nandha points at his reflection in the water.
Karuppu looks down into the reflection and realises that the sinner is within him and stabs himself. Reena later explains that Rajendran, due to a traumatic childhood experience, suffers from split personality disorder. The stories he was interested in turned him into the karuppu without him knowing. Reena then leaves for the city.

Later, a man finds Nanda dead and picks up the book in Nanda's hand. He finds his face on the book and takes it back to his hometown, implying that karuppu will return and will not rest until all evil is abolished in this town now.

The novel version of this season is '''Vittu Vidu Karuppa'''.

=== ''Sorna Reghai'' ({{langx|ta|சொர்ண ரேகை}}) ===

It is a crime story based on '''[[palmistry]]''', story revolves between honest police, criminal and Astrologer.

Anwar ([[Poovilangu Mohan]]) is a sincere police officer who lives with his bedridden Hindu father, Parthasarathy. He was adopted as a child by the Hindu Bhramin family. His adoptive parents had a girl a few years later and Anwar, jealous of the affection shown on his sister, intentionally loses her in a crowded street. His mother dies of grieve. Feeling guilty of his mistake, Anwar tries to find his sister though he knows that the chances are less. Anwar recently arrests a dangerous criminal, Muniratna ([[Thalaivasal Vijay]]) who did 16 murders and had hidden a box of gold somewhere. He is to be hanged in 2 days but Anwar gets to know from a Palmistry Astrologer, Bhaskar Das ([[Suresh Chakravarthy]]), that Muniratnam would not die and has a long life of 90 years. Anwar also occasionally gets dreams of meeting people and it ends with an exhaust fan. Anwar sees the people he saw in his dreams later that day or a few days later, with an exhaust fan nearby. He gets a vision of his friend dying in the jail as Muniratnam escapes and gets confused when the same happens.

Muniratnam escapes with the help of his men, in disguise as a Church Father, and hides in a poor Theater Operator, Lingam's house. He holds Lingam and his pregnant wife Kamala in hostage in their own house. Anwar tracks down the clues to Lingam's house but Muniratnam is nowhere to be found. Muniratnam is waiting for a message from his men and girlfriend but there is no response. In the meantime, Muniratnam's girlfriend, Manga is kidnapped by his men. It turned out that the men have felt betrayed by Muniratnam and find the gold and kill him in the end.

It turns out that Bhaskar Das is Lingam's younger brother and he is also held captive by Muniratnam. It is revealed in the end that Bhaskar Das is the one who initiated Muniratnam's escape and he was after the gold as well. Anwar finds out that Lingam's wife is his long lost sister, Thamarai. In the end, Muniratnam, his friend, Bhaskar Das, Lingam, his wife and Anwar's friend Ravi dies. The box of gold is safely stored in the theater where Lingam works, by Bhaskar Das as he earned Muniratnam's trust and Muniratnam told him the place where it is hidden. Anwar never gets to know about the gold. In the end, the gold finds its way to the hands of Meenakshi, the theater owner's daughter and her boyfriend, Thirunavukarasu, as they leave the city in order to get married, as Thirunavukarasu's mother asks high amount of dowry from Meenakshi's father.

=== ''Iyanthira Paravai'' ({{langx|ta|இயந்திர பறவை}}) ===

It is a crime story based on the '''[[Varma kalai]],''' which is using to kill the people. The culprit also using the [[boomerang]] to kill the people and it will knock the varma point of the human body to kill the people. A lady doctor identifies the murder which was done by Varma Kalai and she informs CB-CID police officer / inspector Anwar ([[Poovilangu Mohan]]) about it.

Anwar starts to find the culprit with the help of News Tv9 Channel Reporter Charu Latha, who also got aware about the murder before it happens. The Aasaan (varma kalai Teacher) runs a Varma Kalai School, generation by generation at the Aandavar vanam and he lives with his Wife and two sons Kasi ([[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]]) and Valari ([[Gowtham Sundararajan]]). The Aandavar vanam shows some unbelievable mysteries and it has some hidden facts on behalf of the Varma Kalai. The whole murder is targeted to the people who are very close to S.V.S (Ravikumar) and Kumarasammy (Subalekha Sudhakar) in order to create shadow war between them.

Unknowingly, the TV reporter reveal the Shadow war between the S.V.S and Kumarasammy and the Kumarasammy tries to hide the war between them. Kumarassammy and M.P Ponnampalam runs some illegal business connecting with the Information City. Meanwhile, Kumarasammy 's daughter gets killed by the culprit who object the information city project and S.V.S tries to calm down Kumarasammy and he says that he will not kill Kumarasammys' daughter. The TV9 Reporter also tries to find out the mysteries on the Aandavar Vanam and consequently she gets chased by the Aasan and his sons. Therefore, the reporter suspect Aasan and tells it to Anwar and Kumarasammy, who both neglect her statement. Due to the funeral rites of Kumarasammy's daughter, the TV9 reporter Charu telecasts all the evidences collected by her about the shadow war between the S.V.S and Kumarasammy and Aandavar vanam. Afterward she gets fired by Kumarasammy (TV9 Chairmen) and she joins in a new channel.

However, S.V.S gets killed by Aasan and Kumarasammy came to the spot and they are arrested by police under the doubt, also M.P Ponnampalam ([[Venu Arvind|venu arvind]]) tries to give bail to them, which is rejected by Anwar. Meanwhile, both of them are released by Court and Charu suspects Anwar, too. Finally Anwer finds the culprit, the motive of the murders, culprits' scope and reveals the Aandevar vanams' Mysteries to charu too. Meanwhile, the right hand of culprit gets killed by Aasan using Varma Kalai along with a boomerang to save the Varma Kalai.

=== ''Edhuvum Nadakkum (Anything Can Happen)'' ===

'Edhuvum Nadakkum' which explores the legend of the [[Kalpavriksha|Kalpa vriksham]] tree and environment as a living entity. Thanumalayakkudi is a small tribal settlement (fictional) in a jungle in the interior of South India. Strict inter-clan codes and beliefs bind the members of the tribe. They do not accept money in exchange for their produce of chiefly honey and fruits; they are ready to barter them. In this tribal settlement, there exists a myth that the Kalpavriksham, the celestial tree that can grant any wish and desire of the person standing underneath it, is situated somewhere in the forest. Strangers to the area who go in search of this tree are lost in the forest. To this forest come Sivagurunathan, a divisional forest officer and his brother Natarajan, a wildlife filmmaker and a visiting lecturer of the film and TV institute. Witnesses to the miracles and mysteries of the forest, they are lost in the jungle in pursuit of the Kalpavriksham. It is believed that they are killed in the pursuit of this sacred tree. Siddharth, a student of Natarajan and an aspiring filmmaker, comes to the settlement along with Varsha a sound recordist to make a film on the forest and its wildlife. As the duo learn about the mysteries of the place, they smell something fishy in the alleged deaths of Sivagurunathan and Natarajan. This serial was stopped by the makers for unknown reasons. The plot does not continue. The secret is untold.

