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Chief Minister of Rajasthan

2026-05-08T07:09:52Z

YvetteSawtell2: started pg...

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Emblem Rajasthan.png
| insigniasize = 75px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of Rajasthan
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| incumbentsince = 15 December 2023
| appointer = [[Governor of Rajasthan]]
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| inaugural = [[Heera Lal Shastri]]
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Rajasthan]]}}
| seat = State Secretariat, [[Jaipur]]
| post = Chief Minister
| body = Rajasthan
| image = Bhajan Lal Sharma.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| style = [[The Honourable]] {{small|(formal)}} [[Mister|Mr. Chief Minister]] {{small|(informal)}}
| status = [[Head of government]]
| type = Leader of the Executive
| abbreviation = CMoRajasthan
| member_of = {{bulleted list|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|State Cabinet]]}}
| reportsto = {{bulleted list|[[Governor of Rajasthan]]|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]}}
| residence = [[Jaipur]]
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">[[Durga Das Basu]]. ''Introduction to the Constitution of India''. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. {{ISBN|978-81-8038-559-9}}. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies to the specific case of Rajasthan as well.</ref>
| deputy = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]
| formation = {{Start date and age|1950|01|26|df=y|p=y|br=y}}
| salary = *{{INRConvert|175000}}/monthly
*{{INRConvert|2100000}}/annually
| website = {{URL|https://cmo.rajasthan.gov.in/|CMO Rajasthan}}
| incumbent = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| nominator = MLAs of the majority party or alliance
| native_name = {{small|{{lang|hi|राजस्थान के मुख्यमंत्री}}}}
}}

The '''chief minister of Rajasthan''' is the [[head of government|chief executive]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. In accordance with the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Governors of states of India|governor]] is a state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the [[Chief Minister (India)|chief minister]]. Following elections to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], the [[Governor of Rajasthan|state's governor]] usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the [[Government of Rajasthan|government]]. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] are [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. Given the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1" />Chief Minister also serves as Leader of the House in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house</ref>

At the time of India's independence in 1947, the region known as [[Rajputana]] included various [[Princely state|princely states]]{{efn|The princely states included [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]], [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]], [[Kota State|Kota]], [[Bundi State|Bundi]], [[Tonk State|Tonk]], [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]], [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], [[Alwar State|Alwar]], [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], [[Sirohi State|Sirohi]], [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]], [[Karauli State|Karauli]], [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]], [[Banswara State|Banswara]], [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh-Deoliya]] and [[Shahpura State|Shahpura]].}} and the province of [[Ajmer-Merwara]]. Over time, these areas were gradually integrated to form the modern Indian state of Rajasthan. The integration occurred in seven stages, from March 1948 to November 1956.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=1130}} On 18 March 1948, the states of [[Alwar State|Alwar]], [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], [[Dholpur State|Dholpur]], and [[Karauli State|Karauli]] merged their territories to form the [[Matsya Union]], with [[Shobha Ram Kumawat|Shobha Ram]] becoming its prime minister.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=1134-1135}} Shortly after, on 25 March 1948, the Rajasthan Union was formed by the states of [[Bundi State|Bundi]], [[Kota State|Kota]], [[Jhalawar State|Jhalawar]], [[Dungarpur State|Dungarpur]], [[Banswara State|Banswara]], [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]], [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]], [[Tonk State|Tonk]], [[Shahpura State|Shahpura]] and the chiefship of [[Lawa Thikana|Lawa]], with [[Gokul Lal Asava]] serving as its first prime minister.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=1135}} On 18 April 1948, [[Udaipur State]] joined the Union, and Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inaugurated the newly named United State of Rajasthan, with [[Manikya Lal Verma]] becoming its prime minister.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=1136}} Later, on 30 March 1949, the states of [[Kingdom of Amber|Jaipur]], [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]], [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], and [[Jaisalmer State|Jaisalmer]] merged into the union, which was then renamed the United State of Greater Rajasthan. [[Hiralal Shastri]] became the prime minister on 7 April 1949. On 15 May 1949, the Matsya Union joined the United State of Greater Rajasthan.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=1138}}

From 26 January 1950, the state officially came to be known as Rajasthan, with Shashtri continuing as its first chief minister.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=1139}} On 3 March 1952, following the [[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|first legislative assembly election]], [[Tika Ram Paliwal]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] became the first elected chief minister of the state.{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=1144}} Since 1949, three people have served as Prime Minister and fourteen people have served as chief minister of Rajasthan. [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]] of the Congress party is the longest-serving chief minister, having been sworn in four times and serving for over sixteen years. [[Vasundhara Raje Scindia]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] is the only female to have held this position.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Chief Minister |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/Containers/Archives/Former.aspx |website=[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Since 1998, no chief minister or political party has retained power after completing one term, a trend that continued in the recent elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=2023-11-24 |title=BJP Vs Congress in Rajasthan Poll: Why govt has been changing every 5 years |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan-election-2023-bjp-vs-congress-why-govt-changing-will-it-swing-this-time-too-ashok-gehlot-vasundhara-raje-11700832186961.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> After a victory with 115 seats in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 assembly elections]], [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party succeeded [[Ashok Gehlot]] of the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Ashok Gehlot Resigns As Rajasthan Chief Minister As BJP Thumps Congress In Assembly Polls |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/rajasthan-cm-ashok-gehlot-to-tender-resignation-today-as-bjp-inches-closer-to-wrest-power-from-congress-in-rajasthan-reportashok-gehlot-to-hand-over-resignation-letter-to-governor-today-as-bjp-eyes-win-report-10117853 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title=Who is Bhajan Lal Sharma, the new chief minister of Rajasthan |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-bhajan-lal-sharma-the-new-chief-minister-of-rajasthan/articleshow/105928864.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
== Oath as the state chief minister ==
The chief minister serves five years in the office. The following is the oath of the chief minister of state:
{{Blockquote|text= I, <Name of Chief Minister>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Minister for the State of () and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.|sign=|source=}}
== Predecessors ==
=== Chief minister of Matsya Union (1948–1949) ===
{{see also|Matsya Union}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="3" |Term of office
!Election {{small|(Term)}}
!Appointed by
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|[[File:Blank.svg|75x75px]]
|[[Shobha Ram Kumawat]]
|18 March 1948
|15 May 1949
|{{ayd|18 Mar 1948|15 May 1949}}
|{{ndash}}
|[[Udai Bhan Singh]] {{small|(Rajpramukh)}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

=== Prime ministers of Rajasthan (1948–1950) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="3" |Term of office
!Election {{small|(Term)}}
!Appointed by
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|1
|
[[File:Blank.svg|75x75px]]
|[[Gokul Lal Asava|Gokul Lal Asawa]]
|25 March 1948
|18 April 1948
|{{ayd|25 Mar 1948|18 Apr 1948}}
|{{ndash}}
|[[Bhim Singh II]] {{small|(Rajpramukh)}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|2
|[[File:Manikya Lal Verma.png|87x87px]]
|[[Manikya Lal Verma]]
|18 April 1948
|7 April 1949
|{{ayd|18 Apr 1948|7 April 1949}}
|{{ndash}}
|[[Bhupal Singh]] {{small|(Rajpramukh)}}
|-
|3
|[[File:Hiralal_Shastri_1976_stamp_of_India.jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Hiralal Shastri]]
|7 April 1949
|26 January 1950
|{{ayd|7 Apr 1949|26 Jan 1950}}
|{{ndash}}
|[[Man Singh II]] {{small|(Rajpramukh)}}
|}

=== Chief Minister of Ajmer State (1952–1956)===
{{see also|Ajmer State}}
[[Haribhau Upadhyaya]] was the first and last Chief Minister of Ajmer State from 24 March 1952 until 1956.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haribhau Upadhyay Death Anniversary: All You Need To Know About The Indian Freedom Fighter And Politician |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/haribhau-upadhyay-death-anniversary-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-indian-freedom-fighter-and-politician |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |access-date=7 June 2025 |language=en |date=24 August 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Hooja|2006|pp=1125}}

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | No
!Portrait
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | [[1952 Ajmer State Legislative Assembly election|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Tenure
!Assembly Election
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.|name=party}}
|- align="center" style="height: 80px;"
| 1
|[[File:Pt. Haribhau Upadhyaya.jpg|94x94px]]
| [[Haribhau Upadhyaya]]
| Shreenagar
| 24 March 1952
| 31 October 1956
|{{Age in years and days|1952|3|24|1956|10|31}}
|1st
([[1952 Ajmer Legislative Assembly election|1952]])
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

== Chief ministers of Rajasthan (1950–present) ==

'''Note''': {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!No
!Portrait
!Name
![[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Tenure
!Assembly
([[Elections in Rajasthan|election]])
! colspan="2" |Party{{efn|name=party}}
|-
|1
|[[File:Hiralal_Shastri_1976_stamp_of_India.jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Heera Lal Shastri]]
|{{Endash}}
|26 January 1950
|6 January 1951
|{{Ayd|26 january 1950|6 january 1951}}
|{{Endash}}
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|2
|[[File:Cadambi Sheshachar Venkatachar.jpg|104x104px]]
|[[C. S. Venkatachar]]
|{{Endash}}
|6 January 1951
|26 April 1951
|{{Age in years and days|1951|1|6|1951|4|26}}
|{{Endash}}
|-
|3
|[[File:Jai_Narayan_Vyas_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Jai Narayan Vyas]]
|{{Endash}}
|26 April 1951
|3 March 1952
|{{Age in years and days|1951|4|26|1952|3|3}}
|{{Endash}}
|-
|4
|[[File:Tika Ram Paliwal.jpg|87x87px]]
|[[Tika Ram Paliwal]]
|[[Mahuwa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mahuwa]]
|3 March 1952
|1 November 1952
|{{Age in years and days|1952|3|3|1952|11|1}}
| rowspan="3" |1st
([[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]])
|-
|(3)
|[[File:Jai_Narayan_Vyas_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Jai Narayan Vyas]]
|[[Kishangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishangarh]]
|1 November 1952
|13 November 1954
|{{Age in years and days|1952|11|1|1954|11|13}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |5
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Mohan_Lal_Sukhadia_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg|109x109px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Udaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipur]]
|13 November 1954
|11 April 1957
| rowspan="3" |{{Age in years and days|1954|11|13|1967|3|13}}
|- align="center" style="height: 80px;"
|11 April 1957
|11 March 1962
|2nd
([[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957 election]])
|-
|12 March 1962
|13 March 1967
|3rd
([[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]])
|-
|–
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|122x122px]]
|''Vacant''{{efn|[[President's rule]] may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005.</ref>|name=PR}}
([[President's rule]])
|{{Endash}}
|13 March 1967
|26 April 1967
|{{Age in years and days|1967|3|13|1967|4|26}}
| colspan="3" |{{Endash}}
|-
|(5)
|[[File:Mohan_Lal_Sukhadia_1988_stamp_of_India.jpg|109x109px]]
|[[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]]
|[[Udaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipur]]
|26 April 1967
|9 July 1971
|{{Age in years and days|1967|4|26|1971|7|9}}
| rowspan="2" |4th
([[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]])
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |6
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Barkatullah Khan.jpg|89x89px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Barkatullah Khan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tijara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tijara]]
| rowspan="2" |9 July 1971
| rowspan="2" |11 October 1973{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|1971|7|9|1973|10|11}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |5th
([[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]])
|-
|7
|[[File:Haridev Joshi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Hari Dev Joshi]]
|[[Banswara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Banswara]]
|11 October 1973
|29 April 1977
|{{Age in years and days|1973|10|11|1977|4|29}}
|-
|–
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|122x122px]]
|''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR}}
([[President's rule]])
|{{Endash}}
|29 April 1977
|22 June 1977
|{{Age in years and days|1977|4|29|1977|6|22}}
| colspan="3" |{{Endash}}
|-
|8
|[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|[[Chhabra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chhabra]]
|22 June 1977
|16 February 1980
|{{Age in years and days|1977|6|22|1980|2|16}}
|6th
([[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]])
|[[Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|-
|–
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|122x122px]]
|''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR}}
([[President's rule]])
|{{Endash}}
|16 February 1980
|6 June 1980
|{{Age in years and days|1980|2|16|1980|6|6}}
| colspan="3" |{{Endash}}
|-
|9
|[[File:Jagannath_Pahadia.jpg|95x95px]]
|[[Jagannath Pahadia]]
|[[Weir (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Weir]]
|6 June 1980
|14 July 1981
|{{Age in years and days|1980|6|6|1981|7|14}}
| rowspan="3" |7th
([[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]])
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|10
|[[File:Assam Governor Shiv Charan Mathur in 2008 (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Shiv Charan Mathur]]
|[[Mandalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandalgarh]]
|14 July 1981
|23 February 1985
|{{Age in years and days|1981|7|14|1985|2|23}}
|-
|11
|[[File:Hiralal Devpura.jpg|110x110px]]
|[[Hira Lal Devpura]]
|[[Kumbhalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kumbhalgarh]]
|23 February 1985
|10 March 1985
|{{Age in years and days|1985|2|23|1985|3|10}}
|-
|(7)
|[[File:Haridev Joshi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Hari Dev Joshi]]
|[[Banswara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Banswara]]
|10 March 1985
|20 January 1988
|{{Age in years and days|1985|3|10|1988|1|20}}
| rowspan="3" |8th
([[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]])
|-
|(10)
|[[File:Assam Governor Shiv Charan Mathur in 2008 (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Shiv Charan Mathur]]
|[[Mandalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandalgarh]]
|20 January 1988
|4 December 1989
|{{Age in years and days|1988|1|20|1989|12|4}}
|-
|(7)
|[[File:Haridev Joshi.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Hari Dev Joshi]]
|[[Banswara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Banswara]]
|4 December 1989
|4 March 1990
|{{Age in years and days|1989|12|4|1990|3|4}}
|-
|(8)
|[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|[[Chhabra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chhabra]]
|4 March 1990
|15 December 1992
|{{Age in years and days|1990|3|4|1992|12|15}}
|9th
([[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990 election]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|–
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|122x122px]]
|''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR}}
([[President's rule]])
|{{Endash}}
|15 December 1992
|4 December 1993
|{{Age in years and days|1992|12|15|1993|12|4}}
| colspan="3" |{{Endash}}
|-
|(8)
|[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|[[Bali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bali]]
|4 December 1993
|1 December 1998
|{{Age in years and days|1993|12|4|1998|12|1}}
|10th
([[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993 election]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|12
|[[File:PM and Gehlot inaugurate various projects at Nathdwara 2023.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Ashok Gehlot]]
|[[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]]
|1 December 1998
|8 December 2003
|{{Age in years and days|1998|12|1|2003|12|8}}
|11th
([[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998 election]])
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|13
|[[File:VasundharaRaje.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
|[[Jhalrapatan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhalrapatan]]
|8 December 2003
|12 December 2008
|{{Age in years and days|2003|12|8|2008|12|12}}
|12th
([[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003 election]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|(12)
|[[File:PM and Gehlot inaugurate various projects at Nathdwara 2023.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Ashok Gehlot]]
|[[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]]
|12 December 2008
|13 December 2013
|{{Age in years and days|2008|12|12|2013|12|13}}
|13th
([[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008 election]])
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|(13)
|[[File:VasundharaRaje.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
|[[Jhalrapatan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhalrapatan]]
|13 December 2013
|17 December 2018
|{{Age in years and days|2013|12|13|2018|12|17}}
|14th
([[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013 election]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|(12)
|[[File:PM and Gehlot inaugurate various projects at Nathdwara 2023.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Ashok Gehlot]]
|[[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]]
|17 December 2018
|15 December 2023
|{{Age in years and days|2018|12|17|2023|12|15}}
|15th
([[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018 election]])
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|14
|[[File:Bhajan Lal Sharma.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|[[Sanganer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sanganer]]
|15 December 2023
|Incumbent
|{{Age in years and days|15 December 2023}}
|16th
([[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 election]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

==Statistics==

{{Pie chart|
| caption= Fraction of time of holding CMO by party (as of March 2026)

| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| value1 = 25.15 | color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| value2 = 69.25 | color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| label3 = [[Janata Party]]
| value3 = 3.54 | color3 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| label4 = [[President's Rule]]
| value4 = 2.06 | color4 = grey
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 |Party
! colspan="2" |Length of term
|-
! Longest tenure
! Total tenure
|-
| data-sort-value="1" |1
| [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 12 years, 120 days
| 16 years, 194 days
|-
| data-sort-value="2" | 2
| [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 5 years, 7 days
| 15 years, 6 days
|-
| data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}/[[Janata Party|JP]]
| 4 years, 362 days
| 10 years, 157 days
|-
| data-sort-value="4" | 4
| [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 5 years, 4 days
| 10 years, 8 days
|-
| data-sort-value="5" | 5
| [[Hari Dev Joshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 200 days
| 6 years, 241 days
|-
| data-sort-value="6" | 6
| [[Shiv Charan Mathur]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3 years, 224 days
| 5 years, 177 days
|-
| data-sort-value="7" | 7
| [[Jai Narayan Vyas]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2 years, 12 days
| 2 years, 324 days
|-
| data-sort-value="8" | 8
| '''[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]'''
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}*
| '''{{age in years and days|2023|12|15}}'''
| '''{{age in years and days|2023|12|15}}'''
|-
| data-sort-value="9" | 9
| [[Barkatullah Khan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2 years, 94 days
| 2 years, 94 days
|-
| data-sort-value="9" | 10
| [[Jagannath Pahadia]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1 year, 38 days
| 1 year, 38 days
|-
| data-sort-value="11" | 11
| [[Heera Lal Shastri]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 345 days
| 345 days
|-
| data-sort-value="12" | 12
| [[Tika Ram Paliwal]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 243 days
| 243 days
|-
| data-sort-value="13" | 13
| [[C. S. Venkatachar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 110 days
| 110 days
|-
| data-sort-value="14" | 14
| [[Hira Lal Devpura]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 15 days
| 15 days
|-
|}

== Timeline ==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:15
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:200 left:20
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:inc value:rgb(0,0.748,1) legend: INC
id:jan value:rgb(0.121,0.457,0.996) legend: JP
id:bjp value:rgb(1,0.6,0.2) legend: BJP
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1949 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1949
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1949

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:150

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
bar:HShastri
bar:CSVenkatachar
bar:JNVyas
bar:TRPaliwal
bar:MLSukhadia
bar:BKhan
bar:HDJoshi
bar:BSShekhawat
bar:JPahadia
bar:SCMathur
bar:HLDevpura
bar:AGehlot
bar:VRaje
bar:BLalSharma

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:HShastri
from: 07/04/1949 till: 05/01/1951 color:inc text:"[[Hiralal Shastri]]" fontsize:10
bar:CSVenkatachar
from: 06/01/1951 till: 25/04/1951 color:inc text:"[[C. S. Venkatachar]]" fontsize:10
bar:JNVyas
from: 26/04/1951 till: 03/03/1952 color:inc
from: 01/11/1952 till: 12/11/1954 color:inc text:"[[Jai Narayan Vyas]]" fontsize:10
bar:TRPaliwal
from: 03/03/1952 till: 31/10/1952 color:inc text:"[[Tika Ram Paliwal]]" fontsize:10
bar:MLSukhadia
from: 13/11/1954 till: 13/03/1967 color:inc
from: 26/04/1967 till: 09/07/1971 color:inc text:"[[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]]" fontsize:10
bar:BKhan
from: 09/07/1971 till: 11/10/1973 color:inc text:"[[Barkatullah Khan]]" fontsize:10
bar:HDJoshi
from: 11/10/1973 till: 29/04/1977 color:inc
from: 10/03/1985 till: 20/01/1988 color:inc
from: 04/12/1989 till: 04/03/1990 color:inc text:"[[Hari Dev Joshi]]" fontsize:10
bar:BSShekhawat
from: 22/06/1977 till: 16/02/1980 color:jan
from: 04/03/1990 till: 15/12/1992 color:bjp
from: 04/12/1993 till: 29/11/1998 color:bjp text:"[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]" fontsize:10
bar:JPahadia
from: 06/06/1980 till: 13/07/1981 color:inc text:"[[Jagannath Pahadia]]" fontsize:10
bar:SCMathur
from: 14/07/1981 till: 23/02/1985 color:inc
from: 20/01/1988 till: 04/12/1989 color:inc text:"[[Shiv Charan Mathur]]" fontsize:10
bar:HLDevpura
from: 23/02/1985 till: 10/03/1985 color:inc text:"Hira Lal Devpura" fontsize:10
bar:AGehlot
from: 01/12/1998 till: 08/12/2003 color:inc
from: 12/12/2008 till: 13/12/2013 color:inc
from: 17/12/2018 till: 15/12/2023 color:inc text:"[[Ashok Gehlot]]" fontsize:10
bar:VRaje
from: 08/12/2003 till: 11/12/2008 color:bjp
from: 13/12/2013 till: 16/12/2018 color:bjp text:"[[Vasundhara Raje]]" fontsize:10
bar: BLalSharma
from: 15/12/2023 till: $today color:bjp text:"[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]" fontsize:10
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of districts of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of governors of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Rajasthan]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788129108906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |oclc=80362053}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Chief ministers of Rajasthan}}
* [https://cmo.rajasthan.gov.in/cm-profile Profile of current incumbent]

{{Chief Ministers of Rajasthan}}
{{Rajasthan}}
{{Lists of chief ministers of Indian states}}

[[Category:Chief ministers of Rajasthan| List]]
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan politics-related lists|Chief Ministers]]

Deepak Joy

2026-05-06T22:06:28Z

YvetteSawtell2: started details

{{AI-generated|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deepak Joy
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]]
| predecessor = [[K. Babu]]
| successor =
| birth_name = Deepak Joy
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1983}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| father = Joy
| occupation = Politician, Businessman
| education = Graduate
}}

'''Deepak Joy''' (born 1983) is an Indian politician serving as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) for the [[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Hindu_Win" /> A leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], he was elected in the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], succeeding veteran leader [[K. Babu]].<ref name="TOI_Thripunithura" /> Prior to his election to the state assembly, he served as the deputy mayor of the [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]].<ref name="Hindu_Win" />

== Early life and education ==
Deepak Joy was born to Joy in the [[Ernakulam district]] of Kerala.<ref name="Affidavit_ECI" /> He has been a long-time resident of Ernakulam North and was actively involved in student politics through the [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU). He is a graduate and has been involved in business and local governance before his entry into the legislature.<ref name="MyNeta" />

== Political career ==
Joy rose to prominence in local governance, serving as a councillor in the Kochi Municipal Corporation and later as its deputy mayor. In the 2026 Kerala Assembly elections, he was nominated by the Congress for the Thripunithura seat after sitting MLA K. Babu chose not to contest.<ref name="Manorama_Result" />

In the final results declared on 4 May 2026, Joy secured a decisive victory, polling 70,256 votes. He defeated his nearest rival, [[K. N. Unnikrishnan]] of the [[CPI(M)]], by a margin of 18,468 votes.<ref name="Express_Win" /><ref name="ECI_Result" /> His victory was noted for significantly increasing the UDF's margin in a constituency that had seen a very close contest in 2021.<ref name="Hindu_Win" />

== Election results ==
=== 2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:130px" | Party
! scope="col" style="width:220px" | Candidate
! scope="col" style="width:80px" | Votes
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | %
! scope="col" style="width:50px" | ±%
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]]'''
| style="text-align:left" | '''Deepak Joy'''
| '''70,256'''
| '''46.31'''
| '''+4.17'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[CPI(M)]]
| style="text-align:left" | [[K. N. Unnikrishnan]]
| 51,788
| 34.14
| -7.36
|-
| style="background-color: #f7df10" |
| scope="row" style="text-align:left" | [[Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam|Twenty20]]
| style="text-align:left" | P. V. Anjaly
| 29,471
| 19.43
| -
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Margin of victory
! 18,468
! 12.17
!
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left" | Total valid votes
! 1,51,718
!
!
|-
| colspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align:left" | '''[[Indian National Congress|INC]] hold'''
| '''[[Swing (politics)|Swing]]'''
| +5.76
|
|}
<ref name="ECI_Result" />

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ECI_Result">{{cite web |title=General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results May-2026 - Thripunithura (S1181) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/ConstituencywiseS1181.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindu_Win">{{cite news |title=Kerala Assembly Elections 2026: Deepak Joy delivers a decisive win in Thripunithura |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-assembly-elections-2026-deepak-joy-delivers-a-decisive-win-in-thripunithura/article70939068.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="TOI_Thripunithura">{{cite news |title=Thripunithura Election Result 2026: Congress’ Deepak Joy Wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thripunithura-election-result-2026/articleshow/130718057.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web |title=Deepak Joy (Indian National Congress): Constituency - THRIPUNITHURA (ERNAKULAM) - Affidavit Information |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=262 |publisher=Association for Democratic Reforms |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Affidavit_ECI">{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit: Deepak Joy |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/Deepak_Joy_2026 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Manorama_Result">{{cite news |title=UDF’s Deepak Joy enjoys comfortable victory in Thripunithura |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2026/05/04/thripunithura-assembly-election-2026-result-deepak-joy-unnikrishnan.html |work=Onmanorama |date=4 May 2026}}</ref>

<ref name="Express_Win">{{cite news |title=Thripunithura Assembly Election Result 2026 Live: Deepak Joy of INC wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/thripunithura-election-result-live-updates-kerala-assembly-election-results-winner-10669319/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=5 May 2026}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]

Verithanam

2026-05-04T00:21:18Z

YvetteSawtell2: adding a info

{{short description|2019 song by A. R. Rahman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox song
|name = Verithanam
|cover = Verithanam Cover.jpg
|caption = Official single cover
|type = Single
|artist = [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|album = [[Bigil (soundtrack)]]
|language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|released = 1 September 2019
|recorded = 2019
|studio = [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]] [[KM Music Conservatory]], Chennai
|genre = [[Filmi]], [[Folk music|Indian folk]], [[Indian pop]], dance music|
length = 4:05
|label = [[Sony Music India]]
|composer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
|lyricist = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
|tracks =
|misc = {{Extra track listing
| album = [[Bigil (soundtrack)|Bigil]]
| type = single
| tracks = {{Hidden
| title = 7 tracks
| text =
# "[[Singappenney (song)|Singappenney]]"
# "'''Verithanam'''"
# "Unakkaga"
# "Maathare"
# "Bigil Bigil Bigiluma"
; Bonus tracks
# "Kaalame"
# "Idharkuthan"
}}}}
{{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|zsFYtBwtHCE|"Verithanam"}}
}}}}

"'''Verithanam'''" ({{Translation|Frenzy}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language song composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], the song featured lyrics written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and sung by actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], for the [[Bigil (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2019 film ''[[Bigil]]''. The film, directed by [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]], starring Vijay. It is the first song Vijay has recorded for Rahman. The song was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 1 September 2019,<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Bigil – Verithanam Lyric Video (Tamil) {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay, Nayanthara {{!}} A.R Rahman {{!}} Atlee {{!}} AGS|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsFYtBwtHCE|language=en|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> and its video version was unveiled on 1 November.<ref>{{Citation|title=Bigil – Verithanam Video {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay {{!}} A.R Rahman {{!}} Atlee|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtd_VveAEaI|language=en|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

== Background ==
In early 2019, media reports surfaced that [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] may record one song for [[A. R. Rahman]] for ''[[Thalapathy 63]]'' (''Bigil''), which will be his first collaboration as a singer with Rahman, although the composer worked with the actor's films in ''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]'' (2004), ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'' (2007), ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017) and ''[[Sarkar (2018 film)|Sarkar]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intro song of 'Thalapathy63' to be shot with hundreds of kids|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/intro-song-of-thalapathy63-to-be-shot-with-hundreds-of-kids-news-tamil-tcpjK9ghggdji.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215061749/http://www.sify.com/movies/intro-song-of-thalapathy63-to-be-shot-with-hundreds-of-kids-news-tamil-tcpjK9ghggdji.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2019|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2019|title='Thalapathy 63' opening song to feature 100 kids|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/thalapathy-63-opening-song-feature-100-kids-96764|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Although, after his return to playback singing with "Google Google" from ''[[Thuppakki]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title='Thamizhan' was hit because of Vijay: Imman|publisher=CNN IBN|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thamizhan-was-hit-because-of-vijay-imman/303460-71.html?classic|url-status=dead|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012741/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/thamizhan-was-hit-because-of-vijay-imman/303460-71.html?classic|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> and continuously sang for his upcoming projects until ''[[Bairavaa]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|date=26 November 2016|title=Vijay has sung incredibly well, says Bairavaa composer Santhosh Narayanan|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vijay-has-sung-incredibly-well-says-bairavaa-composer-santhosh-narayanan-4396272/|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916140844/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/vijay-has-sung-incredibly-well-says-bairavaa-composer-santhosh-narayanan-4396272/|archive-date=16 September 2017}}</ref> he did not record a song for ''Mersal'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2017|title=Vijay is not singing in Atlee directorial Mersal, which has music by A.R.Rahman|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-is-not-singing-in-atlee-directorial-mersal-which-has-music-by-arrahman.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> and eventually he was reported to sing for ''Sarkar'', which was also composed by A. R. Rahman, which also failed to happen.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2018|title=Vijay to croon for AR Rahman?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-croon-ar-rahman-78632|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

On 8 July 2019, Archana Kalpathi, the creative producer of [[AGS Entertainment]], which produced the film had shared a picture with Vijay, Rahman, Vivek and Atlee being present at Rahman's recording studio [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]] for the song which was titled "Verithanam".<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2019|title=Bigil: Vijay turns singer for AR Rahman song Verithanam|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-sings-ar-rahman-composition-bigil-5821311/|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2019|title=First song of Vijay's Bigil Thalapathy 63 is titled Verithanam|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/first-song-of-vijays-bigil-thalapathy-63-is-titled-verithanam.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> With this, the producers confirmed Vijay singing for Rahman's composition for the very first time,<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2019|title='Bigil' update: Thalapathy Vijay turns singer for AR Rahman's composition 'Verithanam'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-bigil-update-thalapathy-vijay-turns-singer-for-ar-rahman-s-composition-verithanam-2769785|access-date=19 July 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=2 August 2019|title=Vijay's voice made a lot of difference to 'Verithanam', says A.R Rahman|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-voice-made-a-lot-of-difference-to-verithanam-says-ar-rahman/article28800504.ece|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> although he sang for many leading composers.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=July 8, 2019 |title=Bigil update: Vijay to sing Verithanam, his first AR Rahman number|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bigil-update-vijay-to-sing-verithanam-his-first-ar-rahman-number-1564675-2019-07-08|access-date=19 July 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Super Singer]]'' fame [[Poovaiyar]] was reported to act and provide additional vocals for one of the songs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Singer sensation to act in Thalapathy 63|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/super-singer-sensation-to-act-in-thalapathy-63-news-tamil-tcvn1Vdfhjbfg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221090803/http://www.sify.com/movies/super-singer-sensation-to-act-in-thalapathy-63-news-tamil-tcvn1Vdfhjbfg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2019|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=February 18, 2019 |title=Super Singer fame Poovaiyaar joins Thalapathy 63 as actor and singer|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/super-singer-fame-poovaiyaar-joins-thalapathy-63-as-an-actor-and-a-singer-1458869-2019-02-18|access-date=19 July 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The song was initially reported to be released as the first single from the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2019|title=Vijay's BIGIL: Songs detail inside – Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/thalapathy-vijay-bigil-exclusive-five-songs-album-a-r-rahman-verithanam-singa-penne-vivek-tamil-news-240658|access-date=19 July 2021|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> However, as another track "[[Singappenney (song)|Singappenney]]" leaked onto the internet in mid-July 2019,<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=16 July 2019|title=Song from Vijay's 'Bigil' leaked online|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bigil-song-leaked-online/article28479628.ece|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 July 2019|title='Singa Penne' song from Vijay's 'Bigil' leaked|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/singa-penne-song-vijays-bigil-leaked-105658|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> the makers released that song as the first single,<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2019|title=Watch: 'Singappenney' from Vijay's 'Bigil' out, dedicated to women|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-singappenney-vijays-bigil-out-dedicated-women-106003|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> and planned to release "Verithanam" later.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2019|title=Bigil song Singappenney: AR Rahman delivers a punchy female anthem|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigil-song-singappenney-ar-rahman-vijay-5846782/|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In mid-August 2019, reports being surfaced that this song has been leaked into the internet,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Verithanam song from Vijay's 'Bigil' leaked online? Twitter abuzz with reports|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/aug/23/verithanam-song-from-vijays-bigil-leaked-online-twitter-abuzz-with-reports-2023270.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and became a trending topic in Twitter, urging fans to release the original track sooner as possible.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigil: 'Verithanam' song from the Vijay starrer leaked online; fans urge makers to release original track|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigil-verithanam-song-vijay-starrer-leaked-online-fans-urge-makers-release-original-track-469557|access-date=19 July 2021|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719174559/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/bigil-verithanam-song-vijay-starrer-leaked-online-fans-urge-makers-release-original-track-469557|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, few media handles claimed that the leak was not true.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|date=25 August 2019|title=Verithanam song leak is fake trend|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/250819/verithanam-song-leak-is-fake-trend.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=23 August 2019|title=Fake versions of Vijay's 'Verithanam' from 'Bigil' do rounds online|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijays-verithanam-song-from-bigil-leaked-online/article29234005.ece|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The official promo video for the song was released on 31 August 2019,<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1167801167230799875|user=SonyMusicSouth|title=THE WAIT ENDS HERE! The much- awaited #Verithanam sung by our very own #ThalapathyVijay releases on 1st Sept at 6PM!! #BigilPodalamaa|author=Sony Music South|date=31 August 2019|author-link=Sony Music India|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> and a day later, the full song was released by [[Sony Music India]] through their streaming platforms and a lyrical video through YouTube.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=1 September 2019|title=Bigil song Verithanam: A fast-paced dance number by Vijay|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bigil-song-verithanam-a-fast-paced-dance-number-by-thalapathy-vijay-5956585/|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2019|title=The Telugu version of Verithanam from Vijay and Atlee's Bigil is here ft. AR Rahman|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/the-telugu-version-of-verithanam-from-vijay-and-atlees-bigil-is-here-ft-ar-rahman.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> At the film's audio launch held at Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, [[Chennai]] on 27 September 2019, Vijay who participated at the event, sang a couple lines from the song while addressing his speech.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2019|title=Bigil Audio Launch: Atlee eyes October first week to launch trailer, Vijay croons his song Verithanam|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bigil-audio-launch-atlee-eyes-october-first-week-to-launch-trailer-vijay-croons-his-song-verithanam-7373271.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=27 September 2019|title='Bigil' audio launch: Vijay makes veiled references to political climate in T.N.|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bigil-audio-launch-vijay-makes-veiled-references-to-political-climate-in-tn/article29462701.ece|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The video version of this song was exclusively premiered at the television channel [[Sun Music]] on 30 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1189528352358449157|user=SunMusic|title=Namma aattam #Verithanam ah irrukum! 🥳 Watch the video song exclusively from today on #sunmusic|author=Sun Music|author-link=Sun Music|date=30 October 2019|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> Later the song was released through YouTube on 1 November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Verithanam Video song out: Time to see Vijay sing and dance his way into our hearts|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/nov/06/verithanam-video-song-out-time-to-see-vijay-sing-and-dance-his-way-into-our-hearts-atlee-ar-rahman-15345.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=David|date=1 November 2019|title=Vijay's Verithanam video song from Bigil is ready to set YouTube on fire|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/verithanam-video-song-vijays-hit-number-bigil-be-out-soon-808260|access-date=19 July 2021|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Antara Chakraborty of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote in its review, saying "The song is a fast-paced dance number, the kind of song that has become a staple in [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]’s films. It is definitely fun, with a rustic feel."<ref name=":0" /> ''[[India Today]]'' called the song as "proper mass number"<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=September 2, 2019 |title=Verithanam song out: Vijay and AR Rahman go local for Bigil|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/verithanam-song-out-vijay-and-ar-rahman-go-local-for-bigil-1594304-2019-09-02|access-date=19 July 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> while ''[[The News Minute]]'' called that the song "has been delivered in Vijay's signature style".<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 September 2019|title=Watch: Vijay turns singer for 'Verithanam', second single drops from 'Bigil'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-vijay-turns-singer-verithanam-second-single-drops-bigil-108196|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> A critic from ''Behindwoods'' wrote "A completely dynamic song with the expressive voice of Vijay is the main highlight, as the lyrics, slang, and voice of the singer will overshadow the tune, but the orchestra doesn't let go easily."<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 September 2019|title=Bigil (aka) Vijay 63 songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/bigil/bigil-songs-review.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''[[International Business Times]]''-based critic Prakash Upadhyaya called the song as a "fast-paced number with a local flavour" further saying "With Vijay himself lending voice for the number, it strikes the chord with the fans, instantly. The fans could not have expected a better mass number than this as Thalapathy's voice blends well with the tune and the lyrics."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=27 September 2019|title=Bigil songs review: AR Rahman and Thalapathy Vijay have a winner in hand|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigil-songs-review-ar-rahman-thalapathy-vijay-have-winner-hand-805712|access-date=19 July 2021|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' called the number as "the most commercially accessible track of the album".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigil Songs – Music Review|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/24529/bigil-songs-music-review/amp|access-date=19 July 2021|website=www.moviecrow.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Records ===
The song crossed 1 million likes within the first five days of its release.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=6 September 2019|title=Vijay's Verithanam Song Clocks 1 Million Likes; Gets Trolled With #PaidVerithanamLikesExposed|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2019/vijay-s-verithanam-song-clocks-1-million-likes-gets-trolled-with-paid-verithanam-likes-exposed-289427.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Filmibeat|language=en}}</ref> A year after its release, the video song crossed 100 million views in September 2020,<ref>{{Cite news|title=AR Rahman & Vijay's Verithanam video reaches 100 million views milestone on YouTube – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ar-rahman-vijays-verithanam-video-reaches-100-million-views-milestone-on-youtube/articleshow/78078635.cms|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Times of India|date=12 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> eventually becoming one of the most viewed songs of Vijay on the video-sharing platform YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title='Aalaporan Tamizhan' to 'Vaathi Coming': Five most viewed video songs of Vijay on YouTube|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/aalaporan-tamizhan-to-vaathi-coming-five-most-viewed-video-songs-of-vijay-on-youtube/photostory/81059140.cms|access-date=19 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> A January–September 2019 survey report from the music platform [[JioSaavn]], stated "Verithanam" along with "[[Rowdy Baby]]" (a song from [[Dhanush]]'s ''[[Maari 2]]''), as one of the most streamed songs in this intermediate period.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Pradeep|date=19 October 2019|title='Verithanam' and 'Rowdy Baby' most streamed songs by Tamil music fans|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/verithanam-and-rowdy-baby-most-streamed-songs-by-tamil-music-fans/article29744084.ece|access-date=19 July 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Chart performance ===

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

; Weekly charts

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |Chart (2019–20)
! scope="col" |Peak position
!Reference(s)
|-
! scope="row" |[[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] Top 20 (Tamil)
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Tamil songs on Tamil Mirchi Top20 countdown.|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/more/tamil-top-20/|access-date=5 August 2019|website=www.radiomirchi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=South|first=Sony Music|date=14 September 2019|title=#Bigil yet again on the @RadioMirchi charts!|url=https://twitter.com/SonyMusicSouth/status/1173127274058539009|access-date=15 September 2019|website=@SonyMusicSouth|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Wynk]] Music Top 20 (Tamil)
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen & Download Latest Hindi, English, Bollywood Songs Online {{!}} Wynk|url=https://wynk.in/music|access-date=5 August 2019|website=wynk.in|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |YouTube Trending
|2
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=South|first=Sony Music|date=27 July 2019|title=TRENDING MILLION VIEWS K LIKES Our mighty #Singappenney shines! #BigilWomenAnthem|url=https://twitter.com/SonyMusicSouth/status/1155010487890792448|access-date=7 August 2019|website=@SonyMusicSouth|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Spotify]] Top Hits (Tamil)
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Hits – Tamil, a playlist by Spotify|url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DX1i3hvzHpcQV|access-date=13 August 2019|website=Spotify|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[JioSaavn]] Weekly Top 15 (Tamil)
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Tamil Songs – Weekly Playlist – Listen on JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/featured/weekly-top-songs/x7NaWNE3kRw_|access-date=13 August 2019|website=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref>
|}

{{col-2}}

; Year-end charts

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |Chart (2019)
! scope="col" |Position
!Reference(s)
|-
! scope="row" |[[92.7 Big FM|BIG FM]] Radio (Tamil)
|1
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tamil|first=92 7 BIG FM|date=30 December 2019|title=#Singappenney from #Bigil ruled the radio charts in 2019 #Number1 song of the year as voted by all of you magic of @arrahman as always #bigfm watteee combo @actorvijay @Atlee_dir @SonyMusicSouth #Top100pic.twitter.com/IxyvC9X3aR|url=https://twitter.com/BIGFMTamil/status/1211908840188338177|access-date=31 December 2019|website=@BIGFMTamil|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[The Times of India]]
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2019|title=Top 15 Tamil songs of 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/top-15-tamil-songs-of-2019/photostory/73025507.cms|access-date=31 December 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |Moviecrow
|7
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 20 Tamil Songs {{!}} Tamil Songs Ranking {{!}} Recent Tamil Songs Ranking|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/tamil/top-songs|access-date=31 December 2019|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Cinema Express]]
|20
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=CE Year in Review: Our top 20 Tamil songs of 2019|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/jan/02/ce-year-in-review-our-top-20-tamil-songs-of-2019-826.html|access-date=19 July 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
|}
{{col-end}}

=== Criticism ===
In September 2019, a video came up with connection to the number to strengthen the claims that the song has achieved records as a result of a [[Campaign advertising|paid campaign]]. Some of the fans started trending the [[hashtag]] ''#PaidVerithanamLikesExposed'' and trashed the film's producers allegedly opting for a paid campaign to create a new record.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=BIGIL: காசு கொடுத்து கிடைத்ததா வெறித்தனம் லைக்ஸ்? – ட்விட்டரில் டிரெண்டாகும் #PaidVerithanamLikesExposed|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/viral-corner/tweets/paid-verithanam-likes-exposed-hashtag-trending-on-twitter/articleshow/71011925.cms|access-date=19 July 2021|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[A. R. Rahman]]'s official website<ref>{{Cite web|title=A. R. Rahman – The Official Site|url=https://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=313|access-date=20 July 2021|website=www.arrahman.com|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720030907/https://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=313|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Sony Music India|Sony Music South]]<ref name=":2" />{{div col}}
* [[A. R. Rahman]] – Composer, arranger, producer
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – Playback singer
* [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] – Lyricist
* [[Sangeetha Sajith|Sangeeta]] – [[Additional vocals]]
* [[Poovaiyar]] – Additional vocals
* Ka Ka Balachander – Additional vocals
* KR Arjun – Additional vocals
* Rakthaksh – Additional vocals
* [[Veenaa-Murali|Veena Murali]] – Backing vocals
* Deepthi Suresh – Backing vocals
* Abinaya – Backing vocals
* Ala B Bala – Backing vocals
* Sowmya – Backing vocals
* Soundarya – Backing vocals
* Lavita Lobo – Backing vocals
* Riya K S – Kids vocals
* Nikhil P S – Kids vocals
* K R Arjun – Kids vocals
* Vidhya Rupini – Kids vocals
* K U Kokilapriya – Kids vocals
* [[Keba Jeremiah]] – Guitar
* Balesh – [[Shehnai]]
* T. R. Krishna Chetan – [[Sound Engineer]] ([[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|Panchathan Record Inn]], [[Chennai]]), [[Music arrangement|additional arrangements]] and [[Music programming|programming]], [[audio mixing]]
* Kumaran Sivamani – Additional arrangements and programming
* Santosh Dhayanidhi – Additional arrangements and programming
* Suresh Permal – Sound engineer (Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai), mastering ([[Mastering (audio)|Studio mastering]])
* Karthik Sekaran – Sound engineer (Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai)
* Suryansh – Sound engineer (Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai)
* Barath Dhanashekhar – Sound engineer (Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai)
* Riyasdeen Riyan – Sound engineer (Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai)
* S. Sivakumar – Sound engineer ([[AM Studios]], Chennai), mastering ([[Mastered for iTunes|Apple Digital Master]])
* Kannan Ganpat – Sound engineer (AM Studios, Chennai)
* Pradeep Menon – Sound engineer (AM Studios, Chennai)
* Krishnan Subramaniyan – Sound engineer (AM Studios, Chennai)
* Manoj Raman – Sound engineer (AM Studios, Chennai)
* Aravind MS – Sound engineer (AM Studios, Chennai)
* P. A. Deepak – Audio mixing
* R. Samidurai – Musician's fixer
* T. M. Faizuddin – Music co-ordinators
* Abdul Haiyum Siddique – Music co-ordinators
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=zsFYtBwtHCE|title=Verithanam (lyrical)}}
* {{YouTube|id=rtd_VveAEaI|title=Verithanam (Video)}}

[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:2019 songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs with music by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Vivek]]

Ainavilli mandal

2026-04-28T00:42:13Z

YvetteSawtell2: created...

{{Coord|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ainavilli mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| subdivision_type3 = Population according to 2011 Census
| subdivision_name3 = 65,161
| subdivision_type4 = Number of Villages
| subdivision_name4 = 17
| subdivision_type5 = Area in Sq Km
| subdivision_name5 = 93.48
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Ainavilli mandal''' is one of the 22 mandals in [[Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011, there are 17 villages in this mandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/|title=List of Mandals of Konaseema District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702174418/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Ainavilli Mandal has total population of 65,161 as per the Census 2011 out of which 32,858 are males while 32,303 are females. The average Sex Ratio of Ainavilli Mandal is 983. The total literacy rate of Ainavilli Mandal is 78%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/census/|title= According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Villages ===

Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|title= Villages in Mandals of East Godvari district|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archive-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref>

* [[Ainavilli]]
* Chintana Lanka
* K. Jagannadhapuram
* Kondukuduru
* Krapa
* Madupalle
* Magam
* [[Nedunuru]]
* Pothukurru
* [[Sanapallilanka|Sanapalli Lanka]]
* Sirasavalli Savaram
* Siripalle
* Totharamudi
* Veeravallipalem
* Veluvalapalle
* Vilasa

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{Konaseema-geo-stub}}

Boat Mail Express

2026-04-27T10:30:43Z

YvetteSawtell2: started info

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{distinguish|Mail boat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{copy edit|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = ffba01
| name = '''Boat Mail Express'''
| image = BOATMAIL RAMESWARAM EXPRESS.jpg
| caption = Boat Mail Express at Chennai Egmore Railway Station Platform No. 9
| image_width = 300px
| type = [[Mail/Express]]
| locale = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| status = Active
| predecessor = Indo-Ceylon Express
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1914|02|24}}
| last = Operation till now
| successor = Rameswaram Express
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| formeroperator = South Indian Railway (SIR)
| ridership = [[Express trains in India|Mail/express]]
| website = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in
| start = {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} '''(MS)'''
| stops = 20
| end = {{stnlnk|Rameswaram}} '''(RMM)'''
| distance = {{convert|665|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 12 hours 30min
| frequency = Daily
| line_used = Main Line
| class = * 1 1st A/C I tire (H)
* 1 2nd A/C II tire (A)
* 3 3rd A/C III tire (B)
* 13 sleeper (SL)
* 3 unreserved (GS)
* 2 GSLRD
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}
| seating = Yes (un-reserved compartment)
| sleeping = Yes (berth)
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering
* 16751: (Chennai Egmore ➡ Villupuram Junction)
* 16752: (MANDAPAM ➡ Tiruchchirappalli Junction)
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Bio toilet
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el = [[25 kV AC]], [[Utility frequency|50 Hz]] (high voltage traction)
| trainnumber = 16751/16752
| speed = {{convert|59|km/h|abbr=on}}
| trainlength = 23 Coaches
| owners = Southern Railway
| sharing = [[Sethu Superfast Express]] & [[Amritha Express]]
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Ramanathapuram}}
| map = [[File:Boatmail Express (Chennai - Rameswaram) Route map.jpg|230px]]
| map_state =
}}

The '''Rameswaram (Boat Mail) Express''', formerly known as the '''Boat Mail''' or '''Indo-Ceylon Express''', is an express train connecting [[Rameswaram]] with the [[Tamil Nadu]] state capital Chennai via [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]], [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpettu]], [[Melmaruvathur]], [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Viluppuram]], [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port]], [[Chidambaram railway station|Chidambaram]], [[Sirkazhi railway station|Sirkazhi]], [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]], [[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur]], [[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli]], [[Pudukkottai railway station|Pudukkottai]], [[Karaikudi Junction railway station|Karaikudi]], [[Sivaganga railway station|Sivagangai]], [[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai]], [[Paramakudi|Paramakkudi]] and [[Ramanathapuram railway station|Ramanathapuram]].

In the 20th century, it operated as a combined [[Transport in India|train]]-[[steamship|steamer]] [[ferry]]-[[Sri Lanka Transport Board|train]] service between India and [[Sri Lanka]], linking [[Chennai]] and [[Colombo]], the capital of Sri Lanka. Initially, the service utilized a rail-to-sea operation, which later evolved into a rail-sea-rail operation.<ref name="Famous Trains">http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-seltrain.html Famous Trains</ref> Passengers could purchase a single ticket for the entire journey from Chennai to Colombo.<ref name="H1" /> After Indian independence, the ferry service was discontinued and the train operated under the name '''Dhanushkodi Express''' from [[Chennai Egmore]] to [[Dhanushkodi]]. Following the destruction of Dhanushkodi in the [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone|cyclone of 1964]], the train service on [[Rameswaram]]-Dhanushkodi section was halted and it now runs only from Chennai Egmore up to Rameswaram.

==History==
[[File:BoatMail Exp.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Passengers changing their mode of journey at {{stnlnk|Dhanushkodi}}]]
The train's name commemorates the 19th-century mail service between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). It is one of the top prestigious trains of Indian Railways, as it completed 100 years of service in 2014.<ref name=H1>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/lsquoBoat-Mail-to-run-on-main-line-from-August-1/article16242735.ece|title='Boat Mail' to run on the main line from August 1|first=Syed Muthahar|last=Saqaf|date=14 June 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 November 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Before the cyclone, the train was running as a metre-gauge train from {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} to {{stnlnk|Dhanushkodi}} via {{stnlnk|Chengalpattu Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}, [[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]], {{stnlnk|Chidambaram}}, {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kumbakonam}}, {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}, [[Pudukkottai railway station|Pudukkottai]], {{stnlnk|Karaikkudi Junction}},
[[Devakottai]], [[Sivaganga railway station|Sivagangai]], {{stnlnk|Manamadurai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ramanathapuram}} and [[Rameswaram]]. Due to the conversion of metre gauge to broad gauge, the train was stopped. After the completion of the broad-gauge track in the Chennai–Madurai–Rameswaram line, the train is resumed via {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}}. Later the conversion of the Tiruchirappalli–Manamadurai line, this train is rerouted via that route which skips Madurai. Finally, the Mayiladuthurai to Thanjavur line is converted to broad gauge once again this train is rerouted via Thanjavur which is the present route of Boat Mail Express.<ref name=H1/>

===Tuticorin–Colombo era===
The train was inaugurated on January 1, 1880. The railway portion of the route within India was from Madras ([[Chennai]]) to [[Tuticorin]]. At Tuticorin, passengers embarked on the boat mail steamer to [[Colombo]] in Ceylon. The train took 21 hours and 50 minutes for the journey from Madras to Tuticorin. The Boat Mail was one of the early trains to be given [[Gangway connection|vestibuled]] carriages, in 1898.<ref name="Famous Trains"/> Presently this train route is running as [[Pearl City (Muthunagar) Super Fast Express|Pearl City Express]].

===Dhanushkodi–Talaimannar era===
In 1914, after the [[Pamban Bridge|Pamban bridge]] was built, the train's route changed and it went from Madras to [[Dhanushkodi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Imperial Indian Mail|url=http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/400/410.htm|publisher=trains-worldexpresses.com|access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> A much shorter ferry service then took the passengers to [[Talaimannar]] in Ceylon, from where another train went to Colombo. The {{convert|35|km|mi|adj=on}} long ferry journey was considerably shorter than the {{convert|270|km|mi|adj=on}} long Tuticorin-Colombo route. Since the 1930s, this train has been rerouted from its original route via [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]] to its present-day route due to the opening of the Trichinopoly - Manamadurai railway route which is shorter distance in comparison with its original route which leads to reduction in overall travel time.

===Post cyclone===
In 1964, a passenger train was washed into the sea by huge waves during the [[1964 Rameswaram cyclone|1964 cyclone]], while it was near Dhanushkodi. The railway tracks and the pier at Dhanushkodi were also destroyed. Following this, the Indian portion of the train service now only operates up to [[Rameswaram]],<ref name="H1"/> while the ferry service to [[Talaimannar]] has restarted from Rameswaram, the train service was discontinued from 1984 due to [[Tamil Eelam]] issue.<ref>{{cite news|title=India-Sri Lanka ferry service to take off soon: Union minister|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/feb/27/india-sri-lanka-ferry-service-to-take-off-soon-union-minister-2109389.html|date=27 February 2020|access-date=30 November 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> It now runs between {{stnlnk|Chennai Egmore}} and {{stnlnk|Rameswaram}} via {{stnlnk|Tambaram}}, {{stnlnk|Chengalpattu Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Cuddalore Port Junction}} , {{stnlnk|Chidambaram}}, {{stnlnk|Mayiladuthurai Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kumbakonam}}, {{stnlnk|Thanjavur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Pudukkottai}}, {{stnlnk|Karaikkudi Junction}}, Devakottai Road, [[Kallal]], {{stnlnk|Sivaganga}}, {{stnlnk|Manamadurai Junction}}, and {{stnlnk|Ramanathapuram}} in the Indian end, where it runs as Colombo - Thalaimannar '''Night Mail express''' at the Sri Lankan end.

==Schedule==
[[File:Boat Mail Express Large Name Board ( office lens ).jpg|200px|thumb|right|Train name board]]

* 16751 – Starts from Chennai Egmore daily at 19:15 IST and reaches Rameswaram the next day at 08:10 AM IST
* 16752 – Leaves Rameswaram every day at 17:25 IST and reaches Chennai Egmore the next morning 07:25 AM IST

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#e8a317;" |16751 - Chennai Egmore → Rameswaram ~ Rameswaram (Boat Mail) Express
|-
!Station/junction name
!Station code
!Arrival
!Departure
!Day
|-
|[[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]
| MS
|Source
|19:15
|1
|-
|[[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]]
|TBM
|19:43
|19:45
|1
|-
|[[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Junction]]
|CGL
|20:13
|20:15
|1
|-
|[[Melmaruvathur railway station|Melmaruvathur]]
|MLMR
|20:38
|20:40
|1
|-
|[[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Villupuram Junction]]
|VM
|21:50
|21:55
|1
|-
|[[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]]
|CUPJ
|22:38
|22:40
|1
|-
|[[Chidambaram railway station|Chidambaram]]
|CDM
|23:08
|23:10
|1
|-
|[[Sirkazhi railway station|Sirkazhi]]
|SY
|23:26
|23:27
|1
|-
|[[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]
|MV
|23:55
|23:57
|1
|-
|[[Kumbakonam railway station|Kumbakonam]]
|KMU
|00:25
|00:27
|2
|-
|[[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur Junction]]
|TJ
|01:00
|01:02
|2
|-
|[[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]]
|TPJ
|02:50
|03:00
|2
|-
|[[Pudukkottai railway station|Pudukottai]]
|PDKT
|03:43
|03:45
|2
|-
|[[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikkudi Junction]]
|KKDI
|04:10
|04:12
|2
|-
|[[Devakottai Road railway station|Devakottai Road]]
|DKO
|04:19
|04:20
|2
|-
|[[Sivaganga railway station|Sivaganga]]
|SVGA
|04:39
|04:30
|2
|-
|[[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai Junction]]
|MNM
|05:35
|05:40
|2
|-
|[[Paramakkudi railway station|Paramakkudi]]
|PMK
|06:03
|06:05
|2
|-
|[[Ramanathapuram railway station|Ramanathapuram]]
|RMD
|06:30
|06:32
|2
|-
|[[Mandapam railway station|Mandapam]]
|MMM
|07:08
|07:09
|2
|-
|[[Pamban railway station|Pamban]]
|PBM
|07:22
|07:23
|2
|-
|[[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]]
|RMM
|08:20
| DEST
|2
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#e8a317;" |16752 - Rameswaram → Chennai Egmore ~ Rameswaram (Boat Mail) Express
|-
|[[Rameswaram railway station|Rameswaram]]
|RMM
|SOURCE
|17:25
|1
|-
|[[Pamban railway station|Pamban]]
|RMD
|17:41
|17:42
|1
|-
|[[Mandapam railway station|Mandapam]]
|MMM
|17:53
|17:55
|1
|-
|[[Ramanathapuram railway station|Ramanathapuram]]
|RMD
|18:18
|18:20
|1
|-
|[[Paramakudi railway station|Paramakkudi]]
|PMK
|18:43
|18:45
|1
|-
|[[Manamadurai Junction railway station|Manamadurai Junction]]
|MNM
|19:20
|19:25
|1
|-
|[[Sivaganga railway station|Sivaganga]]
|SVGA
|19:38
|19:40
|1
|-
|[[Kallal railway station|Kallal]]
|KAL
|19:54
|19:55
|1
|-
|[[Devakottai Road railway station|Devakottai Road]]
|DKO
|20:03
|20:04
|1
|-
|[[Karaikkudi Junction railway station|Karaikkudi Junction]]
|KKDI
|20:38
|20:40
|1
|-
|[[Pudukkottai railway station|Pudukottai]]
|PDKT
|21:09
|21:10
|1
|-
|[[Tiruchchirappalli Junction railway station|Tiruchchirappalli Junction]]
|TPJ
|23:00
|23:10
|1
|-
|[[Thanjavur Junction railway station|Thanjavur Junction]]
|TJ
|00:00
|00:02
|1
|-
|[[Kumbakonam railway station|Kumbakonam]]
|KMU
|00:34
|00:36
|2
|-
|[[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]]
|MV
|01:13
|01:15
|2
|-
| [[Sirkazhi railway station|Sirkazhi]]
|SY
|01:37
|01:35
|2
|-
|[[Chidambaram railway station|Chidambaram]]
|CDM
|01:54
|01:56
|2
|-
|[[Cuddalore Port Junction railway station|Cuddalore Port Junction]]
|CUPJ
|02:25
|02:26
|2
|-
|[[Villupuram Junction railway station|Villupuram Junction]]
|VM
|04:20
|04:25
|2
|-
|[[Melmaruvathur railway station|Melmaruvathur]]
|MLMR
|05:13
|05:15
|2
|-
|[[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Junction]]
|CGL
|05:48
|05:50
|2
|-
|[[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]]
|TBM
|06:18
|06:20
|2
|-
|[[Mambalam railway station|Mambalam]]
|MBM
|06:38
|06:40
|2
|-
|[[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]
|MS
|07:25
|DEST
|2
|}

== Traction ==

earlier was Golden Rock-based [[WDG-3A]]. From Rameswaram to Chennai Egmore the train is hauled by a [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] electric loco. The same locomotive types are used on the return journey. This train achieves a maximum speed of 110 km/h.<ref>{{cite web| website=India Rail Info| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/2119| title=16701/Chennai Egmore–Rameswaram (Boat Mail) Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| website=India Rail Info| url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/2120| title=16702⇒16102/Boat Mail (Rameswaram Express)}}</ref>

== Coach composition ==
The train consists of 23 coaches.It shares its rakes with the Sethu Superfast Express, operates daily and covers a distance of {{convert|667|km|0|abbr=on}}.

It includes one AC first class cum 2nd AC (HA), AC 2 tier (A), AC 3 tier (B), sleeper class (SL), unreserved general sitting coach (GS), and end on generators (SLRD). The Train Will Shares Its Rake With Madurai Thiruvananthapuram Amritha Express After Extension And Inauguration Of New Pamban Bridge.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#12ad2b;" | Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#804a00;" | 1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffd801;" | 2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffd801;" | 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff;" | 15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff00ff" | 16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff" | 17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff" | 18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#00bfff;" | 19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#0909ff;" | 20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ff007f;" | 21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#ffd801;" | 22
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#804a00;" | 23
|-
|'''[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]'''
||SLR||GS||GS||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||S11||S12||S13||B3||B2||B1||A1||HA1||GS||SLR
|}

==Alternative proposals==
At one time the [[South Indian Railway Company|South Indian Railway]] considered constructing a bridge {{convert|12|mi|km}} long across the shallow waters and sand shoals and reefs known as [[Adam's Bridge|Ram Setu]] between [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. However, this plan was shelved when [[World War I]] broke out.

==Locomotive==

* Rameswaram (Boat Mail) Express Running Chennai to Rameswaram with [[WAP-4]] locomotive from [[Erode]], [[Arakkonam]] electric shed or Golden Rock-based [[WDG-3A]]

== See also ==

* [[Cross-border railway lines in India]]
* [[Alavandar murder case]], incidence in Boat Mail Express
* [[List of named passenger trains of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
** Passenger trains in Tamil Nadu
*** [[Ananthapuri Express]]
*** [[Chennai Egmore-Nagercoil Weekly Superfast Express]]
*** [[Nellai Superfast Express]]
*** [[Pallavan Superfast Express]]
*** [[Vaigai Superfast Express]]
*** [[Rockfort (Malaikottai) Superfast Express]]
*** [[Chendur Superfast Express]]
*** [[Pearl City (Muthunagar) Superfast Express]]
*** [[Pandian Superfast Express]]
*** [[Kanniyakumari Superfast Express]]
*** [[Pothigai Superfast Express]]
*** [[Uzhavan Express]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Rail transport in Sri Lanka}}
{{International trains from India}}

[[Category:History of transport in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Ferry transport in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Defunct trains in India]]
[[Category:Ferry transport in India]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Transport in Rameswaram]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1914]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Mysuru–Sainagar Shirdi Express

2026-04-26T16:21:26Z

YvetteSawtell2: created post

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mysuru Junction Sainagar Shirdi Express
| image= Mysuru–Sainagar Shirdi Express.jpg
| caption = Mysuru–Sainagar Shirdi Express train board
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|07|10}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mysuru Junction}}
| stops = 24
| end = {{stnlnk|Sainagar Shirdi}}
| distance = {{convert|1306|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours 12 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class & General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[pantry car]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16217 / 16218
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Shiridi - Mysore) Express Route map.jpg|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

16217 / 18 '''Mysuru–Sainagar Shirdi Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[Southern Railway zone]] that run between {{stnlnk|Mysuru Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Sainagar Shirdi}} in India.

== Service ==
It operates as train number 16217 from Mysuru Junction to Sainagar Shirdi and as train number 16218 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Maharashtra]] . The train covers the distance of {{cvt|1306|km}} in 25 hours 17 mins approximately at a speed of {{cvt|55|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1450&did=14718688860738C0F3701ECC132C6B41B223A4A0DC655.web107| author=South Western Railway| date=18 August 2016| title=Provision of Stoppage for Trains at Nimbal Station| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802131406/http://www.swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1450&did=14718688860738C0F3701ECC132C6B41B223A4A0DC655.web107| archivedate=2 August 2017}}</ref>

==Coaches==

The 16217 / 18 Mysuru–Sainagar Shirdi Express has one AC 2-tier, five AC 3-tier, 11 sleeper class, three general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It doesn't carries a [[pantry car]].

As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph.

* 1 AC I Tier
* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 11 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21

|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||GRD||GEN||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||S8||S9||S10||S11||S12||B1||B2||A1||H1||GEN||GEN||SLR
|}

==Routeing==
The 16217 / 18 Mysore–Sainagar Shirdi Express runs from Mysore Junction via {{stnlnk|KSR Bengaluru}}, {{stnlnk|Dharmavaram Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ballari Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gadag Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Vijapur}}, {{stnlnk|Solapur}}, {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ahilyanagar}}, [[Puntamba]] to Sainagar Shirdi.