There seems to be talks to revisit this season since it's left unfinished as per an interview (in 2019) by the director Naga.<ref>{{Citation|title=Making of Marmadesam {{!}} An Interview with Director Naaga|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuDRCbcTdZk|language=en|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref>

==Cast==

=== ''Ragasiyam'' ===

* [[Prithviraj (Tamil actor)|Prithviraj]] as Prasad
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as psychologist and Prasad's father Dr. K. R.
* [[Vasuki Anand]] as Lalitha Sundaram, daughter of Siddharpatti temple priest and [[fiancee]] of Prasad
* [[Ram G]] as Mani Sundaram, son of Siddharpatti temple priest
* [[Charuhasan]] as the mute [[Siddhar]] (Oomaisami)
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as "Vaidyar" Ramarathinam
* Sadhasivam as Sundaram Pattar, Siddharpatti temple priest
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as CB-CID officer Rudrapathi.
* [[R. N. K. Prasad]] as Guovindarajan G.
* [[R. N. Sudarshan]] as Rungarajan G.
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Dr. Vishwaram, K.R.'s Junior
* M.Bhanumathi as servant
* [[Indra Soundar Rajan]] as writer Srikanth
* Muthu Subramaniam as Namboothiri
* TKS Chandran as Vairavan Chettiyar
* [[Nalinikanth|NaliniKanth]] as Annamalai
* Mohanapriya as Amsavalli
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Agniraasu
* Ramachandran Mahalingam as [[Constable]] Manickam
* Nithya as Sridevi (Srikanth's sister & Mani's Girlfriend)
* Maarthandan as Anthony Muthu
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as [[CBCID]] officer Raghu succeeding the deceased Rudrapathi.
* [[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Grocery shop owner Perumal Chetty
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as worker in Perumal Chetty's Grocery shop
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Santhana Krishnan who works at K.R. Hospital
* [[Mounika]] as assistant doctor who works at K.R. Hospital
* [[Cheenu Mohan]] as parcel service driver
*Ashok as Lawrence

=== ''Vidaadhu Karuppu'' ===

* [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as Rajendran
* [[Devadarshini]] as Dr.Reena [Dr.Rathna's friend]
* Lokesh rajendran as the young Rajendran.
* [[C. T. Rajakantham]] as Pechi Nachiyar (Pechi Kizhavi) [Dr.Rathna's Grandmother]
* [[K. K. Soundar]] as Kuthiraikaara Paranthaaman
* Sadhasivam as Aanaimudi Alampiriyar (Pechi's elder son)
* Ramachandran Mahalingam as Kattaiyan (Pechi's younger son)
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Vathiyar Varadharajan / Kasi
* Shobana as Valli Nachiyar [Dr.Rathna's mother]
* Sivakavitha as Sivagami [Brahmman's wife / Anaimudiyar's younger sister]
* [[Ponvannan]] as Bramman (Aanaimudiyar's brother-in-law)
* Muthu Subramaniam as Ganapathi Ambalam,[[Karuppuswamy|Karuppu]] Temple [[Pujari|Poosari]]
* Meenakumari as Dr.Rathna (Rajendran's younger sister)
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Dr.Nandha
* Vijayasarathy as Dr.Aravind [Rathna's boyfriend]
* Sureshwar as Shanmugham (Vathiyar Varadharajan's son)
* Kausalya as Lakshmi (Dr.Rathna's younger sister)
* Kavitha tinkku as Selli (Rajendran's fiancée)
* Muthu Subramaniam as Ibrahim Rowther (Vaithiyar)
* Vijay Anand as Gopal
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as [[Karuppuswamy]]
* Mahima Devi as Rasathi (Kuthiraikaara Paranthaman's daughter)
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Mottaiyan
*Maarthandan as Oomaiyan (Ashokan)
*[[Udayaraj]] as Mittai Mani
*[[Vichu Viswanath]] as Veerabhaghu
;

=== ''Sorna Reghai'' ===

* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as police inspector Anwar
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as astrologer and Anwar's foster-father Chakravarthy
* Vishwa as Thirunaavukarasu
*Bhargavi Mani as Thirunavukarasu's lover Meenakshi
* [[R. Sundaramoorthy]] as Meenakshi's father
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Munirathinam
*Suresh Chakravarthy as Bhaskar Das
*Vaasan as Ravi
*[[Cheenu Mohan]] as Bhaskar Das's brother
* [[O.A.K. Sundar]] as smuggler
* Ramachandran as Palani
* Mahima Devi as Manga (Munirathinam's lover)
*Bharathi as Kamala, Anwar's sister
;

=== ''Iyanthira Paravai'' ===

* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as police inspector Anwar
* [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] as S.V.S (Industrialist and horse owner)
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Kumaarasamy Tv9 Channel Owner
* Muthu Subramaniam as Narayanasaamy Aasaan
* [[Venu Arvind]] as MP Ponnambalam
* [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]] as Kasinathan the Foster son of Aasaan
* [[Gowtham Sundararajan]] as Valarinathan, son of Aasaan
* SivaShree as child Parvathy (Anwar's sister's daughter)
* Vijayasarathy as Tv9 Channel Cameraman Balu
* Sri Priya Mahalakshmi as Doctor Vidhya
* [[Revathi Sankaran]] as Servant in Anwar's house
*Rajasekhar as GK
*Vincent Roy as Kolappan
*Raji as Charulatha
*Madurai Rajamani as vidhya's father
*Nithya Ravindran as vidhya's sister
*Sreenivasan as Sreenivasan
;

=== ''Edhuvum Nadakkum'' ===

* Sureshwar as Naadi Muthu
* [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]] as Nataraj (a) Natti
* [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Moopar
* [[Devadarshini]] as Varsha
* [[Ponvannan]] as forest officer Sadasivam.
*[[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Rangachari
* Shyalaja Chetlur as Vetha, Rangachari's wife
* Vijayasarathy as Siddharth student of the wildlife filmmaker Natarajan
* Ramachandran as Irusan
* [[Samuthirakani]] as a tribal (Episode 1)
* TKS Chandiran as one of the vaanathu manidhargal
* Sadasivam as one of the vaanathu manidhargal
* Sreenivasan as one of the vaanathu manidhargal
* Muthu Subramaniam as one of the vaanathu manidhargal
* [[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Forester Govindan
* Kavi as Sadasivam's daughter

==Production==
Naga, who earlier worked as cinematographer for serials directed by K. Balachander made his directorial debut with this series. Naga cited it was Balachander's son Kailasam who wanted him to direct when he initially assumed that he was roped in to handle cinematography.<ref name=ce>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/30/the-master-of-mystery---an-exclusive-interview-with-naga-the-creator-of-marmadesam-12640.html|work=Cinema Express|title=The master of mystery - An exclusive interview with Naga, the creator of Marmadesam|date=June 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026081852/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/30/the-master-of-mystery---an-exclusive-interview-with-naga-the-creator-of-marmadesam-12640.html|archive-date=26 October 2019}}</ref>

===Ragasiyam===
Makers adapted the book ''Ragasiyamaga Oru Ragasiyam'' written by Indira for their first season ''Ragasiyam''. Since the content was not enough for more than 26 episodes, Naga wrote additional 26 episodes with him writing urban part adding lorry as a main character.<ref name=ce /> For the characters, Naga cast many popular actors in different characters which according to him, "made the audience more aware of each character's presence in the show".<ref name=ce /> Delhi Ganesh who usually portrayed a cook in films appeared as high-profile psychiatrist while Subalekha Sudhakar who usually portrayed sacrificing brother was roped in to play a village gangster.<ref name=ce />

===Vidathu Karuppu===
For ''Vidathu Karuppu'', Naga adapted Indira's other book ''Vittu Vidu Karuppa'' which according to writer Indira was germinated from a real-life event where the dreaded gangster who was feared by everyone had the fear and respect for deity Karuppana Samy.<ref name=ce /> Naga cast different actors for ''Vidathu Karuppu'' since "the audience has to decipher everyone's character based on their background story."<ref name=ce /> Chetan was cast as Rajendran based on his "features and soft-spoken nature".<ref name=ce /> Devadarshini was chosen to play important character after Naga saw her anchoring in a television show.<ref name=ce /><ref name=ss />

Naga revealed that "each actor's first half of the face (from the forehead to the nose) or the second half (from the nose to the chin) would match that of the actor who would play their parent's role". For that Sureshwar was chosen to play Poovilangu Mohan's son to match his height.<ref name=ce />

==Broadcast==
From 1996 to 1998, The first 2 seasons of the series were aired in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref name="di">{{cite web |date=10 Aug 2015 |title=Marmadesam retelecast on Vasanth TV |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/35900/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Premi-serial-retelecast-in-Vasanth-tv.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026084150/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/35900/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Premi-serial-retelecast-in-Vasanth-tv.htm |archive-date=26 October 2019 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> From 1999 to 2001, The later 3 seasons of the series were later shifted to [[Raj TV]].<ref name="fb">{{cite web |date=8 Aug 2015 |title=நாகாவின் மர்மதேசம், பாலச்சந்தரின் பிரேமி : வசந்த் டிவியில் பாருங்க |trans-title=Marmadesam and Premi serial on Vasanth TV |url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vasanth-tv-telecast-marmadesam-premi-tv-serials-036104.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026084957/https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vasanth-tv-telecast-marmadesam-premi-tv-serials-036104.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |website=tamil.filmibeat.com}}</ref> In 2015, The series was later re-telecasted in [[Vasanth TV]].<ref name=fb /> In 2020 during the [[corona virus pandemic]],<ref name=fb /> it was re-telecasted in Sun TV.

== Reception ==
Marmadesam was an extremely successful tele-serial. It was ranked first in viewership among the television programmes telecast from [[Chennai]] in 1997.<ref name="asiatelevisionp115">{{cite book|title=Imagi-nations and borderless television: media, culture and politics across Asia|author=Amos Owen Thomas|id={{ISBN|978-0-7619-3395-3}}|year=2005|publisher=SAGE|pages=115|isbn=0761933956 }}</ref>

Ranjanai Krishnakumar of ''Firstpost'' praised ''Vidathu Karuppu'' that it "has aged remarkably well, never once making me cringe so far. The mystery is just as riveting as I remember it. The foreboding is a delight to discover. For those of us who know the ending, re-watching the show makes the clues obvious".<ref name=":0" />

==Home media==
===Streaming===
The digital rights of the show was initially with [[Rajshri Productions|Rajshri]] Tamil channel.<ref name=ss>{{cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/features/there-were-phases-when-i-was-bored-with-cinema-id-hardly-have-two-lines-to-speak-the-devadarshini-interview/|title=Hardly Have Two Lines To Speak': The Devadarshini Interview|work=Silverscreen|date=20 Nov 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026075127/https://silverscreen.in/features/there-were-phases-when-i-was-bored-with-cinema-id-hardly-have-two-lines-to-speak-the-devadarshini-interview/|archive-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> In 2019, ''[[Kavithalayaa]]'' announced that all the seasons of ''Marmadesam'' will be released in their own [[YouTube]] channel. The show became available on Kavithalayaa's own YouTube channel from August 2019.<ref name=":0" /> The show is currently being streaming on Vision Time YouTube Channel.

===DVD===
The first part of the serial, ''Ragasiyam'', was released on [[DVD]] as a 5-disc region-free set in 2011 by Swathi Soft Solutions, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Marmadesam-Ragasiyam-TV-Serial-5DVD/dp/B00549GW0Y|title=Marmadesam - Ragasiyam TV serial 5DVD|work=Amazon.com|date=26 Oct 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026080403/https://www.amazon.com/Marmadesam-Ragasiyam-TV-Serial-5DVD/dp/B00549GW0Y|archive-date=26 October 2019}}</ref>

==Remake==
{{Further|Kaal Bhairav Rahasya}}
The first series of Marmadesam, Ragasiyam, was remade in Hindi with 2 seasons on [[Star Bharat]] under the name ''[[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya]]'' with significant changes in the storyline and was shot in Bhopal.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Kaal Bhairav Rahsya' shoots climax at Maheshwar|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/kaal-bhairav-rahsy-shoots-climax-at-maheshwar.html|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]}}</ref>

== Further reading ==

# [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuDRCbcTdZk Making of Marmadesam - An Interview with Director Naaga]
# [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7jcLSp5dG4U Marmadesam - Vidaathu Karuppu - யாரும் அறியா திகில் ரகசியங்கள்... ]
# [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd0m57jeL3Q2K கிட்ஸை மனசில் வெச்சுதான் 'விடாது கருப்பு’ எடுத்தோம்..! - நாகா ]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rajtv.tv Raj TV Official Site]
* [http://www.rajtvnet.in Raj Television Network]
*{{IMDb title|10526388}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSruyTc2RHDEKYFRjABWWXo3C|title=Ragasiyam|website=Kavithalaya}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSruGI_f7GJgxAGsrFLDBuJHN|title=Vidathu Karuppu|website=Kavithalaya}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSruUSaUvDLSVMJGGlqppXj2q|title=Sorna Regai|website=Kavithalaya}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLVNEvSiKsSrunYt2s_LAKo0o_gU1oYYhj|title=Iyanthira Paravai|website=Kavithalaya}}
{{Raj TV shows}}
{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Raj TV television series]]
[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller television series]]
[[Category:1990s Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Tamil-language novels]]

Lavanya Devi

2025-11-11T14:09:08Z

YvonneTran476: started first biography basic info

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lavanya Devi
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| spouse = {{marriage| Prasanna |2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/44-year-old-tamil-tv-actress-lavanya-devi-gets-hitched-to-businessman-prasanna/articleshow/98902110.cms|title=44-year-old Tamil TV actress Lavanya Devi gets hitched to businessman Prasanna|date=22 March 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1996{{endash}}present
}}
'''Lavanya Devi ''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in Tamil films and serials.

==Career==
She rose to fame portraying supporting roles in Tamil films during the 1990s, before moving on to work in television in the 2000s.

Early notable roles she appeared in includes her character in [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999), where she played the wife of [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]'s character, ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' (1999), ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' (1999), ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' (1999) and ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000), where she portrayed an interviewer. She also did some roles as the lead actress, notably in the Malayalam film, ''Aram Indriyam'' (2001). She subsequently went on to appear in over one hundred films, mainly in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O71jW2y2XZI |title=Star Kitchen 120; Actress Lavanya Special Cooking |via=YouTube |date=14 December 2015 |accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DDPra2swzw |title=Star Kitchen 121; Actress Lavanya Special Cooking |via=YouTube |date=16 December 2015 |accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref> She has been as a supporting actress in ''[[Naan Than Bala]]'' (2014), a tale of Dharma's triumph over evil that has received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/naan-than-bala/naan-than-bala-review.html |title=Naan Than Bala movie review |website=Behindwoods |accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref>

Lavanya moved into work in television roles and notably portrayed a princess in the historical drama series, ''[[Romapuri Pandian]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Lavanya-to-don-a-new-avatar/articleshow/51369897.cms |title=Lavanya to don a new avatar |work=The Times of India |date=12 March 2016 |accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]'' || || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="2"|1997 || ''[[Devathai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|Surya Vamsam]]'' || Swapna ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998 || ''[[Kondattam]]'' || Purushothaman's daughter ||
|-
| ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' || Pechiappan's prospective bride || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Iniyavale]]'' || Latha ||
|-
| ''[[Uyirodu Uyiraga]]'' || Anjali's friend ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1999 || ''[[Padayappa]]'' || Suryaprakash's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Pallavan's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]'' || Selvam's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' || Uma ||
|-
| ''[[Kannupada Poguthaiya]]'' || The bride ||
|-
| ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' || Abitha's sister ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000 || ''[[Thenali]]'' || Raj TV reporter ||
|-
| ''[[Kannaal Pesavaa]]'' || Sandhya ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Samudhiram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' || Chinna's sister ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2002 || ''[[Kamarasu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sundhara Travels]]'' || TV reporter ||
|-
| ''[[Arputham]]'' || Vasanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Samasthanam]]'' || Sudha ||
|-
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2003 || ''[[Military (film)|Military]]'' || Nandhini ||
|-
| ''[[Aethirree]]'' || Priya's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Indru Mudhal]]'' || Geetha's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || Meera's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumalai]]'' || Uma ||
|-
| ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Joot]]'' || Eashwaran's sister-in-law ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhamal Sitharamal]]'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Gajendra (2004 film)|Gajendra]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''Iyappa Saamy'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thalaimagan]]'' || Abhirami ||
|-
| ''[[Aavani Thingal]]'' || Rasathi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Manikanda]]'' || Manikanda's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Mudhal Kanave]]'' || Lavanya ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Sindhanai Sei]]'' || Madhu ||
|-
| ''[[Saa Boo Thiri]]'' || Shanthi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Thunichal]]'' || Sakthi's elder sister ||
|-
| ''[[Pen Singam]]'' || Sivakami ||
|-
| ''[[Naane Ennul Illai]]'' || Vaani ||
|-
| ''[[Anandhapurathu Veedu]]'' || Raadhika ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Uchithanai Muharnthaal]]'' || Mrs. Charles Antony ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''Machinichi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]'' || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Naan Thaan Bala]]'' || Poochi's wife ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bakasuran]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''Aaramthampuran'' || Dancer || [[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Hello Yama]]'' || || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Aram Indriyam'' || || rowspan="2"|Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2002 || ''[[Jagathy Jagadeesh in Town]]'' || Rasika
|
|-
| ''[[Seshu]]'' || Abithu's sister || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
|}

==TV Series==

* ''Aruvi'' (2021 - 2024)

* Suriyaputhiri (2012-2014)

* Romapuri Pandian

* Arasi (2008) as Yamuna Rani

* veppilai kaari

* Kathu Karuppu (2005)

* Nalla Neram

* Nee yenge yen Anbe

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1760264}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lavanya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Publicity Design

2025-11-02T05:48:19Z

YvonneTran476: started first location w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Publicity Design
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best advertising in a Marathi film
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1984
| lastawarded = 2014
| reward = {{INR Convert|50000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| most_awards =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 30
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner =
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
}}

The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Publicity Design''' is an award, begun in 1984, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]].