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 16217 || MYS || Mysore || 5:30 AM || MON || Sainagar Shirdi || 11:30 AM || TUE
|-
| 16218 || SNSI || Sainagar Shirdi || 11:55 PM || TUE || Mysore || 6:00 AM || THU
|}

==Rake sharing==

16209/16210 – [[Mysore Ajmer Express]]

==Reversals==

{{stnlnk|Puntamba Junction}}

==Traction==
Though, this route is electrified, a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram]]-based diesel [[WDP-4D]] loco pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mysuru-sainagar-shirdi-weekly-express-16217/18521/1430/6721 16217 Mysore Junction Sainagar Shirdi Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/sainagar-shirdi-mysuru-weekly-express-16218/18525/6721/1430 16218 Sainagar Shirdi Mysore Junction Express] at India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore-Sainagar Shirdi Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]
[[Category:Transport in Shirdi]]

Jagadu

2026-04-26T14:23:01Z

YvetteSawtell2: starting new entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jagadu
| birth_place = Bhadreswar, Kutch
| known_for = Business
| predecessor = Solaka
| successor = Champsi
| spouse = Yashomati
| mother = Sri
| father = Solaka
}}

'''Jagadu''' ([[IAST]]:Jagaḍu), also called '''Jagadu Shah,''' '''Jagdusha''' or '''Jagadeva''',<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=Sulagna|title=Three Merchants of Thirteenth Century in Gujarat |date=2017|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906095|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=78|pages=275–281|jstor=26906095 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> was a thirteenth century [[Jain]] merchant from [[Bhadreshwar]], [[Kutch]] (Kachchh) (now in Gujarat, India).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A196997087/GPS?sid=wikipedia|title=The evolution of the Sethiaji to the CEOji|last=Mahanta|first=Vinod|date=3 April 2009|website=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-05-14}}</ref>

==Source of information==
The ''Jagaducharita'', the thirteenth century verse biography by Sarvananda Suri,<ref name="CallewaertSnell1994">{{cite book|author1=Winand M. Callewaert|author2=Rupert Snell|title=According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrMwdEqHLzEC&pg=PA137|year=1994|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03524-8|page=137}}</ref><ref name="Jain2010">{{cite book|author=Kailash Chand Jain|title=History of Jainism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hNPAQAAIAAJ|year=2010|publisher=D. K. Print World (P) Limited|isbn=978-81-246-0547-9|page=645}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> chiefly deals with episodes from the life of Jagadu and his philanthropy. It deals with a life of a merchant, not any kings. Though the biography is not historically accurate and eulogies Jagadu, it is good sources of information about trade and influence of traders of that era.<ref name=phd>{{cite thesis |last=Sheikh |first=Samira |date=2004 |title= State and Society in Gujarat, c. 1200-1500 : The Making of a Region|type=DPhil |chapter=Trade and politics in Kacch - the Jagadu carita |publisher=[[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson College]], [[Oxford University]] |chapter-url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9d9736d6-dc29-4911-833d-d30786199a3f |pages=119-120, 140-143}}{{open access}}</ref> Other sources include ''Upadesha Tarangini'' by Ratnamandiragani.<ref name="Sheth1953"/>

==Ancestors==
Viyatthu was a [[Shrimal Jain|Shrimali Jain]] who are originated from [[Bhinmal|Shrimal]] in southern [[Marwad]] (now Bhinmal, Rajasthan). Shrimalis are also mentioned in some 11th-century inscriptions. His son Varanaga lived in [[Kanthkot]] in eastern Kutch then under [[Chaulukya]] rule. Varanaga's grandson was Visala. Visala's son Solaka or Solasha moved from [[Mandvi]] to [[Bhadreshwar]] with his wife Sri. They had three sons; Jagadu, Raja and Padma.<ref name=phd/><ref name="Sheth1953">{{cite book|author=Chimanial Bhailal Sheth|title=Jainism in Gujarat (A.D. 1100 to 1600) With a Foreword by H.D. Sankalia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEBMAAAAIAAJ|year=1953|publisher=Shree Vijaydevsur Sangh Gnan Samiti|pages=152–161}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Biography==
[[File:Kutch Bhadreshwar Jain Temple.jpg|thumb|Vasai Jain Temple, Bhadreshwar. Rebuilt after old temple was destroyed in [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]].]]
[[File:Harshad Temple (On Hill).jpg|thumb|The old [[Harsidhhi|Goddess Harshad]] Temple on Koyal hill is accredited to Jagadu.]]
After death of his father, Jagadu inherited business and became undertook responsibility of his family. He married Yashomati and also got his brothers married.<ref name=phd/><ref name="GujS2010">{{cite web | title=કચ્છની ધીંગી ધરાનું અણમોલ અને મહામુલું પુષ્પ એટલે દાનવીર જગડૂશાહ |author=Acharya Vatsalyadeep Suri | website=Gujarat Samachar | date=11 November 2010 | url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20101111/purti/dharmalok/dharma1.html | language=gu | access-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514080534/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20101111/purti/dharmalok/dharma1.html|archive-date=14 May 2017}}</ref>

Several legends attribute his wealth to magical events. In one legend, he was given a magical object by a shepherd which made him rich and so his philanthropic activities expanded. As Jagadu had no child, his wife advised him to pray to gods. The god of ocean had granted him boon that though he will not have children, his ships will always reach ports safely. Another legend explains that one of his assistant Jayantsimha of Upakesha lineage had acquired a stone during his stay for trading at [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]] in the Persian Gulf.<ref name="Chattopadhyaya1998">{{cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya|title=Representing the other?: Sanskrit sources and the Muslims (eighth to fourteenth century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mz9uAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-252-2|pages=62–63}}</ref> A Shaivaite Yogi told Jagadu to split open it and so he found jewels when he split it.<ref name=phd/><ref name="GujS2010"/>

He owned many ships, which he used to travel west to [[Persia]], Arabia and Africa. He traded mainly in grains, cotton and [[Indian spices|spices]]. He had a vast maritime trade empire.<ref name="YājñikaSheth2005"/><ref name="Jain1990">{{cite book|author=Vardhman Kumar Jain|title=Trade and Traders in Western India, A.D. 1000-1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OyXOAAACAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|pages=107, 79|isbn=9788121504706|quote=Jagdu had regular trade relation with Persia, was so rich that during a terrible famine lasting for three years, he was able to distribute gram free to the people. Jagdu had also built a mosque for the use of Muslims.}}</ref><ref name="SankaliaChatterjee1989">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFg8AAAAMAAJ|title=History and Archaeology: Prof. H.D. Sankalia felicitation volume|publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan|year=1989|page=405|author1=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|author-link=Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia|author2=Bhaskar Chatterjee|author3=Rabin Dev Choudhury|author4=Mandira Bhattacharyya|author5=Shri Bhagwan Singh|isbn=9788185205465 }}</ref>

He was involved in some political conflicts too and saved his town. Pithadeva, probably the [[Soomra Dynasty|Soomra]] chief of [[Nagarparkar|Para]] invaded Kutch and destroyed the town wall of Bhadreshwar. Jagadu started rebuilding the walls so he was warned by messenger from Pithadeva. The messenger had told, "When two horns grow on the head of an ass, then thou will erect here a town wall!" He refused to stop rebuilding and visited Lavanaprasada, the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] general at [[Anhilwad Patan]] under [[Bhima II]] of [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. He asked for help and he received an army from him and Pithadeva had to retreat to Para. Jagadu completed building the town wall and sent Pithadeva an obscene statue of his mother and an ass with golden horns. This also won him approval of Samma Jam, a [[Samma Dynasty|Samma]] chief of [[Sindh]] and opponent of Pithadeva. Samma Jam sent gifts to Jagadu.<ref name=phd/><ref name="GujS2010"/><ref name="Majumdar1956">{{cite book|author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar|title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat: A Survey of the History and Culture of Gujarat from the Middle of the Tenth to the End of the Thirteenth Century|url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/219763|year=1956|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=160, 338, 352}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He invited the Jain teachers to town. Following advise of his teacher Paramdeva Suri of the Purnima [[Gaccha]], he also led pilgrimages of [[Sangha (Jainism)|Jain community]] to Jain holy sites such as [[Palitana Jain temples|Shatrunjaya]] and [[Girnar Jain temples|Girnar]] after taking permission of new Vaghela chief Visaladeva. After returning, he built and renovated several Jain temples and consecrated images. He is also accredited to have rebuilt and repaired the historic [[Bhadreshwar Jain Temple|Vasai Jain temple at Bhadreshwar]]. His some notable constructions between 1250 and 1270 CE are Rishabha temple at Dhanka, a temple with 24 ''devkulika''s at [[Wadhwan]], a temple on Shatrunjaya hill and a temple with 52 ''devakulika'' at Sevadi.<ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/44|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=82}}</ref> He built wells, gardens, tanks, rest houses and a hospital. He had spent his fund to build some Hindu temples also and restored a Shaivaite temple. He had also built a ''masiti'' (a mosque) for Shimali or Khimli (identified as [[Ismaili]]s) in Bhadreshwar for Muslim traders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.001.0001/acprof-9780198060192-chapter-2|chapter=The Regions of Gujarat, c. 100–1200|last=Sheikh|first=Samira|title=Forging a Region|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780198060192|pages=54|language=en|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198060192.003.0002}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> There is still a mosque associated with Ismailis in Bhadreshwar and is considered as one of the earliest Islamic monument in India.<ref name=phd/><ref name="GujS2010"/><ref name="Jain1990"/><ref name="Khakhar1978">{{cite book|author=Dalpatrām Prānjīvan Khakhar|title=Report on the architectural and archaeological remains in the provinces of Kachh, under the direction of J. Burgess. |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10937697|year=1978|publisher=Government Central Press|page=65}}</ref><ref name="YājñikaSheth2005"/><ref name="Thapar2005">{{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|title=Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnBMFaGMabYC&pg=PA115|year=2005|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-84467-020-8|pages=115–116}}</ref>

He is accredited for building a Hindu temple of goddess Harshad or [[Harsiddhi]] on Koyal hills near old port town of [[Miyani]] near [[Porbandar]]. His statue is also placed on the right side of the goddess in the temple. The legend associated with temple goes like this: The temple of goddess was on the hill overlooking the creek. It was believed that if the eyesight of goddess fell on the ship, it would be burnt or wrecked in the sea. The fleet of ships of Jagadu wrecked due to it but he was saved. Jagadu went to the temple and observed fast for three days to please the goddess. She appeared and Jagadu persuaded her to descend the hill so her eyes do not fall on ships. She agreed to acceded to his request if he would sacrifice a buffalo each step leading down the hill. Jagadu was perplexed as being follower of [[Jainism]], he believed in non-violence. To keep his words, Jagadu brought buffaloes and sacrificed but the number fell short and the goddess was still few steps away from the new temple site. So he decided to sacrifice himself and his family. The goddess pleased for his devotion his family was brought back to life. She also granted boon that his line would not be extinguished.<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Káthiáwar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgIAQAAIAAJ|year=1884|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=190–191, 439}}</ref>

A Jain monk Deva Suri, apprised Jagadu of a famine, which will strike after a few years and instructed him to store grains for such an event and spend his wealth for benefit of people. Jagadu stored large amount of grains. After two years of famine, the royal granaries were exhausted and the prices of grains rose to one dramma for thirteen grains of gram. Jagadu was summoned to court by Visaladeva and asked about his 'seven hundred well filled granaries'. Jagadu told that he had stored the grains for the poor and declared that if the people of starvation, it would his sin. He gave 8000 ''mutaka''s (measure) of grains to Visaladeva. He also supplied 12000 ''mutaka''s grains to Hammira, the ruler of Sindh; 18000 to king Madanavarmana of [[Ujjain|Avanti]]; 21000 to the Garjanesha Mojadina of Delhi; 32000 to Pratapasimha of [[Varanasi|Kashi]] and 12000 to king Skandhila. He also helped people by providing grains for three years from 1256 to 1258 CE ([[Vikram Samvat]] 1313<ref name=xcv/> to 1315).<ref name=phd/><ref name="Jain1990"/><ref name="YājñikaSheth2005">{{cite book|author1=Acyuta Yājñika|author2=Suchitra Sheth|title=The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&pg=PA45|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-400038-8|pages=45–46}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

After famine ended, he was visited by Nagada, the minister of Visaladeva. Then the horses were precious commodity and they were imported from the Persian Gulf at the great cost, mostly for military use. One ship carrying horses shipwrecked near Bhadreshwar coast and only one horse survived and reached the coast. The horse had a paper attached to his neck with name of Jagadu on it. The horse was claimed by Nagada as a royal property which was contested by Jagadu and claimed as his own. It is a testimonial to his influence.<ref name=phd/>

His biography ends with death of Jagadu. His funeral was attended by royals.<ref name=phd/>

He had adopted a son. Champsi, a renowned merchant during reign of [[Mahmud Begada]], was his descendant.<ref name=xcv>{{cite book|title=Indian Culture: Journal of the Indian Research Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GBDAAAAYAAJ|year=1984|publisher=I.B. Corporation|page=89}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Jagadu is continued to be known for his philanthropy especially during the famine. Several Gujarati plays depicting events from his life are produced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/article/DGUJ-1132951-1759376.html|title='ઉમંગ'ની ઝલકમાં ઝળકયું ગુજરાત|date=2011-01-16|work=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|access-date=2017-05-14|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/article/KUT-581172-1025673.html|title=વસઇ તીર્થમાં 'કચ્છના દાનવીર શેઠ જગડુશા' નાટકની જમાવટ|date=2010-06-03|work=Divya Bhaskar|access-date=2017-05-14|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/article/KUT-1088473-1702381.html|title=જમાદાર ફતેહમહંમદ અને શેઠ જગડુશા રણમાં પહોંચ્યા!|date=2010-12-29|work=Divya Bhaskar|access-date=2017-05-14|language=gu}}</ref>

There is a shrine and [[paliya|memorial stone]] dedicated to him at Bardai Brahmin Dharmashala (rest house) in Jhundala near [[Porbandar]].<ref name="GuS2011">{{cite web | title=૧૩ કવચના ગરબા ગાઈ નાગર, સોની અને વણિક જ્ઞાાતી દ્વારા થતી માંની ભક્તિ | website=[[Gujarat Samachar]] | date=29 September 2011 | url=http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20110929/gujarat/sau5.html | language=gu | access-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514075247/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20110929/gujarat/sau5.html|archive-date=14 May 2017}}</ref> There is a ruined tower on the opposite bank of [[Aji River, Gujarat|Aji River]] near [[Rajkot]] which is attributed to him.<ref name="GBP"/> A locality in [[Ghatkopar]] suburb of [[Mumbai]] is named Jagadusha Nagar after him.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Indian merchants]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]

Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat

2026-04-24T03:31:46Z

YvetteSawtell2: starting a entry

{{short description|Indian spiritual organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox organisation
|name = Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat
|image = jagadguru_Kripalu_Parishat.png
|caption = Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat
|abbreviation = JKP
|formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1970|p=y}} {{nowrap|Mangarh, [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[India]]}}
|founder = [[Kripalu Maharaj]]
|type = [[Nonprofit Organization]]
|status = [[Charitable Trust]]
|purpose = [[Educational]], [[Philanthropic]], [[Spirituality]]
|membership =
|headquarters = Mangarh, [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], India; [[Vrindavan]], India
|region_served = Worldwide
|leader_title = President
|leader_name = Dr. Shyama Tripathi & Dr. Krishna Tripathi
|affiliations = [[Hinduism]]
|website = {{url|http://jkp.org.in/}} {{url|https://www.jkpliterature.org.in}}
}}

'''Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat''' '''(JKP)''', previously known as '''Sadhna Bhawan Trust''', is a [[Charitable organization|charitable religious organization]] in [[India]].<ref name="widows" /><ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /><ref name="timesofindia">[[Times of India]]. (30 Jul 2016)."Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat's Tripathi among 'Top 50 Indian Icon's'" Retrieved from: [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Jagadguru-Kripalu-Parishats-Tripathi-among-Top-50-Indian-Icons/articleshow/53462463.cms]</ref><ref name="libraryofcongress">[[Library of Congress]]. "Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat". Retrieved from: https://www.loc.gov/item/2014632766/</ref><ref name="nelsonmandela1">Indo American News. (1 May 2014). "Nelson Mandela Peace Award Bestowed on the Charitable Organization Supported by Austin Based Hindu Temple". Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.indoamerican-news.com/?p=25032]</ref><ref name="Jagadguru Reference3">{{cite news |date=3 April 2020 |title=TMassive Winter Distributions to Those in Need 35000 Impoverished Individuals Given Winter ResourcesHE WEEK |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2019/12/18/pwr3-jagadguru%20kripalu%20parishat.html |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=The Week |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218083346/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2019/12/18/pwr3-jagadguru%20kripalu%20parishat.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was established in 1970 by [[Kripalu Maharaj]]<ref>Hutton, F. (16 August 2008). "Rose Lore: Essays in Semiotics and Cultural History". Lexington Books</ref><ref>Walker, J.K. 2007. The Concise Guide to Today's Religions and Spirituality. [[Harvest House]].</ref> and is currently administered by three presidents appointed by him.<ref name="widows">Chhabra, G. (1 December 2015). "Vidhwa Bhoj organized by JKP at Prem Mandir". Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.aajkikhabar.com/en/vidhwa-bhoj-organized-by-jkp-at-prem-mandir/]</ref><ref name="womenseducation">[[Indo-Asian News Service]]. (19 December 2015). Women's education will contribute to development. Retrieved 27 July 2016 from: [http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/women-s-education-will-contribute-to-development-manisha-koirala-115121900787_1.html]</ref><ref name="nelsonmandela">[[Indo-Asian News Service]]. (20 April 2014). "JKP Education gets Nelson Mandela Peace Award". Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jpk-education-gets-nelson-mandela-peace-award-114042000506_1.html]</ref><ref name="doctorate">{{cite news | newspaper=[[Business Standard]] | date=7 June 2014 | title=JKP Education Trust president conferred doctorate | accessdate=10 March 2019 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jkp-education-trust-president-conferred-doctorate-114060700475_1.html}}</ref> The organization oversees three major temples: Bhakti Mandir in [[Kripalu Dham Mangarh|Mangarh]], [[Prem Mandir, Vrindavan|Prem Mandir]] in [[Vrindavan]], and [[Kirti Mandir, Barsana|Kirti Mandir]] in [[Barsana]].<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" />

== Monuments ==

* Prem Mandir is a religious and spiritual complex situated on a 54‑acre site on the outskirts of [[Vrindavan]], [[Mathura]], India. It is dedicated to the Hindu deities [[Radha Krishna]], [[Rama]] and [[Sita]], and is built from Italian marble. It first opened to the public on 17 February 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jkpliterature.org.in/prem-mandir-souvenir-1|title=The story behind Prem Mandir|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816125948/https://www.jkpliterature.org.in/prem-mandir-souvenir-1|archive-date=16 August 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=}}</ref> In March 2026, the President of India, Droupadi Murmu, visited the temple complex as part of a three-day spiritual tour. During her visit, she performed the evening Aarti, witnessed the musical fountain and laser show, and was presented with a book on the life of Jagadguru Kripalu Ji Maharaj by the temple authorities. <ref name="NewsOnAIR2026">{{cite news |last=News On AIR |title=President Droupadi Murmu visits Vrindavan, performs Aarti at temples |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/president-droupadi-murmu-visits-vrindavan-performs-aarti-at-temples/ |access-date=March 23, 2026 |publisher=Prasar Bharati |date=March 19, 2026}}</ref> <ref name="HT2026">{{cite news |last=Hindustan Times |title=President Murmu visits temples, attends several programmes in Mathura |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/president-murmu-visits-temples-attends-several-programmes-in-mathura-101773936787909.html |access-date=March 23, 2026 |date=March 19, 2026}}</ref>

* Prem Bhavan is a 73,000‑square‑foot temple in the form of a pillarless dome, constructed adjacent to Prem Mandir. It can accommodate up to 25,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prem Mandir {{!}} District Mathura, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://mathura.nic.in/tourist-place/prem-mandir/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Bhakti Mandir, located in [[Mangarh]], is a 108‑foot‑tall stone temple built with pink sandstone, white marble, and black granite. The foundation stone was laid on 26 October 1996, and the temple was inaugurated in November 2005.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}
* Bhakti Bhavan, also in [[Mangarh]], is a 73,000‑square‑foot pillar-less dome located next to Bhakti Mandir.
* '''[[Radha Madhav Dham]]''' (Shree Raseshwari Radha Rani Temple) is located in [[Hays County, Texas|Hays County]], near [[Austin, Texas]], United States. Covering approximately 35,000 square feet (3,300 m^2), the temple is topped by a 90-foot (27 m) dome clad in white and blue granite and gold. It is described as one of the largest Hindu temple complexes in the Western world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Radha Madhav Dham {{!}} Radha Madhav Dham |url=https://radhamadhavdham.org/about-radha-madhav-dham/ |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=radhamadhavdham.org}}</ref>
* Kirti Mandir, in Barsana,<ref name="aa">{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/uttar-pradesh/agra/kirti-mandir-barsana-in-mathura|title=Kirati Mandir Inauguration 7-Feb-2019}} Retrieved August 2016</ref> stands 111 feet tall and features 12 pillars made from Emerald Peri Granite. The main entrance pillar was erected by [[Kripalu Maharaj]]. Inside are four carved panels and 24 half-pillars decorated with depictions of [[Sakhis]].<ref name="jkp-km">{{cite web|url=https://jkp.org.in/monuments-kirti-mandir/|title=Intro to Kirati Mandir}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==

Under JKP Trust, Kripalu Maharaj established three main groups. In March 2020, JKP presidents [[Vishakha Tripathi]], Shyama Tripathi, and Krishna Tripathi announced a contribution of Rs 10,000,000 to the PM CARES Fund.<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1">{{cite news |title=Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat Contributes 100 Lakhs to PM CARES Fund for COVID-19 Relief |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jagadguru-kripalu-parishat-contributes-100-lakhs-to-pm-cares-fund-for-covid-19-relief-120033101102_1.html |publisher=Business Standard India |date=31 March 2020}}</ref> The initiative was intended to support the Uttar Pradesh state government’s response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 outbreak.]]<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" />
=== JKP Hospitals ===

A philanthropic hospital, Jagadguru Kripalu Chikitsalaya (JKC)<ref name=timesofindia /><ref>Tewari, A. (18 September 2015). "Jagadguru Kripalu Chikitsalaya will be a boon for Brajwasis". Aaj Ki Khabar. Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.aajkikhabar.com/en/jagadguru-kripalu-chikitsalaya-will-be-a-boon-for-brajwasis-santosh-gangwar/]</ref> was established in 2003. The organization aims to help sick people of remote locations in India, where there is lack of medical facilities. The setup of JKC began with the construction of two hospitals in Uttar Pradesh: first in [[Kunda, India|Kunda]] in November 2003<ref name="vrindavanhospital">[[Business Standard]]. (18 September 2015). "Gangwar opens free Jagadguru Kripalu Chikitsalaya in Vrindavan". Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gangwar-opens-free-jagadguru-kripalu-chikitsalaya-in-vrindavan-115091800745_1.html]</ref><ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /> and second in Barsana in January 2007.<ref name=vrindavanhospital /><ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /> In September 2015, JKC opened its third facility in Vrindavan,<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /><ref name=vrindavanhospital /> housing medical equipment, doctors' and nurses' living quarters, as well as 100 beds to treat patients. These facilities offer healthcare to local village populations.<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" />

=== JKP Education ===

Under JKP, the Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat Education<ref name="indianiconaward">Aaj Ki Khabar. (6 July 2016). "Dr. Vishakha Tripathi to be conferred with Indian Icon Award". Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.aajkikhabar.com/en/dr-vishakha-tripathi-conferred-indian-icon-award/]</ref><ref>The South Asian Times. (12 Aug 2015). "JKP recognised for women empowerment". Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.thesouthasiantimes.info/news-JKP_recognised_for_women_empowerment-106305-India-30.html]</ref> (JKPE), provides free schooling to over 5,000 village girls<ref name="Jagadguru Reference2">{{cite news |date=30 July 2016 |title=Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat's Tripathi among 'Top 50 Indian Icons' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/jagadguru-kripalu-parishats-tripathi-among-top-50-indian-icons/333494/ |access-date=8 March 2021 |publisher=The Financial Express}}</ref><ref name=timesofindia /> living near and around Kunda.<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /> The education covers pre-primary to postgraduate levels.<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /> Using technology and amenities<ref name=award /> through three institutions in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]],<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /> [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="award">[[Indo-Asian News Service]]. (21 August 2015). "JKP Education gets another award". Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=346662]</ref> Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat Education provides education to underprivileged girls from Pratapgarh and nearby areas and has helped over 55,000 children from these areas.<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /> Warm jackets and food bowls are provided regularly for school children from Pratapgarh, Vrindavan, and Barsana.<ref name="Jagadguru Reference3" />

=== JKP Social ===

JKP Social provides an array of social services<ref name="Jagadguru Reference2" /> through various funds that help widows, the poor, and the underprivileged.<ref name=floods>[[Yahoo! News]]. (26 June 2013). "Kripaluji donates Rs. 1 crore for Uttarakhand victims". Retrieved July 2016 from: https://in.news.yahoo.com/kripaluji-donates-rs-1-crore-uttarakhand-victims-124604705.html</ref> As of April 2020, 35,000 impoverished people had received resources from JKP to stay comfortable during the 2019 winter.<ref name="Jagadguru Reference3" /> The Poor Relief Fund has provided resources like blankets, jackets, clothing, food items, school bags, furniture (such as benches or chairs), and many other necessities annually to nearly 100,000 impoverished residents of [[Braj]], located in Vrindavan and Barsana.<ref name="Jagadguru Reference1" /><ref name="Jagadguru Reference3" />

==Awards==

* UP State Mahotsav Award, a state-level award for charity in health and education, received on 10 January 2015{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=P. T. I. |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/press-release/an-icon-of-selfless-service-remembering-her-holiness-sushri-dr-vishakha-tripathi/2018603 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=www.ptinews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Zee Sargam Award, a national-level award for social service and education of girls, was received on 5 November 2014{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}
* Nelson Mandela Award, a national award for charitable contribution to society, 19 April 2014<ref name="Jagadguru Reference2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/nelson_mandela_peace_award_bestowed_on_the_charitable_organization_supported_by_austin_based_hindu_temple/prweb11789325.htm|title=Nelson Mandela Peace Award Bestowed on the Charitable Organization Supported by Austin Based Hindu Temple|publisher=}}</ref>
* Nari Today Award by I Next for extraordinary work, remarkable contribution in female education, received in 2013{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}
* Mother Teresa Excellence Award by the Economic Growth Society of India for educating girls, received in 2013<ref name="Jagadguru Reference2" />
* Rajiv Gandhi Excellence Award, noted as India's highest honor for outstanding achievements in charity, in May 2012<ref name="Jagadguru Reference2" /><ref name="gandhiaward">[[Indo-Asian News Service]]. (22 May 2013). JKP Education gets Rajiv Gandhi Global Excellence Award. Retrieved July 2016 from: [http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jkp-education-gets-rajiv-gandhi-global-excellence-award-with-image-113052200564_1.html]</ref>
* Top 50 Indian Icon award<ref name=timesofindia />

==Allegations against Kripalu Maharaj==

* In the 1990s, Kripalu Maharaj was arrested for allegedly raping two young girls. In the end, the prosecution was disbelieved due to a lack of evidence, however, many are skeptical of the verdict.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 1995 |title=Priya Sharan Maharaj Alias Yadavendra ... vs State Of Maharashtra |url=https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/150462/?big=3&formInput=molest |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>
* In 2010, Kripalu Maharaj was arrested in Trinidad and Tobago after a 22-year-old Guyanese woman alleged that she was raped by Kripalu after going to seek spiritual assistance in one of his religious centers. The case was ultimately dropped due to a lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramoutar |first=Paras |date=Jul 28, 2007 |title=Sex charges against Swami dropped |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/sex-charges-against-swami-dropped/story-iozLyX8BecxVjijzQH0gVP.html |website=Hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://jkphospitals.org/ JKP Hospitals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105055957/http://jkphospitals.org/ |date=5 January 2014 }}
*[http://jkpeducation.org/ JKP Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127133915/http://jkpeducation.org/ |date=27 January 2022 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Krishnaite Vaishnava denominations]]
[[Category:Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Hindu relief organizations]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1970]]
[[Category:Health charities in India]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Girl in White Cotton

2026-04-23T03:32:48Z

YvetteSawtell2: started a data...

{{short description|Novel by Avni Doshi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Girl in White Cotton
| image = Girl in White Cotton (Avni Doshi).png
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Cover of first edition (India)
| author = [[Avni Doshi]]
| audio_read_by = [[Vineeta Rishi]]
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| genre =
| set_in = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| publisher = Fourth Estate ([[HarperCollins India]])
| pub_date = 25 August 2019
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages = 288
| awards =
| isbn = 978-93-5357-138-2
| isbn_note =
| oclc = 1112137808
| dewey =
| congress =
}}
'''''Girl in White Cotton''''' is the [[debut novel]] by [[Avni Doshi]], an American writer of Indian origin. Doshi wrote the novel over the course of seven years. It tells the story of a troubled mother-daughter relationship in [[Pune]], [[India]]. The novel was first published in India in August 2019. It was published in the United Kingdom under the title '''''Burnt Sugar''''' in July 2020.

The novel was shortlisted for the [[2020 Booker Prize|2020]] [[Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Alex |date=15 September 2020 |title=Debut Novelists and Women Dominate Booker Prize Shortlist |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/15/books/booker-prize-shortlist.html |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{quote box
| quote="Art writing felt like a farce; the text could never stand up to the objects themselves, never hold its own weight. I was interested in exploring something else – writing that existed in conversation with, or in resistance to, the art itself. Fiction became my form of rebellion."
| source = —[[Avni Doshi]]<ref name=":0" />
| width = 20em
| align = left
| style = padding:8px;
}}
The novel was written by Doshi over the course of seven years.<ref name="Telegraph" /> In 2012, while working as a curator and art writer in [[Mumbai]], Doshi wrote her first draft of the novel in order to meet the deadline for the Tibor Jones South Asia prize for an unpublished manuscript. She won the prize in a unanimous decision by its five judges.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Elle |date=28 July 2020 |title=Booker nominee Avni Doshi: 'Women feared my ambivalence towards motherhood' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/28/avni-doshi-women-feared-my-ambivalence-towards-motherhood-booker-prize-interview-burnt-sugar |access-date=19 September 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> She began writing the novel in [[Pune]].<ref name="Firstpost">{{Cite web |last=Kelkar |first=Suhit |date=10 December 2019 |title=Girl in White Cotton: Author Avni Doshi on the triggers, themes and processes that underlie her novel |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/girl-in-white-cotton-author-avni-doshi-on-the-triggers-themes-and-processes-that-underlie-her-novel-7744381.html |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Doshi credits a moment while in her grandmother's flat in Pune when a distortion in a mirror warped her reflection, and she saw two different people in her face. The same day, she wrote what would later become the first fragment of the novel.<ref name="bookerinterview">{{Cite web |date=11 August 2020 |title=Interview with longlisted author Avni Doshi |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/booker-prize/news/interview-longlisted-author-avni-doshi |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref> Doshi has said, "The images in my mind were vivid. A mother and a daughter, a woman with a split reflection, a drawing partially erased."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 November 2020 |title=On the brink of a Booker: 2020's shortlisted authors on the stories behind their novels |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/13/on-the-brink-of-a-booker-2020s-shortlisted-authors-on-the-stories-behind-their-novels |access-date=15 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> She continued her writing of the novel in Mumbai, the United States and the [[United Arab Emirates]], where she started and completed the final draft. Doshi struggled to complete the novel, writing eight different drafts over seven years.<ref name="Firstpost" /> The drafts varied drastically and were written with different points of view and voices. Doshi described the process as a "dark and difficult journey" of fighting self-doubt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Sonam |date=5 August 2020 |title=Indian women are wowing the West with their first novels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/indian-women-are-wowing-the-west-with-their-first-novels/articleshow/77374522.cms |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Doshi |first=Avni |date=13 September 2019 |title=Art historian and new mother Avni Doshi recalls her struggle with writing and the years she spent fighting self-doubt |url=https://elle.in/article/avni-doshi/ |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[Elle India]]}}</ref> The novel was partially inspired by her mother's familial connection to the Osho ashram in Pune, created in 1976 by the guru [[Rajneesh|Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]].<ref name="Guardian" /> However, Doshi has stressed that the novel is not autobiographical and that the relationship at its centre is not based on her relationship with her own mother.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Ashleigh |date=19 July 2020 |title=Dubai author Avni Doshi on the long road to getting published: 'It's been a difficult journey' |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/dubai-author-avni-doshi-on-the-long-road-to-getting-published-it-s-been-a-difficult-journey-1.1051009 |access-date=15 February 2026 |website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20260215204534/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/books/dubai-author-avni-doshi-on-the-long-road-to-getting-published-it-s-been-a-difficult-journey-1.1051009|archive-date=15 February 2026|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Guardian" /> Doshi was also partly inspired by [[Sheila Heti]]'s [[autobiographical novel]] ''[[Motherhood (novel)|Motherhood]]'' (2018).<ref name="TLS" />

== Synopsis ==
In Pune, Antara must care for her ageing mother Tara who is experiencing memory loss from what is suspected to be [[Early-onset Alzheimer's disease|early onset Alzheimer's disease]]. Tara lived a rebellious and careless life, abandoning her marriage to join an ashram and pursure a romance with a guru. Antara was neglected and abused by her mother as a child. Antara reckons with the contempt she holds for her mother as she is forced to [[Dementia caregiving|care]] for her.

"I would be lying if I said my mother's misery has never given me pleasure" is the opening sentence of the novel.

== Themes ==
Doshi described "obsession, memory and the boundaries of the self" as being the novel's main themes. Particularly, how memory is "co-authored" by the people who collectively remember specific stories and continue to restate and rearrange them, altering each other's memories in the process.<ref name="Firstpost" /> The theme of the fallibility of memory was partly inspired by Doshi's own grandmother who was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease while she was writing the novel. Her mother felt she was "going mad" while being with her grandmother. The concept of how caretakers often "question their own hold on reality" influenced Doshi's writing.<ref name="bookerinterview" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Charlesworth |first=Antonia |date=7 August 2020 |title=Author Q&A: Avni Doshi |url=https://www.bigissuenorth.com/reading-room/2020/08/author-qa-avni-doshi/ |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=Big Issue North}}</ref> Doshi admits a parallel between Antara's preoccupation with Alzheimer's and her own, saying, "She makes sense of the disease through drawing it, and I made sense of it through writing this novel."<ref name="bookerinterview" />

== Publication ==
The novel was first published under the title ''Girl in White Cotton'' in India in 2019. It was acquired by editor Rahul Soni<ref>{{cite web |last=Dhar |first=Arshia |title=With only two years in mainstream publishing, how editor Rahul Soni carved a niche with empathy, resolve |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/with-only-two-years-in-mainstream-publishing-how-editor-rahul-soni-carved-a-niche-with-empathy-resolve-8090211.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=4 March 2020 |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> and published in hardcover format by Fourth Estate, an imprint of [[HarperCollins India]], on 25 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girl in White Cotton (Burnt Sugar) |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/girl-in-white-cotton/ |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref> Doshi received offers from three publishers immediately after her literary agent presented the novel for sale.<ref name="Firstpost" /> Shortly after its publication, the novel was recommended by ''[[Vogue India]]'' and was praised by several writers, including [[Fatima Bhutto]], [[Elizabeth Gilbert]], [[Olivia Sudjic]], [[Tishani Doshi]], [[Janice Pariat]], [[Diksha Basu]] and [[Sharlene Teo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Sana |date=10 September 2019 |title=8 fiction books by first-time Indian authors you should be reading right now |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/best-new-fiction-books-by-first-time-indian-authors |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[Vogue India]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian" /> On 13 September 2019, British publisher [[Hamish Hamilton]] announced it had bought the world English volume, audio and serial rights to the novel and would publish it in summer 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Heloise |date=13 September 2019 |title=Hamish Hamilton scoops Avni Doshi's 'sharp' betrayal novel |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/hamish-hamilton-scoops-avni-doshis-sharp-betrayal-novel-1081106 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Bookseller]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2019 |title=Hamish Hamilton scoops Avni Doshi's sharp betrayal novel 'Burnt Sugar' |url=https://www.pontas-agency.com/hamish-hamilton-scoops-avni-doshis-sharp-betrayal-novel-burnt-sugar/ |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=Pontas Agency}}</ref> On 30 July 2020, the novel was published under the title ''Burnt Sugar'' in paperback format in the United Kingdom by Hamish Hamilton.<ref>{{Cite web  |title=Burnt Sugar |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/317214/burnt-sugar/9780241441510.html |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=www.penguin.co.uk}}</ref> An audiobook narrated by [[Vineeta Rishi]] was released by [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] the same day.<ref>{{Cite web  |title=Burnt Sugar |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/317214/burnt-sugar/9780241990865.html |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=www.penguin.co.uk}}</ref> Doshi was also interviewed the same day on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'' programme to coincide the novel's UK publication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2020 |title=Whipped cream on The Fourth Plinth, Derry Girls creator Lisa McGee, and Booker Prize nominated Avni Doshi |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000l8r7 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]] |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]]}}</ref> The novel was published in the United States by [[The Overlook Press]] on 26 January 2021, also under the title ''Burnt Sugar''.<ref>{{Cite web  |title=Burnt Sugar (Hardcover) |url=https://abramsbooks.com/product/burnt-sugar_9781419752926/ |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=[[Abrams Books]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The novel's opening sentence was singled out and praised by many critics for its strength and for being memorable.<ref name="The Hindu" /><ref name="Scroll" /><ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="The Times" /><ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="TLS" /><ref name="Hindustan Times" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Sayantan |date=28 December 2019 |title=Read these, if you haven't already |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/read-these-if-you-haven-t-already/cid/1730998 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pierce|first=Barry|date=13 September 2020|title=Booker Prize 2020: reviews of Burnt Sugar, The Shadow King and Shuggie Bain|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/booker-prize-2020-reviews-of-burnt-sugar-the-shadow-king-and-shuggie-bain-1.4342960|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

Saudamini Jain of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised Doshi's characterization in the novel, writing, "Their feelings and resentments — even in alien situations — are uncannily identifiable."<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Saudamini |date=14 February 2020 |title=Review: Girl in White Cotton by Avni Doshi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-girl-in-white-cotton-by-avni-doshi/story-AvQjwthj5TPzM94bQk2BMJ.html |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Esha Datanwala of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' gave the novel a rave review, praising its narrative structure and Doshi for knowing "exactly how to make her characters human, how to describe Pune and Bombay to elicit nostalgia, how to cut through the frivolity of modern writers and say exactly what is appropriate."<ref name="Scroll">{{Cite web |last=Datanwala |first=Esha |date=21 September 2019 |title=This not-romance between a daughter and her mother is a sensitive study in relationships |url=https://scroll.in/article/937928/this-not-romance-between-a-daughter-and-her-mother-is-a-sensitive-study-in-relationships |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> Rohan Manoj of ''[[The Hindu]]'' agreed, praising Doshi's "crisp prose" and her "powers of observation" regarding human relationships and the "physical reality" of both Pune and Mumbai.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web |last=Manoj |first=Rohan |date=21 December 2019 |title=Sadness and schadenfreude: Review of Avni Doshi's 'Girl in White Cotton' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/sadness-and-schadenfreude-review-of-avni-doshis-girl-in-white-cotton/article30357196.ece |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Paromita Chakrabarti of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it a "hard, unflinching look at familial bonds and how they damn us and unravel us."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakrabarti |first=Paromita |date=17 February 2020 |title=Avni Doshi talks about exploring memory and the bitter aftertaste of messy relationships |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/girl-in-white-cotton-avni-doshi-book-on-relationships-6271366/ |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Urvashi Bahuguna]] of ''[[India Today]]'' praised the novel for revealing "the limited power afforded to women and the price they pay for acting in their own interest."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahuguna |first=Urvashi |date=18 October 2019 |title=Out of Order |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20191028-out-of-order-1610707-2019-10-18 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Francesca Carington of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' gave the novel a perfect 5 out of 5 stars rating, praising Doshi's "feverish prose" and calling it a "corrosive, compulsive debut."<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|last=Carington|first=Francesca|date=16 August 2020|title=Burnt Sugar by Avni Doshi, review: a feverish portrayal of corroded love|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/burnt-sugar-avni-doshi-review-feverish-portrayal-corroded-love/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200919032902/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/burnt-sugar-avni-doshi-review-feverish-portrayal-corroded-love/|archive-date=19 September 2020|access-date=15 February 2023|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In his review for ''[[The Times]]'', John Self called it "a good debut, but by declaring it one of the year's very best novels, the Booker judges might have given it as much a burden as an accolade."<ref name="The Times">{{cite news |last=Self |first=John|date=28 August 2020|title=Burnt Sugar by Avni Doshi|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/burnt-sugar-by-avni-doshi-the-standardization-of-demoralization-procedures-by-jennifer-hofmann-reviews-zg85h2x9l|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210804131246/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/burnt-sugar-by-avni-doshi-the-standardization-of-demoralization-procedures-by-jennifer-hofmann-reviews-zg85h2x9l|archive-date=4 August 2021|access-date=19 September 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Alex Peake-Tomkinson of ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' praised the rapid changes in tone of Doshi's prose for enlivening the novel but largely criticized it for capitulating to an "urge to shock", calling the novel "needlessly depressing" at times.<ref name="TLS">{{Cite web |last=Peake-Tomkinson |first=Alex |date=18 September 2020 |title=Maternal taboos?: Guilt and memory in Avni Doshi's ''Burnt Sugar'' |url=https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/burnt-sugar-avni-doshi-review-alex-peake-tomkinson/ |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Times Literary Supplement]]}}</ref> Elle Hunt of ''[[The Guardian]]'' called it "an unsettling, sinewy debut, startling in its venom and disarming in its humour from the very first sentence".<ref name="Guardian" />

=== Accolades ===
The novel was shortlisted for the [[2020 Booker Prize|2020]] [[Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Booker Prize 2020 |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/fiction/2020 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=thebookerprizes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=Booker Prize 2020: Four debuts make shortlist as Hilary Mantel misses out |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-54158215 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |last2=Cain |first2=Sian |date=15 September 2020 |title=Most diverse Booker prize shortlist ever as Hilary Mantel misses out |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/15/most-diverse-booker-prize-shortlist-is-also-almost-all-american-hilary-mantel |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waite-Taylor |first=Eva |date=15 September 2020 |title=Booker Prize 2020: The shortlisted novels you need to read |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/indybest/books/fiction-books/booker-prize-2020-shortlist-man-fiction-books-novel-nominees-douglas-stuart-b446659.html |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> Judges of the prize called the novel an "utterly compelling read" that "examines a complex and unusual mother-daughter relationship with honest, unflinching realism – sometimes emotionally wrenching but also cathartic, written with poignancy and memorability."<ref>{{Cite web |author=PTI |date=16 September 2020 |title=Indian-origin author Avni Doshi on Booker Prize shortlist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/indian-origin-author-avni-doshi-on-booker-prize-shortlist/article32618146.ece |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Aditi |date=16 September 2020 |title=Indian-Origin Author Avni Doshi Shortlisted for Booker Prize |url=https://thewire.in/books/indian-origin-author-avni-doshi-shortlisted-for-booker-prize |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>

It was longlisted for the 2019 Tata Literature Live! First Book Award for Fiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Literature Live! First Book Award – Fiction |url=https://tatalitlive.in/awards/tata-literature-live-first-book-award-fiction |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422015056/https://tatalitlive.in/awards/tata-literature-live-first-book-award-fiction |archive-date=22 April 2020 |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=Tata Literature Live!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2019 |title=Tata Literature Live! The Mumbai LitFest announces longlists for five literary awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-mumbai-litfest-announces-longlists-for-five-literary-awards-6099259/ |access-date=19 September 2020 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
On 5 November 2021, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that Indian filmmaker [[Deepa Mehta]], known for her [[Elements trilogy|''Elements'' trilogy]], would direct a film adaptation of the novel, with [[Ben Silverman]]'s [[Propagate Content]] producing the film and Carmen Nasr writing the screenplay.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|author-link=Naman Ramachandran|date=5 November 2021|title=Deepa Mehta to Direct Adaptation of Avni Doshi's Bestselling Novel 'Burnt Sugar' for Propagate Content|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/global/deepa-mehta-avni-doshi-burnt-sugar-propagate-1235105686/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref>

A theatre adaptation is also in development by The Lot Productions, who acquired the theatre rights and plan the play to premiere in London during their 2023 season.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Bayley|first=Sian|date=5 November 2021|title=Propagate Content snaps up film rights to Doshi's Burnt Sugar|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/propogate-content-snaps-film-rights-doshis-burnt-sugar-1288112|url-access=limited|url-status=live|magazine=[[The Bookseller]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20221214071756/https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/propogate-content-snaps-film-rights-doshis-burnt-sugar-1288112|archive-date=14 December 2022|access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Girl in White Cotton}}
[[Category:2019 debut novels]]
[[Category:2019 American novels]]
[[Category:2019 Indian novels]]
[[Category:First-person narrative novels]]
[[Category:Literature by Asian-American women]]
[[Category:Novels set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Pune in fiction]]
[[Category:Novels about ageing]]
[[Category:Novels about Indian women]]
[[Category:Fiction about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Books about Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Fourth Estate books]]
[[Category:Novels about dementia]]

Nandnama

2026-04-22T08:17:13Z

YvetteSawtell2: created stub

{{Short description|Village in Lakhisarai, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{original research|date=September 2012}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2021}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
}}
'''Nandnama''' or '''Nand Nama''' is one of the largest villages in the [[Ramgarh Chowk]] Block of the [[Lakhisarai district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. It is 14 km south of the administrative district headquarters in [[Lakhisarai]] and 134 km from the state capital, [[Patna]]. It currently has a population of 15,000 and is connected to nearby areas by road and railway. It includes several schools, colleges and other educational institutions.

Nandnama 's nearest village

Ramgarh Chowk (6 KM), Tetarhat (8 KM), [[Beldariya]] (10 KM), Kaindi (12 KM), Jhulauna Chowk (9 KM)

== Economy ==

Agriculture is the main occupation, with a majority of the population engaged in cultivating crops such as [[rice]], [[wheat]], [[onions]] and [[mango]]es.

== Festivals ==

People living in Nand Nama celebrate various religious and social events. Some of them are among the non-religious festivals that celebrate regional culture. Many local festivals celebrate the locals' lifestyle, such as those related to the change of seasons and the harvest. The most prominent fairs and festivals include the [[Chhath|Chhath Fasting]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Nag Panchami]], [[Holi]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Muharram]].

== Transport ==

* [[Kiul Junction]]
* [[Lakhisarai Junction]]
* [[National Highway 80]]
* [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], Patna, around 125 km

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25.1678|N|86.0944|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Lakhisarai district]]

{{Lakhisarai-geo-stub}}

Khadaan

2026-04-18T10:45:54Z

YvetteSawtell2: starting a info!

{{Short description|2024 Indian Bengali action film by Soojit Dutta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khadaan
| image = Khadaan (2024) film poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = Soojit Rino Dutta
| producer = [[Nispal Singh]] [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]
| screenplay = Biswaroop Biswas Soojit Rino Dutta '''Additional screenplay:''' Rohit-Soumyo
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Soojit Rino Dutta Biswaroop Biswas
}}
| story = Soojit Rino Dutta
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Barkha Bisht]] [[Idhika Paul]] [[Anirban Chakrabarti]]
| music = '''Songs:''' Rathijit Bhattacharjee [[Nilayan Chatterjee]] [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] '''Background score:''' Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| narrator = [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]]
| cinematography = Shailesh Awashthi
| editing = MD. Kalam
| studio = [[Surinder Films]] Dev Entertainment Ventures
| distributor = Surinder Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|12|20}}
| runtime = 137:11 minutes<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev says Khadaan not getting enough shows in Bengal to open advance bookings |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-attributes-delay-in-opening-khadaan-advance-bookings-to-unavailability-of-shows/cid/2071638 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=18 December 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| gross = {{INR|25-26 crore}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=বক্স অফিসে ১০ কোটি পার রঘু ডাকাতের! মেগাস্টার দেব ধরা ছোঁয়ার বাইরে, ফের প্রমাণিত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-crosses-10-cr-says-producer-mahendra-soni-31759862045940.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103030003/https://www.msn.com/bn-in/entertainment/topstories/raghu-dakat-bo-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%81%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A4/ar-AA1O3qvr |archive-date=3 January 2026 |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2025 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="ap">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-29 |title=‘১২:১ মানুষ চেনাল! এই শিক্ষা যথেষ্ট, আমার কোনও অভিযোগ নেই’, স্ক্রিনিং কমিটির বৈঠক নিয়ে দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dev-is-not-supporting-screening-committees-all-isues-dgtl/cid/1657409 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230053227/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/why-dev-is-not-supporting-screening-committees-all-isues-dgtl/cid/1657409 |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR|6-8 crore}}<ref>{{cite news |title=ঐতিহাসিক! রিলিজের আগেই নজির গড়ল দেবের 'খাদান'... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/dev-khadaan-makes-history-as-first-bengali-film-get-2am-show-556178 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=19 December 2024|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee|first1=Priyanka|title=৬ কোটির বাজেট, প্রথম দিন ফাটিয়ে ব্যবসা, কত আয় করল খাদান? তবু কীসের আফসোস দেবের! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-day-1-box-office-collection-dev-jisshu-starrer-earns-almost-77-lakh-31734770556523.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226032204/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-day-1-box-office-collection-dev-jisshu-starrer-earns-almost-77-lakh-31734770556523.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 December 2024|language=bn}}</ref><ref name="ap"/>
}}

'''''Khadaan''''' ({{IPA|bn|kʰa.dan}}; {{Translation|[[Quarry]]}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action film|action thriller film]] written and directed by Soojit Rino Dutta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadaan teaser: Dev and Jisshu Sengupta form an unexpected friendship |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/khadaan-teaser-dev-and-jisshu-sengupta-form-an-unexpected-friendship-68127.html |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='কী ভেবেছিস, অ্যাকশনটা ভুলে গিয়েছি', 'খাদান'-এর ঝলকে কোন ইঙ্গিত দিলেন দেব? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-dev-launched-the-teaser-of-his-upcoming-film-khadaan-dgtl/cid/1541885 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=29 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Produced by [[Nispal Singh]] and [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] under the banners of [[Surinder Films]] and Dev Entertainment Ventures respectively,<ref>{{Cite news |title=টলিউডে ১৮টি বসন্ত পার, 'প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক' হলেন অভিনেতা, দর্শকের জন্য বিশেষ উপহার দেবের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-dev-completed-18-years-in-tollywood-and-shares-his-gratitude-dgtl/cid/1492003 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Anandabazar Online}}</ref> the film stars Dev in [[dual role]]s,<ref>{{Cite news |title='খাদান'-এ দ্বৈত চরিত্রে দেব! ছবিতে যোগ দিচ্ছেন যিশু ও বনি? টলিপাড়ায় নতুন জল্পনা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sources-revealed-that-dev-will-play-dual-role-in-khadaan-jisshu-sengupta-and-bony-sengupta-to-cast-dgtl/cid/1487789 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Anandabazar Online}}</ref> alongside [[Jisshu Sengupta]] in the lead, with an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Anirban Chakrabarti]], [[Barkha Bisht]], [[Idhika Paul]], [[John Bhattacharya]], Partha Sarathi Chakraborty, Sneha Bose, [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Neel Mukherjee]], Sumit Ganguly and Raja Dutta.<ref name="cast">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Khadaan: Dev, Jisshu U Sengupta and others shoot in Kolkata |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-dev-jisshu-u-sengupta-and-others-shoot-in-kolkata/0202745ec810 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=13 July 2024 |quote=The film features Dev, Jisshu U Sengupta, Idhika Paul, Barkha Bisht, John Bhattacharya, Sneha Bose, and others.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=এ যেন 'কেজিএফ' 3! যশকে পিছনে ফেলতে পারে দেবের 'খাদান' - Khadaan Teaser Out |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/khadaan-teaser-out-dev-shares-his-upcoming-movie-teaser-which-release-on-christmas-west-bengal-news-wbs24082902223 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=29 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> In the film, an ordinary fair organizer from a coal mine near the [[Damodar River|Damodar Valley]], is recruited by his dead father's like-minded friend to be a partner in his coal syndicate, and there the former discovers the truth on some unfolded events.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=কয়লাখনিতে বেড়ে ওঠা শ্যাম-মোহনের গল্প বলবেন দেব-যিশু, ভ্যালেন্টাইন্স ডের পরই শুরু শুটিং, মুক্তি পাচ্ছে কবে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-khadaan-shooting-starts-from-16-february-31708060511252.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227095813/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-khadaan-shooting-starts-from-16-february-31708060511252.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The film was officially announced in January 2024 with a character motion poster.<ref name="ABP Ananda">{{cite news |title=১ জানুয়ারি, বছরের প্রথম দিনে নিজের সমাজমাধ্যমে 'খাদান' ছবির একটি মোশন পোস্টার পোস্ট করেন অভিনেতা দেব। |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-dev-adhikari-shares-motion-poster-of-his-new-movie-khadaan-1035933 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=1 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soujannya |title=First look of ''Khadaan'' and ''Bhootpori'': Roaring Star Dev in action mode; Jaya Ahsan as a restless spirit |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/first-look-of-khadaan-and-bhootpori-dev-in-action-mode-jaya-ahsan-as-a-restless-spirit/cid/1991018 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] commenced in February 2024 in [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Dev, Jisshu U Sengupta and others shoot in Kolkata |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-dev-jisshu-u-sengupta-and-others-shoot-in-kolkata/0202745ec810 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=কুড়ুল হাতে দেব, বন্ধু যিশুর সঙ্গে শুরু করলেন খাদানের শুট |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/dev-starts-shooting-of-khadaan-31708106078843.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213172721/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/dev-starts-shooting-of-khadaan-31708106078843.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> with the major filming taking place in [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]] and [[Raniganj]] in subsequent schedules.<ref name="Aaj Tak">{{cite news |title=Dev- Khadaan: রেট্রো লুকে দেব, কয়লা খনিতে 'খাদান'-র সেট থেকে শেয়ার করলেন ছবি |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/dev-shares-retro-look-from-new-movie-khadaan-set-asansol-coal-mine-dev-latest-news-tollywood-news-today-bangla-binodon-khobor-soc-920118-2024-03-05 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=5 March 2024}}</ref> The soundtrack of the film is composed by Rathijit Bhattacharjee, [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] and Nilayan Chatterjee, while Bhattacharjee himself provides its score.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev drops action-packed teaser of his upcoming film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-drops-action-packed-teaser-of-his-upcoming-film/articleshow/112898894.cms |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Khadaan Trailer: 'আইনের চোখে মাফিয়া, আর মানুষের মনে মাসিহা', 'খাদান'ট্রেলারে মার কাটারি অবতারে দেব, আর যিশু? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-jisshu-starrer-khadaan-official-trailer-is-out-now-31734497660069.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219174536/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-jisshu-starrer-khadaan-official-trailer-is-out-now-31734497660069.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The screenplay and dialogues of the film are written by Biswaroop Biswas and Dutta respectively.<ref>{{cite news |last1=মুখার্জি |first1=সৌমিতা |title=Dev: 'অ্যাকশনটা আমারই কাজ...' বছরের প্রথমদিনেই ব্যাক টু ব্যাক ছবির ঘোষণা দেবের… |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/dev-announces-his-two-movie-khadan-and-another-with-avijit-sen-after-success-of-pradhan_501826.html |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=1 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=মারকাটারি অ্যাকশন টু দেব-ইধিকার রোম্যান্স, যিশুর 'জয় গুরু' ধ্বনিতে ছক্কা হাঁকাল খাদানের ট্রেলার |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-idhika-paul-and-sneha-basu-starrer-khadaan-triler-out-8449190 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Shailesh Awashthi handled its cinematography and MD. Kalam did the editing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Dev to rule the screen in December with Khadaan |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/dev-to-rule-the-screen-in-december-with-khadaan/1104522?ref=recommendation |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=29 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=দে |first1=সুস্মিতা |title=খাদানের ঝলকে মারকাটারি দেব, ধুতি পাঞ্জাবিতে কে এই অভিনেতা? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-upcoming-movie-khadaan-teaser-out/112888063.cms |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=29 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The film marks Dev's debut as creative director<ref>{{cite news |title='Khadaan': প্রথমবার ক্রিয়েটিভ ডিরেক্টরের ভূমিকায়, 'খাদান' ছবির হাত ধরে মূলধারার অ্যাকশন অবতারে ফিরছেন দেব, যোগ্য সঙ্গতে যীশু |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-new-movie-khadaan-teaser-out-creative-director-first-time-masala-action-avatar-entertainment-news-1092118 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=29 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> and a comeback to the [[Action fiction|action genre]] after a few years.{{Efn|Dev's last film in the mainstream field was ''[[Kidnap (2019 film)|Kidnap]]'' (2019)}}<ref>{{cite news |date=29 August 2024 |title=Dev brings back his 'action hero' avatar in the teaser of 'Khadaan'; reminds audience of Yash from 'KGF': pic inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-brings-back-his-action-hero-avatar-in-the-teaser-of-khadaan-reminds-audience-of-yash-from-kgf-pic-inside/articleshow/112893212.cms |access-date=15 November 2024 |work=[[Times of India]] |quote=Khadaan will mark Dev's return to the action genre after a series of artistic films}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kar |first1=Anulekha |title='কী ভেবেছিস! অ্যাকশনটা ভুলে গিয়েছি' মুক্তি পেল 'খাদান' ছবির রোমহর্ষক টিজার, কবে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে এই সিনেমা? |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/what-did-you-think-did-i-forget-the-action-the-thrilling-teaser-of-the-movie-khadaan-has-been-released-anbak/articleshow-mrc0fwk |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=29 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

''Khadaan'' was released in the theatres on 20 December 2024, on the eve of [[Christmas]], to positive reviews from critics and audience alike with specific appraisals of its cast performances, direction, script, action sequences, and musical score.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Ranita |date=2024-08-29 |title='যে একা সব সয়, ওহিই সর্দার হয়',খাদান-এর টিজারে কুড়ুল হাতে মার কাটারি অবতারে দেব |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-teaser-is-out-now-31724910898703.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127083246/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-and-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-teaser-is-out-now-31724910898703.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |title=Khadaan teaser: Roaring Star Dev goes rogue with an axe in actioner set in coal mines |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khadaan-teaser-dev-goes-rogue-with-an-axe-in-actioner-set-in-coal-mines-watch-here/cid/2044326 |website=The Telegraph Online |quote=The one-minute-18-second long teaser opens with a blast at a coal mine, followed by a heroic entry by Roaring Star Dev's character, who wreaks havoc with an axe in his hand, and a cigarette held between his lips.}}</ref> The film set several box-office records for a Bengali film, overtaking those set by Dev starrer ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' (2013). Grossing over {{INR|26}} crore, it became a blockbuster at the box office and emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2024|highest grossing Bengali film of 2024]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|third highest grossing Bengali film of all time]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Mohit |title=Khadaan Final Box Office Verdict: Dev delivers a big BLOCKBUSTER |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/khadaan-final-box-office-verdict-dev-delivers-a-big-blockbuster-1367880 |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=16 January 2025}}</ref> At the [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla]], ''Khadaan'' received 14 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Film|Best Film]], Best Debut Director (Dutta) and [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Dev).

== Plot ==
'''1997''': After losing everything in [[Bangladesh]], Shyam comes to [[India]] as an illegal immigrant by crossing the border.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karia |first1=Vedant |title=Dev and Jisshu are two men on a mission in the 'Khadaan' teaser |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/watch/dev-adhikari-drops-teaser-of-action-film-khadaan-with-jisshu-sengupta/cid/2044451 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Here he went to work as a laborer in the coal mines of the [[Damodar Valley]] and there he met Mohan, a Vaishnavite.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Decoding the pre-trailer of Khadaan |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/sports/decoding-the-pre-trailer-of-khadaan/1254695 |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=13 December 2024}}</ref> Over the time, they developed a strong bond of friendship. Together with Shyam's strength and Mohan's mastermind, they gained monopoly control over the entire colliery. They had developed their complete influence over the coal syndicate.<ref name="sp" />

This amplification in power bought them in a stand against the local MLA, Shehzad Siddique. In the meantime, Shyam had become a messiah for the poor labourers, mostly belonging from the local adivasi community. He didn't support the idea of grabbing their agricultural lands and on the top, gave them 20 percent share of the coal ''khadaan''. This brought him in contact with the adivasi leader, Mandi.

In an heated confrontation and argument, Shyam killed a police officer. This resulted in him going behind the bars, at a time when he had a newborn child and wife Jamuna. But he mysteriously dies inside the jail.<ref name="bangla.hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |script-title=bn:রবিবার দিনও কাজে বিরাম নেই! কোন ছবির শ্যুটিং পুনরায় শুরু করলেন দেব? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-about-khadan-movie-31720430582304.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710085334/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-an-update-about-khadan-movie-31720430582304.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

'''2024''': Now, Mohan has become a rich industrialist in that region through the illegal coal syndicate and has also gained monopoly over the mines. He gently offers Shyam's son Madhu to join his lead team, who is just a coal transporter now. This does not go well with Makhan, Mohan's son who had hoped to inherit his father's business .With the passage of time, as Madhu becomes one of Mohan's most trusted people, he gets to know the reason behind his father's death. Madhu now wants to take revenge against the atrocities committed against his father.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev: শ্যাম-মোহনের বন্ধুত্বের গল্প নিয়ে আসছে 'খাদান', শুরু ছবির শ্যুটিং |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/khadan-movie-shooting-starts-from-today_508346.html |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=16 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="bangla.hindustantimes.com"/>

In the end, it is revealed that Mohan was the main culprit behind his father's death. Mohan, who was jealous of Shyam mixed sleeping pills in Shyam's food due to which Shyam went into deep sleep. During this opportunity, Mohan strangulated him to death, about which Shyam was totally unaware since he was in deep sleep and in order to prevent suspicion, Mohan arranged the incident like as if Shyam committed [[suicide]].

Madhu upon hearing this gets enraged and kills Mohan just like Shyam was once killed. With Mohan removed, Madhu becomes the unchallenged crime boss of the coal mines.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] in [[dual roles]]
** Shyam Mahato<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasturi |first1=Kundu |title=পুলিশ অফিসার দীপক প্রধান থেকে কয়লা মাফিয়া, প্রকাশ্যে খাদানের ফার্স্ট লুক |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-starrer-next-bengali-movie-khadaan-first-look-reveal-on-new-year-2024/106469834.cms |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=2 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
** Madhu, Shyam and Jamuna's son<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=প্রি-ট্রেলারে জমজমাট 'খাদান' | দ্বৈত চরিত্রে অভিনয় করছেন দেব। বাবা ও ছেলের ভূমিকায় দেখা যাবে টলিউড সুপারস্টারকে। |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-jisshu-barkha-idhika-in-khadaan-movie-pre-trailer/ |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=2 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Mohan Das, Shyam's friend turned enemy<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title='রাধে রাধে'! জল্পনার অবসান ঘটিয়ে খাদানে দেবের সঙ্গী কীর্তনিয়া যিশু, ফার্স্ট লুকেই তুলকালাম |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jisshu-sengupta-tollywood-actor-looks-reveal-from-dev-next-movie-khadaan/107225059.cms |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=29 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Barkha Bisht]] as Jamuna, Shyam's wife<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadaan: Barkha Sengupta Bisht to play a special character in Dev's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-barkha-sengupta-bisht-to-play-a-special-character-in-devs-film/50482b6fc953 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=25 January 2024}}</ref> ([[voiceover]] by Satakshi Nandy)<ref>{{cite news |title='খাদান'-এ 'যমুনা'র গলা বরখার নয়, শতাক্ষীর! পরিচালকের পাল্টা প্রশ্ন 'বিতর্ক করবেন?' |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/in-khadaan-barkha-bisht-senguptas-jamuna-character-has-been-dubbed-by-satakshi-nandy-director-soojit-dutta-says-about-controversy/tid/147458 |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=The Wall |date=10 January 2025}}</ref>
* [[Idhika Paul]] as Latika, Madhu's wife<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=Idhika Paul: 'প্রিয়তমা' এবার দেবের নায়িকা, 'খাদানে' সুযোগ পেয়েই ২০০% দাবি ইধিকার |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/idhika-paul-dev-new-film-khadaan-movie-tollywood-exclusive-interview-737977/ |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=10 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Sneha Bose as Rekha, Mohan's second wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=হাতে কাটারি, চোখে-মুখে যন্ত্রণার ছাপ, প্রকাশ্যে স্নেহার খাদানের লুক! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-first-look-of-sneha-bose-from-khadan-movie-31732181551869.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315074434/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-first-look-of-sneha-bose-from-khadan-movie-31732181551869.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] as Balai Mandi<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das Banerjee |first1=Swati |title=এ কোন 'একেন'! কমেডির মোড়ক ছেড়ে এবার 'খাদানে' যুদ্ধে নামলেন 'আদিবাসী নেতা' অনির্বাণ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anirban-chakraborty-first-look-released-on-social-media-as-mandi-31731919984552.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222061938/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anirban-chakraborty-first-look-released-on-social-media-as-mandi-31731919984552.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Partha Sarathi Chakraborty as Gokul Das
* [[John Bhattacharya]] as Makhan Das, Mohan's son<ref>{{cite news |title=John Bhattacharya: দেবের ছবি রিজেক্ট করেছেন বনি, 'খাদান'-এ নেগেটিভ চরিত্রে এবার জন |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/television-john-bhattacha-replaces-bonny-sengupta-in-khadan-movie-dev-and-jisshu-sengupta-movie-makes-a-late-entry-to-the-team-khadan-movie-update-entertainment-sum-936751-2024-03-20 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=20 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Sumit Ganguly as Billu Paswan, a coal businessman and later iron businessman
* [[Sujan Mukherjee (actor)|Sujan Neel Mukherjee]] as Shehzada Siddiqui, the local MLA, later minister
* Raja Dutta as Bhojon, Mohan's bodyguard<ref>{{cite news |last1=সাহা |first1=শ্যামশ্রী |title=প্রকাশ্যে আসা ছবিতে দেখা যাচ্ছে অভিনেতা রাজা দত্ত এবং জন ভট্টাচার্যকে। |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/19347/Jisshu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213145452/https://aajkaal.in/story/19347/Jisshu |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=13 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Joydip Dey as Sahani, Mahali's henchman and former assistant of Siddiqui
* Aayan Sohan as a coal dealer
* Biswajit Ghosh as Madhu's assistant and former right hand man of Billu Paswan
* Jina Tarafder as Makhan's girlfriend
* Raima Pal as an oppressed worker<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=শয়নে-স্বপনে দেবের পুজো, বার্নপুরের সেই 'খাদান' কন্যেকেই অভিনয়ের সুযোগ দিলেন 'গুরু' |url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/bengal/dev-fan-raima-from-asansol-shares-acting-experience-in-khadaan |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=23 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
* Debashis Nath as Latika's father
* Pradip Bhattacharya as Daadu, a worker
* Jayshree Bose as Deeda, a blind lady
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In August 2023, there were rumours that [[Raj Chakraborty]] is collaborating with [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] for an action film, which would be based on [[Coal mining|coal smuggling]], under the production of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]. But later it was revealed during mid-September, that Dev opted out of Chakraborty's project due to date issues and [[Mithun Chakraborty]] signed the film. In December 2023, it was confirmed that the coal smuggling based film originally was pitched by Soojit Rino Dutta,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roaring Star Dev's new film based on coal-mining areas? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/devs-new-film-based-on-coal-mining-areas/939bf92b9850#:~:text=According%20to%20reports,%20the%20film's,Dev%20will%20play%20the%20protagonist. |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |quote=According to reports, the film's name is ''Khadaan'' and it will deal with the socio-political aspects of coal-mining areas.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=পুলিশ অফিসারের পর সোজা কয়লা মাফিয়া!'খাদান'-এ দেব-ইধিকার সঙ্গী হচ্ছেন সৌমিতৃষা? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/soumitrisha-kundu-will-act-along-with-idhika-paul-and-dev-in-new-bengali-movie-khadan-31703728440843.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230065950/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/soumitrisha-kundu-will-act-along-with-idhika-paul-and-dev-in-new-bengali-movie-khadan-31703728440843.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> while Raj Chakraborty's film was different, which Dev previously turned down. [[Surinder Films]] came on the board associating with Dev Entertainment Ventures to co-produce the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji|first=Subhasmita |title=দেব এন্টারটেইনমেন্ট ভেঞ্চার্স এবং সুরিন্দর ফিল্মস খাদান ছবিটির প্রযোজনার দায়িত্ব সামলিয়েছে।|date=10 December 2024|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-reached-malda-by-vande-bharat-to-promote-khadaan-his-next-destination-will-be-siliguri-31733825661480.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214231430/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-reached-malda-by-vande-bharat-to-promote-khadaan-his-next-destination-will-be-siliguri-31733825661480.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2024|access-date=14 December 2024|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Rahul |title='সেরা প্রযোজক নয়, দেবদা আমার জন্য সেরা পরিচালক!' কেন একথা বললেন 'খাদান'-এর অভিনেত্রী ইধিকা পাল |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/idhika-paul-talks-about-dev-and-her-upcoming-movie-khadaan-ent-103076 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=4 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Pre-production and announcement ===
Initially during the timespace of 2015–2016, Soojit Rino Dutta began researching at the coal mining areas and explored the subject of coal smuggling and the socio-political events related with the residents of those surroundings.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Goswami|first1=Ranita|title=Exclusive Khadaan Director: দেবকে ছেড়ে 'খাদান' হিট হওয়ার ক্রেডিট 'জওয়ান-পাঠান'কে কেন দিলেন পরিচালক সুজিত! ব্য়াপার কী? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-director-sujit-rino-dutta-about-khadaan-magic-and-superstar-dev-31735299713112.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227164920/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-director-sujit-rino-dutta-about-khadaan-magic-and-superstar-dev-31735299713112.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 December 2024|language=bn}}</ref> After he finished the research, playwright Biswaroop Biswas completed the screenplay, while Dutta himself wrote dialogues. Since most of the film takes place in a rural backdrop, Dev was reported to have learned the [[Santali language|Santhali accent]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After delivering a string of successful artistic films, Roaring Star Dev returns to the massy action genre with Khadaan |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/fashion-beauty/after-delivering-a-string-of-successful-family-dramas-superstar-dev-returns-to-the-massy-action-genre-with-khadaan/708368 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=T2Online}}</ref> The story is set against the backdrop of [[Raniganj]], located in the region of [[Asansol]]. Initially Nilayan Chatterjee was reported to be the music director of the film, while Rathijit Bhattacharjee and [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] also came on the board along with him. [[Cinematographer]] Shailesh Awashthi, who previously worked with Dev for ''[[Challenge 2]]'' (2012) and [[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|''Rangbaaz'']] (2013), was signed for the film, with MD. Kalam as the [[Film editing|editor]]. Aejaz Gulab Shaikh, Sunil Rodrigues and Rajesh Kannan were roped to design the action sequences, whereas Bablu Singha handled the [[Production designer|production designing]]. D. Shankaraiyaa aka Shanker Master and Debraj Ghoshal were chosen for [[Choreography|dance choreography]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev's New Film 2024: নতুন বছরেই সুখবর দিলেন দেব! চমকে দেওয়া পদক্ষেপ, কী করলেন অভিনেতা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/devs-new-film-2024-dev-gave-good-news-in-the-new-film-khadaan-to-come-in-this-year-2024-sal-1438690.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=bengali.news18.com |date=2 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The film was announced by the makers on 1 January 2024 with a motion poster, which revealed the title of the film as ''Khadaan''.<ref name="ABP Ananda"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Soujannya |title=First look of Khadaan and Bhootpori: Dev in action mode, Jaya Ahsan as a restless spirit |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/first-look-of-khadaan-and-bhootpori-dev-in-action-mode-jaya-ahsan-as-a-restless-spirit/cid/1991018 |access-date=15 November 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=2 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=কুন্ডু |first=কস্তুরী |date=2024-06-24 |title='প্রত্যেকের সাহায্য ছাড়া এটা অসম্ভব', প্রযোজক হিসেবে ৭ বছরের সফল জার্নিতে আবেগপ্রবণ দেব |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-shares-upcoming-movie-khadaan-new-look-ahead-seven-years-journey-as-producer/111231462.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> It also revealed the first look of Dev's character as Shyam Mahato in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01 |title=Dev: 'অ্যাকশনটা আমারই কাজ...' বছরের প্রথমদিনেই ব্যাক টু ব্যাক ছবির ঘোষণা দেবের… |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/entertainment/dev-announces-his-two-movie-khadan-and-another-with-avijit-sen-after-success-of-pradhan_501826.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=কুন্ডু |first=কস্তুরী |date=2024-01-02 |title=পুলিশ অফিসার দীপক প্রধান থেকে কয়লা মাফিয়া, প্রকাশ্যে খাদানের ফার্স্ট লুক |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-starrer-next-bengali-movie-khadaan-first-look-reveal-on-new-year-2024/106469834.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> On 16 January 2024, Dev, along with his team including Soojit Dutta, went to recce at the [[Sonpur Bazari|Sonpur Bazari Coal mines]] at [[Eastern Coalfields|ECL]] in [[Pandabeswar|Pandaveshwar]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2024-01-17 |title=Actor-MP Dev visits West Burdwan to select shooting locations |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/actor-mp-dev-visits-west-burdwan-to-select-shooting-locations-1503260379.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karia |first=Vedant |title=Film recce takes Dev to Pandaveswar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/travel/dev-visits-coal-mines-in-pandaveswar-area-of-paschim-bardhaman-for-recce-of-khadaan/cid/1995126 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=The Telegraph Online |quote=Roaring Star Dev recently posted pictures from his scouting to one of Asia's largest coal mines on Instagram. He has been in Pandaveswar, Paschim Bardhaman, for the recce of his next film, ''Khadaan''.}}</ref> accompanied by ECL officers, to consider the place as one of the shooting spots.<ref>{{cite news |title=আগামী ছবি খাদানের শ্যুটিং শুরুর আগে, পুরো টিমের পাণ্ডবেশ্বরে রেকি করতে গেলেন দেব... |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-in-asansol-with-entire-team-before-starting-film-khadaan-shooting-1039634 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=16 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Dev and his team visit Asansol for recce |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-dev-and-his-team-visit-asansol-for-recce/aadc7ff296243 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |quote=Roaring Star Dev announced his new film, Khadaan, on January 1. Now he did the location recce for his film wearing a yellow jacket, cargo trousers, and sunglasses. Amidst his busy schedule, he went to Asansol with his team and roamed in the Khadaan areas and the rail areas.}}</ref> On that occasion, Dev also inaugurated his wax statue at the Asansol Wax Museum, organized by sculptor Sushanta Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samadder |first=Tulika |date=2024-01-17 |title=মমতার পর দেব…! উন্মোচন হল অভিনেতা-সাংসদের মোমের মূর্তি, কোথায় গেলে দেখা যাবে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-inaugurate-his-wax-statue-at-asansol-also-takes-selfie-with-it-31705459927132.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121195022/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-inaugurate-his-wax-statue-at-asansol-also-takes-selfie-with-it-31705459927132.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=আসানসোলে নিজের মোমের মূর্তি উন্মোচনে দেব, নিজস্বী নিয়ে বললেন, 'আমি বাক্যহারা' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/bardhaman/actor-and-mp-dev-unveiled-of-his-wax-statue-in-asansol-dgtld/cid/1489289 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Anandabazar Online}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Actor Dev at the 53rd International Film Festival of India (cropped) 1.jpg
| image2 = Jisshu Sengupta (cropped).jpg
| align = right
| footer = The film marks the fifth collaboration between [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Jisshu Sengupta]], 8 years after ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' (2016).
| total_width = 300
}}
[[Chanchal Chowdhury]] entered talks to play a pivotal role in the film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Shyamashree |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'খাদান'-এ বলিউড যোগ! শেষ পর্বের শুটে আসছেন জনপ্রিয় অভিনেতা? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/14325/will_bollywood_actor_and_actress_join_in_dev%E2%80%99s_next_movie_khadan_%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206083151/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/14325/will_bollywood_actor_and_actress_join_in_dev%E2%80%99s_next_movie_khadan_%22 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> supposed to be the antagonist, however he refused due to time constraints. In February 2026, he shared his guilt for declining the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-19 |title=কথা এগিয়েছিল তবু কাজ করতে পারিনি, দেবের আমার প্রতি অভিমান আছে, আমি ক্ষমা চেয়েছি: চঞ্চল |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/chanchal-chowdhury-exclusive-interview-on-anandabazar-dot-com-dgtl/cid/1668947 |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> Post Chowdhury's exit, [[Mosharraf Karim]], [[Jeetu Kamal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Shyanashree |title=Tollywood: জিতের পরে দেব! 'খাদান'-এ প্রযোজক-অভিনেতার সঙ্গে পর্দাভাগ করছেন জীতু? |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/4963/_will_jeetu_kamal_act_with_dev_adhikari_in_new_film_khadan_ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121195016/https://aajkaal.in/story/4963/_will_jeetu_kamal_act_with_dev_adhikari_in_new_film_khadan_ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> and [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] were reported to be proposed for that role in the film, but ultimately [[Jisshu Sengupta]] came on the board and was announced playing a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] character{{Efn|The Vaishnavite character of Mohan Das played by Jisshu, was itself a homage to the actor's portrayal of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in the [[TV Series]] ''Mahaprabhu'' (1998).}} of Dev's friend in the film in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |title=Jisshu Sengupta: 'খাদান' -এ নতুন তারকা যোগ, দেবের সঙ্গে হাত মেলাচ্ছেন যীশু |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-going-to-join-dev-film-khadaan-know-more-tollywood-news-1042622 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=28 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=দুই নৌকায় পা যিশুর! 'খাদান'-এ রাজি হতে দেবকে বিশেষ শর্ত অভিনেতার, নেপথ্যে কী কারণ? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-jisshu-sengupta-talks-about-his-new-film-khadaan-starring-dev-dgtl/cid/1495663 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=13 February 2024|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kundu |first=Kasturi |date=2024-01-29 |title='রাধে রাধে'! জল্পনার অবসান ঘটিয়ে খাদানে দেবের সঙ্গী কীর্তনিয়া যিশু, ফার্স্ট লুকেই তুলকালাম |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/jisshu-sengupta-tollywood-actor-looks-reveal-from-dev-next-movie-khadaan/107225059.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> It marked Dev and Jisshu together in a film 8 years after ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]'' in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Suparna |title=রাধে রাধে! দেবের 'খাদান'-এ ধৈর্য আর বীর্যের জ্ঞান দিলেন যিশু, প্রথম ঝলকেই দুরন্ত চমক |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-shared-jisshu-senguptas-khadaan-look/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=দে |first=সুস্মিতা |date=2024-08-29 |title=খাদানের ঝলকে মারকাটারি দেব, ধুতি পাঞ্জাবিতে কে এই অভিনেতা? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-upcoming-movie-khadaan-teaser-out/112888063.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Shyamashree |title=Jisshu Sengupta: কাঁচা-পাকা চুল,দাড়িতে এ কোন লুকে যীশু সেনগুপ্ত? প্রকাশ্যে 'খাদান'-এর প্রথম ঝলক |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/19347/the_special_look_of_actor_jisshu_u_sengupta_in_khadaan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811213247/https://aajkaal.in/story/19347/the_special_look_of_actor_jisshu_u_sengupta_in_khadaan |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> Jisshu, the captain of the team Bengal Tigers in the [[Celebrity Cricket League]], conditioned to shoot only if he got leave to play, to which the makers agreed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jisshu U Sengupta divides time between Khadaan and Celebrity Cricket League |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jisshu-u-sengupta-divides-time-between-khadaan-and-celebrity-cricket-league/6151758055928 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Akash |title='খাদান' ছবিতে অভিনয়ের জন্য বিশেষ শর্ত যিশুর, দেব কি রাজি হলেন? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jisshu-sengupta-on-devs-khadan/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Jisshu on Khadan: 'খাদান'-এ অভিনয়ের জন্য দেবকে শর্ত দিয়েছিলেন যিশু, কিন্তু সেটা কী? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-talks-about-bengali-film-khadan-and-dev-31707819732164.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215023304/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-talks-about-bengali-film-khadan-and-dev-31707819732164.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Later, [[Idhika Paul]] was announced as the film's lead actress,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Idhika Paul is Dev's new actress |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-idhika-paul-is-devs-new-actress/f17cf4f0b1577 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='খাদান'-এ ইধিকা, বাংলাদেশের ছবিতে অভিনয় করার পর এ বার এ পার বাংলায় দেবের ছবিতে ইধিকা পাল। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actress-idhika-paul-shares-her-views-after-casting-in-devs-new-film-khadan-dgtl/cid/1485847 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=2 January 2024 |location=Kolkata |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev: অ্যাকশন লুকে দেখা দিলেন দেব, 'খাদান'-এ দেবের নায়িকা টেলিভিশনের রঞ্জা |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/teaser-of-new-movie-of-actor-dev-is-out-and-tv-actress-ranja-will-act-in-khadan-absc/articleshow-zq5h1z3 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=bn}}</ref> and [[Soumitrisha Kundu]] was reported to be another lead actress of the film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=এবার দেবের 'খাদান'-এও সুপারস্টারের সঙ্গী সৌমিতৃষা? মুখ খুললেন 'মিঠাই' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/soumitrisha-kundu-opens-up-about-her-next-movie-with-dev-and-it-is-it-khadan-31703856197298.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103130133/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/soumitrisha-kundu-opens-up-about-her-next-movie-with-dev-and-it-is-it-khadan-31703856197298.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-28 |title=পুলিশ অফিসারের পর সোজা কয়লা মাফিয়া!'খাদান'-এ দেব-ইধিকার সঙ্গী হচ্ছেন সৌমিতৃষা? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/soumitrisha-kundu-will-act-along-with-idhika-paul-and-dev-in-new-bengali-movie-khadan-31703728440843.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230065950/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/soumitrisha-kundu-will-act-along-with-idhika-paul-and-dev-in-new-bengali-movie-khadan-31703728440843.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 December 2023 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> but it was proved to be a rumour when [[Barkha Bisht]] joined the cast for that role.<ref>{{cite news |title=বিরতির পর বাংলা ছবিতে বরখা, 'খাদান'-এ কোন চরিত্রে থাকছেন অভিনেত্রী? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/reports-suggest-that-bollywood-actress-barkha-bisht-would-join-the-cast-of-devs-film-khadaan-dgtl/cid/1491131 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=24 January 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Barkha Sengupta Bisht to play a special character in Dev's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-barkha-sengupta-bisht-to-play-a-special-character-in-devs-film/50482b6fc953 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> It marked pairing up between Dev and Barkha, 14 years after ''[[Dui Prithibi (2010 film)|Dui Prithibi]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last1=কুন্ডু |first1=কস্তুরী |title=১৪ বছর পর দেব-বরখার যুগলবন্দি! দুই পৃথিবীর নস্ট্যালজিয়া উসকে খাদানে ফিরছেন বলি অভিনেত্রী |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-next-movie-khadaan-barkha-bisht-bollywood-actress-might-be-join-in-this-movie-after-14-yeras/107116120.cms |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=24 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev and Barkha Bisht talk about reuniting on screen after 14 years at the song launch of ''Khadaan'' |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/tech/dev-and-barkha-bisht-talk-about-reuniting-on-screen-after-14-years-at-the-song-launch-of-khadaan/1227790 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Deblina |date=2024-11-22 |title=১৪ বছর পর দেব-বরখা একসঙ্গে, অভিনেত্রী বলেন, 'আমাদের এনার্জি ম্যাচ করে' |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-and-barkha-bisht-chemistry-in-the-tollywood-film-khadan/200323060.cms |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> [[Anirban Chakrabarty|Anirban Chakrabarti]] was confirmed to play an important role in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Snigdha |title=Exclusive: 'জন্মদিন মানেই মনে পড়ে মায়ের হাতে পায়েস', শুটিংয়ের ব্যস্ততায় বার্থডে স্পেশাল প্ল্যান নিয়ে কী বললেন 'একেন বাবু' অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তী? |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/22834/anirban_chakraborty_shared_his_birthday_special_plan_and_his_upcoming_work_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210061003/https://aajkaal.in/story/22834/anirban_chakraborty_shared_his_birthday_special_plan_and_his_upcoming_work_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> In February 2024, Sumit Ganguly,<ref>{{Cite web |last=কুন্ডু |first=কস্তুরী |date=2024-02-14 |title=ভ্যালেন্টাইন উইকে বিরাট চমক, কয়লা মাফিয়া দেবের সঙ্গে খাদানে ভিলেন সুমিত গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-starrer-next-movie-khadaan-sumit-ganguly-gives-surprise-to-share-photo-with-actor/107685942.cms |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> Raja Dutta and Parthasarathi Chakraborty joined the cast, each of them reuniting with Dev after a few years.