==Winners ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
! width="48%" | Film
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''1984'''
|Shrikant Dhondge
|''[[Navri Mile Navryala]]''
|<ref name="gadima">{{Cite web |last=Madgulkar |first=Sumitr |title=Marathi Songs {{!}} G D Madgulkar {{!}} Gadima {{!}} ग. दि. माडगूळकर {{!}} गदिमा {{!}} मराठी गाणी {{!}} Gani {{!}} Geete {{!}} GeetRamayan |url=https://www.gadima.com/ |website=www.gadima.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''1985'''
|Shrikant Dhondge
|''Ardhangi''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Marathi">{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samagra Itihas |publisher=[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]] |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''1986'''
|Subodh Guruji
|''Pudhcha Paool''
|
|-
|'''1987'''
|Milind Tambat
|''Kaltay Pan Valat Nahi''
|<ref name="marathi">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=मिरासदार, द. मा. |url=https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/30150/ |website=मराठी विश्वकोश प्रथमावृत्ती |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
| '''1988'''
|Shrikant Dhondge
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''1989'''
|Sanjay Pawar
|''Suryoday''
|-
|'''1990'''
|Kamal Shedge
|''[[Ek Ratra Mantarleli]]''
|-
| '''1991'''
|Suresh Deshmane
|''Kal Ratri Bara Vajta''
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1992'''
|Prakash Bhende
| rowspan="2" |''[[Apan Yana Pahilat Ka]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="indiarocking">{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf |url=http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422184005/http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Prakash Taade
|-
|'''1993'''
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" |Not Awarded
|
|-
|'''1994'''
|Suresh Deshmane
|''Yadnya''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1995'''
|Suresh Navadkar
| rowspan="2" |''Painjan''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|Ramesh Navadkar
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''1996'''
|Suresh Deshmane
|''Ashi Asavi Sasu''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| '''1997'''
|Dhananjay Pandit
|''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''1998'''
|Suresh Navadkar
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]''
|-
|Ramesh Navadkar
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''1999'''
|Suresh Navadkar
| rowspan="3" |''[[Bindhaast]]''
|-
|Ramesh Navadkar
|-
|Sanjay Gaydhani
|-
|'''2000'''
|Glamour Publicity
|''[[Astitva]]''
|-
|'''2001'''
|Girish-Rajesh Saidurga
|''Ek Hoti Vadi''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2002'''
|Achyut Palav
|''[[Vastupurush]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Bulletin: May 3rd |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''2003'''
|Atmanand Shinde
| rowspan="2" |''[[Anahat (film)|Anahat]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shwaas aims for an oscar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=2 September 2025 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|Vivek Shinde
|-
|'''2004'''
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" |Not Awarded
|
|-
| '''2005'''
|Achyut Palav
|''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subodh Bhave (सुबोध भावे) - Marathi Actor, Director and Producer |url=https://subodhbhave.com/ |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=subodhbhave.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2006'''
|Video Palace
|''Hi Porgi Kunachi''
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Gatha" />
|-
| '''2007'''
|Kunal Naik
|''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]''
|-
|'''2008'''
|Balkrushnan
|''Ti''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='जोगवा'साठी उपेंद्र लिमयेला राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/5492381.cms |access-date=12 February 2024 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''2009'''
|Sachin Suresh Gurav
|''Pangira''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="Gatha" />
|-
|'''2010'''
|Kumar Gokhale
|''[[City of Gold (2010 film)|Lalbaug Parel]]''
|-
| '''2011'''
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" |Not Awarded
|-
|'''2012'''
|[[Ravi Jadhav]]
|''[[Balak-Palak]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaksparsh Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|'''2013'''
|Shree Venkateshwara
|''1909''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2014-06-21 |title=Santosh Phutane, Kamlakar Tanawade bag technical State awards |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/santosh-phutane-kamlakar-tanawade-bag-technical-state-awards.php |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2014'''
|Himanshu Nanda
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dusari Goshta]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2015 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Rahul Nanda
|}

==Multiple wins ==

Individuals with two or more Best publicity designer Awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Recipients
|-
| 3
| {{cslist|Shrikant Dhondge |Suresh Deshmane |Suresh Navadkar |Ramesh Navadkar}}
|-
|2
|{{Cslist|Achyut Palav}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Publicity Design]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1984]]

Sanjay Parthasarathy

2025-10-09T18:16:20Z

YvonneTran476: created a stub

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjay Parthasarathy
| image =
| education = B.S. mechanical engineering, S.M. engineering, S.M. management
| alma_mater = [[MIT]], [[MIT Sloan School of Management]]
| occupation = CEO and Founder of [[Indix]], former [[Microsoft]] executive
}}

'''Sanjay Parthasarathy''' is a former [[Microsoft]] executive and technology expert. He is currently the CEO of [[Indix]], a technology company that provides a comprehensive [[Product Intelligence|product intelligence]] [[Software platform|platform]] and a product [[database]] which aims to help websites and apps become product-aware.<ref name=techcrunch2>{{Citation |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/14/indix-is-building-a-catalog-of-over-1-billion-consumer-products-to-help-brands-sell-better/ | title= Indix Is Building A Catalog Of Over 1 Billion Consumer Products To Help Brands Sell Better |author = Pankaj Mishra | publisher = [[TechCrunch]] | date = 14 January 2014 | access-date = 26 February 2014}}</ref>

Parthasarathy left Microsoft in 2009 when he was Corporate VP of the Startup Business Accelerator program, a division that he created.<ref name=geekwire>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2013/exmicrosoft-exec-lands-45m-stealthy-big-data-analytics-startup-indix/ |title=Ex-Microsoft exec lands $4.5M to help make life easier for product managers |publisher=Geekwire |author=John Cook |date=2 April 2013 |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=tieseattle>{{Cite web |url=https://seattle.tie.org/speaker/48/sanjay-parthasarathy |title=Sanjay Parthasarathy |publisher=TiE Seattle |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=cnet>{{Cite web |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10264003-56.html |title=Longtime Microsoft executive leaving company |publisher=cnet |author=Ina Fried |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=latimes>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/05/business/la-fi-microsoft-ceo-20140205 |title=Hailing the new chief |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |author=Chris O'Brien |date=5 February 2014 |access-date=26 February 2014 |archive-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301191622/http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/05/business/la-fi-microsoft-ceo-20140205 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Before that, he was Corporate VP of Developer and [[Platform evangelism|Platform Evangelism]] from 2000 to 2007.<ref name=microsoft>{{Cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/exec/sanjay/07-11wpc2007.aspx |title=Sanjay Parthasarathy: Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference 2007 |publisher=Microsoft |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=seattletimes>{{cite news |last=Romano |first=Benjamin |date=29 June 2006 |title=Budding programmers swap ideas with Gates|newspaper=The Seattle Times |location=Seattle, Washington |pages=E1 }}</ref> He grew Microsoft's developer business tools from $500 million to $1 billion, launched .NET, and has run microsoft.com and the Internet Security product unit.<ref name=inktalks>{{Cite web |url=http://www.inktalks.com/people/sanjay-parthasarathy |title=Sanjay Parthasarathy: Startup Investor |publisher=INK Talks |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> He directed [[Bill Gates]]' first trip to India in 1997 which led to significant investment from Microsoft in the country,<ref name=inktalks /><ref name=forbes>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2000/0417/6509080a.html |title=Bill Gates, Secretary of State |magazine=Forbes |author=Srikumar Rao |date=17 April 2000 |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> benefitting the growing software industry there.<ref name=tieseattle /><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1997/08/18/230186/index.htm|title=MICROSOFT FIRST AMERICA, NOW THE WORLD BILL GATES BELIEVES HE CAN TAP INTO UNTOLD WEALTH IN OVERSEAS MARKETS. HERE'S HOW HIS PLAN WORKS.|author= Schlender, Brent|magazine=Fortune Magazine|date=18 August 1997|access-date=27 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=associatedpress>{{cite news |date=14 September 2000 |title=Maritz becomes latest executive to leave Microsoft|publisher=Associated Press }}</ref><ref name=seattletimes2>{{cite news |last=Dudley |first=Brier |date=28 March 2001 |title=Pinning down .NET strategy isn't easy - Windows engineering conference|newspaper=The Seattle Times |location=Seattle, Washington |pages=C1 }}</ref>