[[Bonny Sengupta]] was approached for a pivotal role in the film,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Jisshu U Sengupta and Bonny Sengupta to join Dev? {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-jisshu-u-sengupta-and-bonny-sengupta-to-join-dev-exclusive/1b499ff298824 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> but he rejected it,<ref>{{cite news |title='খাদান'-এ থাকছেন না বনি! শেষ মুহূর্তে সিদ্ধান্ত বদল, নেপথ্যে কী কারণ? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/bengali-actor-bony-sengupta-is-not-a-part-of-khadaan-anymore-starring-dev-dgtl/cid/1504263 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=20 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> because he didn't want to work in any dark or negative character,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title=দেবের 'খাদান' থেকে সরে দাঁড়ালেন বনি! হঠাৎ কেন এমন সিদ্ধান্ত? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/bonny-sengupta-out-from-devs-khadan/ |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=20 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=কুন্ডু |first=কস্তুরী |date=2024-01-16 |title=Khadaan Movie: দেব-ইধিকার খাদানে থাকছেন বনি সেনগুপ্ত? চর্চার মাঝে মুখ খুললেন অভিনেতা |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/bonny-sengupta-reacts-on-his-presence-in-dev-and-idhika-paul-starrer-khadaan/106892018.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=কুন্ডু |first=কস্তুরী |date=2024-01-19 |title=ছোট্ট চরিত্র বড় ধামাকা! শাহরুখ-সলমানের পথেই দেব-অঙ্কুশ, মির্জা আর খাদানে ক্যামিও দুই সুপারস্টারের? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-might-be-doing-cameo-in-mirza-and-ankush-hazra-in-khadaan-report-says/106978734.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> also preferring to maintain his romantic hero image among the audience.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Khadaan Update: খলনায়ক হতে আপত্তি! দেবকে 'না' বনির, খাদানে যিশুর ছেলে হচ্ছেন মিঠাই খ্যাত তারকা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/john-bhattacharya-to-play-jisshu-senguptas-son-in-khadaan-after-bonny-sengupta-opted-out-31710963633855.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722134314/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/john-bhattacharya-to-play-jisshu-senguptas-son-in-khadaan-after-bonny-sengupta-opted-out-31710963633855.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Then [[Vikram Chatterjee]] was considered for the role, who had to turn down due to other commitments. Later, Amartya Ray was offered the role,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Amartya Ray plays a character in Dev's ambitious project? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-amartya-ray-plays-a-character-in-devs-ambitious-project/3d1aea07e4854 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> but after he rejected it, [[John Bhattacharya]] joined the cast in March 2024, for the role.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Khadaan: John Bhattacharya replaces Bonny Sengupta, makes a late entry to the team |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-john-bhattacharya-replaces-bonny-sengupta-makes-a-late-entry-to-the-team/15c47d4dca546 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=19 March 2024}}</ref> In an interview to ''[[Aajkaal]]'', Bhattacharya stated, "It is absolutely difficult to leave the opportunity of sharing screen with two acting giants, Dev da and Jisshu da".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Shyamashree |title=EXCLUSIVE: হোক ধূসর চরিত্র, যিশু-দেবদার সঙ্গে অভিনয়ের সুযোগ ছাড়ি? 'খাদান' নিয়ে অনর্গল জন |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/10648/john_bhattacharya_replaces_bonny_sengupta_makes_a_late_entry_to_the_team |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121185018/https://aajkaal.in/story/10648/john_bhattacharya_replaces_bonny_sengupta_makes_a_late_entry_to_the_team |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2024 |website=www.Aajkalin.com}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
On 14 February 2024, on the eve of [[Saraswati Puja]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev's Khadaan Movie: কালো পাঞ্জাবিতে ক্ল্যাপবোর্ড হাতে দেব, সরস্বতী পুজোয় সুসম্পন্ন হল 'খাদান'-র শুভ মহরৎ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/dev-new-khadaan-movie-subho-muhurat-on-saraswati-puja-panchami-tithi-dev-idhika-paul-jisshu-sengupta-movie-on-coal-mine-tollywood-movies-photos-soc-887069-2024-02-15 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=15 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> the [[Muhurat shot|Muhurat]] of the film was performed at the office of Surinder Films.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Khadaan, Alaap, Oti Uttam, Eta Amader Golpo: Mahurats, new song, first-look posters from Tollywood on Valentine's Day |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khadaan-alaap-oti-uttam-eta-amader-golpo-mahurats-new-song-first-look-posters-from-tollywood-on-valentines-day/cid/2000714 |access-date=15 November 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 February 2024 |quote=The mahurat for Dev's upcoming coal-mining actioner Khadaan was held in the presence of cast and crew on Wednesday.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Suparna |title=প্রযোজনায় ৭ বছর, 'খাদান' লুক ফাঁস করে আবেগঘন বার্তা দেবের, রুক্মিণী কী লিখলেন? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-entertainment-ventures-completes-7-years-take-a-bow-comment-by-rukmini-maitra/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref> The makers planned to shoot the first schedule of the film in [[Kolkata]] in February 2024, after Dev would complete his commitments with ''[[Tekka (film)|Tekka]]'' (2024). The filming commenced on 16 February 2024 with a short schedule in Kolkata,<ref>{{cite news |last1=চট্টোপাধ্যায় |first1=অর্ক্য |title='খাদান'-এর শুটিং শুরু করলেন দেব |url=https://kolkatatvonline.in/entertainment/dev-started-shooting-for-khadaan-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Kolkata TV]] |date=16 February 2024 |language=bn |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127131333/https://kolkatatvonline.in/entertainment/dev-started-shooting-for-khadaan-kolkatatv-online-entertainment-news/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Aaj Tak"/> and also a revealation of the first look posters of Dev and Jisshu.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=দুই হাতে কুঠার নিয়ে কয়লাখনিতে দেব, ছবি পোস্ট করে দিলেন বড় খবর |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-shared-important-news-about-khadaan-movie/ |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=16 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Dev-Jisshu in Khadaan: কুঠার হাতে খাদান-এর দেব! টেক্কায় জমাদারের চরিত্রে, বলছেন- 'নিজেকে ভাঙতে হবে' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadans-first-look-poster-out-dev-says-the-film-likely-to-hit-theaters-in-2025-31708078558069.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227095827/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadans-first-look-poster-out-dev-says-the-film-likely-to-hit-theaters-in-2025-31708078558069.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 February 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-03-04 |title=গালভরা দাড়ি, উস্কো-খুশকো চুল; 'খাদান'-এ কয়লা মাফিয়া দেব ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/dev-and-jisshu-sengupta-starts-khadaan-movie-shooting-directed-by-soojit-dutta-wbs24030404450 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> In an interview to the ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'', the director informed about the difficulties of finding a suitable shooting spot in Kolkata.<ref>{{cite news |title=দিন কয়েকের রেকি। সুজিত রিনো দত্ত তাঁর বহুচর্চিত ছবি 'খাদান'-এর শুটিং শুরু করেছেন জোরকদমে। কলকাতার পরে শুটিং হবে আসানসোলে। |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-idhika-paul-starr-khadaan-movie-shooting-has-been-started-in-kolkata-dgtl/cid/1530483 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=12 July 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2024-02-15 |title=Dev kicks off 'Khadaan' shoot in Kolkata |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/dev-kicks-off-khadaan-shoot-in-kolkata-552209 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en |quote=Superstar Dev is all set to dive into the shooting of his new film, 'Khadaan', starting February 16. The first schedule of the shooting will be in Kolkata and the next schedule will be shot in one of Asia's biggest coal mines, Asansol, where the actor had gone for recce.}}</ref> On 25 February 2024, an action sequence was shot at the tram depot in [[Trams in Kolkata|Nonapukur]], under the supervision of fight master Rajesh Kannan. On 27 February, the team was spotted in [[Shobhabazar]], where a particular scene was filmed at Chhaya cinema hall. The first schedule of the film was completed on 1 March 2024.

From 4 March 2024, the second schedule commenced in the coal mines of [[Asansol]], having major parts of the film been shot there, where Jisshu Sengupta joined the cast members.<ref>{{cite news |last1=কুন্ডু |first1=কস্তুরী |title=আসানসোলে শুরু 'কয়লা মাফিয়া' দেবের খাদানের জার্নি, কবে মুক্তি পাবে ছবিটি? জেনে নিন দিনক্ষণ |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/url-dev-bengali-actor-starrer-upcoming-movie-khadaan-shaooting-start-in-asansol/108208980.cms |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=4 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Pooja |title=Dev dives deep into 'Khadaan', shoots for his latest film in Asansol mines |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/social/tollywood-actor-dev-shoots-in-asansol-for-his-film-khadaan/cid/2005409 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> In this schedule, the song "Kishori" was filmed for 4 days, with an inclusion of 20 dancers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Dev-Rajar Raja: টলিপাড়ায় তিনিই 'রাজার রাজা', চেনা অবতারে দেব! খাদানের প্রথম গানে জমিয়ে দোলালেন কোমর |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaans-first-song-rajar-raja-released-fans-go-gaga-as-dev-dances-his-heart-out-31731399857938.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210022625/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaans-first-song-rajar-raja-released-fans-go-gaga-as-dev-dances-his-heart-out-31731399857938.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=12 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The song was picturized on Dev and Idhika Paul<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Rahul |date=2024-12-02 |title='সেরা প্রযোজক নয়, দেবদা আমার জন্য সেরা পরিচালক!' কেন একথা বললেন 'খাদান'-এর অভিনেত্রী ইধিকা পাল |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/30705/idhika_paul_talks_about_dev_and_her_upcoming_movie_khadaan_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206082935/https://aajkaal.in/story/30705/idhika_paul_talks_about_dev_and_her_upcoming_movie_khadaan_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> and was choreographed by D. Shankaraiyaa. An action sequence in the mud was shot with Dev and John Bhattacharya in the timespace of 10 and 12 March 2024 in [[Durgapur]], which was designed by Rajesh Kannan. The remaining parts of this schedule, were filmed in the Asansol and [[Raniganj]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Dev-Khadaan: খাদানে রেট্রো লুকে দেব! কোথায় চলছে শ্যুটিং? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-posts-about-khadaan-31709545565193.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423212924/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-posts-about-khadaan-31709545565193.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> coalfields where Dev had gone earlier to recce, with some parts of the film being filmed [[Bankura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadaan: Dev and his team visit Asansol for recce |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-dev-and-his-team-visit-asansol-for-recce/aadc7ff296243 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=17 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Pooja |title=Swastika Mukherjee's ethnic fashion, Srijit Mukherji's new film, Dev in Asansol for ''Khadaan'' shoot: Tollywood update |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/swastikas-ethnic-fashion-srijits-new-film-dev-in-asansol-for-khadaan-shoot-tollywood-update/cid/2004885 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Telegraph Online}}</ref> A scene where Dev puts a burning cigar inside his mouth, was finally shot after he had injured his lips 55 times with hot flashes from the cigar, along with burning his tongue and beard, during the retakes.<ref>{{cite news |title=খাদানে বিড়ি ধরানোর দৃশ্যে ৫৫ বার ঠোঁট পোড়ে দেবের! জ্বলেছে জিভ, এমনকি দাড়িও |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/khadaan-is-compared-with-film-kgf-dev-and-jisshu-reacts-on-anandabazar-online-dgtl/cid/1566575 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=10 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> A specific scene was filmed at the [[Randiha]] Barrage beside the [[Damodar River]] in [[Panagarh]], where Dev and Jisshu met the fans who came to see the shooting.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadaan: Dev's fans travel across the river to meet their star while shooting |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-devs-fans-travel-across-the-river-to-meet-their-star-while-shooting/c28a5d76cb894 |access-date=15 November 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Ranita |date=2024-03-14 |title=পানাগড়ের ব্যারেজে দেব, নদী পার করে দেখতে এলেন লোকজন |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/dev-shoot-for-khadaan-at-panagarh-west-bengal-31710419967681.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121185031/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/dev-shoot-for-khadaan-at-panagarh-west-bengal-31710419967681.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Nayan |title=Dev: দামোদরের চরে দেবের খাদানের শ্যুটিং! নদী টপকে সুপারস্টারের দর্শন সারলেন ভক্তরা |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/bengali-actor-dev-shooting-for-his-film-khadaan-at-panagarh-l18-sank-1552847.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=bengali.news18.com |date=12 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> On 13 March 2024, the makers uploaded second poster of the film, informing that the second schedule of the film had been completed.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Priyanka |title=Khadaan New Poster: শেষ হল দ্বিতীয় শ্যুটিং শিডিউল, 'খাদান'-এর নতুন পোস্টার প্রকাশ্যে এনে কী বললেন দেব |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-2nd-schedule-wrapped-actor-shares-news-poster-31710335260574.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313170556/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-2nd-schedule-wrapped-actor-shares-news-poster-31710335260574.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=কুন্ডু |first=কস্তুরী |title=ইডির ডাকের মাঝেই শুরু দেবের খাদানের শ্যুটিং |url=https://eisamay.com/ampstories/web-stories/entertainment/dev-bengali-actor-gives-a-message-to-start-khadaan-shooting-from-today/107759763.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref>

After the completion of Dev's commitments with the [[Lok Sabha Elections|Lok Sabha elections 2024]], the shooting resumed in July 2024 again in Asansol. For 3 days, the team shot in the rural environment at Nalban in [[Bidhannagar]] but had to shoot indoor on the fourth day due to heavy rains.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Khadaan: Dev, Jisshu U Sengupta and others shoot in Kolkata |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-dev-jisshu-u-sengupta-and-others-shoot-in-kolkata/0202745ec810 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=13 July 2024 }}</ref> From 19 July to 22 July, the song "Radharani" was filmed portraying the a [[Kirtan]] programme. The song "Haye Re Biye" was shot in this schedule. The same month, an action sequences was shot at least 400 ft. deep in the coalmines of [[Jamuria]] for a week.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |title=অন্য ভাষার ছবি দেখে আমরা প্রভাবিত হয়ে সেই ধরণের ছবি তৈরির চেষ্টা করি, 'খাদান' বাঙালির গল্প: যীশু |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-on-khadaan-dev-idhika-paul-entertainment-news-tollywood-1108909 |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=4 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> In August 2024, a massive underwater sequence was shot in the Damodar River. The remaining parts in the schedule were filmed across Durgapur, Asansol and Bankura.<ref name="Hindustan Times" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Dev and Jisshu U Sengupta's leak video from Raniganj reveals their camaraderie |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-dev-and-jisshu-u-senguptas-leak-video-from-raniganj-reveals-their-camaraderie/71fad97bb1158 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> During this schedule, on 28 September 2024, the song "Rajar Raja" was shot in [[Baranagar]], also with a high octane action sequence. The song was filmed at the aforementioned place, constructing a special set of a village fair. Along with 200 dancers, Dev danced to this song on the sand in {{Convert|42|C}} scorching heat, under Shankaraiyaa's supervision. On 1 October 2024, the producers informed with a new poster that the filming has been completed and wrapped up.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=হাতে ধারালো অস্ত্র, চোখেমুখে ফুটে উঠেছে রাগ! পিতৃপক্ষের‌ অবসানের আগেই কোন ইঙ্গিত দিলেন দেব? |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/25326/dev_announces_the_wrap_up_of_upcoming_movie_khadaan_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006012728/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/25326/dev_announces_the_wrap_up_of_upcoming_movie_khadaan_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=1 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Khadaan: Dev drops the poster and his fans can't keep calm |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-dev-drops-the-poster-and-his-fans-cant-keep-calm/d5e1d61cb1374 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=3 October 2024 |quote=Dev posted the photo and wrote in the caption, "Finally it's wrap….See u in theatres".}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
[[Post-production]] for the film began in July 2024 and went on for four months as the film involves extensive [[computer graphics]] and [[Visual effects|VFX]]. The VFX work of the film was provided by Surinder Films VFX, where Tamal Roy served as the [[visual effects supervisor]]. Dibyo and Soumyo Roy were the [[sound design]]ers. The first half of the film was edited by October 2024.

Barkha Bisht and Idhika Paul were reported to dub their parts in late-September 2024, while Dev and Jisshu Sengupta began dubbing their portions in October 2024.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Khadaan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rathijit Bhattacharjee, Nilayan Chatterjee and [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2023–24
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:31
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Surinder Films]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|GGkRo4oEL7E|Khadaan Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The music of the film has been composed by Rathijit Bhattacharjee, [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]] and Nilayan Chatterjee. The lyrics have been written by Nilayan Chatterjee himself in his compositions while Ritam Sen has penned the lyrics for Rathijit Bhattacharjee and Savvy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Khadaan'': Rathijit Bhattacharya records song of Dev and Jisshu U Sengupta's film in Mumbai |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-rathijit-bhattacharya-records-song-of-dev-and-jusshu-u-senguptas-film-in-mumbai/54887f046f70 |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='খাদান'-এর গান রেকর্ডিং চলছে মুম্বইয়ে, প্রথম জানল আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/topic/rathijit-bhattacharjee |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Anandabazar Online}}</ref>

The first single "Rajar Raja" was released on 12 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title=ফ্যামিলি নিয়ে ব্যস্ত বলে কি নাচ ভুলেছেন? 'খাদান' ছবির গানে প্রমাণ দিলেন 'রাজার রাজা' দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/actor-dev-movie-khadan-new-song-rajar-raja-out/ |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=12 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মুক্তির অপেক্ষায় নতুন ছবি, '১০ বছর পর আবার', প্রত্যাবর্তন প্রসঙ্গে কোন ইঙ্গিত দিলেন দেব? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/makers-of-khadaan-released-the-teaser-of-the-song-rajar-raja-starring-bengali-actor-dev-dgtl/cid/1559397 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=Anandabazar Online}}</ref> It marked Dev in a dance song after a decade of films including no dance numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |title=''Khadaan'' song ''Rajar Raja'': Roaring Star Dev puts on his dancing shoes after a decade |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/khadaan-song-rajar-raja-dev-puts-on-his-dancing-shoes-after-a-decade/cid/2062559 |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=The Telegraph Online |quote=In Rajar Raja, Dev's grand entry and the scene of him performing an aarti in front of a Mahadev idol have already created a buzz among fans. In the song, Dev dances with a bell in one hand and a lamp in the other, adding to the celebratory feel. His dance in front of a statue of Nataraja brings out a nostalgic vibe, reminding fans of the spirited Dev they know and love.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=টলিপাড়ায় তিনিই 'রাজার রাজা', চেনা অবতারে দেব! খাদানের প্রথম গানেই বাজিমাত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaans-first-song-rajar-raja-released-fans-go-gaga-as-dev-dances-his-heart-out-31731399857938.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210022625/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaans-first-song-rajar-raja-released-fans-go-gaga-as-dev-dances-his-heart-out-31731399857938.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> The second single "Haye Re Biye" was released on 22 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2024-11-23 |title=Khadaan's song Haye re biye: A celebratory ode to marriage |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/khadaan-s-song-haye-re-biye-a-celebratory-ode-to-marriage/1228049 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en |quote=With its playful energy and funky lyrics, the song captures the essence of joy, love, and partnership, illustrating how even the strongest journeys are enriched by meaningful connections. Rooted in its celebratory spirit, Haye re biye embodies the vibrance of completeness and togetherness.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2024-11-22 |title=বিয়ে করে পস্তাচ্ছেন দেব-যিশু!টুইস্ট নেচে প্রশ্ন তুললেন 'হায় রে বিয়ে হল কেনে?' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-starrer-khadan-movies-second-song-haye-re-biye-is-out-now-31732269433028.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214012758/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-starrer-khadan-movies-second-song-haye-re-biye-is-out-now-31732269433028.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=2024-11-23 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn-IN}}</ref> The third single "Kishori" was released on 5 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=কয়লাখনিতে 'কিশোরী' ইধিকার সঙ্গে রোম্যান্স দেবের! অন্তরা-রথিজিতের গান শীতেই আনল বসন্তের আমেজ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-khadaan-new-song-kishori-is-out-now-actor-will-romance-with-idhika-paul-31733386997354.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207124102/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-khadaan-new-song-kishori-is-out-now-actor-will-romance-with-idhika-paul-31733386997354.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=5 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |title='কিশোরী' ইধিকার প্রেমে মত্ত দেব, 'খাদান'-এর নতুন গানে মন জিতলেন টলিপাড়ার নয়া জুটি। |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-movie-khadaan-new-song-kishori-is-out/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=5 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The fourth single "Baap Eseche" was released on 12 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title='তোর বাপ এসেছে...', খাদান টিমের সঙ্গে গলা মেললেন দেব! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/devs-video-during-khadaan-promotion-goes-viral-watch-video-31734108317355.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213172724/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/videos/devs-video-during-khadaan-promotion-goes-viral-watch-video-31734108317355.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It served as a promotional track for the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=ভিড় ঠেলে দেবদর্শন, কান্না তরুণীর, ফ্যানকে কাছে টেনে জল খাওয়ালেন সুপারস্টার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-treated-fan-with-lovely-gesture-in-khadaan-promotion-see-video/ |access-date=14 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=13 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

The remaining songs "Radharani", "Royal Fighter" , "Dhinak Na Tin" and "Phiraiyya Dao" along with the full audio jukebox was released on 18 December 2024, at the music launch event held at [[South City Mall]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Khadaan: খাদানের রাধারাণীতে মুগ্ধ দর্শকরা! নেটপাড়া বলছে, 'জিৎ গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়ের যোগ্য উত্তরসূরি রথিজিৎ' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-juke-box-out-now-netizens-praising-radharani-song-and-rathijit-bhattacharjee-31734619865760.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220030225/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-juke-box-out-now-netizens-praising-radharani-song-and-rathijit-bhattacharjee-31734619865760.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> In February 2025, "Kishori" became the fastest Indian Bengali song to register 100 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title='Khadaan' track 'Kishori' becomes fastest Bengali song to get 100 million views on YouTube |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/song-from-dev-starrer-action-thriller-crosses-100-million-mark-on-youtube/cid/2081335 |access-date=7 February 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 February 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 27:31
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rajar Raja
| music1 = [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| length1 = 3:15
| lyrics1 = Ritam Sen
| extra1 = Dev Arijit
| title2 = Haye Re Biye
| music2 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| length2 = 3:45
| lyrics2 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| extra2 = [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[June Banerjee]], Sudip Nandy
| title3 = Kishori
| length3 = 3:26
| lyrics3 = Ritam Sen
| music3 = Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| extra3 = Rathijit Bhattacharjee, [[Antara Mitra]]
| title4 = Baap Eseche
| length4 = 3:00
| lyrics4 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| music4 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| extra4 = Ishan Mitra
| title5 = Radharani
| length5 = 3:58
| lyrics5 = Ritam Sen
| music5 = Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| extra5 = Arkadeep Mishra (Arka)
| title6 = Royal Fighter
| length6 = 3:14
| lyrics6 = Ritam Sen
| music6 = Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| extra6 = Bullet B-One
| title7 = Dhinak Na Tin
| length7 = 3:03
| lyrics7 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| music7 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| extra7 = Debosmita Deb
| title8 = Phiraiyya Dao
| length8 = 3:50
| lyrics8 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| music8 = Nilayan Chatterjee
| extra8 = Sohini Saha
}}

== Marketing ==
The teaser was initially planned to release on 14 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dev: ওয়র্কোহলিক দেব! ঘুরতে গিয়েও সিনেমার আপডেট সুপারস্টারের... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/photos/dev-share-a-bog-update-of-khadaan-on-his-vacation-in-saudi-arabia-with-rukmini-maitra-534298 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dev On RG Kar Case: 'RG Kar কাণ্ডে বিচার চাই..', 'খাদান'-র টিজার রিলিজ পিছিয়ে দিলেন দেব |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/tmc-mp-actor-dev-s-khadan-teaser-release-postpone-on-rg-kar-doctor-s-death-protest-1088920 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=13 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> But it was postponed as a sign of solidarity with the then ongoing protests against the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder|RG Kar rape and murder incident]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dev seeks justice for Kolkata rape victim, postpones Khadaan teaser launch |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-seeks-justice-for-kolkata-rape-victim-postpones-khadaan-teaser-launch/cid/2040900 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Anindita |title=Actor Dev Adhikari seeks justice for Kolkata rape victim: Deeply saddened, outraged |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/actor-dev-adhikari-seeks-justice-for-kolkata-rape-victim-deeply-saddened-outraged-2581754-2024-08-13 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 August 2024}}</ref> The teaser was finally dropped on 29 August 2024, 2 weeks after the initially scheduled date.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title=Khadaan Teaser: 'আজ এই জমি খাদান হবে, নয়তো শ্মশান'; যিশুর শান্ত চোখের তীক্ষ্ণ দৃষ্টি আর দেবের চাঁচাছোলা ডায়লগেই বাজিমাত 'খাদান'-এর টিজার |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/22681/khadaan_teaser_released_which_starring_jisshu_sengupta_and_dev_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127083707/https://aajkaal.in/story/22681/khadaan_teaser_released_which_starring_jisshu_sengupta_and_dev_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=29 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Misra |first=Akash |title='ফ্যামিলি নিয়ে আছি বলে অ্যাকশন ভুলেছি ভাবছিস?' 'খাদান' টিজারে হুঙ্কার দেবের |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/dev-new-movie-release-khadaan-teaser-out/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-29 |title=Roaring Star Dev drops action-packed teaser of his upcoming film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-drops-action-packed-teaser-of-his-upcoming-film/articleshow/112898894.cms |access-date=2024-11-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Dev shared the teaser on X, writing, "The biggest Bengali film is arriving in cinemas this Christmas. An epic journey of friendship begins. Get ready to dive deep into the world of Khadaan, where power, greed, and vengeance collide."}}</ref> It was praised by eminent personalities like [[Srijit Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Khadaan-Srijit: খাদানের টিজার আগেভাগেই দেখলেন সৃজিত! তারপর দেবকে এসব কী বলে ফেললেন পরিচালক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-shares-his-reaction-on-devs-khadaan-teaser-31724897576845.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213131001/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-shares-his-reaction-on-devs-khadaan-teaser-31724897576845.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |title=Dev On Khadaan: ছবির প্রথম ঝলক মুক্তির আগের রাতেই দরাজ সার্টিফিকেট পেলেন দেব! কার থেকে? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/srijit-mukherjee-praised-dev-on-khadaan-teaser-entertainment-news-bollywood-1092065 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=28 August 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

On 30 Oct 2024, Dev was invited in the opening ceremony of a [[Kali Puja]] in [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], where a short promotion was done. As a part of the ground level promotions at an event in [[Medinipur]], Jisshu Sengupta dialed Dev and spoke out one of his prime dialogues from the movie in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2024-11-11 |title=মেদিনীপুরে শো করতে গিয়ে, ভরা মঞ্চে যীশু হঠাৎ ফোন করে বসলেন দেবকে! তারপর? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/jisshu-u-sengupta-called-dev-from-midnapore-show-know-the-real-reason-entertainment-news-tollywood-1104877 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='শাস্ত্রে কয়েছে পুরুষ মানুষের প্রধান অস্ত্র ধৈর্য আর বীর্য' বিচ্ছেদের মাঝে কেন বললেন যীশু |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-says-dialogs-from-his-upcoming-film-khadaan-and-makes-phone-call-to-dev-during-the-event-dgtl/cid/1560779 |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=16 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=ব্যক্তিগত জীবনের কারণে জোর চর্চায়, হঠাৎ মেদিনীপুর থেকে দেবকে কেন ফোন করলেন যিশু? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-calls-mp-actor-dev-from-medinipur-promotion-what-happened-31731340445565.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130133016/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-calls-mp-actor-dev-from-medinipur-promotion-what-happened-31731340445565.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> The same month, when the song "''Rajar Raja''" was unveiled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Snigdha |date=2024-11-10 |title=১০ বছর পর 'খাদান'-এর জন্য এই কাজ করলেন দেব! ইঙ্গিত পেয়েই অবাক নেটপাড়া |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/28509/teaser_out_of_first_song_of_bengali_movie_khadaan_dev_will_dancing_there_after_10_years_ent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127082550/https://aajkaal.in/story/28509/teaser_out_of_first_song_of_bengali_movie_khadaan_dev_will_dancing_there_after_10_years_ent |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> The makers announced people to recreate the signature step by recording their own dance performances to the song and sharing these videos across social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2024-11-13 |title=Rajar Raja: Celebrating bengali spirit in Khadaan's dance number |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/rajar-raja-celebrating-bengali-spirit-in-khadaan-s-dance-number/1214670 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en |quote=''Khadaan'', starring Dev and Jisshu Sengupta in lead roles, tells a powerful story of fearless souls who, with courage and intelligence, change their own destinies and alter the fate of a coalfield in Damodar Valley.}}</ref>

Anirban Chakrabarti's character in the film was revealed with his first look poster on 18 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Akash |date=18 March 2024 |title=একমাথা চুল, চোখে মুখে আক্রোশ! 'খাদান' লুকে চমক অনির্বাণ চক্রবর্তীর |url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/cinema/dev-shares-khadan-look-of-anirban-chakraborty |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khadaan: Anirban Chakrabarti's tribal look stuns his fans on social media |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/khadaan-anirban-chakrabartis-tribal-look-stuns-his-fans-on-social-media/aa0cdddd02660 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Barkha Bisht's character from the film was revealed with a motion poster on 19 November 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 February 2024 |title=Barkha Bist: বহুদিন পর এলেন কলকাতায়, দেবের স্ত্রীর ভূমিকা পেয়েই ছুটলেন রাজ-শুভশ্রীর বাড়িতে! |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/barkha-bist-dev-khadan-kolkata-shooting-visit-to-raj-shubhasree-729371/ |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |language=bn}}</ref> As a part of the marketing campaign, the makers launched official merchandise of the film. They included prime dialogues, catchy quotes, song names and title of the film printed on T-shirts.<ref>{{cite news |title='আগে রোম্যান্স করেছি, এ বার আমাদের বিয়ে!' বরখার কথা শুনে অভিনেত্রীকে সতর্ক করলেন দেব |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-anirban-chakraborty-barkha-bisht-sneha-bose-attend-khadan-movie-song-haye-re-biye-release-programme-dgtl/cid/1562256 |access-date=23 November 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=22 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> This was the first time in many years that official merchandise has been launched for a Bengali film as a part of the promotions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadaan Official Merchandise |url=https://bongmade.com/collections/khadaan-t-shirts?srsltid=AfmBOorado5mqMvofVr0BAZPN11ptf2I1I2OTW9bfQ42fTPgQjBAbk9A |access-date=23 November 2024 |publisher=Bong Made}}</ref> On 21 November 2024, Sneha Bose's character from the film was revealed with a motion poster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2024-11-21 |title=হাতে কাটারি, চোখে-মুখে যন্ত্রণার ছাপ, প্রকাশ্যে স্নেহার খাদানের লুক! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-first-look-of-sneha-bose-from-khadan-movie-31732181551869.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315074434/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-first-look-of-sneha-bose-from-khadan-movie-31732181551869.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 March 2025 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

A song launch event was arranged by the makers at Flamboyant in [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahma |first=Sanjali |date=2024-12-02 |title=Latest in entertainment, lifestyle, fashion {{!}} t2ONLINE - Vibe With The tRIBE |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/glimpses-from-the-launch-of-khadaan-s-song-haye-re-biye/1237025 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> where the song "''Haye Re Biye''" was launched.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=মুক্তি পেল খাদানের নতুন গান 'হায়রে বিয়া হল ক্যানে'। আবারও পুরনো অবতারে ফিরছেন দেব |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/29799/khadan_039_s_new_song__039_hayre_biya_hall_kaane_039_was_released_dev_is_once_again_returning_to_his_old_avatar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206083229/https://aajkaal.in/story/29799/khadan_039_s_new_song__039_hayre_biya_hall_kaane_039_was_released_dev_is_once_again_returning_to_his_old_avatar |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> In this event, Dev, Barkha Bisht and Sneha Bose were observed dancing to the beat of the song. Jisshu Sengupta was dialed by Dev and was asked if he would be a part of [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s upcoming film ''[[King (2026 Indian film)|King]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2024-11-23 |title='কিং'য়ে শাহরুখের সঙ্গে থাকছেন যিশুও? জল্পনা উসকে দেব বললেন, 'শুনলাম তুমি নাকি…' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-reacts-on-barkha-bists-comment-at-haye-re-biye-song-launch-and-gave-hints-on-jisshu-senguptas-new-work-with-srk-31732326817525.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114173341/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-reacts-on-barkha-bists-comment-at-haye-re-biye-song-launch-and-gave-hints-on-jisshu-senguptas-new-work-with-srk-31732326817525.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> On 27 November 2024, the makers released a motion poster addressing Idhika Paul's character from the film. The same day, the makers announced people to create reels by grooving the hook step of "''Haye Re Biye''" and also revealed to win the Khadaan T-shirts exclusively.

The makers declared "Khadaan Tour",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-11-30 |title=বেঙ্গল ট্যুরে দেব ও 'খাদান' টিম, তৈরি থাকুন আপনার এলাকায় |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-start-bengal-tour-with-team-khadaan-from-5-december-west-bengal-news-wbs24113002206 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> a massive strategy of promotion in several towns across [[West Bengal]] including [[Durgapur]] (at Junction Mall), [[Bardhaman]] (at Burdwan Town Hall), [[Howrah]] (at Bargachia Book Fair), [[Madhyamgram]] (at Star Mall), [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] (at Malda College), [[Raiganj]] (at Raiganj University), [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] (at PRM City Mall), [[Siliguri]] (Vega Circle Mall), [[Howrah]] (Amta Bakshi Ground), [[Barrackpore]] (Swami Vivekananda University) and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] (Rishra Lenin Ground) on a ''Khadaan'' themed bus, featuring the characters in a giant poster all over the bus.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=Dev Visits Tarapith: 'বেঙ্গল ট্যুর'-এ টিম 'খাদান', সিনেমার সাফল্য কামনায় তারাপীঠে দেব |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/amid-khadaan-release-dev-visits-tarapith-temple-during-bengal-tour-7779730 |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Kasturi |title=শহরের বিভিন্নপ্রান্তে চলছে খাদানের প্রচার। মালদায় ছবির প্রচারে দেব ভক্তদের ভিড় ছিল একেবারে চোখে পড়ার মতো। |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-shares-a-video-of-upcoming-movie-khadaan-promotion-at-malda-8425691 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=10 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Another motion poster was released on 1 December 2024, which revealed the character of Raja Dutta from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2024-11-24 |title=Khadaan character posters heighten curiosity among fans |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/khadaan-character-posters-heighten-curiosity-among-fans/1231319 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> The second teaser titled "Pre-trailer"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title='তুই সত্যি বাপের ব্যাটা…', ডবল রোলে দেব, যিশুর ধামাকা! রইল খাদানের প্রি-ট্রেলার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-pretrailer-dev-plays-both-father-and-son-film-also-stars-jisshu-sengupta-idhika-paul-and-barkha-bist-31733142397397.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207215827/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-pretrailer-dev-plays-both-father-and-son-film-also-stars-jisshu-sengupta-idhika-paul-and-barkha-bist-31733142397397.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-12-02 |title='সত্যি বাপের ব্যাটা'- 'খাদান' প্রি-ট্রেলারে ডবল ধামাকা দেব-যীশুর |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-pre-trailer-release-on-social-media-west-bengal-news-wbs24120205604 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> was released on 2 December 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Priyanka |date=2024-12-02 |title=দেবকে নিয়েই মত্ত অনুরাগীরা, পাত্তা পেলেন না যিশু! খাদানের প্রচারে সঙ্গী ইধিকাও |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-gets-ignored-as-fans-mob-dev-at-khadaan-pre-trailer-launch-event-31733131943280.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204180707/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jisshu-sengupta-gets-ignored-as-fans-mob-dev-at-khadaan-pre-trailer-launch-event-31733131943280.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> by conducting a launching event at [[Miraj Cinemas]] in [[Salt Lake City|Salt Lake]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=প্রি-ট্রেলার লঞ্চে মুখোমুখি টিম 'খাদান' |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/30713/team--039-khadan-039-on-pre-trailer-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203050338/https://aajkaal.in/story/30713/team--039-khadan-039-on-pre-trailer-launch |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Dev attends the pre-trailer launch of Khadaan at Miraj Cinemas on Monday |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/food-beverage/dev-attends-the-pre-trailer-launch-of-khadaan-at-miraj-cinemas-on-monday/1237920 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

After the promotions at [[Durgapur]], Dev visited [[Tarapith Temple]] in [[Birbhum]] to seek blessings for the success of the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Torsha |title='খাদান'-এর প্রচারে ঘুরছেন দুর্গাপুর, বর্ধমানে, তার ফাঁকেই তারাপীঠ মন্দিরে পুজো দিলেন দেব |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-worshiped-at-tarapith-tample-during-khadaan-release-entertainment-news-tollywood-1109250 |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=6 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=দে |first1=সুস্মিতা |title="খাদান" মুক্তির আগে তারাপীঠে দেব, ইধিকাকে সঙ্গে নিয়ে পুজো দিলেন অভিনেতা |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/dev-at-tarapith-temple-during-khadaan-promotion/200326674.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=6 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The event at [[Bardhaman]] created a lot of chaos as groups of excited fans broke the barricade and got up on the stage to meet the actors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=দে|first1=দেবস্মিতা |title=প্রিয় অভিনেতা দেবকে দেখে বাঁধভাঙা উচ্ছ্বাস, 'খাদান' -এর প্রিমিয়ারে ধুন্ধুমার বর্ধমানে |url=https://aajkaal.in/story/31162/dev-went-to-the-khadaan-premiere-at-bardhaman_gnr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207095611/https://aajkaal.in/story/31162/dev-went-to-the-khadaan-premiere-at-bardhaman_gnr |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2024 |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=6 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Similar unprecedented events took place during the [[Madhyamgram]] promotions due to failure of the event organisers as an unexpected number of people turned up for the event.<ref>{{cite news |title='খাদান' ছবির প্রোমোশনে চরম বিশৃঙ্খলা-ধাক্কাধাক্কি, লাঠিচার্জের অভিযোগ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/devs-film-khadaan-promotion-at-madhyamgram-extreme-chaos-surrounds-event-west-bengal-news-wbs24120804811 |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=8 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The police had to "lathi-charge" to disperse the enthusiastic crowd to avoid chances of any stampede and also to normalise the National Highway 12, which was completely blocked, creating difficulties for the vehicles and commuters.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tripathi|first=Ankita|title=দেবকে দেখতে জনসমুদ্র! 'খাদান'-এর প্রোমোশনে চরম বিশৃঙ্খলা, লাঠিচার্জ পুলিশের |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/chaotic-situation-in-kolkata-mall-for-actor-dev-movie-khadaan-promotion-ank-1978416.html |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=[[News18]] |date=8 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Dev along with the cast and crew visited the [[Naihati Boro Maa Kali Temple]] in [[Naihati]], to take her blessings for the success of the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=নৈহাটির বড়মার মন্দিরে অঞ্জলি, মুক্তির আগে মায়ের আশীর্বাদ নিল টিম খাদান |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-went-to-naihati-boroma-for-seeking-blessing-before-khadaan-movie-release-8445262 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=16 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> On 17 December 2024, [[Sourav Ganguly]] and [[Jhulan Goswami]] along with other cricketers played a friendly cricket match with the cast and crew of ''Khadaan'' as a part of the promotions.<ref>{{cite news |title='খাদান একাদশ' বনাম 'দাদা একাদশ'- ক্রিকেট ম্যাচে মুখোমুখি দেব-সৌরভ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/sourav-ganguly-jhulan-goswami-jisshu-sengupta-with-dev-in-khadaan-movie-promotion-west-bengal-news-wbs24121705142 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]] |date=17 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dada vs Dev — a tough day on the turf ahead of 'Khadaan' release |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/move/sourav-ganguly-dev-jhulan-goswami-jisshu-senguptaa-on-the-turf-and-khadaan-official-teaser-release/cid/2071750 |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=Telegraph India |date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

Initially scheduled to release on 15 December 2024,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=পিছোল 'খাদান' ট্রেলারের মুক্তি, কারণ কী? জানালেন দেব |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/khadaan-trailer-release-postponed-for-this-reason-here-is-what-dev-wrote/ |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=15 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> the trailer release was delayed due to technical issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title='সেরাটা দেখাতে আরও সময় চাই', হাতে মাত্র ৫ দিন, এখনও অধরা দেবের খাদানের ট্রেলার, কেন? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/due-to-technical-glitch-khadaans-trailer-release-got-delayed-dev-shares-an-update-31734243754045.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215075432/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/due-to-technical-glitch-khadaans-trailer-release-got-delayed-dev-shares-an-update-31734243754045.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=এত দেরিতে?' খাদান মুক্তিতে বাকি আর ৪ দিন, কবে আসবে ট্রেলার? উত্তর দিলেন দেব |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadan-trailer-update-devs-film-trailer-to-release-on-wednesday-but-fans-are-worried-31734335198146.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221064833/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadan-trailer-update-devs-film-trailer-to-release-on-wednesday-but-fans-are-worried-31734335198146.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=16 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> The trailer was released on 18 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title=দুই দেব, এক যিশু আর কয়লা খনি, অ্যাকশনেই হিট 'খাদান' ট্রেলার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/khadaan-trailer-dev-and-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-movie-set-the-stage-ablaze/ |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Khadaan trailer: Dev plays dual role in an actioner set in coal belt |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-scorches-the-screen-in-dual-avatar-as-father-and-son/cid/2071569 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=18 December 2024}}</ref> The advance booking was started from 18 December 2024, just 2 days prior to the release.<ref>{{cite news |title=এখনও শো পাইনি 'খাদান', মুক্তির মুখে গুরুতর দাবি দেবের |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/story/tollywood-movie-khadaan-did-not-get-any-show-and-advance-opening-is-still-not-open-claim-dev-on-his-post-khadaan-movie-trailer-launch-khadaan-movie-update-sum-1139729-2024-12-18 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dev on Khadaan: অন্য ভাষার ছবির জন্য হল পাচ্ছে না 'খাদান', বন্ধ অগ্রিম বুকিং ও! বিস্ফোরক দেব |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/dev-reacts-as-khadaan-is-not-getting-cinema-hall-shows-entertainment-news-tollywood-1111068 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Dev informed that they couldn't open the advance bookings because the distributors were struggling to get enough shows due to large number of screens given to ''[[Pushpa 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Dev on Khadaan-Pushpa 2: 'অন্য ভাষার ছবির জন্য অ্যাডভান্স বুকিং...' খাদান নিয়ে দেবের সাফাই! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-opens-up-about-why-khadaan-has-not-started-advance-booking-due-to-pushpa-2-31734512661112.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221071247/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-opens-up-about-why-khadaan-has-not-started-advance-booking-due-to-pushpa-2-31734512661112.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Snigdha |title='পুষ্পা ২' ঝড়ে বাংলায় জায়গা পাচ্ছে না 'খাদান'! আক্ষেপ প্রকাশ করে কী বললেন দেব? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/dev-write-a-note-for-khadaan-pre-booking-which-not-open-due-to-others-language-film-distribution-in-bengal-ent-103156 |access-date=18 December 2024 |work=[[Aajkal]] |date=18 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> Dev mentioned on his X handle that, if there is any place where there are no theatres but the people want to watch the film, they makers will make the necessary arrangements for a temporary screening.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rana |first1=Sayani |title='যথাযথ ব্যবস্থা নেব', খাদান মুক্তির আগে ফের কেন এমন কথা বললেন দেব? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-asked-to-inform-his-fan-if-khadaan-is-not-released-in-any-hall-31734587346718.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220051308/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-asked-to-inform-his-fan-if-khadaan-is-not-released-in-any-hall-31734587346718.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Torsha |title=দুপুরে শো না পাওয়া নিয়ে চূড়ান্ত ক্ষোভ দেবের, রাত হতেই বদলাল 'খাদান'-এর ব্যবসার ছবিটা! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/dev-posted-morning-for-not-getting-show-for-khadaan-situation-changed-at-evening-entertainment-news-tollywood-1111176 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[ABP Ananda]] |date=19 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> After the first weekend from release, Dev visited the [[Kalighat Temple]] in [[Kolkata]] to take blessings of [[Maa Kali]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=৩ দিনে ৩ কোটি পার, 'খাদান'-এর ব্লকবাস্টার রেজাল্টে কালীঘাটে পুজো দেবের |url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/cinema/khadaan-box-office-bags-3-5-crore-dev-at-kalighat-temple |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=23 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

On 4 January 2025, after the completion of 53 million views of the song "Kishori", the characterizations of Dev and Idhika were felicitated by [[Amul]] in their special cartoony style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2025-01-04 |title=৪ সপ্তাহেই ৫.৩ কোটি ভিউজ! রেকর্ড গড়তেই খাদানের কিশোরী এখন 'আমূল' গার্ল |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/amul-bangla-celebrates-khadaan-song-kishori-as-dev-starrer-movie-song-crossed-53-million-views-31735966388735.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109041154/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/amul-bangla-celebrates-khadaan-song-kishori-as-dev-starrer-movie-song-crossed-53-million-views-31735966388735.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> Later on 9 January 2025, the makers announced "Khadaan Tour of Single Screens" in several towns including [[Bagnan]] (Chitrabani Cinema), [[Dakshin Barasat]] (Mahamaya Talkies), [[Tollygunge]] (Navina Cinema), [[Barrackpore]] (Atindra Cinema), Dunlop (Sonali Cinema) and [[Panskura]] (Charulata Cinema). In spite of the film's success, about this post-release promotion, Dev cited, "It is necessary to conduct this tour in single screens in the rural areas and make people more hall-oriented. At the same time, the hall owners must be convinced to renovate the halls as people still celebrate the excitement of mass films in single screens, not in multiplexes".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=১৫ কোটি ছুঁইছুঁই খাদান!দেব আসছে ব্যারাকপুর-বেলঘরিয়া-ডানলপ-বারাসতে, জানাল দিনক্ষণ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-date-of-his-singe-sreen-visit-for-khadaan-phase-2-promotion-from-dunlop-sonali-to-barrackpore-rathindra-31736409096379-4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114191326/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-shares-date-of-his-singe-sreen-visit-for-khadaan-phase-2-promotion-from-dunlop-sonali-to-barrackpore-rathindra-31736409096379-4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in the theatres on 20 December 2024 with 282 shows, on the eve of [[Christmas]] weekend.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Subhashree-Dev: বড়দিনে বক্স অফিসে মুখোমুখি দেব-শুভশ্রী? আসছে রাজের 'সন্তান'! থাকছেন মিঠুন-ঋত্বিক |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raj-chakraborty-subhashree-gangulys-next-shontaan-to-clash-with-devs-khadaan-this-christmas-poster-out-on-kalipuja-31730351792853.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241101204421/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/raj-chakraborty-subhashree-gangulys-next-shontaan-to-clash-with-devs-khadaan-this-christmas-poster-out-on-kalipuja-31730351792853.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2024 |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 October 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |title=Roaring Star Dev to rule the screen in December with his action packed film ''Khadaan'' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-to-rule-the-screen-in-december-with-khadaan/cid/2044753 |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=The Telegraph Online |quote=Already trending on social media, the teaser is a mix of fast cuts of action sequences and dramatic moments, with the rough, rustic voice of its hero (Dev) offering clues about the story's intriguing plotline.}}</ref> With the first show for the film starting from 2 am at SVF Cinemas in [[Raiganj]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Dev-starrer Khadaan witnesses houseful 2am show, a first in Bengali film industry |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-witnesses-houseful-2am-show-a-first-in-bengali-film-industry/cid/2072089 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=Telegraph India |date=20 December 2024}}</ref> ''Khadaan'' became the first Bengali film to keep a midnight show for the audience<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Priyanka |title="Khadaan" will release on mid-night |url=https://bengali.timesnownews.com/entertainment/dev-movie-khadaan-will-release-on-mid-night-at-raiganj-announced-by-actor-dev-article-116257184 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=12 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> and also became the first Bengali film to have a housefull show at midnight.<ref>{{cite news |title=রাত ২টোয় 'খাদান'-এর প্রথম শো হাউসফুল! নতুন নজির দেবের, কী বললেন অভিনেতা? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/dev-says-bengali-film-khadaans-midnight-show-is-houseful-dgtl/cid/1568608 |access-date=19 December 2024 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=19 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=খাদান-জ্বরে বাঙালি, দেবের হুঙ্কার বক্স অফিসে! রাত ২টোয় ১ম শো হাউজফুল, বাজল ঢাকঢোল, হল জমিয়ে নাচ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-1st-show-housefull-dev-shares-video-31734660388444.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220051023/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-1st-show-housefull-dev-shares-video-31734660388444.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> It had at least 392 shows across Bengal from second week, which eventually increased later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Piya |date=2025-01-14 |title=Fans give a huge thumbs up to Khadaan on its opening day |url=https://t2online.in/screen/tv/fans-give-a-huge-thumbs-up-to-khadaan-on-its-opening-day/1260507 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en |quote=Screenings of Khadaan in well-known theatres across Calcutta like Navina, Priya, INOX South City, Ajanta, Arti, Star Theatre, Star Mall, Asoka and Atindra (Barrackpore) and others have also run to houseful capacity today.}}</ref>

The film had its nationwide release on 3 January 2025 with 36 shows in major cities including [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Pune]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bengaluru]] and [[Ahmedabad]], having maximum shows across [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samadder |first=Tulika |date=2025-01-03 |title=বাংলায় ধামাল খাদানের! এবার দেবের ছবি মুম্বই, পুণে-সহ ৯ শহরে, ১৪ দিনে মোট আয় কত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-will-now-release-in-9-city-other-than-bengal-with-nearly-45-show-know-total-box-office-collection-31735893353868.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114191325/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-will-now-release-in-9-city-other-than-bengal-with-nearly-45-show-know-total-box-office-collection-31735893353868.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> Later, shows for the film were increased after it registered housefull shows in most cities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Khadaan Box Office: বাংলায় ধামাল খাদানের! এবার দেবের ছবি মুম্বই, পুণে-সহ ৯ রাজ্যে, ১৪ দিনে মোট আয় কত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-will-now-release-in-9-state-other-than-bengal-with-nearly-45-show-know-total-box-office-collection-31735893353868.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103140824/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-will-now-release-in-9-state-other-than-bengal-with-nearly-45-show-know-total-box-office-collection-31735893353868.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=3 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> The film had its 1st Grand International Premiere in [[Dubai]] on 25 January 2025 at Star Cinemas, Al Ghurair Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanji |first=Subhasmita |date=2025-01-14 |title=১৫ কোটির গণ্ডি পেরোতেই আন্তর্জাতিক সফরে খাদান! কোন দেশে মুক্তি পাচ্ছে দেবের ছবি? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-going-to-release-on-dubai-31736877755178-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114191326/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-going-to-release-on-dubai-31736877755178-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Arindam |date=2024-12-25 |title=Birthday boy Dev talks about the success of Khadaan |url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/birthday-boy-dev-talks-about-the-success-of-khadaan/1265274 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref> It had a Special Screening in [[Bangkok]] on 9 February 2025 at EmQuartier and in [[Melbourne]] on 9 February 2025 at Hoyts Melbourne Central.

''Khadaan'' set the record for the largest bookings in Bengali cinema, surpassing the record previously held by Dev's film, ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'', released in 2017. This record was achieved in both single-screen theatres and multiplex chains.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=Khadaan (Bengali) Collection Day 22: Dev's Massy Blockbuster Sets New Milestone; Beats Bohurupi, Chander Pahar |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/box-office/2025/khadaan-collection-day-22-dev-bengali-blockbuster-film-new-milestone-beats-bohurupi-chander-pahar-437691.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2025}}

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film collected around {{Est}} {{INR|1.5}} crore on its opening day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Piya |title=Fans give a huge thumbs up to Khadaan on its opening day with the film registering a massive box office collection |url=https://t2online.in/tech/tech-news/fans-give-a-huge-thumbs-up-to-khadaan-on-its-opening-day-with-the-film-registering-a-massive-box-office-collection/1260507 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=20 December 2024}}</ref> It marked the second highest opening day gross of all time for an Indian Bengali film after ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' (2017) at that time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadaan Day 1 Box Office: Dev starrer takes a huge start in West Bengal; Big surge expected over the weekend |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/khadaan-day-1-box-office-dev-starrer-takes-a-huge-start-in-west-bengal-big-surge-expected-over-the-weekend-1363762 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=21 December 2024}}</ref> Grossing an average of {{INR|1}} crore daily, it became the fastest Indian Bengali film to cross the {{INR|6}} crore mark in just 5 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=বড়দিনে লং জাম্প 'খাদানে'র! কত কোটির ব্যবসা করল দেবের ছবি? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/devs-khadaan-box-office-collection-last-5-days-tollywood-news-8566590 |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=26 December 2024|language=bn}}</ref> At the end of first week, the film grossed over {{INR|7.26}} crore and emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films#Highest-grossing films by opening week|highest first week grosser for an Indian Bengali film]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=৭ দিনে ৩.৫ লাখ দর্শক দেখল খাদান! ৭.২৬ কোটির ব্যবসা দেবের ছবির, কী হাল সন্তান-চালচিত্র-৫ নং স্বপ্নময় লেনের? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-khadaan-box-office-collection-day-7-26-crore-shontaan-chaalchitro-collected-what-amount-of-money-31735442523485.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229142837/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-starrer-khadaan-box-office-collection-day-7-26-crore-shontaan-chaalchitro-collected-what-amount-of-money-31735442523485.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> In 5 days, it became the fastest Indian Bengali film to gross over {{INR|25}} crore at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samadder |first1=Tulika |title=Box Office Khadaan: ১১ দিনে ১০ কোটি! খাদান জ্বরে বাংলা, সোমবারে বক্স অফিসে কত আয় করল শুভশ্রীর সন্তান |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-collects-10-crore-in-just-11-days-dev-breaks-all-box-office-records-of-bengali-cinema-31735633936092.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231105513/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-collects-10-crore-in-just-11-days-dev-breaks-all-box-office-records-of-bengali-cinema-31735633936092.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> On 1 January 2025, the film collected over {{INR|6.6}} crore, which is the highest single day collection for an Indian Bengali film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami|first1=Ranita|title=Khadaan Box Office: বক্স অফিসে দেবের হুঙ্কার, 'খাদান'কে ব্লকবাস্টার ঘোষণা প্রযোজনা সংস্থার , ১৫ দিনে ঘরে কত টাকা এল? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/superstar-dev-film-khadaan-see-the-15-days-box-office-report-31736007794978.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107050542/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/superstar-dev-film-khadaan-see-the-15-days-box-office-report-31736007794978.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2025 |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> After 15 days, it grossed over {{INR|20.3}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |title=Khadaan Box Office Collection: ১৫ দিনে বাংলা ছবির ভাগ্য পাল্টে দিলেন দেব, বক্স অফিসে রেকর্ড ব্রেক 'খাদানে'র! |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/dev-starer-khadaan-box-office-collection-after-15-days-tollywood-8596652 |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> After 3 weeks, it grossed over {{INR|25}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami|first1=Ranita| title=Khadaan Box Office: ফের গর্জন! 'যা বলে দে, তোর বাপ এসেছে…', ২২দিন পার করে 'খাদান'-এ কত টাকা এল? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-box-office-collection-in-4th-week-devs-heartfelt-gratitude-to-audience-31736515123431.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113165835/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/khadaan-box-office-collection-in-4th-week-devs-heartfelt-gratitude-to-audience-31736515123431.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=10 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=10 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> By the end of January 2025, it netted over {{INR|25.5}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Biman |title=Khadaan: ২০ কোটি পেরোতেই দুবাইয়ে প্রিমিয়ার খাদানের |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/entertainment/bengali-cinema/khadaan-premier-in-dubai-see-what-dev-and-jisshu-are-saying-anbbm/videoshow-bweobn1 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=26 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> At the end of its theatrical run, the film's grossing net collection over {{INR|26}} crore against a production budget of {{INR|6}} crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=বক্স অফিসে ১০ কোটি পার রঘু ডাকাতের! মেগাস্টার দেব ধরা ছোঁয়ার বাইরে, ফের প্রমাণিত |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-crosses-10-cr-says-producer-mahendra-soni-31759862045940.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116041536/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/box-office-dev-starrer-raghu-dakat-crosses-10-cr-says-producer-mahendra-soni-31759862045940.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2025 |access-date=13 October 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 October 2025 |language=bn |quote=খাদান- ২৬ কোটি টাকা}}</ref> It ran in the theatres for over 150 days and emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2024|highest grossing Bengali film of 2024]] and [[List of highest-grossing Indian Bengali films|the third highest grossing Indian Bengali film of all time]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=বক্স অফিসে ১০০ দিন পার খাদানের, কেক কেটে উদযাপনের পর দেব বললেন, 'যে স্বপ্ন নিয়ে চলা শুরু করেছিলাম…' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-talks-about-khadaan-as-movie-crossed-100-days-31743299135465.html |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 March 2025 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
Subhasmita Kanji of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 4.5 out 5 stars and opined "''Khadaan'' is a paisa-vasool masala entertainer. Every frame speaks of the huge production value of the film, in which Dev's character aroused back the memories and nostalgia of his initial films." She praised Idhika's vibrant acting, Anirban's character, Rathijit and Nilayan's music and the storytelling but criticised the script for being predictable at certain points.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=Khadaan Review: বলিউড-দক্ষিণ নয়, টলিউডও পারে, প্রমাণ করলেন দেব! অ্যাকশন থেকে নাচ-গানে ঠাসা খাদান কেমন হল? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-review-31734679387229.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220143600/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/dev-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-review-31734679387229.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 December 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|4.3|5}}</ref> Sandipta Bhanja of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film on a positive note and wrote "Dev is the heartstring of the film. His ostracized action hero avatar is a visual treat while his romantic avatar triggers back the nostalgia of his initial days." She praised Jisshu and Idhika's acting, John's debut performance, Anirban's tribal accent and Dev's comeback to commercial genre after a decade but criticized the twists for being somewhat predictable.<ref name="sp">{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=অ্যাকশনে ফিরেই 'অ্যাংরি ইয়ং ম্যান' দেব, যোগ্যসঙ্গত যিশুর, কেমন হল 'খাদান'? |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/dev-jisshu-sengupta-starrer-khadaan-film-review/ |access-date=20 December 2024 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=20 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

Addressing Dev as the "[[Dynamo]]" of the film, the ''IWM Buzz'' critic Shatakshi Ganguly opined "There's a certain electricity in the air when a film as ambitious as ''Khadaan'' makes its way to the screen. From its first explosive frames, the film establishes itself as a film with grand ambitions. As Shyam Mahato, Dev is at once fiery and grounded, oscillating between moments of sheer rage and heartfelt vulnerability. Quiet, composed, and deeply empathetic, Jisshu's presence as Mohan serves as the moral compass of the story."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Shatakshi |date=2024-12-20 |title=Khadaan Review: Dev Powers This Larger-Than-Life Storytelling |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/editorial-movies/khadaan-review-dev-powers-this-larger-than-life-storytelling/2024/12/20 |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=IWM Buzz |quote=Bengali cinema has long been celebrated for its layered narratives, deeply human characters, and penchant for social commentary and ''Khadaan'' crafts a striking amalgamation of all.}}</ref> Anurupa Chakraborty of the ''[[Indian Express]]'' rated the film 4.5/5 stars and highlighted "''Khadaan'' is a commercial entertainer with high octane action, romance and songs. The chemistry between Dev and Jisshu drives the film." She specially praised Jisshu's performance in the film, the BGM, John's short cameo and Dev's comeback in mass avatar after many years but mentioned that the story could have been written better.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anurupa |title=Khadaan Review: 'তোমারে বধিবে যে, গোকুলে বাড়িছে সে..' কেমন হল দেবের 'খাদান'? পড়ুন রিভিউ |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/review/superstar-dev-khadaan-bengali-movie-review-tollywood-entertainment-news-8544561 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=21 December 2024 |language=bn}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Sangita Chowdhury of ''Aajkal Bangla'' rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and quoted "Apart from the performances by the whole cast, Shailesh Awashthi's cinematography is the main highlight of the film, which takes the viewers to a new world."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Sangita |date=2024-12-22 |title=Khadan Movie Review: দেব অভিনীত 'খাদান' (2024) – রিভিউ |work=আজকাল বাংলা - সময়ের সাথে আপডেট |url=https://aajkalbangla.com/dev-new-khadan-movie-review-2024-in-bengali/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226085214/https://aajkalbangla.com/dev-new-khadan-movie-review-2024-in-bengali/ |url-status=dead }}{{rating|4.5|5}}</ref> Agnivo Niyogi of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' reviewed the film and noted "The synergy between Shyam and Mohan anchors the film and helps this otherwise straightforward story sail through." He criticised weakly written characters for Idhika and Barkha but specially praised the soundtrack and picturisation on the [[Kirtan]] track "Radharani".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Khadaan: Dev-Jisshu Sengupta's chemistry is the highlight of this South-style actioner |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/dev-and-jisshus-chemistry-is-the-highlight-of-this-south-style-actioner/cid/2072389 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

Poorna Banerjee of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and quoted "''Khadaan'' thrives on Dev's commanding presence and a lot of action sequences that are well shot. For fans of action dramas and larger-than-life protagonists, this might just hit the mark." She praised the cinematography, editing, music and high octane action sequences but mentioned Idhika's role to be unimpressive.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khadaan Movie Review: A tale of ambition, power, and betrayal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/khadaan/movie-review/116539256.cms |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]]'' noted "Khadaan is a full masala entertainer that brought Dev back to his old avatar, characterised by heavy action scenes and romantic sequences." Although Jisshu's seasoned acting, Anirban' character, John's debut, Idhika's performance and chemistry with Dev was praised, it was stated that the screenplay could have been better.<ref>{{Cite news |title=দেখবেন, কিন্তু কেন দেখবেন দেবের 'খাদান'? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/dev-movie-khadaan-starts-remarkable-journey-at-box-office-west-bengal-news-wbs24122301372 |access-date=23 December 2024|work=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat]]|date=23 December 2024}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Khadaan}}

== Future ==
The ending of the film hints towards a sequel.<ref>{{cite news |title='সকাল থেকে মাথা খারাপ করছে এই লোকটা..', দেবের সামনে টেবিল চাপড়ে কী দাবি জানালেন যীশু? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/after-khadaan-release-superstar-dev-and-jisshu-updates-about-second-half-tollywood-news-8546653 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=21 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> But, in an interview, Dev mentioned that ''Khadaan 2'' will be made depending upon the reception of ''Khadaan'' and only if the maiden part becomes commercially successful.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=There's a possibility of 'Khadaan 2': Dev |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/theres-a-possibility-of-khadaan-2-dev-591489 |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=Millennium Post |date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-28 |title=কবে শুটিং শুরু ‘খাদান ২’-এর? কী বলছেন পরিচালক রিনো? ছবির ভবিষ্যৎ নিয়ে নয়া গুঞ্জন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/could-devs-superhit-film-khadaan-2-not-happen-after-all-dgtl/cid/1657353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230053829/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/could-devs-superhit-film-khadaan-2-not-happen-after-all-dgtl/cid/1657353 |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt30701950}}

{{Dev Entertainment Ventures}}

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Sarat Chandra Sinha

2026-04-16T17:32:57Z

YvetteSawtell2: adding a entry

{{Short description|5th Chief Minister of Assam, India}}
{{Other uses|Sarat Chandra (disambiguation){{!}}Sarat Chandra}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sarat Chandra Sinha
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Sarat-Chandra-Singha-Dhubri-Circuit-House.jpg
| caption = A statue of Sarat Chandra Sinha near the Dhubri Circuit House
| office = 5th [[Chief Minister of Assam]]
| term_start = 31 January 1972
| term_end = 12 March 1978
| predecessor = [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry]]
| successor = [[Golap Borbora]]
| office2 = President, [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]
| term_start2 = 1984
| term_end2 = 1999
| leader2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
| term_start3 = 1985
| predecessor3 = Rookmini Kanta Roye
| successor4 = Rookmini Kanta Roye
| constituency4 = [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
| term_end3 = 1991
| term_end4 = 1983
| term_start4 = 1972
| successor3 = Anowar Hussain
| term5 = 1962–67
| term6 = 1946-52
| constituency5 = [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
| constituency6 = [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
| constituency7 = [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara East]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Chapar, Dhubri|Chapar]], [[Assam Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|12|25|1914|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (1999-2005)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1946-1978) [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)]] (1978-1984) [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]] (1984-1999)
| spouse = Labanya Sinha
| children = 6
| parents =
| relations =
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]) [[Banaras Hindu University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| occupation = Teacher Activist
| profession =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jananetasaratchandrasinha.com/}}
| footnotes =
| governor = [[Braj Kumar Nehru]] [[Lallan Prasad Singh]]
}}

'''Sarat Chandra Sinha''' (1 January 1914 – 25 December 2005) was an Indian politician and [[Chief Minister]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/cm-list.html|title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937|website=Assamassembly.gov.in|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> He was a leader of [[Indian National Congress]], [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]].

==Early life and education==
Sinha was born in a [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbanshi]] family in ''Bhakatpara'' village of [[Chapar, Dhubri|Chapar]] under [[Dhubri district]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Samir Kumar |title=Migrations, Identities and Democratic Practices in India |date=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781351175241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mchHDwAAQBAJ&q=sarat+chandra+sinha+rajbanshi&pg=PT201 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/KochRajbanshiAndKamatapurTheTruth.Unveiled2007/page/n110|title=Koch Rajbanshi And Kamatapur The Truth. Unveiled ( 2007)|last=Capt. Nalini Ranjan Ray |page=110 }}</ref> He belonged to a farmer family.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" /> Sinha started schooling from his village school.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" /> For secondary education, he attended a High school in [[Bilasipara]] known as Indra Narayan Academy Higher Secondary School, about 25 km from his home, a distance what he covered daily on foot or by bicycle.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" /><ref name="out">{{cite magazine |title=Sarat Chandra Sinha dead |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=344241 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614062052/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=344241 |archive-date=14 June 2012 |magazine=Outlook |agency=PTI |date=25 December 2005 |access-date=18 November 2011}}</ref> Sinha's father, Lalsingh Sinha ensured that his son always carried his slate and pencil while accompanying him to the paddy fields. Sinha learnt his arithmetic tables by counting his and his father's footsteps to the weekly village market. "Sometimes he would ask me to multiply the footsteps, sometimes divide," Sinha had said, recalling his childhood in a lengthy interview with All India Radio, Guwahati.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/polls-ahead-why-an-assam-cm-from-40-years-ago-is-relevant-again/ |title=Polls ahead, why an Assam CM from 40 years ago is relevant again |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 February 2016 |accessdate=26 June 2017}}</ref>

Sinha received his bachelor's degree from the [[Cotton College, Guwahati]] and subsequently moved to [[Banaras Hindu University]] for law education.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" /> After getting a law degree, Sinha came back to [[Guwahati]] and practised law for a short period and then switched to school teachings. Sinha began his career as a science teacher in a rural school after quitting his MSc in Kolkata in 1940. He was a Gandhian who wore khadi, and taught his students the art of making paper from straw, and was later in different positions from assistant teacher to headmaster in [[Dhubri district]].<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" /><ref name="out" />

==Political career==
Sinha was elected to the Dhubri local board in 1945 and was later taken to Guwahati by veteran Congress leader [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhry|Mahendra Mohan Choudhury]], who then got him a Congress ticket to contest the state Assembly election of 1946. The party had given him Rs 750 as election campaign expenses, but on completion of the campaign, he returned Rs 250 that remained unspent. He was elected to [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam Legislative assembly]] four times from [[Bilasipara East Assembly constituency|Bilasipara east constituency]] in 1946–52, 1962–67, 1972–78 and 1985–90.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 December 2017 |title=Sarat Chandra Singha remembered |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/sarat-chandra-singha-remembered/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=The Sentinel |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SCR">{{cite news|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=dec2608/edit3 |title=Archived copy |work=Assam Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015095642/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=dec2608%2Fedit3 |archive-date=15 October 2009 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

=== Chief Ministership ===
{{See also|Sarat Chandra Sinha Ministry}}

==== Tenure ====
Sinha was first made an [[Chief Ministers of Assam|interim Chief Minister]] in 1972 by [[Indira Gandhi]] and subsequently became an elected [[chief minister]] and served till 1978.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" /> He also served the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] in various positions and capacities like the general secretary, vice-president, and president. He later joined [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)]] after the emergency era which was imposed by [[Indira Gandhi]] and became its national president in 1987.

As chief minister, Sinha shifted the state capital from [[Shillong]] to [[Dispur]]. He was also chief minister for the carve out of [[Meghalaya]] from Assam along with [[Shillong]] and the language agitation in 1972, a demand for the introduction of [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as the sole medium of instruction in Assam.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" /> He engaged unemployed local youth in the construction work of temporary Capital at Dispur. He made the decision to strengthen the Public Distribution System, and as a result 13,615 Nos. of Fair Price shop were established in Assam to distribute essential commodities. He also assisted in providing land and bank loans for landless people. He also started medium irrigation system like Kaldiya, Dekadang, Bardikariya, Jojloi Gaon, Kolong river irrigation scheme etc. In his regime power project in Assam increased up to 43 per cent due to establishment of Boanigaon, Kapili, Lakuwa, Longpi, Bongaigaon thermal project.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinha ministry |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ |accessdate=5 November 2018}}</ref>

Sinha was involved in setting up the [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]] and [[Bongaigaon Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=https://gmcaa.com/VFdjOVBRPT0=/about--gmc.ghtml |website=gmcaa.com |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam: Golden jubilee celebrations of Bongaigaon refinery begins |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-golden-jubilee-bongaigaon-refinery.html |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=NORTHEAST NOW |date=19 January 2022}}</ref> He believed in decentralisation of power and introduced [[Panchayati Raj]] in the State for the welfare of the backward communities.

==== First Motion of No-Confidence ====
The main grounds on which Gaurisankar Bhattacharyya tabled a No-confidence Motion against the Government of Sinha were: 1. profession and practice of the Government had proved to be diametrically opposite; 2. the basic necessities of life had not been assured to the masses; 3. the problem of unemployment had become more acute; 4. prices of essential commodities had risen to unprecedented and spiralling heights; (v) abuse of official positions for securing pecuniary and other benefits; 5. misappropriation of funds of the State; and (vi) maladministration in matters of public services. Leave to move the motion was granted on 29 November 1973. Seven members took part in the discussion held on 4 and 5 December 1973.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures |date=2004 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Initiating the debate on 4 December 1973, Shri Gaurisankar Bhattacharyya said the people had voted the Ministry to power with an overwhelming majority, but that their hopes and aspirations proved to be short-lived. He cited examples of the Government's policies and its failure to eliminate poverty. Bhattacharyya also gave examples of how Calcutta had gained from the oil company and tea industry situated in Assam, thereby resulting in heavy losses to the State exchequer. He further alleged that the Government had cut down expenditure in the important fields of social welfare and had lost its credibility. The education policy of the Government had not helped the people at all and several anomalies were found in the education system. Healso referred to the growing unemployment problem and demanded 80 per cent reservation in the Government and semi-Government jobs for the local people. He further alleged that the Government's policy for the eradication of corruption was far from satisfactory.<ref name=":1" />

Replying to the debate, Sinha explained in detail about the cooperative movement and said that the entire State had been uniformly divided into 663 societies and about 30 lakh families were represented in the cooperatives. He further said that power would be decentralised at the sub divisional level and the cropping pattern would also be changed. Referring to tea estates, he said that in pursuance of the resolution passed by the House that the ownership of the tea gardens in the State should be taken over, a Committee had been constituted to examine the feasibility of the proposal. He said that agricultural income had not increased in the same proportion as industrial income and it was easy to develop industries faster than agriculture, because within the limited resources, agricultural income could be increased to a certain extent. He refuted the allegation that the Government had not taken any action on the PWD corruption case and said that departmental proceedings against three officers were in progress.<ref name=":1" />

The motion failed by voice vote.<ref name=":1" />

==== Second Motion of No-Confidence ====
On 18 September 1974, Shri Gaurisankar Bhattacharyya (CPI) moved the second Motion of No-confidence against Shri Sarat Chandra Sinha's Cabinet on the grounds of the general failure of the administration on different fronts, particularly in the food front which had led to famine and near-famine conditions causing starvation deaths in different parts of the State. Leave of the House was granted on 16 September 1974. The debate on the motion lasted 2 hours and 30 minutes spanning two days in which 28 members participated. Moving the motion, Gaurisankar Bhattacharyya charged that the administration of the Government was an offensive one; the Government machinery was corrupt and antipathic to the people. Referring to the sufferings of the people during floods, he said that although newspapers were giving vivid and graphic descriptions of starvation deaths, the Government denied this and attributed the death to malnutrition or some disease. He said that all development programmes were directed for the benefit of the elite class. Quoting statistics from the Government documents, he criticised the Government for destroying the financial resources and bringing not only financial ruin but bankruptcy. He also levelled charges of misuse of raw materials procured for pipes and fittings in North Cachar.<ref name=":1" />

In his reply, Sinha read out the letter requesting the Government of India to allot raw material to the Government of Assam for meeting the demand of pipes and fittings for North Cachar Hills District Council, Haflong and said precautionary measures had been taken to prevent any misuse of raw materials. If there was any such misuse of raw material, the Government would definitely make an inquiry and necessary action would be taken against the concerned party.

The motion put to vote on 19 September 1974 and failed with 13 members voting in favour and 78 members voting against it.

==== Third Motion of No-Confidence ====
The third Motion of No confidence against the Ministry of Sinha was moved on 1 November 1977. Leave to move the motion was granted on 31 October 1977. The debate on the motion was held for 3 days. Moving the motion, Gaurisankar Bhattacharyya alleged that Sinha had joined the procession on 9 October in the streets of Guwahati demanding curbing of price rise, resignation of the Union Home Minister, Shri Charan Singh, stopping of atrocities on Harijans and undemocratic activities of the Janata Government. He wondered if Sinha, who was also the Home Minister of the State, behaved in this manner whether that amounted to inciting lawlessness or rebellion. He accused that the Goverrument had not utilised 13 cores of rupees given for fighting floods and extending relief to the people and was misusing it for political and party purposes.<ref name=":1" />

Replying to the debate on 3 November 1977, Sinha thanked the centre for conceding to the State's point of view on the matter of grants and said that there was a financial relation between a State and the centre and under that relationship, the centre was certainly under obligation to help the State. If any help comes, that should not be construed as favour from the centre. Whatever was due must be paid to the State. He denied the charge that the financial position of the State was weak and said that because of economic discipline introduced in 1972, there was no overdraft problem and the ways and means position had improved considerably.<ref name=":1" />

The motion failed with 22 members voting in favour and 68 members voting against and 4 members abstaining.

=== Post-Chief Ministership ===
When [[Sharad Pawar]] left the Congress to form the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], he joined him and led the party in [[Assam]] till his death.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jun11/spotlite.htm |title=tribuneindia...Spotlight |website=Tribuneindia.com |date=11 June 1999 |accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref>

He attended literary discussion at the age of 90, [[drama]] workshop, [[dharna]], hunger strike or trade union meeting.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1" />

==Personal life ==
Sinha was married to his wife, Labanya, and they had three sons and three daughters. His eldest son died before him.<ref name="Sarat Chandra reference1">{{cite news |title=Sarat Chandra Sinha dead |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/sarat-chandra-sinha-dead/344241 |access-date=21 February 2021 |publisher=Outlook |date=25 December 2005}}</ref> His wife, Labanya Sinha, died on 21 September 2017, aged 89, [[Beltola]], after being unwell for several days. Several political leaders including Chief Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] paid tribute to her.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2017 |title=Sarat Sinha's wife passes away |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-today/sarat-sinhas-wife-passes-away/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2021 |title=Know your DAY |url=https://assamtribune.com/know-your-day-12/ |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]]}}</ref>

=== Death and funeral ===
On 24 December 2005, Sinha was admitted to [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital|Gauhati Medical College]], after he had a fever and was being treated for [[Renal Failure|renal failure]]. After his condition deteriorated in the night, he was shifted to the [[Intensive care unit|ICU]]. On 25 December, at 1.30 AM, Sinha died due to old-age ailments, a week before his 92nd birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2005 |title=Ex- Assam CM Sarat Chandra Sinha dead {{!}} States News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/ex-assam-cm-sarat-chandra-sinha-dead_264811.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Barefoot CM walks out on life - Gogoi leads Assam in mourning Sarat Sinha |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/barefoot-cm-walks-out-on-life-gogoi-leads-assam-in-mourning-sarat-sinha/cid/836201 |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name="out" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Obituary - Press Release, Prime Minister's Office |url=http://pmindia.nic.in/prelease/pcontent.asp?id=372/ |website=Pmindia.nic.in |accessdate=25 June 2017}}{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The government declared three days of official mourning for Sinha. He was cremated with full state honours at the [[Navagraha Mandir, Guwahati|Nabagraha]] crematorium in the city.

Chief minister [[Tarun Gogoi]] was among the first to reach Sinha's residence at Beltola to pay tribute. He described the Sinha's death as "the end of a political era." Leader of the Opposition [[Brindaban Goswami]] described Sinha as "an idealist and an exemplary leader who led his life with moral conviction and simplicity."

== Legacy ==
On 28 September 2020, Chief Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] on Monday unveiled a life-size statue of Sinha at Ratnapith College at Chapar in Dhubri district. Sonowal also inaugurated a complex consisting of a memorial garden in the name of Sarat Chandra Sinha, an auditorium, stage and a renovated house of Sinha. Sonowal said that Sinha was "an embodiment of truth, honesty, simplicity and dedication."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=Sonowal unveils statue, renovated house of former Assam CM Sarat Chandra Sinha |url=https://thenewsmill.com/sonowal-unveils-statue-renovated-house-of-former-assam-cm-sarat-chandra-sinha/ |access-date=22 May 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Ne Now |date=28 September 2020 |title=Sarat Chandra Sinha was an embodiment of truth, honesty and simplicity: Assam CM Sarbananda Sonowal |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/sarat-chandra-sinha-was-an-embodiment-of-truth-honesty-and-simplicity-assam-cm-sarbananda-sonowal.html |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Picture Gallery==
<gallery>
Sarat_Chandra_Singha.jpg|Portrait of Sarat Chandra Sinha

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Chief Ministers of Assam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Sarat Chandra}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:People from Dhubri district]]
[[Category:Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Rajbongshi people]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1946–1952]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1985–1991]]

St. Cruz Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:48Z

YvetteSawtell2: adding entry

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Santa Cruz
| mla = [[Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)|Rodolfo Fernandes]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|North Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:29298}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =13
| map_image = File:Santa Cruz constitution.svg
}}

'''Santa Cruz Assembly constituency''' is one of the original Goa Legislative Assembly constituency seats in the [[Tiswadi|Tiswadi Taluka]] of [[North Goa District]] in the State of [[Goa]]. The other constituencies in Tiswadi are [[Panaji]], [[Taleigao]], St. Andre and Cumbarjua.

Santa Cruz is one of the Ilha(s) (''Island(s)''), the other being Chorão, Divar, St. Estevam and Vaxim. The Portuguese conquered these lands as part of Velha Conquista and used it for spice trade principally and simultaneously for spiritual purposes this resulted in the establishment of Catholic faith in Goa. In 1547, the Portuguese missionaries established the Santa Cruz Catholic Church (also known by its direct translation of Holy Cross Catholic Church).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://archgoadaman.com/parishes/ | title = Former Bishops and Archbishops | publisher = Archdiocese of Goa and Daman}}</ref> Hence, this constituency has been named as Santa Cruz constituency. A landmark in [[Santa Cruz, Goa|Calapor/Santa Cruz]] is called '''Almacho Khuris''' (''Cross of the Soul'' in Konkani). This monument was built to commemorate the death of a patriotic Calaporkar.

[[Jack de Sequeira]], widely known for his role in Goan statehood, held this seat between 1967 and 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thegoan.net/Goa/News/Parsekar-Dept-of-Posts-release-special-cover-on-Dr-Jack-de-Sequeira/09722.html |title=Dept of Posts release special cover on Dr Jack de Sequeira |access-date=2015-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023147/http://www.thegoan.net/Goa/News/Parsekar-Dept-of-Posts-release-special-cover-on-Dr-Jack-de-Sequeira/09722.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
| Joaquim Araujo
|{{Full party name with color|United Goans Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=3|[[Jack de Sequeira]]
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Michael Fernandes
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|Francisco Branco
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Victor Gonsalves
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|rowspan=4|[[Victoria Fernandes]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Atanasio Monserrate]]{{efn|Expelled from party in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Congress-expels-Babush-for-6-yrs/articleshow/46534183.cms|title=Congress expels Babush for 6 years|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=16 May 2016}}</ref> Joined the [[Goa Forward Party]] in 2017.<ref>[https://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=7616 Babush joins Goa Forward, to support Parrikar in Panaji], goanews.com; accessed 8 October 2017.</ref>}}
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Antonio Fernandes (politician)|Antonio Fernandes]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)|Rodolfo Fernandes]]{{efn|Elected to [[Indian National Congress]]. Switched to BJP in 2022}}
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/ELECTION/Voter%20Turnout%20GE-2022.pdf |title=General Elections 2022 to Goa Legislatie Assembly - AC wise Voter Turnout |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rodolfo Fernandes (politician)|Rodolfo Fernandes]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,841 |percentage=38.97% |change={{increase}}11.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Antonio Fernandes (politician)|Antonio Fernandes]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,377 |percentage=28.11% |change={{increase}}3.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amit Palekar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=4,098 |percentage=18.06% |change={{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Tipu Kholkar |party=Revolutionary Goans Party |votes=2,497 |percentage=11.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Victor Benjamin Gonsalves |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=523 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=349 |percentage=1.54% |change={{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,464 |percentage=10.86% |change= {{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,685 |percentage=77.43% |change= {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,296 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Successful Candidates|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/Goa/01ListOfSuccessfulCandidates.xlsx|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|format=Xlsx|accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Antonio Fernandes (politician)|Antonio Fernandes]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,202 |percentage=27.92% |change={{decrease}}12.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemant Dinanath Golatkar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,560 |percentage=25.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodolfo Louis Fernandes |party=Independent politician |votes=5,262 |percentage=23.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Gopi Naik |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,707 |percentage=12.19% |change={{decrease}}15.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jose Vincent Gomes |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,712 |percentage=7.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=303 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Helena Lourenco |party=Independent politician |votes=227 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=642 |percentage=2.89% |change= {{decrease}}8.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,215 |percentage=80.17% |change= {{decrease}}3.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,711 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite report|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Goa|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Atanasio Monserrate]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,644 |percentage=40.35% |change={{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rodolfo Louis Fernandes |party=Independent politician |votes=6,308 |percentage=29.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinar Purshottam Kamat Tarcar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=5,824 |percentage=27.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pedro Caitano Pires |party=Communist Party of India |votes=221 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Xavier Cardo |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,336 |percentage=10.91% |change= {{increase}}4.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,421 |percentage=83.77% |change= {{increase}}14.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,524 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}13.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_GOA_after_IC.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Victoria Fernandes]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,385 |percentage=36.29% |change={{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoble Anil Raghuvir |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,040 |percentage=29.68% |change={{decrease}}10.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monserrate Jennifer A. |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=5,868 |percentage=28.83% |change={{increase}}18.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pilarnekar Suresh |party=Save Goa Front |votes=582 |percentage=2.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pandurang Kunkolkar |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,345 |percentage=6.61% |change= {{increase}}6.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,352 |percentage=69.19% |change= {{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,368 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007072027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_se2002_GA.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Victoria Fernandes]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,658 |percentage=40.09% |change={{decrease}}10.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Roghuvir Hoble |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,618 |percentage=39.85% |change={{increase}}28.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gonsalves Victor Benjamin |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=1,759 |percentage=10.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Makandar Ramzan Imamsaheb |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=795 |percentage=4.79% |change={{decrease}}14.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lourenco Vicento Domingos |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=161 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maura Gregorio Sebastiao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=160 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lopes Jose Edgar |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=40 |percentage=0.24% |change= {{decrease}}30.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,607 |percentage=64.16% |change= {{decrease}}2.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,858 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007115355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReportof%20Goa-99.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Victoria Fernandes]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,829 |percentage=50.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoble Anil Raghuvir |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,442 |percentage=19.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gonsalves William Antonio |party=Goa Rajiv Congress Party |votes=2,973 |percentage=17.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Socorro Gonsalo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,901 |percentage=10.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kandolkar Ramdas Sonu |party=Independent politician |votes=243 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,387 |percentage=30.92% |change= {{increase}}23.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,420 |percentage=66.97% |change= {{decrease}}2.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,965 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}15.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006094522/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StaticialReportGOA94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Victoria Fernandes]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,971 |percentage=35.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gonsalves Victor Benjamin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,665 |percentage=27.44% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hoble Anil Raghuvir |party=Independent politician |votes=3,568 |percentage=20.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sawant Subhash Pundalik |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,766 |percentage=10.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D'Braganza Antonio Gabriel |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Furtado Roque Cristovam |party=Gomantak Lok Pox |votes=179 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunkalekar Pandurang Rama |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=102 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,306 |percentage=7.68% |change= {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,998 |percentage=68.66% |change= {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,315 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006124346/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Victor Benamin Gonsalves |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,729 |percentage=39.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Victoria Romeo Fernandes |party=Gomantak Lok Pox |votes=4,432 |percentage=30.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Narayan Raikar |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,674 |percentage=25.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Audit Ramchandra Shirodkar |party=Gomantak Bahujan Samaj Parishad |votes=103 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,297 |percentage=8.98% |change= {{decrease}}11.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,436 |percentage=67.54% |change= {{increase}}0.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,671 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}3.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Branco Freancisco Afonso |party=Independent politician |votes=5,537 |percentage=43.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monteiro Antonicio Antonio Agnelo Marcos Castilho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,939 |percentage=22.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Michael Antonio Carmino |party=Independent politician |votes=2,688 |percentage=20.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Victoreia Romeo |party=Janata Party |votes=674 |percentage=4.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naik Madusudan |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suryaji Sharadchandra Navelkar |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,598 |percentage=20.18% |change= {{increase}}7.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,872 |percentage=66.12% |change= {{decrease}}2.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,617 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{increase}}2.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Michael Antonic Carminho |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=4,574 |percentage=40.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Branco Francisco Afonso |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=3,110 |percentage=27.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sequeira Jack Erasmo |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=2,025 |percentage=18.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhond Madhav Manohar |party=Janata Party |votes=446 |percentage=3.97% |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shirodkar Chandrakant Kalidas |party=Independent politician |votes=415 |percentage=3.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarmalkar Mihanlal (Bappa) Sadashiv |party=Independent politician |votes=159 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,464 |percentage=13.02% |change= {{decrease}}5.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,246 |percentage=68.94% |change= {{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,757 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.92 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Goa.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jack de Sequeira]] |party=Janata Party |votes=4,462 |percentage=45.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Manuel Francisco Xavier Diogo |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=2,656 |percentage=27.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monterio Atanasio Antonio Agnelo Marcos Castilho |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,923 |percentage=19.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vazhail Kannu Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes=242 |percentage=2.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vaigncar Krishna Arjun |party=Independent politician |votes=235 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Pio |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Gangadharan |party=Independent politician |votes=60 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,806 |percentage=18.45% |change= {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,786 |percentage=67.14% |change= {{decrease}}2.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,414 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{decrease}}10.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114075126/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_GOA_72.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jack de Sequeira]] |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=6,586 |percentage=56.46% |change={{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fernandes Manuel Francisco Xavier Diogo |party=Independent politician |votes=4,483 |percentage=38.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palekar Vinayak Vithal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=383 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,103 |percentage=18.03% |change= {{decrease}}7.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,664 |percentage=69.28% |change= {{decrease}}8.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,530 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |swing= {{decrease}}1.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] : St. Cruz<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Goa, Daman and Diu |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085800/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statisticall%20Report%20Goa%201967.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jack de Sequeira]] |party=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |votes=7,087 |percentage=58.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. L. C. Araujo |party=United Goans Party (Furtado Group) |votes=4,045 |percentage=33.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. V. S. Dukle |party=Independent politician |votes=358 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. P. J. Vicente |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Afonso |party=Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party |votes=121 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. S. Nagoji |party=Independent politician |votes=75 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. G. Xavier |party=Independent politician |votes=9 |percentage=0.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,042 |percentage=25.07% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,133 |percentage=77.33% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,290 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Goans Party (Sequeira Group) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.47|73.84|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:North Goa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Neurological Society of India

2026-04-15T02:16:09Z

YvetteSawtell2: done

{{Short description|Neurological Scientists of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox organization
| name = Neurological Society of India
| logo = Neurological Society of India (NSI) logo.png
| founder = {{ubl|[[Jacob Chandy]]|[[Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi]]|[[S. T. Narasimhan]]|[[Baldev Singh]]}}
| headquarters = India
}}

The '''Neurological Society of India''' ('''NSI''') is the apex body representing neuroscientists of the country. It was founded in 1951 by [[Jacob Chandy]], [[Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi]], [[S. T. Narasimhan]], and [[Baldev Singh (neurologist)|Baldev Singh]], who together have been credited to be pioneers in development of [[epilepsy]] surgery in India.<ref name="surgery">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7brLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134|encyclopedia=Textbook of Epilepsy Surgery|title=Epilepsy surgery in India|publisher=CRS Press|editor-last=Luders|editor-first=Hans O.|last1=Lachhwani|first1=D.K.|last2=Radhakrishnan|first2=K|year=2008|pages=1616|isbn=978-0-203-09170-8}}{{rp|134–135}}</ref> The society appointed Jacob Chandy as its first President. The society publishes the bi-monthly journal ''[[Neurology India]]''.

== History and works ==
Neurosurgeon Jacob Chandy and neurologist Baldev Singh were associated with [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]], [[Vellore]] and physician-[[electrophysiologist]] S. T. Narasimhan and neurosurgeon Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi were from [[Madras Medical College|Madras Medical College & Hospital]].<ref name="Aarli2014">{{cite book|author=Johan A. Aarli|title=The History of the World Federation of Neurology: The First 50 Years of the WFN|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTRjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-871306-7|pages=234}}{{rp|153}}</ref><ref name=historicevent>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/History_Events.html|title=Neurological Society of India: History Events|publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=9 January 2017|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513145157/http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/History_Events.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Past">{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/History_Past_Office_Bearers.html|title=Past Office Bearers Of The NSI|publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref> They together founded the society in 1951 and had its first meeting in March 1952 at Hyderabad and published its own journal dedicated to the neurosciences titled ''Indian Journal{{dash}}Neurology''. There being another journal by the same name, the society decided to rename their journal to ''[[Neurology India]]'' in 1953.<ref name="Aarli2014"/><ref name=history/>

Since its inception, the society held its annual meetings with the [[Association of Physicians of India]] but starting the following year, it established its own annual conference and created its sub-sections of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Neuropathology and Neuroradiology in the Society. On 25 October 1969, the society registered itself with the Charity Commissioner, Public Trusts Registration Office, Greater Bombay Region (No. F-1819 (B)).<ref name=history>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/History.html|title=Neurological Society of India: History|publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>

In 1972, the society formed a sub-committee for standardization of Postgraduate Education.<ref name="Aarli2014"/> In 1977, the society became the first medical professional society in the country to conduct the [[continuing medical education]] by providing "updates on selected topics and encouraging interdisciplinary interaction among trainees in the various branches of the Neurological Sciences".<ref name="Aarli2014"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thieme.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=853:thieme-named-official-publisher-for-neurological-society-of-india&catid=82:2015&Itemid=91|title=Thieme named official publisher for Neurological Society of India|location=New York/Stuttgart|publisher=Thieme Medical Publishers|accessdate=9 January 2017|date=2015}}</ref> In 1979, NSI founded a new association, the Satellite Conference of Neuro-nurses of India, as its branch held with the main objective to "set high standards of neuro-nursing in the country". The conferences of the association are conducted annually along with the annual conference of NSI.<ref>{{cite book|title=A New Textbook for Nurses in India vol1.,5/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwSvARy_ducC&pg=PA81|publisher=BI Publications|isbn=978-81-7225-372-1|pages=429}}{{rp|81}}</ref> In 1977, the society formed four Working Groups to deal with Medical Education and Training, Research priorities, Manpower requirements and development of Services, Community Programme, and Instrumentation along with two new sub-sections, Neurophysiology and Electroencephalography. In 1979, the Association of Neurological Nurses as another sub-section was formed and named as "Society of Indian Neurosciences Nurses (SINN)". The society formed a sub-section of Neurophysiological Technologists in 1988 and named as "Association of Neurophysiological Technologists of India (ANTI)".<ref name=history/>

The society instituted the "Dr. Jacob Chandy Oration" in 1969 and the "Dr. B. Ramamurthi Oration" in 1974, both to be held every two years along with the "Dr. R.G. Ginde Oration" in 1988, the "Dr. Baldev Singh Oration" in 1994, and the "Dr. Tandon Oration" in 1998 which are to be held every three years.<ref name=history/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/History_Orators.html|title=Orators At Annual Conferences: List of Orators at Annual Conferences of the NSI|publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref> Only two orations are organized during the annual conference each year and the orators are selected by the incumbent and immediate two past Presidents of the society.<ref name=Constitution/> The society has five subspeciality societies associated with it which includes the Indian Society for Paediatric Neurosurgery, the Indian Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, the Skull Base Surgery Society, the Neurotraumatology Society of India, and the Cerebrovascular Society of India.<ref name=Affiliations>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/Affiliations.html|title=Neurological Society of India: Affiliations|publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref>

The Neurological Society of India is affiliated to the [[World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies]], the [[Asian Australasian Society of Neurological Surgeons]] the World Federation of Neurology, the International Society of Neuropathology, the International Federation of Societies for Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology and there are two associations affiliated to the NSI, the Association of Neurological Nurses and the Association of Neurophysiological Technologists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/Societies.html|title=Neurological Society of India: Subspeciality Societies|publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=Affiliations/> The society has over 2000 members and has been involved in organising seminars and conferences to initiate interaction among practicing neurologists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurologyindia.com/aboutus.asp|title=Neurology India|publisher=Neurology India|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> In 2014, the society launched an awareness campaign called "Heads.. We Win" to encourage wearing of [[helmet]]s, the lack of which causes major head injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/India-is-head-injury-capital-of-the-world/articleshow/27152899.cms |title='India is head-injury capital of the world' |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 December 2013 |accessdate=11 January 2017}}</ref>

== Presidents ==
List of presidents of NSI<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://neurosocietyindia.org/past-office-bearers-of-the-nsi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103182511/https://neurosocietyindia.org/past-office-bearers-of-the-nsi/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 January 2020|title = Neurological Society of India}}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Jacob Chandy 1952
* T. K. Ghosh 1953
* R. G. Ginde 1954-55
* W. Grillmayr 1956
* Menino D’ Souza 1957
* [[Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi|B. Ramamurthi]] 1958
* E. P. Bharucha 1959
* R. N. Chatterjee 1960
* C. G. S. Iyer 1961
* Baldev Singh 1962
* N. H. Wadia 1963
* B. K. Anand 1964
* N. S. Wadia 1965
* D. K. Dastur 1966
* Anil D. Desai 1967
* B. Dayananda Rao 1968
* Sriramachari 1969
* Asoke K. Bagchi 1970
* Baldev Singh 1971
* K. S. Mani 1972
* B. K. Bachhawat 1973
* [[Sunkara Balaparameswara Rao|S. Balaparameshwara Rao]] 1974
* Gajendra Singh 1975
* Arjundas 1976
* K. V. Mathai 1977
* Vimala Virmani 1978
* Mahendra Singh 1979
* K. Jagannathan 1980
* D. R. Gulati 1981
* S. Janaki 1982
* Jacob Abraham 1983
* M. Veera Raghava Reddy 1984
* [[Prakash Narain Tandon|P. N. Tandon]] 1985
* B. S. Singhal 1986
* S. Kalyanaraman 1987
* Shyamal Sen 1988
* S. N. Bhagwati 1989-90
* A .K. Banerjee 1991
* K. Srinivasan 1992
* K. Srinivasan 1993
* Sanathan Rath 1994
* Gourie Devi 1995
* M. Sambasivan 1996
* Sarla Das 1997
* V. K. Kak 1998
* Rajasekaran Nair 1999
* Arjun D.Seghal 2000
* M. C. Maheswari 2001
* Mathew J. Chandy 2002
* [[Jagjit Singh Chopra|J. S. Chopra]] 2003
* S. R. Dharker 2004
* [[C. U. Velmurugendran]] 2005
* K. Ganapathy 2006
* [[Veer Singh Mehta|V. S. Mehta]] 2007
* [[B. K. Misra]] 2008
* V. K. Khosla 2009
* S. K. Prabhakar 2010
* V. K.Jain 2011
* K. E. Turel 2012
* C. E. Deopujari 2013
* V. Rajshekhar 2014
* B. S. Sharma 2015
* R. C. Mishra 2016
* Deepu Banerji 2017
* Y R Yadav - 2021
}}

== Lifetime Achievement Awardees ==

In 2008, the society instituted a Lifetime Achievement Award and {{as of|2014|lc=y}} following 21 recipients have been awarded; S. N. Bhagwati, H. M. Dastur, [[Prakash Narain Tandon]], and [[N. H. Wadia|Noshir Wadia]] in 2008, Sanatan Rath and Krishnamoorthy Srinivas in 2009, A. K. Banerji, V. S. Dave, and [[Jagjit Singh Chopra|J. S. Chopra]] in 2010, [[R. Marthanda Varma]] and G. N. N. Reddy in 2011, Anupam Das Gupta and B. S. Das in 2012, B. J. Damany, V. K. Kak, and G. M. Taori in 2013 and P. S. Ramani, G. Arjun Das, S. Kalyanraman, [[T. S. Kanaka]], and Ashru K. Banerjee in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/achievement.html|title=Life Time Achievement Awardees|publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=9 January 2017}}</ref> The award is conferred only on the life members of the society above the age of 75 years with the significant contribution to the development of Neurosciences in India and is presented during the inaugural function of the annual conference. In 2014, the General body of the society revised and passed its constitution and bye-laws to award only three recipients per year.<ref name=Constitution>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/Download/NSI%20Constitution.pdf|title=Neurological Society of India: Constitution and Byelaws (Passed by General Body on 13th December 2014)|publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=5 February 2017|page=24}}</ref>

== Honorary members ==
Various individuals who have been associated with the society as honorary members include John A Simpson, [[John Walton, Baron Walton of Detchant]], [[Theodore Rasmussen]], Lindsay Simon, [[Majid Samii]], Tetsuo Kanno, [[Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi]], [[Jacob Chandy]], and [[T. K. Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/History_Honorary_Members.html |title=Honorary Members of the NSI |publisher=Neurological Society of India|accessdate=11 January 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/ Official site]

{{authority control}}


[[Category:Neurology organizations]]
[[Category:Indian organisations established in 1951]]
[[Category:Medical associations based in India]]

John Perronet Thompson

2026-04-10T14:07:09Z

YvetteSawtell2: starting a biography

{{Short description|British administrator in India (1873–1935)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
'''Sir John Perronet Thompson''', KCSI, KCIE (8 March 1873 – 8 August 1935) was a British administrator in India.<ref name=Maclagan>{{cite journal |last1=Maclagan |first1=E. D. |title=Sir John Thompson |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=October 1935 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=786–787 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00096003 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/sir-john-thompson/CF80A84A7F306E87D0C024833D5B6BB3 |language=en |issn=1474-0591}}</ref> A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], he was secretary to [[Michael O'Dwyer|Sir Michael O'Dwyer]] in 1919.<ref name=Wagner2019>{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=Kim A.|author-link=Kim A. Wagner |title=Amritsar 1919: An empire of fear & the making of a massacre |date=2019 |publisher=Yale University Press|page=70|location=New Haven & London |isbn=978-0-300-24546-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref> From 1922 to 1927, he was Political Secretary to the Government of India, and from 1928 to 1932, he was [[Chief Commissioner of Delhi]].<ref name=Maclagan/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jan 18, 1935, page 8 - The Daily Telegraph at Newspapers.com™ |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/803620535/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
John Thompson was the second son of Vincent Thomas Thompson, Assistant Recorder of Leeds.<ref name=Telegraph9Aug1935>{{Cite web |title=Aug 09, 1935, page 13 - The Daily Telegraph at Newspapers.com™ |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/786546440/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He was educated at Leeds Grammar School and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref name=Maclagan/> At Cambridge he was [[President of the Cambridge Union]].

==Personal and family==
In 1901 Thompson married Ada Lucia Tyrell, daughter of Dr R.Y. Tyrell, Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. They had three sons and two daughters.<ref name=Telegraph9Aug1935/>

==Death==
Thompson died on 8 August 1935 in a nursing home, following an operation for [[appendicitis]].<ref name=Telegraph9Aug1935/> He left £11,322 gross.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nov 04, 1935, page 2 - Western Morning News at Newspapers.com™ |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/816144891/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
*{{cite book |title=India. The White Paper |date=1933 |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |location=London |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/India.-The-White-Paper-i.e.-%22Proposals-for-Indian-Constitutional-Reform%22-presented-to-Parliament-March-1933-etc/oclc/503893860 |language=en}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, John}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People educated at Leeds Grammar School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of State (India)]]

Kalena Agrahara metro station

2026-04-10T11:48:38Z

YvetteSawtell2: starting details!

{{Short description|Upcoming Namma Metro terminal metro station under Pink Line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kalena Agrahara
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Pink}}
| other_name = Gottigere
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Kalena Agrahara metro station (Apr '26) - 1.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = This metro station's final stages before Operations under Namma Metro's [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]] as of April 2026
| address = Mantri Residency Rd, near Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwara Temple, Classic Orchards Layout, Kalena Agrahara, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560076
| coordinates = {{coord|12.87158|77.59363|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Pink|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → Train Terminates Here Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Tavarekere}} * Platform-3 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Tavarekere}} * / Kothanur Depot ''Platform Numbers (TBC)'' * ''(Further extension to '''{{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}}''' in the future)''
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| depth =
| levels = 2 '''''(TBC)'''''
| tracks = 3
| connections =
| parking = '''''(TBC)'''''
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| opening = {{start date and age|May 2026|df=yes}} '''''(TBC)'''''
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = '''''(TBC)'''''
| status = Final Stages before Operations
| code = '''''(TBC)'''''
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| architect = GR Infraprojects Ltd. (Simplex contract terminated in 2021)
| architectural_style =
| wifi =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line1=Pink|left1=Hulimavu|to-left1=Tavarekere|note-mid1=''(Operational around May 2026)''|right1=|to-right1=Kalena Agrahara|line2=Pink|left2=Hulimavu|to-left2=Nagawara|note-mid2=''(Operational around December 2026)''|right2=|to-right2=Kalena Agrahara}}
| route_map = {{BMR Pink line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kalena Agrahara''' (formerly known as Gottigere) is an upcoming elevated southern terminal metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Pink Line (Namma Metro)|Pink Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namma Metro Pink Line: Route, Status, Completion Date & More |url=https://timesproperty.com/amp/webstories/namma-metro-pink-line-details-wid-913 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=timesproperty}}</ref> of [[Namma Metro]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. This metro station serves residential properties and a few other locations including Prestige Elysian, Holy Spirit School (ICSE), Doddakammanahalli suburban area and [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]] (Bannerghatta Road).

As per the latest updates, this metro station, under the first phase, covering a total distance of 7.5 km elevated stretch ('''Kalena Agrahara''' - [[Tavarekere metro station|Tavarekere]]), is expected to be operational around ''May 2026'' <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-01-26 |title=7.5-km stretch of Pink Line metro in Bengaluru to open in May 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/bmrcl-begins-beautification-drive-under-pink-line-on-bannerghatta-road/article70549393.ece |access-date=2026-03-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Namma Metro Pink Line Opening Delayed: When Will It Finally Open For Bengaluru Residents? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metro-pink-line-namma-metro-pink-line-opening-delayed-when-will-it-finally-open-for-bengaluru-article-151633658 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=B.P |first=Darshan Devaiah |date=2025-05-13 |title=Namma Metro’s Pink Line deadline pushed to 2026 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-deadline-pushed-to-2026/article69572071.ece |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Bengaluru Metro's Reach 6 Line Likely To Be Commissioned In Sept 2026; See Which Areas It Will Connect |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/bengaluru-metros-reach-6-line-likely-to-be-commissioned-in-sept-2026-see-which-areas-it-will-connect-article-151624040 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> instead of ''December 2025''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru: Namma Metro pushes Pink Line deadline to December 2026 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/bengaluru-namma-metro-pushes-pink-line-deadline-to-december-2026-3256417 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-04 |title=Namma Metro's Pink line likely to open in phases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/namma-metros-pink-line-likely-to-open-in-phases/article68484715.ece |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-25 |title=Namma Metro's Pink Line: This Upcoming Corridor Is Set To Redefine The City Commute |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metros-pink-line-this-upcoming-corridor-is-set-to-redefine-the-city-commute-article-101255989 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-10 |title=Namma Metro Phase 2 In Bengaluru To Be Operational By 2025, Announces Karnataka Deputy CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-phase-2-in-bengaluru-to-be-operational-by-2025-announces-karnataka-deputy-cm-dk-shivakumar-article-107571304 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=Namma Metro: Bengaluru's Under-Construction Pink Line Slated To Achieve 2 Milestones In a Week |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/namma-metro-bengalurus-under-construction-pink-line-slated-to-achieve-2-milestones-in-a-week-article-107286084 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In March 2017, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) sought bids for building the Kalena Agrahara metro station on the 7.5 km Kalena Agrahara - South Ramp section of the 21.25 km Pink Line of Namma Metro. This section comprises 5 stations, excluding [[Jayadeva Hospital metro station|Jayadeva Hospital]], which was part of a joint venture between HCC - URC Constructions. Initially, Simplex Infrastructures won the tender in September 2017 but due to slow progress, their contract was terminated.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-04 |title=Bangalore Metro Terminates Simplex Infra's Pink Line Contract |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/02/04/bangalore-metro-terminates-simplex-infras-pink-line-contract/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref> In July 2021, GR Infraprojects became the lowest bidder and was awarded the Rs 364.87 Crore contract for this section. They commenced the construction of this metro station as per the agreement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=GR Infra Wins Bangalore Metro Pink Line's Pending Work |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2021/07/16/gr-infra-wins-bangalore-metro-pink-lines-pending-work/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Station layout==
'''''Station Layout - To Be Confirmed''''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Bengaluru Metro: Track-Laying Work Is Expected To Complete By Second Half Of 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/auto/bengaluru-metro-track-laying-work-is-expected-to-complete-by-second-half-of-2024-8594523.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Kalena Agrahara track layout '''''(TBC)'''''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Pink}}
| title-color = white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map1 = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Hulimavu}}
*'''P#'''\cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT\*'''P#'''
cPLT\vSTRgf\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to Train Terminates Here
vENDEe
| map2 =
HSTg\HSTg
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Hulimavu}}
*'''P#'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P#'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Namma Metro|Hulimavu}} / Kothanur Depot
ENDEe\ENDEe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with three tracks <nowiki>|</nowiki> One Side & Island platform</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="30" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="85" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| width="500" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/ Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:left;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Towards → Train Terminates Here
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Tavarekere}}** '''Next Station:''' [[Hulimavu metro station|Hulimavu]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]] | '''P2''' Doors will open on the left | '''P3''' Doors will open on the right {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 3''' '''Northbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Tavarekere}}** / ''Kothanur Depot'' '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Namma Metro|Hulimavu}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |'''''Note:'''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" valign="top" |'''''(Towards Nagawara - Operational during peak hours)''''' '''''** To be further extended to {{stl|Namma Metro|Nagawara}} in the future'''''
|-
|}

==Connections==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==Entry/Exit==
{{Empty section|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Bengaluru]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
{{Portal bar|Bengaluru|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://english.bmrc.co.in Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [https://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Namma Metro|pink line=yes}}
__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]

Dhairyasheel Patil

2026-04-04T20:24:37Z

YvetteSawtell2: started new article

{{Short description|Indian politicians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dhairyasheel mohite patil
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency|Madha]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Ranjit Naik-Nimbalkar]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| image =
}}
'''Dhairyasheel Rajsinh Mohite-Patil''' is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Madha Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1343.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |publisher=[[Times of India]] |author=TOI News Desk |date=5 June 2024 |title=Mohite-Patil Dhairyasheel Rajsinh of NCP (SP) emerges winner}}</ref> He affiliated with the [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhairyasheel Mohite Patil joins NCP (SP), declared party candidate for Madha LS seat |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=15 April 2024 |author=PTI |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/dhairyasheel-mohite-patil-joins-ncp-sp-declared-party-candidate-for-madha-ls-seat-2978036}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Madha Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Dhairyasheel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

Baidyanathdham railway station

2026-03-31T20:03:23Z

YvetteSawtell2: details...

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|BAIDYANATHDHAM DEOGHAR}}
| style = Indian Railways
| custom_header =
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image = Baidyanathdham railway station.jpg
| image_caption = Baidyanathdham railway station
| address = Baidyanathdham Railway Station Road, [[Deoghar]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.48912|N|86.69211|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|250|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = [[Jasidih–Baidyanathdham branch line]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 3
| other = Terminal station
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| accessible = {{access icon|20px}} Available
| status = Active
| code = {{Indian railway code|code=BDME|zone=[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]|division=[[Asansol railway division]]}}
| classification = NSG-5
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = 
| route_map = {{Baidyanathdham railway station|inline=y}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| map_dot_label = Baidyanathdham Railway Station
| map_type = India Jharkhand
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
}}
{{Jasidih–Baidyanathdham branch line}}

'''Baidyanathdham railway station''' (station code: '''BDME''') is a railway station in [[Deoghar district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. The station serves the [[Baidyanathdham]] area of [[Deoghar]] and is the closest station for pilgrims visiting the [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanathdham Temple]], one of the twelve Jyotirlingas of Lord Shiva.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-09-20 |title=विकास की आस में देवघर का बैद्यनाथ धाम स्टेशन, डीआरएम और सांसद का दावा, जल्द स्टेशन बनेगा विश्व स्तरीय स्टेशन - Baidyanath Dham station |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/deoghar-baidyanath-dham-station-will-soon-be-world-class-station-said-railway-drm-and-mp-nishikant-dubey-jharkhand-news-jhs24092005080 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=वर्ष-1922 में स्थापित हुआ है बैद्यनाथधाम स्टेशन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-rail-minister-reviews-jasidih-station-development-amidst-rising-passenger-traffic-201726348470029.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref> The station consists of one platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/baidyanathdham-deoghar-bdme/6679 |title=BDME/Baidyanathdham
|website=India Rail Info}}</ref> The platform is well sheltered, and it has many facilities including water and sanitation.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/dumka-deoghar-route-to-get-2-new-railway-stations/articleshow/56217333.cms Dumka–Deoghar route to get 2 new railway stations]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150728225819/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150710/jsp/jharkhand/story_30657.jsp#.WLasDfl97IW Temple express on tracks]</ref><ref>[http://www.railnews.in/sultanganj-deoghar-railway-line-to-be-ready-by-2015-devotee-hope-train-to-baidyanath-dham-early/ Sultanganj–Deoghar Railway Line to be ready by 2015 – Train to Baidyanath Dham]</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & Ticket Counter
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[side platform]] (No. 1) – doors will open on the left/right}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|Jasidih ← toward
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|}

== Services ==
The Baidyanathdham Deoghar terminal station handles ten pairs of [[MEMU]] passenger trains running up to {{rws|Jasidih}}, and two pair up to {{rws|Asansol}}.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Trains}}
* [[Deoghar]]
* [[Deoghar Junction railway station]]
* [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line]]
** [[Jasidih Junction railway station]]
** [[Dumka railway station]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[Deoghar Airport]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
*{{Official|http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/index_new.html/|Ministry of Railways}} (official site)
*{{IndiaRailInfo|6679}}
*{{Google maps |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Baidyanathdham+Deoghar/@24.4891708,86.6905893,373m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f11628111252dd:0xc2cc9fa5752f27fb!8m2!3d24.4892221!4d86.6920303 |title=Baidyanathdham Deoghar Railway station}}

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Asansol railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Deoghar]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]

{{Jharkhand-railstation-stub}}

Whistle (2003 film)

2026-03-29T09:02:35Z

YvetteSawtell2: improve references for consistency and updated info based on references

{{Long plot|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Whistle (2003 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[J. D.–Jerry]]
| screenplay = J. D.–Jerry{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1= Dialogue by | data1 = [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]}}
| story = J. D.–Jerry
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Urban Legend (film)|Urban Legend]]'' (1998)}}
| producer = Sujatha
| starring = [[Vikramaditya (actor)|Vikramaditya]] [[Gayathri Raguram]] [[Sherin Shringar|Sherin]]
| cinematography = [[Fowzia Fathima]]
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| studio = [[Media Dreams]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|07|04}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Whistle''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[slasher film]] directed by [[J. D.–Jerry]], which is a remake of ''[[Urban Legend (film)|Urban Legend]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lê |first=Paul |date=14 January 2022 |title='Scream' Got the Bollywood Treatment in 2003 Remake 'Sssshhh…' [Horrors Elsewhere] |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3698567/scream-got-bollywood-treatment-2003-remake-sssshhh-horrors-elsewhere/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210084032/https://bloody-disgusting.com/editorials/3698567/scream-got-bollywood-treatment-2003-remake-sssshhh-horrors-elsewhere/ |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]}}</ref> The film stars debutant [[Vikramaditya (actor)|Vikramaditya]], [[Gayathri Raguram]] and [[Sherin Shringar|Sherin]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Dhivyadharshini|Dhivyadarshini]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Bhanu Chander]], [[Mayoori (actress)|Mayuri]], and [[Vaishnavi (Tamil actress)|Vaishnavi]], among others, in supporting roles.

''Whistle'' was released on 4 July 2003. Although the film was an average grosser, its music, composed by [[D. Imman]], became successful. Vivek's comedy track is based on [[Mel Gibson]]'s act in ''[[What Women Want]]'' (2000).<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=4 July 2003 |title=Whistle |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070401120200.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109170000/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070401120200.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 |access-date=11 June 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
SJ Arts and Science college student Swetha gets murdered in her car on a highway. No one has heard from her since. She had a group of friends from her college. It consists of Jeeva, the college magazine editor, Anjali, Bharath, Vinod, the college prankster, Meera, a drug addict, and Anjali's roommate, Sharmi, operator at the college radio station and Maya, the RJ at the radio station. Jeeva is in love with Anjali, whereas Maya has a crush on Jeeva.

The college is famous for the stories of a serial killing entity Naga, a hoax, as said by many. But Professor Panneerselvam still believes it. There is an old laboratory behind the college built alongside the college. But a fire that happened in 1987 killed all the occupants. Since then, the old lab is rumoured to be Naga's private residence. Maya and Anjali have a bet and go to the abandoned place at night and encounter Vinod, who pranks them.

Professor Panneer then lectures the student about Naga. (Nagammal shortly Naga) and a British soldier fell in love with each other. Thus, her own brother kills her by burying her alive. A temple was built over it, and the college was built after demolishing the temple. Since then, Naga is rumoured to be murdering people around. Vinod later tries to trick people, but after he gets tricked by black magic, it turns out that he faked it. Yet, Professor Panner is sceptical about it.

Swetha's death comes to light, but it is framed as an accident. Anjali strongly thinks it's no accident as Swetha is an excellent driver. Inspector Syed suspects it must be one of Swetha's father's business rivals. Vinod brings Anjali to an abandoned woods behind the college and tries to make a move on her. Anjali rejects him because she is in love with Jeeva. Soon Vinod is killed by getting hanged. It happens to be Naga, and Anjali freaks out. She runs back to the hostel and brings Baji, the hostel watchman, to the site. But to her horror, Vinod wasn't there, nor was his car. It seems like there was hardly any struggle. Anjali confines in her friends, confused.

No one believes her, as Vinod is known for his pranks. Still sceptical, Anjali gets more confused. In between all these things, Professor Panneer and Jeeva are acting suspiciously. Anjali goes to the library and discovers a book on Naga. She sees some illustrations which are the same as how Vinod died. Maya and Sharmi join her, and they tease her. Sharmi realises that Vinod was the last one to borrow the book, and it is evident he played a prank on Anjali.

That night Meera gets attacked in her room by Naga. Anjali comes there, and she hears Meera moaning as the killer has covered her mouth. She thinks she is only using drugs. She doesn't switch on the light and leaves to take a shower. When she comes out, Anjali sees Meera dead and screams. Inspector Syed comes there once again to investigate. It is then revealed that Meera had a very depressing life, which is why she got addicted to drugs.

Anjali then moves to Sharmi's room. Later, Jeeva comes with an old magazine about the laboratory fire incident. They both find out that Professor Panneer was the only survivor there. They, together with Maya, break into Professor Panneer's room to have a look. When they hear someone coming, the three hide inside a secret room behind the shelf. They wait patiently for the person to leave. When they hear the doorknob lock, they relax. Suddenly Anjali screams. Jeeva and Maya realise she screamed because of the Naga outfit behind them. They see a mask with snake embroidery, a black cloak, and an axe. Anjali said a similar axe killed Meera, and they suspect Panneer. When they leave the place, Panneer is shown to be there, and he warns them.

Vinod's mother comes to the college and creates chaos when she realises that her son is dead. Frustrated, Jeeva tarnishes Panneer in the college magazine. As a result, the principal suspends Jeeva for one week while a shocking truth about Anjali is told. Anjali has a police record from her school days. When Jeeva asks her, she refuses to tell him. Jeeva starts to doubt her. Later on, he has an argument with Professor Panneer in the bar where they blame each other.

Maya confides in her friends that all the murders that happened and whatever Anjali said were true. It was indeed according to the illustrations in the book. They figure out that the next murder can occur anywhere in the college. Anjali freaks out when a figure looking similar to Naga is seen near a swimming pool where Maya is swimming. But it turns out that it is just a garbage man. When Maya asks her, Anjali reveals that she suspects that the murders might be related to an incident in her school days.

During Anjali's school days, all of them in their group, except for Maya and Jeeva, went to the same school. During the school carnival on their final year, Whistle Day, all of them ragged a junior student named Saravathy. They teased, bullied, and made fun of her. They then pretended like they took a nude picture of her. Embarrassed, Sara hangs herself in the classroom, much to the others' shock. Due to their age, the six of them get six months. When Anjali finishes, she tells Maya that three of them are dead, and she is scared. Jeeva listens to them and leaves. He has Saravathy's picture in his book, which raises the suspicion.

Barath is locked in the men's toilet during the college annual day function and is killed shortly afterwards. His disappearance starts bothering the group. Soon Professor Panneer is also murdered. Anjali and Maya go to Jeeva's home, discovering Panneer's dead body. When Jeeva finds them, Anjali escapes and informs Inspector Syed. They flee the place. When Syed comes there, Jeeva and Panner are not at the site.

Anjali and Maya are confident that Jeeva is the killer. They wait for Sharmi that night, and Sharmi says she saw Jeeva at the Radio Station. But before Anjali and Maya can warn her that Jeeva is the killer, Naga kills Sharmi. They flee the place but get separated. Anjali goes to the burnt laboratory, and there, she discovers Vinod, Panner, and Barath's dead bodies. She later sees Maya tied to a bed, but Maya wakes up and ties Anjali up.

At the same time, Jeeva and Syed fight, and Jeeva reveals that there are two Nagas, Maya and Baji, who have been committing the murders. Maya tells Anjali that Saravathy is her younger sister, and their parents died after hearing the news that Sara had died. Baji was their house servant and raised both Maya and Sara when they were young. Both Maya and Baji joined the college to take revenge, and they had to kill Panneer as he found out the truth.

Maya and Baji then plan to bury Anjali alive just like Nagamma. But Jeeva comes and rescues her. Baji is killed, and Syed shoots Maya. Knowing that she is the cause of Sara's death, Anjali cries with remorse. Jeeva comforts Anjali and they both leave together.

Years later, a new group of college students is studying once again about Naga. Some of the students do not believe in Naga's story. When asked who still believes in the story, Maya, who comes to the site, says that she generally believes in the legend of Naga. She also states that all Naga stories begin like this, starring ominously at the sceptical students.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vikramaditya (actor)|Vikramaditya]] as Jeeva
*[[Gayathri Raguram]] as Anjali ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[Deepa Venkat]])
*[[Sherin Shringar]] as Maya (Naga) ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by ([[Savitha Reddy]])
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Sahadevan aka Saga
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Professor Panneerselvam (Panneer)
*[[Bhanu Chander]] as Police Inspector Sayyad
*[[N. Mathrubootham|Dr. Mathrubootham]] as Doctor
*[[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]] as Baji (Naga)
*[[Divyadarshini]] as Saravathy (Sara), Maya's younger sister
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Vinod's mother
*[[Senthil]] as College canteen incharge
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Sahadevan's friend
*[[Mayoori (actress)|Mayuri]] as Sharmi, Anjali's friend
*[[Theni Kunjarammal]] as Sahadevan's grandmother
*[[Vaishnavi (Tamil actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Swetha, Anjali's friend
*[[Manobala]] as College professor
*[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] as Maya's and Sara's father
*Rathan Mouli as Principal M. Ramamoorthy
*[[Cheenu Mohan]] as PT Master
*[[S. Sathyendra|Sathyendra]] as Petrol bunk attendant
;Uncredited
*[[Mirchi Shiva]] as Jeeva's friend
* [[Premgi Amaren]]
}}

== Production ==
This film is the director duo J. D.–Jerry's third film after ''[[Ullaasam]]'' and ''Pandavas''. Newcomer Vikramaditya, who featured in Hindi-language advertisements, made his feature debut with this film. ''Whistle'' is one of the only campus thrillers to be made in Tamil.<ref name="Release">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2003 |title='Whistle' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/whistle/article28644322.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314070227/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/whistle/article28644322.ece |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film is the sixth venture of Media Dreams.<ref name="Songs">{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Ramya |date=7 January 2003 |title=Whistle and watch 'whistle' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/whistle-and-watch-whistle/article28613822.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314070208/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/whistle-and-watch-whistle/article28613822.ece |archive-date=14 March 2023 |access-date=2 May 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[D. Imman]]. Newcomer [[Anita Udeep|Anitha Chandrasekar]] sang the track "Azhagiya Asura", which became popular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=13 May 2022 |title=Sherin to remix hit song Azhagiya Asura |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sherin-to-remix-hit-song-azhagiya-asura/articleshow/91530530.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326044537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sherin-to-remix-hit-song-azhagiya-asura/articleshow/91530530.cms |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Silambarasan]] and [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]] sang a song.<ref name="Songs" />

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Whistle Adikum Vadana
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length1 = 4:56
| extra1 = [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Ganga Sitharasu|Ganga]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| title2 = Azhagiya Asura
| lyrics2 = [[Thamarai]]
| length2 = 4:22
| extra2 = [[Anita Udeep|Anitha Chandrasekar]]
| title3 = Kiruka Kadal Kirukaa
| lyrics3 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| length3 = 4:39
| extra3 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Chinmayi Sripaada]]
| title4 = Natpe Natpe 1
| lyrics4 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| length4 = 4:52
| extra4 = [[Silambarasan]], [[D. Imman]], [[Aishwarya Rajinikanth]], Uma Mahesh, Roopa Venkat
| title5 = Ethnic Texture
| lyrics5 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length5 = 4:33
| extra5 = [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| title6 = Don't Worry Be Happy
| lyrics6 = Vaigai Selvan
| length6 = 3:04
| extra6 = [[D. Imman]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| title7 = Thala Thalavethalai
| lyrics7 = Palani Bharathi
| length7 = 4:56
| extra7 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Swarnalatha]], Lavanya
| total_length = 31:22
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Whistle'' was released on 4 July 2003.<ref name="Release" /> Malathi Rangarajan of ''The Hindu'' opined that "Being inspired by foreign flicks is no crime, provided justice is done to the subject borrowed".<ref name="Hindu" /> Malini Mannath from ''Chennai Online'' noted that "What counts is that, though they've been largely faithful to the characters, the locations and the situations of the original, they've done a commendable job in the areas where they've re-worked the script".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 July 2003 |title=Whistle |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov280.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704204114/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov280.asp |archive-date=4 July 2008 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Mister Lee of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the director duo for maintaining suspense and called the short flashback and unpredictable climax as lifeline while also praising Imman's score, Sujatha's dialogues and Fowzia's cinematography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லீ |first=மிஸ்டர் |date=20 July 2003 |title=விசில் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-07-20/page/64/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240206163929/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-07-20/page/64/mode/2up |archive-date=6 February 2024 |access-date=6 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=65 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "It is an unusual campus thriller, but in spite of all the lead stars it is Vivek as an old student who steals the thunder, with his comedy track. Vivek has blindly copied Mel Gibson in What Women Want where he can hear what is going through the mind of the woman next to him!".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Whistle |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13189930 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030830222917/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13189930 |archive-date=30 August 2003 |access-date=30 November 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sujatha}}

[[Category:2000s slasher films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
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[[Category:Films distributed by Kalasangham Films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
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Vastu shastra

2026-03-28T08:21:52Z

YvetteSawtell2: brief rework lead based on references additionally and added references

{{short description|Indian architecture and design-related texts}}
{{About||the 2004 film|Vaastu Shastra (film)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Hinduism}}

{{multiple image
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| footer = [[Angkor Wat]], a Hindu-Buddhist temple and [[World Heritage Site]], is the largest religious monument in the world. This [[Cambodia]]n temple deploys the same circles and squares grid architecture as described in Indian ''Vāstu Śastras''.<ref>R Arya, ''Vaastu: The Indian Art of Placement'', {{ISBN|978-0892818853}}</ref>
| image1 =
Ankor Wat temple.jpg
| image2 = Angkor Wat Aerial View Siem Reap Cambodia 2011.jpg
}}
Originating in ancient India, '''''Vastu Shastra''''' ({{langx|sa|वास्तु शास्त्र}}, ''{{IAST|vāstu śāstra}}'' – literally "science of architecture"<ref name="narlikar_CUP"/>) is a traditional [[Hindu]] system of [[architecture]]<ref>Bettina Baumer (2019), Form, Space and Consciousness – Architectural principles in the Vastushastras, in ''Eloquent Spaces: Meaning and Community in Early Indian Architecture'', S. Kaul (Editor), Routledge, Chapter 2, {{ISBN|9780367225988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Quack|first1= Johannes|title= Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|date= 2012|publisher= Oxford University Press|page= 119|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TNbxUwhS5RUC&pg=PA119|access-date= 17 August 2015|isbn= 9780199812608|author-link= Johannes Quack}}</ref> based on ancient texts that describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial [[geometry]].<ref name=pka/> The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns ([[yantra]]), symmetry, and [[Direction (geometry, geography)|directional]] alignments.<ref name=stellakramrisch76/><ref name=vsgt2/> Vastu Shastra follows a design approach that is more inclined towards aligning spaces with natural forces like sunlight, wind, and gravity. The architecture design system fosters harmony amongst individuals and their surroundings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emkaan |date=2025-06-12 |title=How Vastu Shastra Is Shaping Modern Architectural Design? |url=https://emkaan.com/how-vastu-shastra-is-shaping-modern-architectural-design/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Emkaan |language=en-US}}</ref>

Vastu Shastra are the textual part of ''Vastu Vidya'' – the broader knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India.<ref name=vsgt1>{{cite book|last1= Vibhuti Sachdev, Giles Tillotson|title= Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City|date= 2004|isbn= 978-1861891372|page= 147|publisher= Reaktion Books}}</ref> Vastu Vidya is a collection of ideas and concepts, with or without the support of layout diagrams, that are not rigid. Rather, these ideas and concepts are models for the organisation of space and form within a building or collection of buildings, based on their functions in relation to each other, their usage and the overall fabric of the Vastu.<ref name=vsgt1/> Ancient Vastu Shastra principles include those for the design of ''Mandir'' ([[Hindu temple]]s)<ref>George Michell (1988), ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226532301}}, pp. 21–22</ref> and the principles for the design and layout of houses, towns, cities, gardens, roads, water works, shops, and other public areas.<ref name=pka/><ref name="GD Vasudev 2001 pp. 74–92">GD Vasudev (2001), ''Vastu, Motilal Banarsidas'', {{ISBN|81-208-1605-6}}, pp. 74–92</ref><ref name="Sherri Silverman 2007">Sherri Silverman (2007), ''Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature'', Gibbs Smith, Utah, {{ISBN|978-1423601326}}</ref> The [[Pandit]] or Architects of Vastu Shastra are ''Sthapati'', ''Sūtragrāhin(Sutradhar)'', ''Vardhaki'', and ''Takṣhaka''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vibhuti Chakrabarti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgmakH37M0UC |title=Indian Architectural Theory and Practice: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-77882-7 |pages=2–4 [3]}}</ref>

==Terminology==
The Sanskrit word ''vāstu'' means a dwelling or house with a corresponding plot of land.<ref>{{cite book|title=Latest Vastu Shastra (Some Secrets)|first=Jagdish|last= Gautum|page=17|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2006|isbn=978-81-7017-449-3}}</ref> The [[vrddhi]], ''vāstu'', takes the meaning of "the site or foundation of a house, site, ground, building or dwelling-place, habitation, homestead, house". The underlying root is ''vas'' "to dwell, live, stay, reside".<ref>Monier-Williams (1899).</ref> The term [[shastra]] may loosely be translated as "[[doctrine]], teaching".

''Vāstu-Śastras'' (literally, science of dwelling) are ancient Sanskrit manuals of architecture. These contain Vastu-Vidya (literally, knowledge of dwelling).<ref name=bbdutt>BB Dutt (1925), {{Google books|J3jEJFNxdy4C|Town planning in Ancient India}}, {{ISBN|978-81-8205-487-5}}; See critical review by LD Barnett, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol 4, Issue 2, June 1926, pp 391</ref>

==History==
[[File:700 CE Manasara Sanskrit text, Hindu architecture, town village plans.jpg|thumb|upright|Some town plans recommended in the 700 CE ''Manasara'' vastu text.{{sfn|Sinha|1998|pp=27–40}}{{sfn|Ram Raz|1834}}{{sfn|Ernest Havell|1972|pp=7–17}}]]
Vastu, crafts and architecture are traditionally attributed to the divine [[Vishvakarma|Vishwakarma]] in the Hindu pantheon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=K|first=George Varghese|title=Globalisation Traumas and New Social Imaginary: Visvakarma Community of Kerala|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414253|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|year=2003|volume=38|issue=45|pages=4794–4802|jstor=4414253}}</ref> Theories tracing links of the principles of composition in ''Vastu Shastra'' and the [[Indus Valley civilization]] have been made, but scholar [[Kapila Vatsyayan]] considers this speculation since the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered.<ref name="Singer1991p117">{{cite book|author=Milton Singer|title=Semiotics of Cities, Selves, and Cultures: Explorations in Semiotic Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9G6h1EfTTwC&pg=PA117 |year=1991|publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-085775-7|page=117}}</ref> According to Chakrabarti, Vastu Vidya is as old as the Vedic period and linked to the ritual architecture.<ref name="Chakrabarti2013p1">{{cite book|author=Vibhuti Chakrabarti|title=Indian Architectural Theory and Practice: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgmakH37M0UC&pg=PA1|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77882-7|pages=1–2}}</ref> According to [[Michael W. Meister]], the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' contains verses with mystic cosmogony which provide a paradigm for cosmic planning, but they did not represent architecture nor a developed practice.<ref name="Buhnemann2003p251">{{cite book|author=Michael Meister|editor=Gudrun Bühnemann|editor-link=Gudrun Bühnemann |title=Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA251 |year=2003|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=90-04-12902-2|pages=251–254}}</ref> The ''[[Arthashastra]]'' dated to 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE, dedicates chapters to domestic architecture, forts and town planning.<ref> Arthashastra by Kautilya, translated by R. Shamasastry
Book II – "The Duties of Government Superintendents" pp. 51–185 and Book III – "Concerning Law" pp. 187–252.</ref><ref name="Dagens1985">{{cite book |last1=Dagens |first1=Bruno |title=Mayamata: An Indian Treatise on Housing Architecture and Iconography |date=1985 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-7822-497-8 |page=389 |language=en|quote=As well as the Grhyasutra, the Arthasastra and the Brhatsamhita...}}</ref>

Vastu sastras are stated by some to have roots in pre-1st-century CE literature, but these views suffer from being a matter of interpretation.<ref name="Chakrabarti2013p1"/><ref name="Buhnemann2003p251"/> For example, the mathematical rules and steps for constructing Vedic yajna square for the sacrificial fire are in the ''Sulba-sutras'' dated to 4th-century BCE. However, these are ritual artifacts and they are not buildings or temples or broader objects of a lasting architecture. [[Varahamihira]]'s ''Brihat Samhita'' dated to about the sixth century CE is among the earliest known Indian texts with dedicated chapters with principles of architecture. For example, Chapter 53 of the ''Brihat Samhita'' is titled "On architecture", and there and elsewhere it discusses elements of vastu sastra such as "planning cities and buildings" and "house structures, orientation, storeys, building balconies" along with other topics.<ref name="Buhnemann2003p251"/> According to Michael Meister, a scholar of Indian architecture, we must acknowledge that Varahamihira does mention his own sources on ''vastu'' as older texts and sages. However, these may be mythology and reflect the Indian tradition to credit mythical sages and deities.<ref name="Buhnemann2003p251"/>

==Description==
[[File:Plan of Kandariya Mahadeva temple.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Ancient India produced many Sanskrit texts of architecture, called Vastu Sastra. Many of these are about Hindu temple layout (above), design and construction, along with chapters on design principles for houses, villages, towns. The architect and artists (Silpins) were given wide latitude to experiment and express their creativity.<ref name=mmgeometry/>]]
There exist many Vāstu-Śastras on the art of building houses, temples, towns and cities.<ref name=stellakramrisch76>Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2, {{ISBN|81-208-0223-3}}</ref><ref>Jack Hebner (2010), Architecture of the Vāstu Śastra – According to Sacred Science, in Science of the Sacred (Editor: David Osborn), {{ISBN|978-0557277247}}, pp. 85–92; N Lahiri (1996), Archaeological landscapes and textual images: a study of the sacred geography of late medieval Ballabgarh, World Archaeology, 28(2), pp. 244–264</ref> Among early known example is the ''[[Arthashastra]]'' dated to 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE, with chapters dedicated to domestic architecture, forts and town planning.<ref> Arthashastra by Kautilya, translated by R. Shamasastry Book II – "The Duties of Government Superintendents" pp. 51–185 and Book III - "Concerning Law" pp. 187–252.</ref><ref name="Dagens1985"></ref> By 6th century AD, Sanskrit texts for constructing palatial temples were in circulation in India.<ref>Susan Lewandowski (1984), Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, edited by Anthony D. King, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0710202345}}, Chapter 4</ref> Vāstu-Śastras include chapters on home construction, town planning,<ref name=bbdutt/> and how efficient villages, towns and kingdoms integrated temples, water bodies and gardens within them to achieve harmony with nature.<ref name="GD Vasudev 2001 pp 74-92">GD Vasudev (2001), Vastu, Motilal Banarsidas, {{ISBN|81-208-1605-6}}, pp 74–92</ref><ref name="Sherri Silverman 2007"/> While it is unclear, states Barnett,<ref>LD Barnett, ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', Vol 4, Issue 2, June 1926, pp 391</ref> as to whether these temple and town planning texts were theoretical studies and if or when they were properly implemented in practice, these texts suggest that town planning and Hindu temples were conceived as ideals of art and integral part of Hindu social and spiritual life.<ref name=bbdutt/>

Six of the most studied, complete and referred to Indian texts on Vastu Vidya that have survived into the modern age, states Tillotson, are – the ''[[Mayamata]]'', the ''[[Manasara]]'', the ''[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]'', the ''[[Rajavallabha]]'', the ''[[Vishvakarmaprakasha]]'' and the ''[[Aparajitaprccha]]''.<ref name="Chakrabarti">{{cite book | last=Chakrabarti | first=Vibhuti | title=Indian Architectural Theory and Practice | publisher=Routledge | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-77883-4 | doi=10.4324/9780203824368|pages=xi–xii}}</ref> Numerous other important texts contain sections or chapters on aspects of architecture and design.<ref>{{cite book | last=Chakrabarti | first=Vibhuti | title=Indian Architectural Theory and Practice | publisher=Routledge | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-77883-4 | doi=10.4324/9780203824368|pages=2–3}}</ref>

The ''Silpa Prakasa'' of Odisha, authored by Ramachandra Bhattaraka Kaulachara sometime in ninth or tenth century CE, is another Vāstu Śastra.<ref name=aliceboner66>Alice Boner and Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (1966), {{Google books|itQUAAAAIAAJ|Silpa Prakasa Medieval Orissan Sanskrit Text on Temple Architecture}}, E.J. Brill (Netherlands)</ref> Silpa Prakasa describes the geometric principles in every aspect of the temple and symbolism such as 16 emotions of human beings carved as 16 types of female figures. These styles were perfected in Hindu temples prevalent in the eastern states of India. Other ancient texts found expand these architectural principles, suggesting that different parts of India developed, invented and added their own interpretations. For example, in ''Saurastra'' tradition of temple building found in western states of India, the feminine form, expressions and emotions are depicted in 32 types of ''Nataka-stri'' compared to 16 types described in ''Silpa Prakasa''.<ref name=aliceboner66/> Silpa Prakasa provides brief introduction to 12 types of Hindu temples. Other texts, such as ''Pancaratra Prasada Prasadhana'' compiled by Daniel Smith<ref>H. Daniel Smith (1963), Ed. Pāncarātra prasāda prasādhapam, A Pancaratra Text on Temple-Building, Syracuse: University of Rochester, {{OCLC|68138877}}</ref> and Silpa Ratnakara compiled by Narmada Sankara<ref>Mahanti and Mahanty (1995 Reprint), Śilpa Ratnākara, Orissa Akademi, {{OCLC|42718271}}</ref> provide a more extensive list of Hindu temple types.