==Other interests==
Sanjay is a collector of Indian art. Some items from his collection will comprise a 2014 exhibition at the Seattle Art Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/Exhibitions/Details?EventId=27436|title=Upcoming Exhibitions|publisher=Seattle Art Museum|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iexaminer.org/2014/07/arts-etc-722014/|title=Arts Etc.|publisher=International Exaimer|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

Parthasarathy is an investor in technology startups and he has invested in several early stage startups such as Buuteeq (acquired by [[Priceline.com]]), Skift, Flipsicle, [[GOQii]], Gama, and DocSuggest.<ref name=inktalks /><ref name=vccircle>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vccircle.com/news/media-entertainment/2012/07/30/rafat-ali%E2%80%99s-travel-media-company-skift-gets-500k-vishal-gondal |title=Rafat Ali’s travel media company Skift gets $500K from Vishal Gondal, Sanjay Parthasarathy, others |publisher=VCCircle |author=Team VCC |date=30 July 2012 |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

In 2014 Parthasarathy appeared on the ETNow show the Superangels as a judge, mentor and investor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNlra-iPEMo|title=Starting Up - Super Angels - Exotel|publisher=ETNow}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-now/daily/super-angels-in-conversation-with-sanjay-parthasarthy/videoshow/8822890.cms|title=Super Angels: In conversation with Sanjay Parthasarthy|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

Sanjay is a member of the Product Council of India's National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasscom.in/vision-10b-2020-software-products-nasscom-announces-product-council|title=Vision of $10B by 2020 from Software Products- NASSCOM announces Product Council|publisher=Nasscom|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/nasscom-sets-up-product-council-to-focus-on-startups/article4712103.ece|title=Nasscom sets up product council to focus on start-ups|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/Nasscom-launches-product-council-to-counter-iSpirt/articleshow/20030443.cms|title=Nasscom launches product council to counter iSpirt|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

Since 2023 Sanjay has been operating partner and co-owner of the [[Seattle Orcas]] [[Major League Cricket]] team with Microsoft CEO [[Satya Nadella]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schlosser |first=Kurt |date=2025-06-13 |title=He helped Microsoft grow in India, and Seattle Orcas co-owner could do same for cricket in U.S. |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2025/he-helped-microsoft-grow-in-india-and-seattle-orcas-co-owner-could-do-same-for-cricket-in-u-s/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Parthasarathy was born in [[Chennai]], India. In addition to his work in technology, Sanjay has also been an active cricket player. During his cricket career, Parthasarathy represented his school, state, zone, university and two teams in a first division league.<ref name=geekwire2>{{citation | url = http://www.geekwire.com/2015/for-the-love-of-cricket-what-microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-and-other-tech-leaders-have-learned-from-their-favorite-sport/ | title = For the love of cricket: What the sport has taught Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella and other tech leaders | publisher =GeekWire| access-date=2 March 2015 |author=Cook, John}}</ref> In an interview with GeekWire in 2015, he noted that cricket played an active role in developing his value for persistence in the tech industry.<ref name=geekwire2 /> He was awarded Junior School Cricketer of the Year award by the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] (TNCA) in 1980. Sanjay has represented Tamil Nadu state and South Zone in under-19 cricket (1982) and under-15 cricket (1980). He captained the Anna University cricket team in 1985 and has represented Tamil Nadu in under-22 cricket.<ref name=tieseattle /><ref name=cricketarchive>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/449/449838/Miscellaneous_Matches.html |title=S Parthasarathy |publisher=Cricket Archive |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

He currently lives in [[Bellevue, Washington]] with his wife, Malini Balakrishnan, and two children.

==Education==
Parthasarathy has a [[master's degree]] in engineering from [[MIT]], a master's in management from the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], and a bachelor's in [[mechanical engineering]] from [[Anna University]]'s College of Engineering in Chennai.<ref name=tieseattle /><ref name=xconomyb>{{Citation | url = http://www.xconomy.com/seattle/2013/04/15/a-billion-prices-and-counting-big-data-ambition-at-startup-indix/| title = A Billion Prices and Counting: Big Data Ambition at Startup Indix| author = Benjamin Romano| publisher = [[Xconomy]]| date = 15 April 2013| access-date = 17 February 2014}}</ref> He is on the Executive Board of the MIT Sloan School.<ref name=tieseattle /><ref name=inktalks /><ref name=namasthenri>{{Cite web |url=http://www.namasthenri.com/nrioftheweek/sanjay.html |title=Sanjay Parthasarathy – an MIT whiz kid |publisher=NamastheNRI |access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>

Parthasarathy studied at Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School in Egmore, Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Well-schooled-legend/2013/10/21/article1845237.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232607/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/Well-schooled-legend/2013/10/21/article1845237.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014|title=Well Schooled Legend|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=6 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parthasarathy, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Microsoft employees]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chenglei

2025-09-14T08:37:50Z

YvonneTran476: Stub - done

{{short description|Clan of the Indian ethnic group, Meetei}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox clan
| clan name = Chenglei (Salai Leishangthem)
| image badge = Salang Leishangthem Dynasty Sword.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| chiefs crest =
| badge_caption = Chenglei (Salang Leishangthem) dynasty sword, a [[Meitei traditional weapon]]
| chiefs motto =
| chiefs slogan =
| war cry =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Manipur]]
| district =
| ancestry =
| ethnicity = [[Meitei people]]
| plant badge =
| animal =
| pipe music =
| chiefs name = '''Chenglei Iputhou'''
| image arms =
| chiefs title =
| chiefs gaelic title =
| seat =
| historic seat =
| septs =
| branches = [[#Number of families]]
| Allied clans =
| Rival clans =
| kindreds =
| titles =

| last chiefs name =
| date of death of last chief =
| commander =
}}

'''Chenglei''' or '''Salai Leishangthem''' or '''Salang Leishangthem''' or '''Sarang Leishangthem''' is a group of people, which is recognized as one of the seven [[Yek Salai]] clans of the composite [[Meitei confederacy]].
It consists of numerous [[Meitei surnames|Yumnaks]] which are native peoples of ancient [[Kangleipak]] (now [[Manipur]]), one of the states of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Ethnic_Races_Manipur.Meeteis_Surname|title=Meeteis Surname|website=E-pao.net|accessdate=13 November 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Flag of Kangleipak.svg|thumb|In the flag of [[Kangleipak]], the green color represents the Chenglei group of [[Meitei people]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}]]