Sanskrit texts for temple construction discovered in Rajasthan, in northwestern region of India, include Sutradhara Mandana's ''Prasadamandana'' (literally, planning and building a temple) with chapters on town building.<ref>Amita Sinha (1998), "Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras", ''Journal of Cultural Geography'', 17(2), pp. 27–41, {{doi|10.1080/08873639809478319}}</ref> ''Manasara shilpa'' and ''Mayamata'', texts of South Indian origin, estimated to be in circulation by 5th to 7th century AD, is a guidebook on South Indian Vastu design and construction.<ref name=stellakramrisch76/><ref>Tillotson, G. H. R. (1997). Svastika Mansion: A Silpa-Sastra in the 1930s. South Asian Studies, 13(1), pp 87–97</ref> ''Isanasivagurudeva paddhati'' is another Sanskrit text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India.<ref name=stellakramrisch76/><ref>Ganapati Sastri (1920), Īśānaśivagurudeva paddhati, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, {{OCLC|71801033}}</ref> In north India, ''Brihat-samhita'' by [[Varāhamihira]] is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit text from 6th century describing the design and construction of ''Nagara'' style of Hindu temples.<ref name=mmgeometry>{{cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |author-link=Michael W. Meister |date=1983 |title=Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=266–296 |doi=10.2307/3249613 |jstor=3249613}}</ref><ref name=hgood>Heather Elgood (2000), Hinduism and the religious arts, {{ISBN|978-0304707393}}, Bloomsbury Academic, pp 121–125</ref><ref>H Kern (1865), [http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/BrhatSamhitaSanskrit.pdf The Brhat Sanhita of Varaha-mihara], The Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta</ref>

These ''Vāstu Śastras'', often discuss and describe the principles of Hindu temple design, but do not limit themselves to the design of a Hindu temple.<ref>S Bafna, On the Idea of the Mandala as a Governing Device in Indian Architectural Tradition, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Mar. 2000), pp. 26–49</ref> They describe the temple as a holistic part of its community, and lay out various principles and a diversity of alternate designs for home, village and city layout along with the temple, gardens, water bodies and nature.<ref name="Sherri Silverman 2007"/><ref name=stellakvolm1>[[Stella Kramrisch]], The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0222-3}}</ref>

==Mandala types and properties==
[[File:64 grid Manduka design Hindu Temple Floor Plan Vastu Purusa Mandala Ancient Architecture.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|The 8x8 (64) grid Manduka Vastu Purusha Mandala layout for [[Hindu Temple]]s. It is one of 32 Vastu Purusha Mandala grid patterns described in Vastu sastras. In this grid structure of symmetry, each concentric layer has significance.<ref name=stellakramrisch76/>]]
The central area in all [[mandala]] is the ''[[Brahmasthan|Brahmasthana]]''. Mandala "circle-circumference" or "completion", is a concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance in both Hinduism and Buddhism. The space occupied by it varies in different [[mandala]] – in ''Pitha'' (9) and ''Upapitha'' (25).
it occupies one square module, in ''Mahaapitha'' (16), ''Ugrapitha'' (36) and ''Manduka'' (64), four square modules and in ''Sthandila'' (49) and ''Paramasaayika'' (81), nine square modules.<ref name=vcm/> The Pitha is an amplified Prithvimandala in which, according to some texts, the central space is occupied by earth. The Sthandila mandala is used in a concentric manner.<ref name=vcm>{{cite book|last1=Vibhuti Chakrabarti|title=Indian Architectural Theory: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0700711130|pages=86–99}}</ref>

A site of any shape can be divided using the Pada Vinyasa. Sites are known by the number of squares. They range from 1x1 to 32x32 (1024) square sites. Examples of mandalas with the corresponding names of sites include:<ref name=stellakramrisch76/>
* ''Sakala'' (1 square) corresponds to ''Eka-pada'' (single divided site)
* ''Pechaka'' (4 squares) corresponds to ''Dwi-pada'' (two divided site)
* ''Pitha'' (9 squares) corresponds to ''Tri-pada'' (three divided site)
* ''Mahaapitha'' (16 squares) corresponds to ''Chatush-pada'' (four divided site)
* ''Upapitha'' (25 squares) corresponds to ''Pancha-pada'' (five divided site)
* ''Ugrapitha'' (36 squares) corresponds to ''Shashtha-pada'' (six divided site)
* ''Sthandila'' (49 squares) corresponds to ''Sapta-pada'' (seven divided site)
* ''Manduka/ Chandita'' (64 square) corresponds to ''Ashta-pada'' (eight divided site)
* ''Paramasaayika'' (81 squares) corresponds to ''Nava-pada'' (nine divided site)
* ''Aasana'' (100 squares) corresponds to ''Dasa-pada'' (ten divided site)
* ''Bhadrmahasan'' (196 squares) corresponds to ''Chodah-pada'' (14 divided sites)

==Modern adaptations and usage==
[[File:Plan, Jawahar Kala Kendra, Jaipur, Rajasthan.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|Vastu Shastra-inspired plan of [[Jaipur]] city by architect [[Vidyadhar Bhattacharya]] (1693–1751) of Jaipur city, later adapted and evolved by modern architect [[Charles Correa]] in the design of [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]], Jaipur, Rajasthan<ref name=vsgt2/><ref name=kpg1/>]]

Vāstu Śastra represents a body of ancient concepts and knowledge to many modern architects, a guideline but not a rigid code.<ref name=vsgt2/><ref name=vc1/> The square-grid mandala is viewed as a model of organisation, not as a ground plan. The ancient Vāstu Śastra texts describe functional relations and adaptable alternate layouts for various rooms or buildings and utilities, but do not mandate a set compulsory architecture. Sachdev and [[Giles Tillotson|Tillotson]] state that the mandala is a guideline, and employing the mandala concept of Vāstu Śastra does not mean every room or building has to be square.<ref name=vsgt2/> The basic theme is around core elements of central space, peripheral zones, direction with respect to sunlight, and relative functions of the spaces.<ref name=vsgt2/><ref name=vc1/>

The pink city [[Jaipur]] in Rajasthan was master planned by architect [[Vidyadhar Bhattacharya]] (1693–1751) who was approached by Rajput king [[Jai Singh II|Jai Singh]] and was built by 1727 CE, in part around Vastu Shilpa Sastra principles.<ref name=vsgt2>{{cite book|last1=Vibhuti Sachdev, Giles Tillotson|title=Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City|date=2004|isbn=978-1861891372|pages=155–160|publisher=Reaktion Books }}</ref><ref name=nus1>[http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/gem-projects/hm/0203-1-07-jantar_mantar.pdf Jantar Mantar & Jaipur – Section II] National University of Singapore, pp. 17–22</ref> Similarly, modern-era projects such as the architect [[Charles Correa]]'s designed [[Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya]] in [[Ahmedabad]], Vidhan Bhavan in [[Bhopal]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Irena Murray|title=Charles Correa: India's Greatest Architect|date=2011|publisher=RIBA Publishing|isbn=978-1859465172}}</ref> and [[Jawahar Kala Kendra]] in Jaipur adapt and apply concepts from the Vastu Shastra Vidya.<ref name=vsgt2/><ref name=vc1>{{cite book|last1=V Chakrabarti|title=Indian Architectural Theory: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0700711130|date=2013|pages=86–92}}</ref> In the design of [[Chandigarh]] city, [[Le Corbusier]] incorporated modern architecture theories with those of Vastu Shastra.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=SAJAH|date=2011|volume=26|issue=3|pages=45–56|author=Gerald Steyn|title=Le Corbusier's research-based design approaches|url=http://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/20055/Steyn_LeCorbusier(2011).pdf?sequence=1|publisher=Tshwane University of Technology}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=H Saini|title=Vaastu ordains a full flowering for Chandigarh|date=1996|work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reena Patra|title=Vaastu Shastra: Towards Sustainable Development|journal=Sustainable Development|date=2009|volume=17|issue=4|pages=244–256|publisher=Wiley InterScience|doi=10.1002/sd.388}}</ref>

During the colonial rule period of India, town planning officials of the [[British Raj]] did not consider Vastu Vidya, but largely grafted Islamic Mughal era motifs and designs such as domes and arches onto Victorian-era style buildings without overall relationship layout.<ref name=vsgt3/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Anthony D'Costa|title=A New India?: Critical Reflections in the Long Twentieth Century|pages=165–168|isbn=978-0857285041|date= 2012|publisher=Anthem Press }}</ref> This movement, known as [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]], is found in chaotically laid out, but externally grand structures in the form of currently used major railway stations, harbours, tax collection buildings, and other colonial offices in [[South Asia]].<ref name=vsgt3>{{cite book|last1=Vibhuti Sachdev, Giles Tillotson|title=Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City|date=2004|isbn=978-1861891372|pages=149–157|publisher=Reaktion Books }}</ref>

Vāstu Śastra Vidya was ignored, during colonial era construction, for several reasons. These texts were viewed by 19th and early 20th century architects as archaic, the literature was inaccessible being in an ancient language not spoken or read by the architects, and the ancient texts assumed space to be readily available.<ref name=vc1/><ref name=vsgt3/> In contrast, public projects in the colonial era were forced into crowded spaces and local layout constraints, and the ancient Vastu sastra were viewed with prejudice as superstitious and rigid about a square grid or traditional materials of construction.<ref name=vsgt3/> Sachdev and Tillotson state that these prejudices were flawed, as a scholarly and complete reading of the Vāstu Śastra literature amply suggests the architect is free to adapt the ideas to new materials of construction, local layout constraints and into a non-square space.<ref name=vsgt3/><ref name=vc2>{{cite book|last1=V Chakrabarti|title=Indian Architectural Theory: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0700711130|date=2013|pages=86–99}}</ref> The design and completion of a new city of [[Jaipur]] in early 1700s based on Vāstu Śastra texts, well before any colonial era public projects, was one of many proofs.<ref name=vsgt3/><ref name=vc2/> Other examples include modern public projects designed by [[Charles Correa]] such as Jawahar Kala Kendra in Jaipur, and Gandhi Ashram in Ahmedabad.<ref name=vsgt2/><ref name=kpg1>{{cite book|last1=Klaus-Peter Gast|title=Modern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in India|page=11|isbn=978-3764377540|date=2011|publisher=Birkhäuser Architecture}}</ref> Vastu Shastra remedies have also been applied by Khushdeep Bansal in 1997 to the Parliament complex of India, when he contended that the library being built next to the building is responsible for political instability in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/harmonising-homes-hearts/story-UR90utlqvNojXaolxBmtNN.html | title='Harmonising' homes, hearts | publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] | date= 9 June 2012 | access-date= 4 January 2016}}</ref>

German architect Klaus-Peter Gast states that the principles of Vāstu Śastras is witnessing a major revival and wide usage in the planning and design of individual homes, residential complexes, commercial and industrial campuses, and major public projects in India, along with the use of ancient iconography and mythological art work incorporated into the Vastu vidya architectures.<ref name=kpg1/><ref name=sm1>{{cite book|last1=Stephen Marshall|title=Urban Coding and Planning|pages=83–103|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415441261|date=2011}}</ref>

=== Vastu and superstition ===

The use of ''Vastu shastra'' and ''Vastu consultants'' in modern home and public projects is controversial.<ref name=vc2/> Some architects, particularly during India's colonial era, considered it arcane and superstitious.<ref name=vc1/><ref name=vsgt3/> Other architects state that critics have not read the texts and that most of the text is about flexible design guidelines for space, sunlight, flow and function.<ref name=vc1/><ref name=sm1/>

Vastu Shastra is a pseudoscience, states [[Narendra Nayak]] – the head of [[Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations]]. In contemporary India, Vastu consultants "promote superstition in the name of science".<ref name=OUP-Johannes>{{cite book|last1=Quack|first1=Johannes|title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNbxUwhS5RUC&pg=PA170|access-date=15 August 2015|isbn=9780199812608}}</ref> Astronomer [[Jayant Narlikar]] states that Vastu Shastra has rules about integrating architecture with its ambience but that the dictates of Vastu and alleged harm or benefits being marketed have "no logical connection to environment". He gives examples of Vastu consultants claiming the need to align the house to magnetic axis for "overall growth, peace and happiness, or that "parallelogram-shaped sites can lead to quarrels in the family", states Narlikar. He says this is pseudoscience.<ref name="narlikar_CUP">{{cite book|last1=Narlikar|first1=Jayant V.|editor1-last=Percy|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Pasachoff|editor2-first=Jay|title=Teaching and Learning Astronomy: Effective Strategies for Educators Worldwide|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=165|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdzQ4uCnYfkC&pg=PA165|chapter=Astronomy, pseudoscience and rational thinking|isbn=9780521115391}}</ref>

Vibhuti Chakrabarti, a scholar of Architecture and Sanskrit literature has critically translated historic Vastu literature, and states that in contemporary India, some are offering their services as Vastu consultants where they project it as a "religious tradition", rather than an "architectural methodology" as taught in historic texts.<ref name="chakrabartip181"/> He says that these consultants include "quacks, priests and astrologers" fuelled by greed and with little knowledge of what the historic Vastu-sastra texts teach. They are said to market false advice and superstition in the name of Vastu Vidya tradition, sometimes under the rubric of "Vedic sciences".<ref name=chakrabartip181>{{cite book|author=Vibhuti Chakrabarti|title=Indian Architectural Theory and Practice: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XgmakH37M0UC |year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77882-7|pages=32, 181–184}}</ref>

==Sanskrit treatises on architecture==
{{anchor | treatises | treatise }}

Of the numerous Sanskrit treatises mentioned in ancient Indian literature, some have been translated in English. Many Agamas, Puranas and Hindu scriptures include chapters on architecture of temples, homes, villages, towns, fortifications, streets, shop layout, public wells, public bathing, public halls, gardens, river fronts among other things.<ref name=pka/> In some cases, the manuscripts are partially lost, some are available only in Tibetan, Nepalese or South Indian languages, while in others original Sanskrit manuscripts are available in different parts of India. Some treatises, or books with chapters on Vaastu Shastra include:<ref name=pka>Acharya P.K. (1946), [https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture], Oxford University Press</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Manasara]]
* Brhat samhita (Chapters 53–58)
* [[Mayamata]]
* Anka sastra
* [[Aparajitaprccha|Aparajita Vāstu Śastra]]
* Maha-agamas (28 books, each with 12 to 75 chapters)
* Ayadi Lakshana
* Aramadi Pratishtha Paddhati (includes garden design)
* Kasyapiya
* Kupadi Jala Sthana Lakshana
* Kshetra Nirmana Vidhi (preparation of land and foundation of buildings including temples)
* Gargya samhita (pillars, doors, windows, wall design and architecture)
* Griha Pithika (types of houses and their construction)
* Ghattotsarga Suchanika (riverfront and steps architecture)
* Jnana ratna kosha
* Vastu sarani (measurement, ratio and design layouts of objects, particularly buildings)
* Devalaya Lakshana (treatise on construction of temples)
* Dhruvadi shodasa gehani (guidelines for arrangement of buildings with respect to each other for harmony)
* Nava sastra (36 books, most lost)
* Agni Purana (Chapters 42 through 55, and 106 – Nagaradi Vastu)
* [[Matsya Purana]] (Chapters 252 through 270)
* Maya samgraha
* Prasada kirtana
* Prasada Lakshana
* Tachchu sastra (primarily home design for families)
* Manushyalaya Lakshana (primarily human dwelings)
* [[Manushyalaya Chandrika]]
* Mantra dipika
* Mana kathana (measurement principles)
* Manava vastu lakshana
* [[Manasollasa]] (chapters on house layout, mostly ancient cooking recipes)
* Raja griha nirmana (architecture and construction principles for royal palaces)
* Rupa mandana
* Vastu tattva
* Vastu nirnaya
* Vastu purusha lakshana
* Vastu prakasa
* Vastu pradipa
* Vastu manjari
* Vastu mandana
* Vastu lakshana
* Vastu vichara
* Vastu Vidya
* Vastu vidhi
* Vastu samgraha
* Vastu sarvasva
* Vimana lakshana (tower design)
* Visvakarma prakasa (home, roads, water tanks and public works architecture)
* Vaikhanasa
* Sastra jaladhi ratna
* Silpa prakasa
* [[Silparatna]]
* Silpakala Dipika
* Silpartha Śastra
* Sanatkumara Vāstu Śastra
*[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Architecture|India}}
{{commons category|Vastu Shastra}}
* [[Aranmula Kottaram]]
* [[Dowsing]]
* [[Feng shui]]
* [[Geomancy]]
* [[Kanippayyur Shankaran Namboodiripad]]
* [[Ley line]]
* [[Shilpa Shastras]]
* [[Tajul muluk]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Acharya P.K. (1933), [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manasara-english-translation Manasara (English translation)], Online proofread edition including footnotes and glossary
* Acharya P.K. (1946), [https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture], Oxford University Press – Terminology of Ancient Architecture
* Acharya P.K. (1946), [https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/730/mode/2up Bibliography of Ancient Sanskrit Treatises on Architecture and Arts], in An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture, Oxford University Press, pp. 615–659.
* B.B. Dutt (1925), {{Google books|J3jEJFNxdy4C|Town Planning in Ancient India}}
* IVVRF (2000), Journal Of International Conference Vastu Panorama 2000, Main Theme – The Study of Energetic Dimension of Man and Behavior of Environment
* IVVRF (2004), Journal Of International Conference Vastu Panorama 2004
* IVVRF (2008), Journal Of International Conference Vastu Panorama 2008, Main Theme – Save Mother earth and life – A Vastu Mission
* IVVRF (2012), Journal Of International Conference Vastu Panorama 2012, Main Theme – Vastu Dynamics for Global Well Being
* V. Chakraborty, {{Google books|Oo-dCM_pp7wC|Indian Architectural Theory: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya}}
* Arya, Rohit [https://books.google.com/books?id=e43TW6QcWS0C Vaastu: the Indian art of placement : design and decorate homes to reflect eternal spiritual principles] Inner Traditions / Bear & Company, 2000, {{ISBN|0-89281-885-9}}.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=iwaryJd3fD8C Vastu: Transcendental Home Design in Harmony with Nature], Sherri Silverman
* Prabhu, Balagopal, T.S and Achyuthan, A, "A text Book of Vastuvidya", Vastuvidyapratisthanam, Kozhikode, New Edition, 2011.
* Prabhu, Balagopal, T.S and Achyuthan, A, "Design in Vastuvidya", Vastuvidyapratisthanam, Kozhiko
* Prabhu, Balagopal, T.S, "Vastuvidyadarsanam" (Malayalam), Vastuvidyapratisthanam, Kozhikode.
* Prabhu, Balagopal, T.S and Achyuthan, A, "Manusyalaya candrika- An Engineering Commentary", Vastuvidyapratisthanam, Kozhikode, New Edition, 2011.
* Vastu-Silpa Kosha, Encyclopedia of Hindu Temple architecture and Vastu/S.K.Ramachandara Rao, Delhi, Devine Books (Lala Murari Lal Chharia Oriental series) {{ISBN|978-93-81218-51-8}} (Set)
* D. N. Shukla, ''Vastu-Sastra: Hindu Science of Architecture'', Munshiram Manoharial Publishers, 1993, {{ISBN|978-81-215-0611-3}}.
* B. B. Puri, ''Applied vastu shastra vaibhavam in modern architecture'', Vastu Gyan Publication, 1997, {{ISBN|978-81-900614-1-4}}.
* Vibhuti Chakrabarti, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo-dCM_pp7wC Indian Architectural Theory: Contemporary Uses of Vastu Vidya]'' Routledge, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1113-0}}.
*{{cite book|author=Ernest Havell|title=The Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHM-7CaV5zYC|year=1972|publisher=John Murray, London (Reprinted S. Chand)}}
*{{cite book|author=Ram Raz|title=Essay on the Architecture of the Hindús|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSg5AQAAMAAJ|year=1834 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland}}
*{{cite journal | last=Sinha | first=Amita | title=Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras | journal=Journal of Cultural Geography | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=17 | issue=2 | year=1998 | doi=10.1080/08873639809478319 | pages=27–41}}
* Siddharth, Dr. Jayshree Om: ''The Ancient Science of Vastu,'' 2020, {{ISBN|978-93-90030-07-1}}
{{refend}}

{{Mathematics and art}}
{{Superstitions}}

[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Environmental design]]
[[Category:History of literature in India]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:Superstitions]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]
[[Category:Architectural theory]]

Kilichundan Mampazham

2026-03-22T02:16:18Z

YvetteSawtell2: Content updated and refined

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Kilichundan Mampazham
|image = Kilichundan_Mampazham.jpg
|caption =
|director = [[Priyadarshan]]
|producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
|story = [[Sreenivasan]]
|writer = Priyadarshan
|starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Soundarya]] [[Sreenivasan]] [[Thilakan]] [[Cochin Haneefa]] [[Salim Kumar]]
|music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|cinematography = [[Ravi Varman]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=3 September 2019 |title=Ravi K Varman on how he become a cinematographer, and why Mani Ratnam is his favourite director |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ravi-k-varman-on-how-he-become-a-cinematographer-and-why-mani-ratnam-is-his-favourite-director-7275941.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109161652/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ravi-k-varman-on-how-he-become-a-cinematographer-and-why-mani-ratnam-is-his-favourite-director-7275941.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
|studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
|distributor = Johny Sagariga
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|04|11}}
|runtime = 148 minutes
|country = [[India]]
|language = [[Malayalam]]
|budget =
|gross =
}}

'''''Kilichundan Mampazham''''' ([[Malayalam]]: ''Bird-beaked Mango'') is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2003|2003]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[Priyadarshan]] from a story by [[Sreenivasan]]. It was produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] under the company [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Soundarya]] (in her final [[Malayalam]] film), [[Sreenivasan]], [[Thilakan]], [[Cochin Haneefa]], [[Salim Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=17 September 2016 |title=Wow! Mohanlal-Priyadarshan-Sreenivasan Trio To Team Up Again? |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mohanlal-priyadarshan-sreenivasan-trio-to-team-up-again-241378.html |website=FilmiBeat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=#FilmyFriday! Kilichundan Mampazham: An out-and-out entertainer worth revisiting |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-kilichundan-mampazham-an-out-and-out-entertainer-worth-revisiting/articleshow/93203604.cms |access-date=2023-02-09 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209110430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmyfriday-kilichundan-mampazham-an-out-and-out-entertainer-worth-revisiting/articleshow/93203604.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] debuted as a singer in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2019 |title=Happy Birthday, Vineeth Sreenivasan: Here's why the Mollywood star is an all-rounder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-vineeth-sreenivasan-heres-why-the-mollywood-star-is-an-all-rounder/photostory/71386424.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330042816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/happy-birthday-vineeth-sreenivasan-heres-why-the-mollywood-star-is-an-all-rounder/photostory/71386424.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar R. |first=Manoj |date=13 February 2018 |title=I wanted Vineeth Sreenivasan's voice to be the highlight of Manikya Malaraya Poovi: Oru Adaar Love composer Shaan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/oru-adaar-love-composer-global-hit-jmalayalam-song-priya-prakash-varrier-5060924/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publication-place=[[Bangalore]] |access-date=6 April 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421195451/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/oru-adaar-love-composer-global-hit-jmalayalam-song-priya-prakash-varrier-5060924/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Moidukutty Haji returns to his village after marrying for third time. His new wife Aamina is young and beautiful. His other two wives Fathima and Maimuna are really unhappy to see this, but they have no other choice other than to accept it. Aamina was in love in with Abdu. Abdu and Usman enters the village and comes to Moidukutty Haji's house to sell bangles.

Abdu sees Aamina and tries various tricks in order to get into Moidukutty Haji's house, but Moidukutty Haji drives them away. When Abdu was in Gulf, Aamina's wicked father secretly stole all letters sent by Abdu by bribing the postman. Aamina's marriage took place without her acceptance. Abdu with some help from his friends makes secret moves to get Aamina back. The events that are going to happen from here makes the plot of the story.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as Abdul Khader (Abdu)
* [[Soundarya]] as Aamina
* [[Sreenivasan]] as Moidutty Haji
* [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]] as Fathima, Moidutty Haji's first wife
* [[Geetha Vijayan]] as Maimuna, Moidutty Haji's second wife
* [[Sukumari]] as Beeyathu, Moidhutty Haji's Mother
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Kalanthan Haji
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Usman, Abdu's Friend and Helper
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Irunthalakadan Nampoothiri / Vellattapokkar, a fake spirit
* [[T. Damodaran]] as Hajiyar
* [[Thilakan]] as Chekkutty, Amina's Father
* [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Musaliyar
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Kunjahammed, Amina's youngest paternal uncle
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Hamsa, Amina's paternal uncle
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Ummer, Amina's Brother
* [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Subaida, Abdu's Sister
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Sathar, Amina's maternal Uncle
* [[V K Sreeraman]] as Alavikkutty, Amina's eldest paternal Uncle
* [[Poojappura Ravi]] as Chappuni Nair
* [[Santha Devi]] as Amina's mother
* Manka Mahesh as Chappuni Nair's wife
* Ajayan Adoor as Salim, Moidhootty Haji's right hand
* Vijayan Peringode as Advocate Swami
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]] as Rafeeq, the Postman
* Poojappura Radhakrishnan as Balan, Irundalakkadan's Helper
* C V Dev as Azeez
{{colend}}

==Release==
The film was released on 11 April 2003.

===Box office===
The movie was a decent runner at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/24/stories/2003042400120203.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|title=Box-office update|date=28 April 2003|access-date=24 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204201012/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/24/stories/2003042400120203.htm|archive-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kilichundan-mambazham-review-malayalam-pclu1idhbfgij.html|title=Kilichundan Mambazham|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204202732/http://www.sify.com/movies/kilichundan-mambazham-review-malayalam-pclu1idhbfgij.html|archive-date=4 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Home media===
The satellite rights of the film was acquired by [[Surya TV]] and later in 2020, it was renewed by [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2020 |title=നാട്ടുരാജാവ് സിനിമയുടെ ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റിലെ ആദ്യ പ്രദര്‍ശനം 13 സെപ്റ്റംബര്‍ വൈകുന്നേരം 6:00 മണിക്ക്|url=https://www.malayalam.keralatv.in/natturajavu-satellite-rights/}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
All the music is composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and the lyrics are written by [[B.R Prasad]]{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Onnamkilli Ponnankili
| note1 = [[Mohanam]]
| extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title2 = Onnanam Kunnin Mele
| extra2 = M. G. Sreekumar, Sujatha Mohan
| title3 = Parayuka Nee Kadha
| note3 = [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)]]
| extra3 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| title4 = Vilakkukoluthi Varum
| extra4 = M. G. Sreekumar, Sujatha Mohan
| title5 = Kasavinte Thattamittu
| extra5 = Sujatha Mohan, [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| all_writing =
| length1 =
| total_length =
}}

==Critical reception==
[[Sify]] gave a positive review, calling it a "sparkling entertainer" and praised the performances of [[Mohanlal]] and [[Sreenivasan]]. Also adding, technically it is one of the best films in recent times, praising the cinematography, art direction, songs, lyrics, but criticized the plot in the second half.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Kilichundan Mambazham (2003) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kilichundan-mambazham-review-malayalam-pclu1idhbfgij.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204202732/http://www.sify.com/movies/kilichundan-mambazham-review-malayalam-pclu1idhbfgij.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2016 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 July 2019 |date=17 April 2003}}</ref>

Chithram wrote that "A fun-filled film with Mohanlal and Sreenivasan trying to recreate their old magic with [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Cochin Haneefa]] and [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.123kerala.com/chithram/review_kilichundan.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030421072256/http://www.123kerala.com/chithram/review_kilichundan.html | archive-date=21 April 2003 | title=Kilichundan Mambazham - Film Review @ Chithram.net }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0363741|Kilichundan Mampazham}}

{{Priyadarshan}}
{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films about infidelity]]
[[Category:Films about Islam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{Islam-film-stub}}

Fatima

2026-03-21T20:42:40Z

YvetteSawtell2: typo fix

{{Short description|Daughter of Muhammad (died 632)}}
{{about|Muhammad's daughter|other people named Fatima|Fatima (given name)|other uses|Fatima (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[BP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]] since forever. Enough.|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fatima
| honorific_suffix = al-Zahra
| image = FatimaalZahra (cropped).jpg
| caption = Artwork with Fatima's name, reconstruction from a [[Safavid]] piece
| birth_date = 605 or 612/15 {{small|(disputed)}}
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]]
| death_date = 632
| death_place = [[Medina]], [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| resting_place = Medina, Hejaz
| title = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=List of titles
|||al-Zahra ({{lit|the radiant}})
|al-Siddiqa ({{lit|the righteous}})
|al-Muhadditha ({{lit|the one spoken to by angels}})
|Umm Abiha ({{lit|mother of her father}})
|Sayyidat Nisa al-Janna ({{lit|mistress of the women of [[Jannah|paradise]]}})
|[[Sayyidat Nisa al-Alamin]] ({{lit|mistress of the women of the worlds}})
}}
| spouse = [[Ali]]
| children = *[[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]]
*[[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]
*[[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]]
*[[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]]
*[[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]]
| parents = {{plainlist|
*[[Muhammad]]
*[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]]}}
| relatives = *[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] (sister)
*[[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]] (sister)
*[[Ruqayya bint Muhammad|Ruqayya]] (sister)
| family = [[Ahl al-Bayt|House of Muhammad]]
}}
{{Shia Islam|Ahl al-Kisa}}

'''Fatima bint Muhammad''' ({{langx|ar|فَاطِمَة بِنْت مُحَمَّد|Fāṭima bint Muḥammad}}; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as '''Fatima al-Zahra{{'}}''' ({{langx|ar|فَاطِمَة ٱلزَّهْرَاء|Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ}}), was the daughter of the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and his wife [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]].{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} Fatima's husband was [[Ali]], the fourth of the [[Rashidun]] caliphs and the first [[Twelve Imams|Shia imam]]. Fatima's sons were [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], the second and third Shia imams, respectively.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=183}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Fatima has been compared to [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]], mother of [[Jesus]], especially in Shia Islam.{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Ernst|2003|p=171}} Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}} and the dearest person to him.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=68}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} She is often viewed as an ultimate archetype for [[Muslim]] women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering.{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} It is through Fatima that Muhammad's family line has survived to this date.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=57}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}} Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls.{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}}{{sfn|Rogerson|2006|p=42}}

When Muhammad died in 632, Fatima and her husband Ali refused to acknowledge the authority of the first [[caliph]], [[Abu Bakr]]. The couple and their supporters held that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad,{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} possibly referring to his announcement at the [[Ghadir Khumm]].{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2022}} Controversy surrounds Fatima's death within six months of Muhammad's.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}} [[Sunni Islam]] holds that Fatima died from grief.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} In [[Shia Islam]], however, Fatima's miscarriage and death are said to have been the direct result of her injuries during a raid on her house to subdue Ali, ordered by Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} It is believed that Fatima's dying wish was that the caliph should not attend her funeral.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}}{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=212}} She was buried secretly at night and her exact burial place remains uncertain.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=82}}{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|pp=184–185}}

== Name and titles ==
{{See also|Names and titles of Fatima}}
Her most common epithet is ''al-Zahra'' ({{Lit|the one that shines, the radiant}}),{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} which encodes her piety and regularity in prayer.{{Sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=16}} This epithet is believed by the Shia to be a reference to her primordial creation from light that continues to radiate throughout the creation.{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} The Shia [[Ibn Babawayh]] ({{Died in|991}}) writes that, whenever Fatima prayed, her light shone for the inhabitants of the heavens as starlight shines for the inhabitants of the earth.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=160}} Other titles of her in Shia are al-Ṣiddiqa ({{Lit|the righteous}}),{{Sfn|Rogerson|2006|p=42}} al-Tahira ({{Lit|the pure}}),{{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} al-Mubaraka ({{Lit|the blessed}}),{{Sfn|Campo|2009a}} and al-Mansura ({{Lit|helped by God}}).{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} Another Shia title is al-Muḥadditha, in view of the reports that [[Angels in Islam|angels]] spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions,{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|pp=185–186}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|pp=63, 72}}{{Sfn|Pierce|2016|p=117}} similar to [[Mary, mother of Jesus]].{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|p=72}}

Fatima is also recognized as Sayyidat Nisa' al-Janna ({{Lit|mistress of the women of paradise}}) and Sayyidat Nisa' al-Alamin ({{Lit|mistress of the women of the worlds}}) in Shia and Sunni collections of hadith, including the canonical Sunni ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sahih Muslim]]''.{{Sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}

=== Fatima ===
The name Fatima is from the Arabic root f-t-m ({{Lit|to wean}}) and signifies the Shia belief that she, her progeny, and her adherents ({{Transliteration|ar|shi'a}}) have been spared from hellfire.{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|p=213}}{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=6}} Alternatively, the word Fatima is associated in Shia sources with Fatir ({{Lit|creator}}, a name of God) as the earthly symbol of the divine creative power.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|p=|pp=212–213}}

=== {{Transliteration|ar|Kunya}}s ===
A [[Kunya (Arabic)|{{Transliteration|ar|kunya}}]] or honorific title of Fatima in Islam is Umm Abiha ({{Lit|the mother of her father}}), suggesting that Fatima was exceptionally nurturing towards her father.{{Sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=14}}{{Sfn|Nashat|1983|p=92}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=55}} Umm al-Aima ({{Lit|the mother of Imams}}) is a {{Transliteration|ar|kunya}} of Fatima in Twelver sources,{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} as eleven of the [[Twelve Imams]] descended from her.{{Sfn|Glassé|2001a}}

== Early life ==
{{See also|Children of Muhammad}}
Fatima was born in [[Mecca]] to [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], the first of [[Muhammad's wives]].{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} The mainstream [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] view is that Khadija gave birth to Fatima in 605 CE, at age fifty, five years before the first [[Wahy|Quranic revelations]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=183}} This implies that Fatima was over eighteen at the time of her marriage, which would have been unusual in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=183}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} [[Twelver]] sources, however, report that Fatima was born in about 612 or 615 CE,{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=183}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=5–6}} when Khadija would have been slightly older.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=|p=27}} The report of the Sunni [[Ibn Sa'd]] in his ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra'' suggests that Fatima was born when Muhammad was about thirty-five years old.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=|p=27}}

The Sunni view is that Fatima had three sisters, named [[Zaynab bint Muhammad|Zaynab]], [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]], and [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]], who did not survive Muhammad.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}} Alternatively, a number of Twelver Shia sources state that [[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]], [[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]], and [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother, Hala, a sister of Khadija.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} According to [[Hassan Abbas (scholar)|Abbas]], most Shia Muslims hold that Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter,{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}} whereas Fedele limits this belief to the Twelver Shia.{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} Hyder reports that this belief is prevalent among the Shia in [[South Asia]].{{sfn|Akbar|2006|p=75}} Fatima also had three brothers, all of whom died in childhood.{{sfn|Freedman|McClymond|2000|p=497}}{{sfn|Muir|1891|p=5}}{{sfn|Glassé|2001c|p=321}}

Fatima grew up in Mecca while Muhammad and his few followers suffered the ill-treatment of disbelievers.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=40}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} On one occasion, she rushed to help Muhammad when filth was thrown over him at the instigation of [[Amr ibn Hishām|Abu Jahl]], Muhammad's enemy and a [[Polytheism|polytheist]].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=40}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} Fatima lost her mother, Khadija, in childhood.{{sfn|Bodley|1946|p=81}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} When Khadija died, it is said that [[Gabriel]] descended upon Muhammad with a message to console Fatima.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}}

== Marriage ==
{{Main|Marital life of Fatima}}
Fatima married Muhammad's cousin, [[Ali]], in [[Medina]] around 1 or 2 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (623–5 CE),{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} possibly after the [[Battle of Badr]].{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=74}} There is Sunni and Shia evidence that some of the [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]], including [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], had earlier asked for Fatima's hand in marriage but were turned down by Muhammad,{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|p=186}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=248}} who said he was waiting for the moment fixed by destiny.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} It is also said that Ali was reticent to ask Muhammad to marry Fatima on account of his poverty.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=55}} When Muhammad put forward Ali's proposal to Fatima, she remained silent, which was understood as a tacit agreement.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|pp=186–187}} On the basis of this report, woman's consent in marriage has always been necessary in Islamic law.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=76}} Muhammad also suggested that Ali sell his shield to pay the bridal gift ([[Mahr|{{Transliteration|ar|mahr}}]]).{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=19}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}

Muhammad performed the wedding ceremony,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} and they prepared an austere wedding feast with gifts from other Muslims.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2012|p=389}} Shia sources have recorded that Fatima donated her wedding gown on her wedding night.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=56}}{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=214}} Later, the couple moved into a house next to Muhammad's quarters in Medina.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} Their marriage lasted about ten years until Fatima's death.{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=211}} Fatima's age at the time of her marriage is uncertain, reported between nine and twenty-one.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=74}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=33, 56}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Bodley|1946|p=147}} Ali is said to have been about twenty two.{{sfn|Bodley|1946|p=147}}{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}}

[[File:The Marriage of 'Ali and Fatima, Iran, ca. 1850.jpg|thumb|upright|The marriage of Ali and Fatima. Artwork created in [[Qajar Iran|Iran]], {{circa|1850}}]]
As with the majority of Muslims, the couple lived in severe poverty in the early years of Islam.{{sfn|Kelen|1975|p=103}}{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} In particular, both had to do hard physical work to get by.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|p=189}} Shia sources elaborate that Ali worked at various jobs while Fatima was responsible for domestic chores.{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|pp=23–24}} It has also been related that Muhammad taught the couple a [[Tasbih|{{Transliteration|ar|tasbih}}]] to help ease the burden of their poverty:{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|pp=21, 24}} The [[Tasbih of Fatima]] consists of the phrases {{Transliteration|ar|Allah-hu Akbar}} ({{Lit|God is the greatest}}), {{Transliteration|ar|Al-hamdu-lillah}} ({{Lit|all praise is due to God}}), and {{Transliteration|ar|Subhan-Allah}} ({{Lit|God is glorious}}).{{sfn|Rahim|2014|p=476}} Their financial circumstances later improved after more lands fell to Muslims in the [[Battle of Khaybar]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} Fatima was at some point given a maidservant, named Fidda.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}

Following the [[Battle of Uhud]], Fatima tended to the wounds of her father{{sfn|Klemm|2005|p=185}} and regularly visited the graves to pray for those killed in the battle.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Later, Fatima rejected [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]]'s pleas to mediate between him and Muhammad.{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|p=185}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Fatima also accompanied Muhammad in the [[Conquest of Mecca]].{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}

=== Significance ===
Among others, the Sunni [[al-Suyuti]] ({{Died in|1505}}) ascribes to Muhammad that, "God ordered me to marry Fatima to Ali."{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=56}}{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}} According to [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|Veccia Vaglieri]] and Klemm, Muhammad also told Fatima that he had married her to the best member of his family.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|p=187}} There is another version of this hadith in the canonical Sunni collection [[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal|''Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal'']], in which Muhammad lauds Ali as the first in Islam, the most knowledgeable, and the most patient of the Muslim community.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=59}} [[Hossein Nasr|Nasr]] writes that the union of Fatima and Ali holds a special spiritual significance for Muslims, as it is seen as the marriage between the "greatest saintly figures" surrounding Muhammad.{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}}
[[File:Mohammed with his daughter Fatima and son-in-law, Ali, from the 1595 illustrated edition of the Siyer-i Nebi.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Muhammad with Fatima (right) and Ali (left)]]
Ali did not marry again while Fatima was alive.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=153}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=248}} However, [[al-Miswar ibn Makhrama]], a companion who was nine when Muhammad died, appears to be the sole narrator of an alleged marriage proposal of Ali to [[Amr ibn Hisham|Abu Jahl's]] daughter in Sunni sources. While [[polygyny]] is permitted in Islam, Muhammad reportedly banned this marriage from the pulpit, saying that there can be no joining of the daughter of the prophet and the daughter of the enemy of God (Abu Jahl). He is also said to have praised his other son-in-law, possibly [[Uthman]] or [[Abu al-As]]. Soufi notes that the reference to the third caliph Uthman might reflect the Sunni orthodoxy, in which Uthman is considered superior to his successor Ali.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=51–54}}

Buehler suggests that such Sunni traditions that place Ali in a negative light should be treated with caution as they mirror the political agenda of the time.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} In Shia sources, by contrast, Fatima is reported to have had a happy marital life, which continued until her death in 11 [[Islamic calendar|AH]].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=56}} In particular, Ali is reported to have said, "Whenever I looked at her [Fatima], all my worries and sadness disappeared".{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=56}}

=== Appearance ===
The Sunni [[al-Hakim al-Nishapuri]] ({{Died in|1014}}) and al-Khwarazmi ({{Died in|1173}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=215}}), and the Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man ({{Died in|974}}) and al-Tabari al-Shia (eleventh century{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=221}}), have likened Fatima to the full moon, the sun hidden by clouds, or the sun that has come out of the clouds. The first expression is a common metaphor for beauty in Arabic and Persian. The Shia [[Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi|al-Majlesi]] ({{Died in|1699}}) explains that the second expression is a reference to Fatima's chastity, while the third expression refers to her primordial light.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=162}}
[[File:Paris, BnF, Supplément Persan 1030 fol. 467v cropped Fatima.jpg|thumb|upright|1808 miniature of a youthful Fatima]]
Soufi details that Fatima's manners closely resembled Muhammad's.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=68}} Her gait was also similar to the prophet's, according to Veccia Vaglieri, who also argues that Fatima must have enjoyed good health on the account of bearing multiple children, her arduous house chores, and her journeys to Mecca.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Her sources are silent about the appearance of Fatima, which leads her to the conclusion, "Fatima was certainly not a beautiful woman".{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} In contrast, the Sunni al-Khwarazmi relates from the prophet that, "If beauty ({{Transliteration|ar|husn}}) were a person, it would be Fatima; indeed she is greater," while some Shia authors have likened her to a human [[houri|{{Transliteration|ar|houri}}]].{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=165}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}}

== Events after Muhammad's death ==
{{see also|Succession to Muhammad}}
Fatima was severely bereaved after Muhammad's death in [[Hijri year|A.H.]]{{nbsp}}11/632 [[Common Era|C.E]].{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=79}} Several elegies to Muhammad, attributed to Fatima, have survived and are collected in a [[Diwan (poetry)|{{Transliteration|ar|diwan}}]] of poetry.{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}} At the same time, Fatima also actively contested the succession of Abu Bakr and maintained that [[Ali]] was the rightful successor to Muhammad.{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|pp=248–249}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} Fatima died within six months of her father and her death at a young age is subject of intense controversy with allegations against Abu Bakr and his ally [[Umar]],{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} as detailed below.

=== Inheritance ===
{{Main|Fadak|Sermon of Fadak}}
[[Fadak]] was a village located to the north of [[Medina]], at a distance of two days travel.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} As part of a peace treaty with a [[Jews|Jewish]] tribe, half of the agricultural land of Fadak was considered {{Transliteration|ar|fay}} and belonged to the prophet, in line with verse 59:6 of the Quran.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} There is some evidence that Muhammad gifted his share of Fadak to Fatima when verse 17:26 was revealed,{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=102}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=26}} and her agents managed the property when Muhammad was alive.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, [[al-Suyuti]] ({{Died in|1505}}) and [[al-Dhahabi]] ({{Died in|1348}}) are of this view, while [[Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani|al-Jurjani]] ({{Died in|1078}}) and [[Ibn Kathir]] ({{Died in|1373}}) are uncertain if the verse was revealed to Muhammad in Medina.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} The revenue of Fadak largely supported needy travelers, the poor, military expeditions, and Muhammad's family,{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} who were forbidden from receiving general alms.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}}

Following Muhammad's death in 632 and early in his [[caliphate]], Abu Bakr is said to have seized Fadak from Fatima{{Sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=18–19}} by evicting her agents, possibly as a show of authority to Muhammad's clan ([[Banu Hashim]]) who had not yet pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} This is the Shia view. Among Sunnis, the charge of usurpation appears, for instance, in the works of [[Ibn Hajar al-Haytami|Ibn Hajar al-Haythami]] ({{Died in|1566}}) and [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}).{{Sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=18–19}}

Among others, the Sunni [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|892}}) reports that Fatima objected to Abu Bakr, saying that Fadak was a gift from her father. Her husband Ali and a maid at Muhammad's house, named [[Umm Ayman|Umm Aiman]], are reported to have offered their testimonies in support of Fatima.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} By some accounts, Fatima also brought her two sons as witnesses.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=27}} Abu Bakr, however, did not find their testimonies sufficient to establish the ownership of Fatima,{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} requiring two men or one man and two women as witnesses per Islamic law.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=26}} Khetia adds that Fatima might have expected her closeness with Muhammad to strengthen her case.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=26}} In the same vein, Shias argue the truthful Fatima would have not claimed something which was not hers.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=102–103}} In another account, Abu Bakr agreed to return Fadak to Fatima but was dissuaded by his ally [[Umar]],{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} who tore up the deed written by Abu Bakr.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=101}}

Probably after Abu Bakr rejected Fatima's claim, she demanded her inheritance from the estate of her father.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} Abu Bakr rejected this too, claiming that Muhammad had disinherited his family.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}} More specifically, he maintained that Muhammad had personally told him that prophets do not leave inheritance, and what they leave behind is public property that should be administered by the caliph.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} Abu Bakr was initially the sole witness to this statement, referred to as the [[hadith of Muhammad's inheritance]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}}{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=121}}

In his ''al-Tabaqat al-kubra'', the Sunni traditionist [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}) furnishes the hadith of inheritance with two chains of transmission which include numerous prominent [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of Muhammad, such as [[Umar]], [[Uthman]], and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]].{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=19–20}} In particular, he includes in these chains some notable [[Banu Hashim|Hashimites]], such as Ali and [[Ibn Abbas]], who are both known to have vehemently disputed this claim of Abu Bakr in other sources.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=|p=21}}

On the other hand, Soufi holds that Abu Bakr is generally regarded as the only credible narrator of this hadith in Sunni sources, adding that similar reports attributed to other companions have been rejected by Sunnis.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=99–100}} Along these lines, Sajjadi writes that all (credible) versions of this hadith are narrated from Abu Bakr, his ally Umar, his daughter [[Aisha]], and [[Malik ibn Aus Al-Hadathan]],{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} though some primary sources have disputed whether the last one was a companion of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=20}} Nevertheless, Soufi notes that Abu Bakr's testimony is strong enough for Sunnis to make an exception to the Quranic rules of inheritance.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=100}} Twelvers, however, reject the authenticity of the hadith of inheritance based on their own traditions, pointing also to the contradictions of this hadith with the Quran.{{Sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}

==== Sermon of Fadak ====
In protest, Fatima is said to have delivered a speech at the [[Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]], known as the [[Sermon of Fadak]],{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=25}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} Among other sources, this sermon appears in ''[[Balaghat al-nisa']]'', a collection of eloquent speeches by Muslim women,{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=47–49}} though the attribution of this speech to Fatima is rejected by Sunnis.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=47–9}} Fatima is said to have upheld Ali in her speech as the rightful successor to Muhammad.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=107}} She is also reported to have chastised Abu Bakr for denying her inheritance{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=53}}{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}} and accused him of (hadith) fabrication,{{sfn|Sajjadi|2021}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}} saying that Muhammad could have not contradicted the Quran.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=53}} To support her claim, she is believed to have quoted verse 27:16 of the Quran in which [[Solomon in Islam|Solomon]] inherits from his father [[David in Islam|David]]{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=102}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=52}} and verse 19:6 in which [[Zechariah in Islam|Zechariah]] prays for a son who would inherit from him and from the House of [[Jacob in Islam|Jacob]].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=102}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=52}} As reported in ''Balaghat'', Fatima also quoted verses 8:75 and 33:6 about the rights of every Muslim to inheritance.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=52–53}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|pp=15, 26}}

==== Views ====
Abu Bakr terminated the status of purity of Muhammad's kin by forcing them to rely on general alms which the prophet had forbidden for them in his lifetime.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}} At the same time, Abu Bakr allowed the prophet's widows to inherit his quarters in Medina. In particular, he granted his daughter [[Aisha]] some properties in the Aliya part of Medina and in Bahrain.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=51}}{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=121}} By maintaining their status, Abu Bakr might have signaled to the Muslim community that his daughter Aisha and the rest of Muhammad's widows were the true heirs of Muhammad, according to [[Reza Aslan|Aslan]].{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}} [[Wilferd Madelung|Madelung]] holds a similar view.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=50–51}}

Madelung suggests that the caliphate of Abu Bakr was inherently inconsistent with maintaining the privileged status of Muhammad's kin and applying the Quranic rules of inheritance to them.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}} As phrased by Mavani, if the [[Banu Hashim]] had inherited Muhammad's material property, then they might have also been expected to inherit the spiritual authority of Muhammad.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}} Similar views are voiced by [[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafri]], [[David Samuel Margoliouth|Margoliouth]], [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub|Ayoub]], and Lalani,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=47}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=104–105}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|pp=21–22}}{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=23}} while El-Hibri does not view the saga of Fadak as a mere financial dispute.{{Sfn|El-Hibri|2010|p=9}} According to Aslan, Abu Bakr's actions are often regarded as a political move to weaken Muhammad's clan and strip his kin from their privileged status.{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}} Aslan also argues that Abu Bakr's efforts were intended to undermine Ali's claim to the caliphate. These efforts, writes Aslan, are partly explained by Abu Bakr's conviction that the caliphate must reside outside of Muhammad's clan and partly by the personal enmity between Abu Bakr and Ali.{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}} Madelung, [[Hassan Abbas (scholar)|Abbas]], and Anthony have noted the poor relations between the two men.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=42, 52, 213, 214}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}

=== Alleged attack on her house ===
{{Main|Attack on Fatima's house}}
[[File:Residence_of_Fatimah.JPG|thumb|The location of Fatima's house in the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]] in Medina, present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]|left]]

In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11/632, the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] (natives of [[Medina]]) gathered in the [[Saqifah|Saqifa]] ({{Lit|courtyard}}) of the [[Banu Sa'ida|Sa'ida]] clan.{{sfn|Walker|2014|p=3}} The [[conventional wisdom]] is that they met to decide on a new leader for the [[Ummah|Muslim community]] among themselves. For [[Wilferd Madelung|Madelung]], however, the absence of the [[Muhajirun]] (migrants from [[Mecca]]) from this meeting suggests that the Ansar gathered to re-establish the control of the Ansar over their city Medina, under the belief that the Muhajirun would mostly return to Mecca after Muhammad's death.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=31}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=92}}

[[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar]], both companions of Muhammad, hastened to the gathering upon learning about it.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=92}} After a heated session, in which a chief of the Ansar was likely beaten into submission by Umar, those gathered at Saqifa agreed on Abu Bakr as the new head of the community.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=31–32}} The Saqifa event is said to have excluded Muhammad's family, who were preparing to bury him, and most of the Muhajirun.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}}{{sfn|Walker|2014|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=18}} To protest the appointment of Abu Bakr, [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|892}}) reports that the [[Banu Hashim]] (Muhammad's clan) and some of his companions gathered at Fatima's house.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=31–32}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}} Among them were Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]] and his companion [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam|Zubayr]], according to Madelung.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}} The protesters, including Fatima, held that her husband [[Ali]] was the rightful successor to Muhammad,{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at [[Event of Ghadir Khumm|Ghadir Khumm]].{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2022}} Ali is believed to have explained this position to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}}

After the Saqifa affair, Abu Bakr reportedly tasked his ally Umar with securing Ali's pledge of allegiance.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=97}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}} As noted by al-Tabari ({{Died in|923}}),{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}} the latter led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters would not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}{{sfn|Cortese|Calderini|2006|p=8}} The scene soon grew violent, and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam|Zubayr]] was disarmed and carried away.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=41}} The mob, however, retreated without Ali's pledge after Fatima pleaded with them,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}} as reported in ''[[Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa|al-Imama wa al-siyasa]]''.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=34}} Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states that Ali capitulated and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after Umar's threat.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=84}} In contrast, the canonical ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' relate that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr after Fatima died.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=86}} Soufi comments that all but one of the traditions cited by al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri do not have chains of transmission that reach back to the time of the conflict.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=85}}

Madelung believes that Abu Bakr later placed a boycott on Ali and, more broadly, on the Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=43–44}} As a result, prominent men ceased to speak to Ali, according to a Sunni hadith attributed to [[Aisha]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=43–44}} [[Lesley Hazleton|Hazleton]] similarly writes that Ali prayed alone even in the mosque.{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=73}} [[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafri]] adds that those who initially supported Ali gradually turned and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=40–41}} It appears that only his wife Fatima and their four small children remained on his side, writes Hazleton,{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=71}} in line with a statement to this effect attributed to Ali in ''[[Nahj al-Balagha|Nahj al-balagha]]''.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=115}}

==== Use of violence ====
Umar has been noted for his severity and misogyny,{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=124}}{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=|pp=71, 124}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=97}} especially in Shia sources.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=67}} "Umar's toughness" ({{Transliteration|ar|shidda}}) is cited in a Sunni tradition by Aisha as the reason Umar was excluded from a supposed attempt at reconciliation between Ali and Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=52}} Kelen describes an incident of Umar's violence against his sister when she professed Islam (before Umar).{{sfn|Kelen|1975|p=75}} It is uncertain what followed the above altercation at Fatima's house.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=|p=43}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=40–41}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=97}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} Shia sources allege that Fatima suffered injuries and miscarriage during a raid on her house led by Umar.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}} In particular, Shia alleges that Fatima miscarried her son [[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]],{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} whose name had been chosen by Muhammad before his death, according to [[Hassan Abbas (scholar)|Abbas]].{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} These claims are categorically rejected by Sunnis,{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} who maintain that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=73}}{{sfn|Glassé|2001a}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}

The allegations of violence and miscarriage appear in some Shia works,{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}} including the canonical ''[[Kitab al-Kafi]]'',''{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=70}}'' ''Kamil al-ziyarat'',''{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=72|pp=}} [[Kitab al-Irshad]]'',''{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=75–76}}'' ''[[Tarikh al-Yaqubi|Tarikh al-Ya'qubi]]'',{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=88}} and ''Dala'il al-imama.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=77}}'' Of these, ''Tarikh al-Ya'qubi'' does not mention miscarriage,{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=88}} while ''Kitab al-irshad'' by [[Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid|al-Mufid]] ({{Died in|1022}}) is quiet about any violence.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=75–76}} For the latter, considering that al-Mufid writes about violence against Fatima elsewhere, Khetia suspects that he refrained from controversial topics in his ''Kitab al-Irshad'' to render it accessible to most Twelvers without provoking the anger of Sunnis.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=75–76}} In his ''al-Saqifa wa Fadak'', al-Jawhari ({{Died in|935}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=214}}) includes a tradition to the effect that Umar and his men first threatened to set Fatima's house on fire. Then they entered the house, despite her pleas, and forced Ali and his supporters out of the house.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=|pp=84–85}} The remainder of the account in ''al-Imama wa al-siyasa'' describes that Ali was pulled out of his house by force and threatened with death, according to Khetia.''{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=35}}'' [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|661|680}}) is known to have alluded to the violent arrest of Ali in a letter to him before the [[Battle of Siffin]].{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=217}}

Madelung is uncertain about the use of force. Still, he notes that there is evidence (in Sunni sources) that Fatima's house was searched. According to Madelung, Ali later repeatedly said that he would have resisted (Abu Bakr) had there been forty men with him.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=100}} Alternatively, Buehler suggests that the allegations of violence should be treated with caution as they reflect the political agendas of the time.{{Sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} In contrast, [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|Veccia Vaglieri]] is of the view that the Shia allegations are based on facts, even if they have been exaggerated.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Abbas writes that some well-regarded Sunni sources mention Umar's raid and Fatima's injuries.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} Khetia believes that there are known instances where sensitive information has been censored by Sunni authors, such as the prominent jurist [[Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam|Abu Ubayd al-Salam]] ({{Died in|837}}), who was possibly concerned with the righteous representation of Muhammad's companions.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=39}} Similar allegations have emerged against al-Tabari and [[Al-Masudi|al-Mas'udi]] ({{Died in|956}}).{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=38}} Along these lines, Lucas and Soufi both note the Sunni tendency to minimize and neutralize the conflicts among companions after Muhammad,{{Sfn|Lucas|2004|pp=255–284}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=120}} particularly about the Saqifa affair,{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=39}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=43}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=83}} while these conflicts might have been amplified in Shia records.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=43}}

Both al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi note that Abu Bakr regretted the events after Saqifa on his deathbed.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=38}} In particular, al-Tabari states that Abu Bakr wished he had "never opened Fatima's house to anything, even though they had locked it as a gesture of defiance."{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=84}} This appears to have been a sensitive admission that has been censored by the Sunni author Abu Ubayd al-Salam in his ''Kitab al-amwal''.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=39}} Abu Bakr's regret is also cited by the Shia [[Ya'qubi|al-Ya'qubi]] ({{Died in|897-8}}).{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=88}} Sunni sources are nearly unanimous{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=22}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} that Ali pledged his allegiance to Abu Bakr after Fatima's death.{{Sfn|Walker|2014|pp=3–4}}{{Sfn|Anthony|2013}} When it became clear that Muslims did not broadly support his cause, Ali is said to have relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=44}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=19–20}} which faced internal and external threats, according to Mavani.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} In particular, Jafri notes that Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=44}} including an offer from [[Abu Sufyan ibn Harb|Abu Sufyan]].{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022b}} In reference to Abu Bakr's caliphate, Madelung writes that a poem later began to circulate among the Banu Hashim ending with, "Surely, we have been cheated in the most monstrous way."{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=37–38}} Ali forbade the poet to recite it, adding that the welfare of Islam was dearer to him than anything else.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=37–38}}

In sharp contrast with Muhammad's lifetime,{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} Ali is believed to have retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman.{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}} Anthony describes this change in Ali's attitude as a silent censure of the first three caliphs.{{sfn|Anthony|2013}} While he reportedly advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters,{{sfn|Nasr|Afsaruddin|2021}}{{sfn|Poonawala|2011}} the mutual distrust and hostility of Ali with Abu Bakr and Umar is well-documented,{{sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=42, 52–54, 213–214}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}} though largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=45}} Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}} A common Sunni argument is that Ali would have never continued his relations with Umar had the latter organized a raid on Ali's home.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=99}} A typical Shia response is that Ali gave up his rights and exercised restraint for the sake of a nascent Islam, according to Abbas.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=99–100}}

=== Death ===
Fatima died in 11/632, within six months of Muhammad's death.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=104}} She was 18 or 27 years old at that time according to Shia and Sunni sources, respectively.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=33}} The exact date of her death is uncertain but the Shia commonly commemorates her death on 13 [[Jumada II]].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=239}} The Sunni belief is that Fatima died from grief after Muhammad's death.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} Shia Islam, however, holds that Fatima's injuries during a raid by Umar directly caused her miscarriage and death shortly after.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}}

Al-Tabari mentions the suffering of Fatima in her final days.{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}} Shia traditions similarly describe Fatima's agony in her final days.{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=81}} In particular, the [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] jurist [[Al-Qadi al-Nu'man|al-Nu'man]] similarly reports a hadith from the [[Muhammad al-Baqir|fifth Imam]] to the effect that "whatever had been done to her by the people" caused Fatima to become bedridden, while her body wasted until it became like a specter.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=80}} This hadith seems to contain a reference to Fatima's injuries during the raid.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=80}} [[Mahmoud M. Ayoub|Ayoub]] describes Fatima a symbol of quiet suffering in Islamic piety.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2011|p=24}} In particular, the Twelver Shia believe in the redemptive power of the pain and martyrdom endured by the [[Ahl al-Bayt]], including Fatima, for those who empathize with their divine cause and suffering.{{Sfn|Campo|2009a}}{{Sfn|Campo|2004}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=180}}

Multiple sources report that Fatima never reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=52}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=30–31, 35}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} partly based on a tradition to this effect in the canonical Sunni collection ''Sahih al-Bukhari''.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=96}}{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=30–31}} There are some accounts that Abu Bakr and Umar visited Fatima on her deathbed to apologize, which Madelung considers self-incriminatory.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=52}} As reported in ''[[Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa|al-Imama wa al-siyasa]]'',{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=35–36}} Fatima reminded the two visitors of Muhammad's words, "Fatima is part of me, and whoever angers her has angered me."{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=35–36}} The dying Fatima then told the two that they had indeed angered her, and that she would soon take her complaint to God and His prophet, Muhammad.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=102}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=25–26}} There are also Sunni reports that Fatima reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar, though Madelung suggests that they were invented to address the negative implications of Fatima's anger.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=52}}

=== Burial ===
{{See also|Burial of Fatima|}}
[[File:Jannatul-Baqi before Demolition.jpg|thumb|Al-Baqi' cemetery is a probable site for Fatima's grave, depicted here before the demolition of its mausoleums by the [[Wahhabi]]s in 1927.|240x240px]]
Following her will, Ali buried Fatima secretly at night{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=82}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} and hid her burial plot.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=82}} According to the Sunni al-Tabari, her dying wish was that Abu Bakr should not attend the funeral,{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=212}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} and this request was fulfilled by Ali.{{Sfn|Aslan|2011|p=122}} Fatima's wish is believed to be at odds with the common practice of Muslims, who are encouraged to join funerals.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=82–83}} In Shia sources, her wish for a secret burial is viewed as a sign of the disassociation of Muhammad's daughter with the Muslim community who largely failed to support her against Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=83}}

The prominent [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] traditionist [[Shaykh Tusi|al-Tusi]] ({{Died in|1067}}) reports an account of the burial that vividly describes the suffering of Ali after the death of his wife, attributed to their son [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].{{Sfn|Khetia|2013|p=83}} [[Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid|Al-Mufid]] ({{Died in|1022}}), another notable Twelver scholar, includes in his ''Ikhtisas'' a related tradition ascribed to [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], the sixth [[Imamate in Twelver doctrine|Imam]]. This tradition describes that the next morning Abu Bakr and Umar berated Ali for the secret burial of Fatima. After learning that this was Fatima's wish, the account continues that Umar threatened to locate and exhume Fatima's body and then re-bury her after [[Funeral prayer (Islam)|funeral prayer]].{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=86}} According to this account, what prevented Umar from materializing his threat was Ali's warning, "By God, as long as I'm alive and [my sword] [[Zulfiqar]] is in my hands, you will not reach her, and you know best [not to do it]."{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=86}} For Khetia, the interpretation is that the loss of Fatima was so traumatizing for Ali that he threatened Umar with violence for the first time, despite his previous restraint.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=86–87}}

Fatima's exact burial place in Medina remains uncertain,{{Sfn|Klemm|2005|pp=184–185}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=82}} with often contradictory reports.{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} The two most probable locations for her grave are the [[al-Baqi']] cemetery and her home, which was later annexed to the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]].{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=104}}{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}} The former location is reportedly supported by her son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan's]] wish to be buried next to his mother.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=322}} On the other hand, the Sunni [[Nur al-Din al-Samhudi|al-Samhoodi]] ({{Died in|1533}}) concludes that Hasan is buried next to his grandmother [[Fatimah bint Asad]], rather than his mother Fatima.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://shamela.ws/ |title=وفاء الوفاء vol. 3 |pages=86}}</ref> This uncertainty in Shia sources again underscores Fatima's displeasure with the Muslim community.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=124}}

=== Descendants ===
{{See also|Alids}}

Fatima was survived by two sons, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], and two daughters, [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]] and [[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} Controversy surrounds the fate of her third son [[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]]. Some canonical Shia sources report that Muhsin died in miscarriage, following Umar's [[Attack on Fatima's house|raid]] on Fatima's house.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}} Alternatively, Sunnis hold that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} It is through Fatima that [[Family tree of Muhammad|Muhammad's progeny]] has spread throughout the Muslim world.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} Fatima's descendants are given the honorific titles of [[sayyid|{{Transliteration|ar|sayyid}}]] ({{lit|lord, or sir}}) or [[sharif|{{Transliteration|ar|sharif}}]] ({{lit|noble}}) and are respected by Muslims.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014|p=20}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Morimoto|2012|p=2}} The [[Fatimid dynasty]] ({{Reign|909|1171}}) in [[North Africa]] claimed descent from Fatima via the [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] imam [[Muhammad ibn Isma'il]],{{sfn|Canard|1965|p=850}} though this claim has been challenged.{{Sfn|Andani|2016|pp=199–200}}

== In the Quran and hadith texts ==
{{See also|Ahl al-Bayt}}
While Fatima is not mentioned in the Quran by name, some verses are associated with her in classical exegeses.{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|pp=192–193}}

=== Verse of mubahala ===
[[File:Mubahala.jpg|thumb|Illustration from the Iranian [[Tasnim News Agency]] of the ''[[mubahala]]''. The Muslim delegation — [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]], [[Muhammad]], [[Ali]], Fatima (grey robes), [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] — are shown from behind.]]

An example is verse 3:61 of the Quran. After an inconclusive debate about [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] with a [[Christian]] delegation from [[Najran]] in 10/631–2, it was decided to engage in {{Transliteration|ar|mubuhala}}, where both parties would pray to invoke God's curse upon whoever was the liar. This is when Muhammad is reported to have received verse 3:61 of the Quran, also known as the verse of [[Event of mubahala|mubahala]],{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher|Kofsky|2002|p=141}} which reads{{blockquote|And to whomsoever disputes with thee over it, after the knowledge that has come unto thee [about Jesus], say, "Come! Let us call upon our sons and your sons, our women and your women, ourselves and yourselves. Then let us pray earnestly, so as to place the curse of God upon those who lie."{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=330}}|source=}}Madelung argues that 'our sons' in the verse of mubahala must refer to Muhammad's grandchildren, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]. In that case, he continues, it would be reasonable to also include in the event their parents, Ali and Fatima.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}} Madelung writes that their inclusion by Muhammad in this significant ritual must have raised the religious rank of his family.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}} A similar view is voiced by Lalani.{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=29}}

Of those present on Muhammad's side, Shia traditions are unanimous that 'our women' refers to Fatima and 'ourselves' refers to Ali.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=71–2}} In particular, since the verse refers to Ali as the self of Muhammad, Shia holds that the former enjoys the same authority as the latter.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=72}} In contrast, most Sunni accounts by al-Tabari do not name the participants of the event, while some other Sunni historians agree with the Shia view.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=14}}{{sfn|Bar-Asher|Kofsky|2002|p=141}} Some accounts about mubahala add that Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak, and this five are thus known as the Ahl al-Kisa ({{lit|people of the cloak}}).{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=14, 16–17}}{{sfn|Algar|1984}} On the same occasion, Muhammad is also believed to have referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{Sfn|Algar|1984}} including the canonical ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' and [[Sahih at-Tirmidhi|''Sunan al-Tirmidhi'']].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16, 325}}

=== Verse of purification ===
[[File:آیه_تطهیر.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Arabic calligraphy of the verse of purification|left]]
The last passage of verse 33:33, also known as the [[verse of purification]],{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=65}} reads:{{Blockquote|text=God only desires to remove defilement from you, O Ahl al-Bayt, and to purify you completely.{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2331}}}}Muslims disagree as to who belong to the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ({{Lit|people of the house}}) and what political privileges or responsibilities they have.{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the [[Ahl al-Kisa]], namely, Muhammad, Fatima, Ali, Hasan and Husayn.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16–17}}{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}} There are various views in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to include also Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} The verse of purification is regarded in Shia Islam as evidence of the infallibility of the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}

The majority of the traditions quoted by al-Tabari ({{Died in|923}}) in his exegesis identify the Ahl al-Bayt in the verse of purification with the [[Ahl al-Kisa]], namely, Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=14–15}}{{Sfn|Algar|1984}} These traditions are also cited by some other early Sunni authorities, including [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] ({{Died in|855}}), [[al-Suyuti]] ({{Died in|1505}}), al-Hafiz al-Kabir,{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=71}} and [[Ibn Kathir]] ({{Died in|1373}}).{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=|pp=69, 147}} The canonical Sunni collection [[Sahih at-Tirmidhi|''Sunnan al-Tirmidhi'']] reports that Muhammad limited the Ahl al-Bayt to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons when the verse of purification was revealed to him.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16–17, 325}} In the [[event of mubahala]], Muhammad is believed to have gathered Ali, Fatima, and their sons under his cloak and referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{Sfn|Algar|1984}} including the canonical ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' and [[Sahih at-Tirmidhi|''Sunan al-Tirmidhi'']].{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16, 325}} Veccia Vaglieri writes that Muhammad recited the last passage of the verse of purification every morning when he passed by Fatima's house to remind her household of the [[Fajr prayer|{{Transliteration|ar|fajr}} prayer]].{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}} This makeup of the Ahl al-Bayt is echoed by [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|Veccia Vaglieri]] and [[Husain Mohammad Jafri|Jafri]],{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=17}} and unanimously reported in Shia sources.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}}

Possibly because the earlier injunctions in the verse of purification are addressed at Muhammad's wives,{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} some Sunni authors like [[Ibn Kathir]] include Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} A number of Sunni hadiths, including some narrated by [[Ibn Abbas]] and [[Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl|Ikrima]], also support the inclusion of Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=15}} This view is shared by [[Ignác Goldziher|Goldziher]] and his coauthors.{{Sfn|Howard|1984}} Alternatively, [[Oliver Leaman|Leaman]] argues that only those wives of prophets who mother their successors are counted by the Quran in their {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}}.{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}}

=== Verse of mawadda ===
Verse 42:23 of the Quran, also known as the [[verse of mawadda]], includes the passage{{Blockquote|text=[O Mohammad!] Say, "I ask not of you any reward for it, save affection among kinsfolk."{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2691}}|source=}}The word kinsfolk ({{Transliteration|ar|al-qurba}}) in this verse is interpreted by the Shia as the Ahl al-Bayt.{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=66}} [[Ibn Ishaq]] ({{Died in|767}}) narrates that the prophet specified {{Transliteration|ar|al-qurba}} as his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=|pp=41, 60}} As quoted by Madelung, Hasan ibn Ali referred to the verse of mawadda in his inaugural speech as the [[Caliphate|caliph]] after the assassination of his father in 661, saying that he belonged to the Ahl al-Bayt "whose love He [God] has made obligatory in His Book [Quran]..."{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=311–312}}

The verse of mawadda is often cited by the Shia about the elevated status of the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=13}} In [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia]], the affection in this verse also entails obedience to the Ahl al-Bayt as the source of exoteric and esoteric guidance.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=41}}{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=66}} This obedience is believed to benefit the faithful first and foremost, citing the following passage of verse 34:47,{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=|pp=41, 60}} which contains the passage, "Say, 'I ask not of you any reward; that shall be yours ({{Transliteration|ar|fa-huwa la-kum}}).'"{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2361}} Some Sunni commentators agree with the Shia view, including [[Qadi Baydawi|Baydawi]], al-Razi,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=152}} and Ibn Maghazili.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=|pp=41, 60}} Most Sunni authors, however, reject the Shia view and offer various alternatives.{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2691}} The view preferred by al-Tabari is that the verse of mawadda instructs Muslims to love the prophet because of their blood relations to him.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=13}}{{Sfn|Gril|2003|p=236}} Alternatively, Madelung suggests that the verse of mawadda demands love towards relatives in general.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=13}}

=== Verses 76:5–22 ===
Verses 76:5–22 are connected to Fatima in most Shia and some Sunni sources, including the works of the Shia [[Shaykh Tabarsi|al-Tabarsi]] ({{Died in|1153}}), and the Sunni [[al-Qurtubi]] ({{Died in|1273}}) and [[Mahmud al-Alusi|al-Alusi]] ({{Died in|1854}}).{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=3331}} According to these exegetes, verses 76:5–22 were revealed to Muhammad after Fatima, Ali, Hasan, Husayn, and their maidservant Fidda gave away their only meal of the day to beggars who visited their home, for three consecutive days.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=72}} In particular, verses 76:7–12 read:

{{Blockquote|text=They fulfill their vows and fear a day whose evil is widespread, and give food, despite loving it, to the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. "We feed you only for the Face of God. We do not desire any recompense or thanks from you. Truly we fear from our Lord a grim, calamitous day." So God has shielded them from the evil of that Day, bestowed upon them radiance and joy, and rewarded them for having been patient with a Garden and with silk.{{Sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|pp=3332–3333}}
}}

=== Connection with Mary ===
[[File:Persian miniature of Jesus and Mary.jpg|thumb|A Persian miniature of Jesus and Mary, with whom Fatima is often compared, especially in Shia Islam]]
The Quranic praise for [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] in verse 3:42 has been echoed for Fatima based on a prophetic hadith that lists Fatima, [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], Mary, and [[Asiya]] as the outstanding women of all time.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=1}}{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|p=193}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}

{{Blockquote|text=Then the angels said, "O Mary, truly God has chosen you and purified you and chosen you over the women of the world."{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|p=193}}}}

Especially in the Shia literature, there is a strong parallel between Fatima and Mary,{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|p=193}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} to the extent that one of the Shia epithets for Fatima is Maryam al-Kubra ({{Lit|Mary, the greater}}).{{sfn|McAuliffe|2002|p=193}}{{Sfn|Pierce|2016|p=208}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} Similar to Mary, some early sources report that angels spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions.{{sfn|Aslan|2011|pp=185–186}}{{sfn|Ayoub|2011|pp=63, 72}} Both are viewed as mothers of exalted progenies: Mary gave birth to Jesus, and Fatima is the mother of the Imams.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=1}} Fatima surpasses Mary in purity and divine favor in Shia writings{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=1}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} and in some Sunni sources.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=168–189}} For instance, citing the statement "Women's honor is through their fathers," the Shia [[Ibn Shahr Ashub]] ({{Died in|1192}}) argues about the superiority of Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, over Mary, daughter of [[Joachim|Imran]].{{Sfn|Pierce|2016|p=116}} To reconcile the superiority of Fatima with verse 3:42 above, "the women of the world" in this verse is interpreted as the women of Mary's time by most Shia and some Sunni exegetes.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=168–169}}

=== Verse of Light ===
Verse 24:35 of the Quran, also known as the verse of Light, is often associated with Fatima in Shia exegeses.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=62}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|Calmard|1999}} The verse of Light begins as
{{Blockquote|text=God is the Light of the heavens and the earth, the parable of His Light is as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp, the Lamp enclosed in Glass, the Glass as it were a brilliant star.{{sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=62}}}}
According to the Shia [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|al-Kulayni]] ({{Died in|941}}), Fatima is in this verse both the niche wherein resides the lamp (i.e., the Imams) and the shimmering glass for the divine light.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|pp=62–63}}

=== Hadith literature ===
The canonical Sunni collection ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' attributes to Muhammad, "Fatima is a part of me, and whoever makes her angry, makes me angry."{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}} Similar versions of this hadith appear in other Shia and Sunni sources.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2022a}}{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=82}} The Sunni al-Suyuti relates from Muhammad that "Whoever loves (my) offspring, God loves; whoever gets angry [at them], God gets angry at them."{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} The Shia [[Ibn Babawayh|Ibn Babawahy]] similarly narrates from Muhammad that, "Verily God becomes angry when Fatima is angry and is pleased when she is pleased."{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=213}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=103}}

Another prophetic hadith in ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' elevates Fatima to the mistress of all the women on earth and in paradise.{{Sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015|p=212}} Muhammad is also famously said to have listed Fatima, Khadija, Mary, and Asiya as the four outstanding women of all time.{{Sfn|Thurlkill|2008|p=1}} Whenever Fatima arrived, Muhammad used to stand up, greet her and ask her to sit next to him.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} When leaving [[Medina]], Fatima was the last person that Muhammad bid farewell to, and she was the first he visited upon his return.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} Her manners were described to be similar to Muhammad's.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=50}} The prophet held that Fatima will be the first person to enter the paradise and, as with Mary, she will intercede for those who honor her and her descendants.{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=230}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}

It is attributed to Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha that Fatima was the most beloved of women to the prophet, and Ali was the most beloved of men to him, according to the Sunni al-Hakim al-Nishapuri and [[al-Tirmidhi]] ({{Died in|892}}) and the Shia al-Qadi al-Nu'man, among others.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=68}} A similar tradition is cited by the Sunni al-Suyuti.{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}} There are also competing traditions about Abu Bakr-Aisha instead of Ali-Fatima, though [[Denise Spellberg|Spellberg]] believes they were circulated later for political reasons.{{Sfn|Spellberg|1994|pp=33–35}}

Muhammad's wife [[Umm Salama]] relates in possibly the earliest version{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=6}} of the [[Ahl al-Kisa|Hadith al-Kisa]] that Muhammad gathered Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn under his cloak and prayed, "O God, these are my {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-bayt}} ({{Lit|the people of my house}}) and my closest family members; remove defilement from them and purify them completely," thus making a reference to verse 33:33 of the Quran,{{Sfn|Sharon|2004}}{{Sfn|Brunner|2014}} known also as the [[verse of purification]].{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=65}} The accounts of the Sunni Ibn Kathir and al-Suyuti and the Shia [[Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai|Tabatabai]] ({{Died in|1981}}) continue that Umm Salama asked Muhammad, "Am I with thee, O Messenger of God?" but received the negative response, "Thou shalt obtain good. Thou shalt obtain good."{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=2331}} There also exists a version of this hadith in Sunni sources where Umm Salama is included in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Goldziher|Arendonk|Tritton|2022}} In another Sunni version, Muhammad's servant Wathila bint al-Asqa' is counted in the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=7–8}}

== In modern culture ==
{{See also|Fatimiyya}}
[[File:FatimaalZahra.jpg|thumb|Calligraphic artwork of Fatima's name, reconstruction from a [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] piece|left]]
While Fatima has been revered as an ultimate archetype for [[Muslims|Muslim]] women,{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} she has also gained a modern importance as a symbol for the female freedom fighter and the defender of the oppressed.{{sfn|Campo|2009a|p=231}} In ''[[Fatemeh Is Fatemeh|Fateme Is Fateme]]'', the Iranian philosopher [[Ali Shariati|Shariati]] portrays Fatima as "the symbol of a responsible, fighting woman when facing her time and the fate of her society."{{sfn|Nashat|1983|p=126}} Fatima is also venerated for her compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering by all Muslims, especially by the [[Shia Islam|Shia]].{{sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=58}}{{sfn|Ruffle|2011|p=21}} The first feature-length movie about Fatima set during the lifetime and after the death of Muhammad is titled ''[[The Lady of Heaven]]'', produced in 2020 by the Enlightened Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2020-06-29 |title=Enlightened Kingdom Sets 'Lady Of Heaven'; Feature About Lady Fatima, Daughter Of Muhammad – Cannes |url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/lady-of-heaven-enlightened-kingdom-lady-fatima-daughter-of-muhammad-movie-1202973314/ |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> The movie premiered in the United States on 10 December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lady of Heaven |url=https://www.amctheatres.com/movies/the-lady-of-heaven-68145 |access-date=2021-10-28 |website=AMC Theatres}}</ref>

=== Mother's Day in Iran ===
[[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] celebrate Fatima's birth anniversary on 20 [[Jumada al-Thani]] as the [[Mother's Day]].{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=185}}<ref>{{cite web |date=20 April 2014 |title=Iran marks Mother's Day |url=http://en.mehrnews.com/detail/News/102655}}</ref> On this day, banners reading ''Ya Fatima'' (O! Fatima) are displayed on government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows.{{sfn|DeBano|2009|p=234}} The [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian date]] for this changes every year.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Year'''
|2018
|2019
|2020
|2021
|2022
|2023
|2024
|-
! '''Gregorian date'''
|9 March<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2018 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2018/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|26 February<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2019 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2019/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|15 February<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2020 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2020/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|3 February<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2021 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2021/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|24 January<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2022 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2022/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|14 January<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2023 |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2023/ |access-date=2020-01-25 |website=IslamicFinder |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|3 January<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-calendar/2024/ |title=Yearly Islamic Hijri Calendar 2024 |website=IslamicFinder |access-date=2020-01-25 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> 22 December
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Shia Islam|Islam}}
* ''[[Book of Fatimah]]''
* [[Hamsa]], a type of amulet also referred to as the "Hand of Fatima"
* [[Our Lady of Fátima]], the title of the Virgin Mary based on reported apparitions at Fátima, Portugal
* [[Bayt al-Ahzan]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
=== Books ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib |publisher=Yale University Press |date=2021 |isbn=9780300252057 |pages=}}
*{{cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |url=https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1997 |isbn=0521646960 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}}
*{{cite book |last=Aslan |first=Reza |url=https://archive.org/details/nogodbutgodorigi0000asla_n9k1/mode/2up |title=No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam |publisher=Random House |date=2011 |isbn=9780812982442}}
*{{cite book |last=Ernst |first=Carl |url=https://archive.org/details/followingmuhamma0005erns/mode/2up |title=Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |date=2003 |isbn=9780807875803 |location=Chapel Hill}}
*{{cite book |last=Rogerson |first=Barnaby |url=https://archive.org/details/heirsofprophetmu0000roge/mode/2up |title=The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni–Shia Schism |publisher=Abacus |date=2006 |isbn=9780349117577}}
*{{cite book |last=Hazleton |first=Lesley |url=https://archive.org/details/aftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com/mode/2up |title=After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia–Sunni Split in Islam |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |date=2009 |isbn=9780385532099}}
*{{cite book |last=Bodley |first=R.V.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/messengerlifeofm00bodl/page/n5/mode/2up |title=The Messenger; the Life of Mohammed |publisher=Doubleday & Co., Inc. |date=1946}}
*{{cite book |last=Muir |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/caliphateitsris00muirgoog/mode/2up |title=The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall: From Original Sources |publisher=Religious Tract Society |date=1891 |pages=}}
*{{cite book |last=Jafri |first=S.H.M |url=https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up |title=Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam |publisher=Longman |date=1979 |location=London}}
*{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1985 |isbn=9780853982005}}
*{{cite book |last=Kelen |first=Betty |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000kele/mode/2up?q=fatima |title=Muhammad: The Messenger of God |publisher=T. Nelson |date=1975 |isbn=9780929093123}}
*{{cite book |last=Nashat |first=Guity |url=https://archive.org/details/womenrevolutioni0000unse/mode/2up |title=Women and Revolution in Iran |publisher=Westview Press |date=1983 |isbn=9780865319318 |pages=}}
*{{cite book |last=Mavani |first=Hamid |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/ |title=Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini |publisher=Routledge |date=2013 |isbn=9780415624404}}
*{{cite book |author-last=Pierce |author-first=Matthew |title=Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2016 |isbn=9780674737075}}
*{{cite book |last1=Freedman |first1=David Noel |url=https://archive.org/details/riversofparadise0000unse/mode/2up |title=The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders |last2=McClymond |first2=Michael |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] |date=2000 |isbn=9780802829573}}
*{{cite book |author1-last=Kassam |author1-first=Zayn |title=The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity |author2-last=Blomfield |author2-first=Bridget |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |date=2015 |isbn=9780857729675 |editor1-last=Daftary |editor1-first=Farhad |page=210 |chapter=Remembering Fatima and Zaynab: Gender in Perspective |editor2-last=Sajoo |editor2-first=Amyn |editor3-last=Jiwa |editor3-first=Shainool}}
*{{cite book|title=Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism
|author-first=Mahmoud M.|author-last= Ayoub|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|date=2011|isbn= 9783110803310}}
*{{cite book |title=Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2012 |isbn=9780415519175 |editor1-last=Morimoto |editor1-first=Kazuo |edition=Illustrated}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bar-Asher |first1=Meir M. |last2=Kofsky |first2=Aryeh |title=The Nusayri-Alawi Religion: An Enquiry into Its Theology and Liturgy |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004125520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bli4DyuHRIC&q=Event+of+Mubahala&pg=PA141}}
*{{cite book|title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary|publisher=Harper Collins|date=2015|isbn= 9780062227621|url=https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up|editor1-first=S.H.|editor1-last= Nasr|editor2-first= C.K.|editor2-last= Dagli|editor3-first= M.M.|editor3-last= Dakake|editor4-first= J.E.B.|editor4-last= Lumbard|editor5-first=M.|editor5-last= Rustom}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lalani|first1=Arzina R.|title=Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir|date=2000|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781860644344}}
*{{cite book|title=Chosen Among Women: Mary and Fatima in Medieval Christianity and Shi'ite Islam|author-first=Mary F.|author-last= Thurlkill|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press|date=2008|isbn= 9780268093822|url=https://archive.org/details/marythurkhillchosenamongwomenmaryandfatima}}
*{{cite book|title=Ideas, Images, and Methods of Portrayal: Insights into Classical Arabic Literature and Islam|editor-first=Sebastian|editor-last= Günther|publisher=Brill|date=2005|chapter=Image Formation of an Islamic Legend: Fātima, the Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad|author-first= Verena|author-last= Klemm|isbn= 9789047407263|pages=181–208}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Iranica|title=Fātema |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fatema|author1-first=Mohammad Ali|author1-last=Amir-Moezzi|volume= IX/4|pages= 400–404|author2-first= Jean|author2-last=Calmard|date=1999}}
*{{cite book|last1=Al-Tabari|title=The History of al-Ṭabarī, Vol. 9: The Last Years of the Prophet: The Formation of the State A.D. 630–632/A.H. 8–11|publisher=The State University of New York Press|date=1990|isbn=9780887066924|editor1-last=Poonawala|editor1-first=Ismail K.|chapter=The Events of the Year 11}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cortese |first1=Delia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz4pAAAAYAAJ |title=Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam |last2=Calderini |first2=Simonetta |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=2006 |isbn=978-0748617333 |edition=1st}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2022 |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill Reference Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ghadir-khumm-COM_27419?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.q=Ghad%C4%ABr+Khumm |last=Amir-Moezzi |first=Mohammad Ali |edition=3rd}}
*{{cite book|last=Akbar|first=Syed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opBkfYKBOjsC|title=Reliving Karbala : Martyrdom in South Asian Memory: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2006|isbn=9780199706624|location=United States}}
*{{cite book |title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr |author-first=Denise A. |author-last=Spellberg |publisher=Columbia University Press |date=1994 |isbn=9780231079990 |author-link=Denise Spellberg |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsgenderis0000spel/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|title=The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam|author-first=Mahmoud M.|author-last= Ayoub|publisher=Oneworld Publications|date= 2014|isbn=9781780746746|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou}}
*{{cite book|title=Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs|author-first=Tayeb|author-last= El-Hibri|publisher=Columbia University Press|date= 2010|isbn= 9780231521659}}
*{{cite book|title=Constructive Critics, Ḥadīth Literature, and the Articulation of Sunnī Islam: The Legacy of the Generation of Ibn Saʻd, Ibn Maʻīn, and Ibn Ḥanbal|author-first=Scott C.|author-last= Lucas|publisher=Brill|date= 2004|isbn= 9789004133198}}
* {{citation |last=DeBano |first=Wendy |title=Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia |page=234 (footnote 18) |date=2009 |editor=Laudan Nooshin |series=Soas Musicology Series |chapter=Singing against Silence: Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAR15vJcC6wC&pg=PA234 |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=9780754634577}}
{{refend}}

=== Encyclopedias ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2014 |title=FATIMA (d. 632) |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=Coeli |volume=1 |pages=182–187 |isbn=9781610691772 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=Adam Hani |author-last=Buehler |author-first=Arthur F.}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2014 |title=Prayer |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=Coeli |volume=2 |pages=473–477 |isbn=9781610691772 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=Adam Hani |author-last=Rahim |author-first=Habibeh}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2022a |title=Fāṭima |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill Reference Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/fatima-COM_0217?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=fatima |last=Veccia Vaglieri |first=L. |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |edition=2nd}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|author-first=L.|author-last=Veccia Vaglieri|title=ʿAlī B. Abī Ṭālib|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd|editor-first= P.|editor-last= Bearman|publisher=Brill Reference Online|date= 2022b|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ali-b-abi-talib-COM_0046?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2021 |title=Ali |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005712/Ali |access-date= |author-link=Hossein Nasr |last2=Afsaruddin |first2=Asma |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2021 |title=Fadak |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |publisher=Brill Reference Online |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/fadak-COM_036126?lang=en |last=Sajjadi |first=Sadeq}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2006 |title=Fatima (Al-Zahra') Bint Muhammad (ca. 12 Before Hijra–11/ca. 610–632) |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603 |editor-last=Meri |editor-first=Josef W. |pages=248–250 |isbn=9780415966900 |author-first=Tahera |author-last=Qutbuddin}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2013 |title='Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599–661) |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/ |last=Anthony |first=Sean W. |editor-last=Bowering |editor-first=Gerhard |pages=30–32 |isbn=9780691134840}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2018 |title=Fatima (605/15–632 CE) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA56 |editor-last=de-Gaia |editor-first=Susan |page=56 |isbn=9781440848506 |author-last=Fedele |author-first=Valentina}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2002 |title=Fatima |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol.2eI/page/n1/mode/2up |last=McAuliffe |first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |volume=2 |isbn=9789004114654}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001a |title=Fāṭima |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |page=137 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001b |title='Alī ibn Abī Talīb |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |pages=39–41 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001c |title=Muḥammad, the Messenger of God |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |pages=320–325 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001d |title=Ahl al Kisā' |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |page=32 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2001e |title=Ahl al Bayt |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/mode/2up |last=Glassé |first=Cyril |page=31 |isbn=9780759101890}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2009a |title=Fatima (ca. 605–633) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/mode/2up |editor-last=Campo |editor-first=Juan Eduardo |pages=230–231 |isbn=9781438126968}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2009b |title=''ahl al-bayt'' |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://archive.org/details/islam-encyclopedia-of-islam-2009/mode/2up |editor-last=Campo |editor-first=Juan Eduardo |page=23 |isbn=9781438126968}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse/page/24/mode/2up?q=baqir|pages=25–26|author-last=Campo|author-first=J.E.|date=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference|editor-first=R.C.|editor-last= Martin|title=Ahl Al-Bayt}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |date=2014 |title='Ali Ibn Abi Talib (599–661) |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=Coeli |volume=1 |pages=20–24 |isbn=9781610691772 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=Adam Hani |author-last=Shah-Kazemi |author-first=Reza}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl-e Bayt |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|author-first=I.K.A.|author-last= Howard|date=1984|volume=I/6|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahl-e-bayt|page=635}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill |date=2003 |title=Love and Affection |pages=233–237 |author-first=Denis |author-last=Gril |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaKURAN_vol3/mode/ |isbn=9789004123557}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Goldziher |author1-first=I. |author2-last=Arendonk |author2-first=C. van |author3-last=Tritton |author3-first=A.S. |title=Ahl Al-Bayt |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |editor-first=P. |editor-last=Bearman |publisher=Brill Reference Online |date=2022}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God|title=Ahl al-Bayt|author-first=R.|author-last=Brunner|date=2014|pages=5–9|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/4/mode/2up|editor1-first=C.|editor1-last= Fitzpatrick|editor2-first= A.H.|editor2-last= Walker}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān |title=People of the House |date=2004 |volume=4 |author-first=M. |author-last=Sharon |isbn=9789004123557 |publisher=Brill |pages=48–53 |editor-first=J.D. |editor-last=McAuliffe |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfTheQuranVol4/page/n51/mode/2up}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2006|title=Ahl Al-Bayt|author-last=Leaman|author-first=O.|editor-last=Leaman|editor-first=O.|pages=16–17|url=https://archive.org/details/thequrananencyclopediaed.byoliverleaman_201909/page/n43/mode/2up}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Algar |author-first=H. |date=1984 |title=Āl-e ʿAbā |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |volume=I |page=742 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-aba-the-family-of-the-cloak-i}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb |first1=Ismail |last1=Poonawala |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |date=2011 |volume=I/8 |pages=838–848 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429163734/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb |archive-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Fitzpatrick|editor1-first=Coeli|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up|encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God|editor2-last=Walker|editor2-first=Adam Hani|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2014|isbn=9781610691772|title=Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq (c. 573–634)|author-first=Adam Hani|author-last=Walker|pages=1–4}}
* {{EI2 |last=Canard |first=Marius |author-link=Marius Canard |title=Fāṭimids |volume=2 |pages=850–862 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0218}}
{{refend}}

=== Journal articles ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Andani |first=Khalil |title=A Survey of Ismaili Studies (Part 1): Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism |journal=Religion Compass |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=191–206 |year=2016 |doi=10.1111/rec3.12205}}
*{{cite journal |last=Ruffle |first=Karen |date=2012 |title=May Fatimah Gather Our Tears: The Mystical and Intercessory Powers of Fatimah Al-Zahra in Indo-Persian, Shii Devotional Literature and Performance |url=https://ebookshia.com/books/view/2507/May+Fatimah+Gather+Our+Tears%3A+The+Mystical+and+Intercessory+Powers+of+Fatimah+al-Zahra+in+Indo-Persian%2C+Shi%E2%80%98i+Devotional+Literature+and+Performance |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=386–397 |doi=10.1215/1089201X-2010-021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620134438/https://ebookshia.com/books/view/2507/May+Fatimah+Gather+Our+Tears:+The+Mystical+and+Intercessory+Powers+of+Fatimah+al-Zahra+in+Indo-Persian,+Shi%E2%80%98i+Devotional+Literature+and+Performance |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal |last=Ruffle |first=Karen |date=2011 |title=May You Learn From Their Model: The Exemplary Father–Daughter Relationship of Mohammad and Fatima in South Asian Shiʿism |url=https://www.academia.edu/34132285 |journal=Journal of Persianate Studies |volume=4 |pages=12–29 |doi=10.1163/187471611X568267 }}
{{refend}}

=== Theses ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Khetia |first=Vinay |title=Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources |date=2013 |publisher=Concordia University |url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976817/ |page=}}
*{{cite thesis |author-last= |author-first= |title=The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought |publisher=Princeton University |last=Soufi |first=Denise Louise |date=1997 |degree=PhD |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304390529|id= {{ProQuest|304390529}}}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2}}
=== Books ===
*{{cite book |last=Morrow |first=John Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufLaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |title=Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism |date=2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786458486 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMnFZOHkurcC&pg=PA138 |title=A Shi'ite Anthology |publisher=SUNY Press |date=1981 |isbn=9780873955102|ref=none }}
*{{cite book |author=[[Karen Armstrong|Armstrong, Karen]] |title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Harper |date=1993 |isbn=0062508865 |location=San Francisco|ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Ashraf |first=Shahid |title=Encyclopedia of Holy Prophet and Companions |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvr. Ltd. |date=2005 |isbn=8126119403|ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |title=Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1990 |isbn=9780195107999 |author-link=John Esposito |url-access=registration|ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1998 |isbn=9780195112344 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito|ref=none }}
* {{cite book|title=Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism|editor-first=J.A.|editor-last=Morrow|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/islamicimageside0000unse/page/228/mode/2up|chapter-url-access=registration|isbn=9780786458486|year=2014|publisher=McFarland & Company|chapter=Fatimah|author-first=B.|author-last=Blomfield|pages=101–109}}

=== Shia sources ===
*{{cite book |last=Tahir-ul-Qadri |first=Muhammad |title=Virtues of Sayyedah Fatimah |publisher=Minhaj-ul-Quran Publications |date=2006 |isbn=9693202252|ref=none }}
* [http://roshd.org/eng/beliefs/index.asp?BEL_CODE=93 ''The Life of Fatimah''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327183659/http://www.roshd.org/eng/beliefs/index.asp?BEL_CODE=93|date=27 March 2013}}
*{{cite book |author-link=Naser Makarem Shirazi |author-last=Makarem Shirazi |author-first=Naser |url=http://al-islam.org/lady_fatima/ |title=Fatima az-Zahra', The World's Most Outstanding Lady|year=2015 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |author-link=Ali Shariati |author-last=Shariati |author-first=Ali |url=http://www.al-islam.org/fatimaisfatima |title=Fatima is Fatima|year= 2021 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |author-last=Ordoni |author-first=Abu Muhammad |url=http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/fatima_the_gracious/index.htm |title=Fatima (S.A) The Gracious|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528061043/http://www.balagh.net/english/ahl_bayt/fatima_the_gracious/index.htm |archive-date=28 May 2008 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |author-first=Muhammad Baqir |author-last=Majlisi |author-link=Muhammad Baqir Majlesi |date=2015 |url=http://www.theislamicseminary.org/wp/books/behar-al-anwar-volume-43-paperback-english-only/ |title=Behar al-Anwar |translator-link=Muhammad Shaykh Sarwar |translator-first=Muhammad |trans-title=Oceans of Light |translator-last=Sarwar |volume=43|isbn=9780991430840 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |chapter=Fatima's life |title=Muntahi al-Amal |title-link=Muntahi al-Amal |author-link=Abbas Qomi |author-first=Abbas |author-last=Qomi |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Fadlullah |first=Sayyid Muhammad Husayn |url=http://al-islam.org/fatimahrolemodel/ |title=Fatimah al-Ma'sumah (as): A Role Model for Men and Women |date=2012 |publisher=Al-Bakir Cultural & Social Centre |location=London |author-link=Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Ordoni |first=Abu Muhammad |title=Fatima the Gracious |author2=Muhammad Kazim Qazwini |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |date=1992 |asin=B000BWQ7N6 |ref=none }}
*{{cite journal |last=Parsa |first=Forough |date=2006 |title=فاطمهٔ زهرا سلامالله علیها در آثار خاورشناسان |trans-title=Fatima Zahra in the Works of Orientalists |journal=Nashr-e Dānesh |volume=22 |issue=1 |id=0259-9090 |ref=none }} (In Persian)

=== Sunni primary sources ===
*{{cite book |last=[[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Al-Bukhari]] |first=Muhammad |title=[[Sahih al-Bukhari]], Books 4, 5, 8 |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=Al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Yarir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nKLr72nxO4C&q=You%2C+Fatimah%2C+were+born+at+the+time+when+the+Quraysh+were+building+the+Ka%27bah%3B+the+Prophet+was&pg=PA167 |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Their Successors: al-Tabari's Supplement to His History |date=1998 |publisher= SUNY Press|isbn=9780791428207 |location= |ref=none }}
*{{cite book |last=[[Ibn Hisham]] |first=Abdul Malik |title=Al-Seerah Al-Nabaweyah (السيرة النبوية – Biography of the Prophet) |publisher=Mustafa Al Babi Al Halabi (Egypt) |date=1955 |ref=none }} (In Arabic)
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=Fatimah|wikt=no|n=no|s=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q180123|species=no}}
* [https://www.al-islam.org/life-fatimah-az-zahra-study-and-analysis-baqir-shareef-al-qurashi The Life of Fatimah Az-Zahra']
* [https://www.al-islam.org/virtues-sayyidah-fatimah-sa-dr-muhammad-tahir-ul-qadri The Virtues of Fatimah (sa)]
* [https://en.wikishia.net/view/Fidda Fidda]

{{Honoured women in Islam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Fatima| ]]
[[Category:605 births]]
[[Category:632 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab women]]
[[Category:Muslim female saints]]
[[Category:People of the Quran]]
[[Category:Women companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:Children of Muhammad]]
[[Category:The Fourteen Infallibles]]
[[Category:Ali]]
[[Category:Khadija bint Khuwaylid]]
[[Category:People from Mecca]]
[[Category:Wives of Shiite Imams]]
[[Category:Muslim figures favored in Shia Islam]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]

Gautam Kund

2026-03-19T14:44:50Z

YvetteSawtell2: started new stub

{{Short description|Legendary Kund attributed to Gautama}}{{Related|[[Urvija Kund]]}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Gautam Kund|native_name=गौतम कुण्ड|native_name_lang=mai|deity=Goddess Ganga|tradition=Sanatana|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|festivals=[[Maghi Purnima]]|location=Brahmpur West Panchayat, Mithila region|state=[[Bihar]]|district=[[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]|country={{flag|India}}|founded_by=Maharshi Gautama|established=[[Treta Yuga]]|website=https://www.gautamkund.in/}}
'''Gautam Kund''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: गौतम कुण्ड ) is a legendary lake in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] attributed to the Vedic sage [[Gautama Maharishi|Maharshi Gautama]]. It is located in Kamtaul City of the [[Darbhanga district]] of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is famous for sacred bath among [[Hindus|Hindu]] adherents in the region. A large number of devotees flock into the lake during the occasion of the [[Magha Purnima|Maghi Purnima]] for performing sacred bath in it.<ref>{{Cite news |title=जाले : श्रद्धालुओं ने गौतम कुंड में किया पवित्र स्नान |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-devotees-gather-at-gautam-kund-for-sacred-bath-on-maghi-purnima-201739387796099.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अहिल्यास्थान और गौतमकुंड के विकास का होगा पूरा प्रयास : प्रधान सचिव - Efforts will be made to develop Ahilyasthan and Gautam Kund: Principal Secretary - Bihar Darbhanga General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-efforts-will-be-made-to-develop-ahilyasthan-and-gautam-kund-principal-secretary-21559308.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> The ''Gautam Kund'' is associated with the epic ''[[Ramayana]]''. It is near the ancient Gautam Ashram. It is believed that Gautam Rishi used to come to this place every morning from his ''ashram'' to took bath and got engrossed in meditation. The adherents believe that after taking a sacred bath in the ''Kund'', the sins of ones lives vanish.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=यहां आने से धूल जाएगा सारा पाप! दरभंगा में मौजूद रामायण काल का यह कुंड है अद्भुत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/darbhanga-all-sins-will-be-washed-away-by-coming-here-pond-of-ramayana-period-present-in-darbhanga-amazing-5287087.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
According to legend, once there was a drought in the Mithila region due to [[Indra]]'s anger. The sages were left with nothing to eat or drink, then the sage Gautama created a ''Ksheer Kund'' with his wish-fulfilling vessel and his spiritual powers. The Kund was brought by the sage Gautama as a symbolic Ganga near his ashram so it is also known as ''Gautami Ganga''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarvahitkari |url=https://archive.org/details/sanskrit-vangmaya-ka-brihat-ithas-ix-nyaya-gajanan-shastri-musalgaonkar |title=Sanskrit Vangmaya Ka Brihat Ithas IX Nyaya Gajanan Shastri Musalgaonkar |date=2021-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जनकपुर जाते समय राम ने बिहार के इस जिले में किया था अहिल्या का उद्धार, यहां पग-पग में होती है रामत्व की अनुभूति - Lord Shri Ram deliverance Mother Ahalya in Ahiyari of Darbhanga in Bihar here is detail |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-lord-shri-ram-deliverance-mata-ahalya-in-ahiyari-of-darbhanga-in-bihar-here-is-detail-23644161.html |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|26.3117|85.7853|format=dms|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Hinduism]]
[[Category:Sacred lakes of India]]
[[Category:Lakes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]

Mumbai Falcons

2026-03-17T15:51:06Z

YvetteSawtell2: created info

{{Short description|Indian motorsports team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox motor racing team
|name={{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai Falcons
|logo=
|founded=2019
|base=[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|principal=[[Armaan Ebrahim]], Arianna Gadhoke
|current series=[[Formula Regional Middle East Championship]] [[F4 Middle East Championship|2025 F4 Middle East Championship]]
|former series=[[F3 Asian Championship]] [[Formula Regional Asian Championship]] [[Indian Racing League|X1 Racing League]] [[Formula 4 UAE Championship]]
|website=https://www.mumbaifalcons.net/
| driver titles ='''[[Formula Regional Asian Championship]]''': [[2022 Formula Regional Asian Championship|2022]]: [[Arthur Leclerc]] '''[[Formula Regional Middle East Championship]]''': [[2023 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2023]]: [[Andrea Kimi Antonelli]] '''[[Formula 4 UAE Championship]]''': [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2023]]: [[James Wharton (racing driver)|James Wharton]] [[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2024]]: [[Freddie Slater (racing driver)|Freddie Slater]]
|team titles= '''[[Formula Regional Asian Championship]]''': [[2022 Formula Regional Asian Championship|2022]] '''[[Formula Regional Middle East Championship]]''': [[2023 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2023]] '''[[Formula 4 UAE Championship]]''': [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2023]], [[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2024]]
|current drivers='''Formula Regional Middle East Championship''' {{flagicon|GBR}} 8. [[Reza Seewooruthun]] {{flagicon|UAE}} 14. [[Rashid Al Dhaheri]] {{flagicon|GBR}} 27. [[Freddie Slater (racing driver)|Freddie Slater]] {{flagicon|AUS}} 45. [[Jack Beeton]] '''F4 Middle East Championship''' {{flagicon|IND}} 7. Arjun Chheda {{flagicon|LAT}} 33. Tomass Štolcermanis {{flagicon|GBR}} 51. [[Kean Nakamura-Berta]] {{flagicon|COL}} 88. Salim Hanna
}}
[[File:PodiumJehan3.jpg|thumb|right|Jehan Daruvala in F3 Asian Championship]]

'''Mumbai Falcons''' is an Indian [[motorsports]] team established by Ameet Harjinder Gadhoke, Navjeet Singh Gadhoke<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Falcons To Become First All-Indian Team To Compete In Asian Formula 3 Championship |url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/mumbai-falcons-to-become-first-all-indian-team-to-compete-in-asian-formula-3-championship-2352645 |access-date=20 July 2021 |agency=carandbike |language=English}}</ref> and Teja Ranade Gadhoke in November 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=MUMBAI FALCONS RACING LIMITED HAVING U92490PN2019PLC187885 IS 1 YEARS, 8 MONTHS & 1 DAYS OLD PUBLIC COMPANY at Falcon Ebiz |url=https://www.falconebiz.com/company/MUMBAI-FALCONS-RACING-LIMITED-U92490PN2019PLC187885 |website=www.falconebiz.com |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> Moid Tungekar is the CEO of Mumbai Falcons.

==History==
The team was founded in November 2019 by Gadhoke Group. They made their debut in November 2019 in the X1RL league with their 5 drivers [[Kush Maini]], [[Mikkel Jensen (racing driver)|Mikkel Jensen]], [[Pippa Mann]], Karthik Tharani and Sohil Shah. They entered [[Formula Regional Asian Championship|F3 Asian championship]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=With big dreams in mind, teen motorsport athlete races ahead |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/dec/07/with-big-dreams-in-mind-teen-motorsport-athlete-races-ahead-2072528.html |access-date=20 July 2021 |agency=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The team became the first Indian team to compete<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Falcons becomes the first-Indian team to compete in Asian F3 championship |url=https://www.carwale.com/news/mumbai-falcons-becomes-the-firstindian-team-to-compete-in-asian-f3-championship/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |agency=CarWale |date=28 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and finish in the top 3<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Falcons create history, clinch third place in F3 Asian Championship {{!}} Racing News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/mumbai-falcons-create-history-clinch-third-place-in-f3-asian-championship/articleshow/81156431.cms |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Falcons create history, clinch 3rd place in Formula 3 Asian Championship |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/formula-one/story/mumbai-falcons-create-history-clinch-3rd-place-in-formula-3-asian-championship-1771749-2021-02-22 |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2021 F3 Asian Championship: Mumbai Falcons & Jehan Daruvala finish third overall |url=https://www.autox.com/motorsport-news/2021-f3-asian-championship-mumbai-falcons-jehan-daruvala-finish-third-overall-109064/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |work=autoX |language=en}}</ref> in F3 Asian Championship with the drivers [[Kush Maini]] and [[Jehan Daruvala]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Falcons Racing Limited confirm driver lineup for Asian Formula 3 |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/mfrl-confirm-driver-lineup-for-asian-f3 |access-date=20 July 2021 |agency=Evo India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TEAMS & DRIVERS / Mumbai Falcons - F3 Asian Championship Certified by FIA |url=https://www.f3asia.com/TEAMS&DRIVERS/Mumbai_Falcons/ |website=www.f3asia.com |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> The team had [[Armaan Ebrahim]] as team principal. It is also mentored by [[Kapil Dev]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=Team Evo|title=Mumbai Falcons Racing Limited confirm driver lineup for Asian Formula 3|url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/motorsport-news/mfrl-confirm-driver-lineup-for-asian-f3|access-date=2021-07-21|website=Evo India|language=en}}</ref> The team's cars were operated by [[Prema Powerteam]].

On 20 February 2022, Mumbai Falcons secured a historic double victory in the Formula Regional Asian Championship held at UAE winning both the Driver and Teams Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=Ida|title=Leclerc crowned FRAC champion with victory at Yas Marina
|url=https://formulascout.com/leclerc-crowned-frac-champion-with-victory-at-yas-marina/89870|website=Formula Scout|language=en}}</ref>
Greater success came in 2023, winning both titles in the inaugural [[2023 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|Formula Regional Middle East Championship]] with [[Andrea Kimi Antonelli]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=Ida|title=Antonelli takes FRegional Middle East title despite penalty|url=https://formulascout.com/antonelli-takes-fregional-middle-east-title-despite-penalty/103876|website=Formula Scout|language=en}}</ref> and the [[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|F4 UAE Championship]] with [[James Wharton (racing driver)|James Wharton]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=Ida|title=Wharton becomes F4 UAE champion after crash with title rival Taponen
|url=https://formulascout.com/wharton-becomes-f4-uae-champion-after-crash-with-title-rival-taponen/103879|website=Formula Scout|language=en}}</ref>

==Current series results==
===Formula Regional Middle East Championship===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;
!Year
!Car
!Driver
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Points
!D.C.
!T.C.
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[2023 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2023]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Tatuus F3 T-318]]
|{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Kimi Antonelli]]
|15
|3
|3
|5
|192
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
| rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Câmara]]
|15
|0
|0
|0
|131
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|'''3rd'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Lorenzo Fluxá]]
|15
|0
|0
|0
|122
|4th
|-
|{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Dino Beganovic]]
|6
|2
|0
|1
|62
|11th
|-
|{{flagicon|white}} [[Kirill Smal]]
|9
|0
|0
|0
|32
|15th
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2024 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2024]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F3 T-318]]
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Câmara]]
|15
|2
|1
|2
|128
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|'''3rd'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FFDF9F;"|'''3rd'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[James Wharton (racing driver)|James Wharton]]
|15
|0
|0
|0
|111
|6th
|-
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ugo Ugochukwu]]
|15
|0
|0
|0
|105
|7th
|-
|{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Arvid Lindblad]]
|9
|1
|0
|0
|33
|13th
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[2025 Formula Regional Middle East Championship|2025]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Tatuus F3 T-318]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Freddie Slater (racing driver)|Freddie Slater]]
|15
|4
|4
|4
|228
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|'''2nd'''
| rowspan="5" style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|{{flagicon|ARE}} [[Rashid Al Dhaheri]]
|15
|0
|0
|0
|144
|6th
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Beeton]]
|15
|1
|0
|0
|65
|13th
|-
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Reza Seewooruthun]]
|9
|0
|0
|0
|28
|17th
|-
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Doriane Pin]]
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|29th
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[2026 Formula Regional Middle East Trophy|2026]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Tatuus T-326]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Kean Nakamura-Berta]]
|11
|2
|3
|3
|151
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sebastian Wheldon]]
|11
|0
|1
|1
|71
|5th
|-
|{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Salim Hanna]]
|11
|1
|0
|0
|54
|10th
|}
===Formula Trophy UAE===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!Year
!Car
!Drivers
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Points
!D.C.
!T.C.
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2024 Formula Trophy UAE|2024]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F4-T421]]
|{{flagicon|ARE}} [[Rashid Al Dhaheri]]
|5
|2
|4
|4
|96
| style="background:#DFDFDF;"|'''2nd'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhenrui Chi]]
|7
|0
|1
|0
|54
|5th
|-
|{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Salim Hanna]]
|7
|0
|0
|0
|40
|7th
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sebastian Wheldon]]
|2
|1
|1
|1
|37
|9th
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2025 Formula Trophy|2025]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F4-T421]]
|{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Alp Aksoy]]
|7
|2
|3
|2
|105
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandr Bondarev]]
|2
|2
|2
|2
|50
|8th
|-
|{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Payton Westcott]]
|5
|1
|0
|0
|30
|10th
|-
|{{Flagicon|BRA}} Bernardo Bernoldi
|7
|0
|0
|0
|0
|23th
|}

===F4 Middle East Championship===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!Year
!Car
!Drivers
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Points
!D.C.
!T.C.
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2025 F4 Middle East Championship|2025]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F4-T421]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Kean Nakamura-Berta]]
|15
|1
|0
|2
|273
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|'''3rd'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#DFDFDF;"|'''2nd'''
|-
|{{flagicon|LVA}} [[Tomass Štolcermanis]]
|15
|1
|0
|1
|212
|4th
|-
|{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Salim Hanna]]
|15
|0
|0
|0
|112
|6th
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Arjun Chheda
|15
|0
|0
|0
|7
|16th
|}

===UAE4 Series===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!Year
!Car
!Drivers
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Points
!D.C.
!T.C.
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2026 UAE4 Series|2026]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F4-T421]]
|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Oleksandr Bondarev]]
|9
|4
|2
|2
|157
| style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''*
| rowspan="4" style="background:#DFDFDF;"|'''2nd'''*
|-
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Niccolò Maccagnani
|9
|1
|0
|0
|71
|5th*
|-
|{{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Alp Aksoy]]
|9
|0
|0
|0
|46
|8th*
|-
|{{flagicon|ITA}} Kingsley Zheng
|9
|0
|0
|0
|13
|15th*
|}
* Season still in progress.

==Former series results==
===X1 Racing League===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;
!Year
!Car
!Drivers
!Races
!Podiums
|-
![[2019 X1 Racing League|2019]]
|[[Mygale FB02]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kush Maini]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Pippa Mann]] {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mikkel Jensen (racing driver)|Mikkel Jensen]] {{flagicon|IND}} Karthik Tharani
|8
|6
|}

===F3 Asian Championship/Formula Regional Asian Championship===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;
!Year
!Car
!Driver
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Points
!D.C.
!T.C.
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[2021 F3 Asian Championship|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tatuus F3 T-318]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jehan Daruvala]]
|15
|3
|3
|3
|192
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|'''3rd'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFDF9F;"|'''3rd'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kush Maini]]
|15
|0
|0
|2
|55
|11th
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2022 Formula Regional Asian Championship|2022]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F3 T-318]]
|{{Flagicon|MON}} [[Arthur Leclerc]]
|15
|4
|1
|1
|218
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|{{Flagicon|SWE}} [[Dino Beganovic]]
|15
|1
|0
|2
|130
|5th
|-
|{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Sebastián Montoya]]
|9
|2
|3
|2
|92
|7th
|-
|{{Flagicon|GBR}} [[Oliver Bearman]]
|6
|0
|0
|0
|29
|15th
|}

===Formula 4 UAE Championship===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;
!Year
!Car
!Driver
!Races
!Wins
!Poles
!F/Laps
!Points
!D.C.
!T.C.
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2022 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2022]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F4-T421]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sohil Shah
|16
|0
|0
|0
|3
|24th
| rowspan="4" |N/A{{Efn|Mumbai Falcons by Xcel wasn't classified in the Teams' Championship. Instead the scored points were counted towards Xcel Motorsport.}}
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Yash Aradhya
|8
|0
|0
|0
|0
|35th
|-
|{{Flagicon|UAE}} [[Kyle Kumaran]]
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|38th
|-
|{{Flagicon|IND}} Ruhaan Alva
|4
|0
|0
|0
|0
|40th
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2023 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2023]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F4-T421]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Wharton (racing driver)|James Wharton]]
|15
|4
|4
|5
|232
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Tuukka Taponen]]
|15
|4
|2
|2
|212
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|'''2nd'''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Muhammad Ibrahim
|9
|0
|0
|0
|4
|26th
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rishon Rajeev
|6
|0
|0
|0
|0
|35th
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[2024 Formula 4 UAE Championship|2024]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Tatuus F4-T421]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Freddie Slater (racing driver)|Freddie Slater]]
|15
|2
|0
|4
|172
|style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#FFFFBF;"|'''1st'''
|-
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Kean Nakamura-Berta]]
|15
|2
|2
|3
|168
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"|'''2nd'''
|-
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex Powell]]
|14
|1
|1
|1
|105
|6th
|-
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Dion Gowda]]
|15
|0
|0
|0
|65
|11th
|}
==Timeline==
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:85%;"
!colspan=2| Current series
|-
|[[Formula Regional Middle East Trophy]]
|2023–present
|-
|[[Formula Trophy UAE]]
|2024–present
|-
|[[2025 F4 Middle East Championship|F4 Middle East Championship]]
|2025–present
|-
! colspan="2" |Former Series
|-
| [[X1Racing|X1 Racing League]]
| 2019
|-
| [[Formula Regional Asian Championship]]
| 2021–2022
|-
| [[Formula 4 UAE Championship]]
| 2022–2024
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.mumbaifalcons.net}}
[[Category:Indian auto racing teams]]
[[Category:Formula BMW teams]]
[[Category:Auto racing teams established in 2019]]
[[Category:Formula Regional Asian Championship teams]]
[[Category:Formula Regional Middle East Championship teams]]

Insurgency in Balochistan

2026-03-16T23:37:24Z

YvetteSawtell2: formatting fix

{{Short description|Insurgency in Iran and Pakistan}}
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{{Copy edit|date=May 2025}}
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Insurgency in Balochistan
| image = Balochistan (orthographic projection).svg
| caption = The Balochistan region highlighted in green
| date = July 1948 – present<ref>{{cite web|last=Samad|first=Yunas|date=March 2014|title=Understanding the insurgency in Balochistan|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263610433|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005233132/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263610433_Understanding_the_insurgency_in_Balochistan|archive-date=5 October 2020|access-date=5 October 2020|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1948|month1=7|day=}}) {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = '''Main phases:'''
| '''Baloch conflict phases''':
* [[First Balochistan conflict|1948–50]]
* [[Second Balochistan conflict|1958–60]]
* [[Third Balochistan conflict|1963–69]]
* [[1970s operation in Balochistan|1973–77]]
* 2003–present
}}
| place = [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Pakistani Balochistan]], [[Sistan and Baluchestan]]
| status = [[List of ongoing armed conflicts|Ongoing]]
| combatant1 = {{PAK}} {{IRN}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Balochistan Flag.svg}} [[Baloch nationalism|Baloch separatist groups]]<hr/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Sectarianism|Jihadist groups]]<hr/>{{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Collaboration with the Islamic State|Pro-Islamic State groups]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Asif Ali Zardari]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Shehbaz Sharif]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} [[Asim Munir]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran.svg}} [[Ali Khamenei]]{{Assassinated|Assassination of Ali Khamenei}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran.svg}} [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran.svg}}[[Masoud Pezeshkian]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran.svg}} [[Aziz Nasirzadeh]]{{Assassinated|2026 Iran war}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran.svg}}[[Majid Ebn-e-Reza]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Bashir Zaib]]<ref name="intelligence">{{cite web |title=The Balochistan Liberation Army and insurgency in Pakistan's Balochistan Province |url=https://www.intelligencefusion.co.uk/insights/resources/intelligence-reports/balochistan-liberation-army-and-insurgency-in-pakistan/ |publisher=Intelligence Fusion |access-date=10 January 2024|quote=The numerical strength of the BLA is not clear, with estimates claiming that in the early 2000s after the group formed, there were approximately 6,000 fighters in the BLA. More recent estimates have suggested the total number of fighters is closer to 600.}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Hyrbyair Marri]]<ref name="zeene"/> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Allah Nazar Baloch]] {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Brahumdagh Bugti]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/245377-swiss-banned-mehran-baluch-over-risks-to-security|title=Swiss banned Mehran Baluch over 'risks' to security|date=2017-11-17|work=The News|first=Murtaza Ali|last=Shah|ref={{harvid|Shah|2017}}}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Mehran Marri]]<ref>{{harvnb|Shah|2017}}: "The Swiss chargesheet, according to papers seen by this reporter, said Marri was 'a Pakistani national of Great Britain' associated with militant groups. It claimed that the UBA 'collaborated with the terrorist movement Balochistan Republican Army (BRA) under Brahmadagh Bugti'."</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Javed Mengal]]<ref name="zeene">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/authorities-determined-to-ensure-peaceful-polls-in-balochistan_846596.html|title=Authorities determined to ensure peaceful polls in Balochistan|work=Zee News|date=5 May 2013}}</ref> {{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}} [[Prince Karim Khan|Karim Khan]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}} [[Nauroz Khan]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|FlagofKalat.svg}} [[Ahmad of Kalat]]{{surrendered}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Balach Marri]] {{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Khair Bakhsh Marri]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Ataullah Mengal]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo]]{{POW}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Aslam Baloch]]{{KIA}}<ref name="New York Times13">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/27/world/asia/pakistan-baluch-afghanistan-bombing.html|title=Suicide Bombing Kills Pakistani Insurgent Wanted for Attack on Chinese|access-date=27 December 2018|newspaper=New York Times|date=27 December 2018 |quote=Afghan officials confirmed that General Raziq had housed Baluch separatist leaders in Kandahar for years.|last1=Shah |first1=Taimoor |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Ur-Rehman |first3=Zia }}</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Abdul Nabi Bangulzai]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.24newshd.tv/28-May-2021/bla-top-commander-chota-mir-killed-by-unidentified-persons-in-afghanistan|title=BLA top commander Chota Mir killed by unidentified persons in Afghanistan|date=28 May 2021|work=24 News HD}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} Haji Wali Kalati{{surrendered}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1186242|title=Militant leader surrenders in Quetta|quote=Kalati claimed that he had been fighting for independence of Balochistan since 1970 and spent 45 years on mountains. 'Now I have realised that this fight has been launched by tribal chiefs to protect their own interests,' he said, adding that internal fighting among leaders of banned organisations had helped him to come to that conclusion.|date=5 June 2015|work=Dawn News}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Gulzar Imam]]{{surrendered}}<ref name="farewell">{{Cite web|title=BNA chief says farewell to arms|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=23 May 2023 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2418211/bna-chief-says-farewell-to-arms|access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} Sarfraz Bangulzai{{surrendered}}<ref name=WP>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/20/pakistan-separatists-surrender-baluchistan/6d725e0e-9f60-11ee-9e0f-972979a6c22b_story.html Separatist leader in Pakistan appears before cameras and says he has surrendered with 70 followers]. 20 December 2023. Washington Post.</ref><ref name=ET>[https://tribune.com.pk/story/2450638/key-bna-commander-sarfraz-bangulzai-surrenders-along-with-70-associates Key BNA commander Sarfraz Bangulzai surrenders along with 70 associates]. 20 December 2023. Express Tribune.</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} Sufyan Kurd{{KIA}}<ref>https://x.com/bahot_baluch/status/1948073462007816482 BLA mourns 5 guerrillas including one commander (Sufyan Kurd) killed in Noshki clashes</ref> {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Akbar Bugti]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} Basit Zehri{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} Haroon Baloch{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} Salman Hammal{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} Abdul Wahab Zehri{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} Rahman Gul{{assassinated}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khyberchronicles.pk/blas-mastermind-killed-in-helmand-infighting/|title=BLA's Mastermind Killed in Helmand Infighting - khyber Chronicles|date=17 September 2025|accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref><hr />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg}} [[Riaz Basra]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg}} [[Malik Ishaq]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg}} Akram Lahori{{executed}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg}} Ghulam Rasool Shah{{KIA}}<hr/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Muhammad Dhahir Baluch]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100620-iran-abdolmalek-rigi-sunni-insurgency-jundallah-sistan-baluchestan-hanged-executed|title=Sunni insurgent leader hanged at Evin prison|date=20 June 2010|work=France 24}}</ref> 
[[Mir Daad Shah]]{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abdolmalek Rigi]] {{Executed}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg}} Abu Hafs al-Balochi{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg}} Jalil Qanbarzehi{{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg}} Salahuddin Farooqui{{KIA}}<ref name=amir-death/> {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg}} Amir Naroui{{KIA}}<ref name=amir-death>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/militia-leader-blacklisted-by-iran-killed-in-clashes-with-taliban/2329885|title=Militia leader blacklisted by Iran killed in clashes with Taliban|work=Anadolu Agency|date=10 August 2021}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg}} Hashem Nokri{{KIA}}
| strength1 = {{PAK}}: 145,000<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Aguilar|first1=Francisco|last2=Bell|first2=Randy|last3=Black|first3=Natalie|last4=Falk|first4=Sayce|last5=Rogers|first5=Sasha|last6=Peritz|first6=Aki|date=July 2011|title=An Introduction to Pakistan's Military|url=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/Pakistan-Military-final-B.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415004108/https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/Pakistan-Military-final-B.pdf|archive-date=15 April 2020|access-date=8 October 2020|website=Harvard Kennedy School: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=White|first=Matthew|date=July 2005|title=Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls|url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060128113651/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm|archive-date=28 January 2006|access-date=8 October 2020|website=users.erols.com}}</ref> Unknown numbers of [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16s]], [[CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder|JF-17s]], [[Chengdu J-10|J-10Cs]], [[APC Talha]]s, [[Mohafiz (vehicle)|Mohafiz ISVs/IMVs]], [[Bell AH-1 Cobra]]s, [[Mil Mi-24]]s, [[International MaxxPro|MaxxPro MRAPs]], [[Hamza 6x6|Hamza MRAPs]], and [[Technical (vehicle)|Technical]]s.
<hr/>{{IRN}}: Unknown Unknown numbers of [[IAIO Toufan|Toufan attack helicopters]], [[Toofan (MRAP)|Toofan MRAPs]], [[Grumman F-14 Tomcat|F-14 Tomcats]], [[HESA Shahed 285|Shahed 285 attack helicopters]], [[Panha 2091|Panha 2091 attack helicopters]], [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG-29s]], [[Shahed 216|Shahed 216 attack helicopters]], and [[Technical (vehicle)|Technical]]s
| strength2 = {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Balochistan Liberation Army|BLA]]: 600 (2020)<ref name="intelligence"/> 3,000 (2025)<ref>{{cite web|last=Munir|first=Ahmed|title=What's behind the surge in attacks and train hijacking in Pakistan's restive southwest?|website=AP News|date=2025-03-12|access-date=19 June 2025 |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-balochistan-separatists-insurgency-explainer-f8d7235ae977b52ba0c6bcd9a1b3e978}}</ref><hr/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg}} [[Jaish al-Adl]]: 500-600<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaish al-Adl: Terror outfit behind Kulbhushan Jadhav kidnapping now targeted by Iran |date=17 January 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/iran-strikes-pakistan-terrorist-group-jaish-al-adl-balochistan-kulbhushan-jadhav-kidnapping-iranian-2489852-2024-01-17 |publisher=India Today |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref> [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]]: 500-2,000 (until 2011)<ref name="irp" />
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} ''Pakistan''
* '''1973–1977:''' 3,300 killed<ref name="p" />
* '''2000–2025:''' 3,112 killed<ref name="SATPBALOCHISTAN">{{cite web|title=Balochistan Assessment |publisher=Satp.org|url=https://satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/pakistan-balochistan|access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref>}}
----
{{plainlist|{{flagicon|Iran}} ''Iran''
* '''2000–2010:''' 164 killed (security forces and civilians)<ref>{{cite news|title=Jundallah: Iran's Sunni rebels|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2010/06/201062074140996374.html|date=20 June 2010}}</ref>}}
| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
* '''1973–1977''': 5,300 killed<ref name="p" />
* '''2000–2025''': 2,396 killed<ref name="SATPBALOCHISTAN"/>
* '''Surrendered''': 5,945 (2000–2025)<ref name="SATPBALOCHISTAN"/>
* '''Arrested''': 5,646 (2000–2025)<ref name="SATPBALOCHISTAN"/>}}
| casualties3 = {{plainlist|
* c. 6,000+ civilians (1973–1977),<ref name="p" /> 4,608 civilians (2000–2019)<ref name=l>{{cite news
| title = Balochistan: Pakistan's internal war
| author = Ray Fulcher
| publisher = Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières
| url = http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?article4120
| date = 30 November 2006
}}</ref><ref name="SATPBALOCHISTAN"/> and 497 non-specified killed in Pakistan (2000–2019)<ref name="SATPBALOCHISTAN"/>
* c. 140,000 displaced (2004–2005)<ref name=l/>
* {{flagicon|China}} 3 Chinese civilians killed (as of 2015)<ref name="a">{{cite news|title=Chinese Operations in Balochistan Again Targeted by Militants|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/chinese-operations-in-balochistan-again-targeted-by-militants|newspaper=The Diplomat|author=Kiyya Baloch|date=27 March 2015}}</ref>
* 4 kidnapped (as of 2015)<ref name=a/>
* 5 oil tankers damaged (as of 2015)<ref name="a"/>
----}}
| units1 = '''Pakistani units:''' {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = ''Forces involved:''
|
{{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Armed Forces of Pakistan Flag.svg}} [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
** {{army|Pakistan|size=23px}} (until 2008, again from 2017){{efn|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/670883|title=FC placed under Balochistan govt's control|quote="Since January 2008, military has conducted no operation in Balochistan," said Gen Abbas, dispelling a perception that the army was still in the field there.|date=2 November 2011|work=Dawn News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/20-Jan-2012/no-military-operation-in-balochistan?show=566|title=No military operation in Balochistan|access-date=19 April 2019|work=Nation|date=20 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1041117|title=No army operation in Balochistan: Kayani|date=7 September 2013|work=Dawn News|quote='Not a single soldier of Pakistan Army is involved in any operation in Balochistan,' Gen Kayani said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Army launches 'Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad' across the country |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1316332 |website=Dawn|date=22 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2024/06/22/govt-greenlights-operation-azm-i-istehkam-to-reinvigorate-counter-terrorism-campaign/|title=Govt greenlights Operation Azm-i-Istehkam to reinvigorate counter-terrorism campaign|date=22 June 2024|website=Pakistan Today}}</ref><ref name="Tribune 2024-07-22">{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2473106/pakistan-launches-operation-azm-e-istehkam-to-eradicate-terrorism|title=Pakistan launches 'Operation Azm-e-Istehkam' to eradicate terrorism|first=Khalid|last=Mehmood|date=June 22, 2024|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-PK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Irfan |date=2024-06-22 |title='Azm-e-Istehkam' to defeat terrorism |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2473193/azm-e-istehkam-to-defeat-terrorism?amp=1 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en-PK}}</ref>}}
*** [[Infantry Branch (Pakistan Army)|Infantry units]]
*** {{flagicon image|Insignia of Pakistan Army Special Service Group (SSG).svg|size=17px|border=}} [[Special Service Group|SSG]]
*** [[Light Commando Battalions]]
*** [[Quick Reaction Force]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Security forces kill 6 terrorists in KP, Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1877833 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref>
*** [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]]
*** [[Pakistan Army Aviation Corps|Aviation Corps]]
*** [[Regiment of Artillery (Pakistan)|Artillery Regiments]]
*** [[Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers|Engineer Corps]]
** {{Air force|PAK}}
*** [[List of Pakistan Air Force squadrons|Air Force squadrons]]
*** [[Special Services Wing|Elite paratroopers]]
** {{Navy|PAK}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=808517|title=Pak Navy suffers casualties in targeted attack|work=DaijiWorld|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310052008/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=808517|url-status=live}}</ref>
*** {{flagicon image|Pakistan Marines Logo.png|size=17px|border=no border}} [[Pakistan Marines|Marines]]
*** {{flagicon image|Crest of pmsa.jpg|size=17px|border=no border}} [[Pakistan Maritime Security Agency|Maritime Security Agency]]
*** [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Arm]]
*** [[Special Service Group (Navy)|Navy SEALs]]
* {{coat of arms|Pakistan|text=[[Civil Armed Forces]]}}
** [[Frontier Corps]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1354086|title=FC accelerates intelligence-based operations in Balochistan|date=27 August 2017|work=Dawn News}}</ref>
*** [[Frontier Corps Balochistan (North)|FC Balochistan (North)]]
*** [[Frontier Corps Balochistan (South)|FC Balochistan (South)]]
** {{flagicon image|Pakistan Coast Guards Flag.png}} [[Pakistan Coast Guards]]
** [[Federal Constabulary]]
* {{flagicon image|Former logo of Punjab Police Pakistan.svg|size=23px|border=}} [[Law enforcement in Pakistan|Pakistan Police Service]]
** [[Balochistan Police]]
** [[Counter Terrorism Department (Pakistan)|Counter Terrorism Department]]
** {{flagicon image|Green and red flag.svg}} [[Balochistan Levies]]
* {{flagicon image|State emblem of Pakistan.svg|size=17px|border=no border}} [[Pakistani Intelligence community]]
** {{flagicon image|ISI Emblem.png|size=20px|border=}} [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]]
*** [[Covert Action Division|CAD]]
** [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|MI]]
** [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]]
** [[National Counter Terrorism Authority|NACTA]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
----
'''Iranian units:''' {{collapsible list
| titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
| title = ''Forces involved:''
|
{{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[Iranian Armed Forces]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.svg}} [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army|Artesh]] (since 1979)
*** {{army|Iran|name=Ground Forces}}
**** [[Infantry|Infantry units]]
***** [[65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade|NOHED Brigade]]
**** {{flagicon image|Havaniruz.svg|size=15px|border=}} [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Aviation|Army Aviation]]
*** {{air force|Iran|name=Air Force}}
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy.svg}} [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Navy]]
**** [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Aviation|Navy Aviation]]
**** [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Marine Command|Navy Marine Command]]
***** [[3rd Marine Brigade (Iran)|3rd Marine Brigade]]
***** [[1st Marine Brigade (Iran)|1st Marine Brigade]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] (since 1980)
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ground Forces of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces|Ground Forces]]
**** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Armored Branch of the Ground Forces of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[Armored units]]
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Aerospace Force of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Aerospace Force]]
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Navy of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.svg}} [[Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|Navy]]
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of Quds Force.svg}} [[Quds Force]]
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of Basij.svg}} [[Basij]]
*** [[Special forces of Iran|Special forces]]:
**** {{flagicon image|IRGC.Special Forces.svg|size=18px|border=}} [[Saberin Unit|Saberin Takavar Brigade]]
**** {{flagicon image|IRGC.Special Forces.svg|size=18px|border=}} [[110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade]]
**** {{flagicon image|IRGC.SNSF.svg|size=16px|border=}} [[Sepah Navy Special Force]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran.svg}} [[Islamic Republic of Iran Law Enforcement Force|Iranian police]]
*** {{flagicon image|IRI.NAJA.Special.Units.svg|size=18px|border=}} [[Iranian Police Special Units|Special Units]]
*** [[Guidance Patrol]]
*** {{flagicon image|IRI.NAJA.Public Security Police.svg|size=17px|border=}} [[Iranian Public Security Police|Public Security Police]]
*** {{flagicon image|Marzbani.svg|size=23px|border=}} [[Border Guard Command (Iran)|Border Guard]] (since 2000)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Intelligence (Iran).svg}} [[Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)|Ministry of Intelligence]]
* {{flagicon image|Ground Force Imperial Army of Iran.png|size=23px|border=}} [[Military history of Iran#Pahlavi Era (1925 to 1979)|Imperial Iranian Army]] ([[Iranian Revolution|until 1979]])
{{tree list/end}}
}}
| units2 = {{flagicon image|Balochistan Flag.svg}} '''Baloch separatist factions''': {{Clear}}
{{tree list}}
** [[Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar]] (2018–present)<ref name="baloch_insurgency">{{cite web|title=The Baloch Insurgency in Pakistan: Evolution, Tactics, and Regional Security Implications|url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-baloch-insurgency-in-pakistan-evolution-tactics-and-regional-security-implications/|website=CTC, U.S. Military Academy at West Point|date=April 2025|access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref>
*** {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Balochistan Liberation Army]]
**** {{flagicon image|Majeed brigade logo.svg}} [[Majeed Brigade]]
**** [[Fateh squad]]
*** {{flagicon image|Balochistan Flag.png}} [[Balochistan Liberation Front]]
*** {{flagicon image|Balochistan Flag.svg}} [[Baloch Republican Guards]]
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sindhudesh Liberation Army.svg}} [[Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army]]<ref name="baloch_insurgency" />
** {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Fighters Front.svg}} [[People's Fighters Front]] (2025–present)<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2025 |title=Iran Update, December 15, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-december-15-2025|website=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>
*** {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg}} [[Jaish ul-Adl]] (from 2025)
*** [[Nasr Movement]] (2010–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Christopher |date=2025-12-19 |title=Iran Update, December 18, 2025 |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-december-18-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en-US}}</ref>
*** [[Pada Baloch Movement]] (2017–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Christopher |date=2025-12-19 |title=Iran Update, December 18, 2025 |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-december-18-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en-US}}</ref>
*** [[Mohammad Rasul Allah Group]] (1970s–present)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Christopher |date=2025-12-19 |title=Iran Update, December 18, 2025 |url=https://understandingwar.org/research/middle-east/iran-update-december-18-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en-US}}</ref>
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Balochistan.png}} Other [[Balochis|Baloch]] [[separatist]] groups
{{tree list/end}}
{{Collapsible list
|title=Former belligerents:
|1= {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Balochistan]] (inactive)
|2= {{flagicon image|Flag of Balochistan.png}} [[Balochistan Waja Army]]<ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Iftikhar A. |date=2020-05-12 |title=JSQM-A, two separatist outfits in Sindh banned |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1556476 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>
|3= {{flagicon image|Balochistan flag.svg}} [[Balochistan Liberation United Front]] (2009–2010)
|4= [[Baloch Students Organization]]
* [[Baloch Students Organization – Azad|BSO (Azad)]]
* [[Baloch Students Organization – Awami|BSO (Awami)]]
|5= Baloch Musallah Defa Tanzeem
|6= {{tree list}}
* {{flagicon image|Balochistan Flag.svg}} [[Baloch Nationalist Army]] (2022–2023)
** {{flagicon image|flag of Baluchistan.svg}} [[United Baloch Army]] (2013–2022)
** {{flagicon image|BRA flag.jpg}} [[Baloch Republican Army]] (2006–2022){{tree list/end}}
}}
----
{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} '''Jihadist factions''': {{Clear}}
{{tree list}}
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Ansar Al-Furqan]] (since 2013)
** {{flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (since 2007)
{{Collapsible list
|title=Former belligerents:
|1= [[Harakat Ansar Iran|Harakat Ansar]] (2012–13)
|2= {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Hizbul-Furqan (2012–13)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://eaworldview.com/2013/12/iran-sunni-baloch-insurgents-union-hezb-ul-forqan-strengthens-front-safavids/ | title=Iran Sunni Baloch Insurgents: "Union with Hizbul-Furqan Strengthens Our Front Against Safavids" | date=21 December 2013 }}</ref>
|3= [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] (2003–12)<ref name="irp" />
|4= {{flagicon image|Flag of Sipah-e-Sahaba.jpg}} [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan|Sipah-e-Sahaba]] (1985–2018)<ref name=h/>
|5= {{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] (1996–2024)<ref name=h>{{cite news| title = Iraq's shadow on Balochistan| author = B Raman| newspaper = Asia Times| url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EA25Df01.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030415214334/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EA25Df01.html| url-status = unfit| archive-date = 15 April 2003| date = 25 January 2003}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Rehman |first=Zia Ur |date=2023-10-03 |title=Inside Balochistan's sectarian shift — the rise of IS from Lashkar-i-Jhangvi |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1778910 |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref>
|6= {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaish al-Adl.svg}} [[Jaish ul-Adl]] (2013–2024)
}}
----
* {{flagicon|Islamic State}} [[Islamic State]]
** {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Islamic State – Khorasan Province|IS-KP]] (since 2015){{efn|See [[Baloch Nationalist–Islamic State conflict]]}}
** {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Islamic State – Pakistan Province|IS-PP]] (since 2019)<ref name="IslamicStatePakistanProvince">{{Cite web |title=Islamic State Announces 'Pakistan Province' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/islamic-state-announces-pakistan-province/4918903.html |first=Ayaz |last=Gul |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=Voice of America|date=15 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2021 |title=دولت اسلامیہ: نام نہاد 'پاکستان صوبے' کے نام سے پہلی ویڈیو جاری |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/regional-56491548 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=BBC News اردو |language=ur}}</ref>{{tree list/end}}
| partof = the spillover of the [[Afghan conflict]] and the [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
}}

[[Baloch people|Baloch]] separatists and various [[Islamist]] militant groups are waging an insurgency against the governments of [[Iran]] in the [[Provinces of Iran|province]] of [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan and Baluchestan]] and [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in the [[Administrative units of Pakistan|province]] of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]].<ref>Multiple Sources:

* {{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |date=9 February 2022 |title=Escalating Violence In A Restive Pakistani Province Resurrects A Forgotten Conflict |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/pakistan-balochistan-violence-conflict-military-separatists/31695168.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |quote=Since the beginning of this year, violent attacks by secular ethnic Baluch separatists in Pakistan's restive southwestern province of Balochistan have dramatically risen.}}
* {{cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=Baloch insurgency and continued tale of apathy and violence |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2022/02/08/baloch-insurgency-and-continued-tale-of-apathy-and-violence/ |quote=The province of Balochistan is once again in the vortex of turmoil and violence.}}
* {{cite web |title="insurgency" (noun) |url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/insurgency |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Merriam-Webster Unabridged |quote=The quality or state of being insurgent; specifically: a condition of revolt against a recognized government that does not reach the proportions of an organized revolutionary government and is not recognized as belligerency (subscription required)}}
* {{cite web |title=insurgency, n |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97279?redirectedFrom=insurgency#eid |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |quote=The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; insurgence n. The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required)}}
* {{cite web |title=Insurgency |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/insurgency |access-date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |quote=Insurgency, term historically restricted to rebellious acts that did not reach the proportions of an organized revolution. It has subsequently been applied to any such armed uprising, typically guerrilla in character, against the recognized government of a state or country. (subscription required)}}</ref><ref name=indexp>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/us-declares-pakistans-separatist-baluchistan-liberation-army-as-terrorist-group-5812092/|title=US declares Pakistan's separatist Baluchistan Liberation Army as terrorist group|date=3 July 2019|newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>Multiple Sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Mendez |first1=Zeus Hans |title=Repression and Revolt in Balochistan: The Uncertainty and Survival of a People's National Aspirations |url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2331243/repression-and-revolt-in-balochistan-the-uncertainty-and-survival-of-a-peoples/ |access-date=31 August 2020 |newspaper=Air University (Au)}}
* {{cite news |date=20 July 2020 |title=Baloch seek answers from Pakistan as more disappear in conflict |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/20/baloch-seek-answers-from-pakistan-as-more-disappear-in-conflict |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rich in natural resources, Balochistan is the largest, least populated and least developed province in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Reuters |title=Pakistan has conducted strikes inside Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistan-has-conducted-strikes-inside-iran-afp-report-2024-01-18/}}</ref> Armed groups demand greater political autonomy and control of the province's natural resources.<ref name="wsj">{{cite news|author1=Qasim Nauman|title=What Is Pakistan's Balochistan Insurgency and Why Is India's Modi Talking About It?|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2016/08/17/what-is-pakistans-balochistan-insurgency-and-why-is-indias-modi-talking-about-it-the-short-answer/|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=17 August 2016}}</ref> Baloch separatists have attacked civilians of other ethnicities throughout the province.<ref name="s">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8169961.stm|title=Baloch separatists attack traders|work=BBC News|date=27 July 2009}}</ref>

In the 2010s, attacks against the [[Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent|Shia community]] by [[Sectarian violence in Pakistan|sectarian groups]]—though not always directly related to the political struggle—rose, contributing to tensions in Balochistan.<ref name="t">{{cite news|title=Pakistan's Shia Under Attack|first=Phelim|last=Kine|newspaper=The Diplomat|date=5 July 2014|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/07/pakistans-shia-under-attack/}}</ref><ref name="u">{{cite journal|title="We are the Walking Dead" – Killings of Shia Hazara in Balochistan, Pakistan|journal=Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/06/29/we-are-walking-dead/killings-shia-hazara-balochistan-pakistan|date=29 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="padl" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Mapping Militant Organisation: Baloch Liberation Front |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/457 |access-date=10 April 2020 |work=web.stanford.edu |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308224614/http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/457 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Pakistan, the ethnic separatist insurgency is low-scale but ongoing mainly in southern Balochistan, alongside sectarian and religiously motivated militancy concentrated mainly in northern and central Balochistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kakar |first=Rafiullah |date=21 April 2022 |title=Resolve Balochistan's problems |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1686071 |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=DAWN |language=en}}</ref>

In Pakistan's Balochistan province, insurgencies by Baloch nationalists have been fought in [[First Balochistan conflict|1948–50]], [[Second Balochistan conflict|1958–60]], [[Third Balochistan conflict|1963–1969]] and [[Fourth Baloch Conflict|1973–1977]], with an [[Fifth Balochistan conflict|ongoing low-level insurgency]] beginning in 2003.<ref name="v">{{cite news|last1=Hussain|first1=Zahid|title=The battle for Balochistan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/794058/the-battle-for-balochistan|newspaper=Dawn|date=25 April 2013}}</ref> In recent times, separatists have also accused their own groups of being involved in widespread crime—including robbery and rape against Baloch women—with some claiming that what started as an idealistic political fight for their people's rights has turned into gangs extorting, kidnapping and even raping locals.<ref name="nbc" /> Baloch militants have taken some reconciliation offers from the government and offered to hand in their weapons.

Baloch separatists argue they are economically marginalized and poor compared to the rest of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kemp|first=Geoffrey|title=The East Moves West: India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/eastmoveswestind00kemp|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Brookings Institution|isbn=978-0-8157-0388-4|edition=1st|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastmoveswestind00kemp/page/n124 116]}}</ref><ref name="wsj" /> The [[Balochistan Liberation Army]], designated as a terrorist organization by Pakistan, the [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2|title=Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations|date=26 November 2021 |publisher=Home Office (Government of the United Kingdom)}}</ref> and the [[United States]],<ref name="USA">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/terrorist-designations-of-balochistan-liberation-army-and-husain-ali-hazzima-and-amendments-to-the-terrorist-designations-of-jundallah/|title=Terrorist Designations of Balochistan Liberation Army and Husain Ali Hazzima and Amendments to the Terrorist Designations of Jundallah|date=2 July 2019|work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> is the most widely known Baloch separatist group. Since 2000 it has conducted numerous deadly attacks on Pakistani military troops, police, journalists, civilians and education institutions. Other, now defunt, separatist groups include [[Lashkar-e-Balochistan]] (LeB), the [[Balochistan Liberation United Front]] (BLUF), and the [[Baloch Waja Army]] (BWJ).<ref name=af>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2012/04/07/we-only-receive-back-the-bodies|title=We only receive back the bodies|date=7 April 2012|newspaper=The Economist|ref={{harvid|The Economist|2012}}}}</ref><ref name=ag>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17182978|title=Waking up to the war in Balochistan|date=29 February 2012|work=BBC News|quote=The civil war has left thousands dead – including non-Baloch settlers and has gone on for the past nine years, but it hardly made the news in Pakistan, let alone abroad.}}</ref><ref name=ai>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan1210.pdf|title='Their Future is at Stake': Attacks on Teachers and Schools in Pakistan's Balochistan Province|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pressroom.rferl.org/a/balochistan-journalists/26629476.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825220519/https://pressroom.rferl.org/a/balochistan-journalists/26629476.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2019|title=In Balochistan, Violence Continues to Target Journalists|date=9 October 2014|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|quote=separatist organizations such as the Baloch Liberation Front and Baloch Liberation Army have claimed responsibility for some of the 27 journalists killed in targeted assassinations since 2007}}</ref><ref name="Khan">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Iftikhar A. |date=2020-05-12 |title=JSQM-A, two separatist outfits in Sindh banned |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1556476 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Dawn |language=en}}</ref>

Human rights activists have accused both nationalist militant groups and successive governments of Iran and Pakistan of human rights abuses in its suppression of the insurgency.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/pakistan|title=World Report 2016: Pakistan|chapter=Pakistan: Events of 2015|date=27 January 2016|publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref>

==Area of dispute==
Historical [[Balochistan]] covers the southern part of the Iranian [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]] in the west, the Pakistani province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] in the east, and part of [[Afghanistan]]'s [[Helmand Province]] in the northwest, while the [[Gulf of Oman]] forms its southern border. Mountains and desert make up much of the region's terrain. A majority of Baloch inhabit the region of Balochistan that falls within [[Pakistan]]'s borders.

Geographically, Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan (comprising 44% of the country's total area), but it is the least developed and least inhabited, comprising only 5% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Technical Assistance – Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Balochistan Economic Report|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/68721/39003-pak-tar.pdf|publisher=Asian Development Bank|date=December 2005}}</ref> [[Sunni Islam]] is the predominant religion throughout the Balochistan region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-Russia/Baluchi.html|title=Baluchi – Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage|website=EveryCulture.com}}</ref>

Stuart Notholt, in his ''Atlas of Ethnic Conflict'', describes the unrest in Balochistan as a "nationalist/self-determination conflict".<ref>{{cite book|last=Notholt|first=Stuart|title=Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7cNWmXFrNMC&pg=SA5-PA25|year=2008|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1906510-473|pages=5–25}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
The origins of the secessionist movement are believed to have started around the uncertainty regarding the [[Khanate of Kalat]], established in 1666 by Mir Ahmad. The Khanate of Kalat occupied central portions of territory in present day Balochistan, and was one of the four [[Princely states of Pakistan|princely states]] of the modern day province under British rule, namely [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]], [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]] and [[Khanate of Kalat|Kalat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://balochistan.gov.pk/explore-balochistan/history/ |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Government of Balochistan |language=en-US}}</ref> Under Nasir I of Kalat in 1758, who accepted the Afghan paramountcy, the boundaries of Kalat stretched up to [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] in the east and [[Bandar Abbas]] in the west. However, in November 1839, the British invaded Kalat, and the Khan was killed in action during the invasion. Afterwards, the British influence in the region gradually grew. In 1869, the British Political Agent [[Robert Groves Sandeman]] ended up mediating a dispute between the Khan of Kalat and the Sardars of Balochistan, and established the British primacy in the region. The tribal areas of [[Marri-Bugti Country|Marri]], [[Bugti]], [[Khetran]] and [[Chagai District|Chaghi]] were brought under the direct administration of a British Agent, eventually to become the [[Chief Commissioner's Province of Balochistan]]. [[Las Bela (princely state)|Lasbela]] and [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]] were declared Special Areas with a different political system. The remaining areas of [[Sarawan]], [[Jhalawan]], [[Kacchi (Kalat)|Kacchi]] and [[Makran]] were retained as the [[Khanate of Kalat]], supervised by a Political Agent of Kalat.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|pp=53–55}}

In the 20th century, the educated Baloch [[middle class]] harboured hopes of their independence from British colonial rule. They formed a nationalist movement [[Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochistan]] in 1931. One of their first campaigns was to fight for the accession of [[Azam Jan of Kalat|Azam Jan]] as the Khan of Kalat and a constitutional government, to be established under him. They were successful in establishing Azam Jan as the Khan, but the new Khan sided with the Sardars and turned his back on the Anjuman. His successor [[Mir Ahmad Yar Khan]] was more sympathetic to Anjuman but he was averse to upsetting his relations with the British. The Anujman, transformed into the [[Kalat State National Party]] (KSNP), continued to fight for independence from the British. It was declared illegal by the Khanate in 1939 and its active leaders and activists were exiled. This paved the way for the formation of new political parties, Balochistan Muslim League allied to the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] in June 1939 and [[Anjuman-i-Watan]] allied to the [[Indian National Congress]] in the same year.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|pp=55–58}} Led by [[Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai]], the Anjuman-i-Watan was [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed to the partition of India]] and wanted a united India after the country gained independence from Britain.<ref name="Vijay">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/indus-calling/a-devi-in-balochistan/|title=A Devi in Balochistan|work=The Times of India|date=1 August 2009}}</ref>

During British rule Balochistan was under the rule of a Chief Commissioner and did not have the same status as other provinces of British India. The Muslim League under [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in the period 1927-1947 strived to introduce reforms in Balochistan to bring it on par with other provinces of British India.

During the time of the [[Indian independence movement]], public opinion in Balochistan, at least in Quetta and other small towns in northern Balochistan, was overwhelmingly in favour of Pakistan. The pro-India Congress, which drew support from Hindus and some Muslims, sensing that geographic and demographic compulsions would not allow the province's inclusion into the newly Independent India, began to encourage separatist elements in Balochistan, and other Muslim majority provinces such as NWFP.{{sfn|Chawla|2012|p=81–106}}

The Khan of Kalat lent great support to the Pakistan Movement but also desired to declare independence. [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]], however, made it clear that the princely states with the lapse of British paramountcy would have to join either India or Pakistan, keeping in mind their geographic and demographic compulsions.{{sfn|Chawla|2012|p=81–106}}

On 19 July, Mountbatten called a [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] meeting between representatives of the State of Kalat and Government of Pakistan. Mountbatten discussed with them the status of the Kalat State. The representatives of Kalat argued that Kalat, as per the treaty of 1876, was an independent and sovereign state and not an Indian state. Mountbatten accepted this position for the purpose of negotiation, although Kalat had always been a princely state. Thus, Mountbatten confined the topic of discussion to the leased areas of Quetta, Nushki, [[Nasirabad District|Nasirabad]] and [[Bolan District|Bolan]]. He explained that Pakistan rejected Kalat's claims that these areas should be returned to Kalat.

Pakistan's position was that it would inherit all treaty obligations incurred by India to the foreign states. Kalat argued that the leases clearly stated that the other party besides Kalat was the British Government alone. Kalat argued that it was a personal agreement and there was no provision that the leases to the British would be inherited by others. Therefore, since the agreement was between Kalat and the British Government, Pakistan could not be the latter's successor party.{{sfn|Chawla|2012|p=81–106}}

Pakistan did not agree that the agreement was personal as personal agreements by nature implied that only a particular person was involved. Mountbatten also said that according to international law, treaties such as the one being discussed were inherited by successors and not invalidated by a transfer of power. Mountbatten also suggested that in case there was no agreement the matter could be put before an [[Arbitral tribunal|Arbitral Tribunal]].{{sfn|Chawla|2012|p=81–106}}

Kalat wished to have further discussions on the matter. Kalat also argued that in case of a vote in the leased areas between joining Kalat and joining Pakistan then the vote would go in favour of the former. Pakistan did not agree that the vote would have such a result.{{sfn|Chawla|2012|p=81–106}}

Kalat also expressed its deepest desire to remain on friendly terms with Pakistan and stated that it understood that Jinnah, who was anxious for a correct decision, wanted more time to study the issues between Kalat and Pakistan. Mountbatten, however, suggested that Jinnah not be brought into the discussions.{{sfn|Chawla|2012|p=81–106}}

Mountbatten insisted that Kalat and Pakistan sign a standstill agreement, which both countries did. The [[Standstill agreement (India)|Standstill Agreement]] also stipulated that both parties would discuss as soon as possible about their relationship concerning Defence and External Affairs.{{sfn|Chawla|2012|p=81–106}} According to the Article I, 'The Government of Pakistan agrees that Kalat is an independent State, being quite different in status from other States of India'. However, the Article IV stated:
{{blockquote|a [[standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] will be made between Pakistan and Kalat by which Pakistan shall stand committed to all the responsibilities agreements signed by Kalat and the British Government from 1839 to 1947 and by this, Pakistan shall be the legal, constitutional and political successor of the British.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|p=59}}}}

Through this agreement, the [[British Paramountcy]] was effectively transferred to Pakistan.

However, without making any agreement with Pakistan and in violation of the Standstill Agreement the Khan of Kalat declared independence. Later on, the ruler of Kalat unconditionally signed an [[Instrument of Accession]] with Pakistan on 27 March 1948, contrary to the wishes of his state's legislature, being the last of all princely states to do so.{{sfn|Chawla|2012|p=81–106}}

===First conflict===
{{Main|First Balochistan conflict}}
After a period of negotiations during which Pakistan used bureaucratic tactics while All India Radio provided 'strange help', Kalat acceded to Pakistan on 27 March 1948.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=The princely India|author=Yaqoob Khan Bangash|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/the-princely-india/#.WNR5woWcHIV|date=10 May 2015|newspaper=The News on Sunday|access-date=25 December 2015|archive-date=25 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225043014/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/the-princely-india/#.WNR5woWcHIV}}</ref> The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision<ref name=":1"/> in July 1948.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|first1=Roger|first2=Gurharpal|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-44820-4|page=82|last1=D. Long|last2=Singh|last3=Samad}}</ref> Princes Agha Abdul Karim Baloch and Muhammad Rahim, refused to lay down arms, leading the Dosht-e Jhalawan in unconventional attacks on the army until 1950.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|author=Qaiser Butt|title=Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=22 April 2013}}</ref> The Princes fought a lone battle without support from the rest of Balochistan.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|p=71}} Jinnah and his successors allowed Yar Khan to retain his title until the province's dissolution in 1955.