== Number of families ==
{{Main|Yumnak}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Meitei sub-groups
!Romanisation
!Number of families/surnames (according to N. Monihar<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467297/page/n11/mode/1up|title=Sagei Salai Apoklon|last=Monihar|first=N.|date=2000|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|location=India|language=mni}}</ref>)
!Number of families/surnames (according to Khomdon Lisam<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who are the Indigenous People of Manipur Part 2 By Khomdon Lisam|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Who_are_the_Indigenous_People_of_Manipur_Part_2_By_Khomdon_Lisam.html..|access-date=2025-02-15|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>)
!Number of families/surnames (according to T.C. Hodson<ref>Hodson, Thomas Callan. The Meitheis. India: D. Nutt, 1908.</ref>)
!Number of families/surnames (according to Manipur Mirror)
!Number of families/surnames (according to MASTEC)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The People - Manipur Science and Technology Council (MASTEC) |url=https://mastec.nic.in/index.php/the-people.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=mastec.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯂꯥꯡ ꯂꯩꯁꯥꯡꯊꯦꯝ (ꯁꯂꯥꯏ ꯂꯩꯁꯥꯡꯊꯦꯝ)}}
|Chenglei (Sarang / Salang / Salai Leishangthem)
|62
|45
|41
|65<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=SALANG LEISHANGTHEM – Manipur Mirror |url=https://manipurmirror.com/salang-leishangthem/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|35
|}
== See also ==
*[[Mangang]]
*[[Luwang]]
*[[Khuman Salai|Khuman]]
*[[Angom]]
*[[Kha Nganpa]]
*[[Moilang]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Meitei clans]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Dashabatar Cards

2025-08-24T20:42:31Z

YvonneTran476:

{{Short description|Indian card game}}
[[Image:Das Avatar taash Bishnupur.webp|thumb|Dashavatara cards of Bishnupur]]
'''Dashabatar Cards''' ({{lang|bn|দশাবতার তাস}}) or '''[[Dashavatara|Dashavatari]] [[Ganjifa]]'''{{efn|variant spelling due to [[Betacism]]}} are [[playing card]]s from [[West Bengal]] used to play [[Ganjifa#Games|certain games]]. They first originated in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], a town in [[Bankura district|Bankura District]].<ref name="The Hindu - 5 December 2015 - Preserving Bishnupur’s heritage">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/preserving-bishnupurs-heritage/article7950314.ece|title=Preserving Bishnupur's heritage|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=5 December 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref> King [[Bir Hambir]] is attributed to the invention of these cards in the 16th century. The ten [[avatar]]s of [[Bishnu]] are featured in the cards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bangla.eenaduindia.com/States/South/Bankura/OthersInBankura/2016/12/13205634/Dasabatar-card-a-lost-art-in-Bishnupur.vpf|title=দশাবতার তাস, হারিয়ে যেতে বসা বাংলার এক শিল্প|work=Eenadu English Portal|access-date=2018-01-24|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015308/http://bangla.eenaduindia.com/States/South/Bankura/OthersInBankura/2016/12/13205634/Dasabatar-card-a-lost-art-in-Bishnupur.vpf|archive-date=2018-01-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a unique example of Bengal's folk art.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.biswabangla.in/handicraft-heritage-rediscovered/2016/6/4/dashavatar|title=Dashavatar Cards|work=Biswa Bangla|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Origin ==
In 1592, [[Bir Hambir]] became king of Bishnupur. He had a great relationship with [[Akbar]], who had his own [[Ganjifa#Variants|12-suited pack of Ganjifa cards]]. During a visit to Akbar's court, Bir Hambur saw Akbar's cards and was inspired to create new and unique cards featuring the ten avatars of Bishnu. According to his directive, an artist from Bishnupur, Kartik Faujdar, created the first Dashabatar Cards.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dashavatar-cardmaking-faces-extinction-in-bengal/article6858196.ece|title=Dashavatar card-making faces extinction in Bengal|last1=Das|first1=Soumya|date=2015-02-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-01-24|last2=Das|first2=Soumya|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kings of [[Mallabhum]] play with these cards at their leisure.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mallabhum Bishnupur|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265671|last=Manaranjan Chandra|year=2002|location=Kolkata|pages=283}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://chitrolekha.com/lost-game-dashabatar-taas-of-bishnupur/|title=Lost Game: Dashabatar Taas of Bishnupur - The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|date=2013-03-01|work=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Image:Chess and playing cards (1898) (14598283407).jpg|thumb|Jagannath/Buddha card]]

However, Indian scholar [[Hara Prasad Shastri]] believes that these cards originated earlier in the 8th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shastri|first1=Hara Prasad|author-link1=Hara Prasad Shastri|date=1895|title=Vishnupur Circular Cards|url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic6418asia/journalofasiatic6418asia_djvu.txt|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=LXIV|quote=I fully believe that the game was invented about eleven or twelve hundred years before the present date.}}</ref> His belief comes from two observations in a pack he was examining: [[Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] being depicted with four arms, and Buddha having the lotus as his suit symbol. The first five avatars in Shastri's pack have four arms,{{efn|the extra arms helps to identify which suits are in reverse order, which is a common feature in other early card games such as [[Tarot]], [[Ombre]], and [[Maw (game)|Maw]]}} and the latter five avatars have two arms, which helps to determine Buddha's placement as the fifth avatar. In common belief, Buddha (or [[Jagannath]]) is in the ninth position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bandyopadhyaya.blogspot.in/2015/11/normal-0-false-false-false-en-us-x-none.html|title=দশাবতার তাস – এক বিলুপ্তপ্রায় শিল্প ও এক বিলুপ্তপ্রায় খেলা|website=bandyopadhyaya.blogspot.in|date=10 November 2015 |access-date=2018-01-24}}</ref> This may be a clue as to when the cards originated, estimating some time when Buddha/Jagannath was still considered the fifth avatar. Furthermore, the lotus representing Buddha was a common emblem for when he was still known as [[Bodhisattva]] [[Padmapani]] during the reign of the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] kings.

Prabhat Kumar Saha, an expert on Dashavatar cards, said: "Malla dynasty ruled from about 12th century AD to 1622".{{clarification needed|reason=what does this quote have to do with cards?|date=August 2024}} He confirmed that the Foujdars were the only makers of these cards in Bengal.<ref name=":1" />

Sital Fouzdar claims to be the 87th generation of artisans. Nowadays, Vidyut Fouzdar makes them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://chitrolekha.com/lost-game-dashabatar-taas-of-bishnupur/|title=Lost Game: Dashabatar Taas of Bishnupur – The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|date=2013-03-01|work=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design|access-date=2018-01-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Method of manufacture ==
The artists from the Faujdar family of Bishnupur specialise in making these cards. First, three pieces of cloth are pasted together using glue made from tamarind seeds. After the glue dries, a layer of chalk dust is applied to the cards. Both sides are evened out with a smooth stone. The cards are then cut into circles with a 4.5-inch radius. Various deities and their suit symbols are painted on these cards using various colours. On the card backs, a layer of lac and vermillion is applied.<ref name=":0" />

== Cards ==
{{multiple image
|width=150
|footer=Raja and Pradhan ranks from Parashurama suit
|image1=Chess and playing cards (1898) (14598281797).jpg
|alt1=Parashurama by himself
|image2=Chess and playing cards (1898) (14784446012).jpg
|alt2=Parashurama with attendants
}}
Dashavatar cards feature ten suits and twelve ranks, with one of the ten avatars of Lord Vishnu on each suit. Similar to most other Ganjifa cards, the twelve ranks are made up of ten [[pip cards]] and two [[court cards]], the [[King (playing card)|King]] (called [[Raja]]) and [[Vizier#Playing card rank|Vizier]] (called [[Pradhan]]). Both court cards depict the same avatar for its suit, but one is differentiated by being enthroned in a sort of temple with attendants on either side. One possible ordering, suit symbols, and color backgrounds is as follows:<ref name="Culin">{{cite book |last1=Culin |first1=Robert Stewart |author-link1=Stewart Culin |url=https://archive.org/details/chessplayingcard00culi/page/924/mode/1up |title=Chess and Playing Cards |date=1898 |publisher=Washington |pages=924–928 |lccn=16017551}}</ref>
# [[Matsya]] (fish) black
# [[Kurma]] (tortoise) brown
# [[Varaha|Baraha]] (conch) dark green
# [[Narasimha|Nrisingha]] (difficult to discern, flower or mace?) blue
# [[Vamana|Baaman]] ([[Kamandalu|round vessel]]) blue
# [[Parashurama|Parshuram]] (ax) white
# [[Rama|Ram]] (arrow) red
# [[Balaram]] or [[Krishna]] (pestle) green
# [[Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] or [[Jagannath]] (lotus flower) yellow
# [[Kalki]] (sword) red