===Second conflict===
{{Main|Second Balochistan conflict}}

Nawab [[Nauroz Khan]] took up arms in resistance to the [[One Unit]] policy, which decreased government representation for tribal leaders, from 1958 to 1959. He and his followers started a guerrilla war against Pakistan, and were arrested, charged with treason, and imprisoned in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]. Five of his family members, sons and nephews, were subsequently hanged on charges of treason and aiding in the murder of Pakistani troops. Nawab Nauroz Khan later died in captivity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Selig S.|title=In Afghanistan's shadow: Baluch nationalism and Soviet temptations|year=1981|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|isbn=978-0-87003-029-1|pages=27–28}}</ref> Nawab Nauroz Khan fought a lone battle as the rest of Balochistan did not support the uprising.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|p=71}}

===Third conflict===
{{Main|Third Balochistan conflict}}

After the second conflict, a Baloch separatist movement gained momentum in the 1960s, following the introduction of a new [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|constitution in 1956]] which limited provincial autonomy and enacted the '[[One Unit]]' concept of political organization in Pakistan. Tension continued to grow amid consistent political disorder and instability at the federal level. The federal government tasked the Pakistan Army with building several new bases in key areas of Balochistan. Sher Muhammad Bijrani Marri led like-minded militants into guerrilla warfare from 1963 to 1969 by creating their own insurgent bases. Their goal was to force Pakistan to share revenue generated from the [[Sui gas fields]] with the tribal leaders. The insurgents bombed railway tracks and ambushed convoys. The Army retaliated by destroying the militant camps. This insurgency ended in 1969, with the Baloch separatists agreeing to a ceasefire. In 1970 Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] abolished the "One Unit" policy,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/pakistan-worsening-conflict-balochistan|title=Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|chapter=Asia Report No. 119|page=4|date=14 September 2006}}</ref> which led to the recognition of Balochistan as the fourth province of West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan), including all the Balochistani princely states, the High Commissioners Province, and [[Gwadar]], an 800 km2 coastal area purchased from [[Oman]] by the Pakistani government.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Fourth conflict, 1973–1977===
{{Main|Fourth Balochistan conflict}}

The unrest continued into the 1970s, culminating in [[Baloch insurgency and Rahimuddin's stabilisation|a government-ordered military operation]] in the region in 1973.

In 1973, citing treason, President Bhutto dismissed the provincial governments of Balochistan and NWFP and imposed martial law in those areas,<ref>{{cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|title=The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wd18IgAACAAJ|year=2007|isbn=978-0-521-05184-2}}</ref> which led to armed insurgency. [[Khair Bakhsh Marri]] formed the [[Balochistan People's Liberation Front]] (BPLF), which led large numbers of Marri and Mengal tribesmen into guerrilla warfare against the central government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abbas|first=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass|url-access=registration|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=2005|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/79 79]|isbn=0-7656-1496-0}}</ref>

Assisted by Iran, Pakistani forces inflicted heavy casualties on the separatists. The insurgency fell into decline after a return to the four-province structure and the abolishment of the Sardari system.

===Fifth conflict, 2004–present===
{{see also|Turbat killings}}
In early 2005, the rape of a female doctor ([[Shazia Khalid]]) at the Sui gas facility re-ignited another long running conflict.<ref name="Musharraf’s Rape Cover-Up">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=6203|title=Musharraf's Rape Cover-Up by Akbar Ahmed|first=Akbar|last=Ahmed|website=The Globalist|accessdate=18 September 2025|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707002123/http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=6203|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dawn.com">{{Cite web|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/382104/rape-victim-under-pressure-to-keep-mum|title=Rape victim under pressure to keep mum|date=4 February 2005|website=Dawn|accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/31/opinion/31|title=kristof.html Another Face of Terror|website=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=18 September 2025}}</ref> Her case and the unusual comment by then Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] about the controversy, stating on national television that the accused rapist, an officer identified only as Captain Hammad, was "not guilty",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_32|title=Sherry points out loopholes in Dr Shazia's rape probe|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> led to a violent uprising by the [[Bugti]] tribe, disrupting the supply of gas to much of the country for several weeks.<ref name="Musharraf's Rape Cover-Up">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=6203|title=Musharraf's Rape Cover-Up|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=7 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707002123/http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=6203}}</ref> In 2005, the Baluch political leaders [[Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti]] and [[Mir Balach Marri]] presented a 15-point agenda to the Pakistan government. Their stated demands included greater control of the province's resources and a moratorium on the construction of military bases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/world/asia/02pakistan.html|title=In Remote Pakistan Province, a Civil War Festers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 April 2006}}</ref> On 15 December 2005 the inspector general of the [[Frontier Corps]], Major General [[Shujaat Zamir Dar]], and his deputy Brigadier [[Salim Nawaz]] (the current IGFC) were wounded after shots were fired at their helicopter in Balochistan Province. The provincial interior secretary later said after visiting [[Kohlu]] that "both of them were wounded in the leg but both are in stable condition."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4531546.stm |title=Pakistan general hurt in attack|work=BBC News|date=15 December 2005}}</ref>

However, a [[United States diplomatic cables leak|leaked 2006 cable]] from the [[Embassy of the United States, Islamabad]] noted that "[t]here seems to be little support in the province, beyond the [[Bugti]] tribe, for the current insurgency."{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=96–7}}

In August 2006, [[Nawab Akbar khan Bugti|Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti]], 79 years old, was killed in fighting against the Pakistan Army, in which at least 60 Pakistani soldiers and 7 officers were also killed. Pakistan's government had charged him with responsibility for a series of deadly bomb blasts and a rocket attack on President Pervez Musharraf.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/world/asia/28pakistan.html|title=Tribal Leader's Killing Incites Riots in Pakistan|work=The New York Times|date=28 August 2006}}</ref>

In April 2009, [[Baloch National Movement]] president [[Ghulam Mohammed Baloch]] and two other nationalist leaders ([[Lala Munir]] and Sher Muhammad) were seized from a small legal office and were allegedly "handcuffed, blindfolded and hustled into a waiting pickup truck which is in still [sic] use of intelligence forces in front of their lawyer and neighboring shopkeepers." The gunmen were allegedly speaking in [[Persian language|Persian]] (a national language of neighbouring Afghanistan and Iran). Five days later, on 8 April, their bullet-riddled bodies were found in a commercial area. The BLA claimed Pakistani forces were behind the killings, though international experts have deemed it odd that the Pakistani forces would be careless enough to allow the bodies to be found so easily and "light Balochistan on fire" (''Herald'') if they were truly responsible.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/world/asia/12baluchistan.html?ref=world|title=Another Insurgency Gains in Pakistan|author=Carlotta Gall|date=11 July 2009|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The discovery of the bodies sparked rioting and weeks of strikes, demonstrations, and civil resistance in cities and towns around Balochistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7991385.stm|title=Riots as Baloch chiefs found dead|work=BBC News|date=9 April 2009}}</ref>

On 12 August 2009, [[Khan of Kalat]] [[Suleman Dawood Khan|Mir Suleiman Dawood]] declared himself ruler of Balochistan and formally announced a Council for Independent Balochistan. The council's claimed domain includes [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], as well as Pakistani Balochistan, but does not include Afghan Blanch regions. The council claimed the allegiance of "all separatist leaders including [[Nawabzada Bramdagh Bugti]]." Suleiman Dawood stated that the UK had a "moral responsibility to raise the issue of Balochistan's illegal occupation at international level."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/Politics/12-Aug-2009/Council-of-Independent-Balochistan-announced|title='Council of Independent Balochistan' announced|newspaper=The Nation|date=21 August 2009}}</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'' wrote: {{blockquote|"[The Baloch separatists] are supported—with money, influence or sympathy—by some members of the powerful Bugti tribe and by parts of the Baloch middle class. This makes today's insurgency stronger than previous ones, but the separatists will nevertheless struggle to prevail over Pakistan's huge army."<ref name=af/>|[[The Economist]]|April 2012}}

In the aftermath of Akbar Bugti's killing, support for the insurgency surged with a large amount of support coming from Balochistan's burgeoning middle class.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/723987|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129030607/https://www.dawn.com/news/723987|archive-date=29 January 2018|title=Balochistan:middle-class rebellion|author=Mahvish Ahmad|date=5 June 2012|access-date=20 September 2019}}</ref> US-based exiled Baloch journalist and newspaper editor [[Malik Siraj Akbar]] writes that the ongoing Baloch resistance has created "serious challenges" for the Pakistan government, "unlike the past resistance movements", because it has lasted longer than previous insurgencies, has greater breadth—including the entire province "from rural mountainous regions to the city centers", involves Baloch women and children at "regular protest rallies", and has drawn more international attention—including a 2012 hearing by the US Congress. Islamabad has accused its neighbour India of supporting the insurgency in Balochistan.<ref name="w">{{cite news |last1=Akbar |first1=Malik Siraj |date=3 November 2014 |title=The End of Pakistan's Baloch Insurgency? |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/malik-siraj-akbar/the-end-of-pakistans-balo_b_6090920.html |work=World Post}}</ref> However infighting between insurgent groups as of late 2014 has weakened the movement.<ref name=w/> On 23 November Chinese Consulate was attacked by BLA fighters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karachi attack: China consulate attack leaves four dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46313136 |access-date=25 November 2018 |work=BBC}}</ref>

In a 2014 article titled "The End of Pakistan's Baloch Insurgency?", Baloch analyst [[Malik Siraj Akbar]] reported that Baloch militants had begun killing their own commanders.<ref name="w" /> However, Akbar called anger towards provincial [[List of Chief Ministers of Balochistan|Chief Minister]] [[Abdul Malik Baloch]] "growing and often uncontrollable".<ref name="x" />

In 2018, the [[Establishment of Pakistan]] was accused of using Islamist militants to defeat Balochi separatists, who allegedly ended up defecting to Islamist anti-state groups.<ref name="Akbar">{{cite web |last1=Akbar |first1=Malik Siraj |title=In Balochistan, Dying Hopes for Peace |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/19/opinion/pakistan-elections-balochistan-islamic-state.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 September 2019 |date=19 July 2018|quote=Increasing attacks by the Islamic State in Balochistan are connected to Pakistan's failed strategy of encouraging and using Islamist militants to crush Baloch rebels and separatists.}}</ref> Academics and journalists in the United States of Pakistani origin were alleged to been approached by Pakistani officials of [[Inter-Services Intelligence]], who cautioned them not to speak about "politically delicate subjects" such as the insurgency in Balochistan, including accusations of human rights abuses. The verbal warnings by officials also were accompanied with hidden warnings about the livelihoods of their family members in Pakistan .<ref name="Mazzetti">{{cite web |last1=Mazzetti |first1=Mark |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Savage |first3=Charlie |title=Pakistan Spies on Its Diaspora, Spreading Fear |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/world/asia/24isi.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=25 September 2019 |date=23 July 2011|quote=Several Pakistani journalists and scholars in the United States interviewed over the past week said that they were approached regularly by Pakistani officials, some of whom openly identified themselves as ISI officials. The journalists and scholars said the officials caution them against speaking out on politically delicate subjects like the indigenous insurgency in Baluchistan or accusations of human rights abuses by Pakistani soldiers. The verbal pressure is often accompanied by veiled warnings about the welfare of family members in Pakistan, they said.}}</ref>

On 16 January 2025, [[Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician, born 1953)|Maulana Fazlur Rehman]] of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)]] told the Pakistan National Assembly that the government had entirely lost its authority in parts of Balochistan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Ahmad Fraz |date=2025-01-16 |title=Fazl bemoans 'loss of govt writ' in KP, Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1885520? |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=DAWN|language=en}}</ref> where, he claimed, the national anthem could not be sung and the flag could not be hoisted in some schools due to fear of persecution and attacks by militants and insurgents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Fazl urges parliament to hold dialogue with people of Balochistan, KP on security issues |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1856878? |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=DAWN |language=en}}</ref>

==== Recent escalation ====
On 16 February 2019, armed men [[February 2019 Balochistan attacks|killed two]] [[Frontier Corps]] in [[Loralai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1912827/1-four-fc-troops-martyred-near-panjgur/|title=Four more FC troops martyred near Panjgur|date=18 February 2019|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

On 17 February 2019, another attack took place on Pakistani security personnel in which four members of the Frontier Corps were killed in the Gardab area of [[Panjgur District]].<ref name="Nawa-i-Waqt">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nawaiwaqt.com.pk/18-Feb-2019/985786 |title=بلوچستان: دہشتگرد حملے میں 4 سکیورٹی اہلکار شہید |date=18 February 2019 |publisher=[[Nawa-i-Waqt]] |language=ur}}</ref>

On 18 April 2019, a bus travelling from [[Gwadar]] to [[Karachi]] was ambushed near [[Ormara]]. 14 personel from the [[Pakistan Navy]] and [[Pakistani Coast Guards]] were killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/18/gunmen-kill-14-bus-passengers-in-pakistans-balochistan|title=Gunmen kill 14 bus passengers in Pakistan's Balochistan|date=18 April 2019|website=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

On 15 October 2020, at least 14 security personnel were killed in the first incident after a convoy of state-run [[Oil & Gas Development Company]] (OGDCL) was attacked on the coastal highway in Balochistan's [[Ormara]], [[Radio Pakistan]] reported.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idINKBN271092|title=Paramilitary convoy attacked in southwestern Pakistan, killing 14|work=Gul Yousafzai|date=16 October 2020|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023112103/https://in.mobile.reuters.com/article/amp/idINKBN271092|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/15/convoy-attack-kills-14-in-southwestern-pakistan|title=Convoy attack kills 14 in southwestern Pakistan|work=Asad Hashim, Saadullah Akhtar}}</ref>

On 27 December, seven soldiers were killed in a gun attack on a Frontier Corps (FC) Balochistan post in [[Harnai]] district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1598158|title=7 soldiers martyred in terrorist 'fire raid' on FC post in Balochistan's Harnai: ISPR|work=DAWN|date=27 December 2020}}</ref>

Through 2020, Pakistan recorded 506 fatalities (69 civilians, 178 Security Fdorces personnel, and 159 militants), of which Balochistan alone accounted for 215 fatalities (84 civilians, 94 SF personnel, and 37 militants). The province was a close second only to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which recorded 216 fatalities (61 civilians, 57 SF personnel, and 98 militants).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorism-assessment/pakistan-balochistan|title=Terrorism-Assessment-South Asia|work=SATP}}</ref>

According to the PIPS report, Balochistan is the second most affected province by Pakistan in 2021. The report said that 136 people were killed in 81 terrorist attacks carried out by religious militants and Baloch nationalist organizations in Balochistan last year. Of the 81 terrorist attacks in the province in 2021, 71 were carried out by banned nationalist organizations such as the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]], the [[Balochistan Liberation Front]], the [[Baloch Republican Guard]], and the [[Baloch Republican Army]]. According to the PIPS report, 95 people were killed in attacks by nationalist organizations. In addition, 14 people were killed in five terrorist incidents in Punjab and 13 in six terrorist incidents in Sindh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecapitaldebates.com/2022/01/terrorist-attacks-increase-in-pakistan.html |title=Terrorist attacks increase in Pakistan despite talks with militants |work=The Capital Debates}}</ref>

Militants carried out a total of six attacks in January 2022, in which 17 people were killed, most of whom were security forces (14 security forces; 3 civilians), and 32 people were injured, most of whom were civilians (26 civilians; 6 security forces).<ref>{{cite web |date=2 February 2022 |title=42 Pakistanis Killed In Terrorist Attacks In January Alone |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/42-pakistanis-killed-in-terrorist-attacks-in-january-alone/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203055053/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/42-pakistanis-killed-in-terrorist-attacks-in-january-alone/ |archive-date=3 February 2022 |access-date=3 February 2022 |work=The Friday Times}}</ref>

On 18 January, at least five people were injured on Tuesday when an improvised explosive device (IED) planted near a railway track in the Mashkaf area of Balochistan's [[Bolan District|Bolan]] district.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/01/18/at-least-five-injured-as-ied-blast-hits-jaffer-express-near-balochistans-bolan/ |title=At least five injured as IED blast hits Jaffer Express near Balochistan's Bolan |work=Pakistan Today |date=18 January 2022}}</ref> On 20 January, at least three people were killed and over 20 others injured by a [[2022 Lahore bombing|bombing]] in [[Anarkali Bazaar]], [[Lahore]]. Spokesperson of the [[Baloch Nationalist Army]], claimed responsibility for this attack and said that it targeted bank employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1670542|title=At least 3 dead, 20 injured in blast in Lahore's Anarkali area|first=Imran|last=Gabol|date=20 January 2022|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref><ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/926705-12-injured-in-lahore-blast|title=At least three killed, 23 injured in Lahore blast|website=The News |date=20 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2339625/multiple-injured-in-lahore-explosion|title=At least two dead, dozens injured in Lahore explosion|date=20 January 2022|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

On 25 January, [[2022 Kech district attack|militants stormed]] a check post belonging to [[Pakistani military]] in the Sabdan area of [[Dasht (Kharan)|Dasht]], [[Kech District]] in [[Balochistan]] killing at least 10 security personnel and injuring 3 others.<ref name=":" /><ref name="::" /> The clash lasted for five hours in which militants also suffered several casualties.<ref name="::">{{cite news|title=کیچ میں سیکیورٹی فورسز کی چیک پوسٹ پر حملہ، 10 اہلکار شہید|url=https://shianews.com.pk/terrorist-attack-on-security-forces-in-kech-balochistan/|website=shianews.com.pk|date=26 January 2022}}</ref> The militants also seized weapons that were present in the check post.<ref name=":">{{cite news|title=کیچ، دشت میں سیکورٹی فورسز پر حملہ 9اہلکار جاں بحق، 3زخمی|url=https://dailyintekhab.pk/archives/216375|website=dailyintekhab.pk|date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

On 28 January, at least four people were killed and 10 others were injured in a blast in Mat area of Sui in Balochistan's [[Dera Bugti]] district. [[Balochistan Awami Party]] (BAP) leader [[Sarfraz Bugti]] claimed that [[Baloch Republican Army]] terrorists were behind the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1671941|title=Blast in Balochistan's Sui area claims 4 lives, injures 10|work=DAWN|date=28 January 2022 }}</ref>

On 30 January, 17 people, including two policemen, were injured in a grenade attack in Dera Allahyar town of [[Jaffarabad district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1672907|title=ISPR says attacks repulsed in Balochistan's Noshki and Panjgur; 4 terrorists killed|work= Dawn|date=2 February 2022 }}</ref>

On 2 February 2022, 9 militants and 12 soldiers were killed at [[Panjgur]] and [[Nushki]] districts of Pakistan's Balochistan province after forces responded to their attack. The [[Balochistan Liberation Army]], claimed to have killed more than 100 soldiers at two military camps, claims rejected by Pakistan government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/killed-more-100-soldiers-military-camps-pakistan-baloch-liberation-army-1908300-2022-02-03|title=Killed more than 100 soldiers at military camps in Pakistan, claims Baloch Liberation Army|work=India Today|date=3 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/videos/pakistan-40-hours-on-recovery-operations-continue-in-baloch-districts-at-least-12-soldiers-killed-450415|title=Pakistan: 40 hours on, recovery operations continue In Baloch districts; at least 12 soldiers killed|work=WION|date=4 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/04/pakistan-army-clashes-with-separatist-militants-for-third-day|title=At least 21 dead after Pakistan army clashes with militants for third day|work=The Guardian|date=4 February 2022 }}</ref>

On 4 February, at the border town of Chaman near Afghanistan, at least six people were injured in a grenade attack at paramilitary post.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistani-military-conduct-search-militants-38-hours-after-base-attacks-2022-02-04/|title=Pakistani military conduct search for militants 38 hours after base attacks|work=Reuters|date=4 February 2022 |last1=Yousafzai |first1=Gul }}</ref>

On 8 February, a blast in Balochistan's Dera Murad Jamali town has killed one person and injured another two. A man identified as Dildar Ali was killed and two were injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quettavoice.com/2022/02/08/blast-in-dera-murad-jamali-kills-one-and-injured-two-people/|title=Blast in Dera Murad Jamali kills one and injured two people|work=Quetta voice|date=8 February 2022 }}</ref>

On 2 March, a massive explosion at Fatima Jinnah Road in Quetta killing three people including a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) and wounding 25 others including two police personnel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/643718-Massive-blast-in-Quetta-Pakistan-terrorism-Balochistan-|title=DSP among three martyred, 25 injured in IED blast in Quetta|work=Dunya news|date=14 February 2008 }}</ref>

On 8 March, at least seven security personnel were killed in an explosion in Sibi, several minutes after President [[Arif Alvi]] addressed a colourful concluding ceremony of the [[Sibi]] Mela at a venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2346992/seven-martyred-in-sibi-explosion|title=Seven martyred in Sibi explosion|work=The Express Tribune|date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

On 15 March, at least four soldiers of the Frontier Corps (FC) were killed and six were seriously injured when an improvised explosive device (IED) exploded near a security forces' convoy in the area of [[Sangan, Pakistan|Sangan]] in Sibi, Balochistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2348042/at-least-four-fc-soldiers-martyred-six-injured-in-sibi-ied-explosion|title=At least four FC soldiers martyred, six injured in Sibi IED explosion|work=The Express Tribune|date=15 March 2022}}</ref>

On 14 July 2022 a lieutenant colonel was abducted and later killed in a clash near [[Mangi Dam, Pakistan|Mangi dam]], [[Ziarat District]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=
Pak Army Lt Col abducted, martyred by terrorists in Ziarat district: ISPR |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1699589|website=Dawn News}}</ref>

On 29 September 2023 a [[VBIED]] in [[Mastung District]] targeted an FC convoy killing three soldiers including a major-ranked officer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=
Army major among three soldiers killed in Balochistan blast, four militants slain in counterstrike|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2610955/pakistan}}</ref>

On 7 February 2024, [[2024 Balochistan bombings|two bombings]] killed dozens on the eve of the [[2024 Pakistani general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2024 |title=Pakistan election: Two deadly blasts in Balochistan day before vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68226516 |access-date=7 February 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 14 May 2024, a Pakistani [[Major (rank)|major]] was killed in an Intelligence based operation in [[Sambaza]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Army officer martyred, 3 terrorists killed in intelligence-based operation in Balochistan's Zhob: ISPR|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1833489|website=Dawn}}</ref>

On 26 August, BLA members [[August 2024 Balochistan attacks|launched a series of attacks]] resulting in the deaths of more than 70 people.<ref name="AJ1">{{cite web |date=26 August 2024 |title=More than 70 killed in multiple armed attacks in Pakistan's Balochistan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/26/at-least-38-killed-in-multiple-armed-attacks-in-pakistans-balochistan |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> On 9 November, a [[2024 Quetta railway station bombing|BLA suicide bombing attack]] at the [[Quetta railway station]] resulted in more than 30 deaths and many injuries.<ref name="balochistanpost">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2024 |title=Inside the Deadly Quetta Railway Station Attack and Its Aftermath – TBP Report |url=https://thebalochistanpost.net/2024/11/inside-the-deadly-quetta-railway-station-attack-and-its-aftermath-tbp-report |access-date=11 November 2024 |publisher=The Balochistan Post |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, there were 1,557 recorded incidents including 10 suicide bombings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-06 |title=DG ISPR blames K-P's political environment for terror spike |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2585724/live-pakistans-chief-military-spokesperson-addresses-presser-on-security-situation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 February 2025, militants intercepted a convoy in [[Mangocher]] and killed 18 Pakistani soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-06 |title= 18 soldiers martyred, 23 terrorists killed in Balochistan clearance operations: ISPR|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1889088 |website=Dawn}}</ref>

From 11 to 12 March 2025, Baloch Liberation Army-affiliated [[2025 Jaffar Express hijacking|insurgents hijacked]] a ''[[Jaffar Express]]'' train, killing at least 59 people and taking hundreds more hostage.<ref name="remaining">{{cite web|last1=Yusufzai|first1=Mushtaq|last2=Jett|first2=Jennifer|last3=Aggarwal|first3=Mithil|date=12 March 2025|title=Pakistan rescues remaining hostages after separatist militants kill 100 people in train hijack|work=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pakistan-train-militant-separatist-balochistan-peshawar-hostages-rcna195971|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312184654/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/pakistan-train-militant-separatist-balochistan-peshawar-hostages-rcna195971|archive-date=12 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=":Indian Express">{{Cite news |date=12 March 2025 |title=Pakistan Train Attack LIVE Updates: Pakistan army says train hijack operation over, 33 militants and 21 hostages killed |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/pakistan/pakistan-train-attack-live-baloch-liberation-army-train-hijack-dead-army-9881065/ |access-date=12 March 2025 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> In a series of confrontations by the Pakistani military, 346 hostages were freed and all 33 insurgents were killed.<ref name="post">{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Haq Nawaz|last2=Noack|first2=Rick|last3=Hussain|first3=Shaiq|date=12 March 2025|title=Pakistan's security crisis deepens as militants hijack train, take hostages|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/03/12/train-pakistan-hijacking-baluchistan-hostages/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312211858/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/03/12/train-pakistan-hijacking-baluchistan-hostages/|archive-date=12 March 2025|access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=":Indian Express" />

On 21 May 2025, a school bus in [[Khuzdar]] was [[2025 Khuzdar school bus bombing|attacked in a suicide bombing]], which killed 10 people including eight children, the bus driver and a bus conductor and injured 53 people, including 39 children. No group have taken responsibility, but the Baloch Liberation Army is widely suspected of having carried out the attack.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |title=School bus attack kills at least 5 in Pakistan |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70nnklwgpzo |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=BBC|date= 21 May 2025 }}</ref>

On 30 May militants temporarily seized the town of [[Surab, Pakistan|Surab]] on a highway junction part in [[Kalat District]] assaulting key sites.<ref>{{Cite news|title=
Baloch Militants seize strategic Pakistani city, torch police station |url=https://www.khaama.com/baloch-militants-seize-strategic-pakistani-city-torch-police-station/|website=[[Khaama Press]]}}</ref>

On 8 August, 33 members of the [[TTP (terrorist group)|TTP]], which the [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] describes as ''Fitna al Khwarij'', were killed by security forces as they tried to cross into the Sambaza area of the [[Zhob District|Zhob district]] across the [[Pakistan-Afghanistan border]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-08 |title=Security forces kill 33 terrorists in Balochistan's Zhob district: ISPR |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1929546 |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=DAWN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan says soldiers kill 33 fighters near Afghan border |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/8/pakistan-says-soldiers-kill-33-fighters-near-afghan-border |access-date=2025-08-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The forces also recovered a cache of arms, explosives, and ammunition.<ref name=":3" />

On 31 January 2026, separatist militants launched [[2026 Balochistan attacks|coordinated attacks]] across Pakistan’s Balochistan province, targeting military installations, police stations, and banks in at least 10 cities, including Quetta and the port city of Gwadar. The assault involved suicide bombings, armed attacks, road blockades, and the destruction of railway tracks, resulting in the deaths of at least 31 civilians and 17 security personnel.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pakistan targets Balochistan separatists after 'unprecedented' assaults|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/01/pakistan-targets-balochistan-separatists-after-unprecedented-assaults|work=The Guardian|date=2026-02-01|access-date=2026-02-02|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Shah Meer|last=Baloch}}</ref>

==Conflict in Iran==
{{Main|Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency}}

In 2014 it was estimated that there were about 2 million ethnic Baloch in Iran.<ref name="ba" /> In 2024, this estimate rose to 4.8 million.<ref name=":unpo">{{cite web |title=West Balochistan |url=https://unpo.org/member/west-balochistan |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]}}</ref>

In 1928, the new [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavī]] government of Iran was sufficiently well established to turn its attention to Balochistan. [[Dost Mohammad Khan Baloch]] refused to submit to the Pahlavīs, trusting in the network of alliances he had built up over the whole of the province south of the Sarḥadd. However, as soon as Reżā Shah's army under General Amīr [[Amanullah Jahanbani]] arrived in the area, the alliances dissolved. Dūst-Moḥammad Khan was left with a relatively small force and few allies of any consequence- the Persian army had little difficulty in defeating him. Once again Baluch political unity proved highly brittle. Dūst-Moḥammad eventually surrendered and was pardoned on condition he live in [[Tehran]]. After a year, he escaped while on a hunting trip, but was recaptured and hanged for the murder of his guard during his escape.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Spooner|first=Brian|title=BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography (cont.)|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-ia|date=15 December 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Naseer Dashti|title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0Jg3q33mkgC&pg=PA280|date=8 October 2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-5897-5|page=280}}</ref> Baloch activists complained that the new governance was centralised and dominated by the Persians, "forcing the Baloch community and other minorities to fight to protect their rights."<ref name="ba" />

Baloch people in Iran have several grievances. The Shi'ite Islamic revolution perceived the predominantly Sunni Baloch as a "threat". [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Sistan-e-Balochistan]], the province where Baloch have traditionally lived in Iran, is the worst performing province in Iran for life expectancy, adult literacy, primary school enrolment, access to improved water sources, sanitation and infant mortality rate. Despite its important natural resources (gas, gold, copper, oil and uranium), it also has the lowest per capita income in Iran. Almost 80% of the Baloch live under the poverty line.<ref name="ba" />

===Attacks by insurgents===
In the early 2000s the radical Islamist group [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] became active in Balochistan. The [[al Qaeda]]-linked extremist organization has branches in both Iran and Pakistan. From 2003 to 2012, an estimated 296 people were killed in Jundullah-related violence in Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ucdp.uu.se/#/statebased/755|title=Government of Iran – Jondullah|publisher=Uppsala Conflict Data Program|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001172908/http://ucdp.uu.se/#/statebased/755}}</ref> Attacks in Iran included [[2007 Zahedan bombings|bombings in Zahedan]] in 2007, which killed 18 people, and another [[2009 Zahedan bombing|bombing in 2009]] that killed 20 people. In 2009, 43 people were killed in a [[2009 Pishin bombing|bombing in Pishin]].
In July 2010, 27 people were killed in [[July 2010 Zahedan bombings|bombings in Zahedan]]. In 2010, a [[2010 Chabahar suicide bombing|suicide bombing in Chabahar]] killed 38 people.

Among the deaths in the Pishin bombings were two [[Iranian Revolutionary Guards]] generals: [[Nur-Ali Shushtari|Noor Ali Shooshtari]], the deputy commander of the [[Ground Forces of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution|Revolutionary Guards' ground forces]], and Rajab Ali Mhammadzadeh, the Revolutionary Guards' Sistan and Baluchistan provincial commander.<ref name="bc" />

In 2010 the leader of [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]], [[Abdolmalek Rigi]], was killed, causing fragmentation of the group but not an end to insurgent attacks. In October 2013, the group ''[[Jaysh al-Adl]]'' (JAA, Army of Justice), killed 14 Iranian border guards in an ambush in the town of Rustak, near the town of Saravan. Shortly thereafter, the Iranian authorities executed 16 Balochs, on charges ranging from [[terrorism]] to [[Drug Trafficking|drug trafficking]].<ref name="ba" /> Another group, ''Harakat Ansar Iran'' (Partisan Movement of Iran, HAI) killed two [[Basij]] officers and wounded numerous civilians in an October 2012 suicide bombing against the mosque of Imam Hussein, in the port city of [[Chabahar]] ([[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]]).<ref name="ba" />

According to analyst Daniele Grassi, "[[Salafism]] plays an increasingly central role" for the "post-Jundallah" militants of JAA and HAI. "The rhetoric of groups such as HAI and JAA uses strongly anti-[[Shia]] tones. The two groups often refer to the Iranian Islamic Republic as a [[Safavid]] regime, in reference to the Safavid dynasty which introduced Shiism in Iran." Iran is also concerned about anti-Shia co-operation between the two groups and ISIS.<ref name="ba" />

Iran has accused America of supporting Jundallah "for years". The US government, which has officially designated Jundallah a terrorist organization, has denied this charge.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/01/is-america-helping-israel-kill-iranian-scientists-the-view-from-iran/251434/|title=Is America Helping Israel Kill Iranian Scientists? The View From Iran|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=15 January 2012|author=[[Robert Wright (journalist)|Robert Wright]]}}</ref> Iran has been angered by JAA's use of Pakistani territory as a refuge, and has threatened military operations in Pakistan to counter insurgent groups "on several occasions".<ref name="ba" />

===Impact on Iran-Pakistan relations===
{{see also|Iran–Pakistan relations}}{{Further information|Operation Marg Bar Sarmachar|2024 Iranian missile strikes in Pakistan|2024 Iran–Pakistan conflict|Iran–Pakistan border skirmishes}}
Relations between Iran and Pakistan are generally peaceful, but both countries have accused each other of harbouring Baloch militants, resulting in mutual distrust between them.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Zia Ur Rehman |title=The Baluch insurgency: linking Iran to Pakistan |journal=NOREF |date=May 2014 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/180927/31c68a20991b5a98b0dece4fd929c9c8.pdf}}</ref>

In January 2024, the Iranian and Pakistani militaries successively attacked separatist targets in border areas. Regional tensions had been stoked by Iran's [[2024 Iranian missile strikes in Pakistan|missile strikes]] and Pakistan's [[Operation Marg Bar Sarmachar|military operation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Experts react: What's really going on with Pakistan and Iran exchanging attacks? |date=18 January 2024 |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/experts-react-whats-really-going-on-with-pakistan-and-iran-exchanging-attacks/ |publisher=Atlantic Council |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

In late 2024, both countries agreed to work together and cooperate to put down the Baloch Insurgency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siddique |first=Abubakar |date=2024-12-03 |title=After Decades Of Mistrust, Iran And Pakistan Join Forces Against Militancy |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-iran-baluch-bla-balochistan-sistan/33216802.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Statement Third Quadrilateral Meeting of Foreign Ministers of China, Iran, Pakistan, and Russia |url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjbzhd/202409/t20240930_11501285.html |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China}}</ref> This included conducting a joint-airstrike and operation against [[Jaysh al-Adl]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Airstrike by Iran and Pakistan Kills 12 Members of Jaish Al-Adl and Injures 4 Others |url=https://balochwarna.com/2024/11/06/joint-airstrike-by-iran-and-pakistan-kills-12-members-of-jaish-al-adl-and-injures-4-others/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Balochwarna/> |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=صلاح الدین فاروقی به هلاکت رسید |url=https://www.sedayebourse.ir/news/508043/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=صدای بورس |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=Terror group says 12 members killed in joint Iran-Pakistan operation |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/505983/Terror-group-says-12-members-killed-in-joint-Iran-Pakistan-operation |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Drivers of insurgency==
In Balochistan, Pakistan, "drivers" of insurgency have been economic and cultural, involving immigration and human rights. The immediate reasons for joining one of the several separatist militant groups vary among militants with some citing the allure of power and excitement, a desire to honour their centuries-old tribal codes, gaining recognition for their region's distinct ethnicity and even a belief in hard-line communism.<ref name="nbc" />

''[[The News International]]'' reported in 2012 that a [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] survey conducted for the [[Department for International Development|DFID]] revealed that most of the Balochistan province does not support independence from Pakistan, with only 37% of ethnic Baloch and 12% of [[Pashtuns]] in Balochistan favouring independence. However, 67% of Balochistan's population favoured greater provincial autonomy, including 79% of ethnic Baloch and 53% of Pashtuns in the province.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 August 2012 |title=37pc Baloch favour independence: UK survey |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/624446-37pc-baloch-favour-independence-uk-survey |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072843/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/624446-37pc-baloch-favour-independence-uk-survey |archive-date=15 February 2017 |work=The News International}}</ref>

=== Economic inequality ===
Economic inequality, and Balochistan's status as a "neglected province where a majority of population lacks amenities" is a dimension in the conflict.<ref name=bd>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/704521/balochistan-ruling-elites-lifestyle-outshines-that-of-arab-royals|title=Baloch ruling elite's lifestyle outshines that of Arab royals|newspaper=Dawn|date=21 March 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=96–7}} Since the mid-1970s Balochistan's share of Pakistan's GDP has dropped from 4.9 to 3.7%.<ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA215|chapter=Resurgence of the Baluch Movement in Pakistan: Emerging Perspectives and Challenges|author=Rajsree Jetly|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|page=215|isbn = 978-1-136-51697-9}}</ref> Balochistan has the highest infant and maternal mortality rate, the highest poverty rate, and the lowest literacy rate in Pakistan.{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=96–7}}<ref name="psru" />

On the other hand, according to a report published in the Pakistani English-language ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' newspaper, members of Balochistan's elite society, including provincial government ministers and officials, own "pieces of land greater in size than some small towns of the country", and had luxury vehicles, properties, investments and businesses valued at millions of [[Pakistani rupee|rupees]].<ref name=bd/>

===Development issues===
====Gas revenue====
Balochistan receives less royalties per unit of gas than [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] provinces, since Balochistan's wellhead price is five times lower than in Sindh and Punjab (the gas wellhead price is based on per capita provincial income in 1953).<ref>{{cite web|title=Conflict in Balochistan|url=http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/20.pdf|website=Human Rights Commission of Pakistan|date=January 2006|page=56|quote=In Balochistan the wellhead price is $0.38 while it is approximately $2 in the other provinces|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012040400/http://hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/ff/20.pdf}}</ref> Furthermore, the government has returned little of the royalties owed to the province, citing the need to recover operating costs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Management of Oil and Gas Revenues in Pakistan|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTOGMC/Resources/336929-1266445624608/Pakistan_Conference_Finaldraft_Feb10.pdf|author=Gulfaraz Ahmed|website=The World Bank|date=March 2010|page=11}}</ref> Consequently, Balochistan is heavily in debt.{{sfn|ICG|2007|p=9}}{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=100}}

Balochistan Province receives Rs 32.71 per unit on gas revenues, including a royalty of Rs 13.90, excise duty of Rs 5.09, and gas development surcharge of Rs 13.72. Many private individuals with gas deposits on their land also receive payments. Many Balochs argue that such royalties are too low.<ref name=bl>{{cite news|title=Balochistan for increased share in gas revenue|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/968431/balochistan-for-increased-share-in-gas-revenue|newspaper=Dawn|date=28 September 2009}}</ref> In response, in 2011 Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani announced an addition of Rs. 120 billion (US$2.5 billion) to the gas development surcharge and royalty portion of the "Aghaz-e-Haqooq-e-Balochistan" package.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/271533/aghaz-e-haqooq-package-reassurances-aside-much-left-to-be-done-in-balochistan/|title=Aghaz-e-Haqooq package: Reassurances aside, much left to be done in Balochistan|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=11 October 2011}}</ref> However, royalties often do not trickle down to the common people in Balochistan due to the corruption and wealth-hoarding of Baloch tribal chiefs. This has hindered the growth of infrastructure.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

====Regional inequality====
Extensive road and rail links developed by British colonialists in northern parts of Balochistan province have brought greater economic development to areas mainly inhabited by ethnic Pashtuns, which has also heightened nationalism among ethnic Balochs living in the southern parts of the within the province.{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=100}}

====Gwadar====
Purchased by the [[government of Pakistan]] from [[Oman]] in 1958, the construction of the megaport of [[Gwadar]] beginning in 2002 became another source of grievances. Baloch complain that construction of the port relies on Chinese engineers and labourers, and few Balochs have been employed. A parallel town for workers at Gwadar is being built close to the old one to segregate Balochis from the growing influx of outsiders.

The Pakistani government has stationed soldiers in the area to secure it from insurgent attacks.{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=103}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://as.ucpress.edu/content/49/6/1071|title=Renewed Ethnonationalist Insurgency in Balochistan, Pakistan: The Militarized State and Continuing Economic Deprivation|author=Adeel|journal=Asian Survey |page=1079 |volume=49|issue=6|date=December 2009|doi=10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1071 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Monsoon: The Indian Ocean & the battle for supremacy in the 21st century|author=Robert D Kaplan|isbn=978-1-863-95502-7|publisher=Griffin Press|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-ZZZJbQcfwC&pg=PA106}}</ref>

===Multiculturalism and immigration===
Due to the historical shortage of skilled labour in Balochistan, skilled workers are often imported from other regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.balochistan.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=837:productive-sectors&catid=470:quetta-division&Itemid=17|title=Productive Sectors|website=Government of Balochistan}}</ref> Their arrival means new industries can develop, boosting the local economy; however, nationalists argue that this creates resentment among the local inhabitants.

After the Soviet invasion, around 4 million refugees from Afghanistan arrived and settled in the region which has resulted in substantial demographic imbalance.<ref name="td">{{cite magazine |author=Umair Jamal |date=11 February 2016 |title=Pakistan's Balochs Fear Minority Status in Their Own Province |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/pakistans-balochs-fear-minority-status-in-their-own-province/ |magazine=The Diplomat}}</ref> Perceived marginalization as a result of increased Pashtun migration from Afghanistan during the Afghan War drives the insurgency.{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=100}}

===Education issues===
A major factor in the Balouchistan conflict is education, which nationalists feel has been neglected. The government of Pakistan recognises that importing skilled labour from other regions has caused tensions in the region, and has thus sought to encourage scholarships for Balochi students so they can participate in development programmes. The quota for Baloch students in Punjab university was doubled in 2010 under the Cheema Long Scheme, on the order of Chief Minister Shabaz Sharif. The provincial governments of Sindh, Punjab and KP said they would take steps to encourage Balochistan students to enroll and benefit from 100% scholarships.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/545+Balochistan+students+to+get+admissions+in+Sindh,+Punjab...-a0196327344|title=545 Balochistan students to get admissions in Sindh, Punjab professional colleges|newspaper=Balochistan Times via The Free Library|date=20 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/269366-cm-doubles-baloch-studentsâ€™-quota|title=CM doubles Baloch students' quota|work=The News International|date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

===Military response===
Many Balochis have not tended to look favourably on the Pakistan army's intervention in politics as they see the military as dominated by [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]] and the interests of the Punjabis (who make up 45% of Pakistan's population) and lack representation for Balochis.{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=96–7}}

In the insurgencies themselves, the military's "harsh response" has led to "a spiral of violence".{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=104}} A report by the Pakistan Security Research Unit notes, "Islamabad's militarized approach has led to ... violence, widespread human rights abuses, mass internal displacement and the deaths of hundreds of civilians and armed personnel."<ref name="psru" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Baloch Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan: From Guerrilla War to Nowhere?|url=http://documents.tips/documents/baloch-ethnic-nationalism-in-pakistanpdf.html|publisher=Asian Ethnicity|author=Adeel Khan|date=27 May 2010}}</ref>

According to the [[International Crisis Group]] the attempt to crush the insurgency as in earlier insurgencies is feeding Baloch disaffection.{{sfn|ICG|2007|p=2}}
Moderate Balochis have been alienated from the government by the imprisonment of civilians without charges, and routine kidnapping of dissidents.{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=104}}{{#tag:ref|Researcher Mickey Kupecz credits the political domination of Pakistan by the military to the tendency to respond to the insurgency with "overwhelming force" rather than with a political approach. "That the Baloch issue has been handled militarily rather than politically makes sense given the lack of civilian control over the country. Despite the restoration of democracy after the departure of General Pervez Musharraf, the military remains the dominant political authority and pays no heed to the commands of the civilian government. ... Unsurprisingly, its response to nearly any problem has been one of overwhelming force. As a consequence, Balochistan has become a third front for the military ..."{{sfn|Kupecz|2012|p=105}}|group=Note}}

==Foreign support==
===Afghanistan===
{{main|Afghanistan-Pakistan relations|Durand Line}}

Afghanistan has provided sanctuary and training to Baloch separatists in 1948, in the mid-1950s, and more vigorously under the regime of Afghan President [[Mohammed Daoud Khan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Nation, Ethnicity and the Conflict in Afghanistan: Political Islam and the rise of ethno-politics 1992–1996|author=Raghav Sharma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JI6uDAAAQBAJ&q=Provided+sanctuary+and+training+to+baloch+separatists+in+1948&pg=PA88|page=88|publisher=Routledge|date=15 July 2016|isbn=978-1-317-09013-7}}</ref> In the 1970s, Daoud Khan's government established training camps in Afghanistan, at [[Kabul]]<ref name="Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan">{{cite book|title=Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan: The British, Russian, and American Invasions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UzJAAAAQBAJ|date=18 October 2010|last=Emadi|first=H.|pages=94–95|publisher=Springer|isbn = 978-0-230-11200-1}}</ref> and [[Kandahar]],<ref name="Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate">{{cite book|title=Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzGTDAAAQBAJ|date=1 July 2016|publisher=Routledge|last=Sirrs|first=Owen L.|isbn = 978-1-317-19608-2}}</ref> for Baloch rebels. These were the first modern training camps in the country.<ref>{{cite book|title=Satanic Purses: Money, Myth, And Misinformation in the War on Terror|publisher=McGill Queen's University Press|isbn=978-0-7735-3150-5|pages=17–18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XnrvAIB4PzkC&pg=PA17|author=R. T. Naylor|date=22 June 2014}}</ref> The camps in Kabul were under the supervision and control of Republican guards.<ref name="Dynamics of Political Development in Afghanistan"/>

The former Pakistani ambassador to the US, [[Hussain Haqqani]], wrote that in the 1970s training camps were set up in Afghanistan by Daoud to support Baloch separatists in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haqqani|first1=Husain|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military|date=2005|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|page=46|url=http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20%281%29.pdf|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013162307/http://www.pakhtunkhwa.pk/sites/default/files/Publications/Pakistan%20between%20Mosque%20and%20Military%20by%20Hussain%20Haqqani%20(1).pdf}}</ref> According to a student paper, "Pakistan's fear that a communist Afghanistan would embolden the Baloch and Pashtun Marxist separatists in the western Pakistani province of Balochistan was confirmed when Daoud began supporting Marxist Baloch and Pashtun groups in eastern Afghanistan".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/234734195/Balochistan-Af-Pak-s-Forgotton-Frontier|title=Balochistan: AF-PAK's Forgotten Frontier|first1=Rabeah|last1=Sabri|first2=Rani|last2=Mullen|page=12|quote=''Pakistan's fear that a communist Afghanistan would embolden the Baloch and Pashtun Marxist separatists in the western Pakistani province of Balochistan was confirmed when Daoud began supporting Marxist Baloch and Pashtun groups in eastern Afghanistan''|date=4 May 2009}}</ref>
{{cquote|As president, Daoud started antagonising Pakistan [...] He set up a training camp outside [[Kandahar]] for Baluch rebels to foment trouble across the border in Pakistan...
| author = [[Christian Parenti]]
| source = ''Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence'' (2011), p.103<ref>{{cite book|last=Parenti|first=Christian|title=Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie_XhXY_x9kC&pg=PA103|year=2011|publisher=Nation Books|isbn=978-1-56-858600-7|page=103}}</ref>
}}

Daoud Khan ended hostilities against Pakistan following the [[1975 Panjshir Valley uprising]] led by [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] against Khan's government. Visiting Pakistan in 1976, and again in 1978, Daoud Khan expressed his desire for peace between the two countries.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86w4DgAAQBAJ&q=Hostile+propaganda+ceased|author=Peter Tomsen|publisher=Hachette UK|date=10 December 2013|isbn = 978-1-61039-412-3}}</ref> In 1978, however, he was removed from office by a [[Saur revolution|communist coup]] in 1978, after which [[Nur Muhammad Taraki]] seized power and established the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. Nur Muhammad Taraki reopened the Baloch training camps in Afghanistan and once again started offering arms and aid to Baloch rebels.<ref name="Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate"/>

Iran had considered [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] as a group connected to [[Taliban]] and their [[opium]] revenues,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Zaidi|first=Syed Manzar Abbas|date=2010|title=Understanding the Appeal of the Taliban in Pakistan|journal=Journal of Strategic Security|volume=3|issue=3|pages=1–14|jstor=26463141|issn=1944-0464}}</ref> as well as receiving financial and ideological support directly from [[Saudi Arabia]] in collusion with other hard-line elements within [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last1=Maclean|first1=William|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-security-factbox-idUSKBN18Y2HZ|title=Factbox: Iran's Sunni militants boosted by regional sectarian tension|date=2017-06-07|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=2020-03-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011204356/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-security-factbox/factbox-irans-sunni-militants-boosted-by-regional-sectarian-tension-idUSKBN18Y2HZ|archive-date=11 October 2017|last2=Evans|first2=Catherine|language=en}}</ref>

According to [[WikiLeaks]] cables published in 2010, the then-president of Afghanistan, [[Hamid Karzai]], had been providing shelter to [[Brahumdagh Bugti]] for several years.<ref name="guardian123">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/wikileaks-cables-afghan-pakistani-fugitive|title=WikiLeaks cables reveal Afghan-Pakistani row over fugitive rebel|date=30 November 2010|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="guardian1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/93284|title=US embassy cables: Karzai admits to sheltering Baloch nationalists |newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 December 2010}}</ref> Brahumdagh Bugti, along with some 20 separatists, had fled to Afghanistan in 2006, and his presence in Afghanistan had created tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 2007 Pakistan's president, Pervaiz Musharraf, stated that Bugti was freely travelling between Kabul and Kandahar, raising money and planning attacks against Pakistani security forces. Musharraf repeatedly asked Hamid Karzai to hand over Bugti, which Karzai refused to do. In public, Afghan officials denied providing shelter to Bugti, but later, following a 2009 meeting between UN officials and Karzai, admitted that Bugti was indeed living in Kabul.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/192891|title=US embassy cables: Update on a UN official kidnapped by Balochi militants|date=30 November 2010|work=The Guardian}}</ref> While speaking to ''The Guardian'', Bugti admitted that he was leading the fight against Pakistan's army.<ref name="guardian123"/> In 2010 he travelled to Switzerland and took up residence there. In 2017, his request for political asylum was rejected by Swiss authorities on the grounds that he had been linked to "incidents of terrorism, violence and militant activities".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/168939-swiss-govt-rejects-political-asylum-request-of-brahumdagh-bugti|title=After banning Mehran, Swiss reject Brahumdagh Bugti's request for asylum|date=22 November 2017|work=Geo News}}</ref>

In June 2012, the then-Chief of the [[Frontier Corps]] troops in Balochistan, [[Major general (Pakistan)|Major General]] [[Obaidullah Khan Khattak]], said that "over 30 militant camps" had been established in Afghanistan. The camps receive support from Afghanistan and are used "to launch terrorist and anti-state activities in Balochistan".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/03-Jun-2012/39-training-camps-in-afghanistan-fuelling-balochistan-unrest-fc-ig|title=39 training camps in Afghanistan fuelling Balochistan unrest: FC IG|publisher=Nation.pk|date=3 June 2012|author=Bari Baloch}}</ref> [[Malik Siraj Akbar]], a Washington-based analyst, states that Afghanistan has always been a relatively safe hideout for the Baloch nationalist militants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/Pakistani-separatists-vow-to-target-Belt-and-Road-projects|title=Pakistani separatists vow to target Belt and Road projects|access-date=8 January 2018|newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review}}</ref>

On 25 December 2018, [[Aslam Baloch]], alias Achu, and six other Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) commanders were killed in a suicide attack in [[Kandahar]], Afghanistan.<ref name="Reuters13">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-separatists/alleged-leader-of-chinese-consulate-attack-in-pakistan-reported-killed-idUSKCN1OP12H|title=Alleged leader of Chinese consulate attack in Pakistan reported killed|access-date=26 December 2018|work=Reuters}}</ref> A BLA spokesman confirmed their deaths.<ref name="Reuters13"/> Afghan officials stated that General [[Abdul Raziq Achakzai]] had housed Aslam Baloch and other separatist in Kandahar for years.<ref name="New York Times13"/><ref name="Business Standard13">{{cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/bla-commander-aslam-baloch-killed-in-kandahar-bombings-say-sources-118122600987_1.html|title=BLA commander Aslam Baloch killed in Kandahar bombings, say sources|access-date=26 December 2018|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> Moreover, the Afghan news channel [[TOLOnews]] reported that Aslam Baloch had been residing in Afghanistan since 2005.<ref name="Tolo News13">{{cite news|url=https://www.tolonews.com/afghanistan/baloch-separatist-leader-killed-kandahar-attack-reports|title=Baloch Separatist Leader Killed In Kandahar Attack: Reports|access-date=26 December 2018|quote=The Baloch separatist Aslam Baloch was living in Afghanistan's Kandahar province since 2005|publisher=Tolo news}}</ref> According to [[Afghan National Police|Kandahar police chief]] Tadin Khan Achakzai, Aslam Baloch and Abdul Raziq Achakzai were 'close friends' and that 'Afghans will continue supporting separatist groups in their fight against the government of Pakistan'.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

On 23 May 2019, a similar attack took place in Aino Mina, [[Kandahar]]. Laghari Bugti and three other Baloch insurgents were killed, while a further twelve were injured.<ref name="Shah wali">{{cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/400424/car-bomb-targets-baloch-insurgents-in-kandahar/|title=Car Bomb targets Baloch insurgents in Kandahar|date=25 May 2019|work=Daily Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525052431/https://dailytimes.com.pk/400424/car-bomb-targets-baloch-insurgents-in-kandahar/|archive-date=25 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Afghan provincial council member Yousaf Younasi .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/breaking-news/one-dead-16-wounded-in-kabul-mosque-blast/news-story/22a48ee3b1acdcb7ada8e62a760aaa8d|title=Two dead, 16 wounded in Kabul mosque blast|date=24 May 2019|work=Daily Telegraph|author=Amir Shah}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/breaking-news/one-dead-16-wounded-in-kabul-mosque-blast/news-story/22a48ee3b1acdcb7ada8e62a760aaa8d|title=Two dead, 16 wounded in Kabul mosque blast|date=24 May 2019|work=[[news.com.au]]|access-date=24 May 2019|archive-date=24 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524132742/https://www.news.com.au/world/breaking-news/one-dead-16-wounded-in-kabul-mosque-blast/news-story/22a48ee3b1acdcb7ada8e62a760aaa8d}}</ref><ref name="aslam">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/afghan-police-official-says-blast-at-kabul-mosque-kills-2/2019/05/24/8e7a2f58-7e0b-11e9-b1f3-b233fe5811ef_story.html|title=Afghan police official says blast at Kabul mosque kills 2|date=24 May 2019|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> said it was the second attack on Baloch Liberation Army members in recent years in [[Kandahar]]'s posh Aino Mina residential area, and that [[Aslam Baloch]], alias Achu, had been killed in the same area.<ref name="aslam"/> Baloch separatist leader Sher Muhammad Bugti confirmed that the attack had taken place, but said that target of the attack was a senior separatist leader, Shah Wali Bugti. He said that 'Baloch separatist are not safe in Kandahar and they have come under attack in three places over the past few months'.<ref name="Shah wali"/> Kandahar Police Chief Tadin Khan stated that the attack in Aino Mena took place outside the house of a former [[National Directorate of Security]] (NDS) official.<ref name="Shah wali"/>

The Afghan [[National Resistance Front]]'s foreign relations head, [[Ali Nazary]], strongly condemned the [[2025 Jaffar Express hijacking]] and expressed condolences to the people of Pakistan along with the families of the victims, holding the Taliban responsible for harbouring the militants (referring to the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]]) responsible for the attack, accusing them of contributing to the growing instability in the region.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2025|title=Taliban Harbouring Terror Groups, Causing Regional Instability, Says NRF|url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202503130056|work=Afghanistan International|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Nazary|first1=Ali Maisam|date=12 March 2025|title=We strongly condemn the terrorist attack on the Jaffar Express passenger train in Pakistan's Baluchistan province and extend our deepest condolences to the Pakistani nation and the families of the victims.|url=https://x.com/alinazary/status/1899876494991909349|publisher=X.com}}</ref>

On 10 April 2025, an explosion in Kandahar’s Aino Mina neighbourhood reportedly killed 12 members of Pakistani militant groups, including the [[Baloch Liberation Army]] (BLA) and the [[Pakistani Taliban]] (TTP), and wounded five others, according to local sources. The blast occurred as militants were leaving a gathering, but Taliban officials denied any airstrike, attributing the explosion to old or decaying munitions stored near the anti-narcotics department. Residents reported hearing a powerful blast followed by gunfire, and that local emergency crews responded to contain the incident.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sirat|first1=Siyar|title=12 reported killed in Kandahar airstrike targeting Pakistani militants, Taliban deny attack|url=https://amu.tv/168011/|work=Amu TV|date=10 April 2025}}</ref>

===India===
{{Further|India and state-sponsored terrorism}}
Avinash Paliwal claims that in the 1970s, Junior level Indian intelligence officers were actively involved in operations in Balochistan. In a book he authored, Paliwal says these officers claim that "we gave Baloch everything, from money to guns, during the 1970s, everything".<ref name="AP" /> He further states that, like Pakistan and India, Iraq and Iran were bitter rivals. As a result, Pakistan and Iran had developed closer relations with each other, while India and Iraq did likewise. Arming Baloch insurgents in Iran and Pakistan was in the interest of both Iraq and India. Militant groups like Pasthun Zalmay, which were made up of Baloch and Pashtun militants, were in direct contact with Kabul as well as with Indian and Iraqi missions in Afghanistan.<ref name="AP" /> Pashtun Zalmay was responsible for a series of bomb blasts and other insurgent activities in Pakistan. As a consequence, relations between Iran and India deteriorated so much that in 1975, Indian diplomat [[Ram Sathe|Ram D. Sathe]] sent a secret letter to
the Indian ambassador in [[Tehran]] in which he claimed that "it will be [only] a few more days before Iranians will stridently back Pakistanis (on [[Kashmir]]) ... Personally I do not think we should be under any illusion about this matter. I think Iranians will definitely back the Pakistanis".<ref name="AP" />

Later on, in 2008, Paliwal claimed that if there had ever been an India-Afghanistan axis on Balochistan, it would likely have been in full play during this period. Afghan [[National Directorate of Security|intelligence]] chief [[Amarullah Saleh]] and Indian diplomat [[Mayankote Kelath Narayanan]] were closely engaged with Baloch militants. Paliwal claims that even if Indian intelligence agencies denied direct support to Baloch insurgents, it was unlikely that they would have remained aloof from unfolding dynamics. [[Atul Khare]], who observed these events on a regular basis, confirmed that India had contacts with Baloch militants. India had given (limited) protection to sons and grandsons of Baloch leaders, as well as Akbar Bugti. However, Khare claims that India did not help Akbar Bugti when he was killed during the fight with the Pakistan Army. In January 2009, Baloch militants continued their attacks against Pakistan. Both Pakistan and the United Kingdom believed that India was providing support to the Baloch militants.<ref name="AP" />

The Indian newspaper ''The Hindu'' reported that [[Balochistan Liberation Army]] (BLA) commanders had, in the past, sought medical treatment in India's hospitals, often in disguise or with fake identities. In one such case, a militant commander in charge of [[Khuzdar]] city was based in [[Delhi]] for at least six months in 2017 while he underwent extensive treatment for kidney-related ailments.<ref name="thehindu" /> Baloch militants' visits to India were often under assumed identities.<ref name="thehindu" /> Similarly, another Baloch Liberation Army commander, Aslam Baloch (alias Achu), was also alleged to have visited India, where he met with people who were sympathetic to the Balochi cause.<ref name="thehindu" /> Aslam Baloch was also alleged to have been treated at a hospital in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1853189/1-chinese-consulate-attack-mastermind-treated-new-delhi-hospital/|title=Chinese consulate attack 'mastermind' being treated at New Delhi hospital|date=23 November 2018|work=Express Tribune}}</ref> Jitendranand Saraswati, the founder of the Hind Baloch forum, claimed that Indians were actively contributing to the "freedom struggle of Balochistan".<ref name="deccanhearld">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/indians-contributing-to-balochs-freedom-struggle-753671.html|title='Indians contributing to Baloch's freedom struggle'|work=Deccan Herald|date=11 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/indians-contributing-to-balochistans-freedom-struggle-hind-baloch-forum/1594859|title=Indians contributing to Balochistan's freedom struggle: Hind Baloch Forum|date=11 August 2019|work=Outlook India}}</ref>

According to [[Malik Siraj Akbar]], a Baloch journalist living in exile, there is a consensus among Pakistani authorities that India is behind the insurgency in Balochistan, without feeling a need to share evidence of Indian involvement.<ref name="x" /> Pakistan has repeatedly accused India of supporting Baloch rebels, starting with an attack in Gwadar in 2004 in which three Chinese engineers were killed.<ref name=ca>{{cite news|last=Butt|first=Qaiser|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/225958/balochistan-conflict-pms-talks-with-leaders-unlikely-to-succeed/|title=Balochistan conflict: 'PM's talks with leaders unlikely to succeed'|work=The Express Tribune|date=7 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=cb>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-evidence-that-india-aiding-pak-baloch-rebels/466814/|title=No evidence that India aiding Pak Baloch rebels|work=The Indian Express|date=27 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/India-and-the-Baloch-insurgency/article16564162.ece|title=India and the Baloch insurgency|author=Hamid Mir|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 July 2009}}</ref> Wright-Neville writes that the Pakistani government and some Western observers{{which|date=March 2022}} believe that India secretly funds the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA).<ref name=Wright-Neville>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Terrorism|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-4302-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgmXxoLHv8MC&pg=PA48|author=David Wright-Neville|edition=1st|pages=48–49|date=11 May 2010}}</ref>

The former American Af-Pak envoy [[Richard Holbrooke]] said in 2011 that while Pakistan had repeatedly shared its allegations with Washington, it had failed to provide any evidence to the United States that India was involved with separatist movements in Balochistan. He did not consider Pakistan's accusations against India credible. Holbrooke also strongly rejected the allegation that India was using its consulates in Afghanistan to facilitate Baloch rebel activity, saying he had "no reason to believe Islamabad's charges", and that "Pakistan would do well to examine its own internal problems".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/US-bails-out-India-from-Balochistan-wrangle/articleshow/4839468.cms|title=US bails out India from Balochistan wrangle|work=The Times of India|date=31 July 2009}}</ref> In 2009, a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]-based think tank, the [[Center for International Policy]], published a report stating that no evidence of Indian involvement in Balochistan had been provided by Pakistan, and that the allegations made by Pakistan lacked credibility, as Baloch rebels had been fighting with "ineffectual small arms".<ref name=cb/>

[[Brahamdagh Bugti]] stated in a 2008 interview that he would accept aid from India, Afghanistan, and Iran in defending Balochistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2008/07/24/bugtis-grandson-ready-to-accept-help-from-india-1216875825.html|title=Bugti's grandson ready to accept help from India|work=Oneindia |date=24 July 2008}}</ref> When asked about the alleged links between his group and India, he is reported to have laughed and said, "Would our people live amid such miserable conditions if we enjoyed support from India?"<ref>{{cite web|title=A Home-grown Conflict|author=[[Malik Siraj Akbar]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/Top-Article-A-Home-grown-Conflict/articleshow/4878167.cms|date=11 August 2009|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Baloch National Front]] secretary [[Karima Baloch]] claims that the allegations against India are an "excuse to label [the] ingrown Balochistan freedom movement as a proxy war to cover up the war crimes [the] Pakistani state has committed in Balochistan".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Desai|first1=Shweta|title=Pak's 'RAW' agent drama fake, excuse to label homegrown Baloch freedom movt India's proxy war to cover its war crimes: Baloch Students Organisation|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-pak-s-raw-agent-drama-fake-excuse-to-label-homegrown-baloch-freedom-movt-india-s-proxy-war-to-cover-its-war-crimes-baloch-students-organisation-2205458|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=24 April 2016}}</ref>

On 29 March 2016, the Pakistani government announced that it had apprehended a serving Indian naval officer, [[Kulbhushan Yadav]], who, in a video interview, admitted that he had been tasked by the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) with destabilizing Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/108863-Indian-spy-Kulbhushan-Yadav-confesses-to-spying-in-Pakistan-in-video|title=Indian spy Kulbhushan Yadav confesses to spying in Pakistan in video|newspaper=The News International|date=29 March 2016}}</ref> The [[Government of India|Indian government]] confirmed that Yadav was a former naval officer but denied that "this individual was involved in subversive activities in Pakistan at our [the Indian government's] behest",<ref name=":2" /> and asserted that he operated "a legitimate business in Iran", from where he may have been "abducted" by Pakistan or, (allegedly), by the extremist militant organization [[Jaish ul-Adl|Jaish-ul-Adil]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26612/Press_statement_on_video_released_by_Pakistani_authorities |title=Press statement on video released by Pakistani authorities |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424093002/http://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl%2F26612%2FPress_statement_on_video_released_by_Pakistani_authorities |archive-date=24 April 2016 |access-date=19 November 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Rijiju Slams Pakistan for Releasing Doctored Video on Arrested Man">{{cite news |title=Rijiju Slams Pakistan for Releasing Doctored Video on Arrested Man |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Rijiju-Slams-Pakistan-for-Releasing-Doctored-Video-on-Arrested-Man/2016/03/30/article3354578.ece |access-date=3 April 2016 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403141720/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Rijiju-Slams-Pakistan-for-Releasing-Doctored-Video-on-Arrested-Man/2016/03/30/article3354578.ece |archive-date=3 April 2016 }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-exclusive-extremist-sunni-group-jaishul-adil-kidnapped-indian-businessman-315537-2016-03-30 Revealed: 'Spy' Kulbhushan Yadav not caught but abducted by extremist Sunni group Jaishul Adil], ''India Today'', 30 March 2016.</ref> In 2017, [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]], was charged with espionage and sabotage and was [[sentenced to death]]. He was accused of operating a [[covert]] terror network within Balochistan.<ref name="Spy">{{cite news |last1=Masood|first1=Salman|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari|title=Pakistan Sentences Indian Spy to Death for Operating Terrorism Ring|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/asia/pakistan-india-death-sentence-spy-kulbhushan-yadav.html|work=The New York Times|date=10 April 2017|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409020139/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/asia/pakistan-india-death-sentence-spy-kulbhushan-yadav.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jadhav had confessed that he was tasked by India’s intelligence agency, the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), “to plan and organize espionage and sabotage activities” in Balochistan and [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Transcript of RAW agent Kulbhushan's confessional statement|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1248786|work=DAWN.COM|date=30 March 2016|language=en|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231024932/https://www.dawn.com/news/1248786|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Spy" />

In 2016, [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] criticized Pakistan and alleged human rights issues in Balochistan during an Independence Day speech.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Venkataramakrishnan|first1=Rohan|title=Independence Day speech: Narendra Modi brings up Balochistan in a clear signal to Pakistan |url=http://scroll.in/article/814039/independence-day-speech-narendra-modi-brings-up-balochistan-in-a-clear-signal-to-pakistan|publisher=Scroll.in|date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Pakistan condemned Modi's remarks, calling it an attempted diversion from [[2016 Kashmir unrest|violence in Kashmir]] and a reiteration of Pakistani allegations vis-a-vis Indian involvement in Balochistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1163326/pakistan-vindicated-modis-balochistan-reference-self-incriminating-aziz/|title=Modi's Balochistan reference self-incriminating: Aziz|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2016}}</ref> Modi's comments were welcomed by exiled Baloch separatist leaders<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/brahamdagh-bugti-is-a-traitor-says-balochistan-cm-nawab-zehri-116081801044_1.html|title=Brahamdagh Bugti is a traitor, says Balochistan CM Nawab Zehri|work=Business Standard|date=18 August 2016}}</ref> but sparked anti-India protests by political organizations and locals in Balochistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/indian-flags-set-ablaze-balochistan-following-narendra-modis-i-day-diatribe-against-pakistan-1576911|title=Indian flags set ablaze in Balochistan following Narendra Modi's I-Day diatribe against Pakistan|work=International Business Times|date=19 August 2016}}</ref>

On 8 October 2015, the Indian newspaper ''The Hindu'' confirmed the presence of Balaach Pardili, a representative of the [[Balochistan Liberation Organization]] (BLO), in India. Balaach Pardili hails from [[Afghanistan]]<ref name="AP" /> and has been living in Delhi since 2009. [[Hyrbyair Marri]], leader of the [[Baloch Liberation Army]] (BLA), had assigned Pardili the task of representing him in public events in India. Mr. Pardili appeared in public on 4 October 2015, under the banner of Bhagat Singh Kranti Sena (BSKS). His presence in India angered Pakistan. A Pakistani diplomat stated that in response to Pardili's presence in India, Pakistan could take up the issue in India's [[Insurgency in Northeast India|troubled North-Eastern region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistan-outraged-at-presence-of-baloch-activist-in-india/article7739733.ece|title=Pakistan outraged at presence of Baloch activist in India|date=9 October 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[Naela Quadri Baloch]] and her son Mazdak Dilshad Baloch also live in India. Mazdak Dilshad Baloch organises campaigns in India to support the Baloch cause,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/No-visa-for-Baloch-leader-Naela-Quadri/article15422374.ece|title=No visa for Baloch leader Naela Quadri|date=3 October 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> while his mother, Naela Quadri Baloch, is trying to gain support for the establishment of a Baloch Government-in-exile in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/naela-qadri-baloch-delhi-government-in-exile-346044-2016-10-11|title=Baloch activist Naela Qadri Baloch in Delhi to form government-in-exile|date=11 October 2016|work=India Today}}</ref> However, Naela Quadri Baloch's proposal for a Government-in-exile has been strongly opposed by other Baloch separatist leaders, such as [[Brahamdagh Bugti]], who claim that Naela Quadri does not represent the Baloch people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/naela-quadri-baloch-doesnt-represent-balochistan-says-brahamdagh-bugti-1301107.html|title=Naela Quadri Baloch Doesn't Represent Balochistan, Says Brahamdagh Bugti|date=12 October 2016|work=News 18}}</ref>

India officially denies the supporting Baloch separatists.<ref name="cb" />

===Iraq===
On 10 February 1973, Pakistani police and paramilitary [[Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy (Pakistan)|raided the Iraqi embassy in Islamabad]], seizing a large cache of small arms, ammunition, grenades and other supplies, which were found in crates marked 'Foreign Ministry, Baghdad'. The ammunition and weaponry was believed to be destined for Baloch rebels. Pakistan responded by expelling and declaring [[persona non grata]] the Iraqi Ambassador [[Hikmat Sulayman|Hikmat Sulaiman]] and other consular staff. In a letter to U.S. President Nixon on 14 February, Bhutto blamed India and Afghanistan, along with Iraq and the Soviet Union, for involvement in a "conspiracy ... [with] subversive and irredentist elements which seek to disrupt Pakistan's integrity."<ref>{{cite web|author=Shahid Saeed|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/04032011/page26.shtml|title=Caught! (But what?)|work=The Friday Times|date=March 2011|access-date=30 July 2013|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112055239/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/04032011/page26.shtml}}</ref>

In the 1980s, the [[Iraqi Intelligence Service]], encouraged by [[CIA]], supposedly helped Pakistani Sunni extremist group [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]], and the [[Mujahedin e-Kalq]] against Iran.<ref name="h" />

===Israel===
According to author [[Mark Perry (author)|Mark Perry]], CIA memos revealed that in 2007 and 2008 Israeli agents posed as American spies and recruited Pakistani citizens to work for [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] (BLA affiliate) and carried out [[false flag]] operations against Iran.<ref>{{cite news|title=False Flag|author=Mark Perry|work=Foreign Policy|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/13/false_flag|date=13 January 2012|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023122109/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/13/false_flag}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

In January 2012, an article by [[Mark Perry (author)|Mark Perry]] questioned the validity of the previous allegations, asserting that the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) "had barred even the most incidental contact with Jundallah."<ref name="False flag">{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/13/false_flag|title=False Flag|last=Perry|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Perry (author)|date=January 13, 2012|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324032847/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/01/13/false-flag/|archive-date=24 March 2015|access-date=October 16, 2016}}</ref> The rumors originated in an [[Israel]]i [[Mossad]] "[[false flag]]" operation; Mossad agents posing as CIA officers supposedly met with and recruited members of Jundullah in cities such as [[London]] to carry out attacks against Iran. President [[George W. Bush]] "went absolutely ballistic" when he learned of Israel's actions, but the situation was not resolved until President [[Barack Obama]]'s administration "drastically scaled back joint U.S-Israel intelligence programs targeting Iran" and ultimately designated Jundallah a terrorist organization in November 2010.<ref name="False flag" />

The [[Baloch Society of North America]] (BSNA) was a Baloch lobbying group founded in 2004 in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bso-na.org/|title=Welcome to BSO_NA|publisher=Baloch Council of North America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027064447/http://www.bso-na.org/|archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> by Dr. Wahid Baloch, a graduate of [[Bolan Medical College]] who had gone into self-imposed exile in the United States in 1992. Between 2004 and 2014, his group had been trying to gain American (as well as Israeli) support for the independence of Balochistan. He held meetings with several American Congressmen and allegedly had meetings with several [[CIA]] officials. Dr. Baloch had long claimed that the Pakistani government was committing acts of genocide against the Baloch people, and that Islamabad's aim was to plunder the province's vast mineral resources. In January 2014 he released a letter appealing to the United States and [[Israel]] for direct assistance in preventing an alleged "killing spree of Baloch people" by the "Pakistani army".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terminalx.org/2014/07/influential-baloch-lobby-group-in-us-decides-to-end-activism-against-pakistan.html|title=Influential Baloch lobby group in US decides to end activism against Pakistan|publisher=Terminal X|date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222084018/http://www.terminalx.org/2014/07/influential-baloch-lobby-group-in-us-decides-to-end-activism-against-pakistan.html|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref>

In May 2014, Dr. Baloch disbanded the BSNA, claiming that the War of Independence of Balochistan was actually a "war of independence of Khans, Nawabs and Sardars". He has since formed the Baloch Council of North America (BCNA), which has dedicated itself to working with all democratic and nationalist forces in Pakistan to secure Baloch rights through democratic, nonviolent means, within the federation of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bso-na.blogspot.com|title=Baloch Society of North America (BSO-NA)|publisher=Baloch Society of North America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227211415/http://bso-na.blogspot.com/|archive-date=27 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Saudi Arabia ===
Iran had considered [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]] as a group connected to [[Taliban]] and their [[opium]] revenues,<ref name=":4" /> as well as receiving financial and ideological support directly from [[Saudi Arabia]] in collusion with other hard-line elements within [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=":5" /> Others alleged that United States had long supported [[Low intensity conflict]] and [[assassinations]] with Saudi money, especially against nationalists, socialists, and [[Shia Islam|Shias]].<ref name="mena-electionguide.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mena-electionguide.org/details.aspx/13/Saudi%20Arabia/article1107|title=Saudi Arabia:The Iran-Saudi cold war|last=Brazier|first=James|date=Nov 10, 2008|publisher=MENA Election Guide|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227020420/http://www.mena-electionguide.org/details.aspx/13/Saudi%20Arabia/article1107|archive-date=2009-12-27|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Zoglin|first=Richard|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,965712,00.html|url-status=dead|title=Did A Dead Man Tell No Tales? - Printout|publisher=TIME|date=1987-10-12|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref>