Another possible ordering, symbols, and colors is as follows:<ref name="Culin" />
# [[Matsya]] (fish) red
# [[Kurma]] (tortoise) red
# [[Varaha|Baraha]] (boar) yellow
# [[Narasimha|Nrisingha]] (lion) green
# [[Vamana|Baaman]] ([[Kamandalu|round vessels]]) green
# [[Parashurama|Parshuram]] (ax) brown
# [[Rama|Ram]] (bow and arrow) yellow
# [[Balaram]] or [[Krishna]] (difficult to discern, yellow disk with red dot?) brown
# [[Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] or [[Jagannath]] (conch shell) black
# [[Kalki]] (sword) black

A third order and symbols is as follows:<ref>Description based on booklet supplied with a set of cards from Sawantwadi Lacquerwares, The Palace, Sawantwadi 416510 Maharashtra, India.</ref>
# [[Matsya]] (fish)
# [[Kurma]] (turtle)
# [[Varaha|Baraha]] (boar)
# [[Narasimha|Nrisingha]] (lion, or half-man, half-lion)
# [[Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] or [[Jagannath]] (conch shell)
# [[Vamana|Baaman]] ([[Kamandalu|round vessel]])
# [[Rama|Ram]] (bow and arrow)
# [[Balaram]] or [[Krishna]] (round plate)
# [[Parashurama|Parshuram]] (ax)
# [[Kalki]] (sword)

The [[Ganjifa#Games|Dashavatar card game]] is a complicated one. It is played using 120 cards with numerous rules and regulations.<ref name=":0" /> It is played by three persons mainly in [[Sawantwadi]] in [[Maharashtra]], India, although it is played by five persons in [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]], [[West Bengal]]. It is considered the most popular Ganjifa set played throughout India, and depending on demand, this set may be extended up to 24 suits to encompass more major deities like Brahma, Shiva, Ganesha, Kartikeya, Surya, Chandra, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inhcrf.org/blogs/an-introduction-to-ganjifa-cards/|title=An Introduction to Ganjifa Cards|last=Pati|first=Arunima|date=June 11, 2020|publisher=Indian Numismatic, Historical and Cultural Research Foundation|access-date=June 20, 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Dashavatara cards of Bishnupur, Bankura}}
{{commons category|Dashavatara ganjifa set}}
* [[Ganjifa]]
* [[Ganjapa]] - Odisha variant

== Image gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Dashavatara cards of Bishnupur DSC06168.jpg|Artist making Dashavatara cards of Bishnupur

File:Artist making Dashavatara cards of Bishnupur DSC06178.jpg|Artist making Dashavatara cards of Bishnupur
File:Artist showing Dashavatara cards of Bishnupur DSC06181.jpg|Artist making Dashavatara cards of Bishnupur
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{Playing card packs by geography}}
{{Mallabhum}}

[[Category:Indian card games]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Arts in India]]

Olavattur

2025-07-28T10:23:13Z

YvonneTran476: creating some data nd citations

{{short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Olavattur
| other_name = Puthiyedath Parambu
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.2044|N|75.9496|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malappuram]]
| population_total = 20256
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673638 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/kerala/malappuram/olavattur-pincode-673638.html#:~:text=Olavattur%20Pin%20Code%20is%20673638,Olavattur%20comes%20under%20Malappuram%20district.|title=Olavattur Pin Code|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-84
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
''' Olavattur'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/kerala/malappuram/olavattur-bo|title=Olavattur BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Olavattur BO locality of Kerala - NDTV.com|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> or '''Puthiyedath Parambu''' is a village in [[Malappuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=2008-12-10|archive-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012024644/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malappuram district}}

[[Category:Villages in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Kondotty area]]
{{Malappuram-geo-stub}}

List of Buddhist temples in India

2025-07-07T12:05:58Z

YvonneTran476: fixed issues

{{Short description|none}}
This is a '''list of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[temple]]s, [[Monastery|monasteries]], [[stupa]]s, and [[pagoda]]s''' in '''[[India]]''' for which there are Wikipedia articles, sorted by location.

==Andhra Pradesh==
[[File:Bavikonda stupas.JPG|thumb|[[Bavikonda]] stupas, [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
[[File:A view of Rock cut Stupas at Bojjannakonda.jpg|thumb|Stupas at [[Bojjannakonda]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
[[File:Gurubhaktulakonda Buddhist Monastery Remnants at Ramatheertham.jpg|thumb|Buddhist Monastery Remnants, [[Ramatheertham]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]
* [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]]
* [[Bavikonda]]
* [[Bojjannakonda]]
* [[Nagarjunakonda]]
* [[Pavurallakonda]]
* [[Phanigiri]]
* [[Ramatheertham]]
* [[Salihundam]]
* [[Thotlakonda]]

==Arunachal Pradesh==
* [[Golden Pagoda, Namsai]]
* [[Rigyalling Monastery]]
* [[Tawang Monastery]]
* [[Tawang Taktshang Monastery]]
* [[Urgelling Monastery]]

==Bihar==
* [[Mahabodhi Temple]] Complex at [[Bodh Gaya]]
* [[Nalanda]]
* [[Rajgir]]

==Goa==
{{main|List of temples in Goa}}
Buddhist caves exist in following places in Goa:{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
* [[Arambol]] (''Harahara'')
* [[Bandora (town)|Bandora]] (''Bandivataka'')
* [[Margao]] (''Mathagrama'')
* [[Rivona]] (''Rishivana'')

Buddha images have been found in several places, and some temples, some are still in worship and are considered now as Hindu gods. Monasteries used to exist in many places, and it can be seen from the names of the modern villages. For example, Viharas have been found in modern [[Bicholim|Divachali]] or ancient Dipakavishaya, Lamgaon or ancient Lamagrama and many other places.{{cn|date=August 2021}}

==Himachal Pradesh==
[[File:Gandhola Gompa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Gandhola Monastery]], Lahaul, [[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
[[File:Ki Monastery.jpg|thumb|right|[[Key Monastery]], [[Spiti]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
[[File:Tabo Gompa - old walls and chortens.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tabo Monastery]], [[Spiti]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
* [[Dhankar Gompa]]
* [[Gandhola Monastery]]
* [[Gemur Monastery]]
* [[Kardang Monastery]]
* [[Key Monastery]]
* [[Kibber]]
* [[Kungri Monastery]]
* [[Lhalung Monastery]]
* [[Namgyal Monastery]]
* [[Rewalsar (town)|Rewalsar]]
* [[Shashur Monastery]]
* [[Tabo Monastery]]
* [[Tangyud Monastery]]
* [[Tayul Monastery]]

==Jammu and Kashmir==
* [[Dzongkhul Monastery]]

===Ladakh===
* [[Alchi Monastery]]
* [[Bardan Monastery]]
* [[Basgo Monastery]]
* [[Chemrey Monastery]]
* [[Diskit Monastery]]
* [[Hanle Monastery]]
* [[Hemis Monastery]]
* [[Hundur Monastery]]
* [[Korzok Monastery]]
* [[Kursha Monastery]]
* [[Lamayuru Monastery]]
* [[Likir Monastery]]
* [[Lingshed Monastery]]
* [[Mashro Monastery]]
* [[Matho Monastery]]
* [[Mulbekh Monastery]]
* [[Namgyal Tsemo Monastery]]
* [[Phugtal Monastery]]
* [[Phyang Monastery]]
* [[Rangdum Monastery]]
* [[Rizong Monastery]]
* [[Sani Monastery]]
* [[Sankar Monastery]]
* [[Shey Monastery]]
* [[Spituk Monastery]]
* [[Stakna Monastery]]
* [[Stok Monastery]]
* [[Stongdey Monastery]]
* [[Sumda Chun]]
* [[Takthok Monastery]]
* [[Thikse Monastery]]
* [[Zangla Monastery]]

==Karnataka==
* [[Namdroling Monastery]]

==Kerala==
* [[Karumadikkuttan]]

==Madhya Pradesh==
[[File:Sanchi Stupa from Eastern gate, Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|[[Sanchi]]]]
* [[Deur Kothar]]
* [[Sanchi]]

==Maharashtra==
[[File:Diksha Bhumi.jpg|thumb|[[Deekshabhoomi]], [[Buddhism]] revival place in [[India]]]]
[[File:Ajanta (63).jpg|thumb|[[Ajanta Caves]]]]
* [[Ajanta Caves]]
* [[Aurangabad Caves]]
* [[Bedse Caves]]
* [[Bhaja Caves]]
* [[Chaitya Bhoomi]]
* [[Deekshabhoomi]]
* [[Dragon Palace Temple]]
* [[Ellora Caves]]
* [[Ghorawadi Caves]]
* [[Global Vipassana Pagoda]]
* [[Jogeshwari Caves]]
* [[Kanheri Caves]]
* [[Karla Caves]]
* [[Mahakali Caves]]
* [[Pandavleni Caves]]
* [[Statue of Equality (Ambedkar)|Statue of Equality]]
* [[Vishwa Shanti Stupa, Wardha]]

==Manipur==
* [[All Manipur Buddhist Association|Buddhist Temple Moreh]]

==Orissa==
[[File:Dhauli-Giri-Shanti-Stupa-Bhubaneswar-Orissa.jpg|thumb|[[Dhauli]], Orissa]]
[[File:Ratnagiri Jajpur district Odisha.jpg|thumb|[[Ratnagiri (Orissa)]]]]
* [[Brahmani temple]]
* [[Dhauli]]
* [[Lalitgiri]]
* [[Marichi temple]]
* [[Puspagiri Mahavihara]]
* [[Ratnagiri (Orissa)]]
* [[Udayagiri (Orissa)]]
* [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]]

==Sikkim==
[[File:Rumtek monastery.jpg|thumb|[[Rumtek Monastery]], Sikkim]]
* [[Dubdi Monastery]]
* [[Enchey Monastery]]
* [[Pemayangtse Monastery]]
* [[Phensang Monastery]]
* [[Phodang Monastery]]
* [[Ralang Monastery]]
* [[Rumtek Monastery]]
* [[Tashiding Monastery]]
* [[Tsuklakhang Palace]]

==Tamil Nadu==
* [[Chudamani Vihara]]
* [[Sri Lanka Maha Bodhi Centre, Chennai]]
* [[Buddha Temple, Perunjeri]], [[Mayiladuthurai]]

==Uttar Pradesh==
* [[Chaukhandi Stupa]]
* [[Dhamek Stupa]]
* [[Jetavana]], [[Sravasti]]
* [[Kushinagar]]
* [[Parinirvana Stupa]]: Death (Nirvana) place of Gautama Buddha.
* [[Sankissa]]
* [[Sarnath]]
* [[Varanasi]]

==West Bengal==
* [[Bengal Buddhist Association|Bauddha Dharmankur Sabha]], [[Kolkata]]

===Darjeeling district===
* [[Bhutia Busty Monastery]], [[Darjeeling]]
* [[Ghum Monastery]], Darjeeling
* [[Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery]], Darjeeling
* [[Tharpa Choling Monastery]], [[Kalimpong]]
* [[Zang Dhok Palri Phodang]], Kalimpong

==See also==
* [[Buddhism in India]]
* [[Bengali Buddhists]]
* [[Marathi Buddhists]]
* [[Dalit Buddhist movement]]
* [[Buddhist Society of India]]
* [[Bengal Buddhist Association]]
* [[Barua Buddhist Institutes in India and Bangladesh]]
* [[Lord Buddha TV]]
* [[Sambuddhatva jayanthi]]
* [[List of converts to Buddhism from Hinduism]]
* [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
* [[List of Buddhist temples]]
* [[Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.buddhanet.info/wbd/index.php BuddhaNet's Comprehensive Directory of Buddhist Temples sorted by country]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720034422/http://buddhactivity.org/buddhamandala.htm Buddhactivity Dharma Centres database]

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Lists of churches}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buddhist temples}}
[[Category:Buddhist temples in India| ]]
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Buddhist temples|India]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in India|Buddhist temples]]

Vadakkekad Gram Panchayat

2025-05-18T20:16:40Z

YvonneTran476: created new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}{{confusing|date=November 2013|reason=The article doesn't have any detail and looks like a sentence or a statement.}}}}

'''Vadakkekad Panjayath''' consists of two villages; [[Vadakkekad]] and [[Vylathur]]. It is located in [[Thrissur District]] of [[Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> in the south-west region of India on the Malabar coast.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Thrissur district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Thrissur district]]

{{Thrissur-geo-stub}}

D.A.V. Public School Sreshtha Vihar

2025-04-18T14:01:13Z

YvonneTran476: New - done

{{Short description|School in Delhi, India}}
{{Third-party|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''D.A.V. Public School Sreshtha Vihar''' ('''DAVSV''') is a part of the [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System]] spread over India and Pakistan. The school is located in the heart of [[East Delhi]] in Sreshtha Vihar, Delhi.

It is a co-ed school, established in March 1989. It has a nursery school building with classes LKG-1st, and classes 2nd-12th in the main school building. It is [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] affiliated. The school's motto is "ASPIRE ACT ACHIEVE".

== Infrastructure ==
The school has 90 classrooms and two libraries: one in the nursery wing and the other in the main school building. It also has laboratories for physics, chemistry, biology, fashion technology and bio-technology. The school lacks in sports as it does not have its own playground.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} It only has an assembly cum basketball court for PT (PHYSICAL TRAINING) period for students. The school rents the playground of Yamuna Sports Complex as and when required for inter-school sports competitions for selected students.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://davsreshtha.com/3F0B1D98-3D33-4431-BB44-E533FCD19F92/CMS/Page/Our-Infrastructure|title = INFRASTRUCTURE|access-date = 2016-11-05}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
Facilities provided to the students include sports, cocurricular activities, counselling and special education. Counselling is provided to both parents and students.
An Auditorium with a sitting capacity of 500 is fully utilised for cultural and educational activities. Special assemblies are held to celebrate important days and events.

Vedic Hawan is held occasionally in the school premises.

== School houses ==
The school has a system of four houses: [[Ramanujan]], [[Madam Curie]], [[Picasso]] and [[Amrita Shergill]]. These are represented by green, red, yellow and blue respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://davsreshtha.com/2CBD689B-04AD-46D3-9C9E-93D0644D6F11/CMS/Page/School-Houses|title = CO-CURRICULARS|access-date = 2016-11-05}}</ref>

== Cultural activities ==
The school holds an annual day in which students perform different arts and dance forms which are prepared under the guidance of teachers. Primary class students take part in Creativity Week which is full of activities that helps in proper cognitive and motor skills. Effusion and Techesta is an inter school event where students from various schools compete in the field of art, music, debate, drama, quiz and IT.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

The school also holds an annual sports day and various competitions. Students, teachers and staff members participate in these competitions.

== Principals ==
Goldy Malhotra,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://goldymalhotra.in/|title = About me|access-date = 2016-11-05}}</ref> former principal, is presently principal of Modern School, Vasant Vihar, [[New Delhi]].
Mrs. Premlata Garg has retired from the post of principal in 2020.
Mrs Suhasini K Nath joined as Principal in April 2020.She is M.Sc, M.Phil and has 30 years of teaching experience.

== Achievements ==
Premlata Garg received the 'National Award to Teachers 2011' from the President.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/CBSE-awards-teachers-for-efforts-to-promote-CCE/articleshow/16258713.cms|title=CBSE awards teachers for efforts to promote CCE | date=5 September 2012 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date = 4 October 2018 }}</ref> She was also given the Woman of the Year Award by the Delhi Gynaecologist Forum & WOW India for her contribution to the field of education and social work.
Suhasini K Nath received State Teachers Award from Chief Minister in 2017, Certificate of honour from MR Vijay Goel

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220717/http://www.dav-sreshtha.org/ Official website]
* [http://wikimapia.org/141149/DAV-Public-School-Shreshtha-Vihar D.A.V Public School Sreshtha Vihar] at [[wikimapia]]

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[[Category:Schools in East Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated with the Arya Samaj]]

{{Delhi-school-stub}}

List of mayors of Vasai-Virar

2025-03-16T12:34:21Z

YvonneTran476: redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation#Mayors of Vasai-Virar]]