American journalist [[Dan Rather]] had traveled to [[Pakistan]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Sweden]], and [[France]] investigating Jundallah and its funding sources. On the US cable channel [[HDnet]]'s television news magazine ''[[Dan Rather Reports]]'', he indicated that support comes from Balochis in Sweden where Radio Baloch FM is broadcast from [[Stockholm, Sweden|Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hd.net/transcript.html?air_master_id=A4686|title=HDNet Original Programming - Transcripts|publisher=Hd.net|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-date=6 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106163222/http://www.hd.net/transcript.html?air_master_id=A4686|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hd.net/iran.html|title=HDNet Original Programming - Dan Rather Reports|publisher=Hd.net|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418083152/http://www.hd.net/iran.html|archive-date=April 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hd.net/transcript.html?air_master_id=A5649|title=HDNet Original Programming - Transcripts|publisher=Hd.net|access-date=2009-10-20}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

===Soviet Union===
Pakistani scholar Syed F. Hasnat alleged that during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] (1979–1989), the [[Soviet Union]] helped establish the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]]{{sfn|Hasnat|2011|p=99}} which chiefly operates from southern Afghanistan.<ref name=Wright-Neville/>

The BLA was founded in 2000, although some media and analysts speculate that the group is a resurgence of prior Baloch insurgencies, specifically the [[1970s operation in Balochistan|Independent Balochistan Movement of 1973 to 1977]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Balochistan Liberation Army – Mapping Militant Organization|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/297|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319065647/https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/297|archive-date=19 March 2018|access-date=2 July 2019|work=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> According to some sources, two former [[KGB]] agents [[Code name|code-named]] "Misha" and "Sasha" were among the BLA's chief architects. According to them, the BLA was built around the [[Baloch Students Organization|Baloch Student Organization]] (BSO). The BLA disappeared following the [[Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan|withdrawal of the Soviet Union from Afghanistan]] as the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] withdrew funding.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 July 2011|title=Pakistan: Unveiling the Mystery of Balochistan Insurgency — Part One|url=http://www.newscentralasia.net/2011/07/18/archive-material-pakistan-unveiling-the-mystery-of-balochistan-insurgency-part-one/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703183349/http://www.newscentralasia.net/2011/07/18/archive-material-pakistan-unveiling-the-mystery-of-balochistan-insurgency-part-one/|archive-date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|work=News Central Asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=[Archive Material] Pakistan: Unveiling the Mystery of Balochistan Insurgency — Part Two|date=18 July 2011|url=http://www.newscentralasia.net/2011/07/18/archive-material-pakistan-unveiling-the-mystery-of-balochistan-insurgency-part-two/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042332/http://www.newscentralasia.net/2011/07/18/archive-material-pakistan-unveiling-the-mystery-of-balochistan-insurgency-part-two/|archive-date=24 September 2014|access-date=14 October 2014|publisher=Newscentralasia.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Williams|first=Kristen P.|title=Despite Nationalist Conflicts: Theory and Practice of Maintaining World Peace|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2001|isbn=0-275-96934-7}}</ref>

=== Syria ===
During the [[Third Balochistan conflict|1960s insurgency in Balochistan]], [[Syria]] had provided support to the [[Balochistan Liberation Front]].<ref name="stanford">{{cite web |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/457|title=Baluch Liberation Front – Mapping Militant Organisation|access-date=1 December 2018|work=web.stanford.edu}}</ref><ref name="Soviet">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLnCAAAAIAAJ&q=Third+Balochistan+conflict+-wikipedia|title=Baloch nationalism and Soviet temptation|isbn=978-0-87003-029-1|last1=Harrison|first1=Selig S.|date=1981|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> BLF itself was founded by [[Jumma Khan Marri]] in 1964 in [[Damascus]], the capital of Syria, and had played an important role in the 1963–1969 in [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province|Sistan and Baluchestan]] province of Iran, which had later spilled over into [[Pakistani Balochistan]].<ref name="Irpk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JP9UswEACAAJ|title=Baloch conflict with Iran and Pakistan|isbn=978-1-948288-08-8|last1=Dashti|first1=Naseer|date=17 November 2017|publisher=Black Lacquer Press & Marketing Incorporated}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
Iranian authorities had accused the United Kingdom of supporting [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundallah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2009/05/090529_op_zahedan_blast_jondulah|title=Reports: "Jundallah accepts responsibility for Zahedan blast"|date=29 May 2009|website=BBC Iran|publisher=[[BBC]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702122704/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2009/05/090529_op_zahedan_blast_jondulah.shtml|archive-date=2 July 2016|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8072795.stm|title=Middle East | Iran: Many die in Zahedan mosque bombing|date=2009-05-28|work=BBC News|access-date=2009-10-20|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-date=30 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530030548/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8072795.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In a [[BBC]] production "Panorama: Obama and the Ayatollah", a terrorist organization which had carried out acts of terror leading to death of civilians and children in Iran is briefly mentioned but not named, with the official prosecution files and their [[Interpol]] warrants blacked out in video. The international warrants call for their arrest under international anti-terrorism laws, which had not happened and Tehran blames western governments particularly the British government for protecting them from an international arrest.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l16kn|title=One Programmes - Panorama, Obama and the Ayatollah|date=8 June 2009|website=BBC One|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-date=9 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609082412/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l16kn|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United States===
In the 1980s, the [[Iraqi Intelligence Service]], encouraged by [[CIA]], supposedly helped anti-Shia Sunni Pakistani extremist group, [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]], and the [[Marxism|Marxist]]-[[Islamism|Islamist]] Iranian opposition group, [[Mujahedin e-Kalq]], against Iran.<ref name="h" />

In February 2010 a Jundullah leader captured by Iran, [[Abdolmalek Rigi]], alleged on Iranian TV "that the US had promised to provide" Jundullah "with military equipment and a base in Afghanistan, near the Iranian border" for its fight against Iran. Rigi did not mention assistance in fighting Pakistan (which Iran accuses of backing the Jundullah, according to the [[BBC]]). The US denied links with Jundullah, and according to the BBC, "it is not possible" to determine whether Rigi "made the statement freely or under duress."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8537567.stm|title=Iran Jundullah leader claims US military support|work=BBC News|date=26 February 2010}}</ref>

A report by [[Brian Ross (journalist)|Brian Ross]] and [[Christopher Isham]] of [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] in April 2007 alleged that Jundallah "had been secretly encouraged and advised by American officials" to destabilize the government in Iran,<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last1=Ross|first1=Brian|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/04/abc_news_exclus.html|title=ABC News Exclusive: The Secret War Against Iran|date=3 April 2007|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623051645/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/04/abc_news_exclus.html|archive-date=23 June 2007|last2=Isham|first2=Christopher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ross|first1=Brian|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com:80/theblotter|title=Bush Authorizes New Covert Action Against Iran|date=22 May 2007|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523081802/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter|archive-date=23 May 2007|last2=Esposito|first2=Richard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/156/26454.html|title=Bush Authorizes New Covert Action Against Iran|last1=Ross|first1=Brian|last2=Esposito|first2=Richard|date=22 May 2007|website=www.globalpolicy.org|publisher=[[Global Policy]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715113518/https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/156/26454.html|archive-date=15 July 2009|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=O'Carroll|first=Eoin|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0405/p99s01-duts.html|title=US backing 'secret war' against Iran?|date=2007-04-05|work=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=2020-02-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906033926/https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0405/p99s01-duts.html|archive-date=6 September 2007|issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/10/jundallah.html|title=Who supports Jundallah?|last=Sahimi|first=Muhammad|date=22 October 2009|website=FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau|publisher=[[PBS]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028180912/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tehranbureau/2009/10/jundallah.html|archive-date=28 October 2009|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> citing [[United States|U.S.]] and Pakistani tribal and intelligence sources.<ref name="stratfor.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.stratfor.com/iran_balochi_insurgents_and_iraq_tango|title=Free Article for Non-Members|date=2007-04-04|publisher=Stratfor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227142012/https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/iran-balochi-insurgents-and-iraq-tango|archive-date=27 February 2020|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref> The report alleges that U.S Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] discussed the activity of the group against Iran during his visit to Pakistan.<ref name=":12" /> In a [[blog]], the network stated that the support was believed to have started in 2005 and been arranged so that the U.S provided no direct funding to the group, which would require [[United States Congress|congressional]] oversight and attract media attention, drawing parallels between American support for Jundallah and U.S. involvement in [[Nicaragua]].<ref name=":12" /> The report was denied by [[Pakistan]] official sources,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rood|first=Justin|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/04/pakistan_denoun.html|title=Pakistan Denounces ABC News Report on Backing Iran Radicals|date=5 April 2007|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609073906/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/04/pakistan_denoun.html|archive-date=9 June 2007}}</ref> but [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] stood by their claim despite the denial.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last=Carter|first=Bill|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/15/business/media/15abc.html?ex=1347508800&en=ade79fbecbd7f5de&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss|title=Former ABC Consultant Says He Faked Nothing|date=2007-09-15|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2009-10-20|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110182055/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/15/business/media/15abc.html?ex=1347508800&en=ade79fbecbd7f5de&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss|archive-date=10 January 2008|location=France}}</ref>

[[Alexis Debat]], one of the sources quoted by Ross and Isham in their report alleging U.S support for the Jundullah, resigned from ABC News in June 2007, after ABC officials claimed that he faked several interviews while working for the company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rue89.com/2007/09/12/abc-news-investigates-one-of-its-terrorism-experts|title=ABC NEWS investigates one of its terrorism experts|last=Guillemette|first=Faure|date=12 September 2007|website=[[Rue89]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013101/http://www.rue89.com/2007/09/12/abc-news-investigates-one-of-its-terrorism-experts|archive-date=30 September 2007|access-date=27 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="WP">[[Howard Kurtz]], [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/12/AR2007091202333.html?sub=AR Consultant Probed in Bogus Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000929/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/12/AR2007091202333.html?sub=AR|date=13 October 2007}}, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', September 13, 2007 {{in lang|en}}</ref> Ross went on to say the Jundullah story had many sources, adding, "We’re only worried about the things Debat supplied, not about the substance of that story." According to Ross, ABC had found nothing that would undermine the stories Mr. Debat worked on. However, he acknowledged that as the stories of fabrications continue to roll in, the network "at some point had to question whether anything he said can be believed."; this caused the network, in 2007, to send a second team of producers to Pakistan investigating the original reports.<ref name="nytimes.com" />

[[Gholamali Haddadadel]], Iranian parliament speaker in 2007, told reporters that Jundallah is part of pressure tactics used by United States to subdue Iran, and hoped with Pakistani help, Iran would be able to defeat Jundallah.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/international/ticker/detail/Iranian_speaker_says_U_S_supports_terrorists.html?siteSect=143&sid=7692846&cKey=1175790190000|title=Iranian speaker says U.S. supports "terrorists" - swissinfo|last=Haider|first=Kamran|date=2007-04-05|website=swissinfo.org|publisher=[[Swissinfo]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209235329/http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/international/ticker/detail/Iranian_speaker_says_U_S_supports_terrorists.html?siteSect=143&sid=7692846&cKey=1175790190000|archive-date=February 9, 2008|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref>

On April 2, 2007, Abdolmalek Rigi appeared on the [[Persian language|Persian]] service of [[Voice of America]], the official broadcasting service of the United States government, which identified Rigi as "the leader of popular Iranian resistance movement" and used the title of "[[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]" with his name. This incidence resulted in public condemnation by the Iranian-American community in the U.S, many of whom are opponents of the Iranian government, as well as Jundallah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baztab.com/news/63969.php|title=Voice of America interview with Balochistan killer!|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410034234/http://baztab.com/news/63969.php|archive-date=April 10, 2007|access-date=April 4, 2007}}</ref><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftabnews.ir/vdchmvnm.23nwwdftt2.html|title=آفتاب - چرا VOA با عبدالمالک ریگی مصاحبه کرد؟|author=Behnegarsoft.com|publisher=Aftabnews.ir|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602043423/http://www.aftabnews.ir/vdchmvnm.23nwwdftt2.html|archive-date=2 June 2009|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://taftankhbar.blogfa.com/post-314.aspx|title=تفتان خبر - دکتر عبدالمالک ریگی و مصاحبه اش با صدای امریکا!!!!!!!!!!|last=Ahmadi|first=Amir|publisher=Taftankhbar.blogfa.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730025638/http://taftankhbar.blogfa.com/post-314.aspx|archive-date=30 July 2008|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mardomsalari.com/Template1/News.aspx?NID=1305|title=اکنش ايران به اقدام رسانه هاي آمريکا در تطهير چهره عبدالمالک ريگي|date=19 June 2007|publisher=Mardomsalari.com|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref>

Investigative journalist [[Seymour Hersh]] revealed another report in July 2008 that alleged that US congressional leaders had secretly agreed to former president [[George W. Bush]]'s USD 400 million funding request, which gives the US a free hand in arming and funding terrorist groups such as Jundullah militants.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/07/07/preparing-the-battlefield|title=Preparing the Battlefield|last=Hersh|first=Seymour|date=7 July 2008|magazine=The New Yorker|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403213950/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/07/07/preparing-the-battlefield|archive-date=3 April 2015|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref>

Three days after the 2009 terror attack against Zahidan mosque, Iranian speaker of parliament [[Ali Larijani]] claimed, that [[Iran]] had [[intelligence]] reports regarding the United States links with certain [[terrorist]] groups operating against Iran and accused the United States of commanding them. He also said that the United States is trying to start a [[civil war]] between Shia and Sunni segments of Iranian society.<ref name="atimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/IB24Ak01.html|title=Asia Times Online - Middle East News - Foreign devils in the Iranian mountains|last=Bhadrakumar|first=M K|date=2007-02-24|publisher=Atimes.com|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315090536/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/IB24Ak01.html|archive-date=15 March 2007|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref> Regarding the investigation of the terrorist act he added that Iran would want [[Pakistan]] to cooperate fully and not become a mere part of the designs against Iran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2009/06/090601_he_zahedan_larijnai|title=Iran Law Enforcement: Security in Zahedan|date=1 June 2009|website=BBC Iran|publisher=[[BBC]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114230051/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2009/06/090601_he_zahedan_larijnai.shtml|archive-date=14 January 2016|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref>

According to a 2007 article in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', Jundallah is just one part of a [[Black Operation]] Plan involving [[psychological operations]] and other [[covert operations]] to support dissents among minorities (Baloch, Arab, Kurds, Azeris, etc.) in Iran, which along with tactics of military posturing, risky maneuvers and occasional conciliatory gestures are designed to improve United States bargaining position in any future negotiation with Iran.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|last=Lowther|first=William|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1543798/US-funds-terror-groups-to-sow-chaos-in-Iran.html|title=US funds terror groups to sow chaos in Iran|date=2007-02-25|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=2020-02-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628043147/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1543798/US-funds-terror-groups-to-sow-chaos-in-Iran.html|archive-date=28 June 2008|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref name="stratfor.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftabnews.ir/vdcezw8jhz8on.html|title=US support for Jondallah assassinations!|author=Behnegarsoft.com|date=14 April 2007|publisher=Aftabnews.ir|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010055109/http://www.aftabnews.ir/vdcezw8jhz8on.html|archive-date=10 October 2007|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref> Furthermore, these [[Black Operation]]s build upon a coordinated campaign consisting of disinformation, placement of negative newspaper articles, propaganda broadcasts, the manipulation of Iran's monetary currency and international banking transactions.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://informationclearinghouse.info/article22930.htm|title=The Western press had clearly taken a side and had successfully managed to drag its uninformed audience along with it. News reports all refer to the continuing groundswell of protest to the election results as an "unprecedented" show of courage, resistance|date=2008-06-29|publisher=Informationclearinghouse.info|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831234321/http://informationclearinghouse.info/article22930.htm|archive-date=31 August 2009|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref>

Iranian Interior Minister [[Mostafa Pour-Mohammadi]] had said United States intelligence operatives have been meeting and coordinating with Anti-Iranian militants in [[Afghanistan]] as well as encouraging drug smuggling into Iran.<ref name="atimes.com" /><ref name="internationalpoliticalwill.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpoliticalwill.com/2009/06/iranian-paranoia-or-lessons-of-recent-history/|title=Iranian claims of US hand in mosque bombing may be true|date=2009-06-02|publisher=International Political Will|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-date=14 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114230050/http://www.internationalpoliticalwill.com/2009/06/iranian-paranoia-or-lessons-of-recent-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|date=2009-07-07|website=State.gov|publisher=US Department of State|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806163045/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm|archive-date=6 August 2009|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/international/world/2006-01/09/content_1154451.htm|title=US Accused of Backing Kidnappers of Iranian Soldiers -- china.org.cn|date=9 January 2006|website=www.china.org.cn|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227145859/http://www.china.org.cn/international/world/2006-01/09/content_1154451.htm|archive-date=27 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref> A former [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Army]] General Aslam Beg had accused the [[Coalition Forces]] in [[Afghanistan]] of training and supporting Jundallah against [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congresscheck.com/2008/07/10/former-pakistan-general-us-supports-jundullah-terrorists-in-iran/|title=Former Pakistan General: U.S. Supports Jundullah Terrorists in Iran|last=Nimmo|first=Kurt|date=2008-07-10|publisher=Congress Check|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022172501/http://www.congresscheck.com/2008/07/10/former-pakistan-general-us-supports-jundullah-terrorists-in-iran/|archive-date=October 22, 2009|access-date=2009-10-20}}</ref>

After Rigi was arrested on 23 February 2010, Iran's intelligence minister [[Heydar Moslehi]] at a press conference in Tehran claimed that Rigi had been at a US base in [[Afghanistan]] 24 hours before his arrest. At a press conference, he flourished a photograph which he said showed Rigi outside the base with two other men, though he gave no details of where the base was, or how or when the photograph was obtained. Photographs were also shown of an Afghan passport and identity card said to have been given by the Americans to Rigi. Moslehi also alleged that Rigi had met the then [[NATO]] secretary-general, [[Jaap de Hoop Scheffer]], in Afghanistan in 2008, and had visited European countries. He said agents had tracked Rigi's movements for five months, calling his arrest "a great defeat for the US and UK".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Spencer|first1=Richard|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/7300767/Iran-arrests-most-wanted-man-after-police-board-civilian-flight.html|title=Iran arrests most wanted man after police board civilian flight|date=2010-02-23|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=2010-05-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226222907/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/7300767/Iran-arrests-most-wanted-man-after-police-board-civilian-flight.html|archive-date=26 February 2010|last2=Osborn|first2=Andrew|location=London|last3=Waterfield|first3=Bruno}}</ref> On February 25 Iranian state television broadcast a statement by Rigi stating he had had American support and that<blockquote>"The Americans said Iran was going its own way and they said our problem at the present is Iran… not al-Qaeda and not the Taliban, but the main problem is Iran. We don't have a military plan against Iran. Attacking Iran is very difficult for us (the US). They [Americans] promised to help us and they said that they would co-operate with us, free our prisoners and would give us [Jundullah] military equipment, bombs, machine guns, and they would give us a base."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2014/02/23/292850/iranian-intelligence-figure-bin-laden-not-killed-by-us|title=Iranian Intelligence Figure: Bin Laden Not Killed by US - Politics news|date=23 February 2014|website=[[Tasnim News Agency]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220165530/https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2014/02/23/292850/iranian-intelligence-figure-bin-laden-not-killed-by-us|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref></blockquote>[[BBC]] News carried a report on the statements, noting that "It is not possible to say whether Abdolmalek Rigi made the statement freely or under duress." The US had denied having links with Rigi's group, Jundullah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8537567.stm|title=Iran Jundullah leader claims US military support|date=2010-02-26|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=2015-08-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228155323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8537567.stm|archive-date=28 February 2010|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Reuters also reported that Geoff Morrell, [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] press secretary, dismissed claims by the Iranian government that Mr. Rigi had been at an American military base just before his arrest. Morrell called the accusations of American involvement "nothing more than Iranian propaganda."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/world/middleeast/26tehran.html|title=Iran Leader Concedes No Ground to Rivals|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 February 2010|url-access=subscription|access-date=2015-08-19|last1=Fathi|first1=Nazila|archive-date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121125925/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/26/world/middleeast/26tehran.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a former U.S. intelligence officer, Rigi was captured by Pakistani officials and delivered to Iran with U.S. support: "It doesn't matter what they say. They know the truth."<ref name="False flag" />

On November 3, 2010, the U.S. Department of State officially designated Jundallah as a [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organization]], thereby making it a crime for any person in the United States or subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to knowingly provide material support or resources to Jundallah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/11/150332.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|date=3 November 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427134436/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/11/150332.htm|archive-date=27 April 2017|publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

In January 2012, an article by [[Mark Perry (author)|Mark Perry]] questioned the validity of the previous allegations, asserting that the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) "had barred even the most incidental contact with Jundallah."<ref name="False flag" /> Although the CIA cut all ties with Jundallah after the [[2007 Zahedan bombings]], the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and [[United States Department of Defense]] continued to gather intelligence on Jundallah through assets cultivated by "FBI counterterrorism task force officer"; the CIA co-authorized a 2008 trip McHale made to meet his informants in [[Afghanistan]]. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'': "Current and former officials say the American government never directed or approved any Jundallah operations. And they say there was never a case when the United States was told the timing and target of a terrorist attack yet took no action to prevent it."<ref name=":32">{{cite news |last1=Risen|first1=James|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/world/despite-cia-fears-thomas-mchale-port-authority-officer-kept-sources-with-ties-to-iran-attacks.html|title=Getting Close to Terror, but Not to Stop It|date=8 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=16 October 2016|last2=Apuzzo|first2=Matt|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114140721/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/world/despite-cia-fears-thomas-mchale-port-authority-officer-kept-sources-with-ties-to-iran-attacks.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On November 9, 2014, ''[[The New York Times]]'' published an article on the front page of its Late Edition, which states that an FBI counterterrorism task force officer by the name of Thomas McHale "had traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan and developed informants inside Jundallah's leadership, who then came under the joint supervision of the FBI and CIA."<ref name=":32" />

A February 2011 article by [[Selig S. Harrison]] of the [[Center for International Policy]] called for supporting "anti-Islamist forces" along the southern Arabian Sea coast, including "Baluch insurgents fighting for independence from Pakistan", as a means of weakening the "rising tide of anti-American passion" in Pakistan and heading off any alliance between Islamabad and Beijing – Pakistan having granted China access to a naval base at [[Gwadar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/free-baluchistan-4799|title=Free Baluchistan|work=The National Interest|date=1 February 2011}}</ref>

In late 2011, the Balochistan conflict became the focus of dialogue on a new US South Asia strategy brought up by some US congressmen, who said they were frustrated over Pakistan's alleged continued support to the Afghan [[Taliban]], which they said led to the continuation of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]. Although this alternative to the [[Obama Administration]]'s Af-Pak policy has generated some interest, "its advocates clearly do not yet have broad support".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/02/201222112203196390.html|title=Should the US support an independent Balochistan?|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

The [[US State Department]]'s official policy {{As of|2016|lc=y}} rejects secessionist forces in the Pakistani part of Balochistan, in support of the country's "unity and territorial integrity".<ref name="US policy">{{cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Anwar |date=24 August 2016 |title=US says it doesn't support Balochistan's independence |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1279639 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> The US in 2016, however, expressed concerns over human rights issues and urged parties in Pakistan to "work out their differences peaceably and through a valid political process."<ref name="US policy" />

The US State Department designated the Balochistan Liberation Army as a global terrorist organization on 2 July 2019.<ref name="USA"/>

==Decline in insurgency==
The separatist insurgency peaked after the death of nationalist leader [[Akbar Bugti]] in 2006. However, since 2013, the strength and intensity of the insurgency had gradually declined. The [[2013 Balochistan provincial election|2013 election]]s resulted in the formation of a coalition among Baloch and Pashtun ethno-nationalist political parties, which ruled the province for the next four years.<ref name="wane"/>

The decline of [[Marxist]] ideology is also one of the factors which limit the scope of the nationalist insurgency. The separatist groups follow Marxism, which has died across the world. Hence, the founding fathers of the Baloch revolution are dead and there are no ideologies to succeed them.<ref name="leadership">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/baloch-movement-stilled-by-lack-of-leadership-strategy-5963791.html|title=Baloch movement stilled by lack of leadership, strategy|date=26 January 2016|work=First Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214121114/https://www.firstpost.com/world/baloch-movement-stilled-by-lack-of-leadership-strategy-5963791.html|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, disagreements that mostly lead to clashes among the separatist groups, and attacks on pro-government leaders and politicians willing to partake in elections, have also contributed to the decline in separatist appeal.<ref name="wane">{{cite web|url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/pakistan-balochistan-separatist-insurgency-on-the-wane-despite-recent-attack/29889887.html|title=Balochistan's Separatist Insurgency On The Wane Despite Recent Attack|date=18 April 2019|work=Gandhara Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418151846/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/pakistan-balochistan-separatist-insurgency-on-the-wane-despite-recent-attack/29889887.html|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Another factor which limits the scope of nationalist insurgency is the infighting among the separatist groups. On 30 June 2015, the [[Baloch Liberation Army]] (BLA) clashed with the [[United Baloch Army]] (UBA), which resulted in the death of twenty separatists on both sides.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1191250|title=Clash between two militant groups leaves 20 dead in Dera Bugti|date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702144100/https://www.dawn.com/news/1191250|archive-date=2 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Previously, the BLA had attacked and captured one of the UBA's commanders and killed four other members of the UBA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stratagem.pk/armed-dangerous/factionalism-balochistan-insurgency-overview/|title=Factionalism in the Balochistan Insurgency – An overview|work=STRATAGEM|date=7 February 2017 |access-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422054425/https://stratagem.pk/armed-dangerous/factionalism-balochistan-insurgency-overview/|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moreover, the separatists have been losing ranks. Though the exact strength of the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) is not known, analysts believe that the BLA now only has several hundred fighters based out of the Afghanistan–Balochistan borderland. The group is the only one to survive out of other separatist groups ([[United Baloch Army|UBA]], [[Baloch Liberation Front|BLF]], [[Balochistan Liberation United Front|BLUF]] and [[Lashkar-e-Balochistan|LeB]]) that formerly operated in the region.<ref name="leadership"/> In April 2016, four militant commanders and 144 militants had surrendered under reconciliation.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2016 |title=144 militants including four commanders surrender in Balochistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1252887 |newspaper=Dawn}}</ref> 600 militants were killed and 1,025 surrendered after accepting reconciliation as of August 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 August 2016 |title=Second, third tier Baloch militants surrendered or killed |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/112866-Second-third-tier-Baloch-militants-surrendered-or-killed |website=Geo.tv}}</ref> In April 2017, another 500 Baloch rebels surrendered to the state, including members of [[Baloch Republican Army|BRA]], [[United Baloch Army|UBA]], and [[Lashkar-e-Balochistan|LeB]].<ref name="HT">{{cite news |date=21 April 2017 |title=Around 500 Baloch rebel militants surrender, pledge allegiance to Pakistan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/around-500-baloch-rebel-militants-surrender-pledge-allegiance-to-pakistan/story-qbk6xnZtd2Z0sHaYWcR6jJ.html |access-date=22 April 2017 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
{{bar box
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| bars =
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{{bar stacked|2008|369 |blue|134|green| 88|red|131|black| 16}}
{{bar stacked|2009|267 |blue|128|green| 88|red| 39|black| 12}}
{{bar stacked|2010|359 |blue|264|green| 66|red| 9|black| 20}}
{{bar stacked|2011|707 |blue|465|green|120|red| 45|black| 77}}
{{bar stacked|2012|945 |blue|624|green|177|red| 86|black| 58}}
{{bar stacked|2013|975 |blue|648|green|128|red|113|black| 87}}
{{bar stacked|2014|651 |blue|286|green| 82|red|230|black| 63}}
{{bar stacked|2015|636 |blue|216|green| 87|red|302|black| 31}}
{{bar stacked|2016|636 |blue|191|green|154|red|233|black| 58}}
{{bar stacked|2017|341 |blue|181|green| 78|red| 82}}
{{bar stacked|2018|383 |blue|234|green| 75|red| 65|black| 9}}
{{bar stacked|2019|180 |blue| 83|green| 54|red| 43}}
{{bar stacked|2020|215 |blue| 84|green| 94|red| 37}}
{{bar stacked|2021|308 |blue|111|green|107|red| 90}}
| caption = {{legend|blue|'''Civilians'''}} {{legend|green|'''Security Forces'''}} {{legend|red|'''Terrorists and Insurgents'''}} {{legend|black|'''Unspecified'''}}
Total fatalities by year in the Balochistan insurgency since 2000, including civilians, security forces, terrorists, and insurgents; may not all sum up to the total, as an "unspecified" category also exists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/pakistan-balochistan | title=Terrorism in Pakistan - Yearly Fatalities | SATP }}</ref>
}}

Furthermore, Baloch separatists themselves stand accused of human rights abuses.<ref name="nbc">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/former-balochistan-militants-recount-path-war-pakistan-n417036|title=Ex-Balochistan Militants Recount Paths to War With Pakistan|website=[[NBC News]]|date=30 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831133524/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/former-balochistan-militants-recount-path-war-pakistan-n417036|archive-date=31 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) published a 40-page report which accused Baloch nationalists of killing, threatening and harassing teachers.<ref name="hrw teachers">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/12/13/pakistan-balochistan-militants-killing-teachers|title=Pakistan: Balochistan Militants Killing Teachers|website=Human Rights Watch|date=13 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104230143/https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/12/13/pakistan-balochistan-militants-killing-teachers|archive-date=4 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Human Rights Watch (HRW) has also held separatists responsible for attacks on schools across the province.<ref name="hrw future">{{cite journal |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/13/their-future-stake/attacks-teachers-and-schools-pakistans-balochistan-province|title="Their Future is at Stake": Attacks on Teachers and Schools in Pakistan's Balochistan Province |access-date=24 April 2019|journal=Human Rights Watch|date=13 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003200104/https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/13/their-future-stake/attacks-teachers-and-schools-pakistans-balochistan-province|archive-date=3 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Another factor which limits the scope of nationalist insurgency is the lack of support from locals, as the majority of locals do not support separatist groups. Locals support political parties who use legislature to address their grievances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/asia/what-s-behind-the-baloch-insurgency-in-pakistan-25982|title=What's behind the Baloch insurgency in Pakistan?|work=TRT World|date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113003/https://www.trtworld.com/asia/what-s-behind-the-baloch-insurgency-in-pakistan-25982|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Human rights issues==
{{Main|Human rights violations in Balochistan}}

[[File:Free Balochistan poster, London.jpg|thumb|Poster against forced disappearances in Balochistan in London, UK]]
Human right organizations have held the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]] (BLA) responsible for ethnic cleansing in the province as [[Brahamdagh Bugti]] (the alleged leader of BLA), during a TV interview on 15 April 2009, urged separatists to kill non-Balochs residing in Balochistan. His actions allegedly led to the death of 500 non-Baloch citizens in the province.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/297|title=Balochistan Liberation Army - Mapping Militant Organization|access-date=2 July 2019|work=web.stanford.edu}}</ref> According to [[The Economist]], around 800 non-Baloch settlers and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] have been killed by Baloch militant groups since 2006.<ref name=af/><ref name=ag/><ref name=ai/>

Similarly, [[Human Rights Watch]] have also held Baloch militants groups like the BLA and the [[Balochistan Liberation United Front]] (BLUF) to be responsible for attacks on [[school]]s, teachers and students in the province.<ref name="hrw future"/> As a result, many teachers have sought transfer to secure areas such as [[Quetta]] or have moved out of province entirely.<ref name="hrw teachers"/> Separatist militants groups have also claimed responsibility for attacking and killing [[Journalist]]s in the province.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/another-journalist-gunned-down-second-three-days|title=Another journalist gunned down, second in three days|date=1 March 2013|work=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/reporter-gunned-down-balochistan|title=Reporter gunned down in Balochistan|date=28 June 2010|work=Reporters Without Borders|access-date=3 July 2019|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128192433/https://rsf.org/en/news/reporter-gunned-down-balochistan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/data/people/abdul-qadir-hajizai/index.php|title=Abdul Qadir Hajizai|work=Committee to Protect Journalists|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/47b1bbfc1e.html|title=Journalist murdered in Balochistan|date=11 February 2008|work=Refworld}}</ref> Apart from human rights organizations, Baloch separatists themselves have accused each other of being involved in human rights violations.<ref name="nbc"/>

From 2003 to 2012, an estimated 8,000 people were abducted by Pakistani security forces in Balochistan.<ref name=af/> In 2008 alone, more than 1,100 Balochi people disappeared.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Security Forces 'Disappear' Opponents in Balochistan|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/28/pakistan-security-forces-disappear-opponents-balochistan|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> There have also been reports of torture.<ref>{{cite web|title=We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years: Enforced Disappearances by Pakistan Security Forces in Balochistan|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/07/28/we-can-torture-kill-or-keep-you-years/enforced-disappearances-pakistan-security|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> An increasing number of bodies "with burn marks, broken limbs, nails pulled out, and sometimes with holes drilled in their heads" are being found on roadsides as the result of a "kill and dump" campaign allegedly conducted by Pakistani security forces, particularly Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and the Frontier Corps (FC).<ref name="economist.com">{{harvnb|The Economist|2012}}: "Since July 2010 over 300 battered corpses have been flung on roadsides and in remote areas across the province. Baloch activists and human-rights organisations believe these men, insurgents and activists, were victims of a "kill and dump" policy run by the Frontier Corps (FC), a paramilitary force that works with the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) spy agency. With burn marks, broken limbs, nails pulled out, and sometimes with holes drilled in their heads, the bodies are discarded, becoming food for dogs. The security forces deny any connection to the corpses. No one has been held responsible."</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Walsh|first=Declan|title=Pakistan's military accused of escalating draconian campaign in Balochistan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/28/pakistan-military-campaign-balochistan-hrw|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 July 2011}}</ref>

A 2013 report from the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]] identified ISI and Frontier Corps as the perpetrators for many disappearances, while noting a more cooperative stance from these agencies in recent years as perceived by local police forces.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/Balochistan%20Report%20New%20Final.pdf|title=Balochistan: Giving the people a chance|date=June 2013|publisher=Human Rights Commission of Pakistan|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809212240/http://www.hrcp-web.org/hrcpweb/wp-content/pdf/Balochistan%20Report%20New%20Final.pdf}}</ref> The [[Pakistan Rangers]] are also alleged to have committed a vast number of human rights violations in the region.<ref name=Catherwood>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHpFp2nsGyUC&pg=PA340|author1=Christopher Catherwood|title=Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-81-309-0363-7|year=2014|author2=Leslie Alan Horvitz}}</ref> No one has been held responsible for the crimes.<ref name="economist.com"/> However, Pakistani security officials have rejected all the allegations made against them. Major General Obaid Ullah Khan claim that Baloch militants are using [[Frontier Corps]] (FC) uniform to kidnap people and malign the good name of Frontier Corps. Baloch militants have also been found using military uniform which resembles the one used by Frontier Corps while carrying out their activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/gunmen-kill-14-people-after-forcing-them-to-disembark-from-buses-in-pakistans-balochistan-1.1555573851395|title=Gunmen kill 14 people after forcing them to disembark from buses in Pakistan's Balochistan|date=18 April 2019|work=Gulf News}}</ref>

A senior Pakistani provincial security official claims that missing person figures are 'exaggerated', that 'in Balochistan, insurgents, immigrants who fled to Europe and even those who have been killed in military operations are declared as missing persons'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/thousands-vanish-without-a-trace-in-pakistan-s-restive-balochistan-1.800511|title=Thousands vanish without a trace in Pakistan's restive Balochistan|date=8 December 2018|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208182526/https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/thousands-vanish-without-a-trace-in-pakistan-s-restive-balochistan-1.800511|archive-date=8 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Reports have shown that many people have fled the [[Balochistan, Pakistan|province]] to seek asylum in other countries because of the unrest caused by separatist militants.

Militant groups like [[Lashkar-e-Jhangvi]] had systematically targeted Shia Muslims in Balochistan, with about 600 being killed in attacks by 2017.<ref name=af/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/01-Jul-2016/balochistan-launches-crackdown-on-lashkar-e-jhangvi|title=Balochistan launches crackdown on Lashkar-e-Jhangvi|work=The Nation|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153922|title=Few answers for the families of the disappeared|author1=Momina Manzoor Khan |author2=Moosa Kaleem|date=5 December 2017|work=Herald Magazine|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/senior-police-official-killed-targeted-quetta-attack-171109070822022.html|title=Senior police official killed in targeted Quetta attack|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>

During a camp at [[Broken Chair]], Geneva, [[Baloch Republican Party]] (BRP) leader Sher Baz Bugti alleged that Baloch youth, women and children were kept in "[[torture cell]]s". BRP chief [[Brahumdagh Bugti]] called upon human rights organization, including the United Nations, to take steps to stop the alleged "Baloch genocide".<ref>{{cite news|title=BRP sets up camp in Geneva to highlight 'state atrocities against Baloch'|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1268562/brp-sets-up-camp-in-geneva-to-highlight-state-atrocities-against-baloch|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=2 July 2016}}</ref>

===Sunni extremism and religious persecution===
The activities of terrorist organizations such as [[Lashkar-i-Jhangvi]] and [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]], have produced a surge in religious extremism in [[Balochistan]]. [[Hindus]], [[Shia]]s (including ethnic [[Hazara people|Hazaras]]) and [[Zikri]]s have been targeted, resulting in the migration of over 300,000 of them from [[Baluchistan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-human-rights-commission-of-pakistan-worried-over-mass-migration-of-hindus-from-balochistan-2025679|title=Human Rights Commission of Pakistan worried over mass migration of Hindus from Balochistan|work=DNA India|date=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1130477|title=Meanwhile, in Balochistan|newspaper=Dawn|date=8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.shiapost.com/2014/08/25/pro-taliban-takfiris-hails-isis-baloch-zikris-hindus-threatened-to-death/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092159/http://en.shiapost.com/2014/08/25/pro-taliban-takfiris-hails-isis-baloch-zikris-hindus-threatened-to-death/|archive-date=3 September 2014|title=Pro-Taliban takfiris hail ISIS: Zikri-Balochs, Hindus threatened to death|newspaper=The Shia Post|date=25 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/08/gunmen-target-minority-sect-pakistan-20148299211109311.html|title=Gunmen target minority sect in Pakistan|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=29 August 2014}}</ref>

[[Baloch Liberation Front]] (BLF) and [[Baloch Liberation Army]] (BLA) have also targeted [[Zikris]] in the province.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/world/zikri-community-spiritual-leader-shia-father-son-duo-killed-in-pakistan-1543495/|title=Zikri community spiritual leader, Shia father-son duo killed in Pakistan|quote=Police said motor cycle-borne unidentified men opened fire on Mullai while he was returning home after solemnising the marriage of one of his devotees. The banned Balochistan Liberation Army claimed responsibility for the attack.|access-date=8 October 2016|publisher=India.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1195394/zikri-leader-shot-dead-kech/|title=Zikri leader shot dead in Kech|access-date=8 October 2016}}</ref>

===Supreme Court investigation===
There are more than 5,000 cases of 'forced disappearances' in Balochistan.<ref name="Lawlessness" /> Many are innocent and stuck in Pakistan's slow court system while others are in prison awaiting charges on a range of things such as gun smuggling and robbery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/pakistan/2010/04/09/feature-01|title=Guns smuggling on the rise in Balochistan|work=Central Asia Online|date=9 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430202004/http://www.centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/pakistan/2010/04/09/feature-01|archive-date=30 April 2012}}</ref> The chief justice of an apex court of Pakistan asked about the situation and said it was going out of control in Balochistan.<ref name="Lawlessness" /> The Supreme Court is currently investigating the "[[Missing persons (Pakistan)|missing persons]]" and issued an arrest warrant for the former Military Dictator [[Pervez Musharaff]]. Furthermore, the Chief Justice of the court said the military must act under the government's direction and follow well-defined parameters set by the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paktribune.com/news/Military-must-act-under-govt-direction-CJ-Iftikhar-245755.html|title=Military must act under govt direction: CJ Iftikhar|work=PakTribune|date=10 December 2011|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-date=8 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108035214/http://paktribune.com/news/Military-must-act-under-govt-direction-CJ-Iftikhar-245755.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Missing people found====
In June 2011, the prime minister was informed that 41 missing people had returned to their homes, false cases against 38 had been withdrawn and several others had been traced. The PM urged police to trace the missing people and help them to return to their homes.<ref name=traced/>
In 2011, government established a commission which registered 5,369 missing person's complaints. The commission claims to have traced more than 3,600 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/pakistan-the-fight-to-find-the-disappeared-in-restive-balochistan/29648415.html|title=The Fight To Find The Disappeared In Restive Balochistan|date=10 December 2018|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210201321/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/pakistan-the-fight-to-find-the-disappeared-in-restive-balochistan/29648415.html|archive-date=10 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2018, [[Balochistan National Party (Mengal)]] (BNP-M) claimed that around 300 missing Baloch persons had returned their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/382782-about-300-missing-persons-return-home-in-balochistan-bnp-m|title=About 300 missing persons return home in Balochistan: BNP-M|date=19 October 2018|work=The News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019084858/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/382782-about-300-missing-persons-return-home-in-balochistan-bnp-m|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly in January 2019, Voice of Baloch Missing People (VBMP) decided to suspend their protest after dozens returned to their homes. VBMP gave a list of 110 missing people which the VBMP expects the government to recover within two months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/01/16/missing-persons-vbmp-suspends-protest-after-govt-assurances/|title=Missing persons: VBMP suspends protest after govt assurances|date=16 January 2019|work=Pakistan Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404212011/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/01/16/missing-persons-vbmp-suspends-protest-after-govt-assurances/|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 29 June 2019, around 200 missing Baloch people were recovered according to Balochistan Home Minister [[Mir Ziaullah Langove]]. According Langove, VBMP had provided provincial authorities a list of 250 missing people and that the commission on enforced disappearances was also hearing about 40 cases of missing persons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1491126|title=200 Baloch missing persons have returned home so far this year: home minister|date=29 June 2019|work=Dawn News}}</ref>

====Supreme Court orders====
The Supreme Court apex court headed by Justice Iqbal decided ordered the government to the grant of subsistence allowance to the affected families. Justice Iqbal advised families not to lose hope. He said the issue of missing persons had become a chronic problem and, therefore, the Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances, constituted on the orders of the apex court, should be made permanent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/638417/missing-persons-families-may-get-allowance|title=Missing persons' families may get allowance|newspaper=Dawn|date=21 June 2011}}</ref>

==Effects and remedies==
===Development issues===
The government of Pakistan has repeatedly stated its intention to bring industrialisation to Balochistan, and continues to claim that progress has been made by way of the "Aghaz-e-Haqooq-e-Balochistan" package of political and economic reforms issued in 2009.<ref>{{cite book|title=Development Strategies, Identities, and Conflict in Asia|url=http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137331755|author1=William Ascher|author2=Natalia Mirovitskaya |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2013}}</ref> This is challenged by Baloch nationalist groups, who argue the benefits of these policies have not accrued to native Baloch residents of the province.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} Baloch nationalist groups continue to highlight the extraction of natural resources, especially natural gas, from the province, without discernible economic benefit to the Baloch people.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} Nonetheless, the government of Pakistan continues to insist that industrial zones are planned along the new [[Gawadar]]-[[Karachi]] highway. According to the government, this development is envisaged to bring accelerated progress in the future for the Baloch.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

In February 2006 three Chinese engineers assisting in the construction of a local cement factory were shot and killed in an attack on their automobile,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.sina.com/p/1/2006/0218/66032.html|title=Remains of killed engineers back home|work=Xinhua English|date=18 February 2006}}</ref> while another 11 injured in a car bomb attack by the BLA.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} China recalled its engineers working on the project in Balochistan.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} Progress in the hydro-power sector has been slow since then.

The people of the region have largely maintained a [[nomad]]ic lifestyle marked by poverty and [[illiteracy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/17427|title=Balochistan: August 11 Independence Day, Struggle against Pakistan Continues|website=UNPO|date=13 August 2014}}</ref> The indigenous people are continuously threatened by war and other means of [[oppression]], which have caused thousands of fatalities over many years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/02guest1.htm|title=The 5th Baloch war|website=rediff.com|date=2 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5109112.stm|title=Balochistan: Resource-rich and volatile|work=BBC News|date=25 June 2006}}</ref><ref name="war zone">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4372789.stm|title=Journalists find Balochistan 'war zone'|work=BBC News|author=Zaffar Abbas|date=22 March 2005}}</ref> Presently, according to [[Amnesty International]], Baluch activists, politicians and student leaders are among those that are being targeted in [[forced disappearance]]s, [[Kidnapping|abductions]], [[Arbitrary arrest and detention|arbitrary arrests]] and cases of [[torture]] and other forms of mistreatment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/pakistan-urged-investigate-murder-and-torture-baloch-activists-2010-10-26|title=Pakistan urged to investigate murder and torture of Baloch activists|publisher=Amnesty International|date=26 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027185144/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/pakistan-urged-investigate-murder-and-torture-baloch-activists-2010-10-26|archive-date=27 October 2010}}</ref>

===Economic effects and shortage of skilled workers and goods===
The chief minister of the province has said:
<blockquote>"A large number of professors, teachers, engineers, barbers and masons are leaving the province for fear of attacks, This inhuman act will push the Baloch nation at least one century back. The Baloch nation will never forgive whoever is involved in target killings... He said the government has approved three university campuses, three medical colleges and hospitals for Turbat, Mastung, Naseerabad and Loralai districts but there was shortage of teachers in the area".<ref>{{cite web|last=Baloch|first=Shahzad|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/37512/raisani-seeks-mandate-for-talks-with-insurgents/|title=Raisani seeks mandate for talks with insurgents|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=9 August 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

===MPA personal development budget===
Funding for Balochistan's annual development programme in 2010–11 was R27 billion, as compared to R13 billion in 2007–08. This allowed each Member of the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan a personal development budget of 180 million for their respective constituency,{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} with the figure increasing to 250 million in 2011–2012. However, critics argue that development funding does not resolve deep political issues, and that MPAs have no incentive to find political solutions with the insurgents when they believe they will receive more funding as long as the insurgency continues. There have also been allegations that MPAs are exploiting the PSDP programme to arrange kickback schemes and other forms of corruption.<ref>{{cite news|title=A recipe for failure|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/639911/a-recipe-for-failure|newspaper=Dawn|date=28 June 2011}}</ref>

===Gadani Energy Corridor===
Four coal-fired power plants will be built in [[Gadani]], creating a power corridor in Balochistan based on the [[Houston Energy Corridor]]. This was announced by Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] during a visit to the region. The Gadani Power Park is expected to generate 5,200 megawatts of electricity.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/01-Aug-2013/china-agree-to-set-up-4-coal-fired-power-plants-at-gadani-nawaz|title=China agree to set up 4 coal-fired power plants at Gadani: Nawaz|newspaper=The Nation|date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnbcpakistan.com/PM-Announces-Gadani-Energy-Corridor-news-17699.html|title=PM Announces Gadani Energy Corridor|publisher=CNBC Pakistan|date=23 July 2013|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015090033/http://www.cnbcpakistan.com/PM-Announces-Gadani-Energy-Corridor-news-17699.html|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Some nationalist groups objected to the project, saying they had not been consulted and instead favoured expanding access to electricity in the province rather than increasing capacity.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

===Farm subsidy===
The federal government announced that it would transfer Rs4 billion subsidy to Provincial Government to be passed onto farmers in Balochistan to promote the construction of tube-wells. The Provincial Government announced that it would also spend Rs3 billion to support the Federal Programme.<ref name=traced>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/634489/pm-hopes-all-missing-people-to-be-traced|title=PM hopes all missing people to be traced|newspaper=Dawn|date=5 June 2011}}</ref> However, high levels of corruption among civil servants and senior ministers may mean communities would only get a partial benefit.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Army Education City at Sui===
In January 2011, General [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]], then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Army]], announced the establishment of Education City in Sui. The military said it had built colleges in Balochistan, such as the Balochistan Institute of Technical Education (BITE) and the Gwadar Institute of Technical Education (GITE) with approximately 1,673 graduates. Around 22,786 Baloch students attend military-run educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=8617|title=COAS inaugurates military college in Balochistan|newspaper=The News International|date=3 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122090834/http://thenews.com.pk/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=8617|archive-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)]]
* [[Baloch nationalism]]
* [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]]
* [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]]
* [[Khanate of Kalat]]
* [[Baluchistan States Union]]
* [[Human rights violations in Balochistan]]
* [[Forced disappearance in Pakistan]]
* [[Balochistan Liberation Army]]
* [[MQM violence (1994–2016)]]
* [[MQM militancy]]
* [[Insurgency in Sindh]]
* [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
* [[Sectarian violence in Pakistan]]
* [[Terrorism in Pakistan]]
* [[Separatist movements of Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="AP">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WhNDwAAQBAJ&q=India+baloch|title=My Enemy's Enemy: India in Afghanistan from the Soviet Invasion to the US Withdrawal|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|last=Paliwal|first=Avinash|pages=38, 240 and 241|isbn=978-0-19-068582-9}}</ref>

<ref name="ba">{{cite news|last1=Grassi|first1=Daniele|title=Iran's Baloch insurgency and the IS|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MID-02-201014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020195321/http://atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/MID-02-201014.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=20 October 2014|newspaper=Asia Times Online|date=20 October 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="bc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8312964.stm|title=Iranian commanders assassinated|work=BBC News|date=18 October 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="irp">{{cite web|url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2011/aug/23/us-terrorism-report-mek-and-jundallah|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180701024030/http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2011/aug/23/us-terrorism-report-mek-and-jundallah|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2018|title=U.S. Terrorism Report: MEK and Jundallah|date=23 August 2011|work=The Iran Premier}}</ref>

<ref name="Lawlessness">{{cite news|author=Qaiser Zulfiqar|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/124125/lawlessness-governments-writ-severely-challenged-in-balochistan/|title=Lawlessness: 'Government's writ severely challenged in Balochistan'|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=26 February 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="p">{{cite web |title=Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century |publisher=Users.erols.com |url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="padl">{{cite news |title=Poverty And Discrimination Lead To Violence, Insecurity In Iran's Baluchistan |author=Abdolsatter Doshouki |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/poverty-discrimination-insecurity-in-iran-baluchistan/29548780.html |date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="psru">{{cite report|author=[[Sanaullah Baloch]]|url=https://issuu.com/sanabaloch/docs/balochistan-conflict---towards-a-l_20120413_162613 |url-access=subscription |title=Balochistan Conflict: Towards a Lasting Peace|publisher=Pakistan Security Research Unit|issue=7|date=March 2007|pages=5–6|via=Issuu}}</ref>

<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/explained-the-baloch-liberation-army/article28273960.ece|title=Explained: The Baloch Liberation Army|work=The Hindu|date=3 July 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="x">{{cite news |last1=Akbar |first1=Malik Siraj |title=Betrayal in Balochistan |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/malik-siraj-akbar/betrayal-in-balochistan_b_7302984.html |work=Huffington Post |date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
</references>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/Pakistan%27s%20Baloch%20Insurgency.pdf|title=Pakistan's Baloch Insurgency: History, Conflict Drivers, and Regional Implications|journal=International Affairs Review|year=2012|volume=20|issue=3|last1=Kupecz|first1=Mickey|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701152435/http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/Pakistan%27s%20Baloch%20Insurgency.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Siddiqi|first=Farhan Hanif|title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-68614-3}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C|title=Global Security Watch–Pakistan|isbn=978-0-313-34697-2|publisher=Praeger|last=Hasnat|first=Syed Farooq|edition=1st|year=2011}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/pakistan-forgotten-conflict-balochistan|title=Pakistan: The Forgotten Conflict in Balochistan|website=International Crisis Group Asia|issue=69|date=22 October 2007|ref={{sfnref|ICG|2007}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Chawla|first=Iqbal|title=Prelude to the Accession of the Kalat State to Pakistan in 1948: An Appraisal|journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan|volume=49|year=2012|url=https://www.academia.edu/13372388}}

==External links==
{{external links|date=January 2021}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613013534/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/0ADA0C78-0ECA-4090-B56B-DCCB85853F4F.htm Unrest simmers in Pakistan province]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120605142347/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-99110-The-real-Balochistan The real Balochistan] by Sana Baloch
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120604183709/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-101121-Balochistan-in-focus Balochistan in focus] by Rahimullah Yusufzai
* [http://www.oocities.org/pak_history/ethnicity.html Ethnicity and Provincialism in Pakistan] by Adnan Syed.

{{Ongoing military conflicts}}
{{baloch nationalism}}
{{Iran–Pakistan relations}}
{{Afghanistan–Pakistan relations}}
{{Pakistan separatist movements |state=collapsed}}
{{Post-Cold War Asian conflicts}}

[[Category:Insurgency in Balochistan| ]]
[[Category:Government of Liaquat Ali Khan]]
[[Category:Government of Yousaf Raza Gillani]]
[[Category:Government of Shaukat Aziz]]
[[Category:Baloch nationalism]]
[[Category:Imran Khan administration]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]]
[[Category:Politics of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Provincial disputes in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Guerrilla wars]]
[[Category:Separatism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:20th century in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:20th century in Iran]]
[[Category:20th century in Pakistan]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st century in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:21st century in Iran]]
[[Category:21st century in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Frontier Corps Balochistan (South)|Insurgency]]
[[Category:History of Sistan and Baluchestan province]]

Babu (name)

2026-03-16T05:33:19Z

YvetteSawtell2: article

'''Babu''' is a common [[given name]] in India, also found in other cultures.

==Notable people with this name==
===Given name===
* [[Babu (actor)]] (d. 2023), Indian actor
* [[Babu Antony]], Indian film actor in Malayalam movies
* [[Babu Janardhanan]], Indian film director in Malayalam movies
* [[Babu Ram Mandial]], Indian politician
* [[Babu Mohan]], Indian film comedian
* [[Babu Namboothiri]], Indian film actor in Malayalam movies
* [[Babu Narayanan]], Indian film director in Malayalam movies
* [[Babu Himmat Sah]], Founder ruler of [[Kohra (estate)]]
* [[Babu Amar Singh]], brother of Kunwar Singh, the ruler of [[Jagdishpur estate]], rebel leader in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] against British rule
* [[Babu Bhoop Singh]], Ruler of [[Kohra (estate)]] and Leader of [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Babu Kunwar Singh]], Ruler of [[Jagdishpur estate]], rebel leader in the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] against British rule

===Surname===
* [[B. Santosh Babu]], Indian Army officer
* [[D. Babu Paul]] (1941–2019), former member of the Indian Administrative Service
* [[D. Suresh Babu]], Indian film producer
* [[DJ Babu]], Filipino-American DJ and member of Dilated Peoples
* [[Fazlur Rahman Babu]], Bangladeshi actor
* [[Idavela Babu]], Indian film actor in Malayalam movies
* [[Jagapati Babu]], Indian film actor
* [[Mahesh Babu]], Indian actor
* [[Nagendra Babu]], Indian film actor and producer
* [[Prasad Babu]], South Indian film actor, who acted in Telugu and Tamil films
* [[Yogi Babu]] (born 1985), Indian actor and comedian

=== As a nickname ===
* [[Anderson Rodney de Oliveira]], known as 'Babù', Brazilian footballer
* [[Babu Bajrangi]], a criminal from India, responsible for the deaths of many people in 2002
* [[Babullah of Ternate]], called name “Sultan Babullah” (1528–1583), also known as “Babu”, an Indonesian heroes, and 7th Sultan and 24th ruler of the Sultanate of [[Ternate]] in [[North Maluku|Maluku]]
* [[Jorge Babu]] (1965–2026), Brazilian politician
* [[K. D. Singh (field hockey)]], Indian hockey player nicknamed 'Babu'
* [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] (often referred to as 'Babu'), Indian politician
* [[Pablo Márquez (wrestler)|Pablo Marquez]], Ecuadorian wrestler with the ring name 'Babu'

==Fictional characters==
* [[List of Seinfeld minor characters#Characters appearing in 2 to 4 episodes|Babu Bhatt]], Pakistani character on the sitcom ''Seinfeld''
* Babu, character in [[Jeannie (TV series)|''Jeannie'' (TV series)]]
* Baby Babu, fake baby monkey adopted by "The Creatures, LLC"
* Babu, a fake Austrian people who is the last year champion of the tournament in the 1994 arcade game ''Stack Columns''
* Babu Rao Ganpat Rao Apte, a character in [[Hera Pheri (film series)|''Hera Pheri'' (film series)]] played by [[Paresh Rawal]]
* Hurree Chunder Mookerjee, character in the Rudyard Kipling novel ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]'', mostly referred to as "Hurree Babu" or "the Babu"
{{given name|Babu|nocat}}

==See also==
*[[Babu (title)]]
*[[Babu (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian given names]]

Insurgency in Northeast India

2026-03-14T07:58:23Z

YvetteSawtell2:

{{Short description|Ongoing militancy in Northeast India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Insurgency in Northeast India
| partof =
| image = India-locator-map-NE.svg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Map of [[India]] with northeastern states highlighted red
| date = 1954–present ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year=1954}})
| place = [[Northeast India]] ([[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Tripura]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Mizoram]]), [[Bhutan]], and [[Myanmar]]
| status = [[List of ongoing armed conflicts|Ongoing as low level insurgency]]
* The [[Mizo National Front uprising|Insurgency in Mizoram]] ended in 1986 following the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]]
* The [[Insurgency in Tripura]] ended in 2024 following the [[2024 Tripura Peace Accord]]
| combatant1 = '''{{flag|India}}'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png}} [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
* {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Border Security Force]]
* [[SULFA]]<ref>{{Cite book|page=196|title=Neo-Liberal Strategies of Governing India|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|first=Ranabir|last=Samaddar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Zee News]]|title=Prominent SULFA militant killed|date=19 November 2007|url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/prominent-sulfa-militant-killed_408259.html|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907221322/http://zeenews.india.com/home/prominent-sulfa-militant-killed_408259.html|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
'''Supported by''':
* {{flag|Bhutan}} (from 2003)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 December 2003|title=Bhutan Army seizes ULFA HQ|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bhutan-Army-seizes-Ulfa-HQ/articleshow/362611.cms}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bangladesh}} (1971–2025)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|title=BSF: Insurgent camps on Bangladesh-India border have almost disappeared|date=19 December 2017|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2017/12/19/bsf-insurgent-camps-bangladesh-india-border-almost-disappeared|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611024655/https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2017/12/19/bsf-insurgent-camps-bangladesh-india-border-almost-disappeared/|archive-date=11 June 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{flag|Myanmar}} (from 2018)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[India Today]]|title=While India was glued to Balakot airstrike, army carried out mega strikes along Myanmar border|date=15 March 2019|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/while-india-was-glued-to-balakot-airstrike-army-carried-out-mega-strikes-along-myanmar-border-1478637-2019-03-15|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315175411/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/while-india-was-glued-to-balakot-airstrike-army-carried-out-mega-strikes-along-myanmar-border-1478637-2019-03-15|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| combatant2 = '''Separatist groups:'''
* [[United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia|UNLFW]]
** {{flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg}} [[National Democratic Front of Boroland]] (1986–2020)
** {{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]]
** {{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (operating mostly in Myanmar)
** {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]] (1964-2023)
* CorCom
** {{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[United National Liberation Front]] (1964–2023)
** {{flagicon image|Bandera FPRM Manipur.svg}} [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]]
** {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Kangleipak Communist Party]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of prepak.jpg}} [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]]
** {{flagicon image|Flag of KYKL.jpg}} [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]]
* {{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} [[Maoist Communist Party of Manipur]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Zomi Re-unification Organisation.svg}} [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]] (1997–2005)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kuki people.svg}} [[Kuki National Army]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Tani People.webp}} [[Tani Army]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png}} [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] (1989–2024)
* {{flagicon image|In tpdf.gif}} [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (1990–2024)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} [[Karbi Longri North Cachar Hills Liberation Front|Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front]] (2004–21)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Bodo Liberation Tigers Force.png}} [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]] (1996-03)
{{Collapsible list
| title = Other: |
* [[Garo National Liberation Army]] (2009–18)
* [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (2000–10)
* [[People's Democratic Council of Karbi Longri]] (2016–21)
* [[Adivasi Cobra Force]] (1996–2012)
* [[Mizo National Front]] (1954–86)
* [[Tripura National Volunteers]] (1978–88)
* [[Dima Halam Daogah]] (2009–13)
* [[United People's Democratic Solidarity]] (1999–2014)
}}
{{collapsible list
| title = Supported by:
| {{flag|China}} (claimed by India)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Indian Express]]|title=Chinese agencies helping North East militants in Myanmar|date=10 January 2017|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-agencies-helping-north-east-militants-in-myanmar-4468384/|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905004311/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chinese-agencies-helping-north-east-militants-in-myanmar-4468384/|archive-date=5 September 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}(until 1976)</ref>
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| {{flag|Myanmar}} (until 2018)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Myanmar support gives NE rebels a shot in the arm|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Myanmar-support-gives-NE-rebels-a-shot-in-the-arm/articleshow/47547895.cms|date=5 June 2015|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013192009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Myanmar-support-gives-NE-rebels-a-shot-in-the-arm/articleshow/47547895.cms|archive-date=13 October 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| {{flag|Bhutan}} (until 2003)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=Did Bhutan offer Rs. 200cr to ULFA for shifting base?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/did-bhutan-offer-rs-200cr-to-ulfa-for-shifting-base/story-WoixgwjxBdSMCH1p0zO93M.html|date=14 June 2014}}</ref>
| {{flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|CPI (Maoist)]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Armed Conflict, Peace Audit and Early Warning 2014|first=D|last=Suba Chandran|publisher=SAGE Publishing|year=2015|quote=Maoists, in turn, are said to be providing explosives (ammonium nitrate) and funds to the northeast groups.}}</ref>
}}
----
'''Jihadist groups:'''
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam|MULT Assam]] (1996–2016)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.jpg}} [[al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent|AQIS]] (2016–present)<ref name="TimesISI">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ISI-al-Qaeda-assisting-Assam-militants/articleshow/46675883.cms |title=ISI, al-Qaeda assisting Assam militants |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 May 2003 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730223855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ISI-al-Qaeda-assisting-Assam-militants/articleshow/46675883.cms |archive-date=30 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Droupadi Murmu]] ([[President of India|President]])
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]])
* {{flagicon|India|22px}} [[Amit Shah]] ([[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]])
* {{flagicon|India|22px}} [[S. Jaishankar|Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]] ([[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]])
* {{flagicon image|}} Dr.Sujoy Lal Thaosen ([[Director general]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg}} [[Anil Chauhan]] ([[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Upendra Dwivedi]] ([[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]])
* {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign_of India.svg}} [[Dinesh Kumar Tripathi]] ([[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]])
* {{air force|India}} [[Amar Preet Singh]] ([[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]])
* {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Daljit Singh Chaudhary ([[Border Security Force|Director general of police]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Rajnath Singh]] ([[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]])
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Rajesh Kumar Singh (civil servant)|Rajesh Kumar Singh]] ([[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]])
----
* {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] ([[King of Bhutan|King]])
* {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Lotay Tshering]] ([[List of prime ministers of Bhutan|Prime Minister]])
* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammed Shahabuddin|Shahabuddin Chuppu]] ([[President of Bangladesh|President]])
* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Myint Swe]] ([[President of Myanmar|President]])
* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Min Aung Hlaing]] ([[Prime Minister of Myanmar|Prime Minister]])
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title = Former:
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Zakir Husain]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[V. V. Giri|Varahagiri Venkata Giri]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[B. D. Jatti]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Zail Singh]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Pratibha Patil]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Morarji Desai]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Charan Singh]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Indira Gandhi]]{{KIA}}
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Rajiv Gandhi]]{{KIA}}
| {{flagicon|India}} [[V. P. Singh]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Inder Kumar Gujral]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Manmohan Singh]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Govind Ballabh Pant]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Uma Shankar Dikshit]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Hirubhai M. Patel]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Buta Singh]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Indrajit Gupta]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[L. K. Advani]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Shivraj Patil]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[P. Chidambaram]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[M. C. Chagla]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Dinesh Singh (politician, born 1925)|Dinesh Singh]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Swaran Singh]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[N. D. Tiwari]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Madhav Singh Solanki]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Sikander Bakht]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Jaswant Singh]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Natwar Singh]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[S. M. Krishna]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Salman Khurshid]]
| {{flagdeco|India|size=23px}} [[Sushma Swaraj]]
----
| {{flagicon image|}} V G Kanetkar
| {{flagicon image|}} Imdad Ali
| {{flagicon image|}} B B Mishra
| {{flagicon image|}} N S Saxena
| {{flagicon image|}} S M Ghosh
| {{flagicon image|}} R C Gopal
| {{flagicon image|}} P R Rajgopal
| {{flagicon image|}} Birbal Nath
| {{flagicon image|}} R N Sheopory
| {{flagicon image|}} S D Chowdhury
| {{flagicon image|}} Shival Swarup
| {{flagicon image|}} J F Ribeiro
| {{flagicon image|}} T G L Iyer
| {{flagicon image|}} S D Pandey
| {{flagicon image|}} P G Harlarnkar
| {{flagicon image|}} [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill]]
| {{flagicon image|}} S Subramanian
| {{flagicon image|}} D P N Singh
| {{flagicon image|}} S V M Tripathi
| {{flagicon image|}} M B Kaushal
| {{flagicon image|}} M N Sabharwal
| {{flagicon image|}} Trinath Mishra
| {{flagicon image|}} S C Chaube
| {{flagicon image|}} [[Jyoti Kumar Sinha]]
| {{flagicon image|}} S I S Ahmed
| {{flagicon image|}} V K Joshi
| {{flagicon image|}} A S Gill
| {{flagicon image|}} Vikram Srivastava
| {{flagicon image|}} [[K. Vijay Kumar]]
| {{flagicon image|}} Pranay Sahay
| {{flagicon image|}} Dilip Trivedi
| {{flagicon image|}} Prakash Mishra
| {{flagicon image|}} K. Durga Prasad
| {{flagicon image|}} [[R. R. Bhatnagar]]
| {{flagicon image|}} [[Anand Prakash Maheshwari]]
| {{flagicon image|}} Kuldiep Singh
----
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg}} [[Bipin Rawat]]
----
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Rajendrasinhji Jadeja]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[S. M. Shrinagesh]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Pran Nath Thapar]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Sam Manekshaw]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Gopal Gurunath Bewoor]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Tapishwar Narain Raina]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Om Prakash Malhotra]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Vishwa Nath Sharma]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Bipin Chandra Joshi]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Shankar Roychowdhury]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Ved Prakash Malik]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Sundararajan Padmanabhan]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Nirmal Chander Vij]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Joginder Jaswant Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Deepak Kapoor]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[V. K. Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Bikram Singh (general, born 1952)|Bikram Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Bipin Rawat]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag COAS.svg}} [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]]
----
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Mark Pizey]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Stephen Hope Carlill]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Ram Dass Katari]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Adhar Kumar Chatterji]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Jal Cursetji]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Oscar Stanley Dawson]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Laxminarayan Ramdas]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Vijai Singh Shekhawat]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Vishnu Bhagwat]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sushil Kumar (admiral)|Sushil Kumar]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Madhvendra Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Arun Prakash]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sureesh Mehta]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Robin K. Dhowan]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Sunil Lanba]]
| {{flagicon image|Admiral-ensign-Indian-Navy.svg}} [[Karambir Singh]]
----
| {{air force|India}} [[Subroto Mukerjee]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Aspy Engineer]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Arjan Singh]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Pratap Chandra Lal]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Om Prakash Mehra]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Idris Hasan Latif]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Dilbagh Singh]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Lakshman Madhav Katre]] †
||{{air force|India}} [[Denis La Fontaine]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Surinder Mehra]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Nirmal Chandra Suri]]
| {{air force|India}} [[S. K. Kaul]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Satish Sareen]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Anil Yashwant Tipnis]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Fali Homi Major]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Arup Raha]]
| {{air force|India}} [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]]
| {{air force|India}} [[R. K. S. Bhadauria]]
----
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Khusro Faramurz Rustamji]]
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Ashwini Kumar (sports administrator)|Ashwini Kumar]]
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Sharawan Tandon
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} K. Rama Murti
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Birbal Nath
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} M.C. Misra
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} H.P. Bhatnagar
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} T. Ananthachary
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Prakash Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} D.K. Arya
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Arun Bhagat
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} A.K. Tandon
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[E. N. Rammohan]]
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Gurbachan Singh Jagat
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Ajay Raj Sharma
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary]]
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} A.K. Mitra
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} M.L. Kumawat
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Raman Srivastava
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} U.K. Bansal
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Subhash Joshi
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} D.K. Pathak
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} K.K. Sharma
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Rajni Kant Mishra
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} V.K. Johri
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Surjeet Singh Deswal]]
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Rakesh Asthana]]
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} [[Pankaj Kumar Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|BSF Flag.svg}} Sujoy Lal Thaosen
----
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Kailash Nath Katju]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Swaran Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Bansi Lal]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[K. C. Pant]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Sharad Pawar]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[George Fernandes]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Jaswant Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[A. K. Antony]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Arun Jaitley]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Manohar Parrikar]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[M. K. Vellodi]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} O. Pulla Reddy
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[P. V. R. Rao]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} A. D. Pandit
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} V. Shankar
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Harish Chandra Sarin]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[K. B. Lall]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Govind Narain]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} D. R. Kohli
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Gian Prakash
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} S. Banerjee
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} J. A. Dave
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} K. P. A. Menon
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[P. K. Kaul]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} S. M. Ghosh
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[S. K. Bhatnagar]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[T. N. Seshan]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Naresh Chandra]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} K. A. Nambiar
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} T. K. Banerjee
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Ajit Kumar
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[T. R. Prasad]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Yogendra Narain]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Subir Dutta
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Ajay Prasad
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} Ajai Vikram Singh
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Shekhar Dutt]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Vijay Singh (civil servant)|Vijay Singh]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Pradeep Kumar (civil servant)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Shashi Kant Sharma]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[R. K. Mathur]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[G. Mohan Kumar]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Sanjay Mitra (civil servant)|Sanjay Mitra]]
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} [[Ajay Kumar (civil servant)|Ajay Kumar]]
----
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Singye Wangchuck]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Palden Dorji]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Lhendup Dorji]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Jigme Thinley]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Sangay Ngedup]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Yeshey Zimba]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Khandu Wangchuk]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Kinzang Dorji]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Sonam Tobgye]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Tshering Tobgay]]
| {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Tshering Wangchuk]]
----
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammad Mohammadullah]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Ziaur Rahman]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Abdus Sattar]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury|Abul Fazal Mohammad Ahsanuddin Chowdhury]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury|Badruddoza Chowdhury]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Iajuddin Ahmed]]
| {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Zillur Rahman]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammad Abdul Hamid|Muhammed Abdul Hamid]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mashiur Rahman (politician, born 1924)|Mashiur Rahman]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Shah Azizur Rahman]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Ataur Rahman Khan]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Moudud Ahmed]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Khaleda Zia]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Fazlul Haque (judge)|Fazlul Haque]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]]
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Sheikh Hasina]]
----
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Ne Win]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[San Yu]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Sein Lwin]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Maung Maung]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Saw Maung]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Than Shwe]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Sein Win (general, born 1919)|Sein Win]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Maung Maung Kha]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Tun Tin]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Saw Maung]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Than Shwe]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Khin Nyunt]]
| {{flagicon|Myanmar|1974}} [[Soe Win (prime minister)|Soe Win]]
| {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Thein Sein]]
| {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Htin Kyaw]]
| {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Win Myint]]
}}
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg}} [[G Bidai]]{{Surrender}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Arabinda Rajkhowa]] {{POW}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Paresh Baruah]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Tani People.webp}} [[Anthony Doke]] {{flagicon image|Bandera FPRM Manipur.svg}} N. Bisheshwar Singh {{Flagicon image|Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg}} [[Anup Chetia]] {{POW}} {{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} Kalalung Kamei {{flagicon image|Bandera UNLF.svg}} [[Arambam Somorendra]] {{KIA}} {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg}} [[Zapu Phizo|Angami Zapu Phizo]] {{KIA}}}} [[Laldenga]] {{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Karbi_Longri_N.C._Hills_Liberation_Front.svg}}[[I. K. Songbijit]] {{Surrender}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura.png}} [[Biswamohan Debbarma]] {{POW}} Durga Minz {{Surrender}} Xabrias Khakha {{Surrender}} {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Bodo_Liberation_Tigers_Force.png}} [[Prem Singh Brahma|Prem Brahma]] {{Surrender}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} Milton Burman {{POW}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.png}} Tom Adhikary {{POW}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} Men Sing Takbi {{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front.svg}} Pradip Terang {{Surrender}} {{Flagicon image|In tpdf.gif}} [[Ranjit Debbarma]] {{POW}}
----
{{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.jpg}} [[Asim Umar]] {{KIA}} {{flagicon image|Flag of AQIS.jpg}} Osama Mahmood
| units2 =
| strength1 = {{Flagicon|India}} 200,000 in Nagaland (1995)<ref name=Code>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121112118/http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~ksg/data/eacd_notes.pdf Uppsala conflict data expansion. Non-state actor information. Codebook] pp. 81–82; 176; 227; 249–250; 272–273; 291–294</ref> {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} 70,000 (1992)<ref name= Code /> {{Flagicon|Bhutan}} 8,634 (2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/bhutan |title=Countries at the Crossroads: Bhutan |work=[[Freedom House]] |year=2011 |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307224119/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/countries-crossroads/2011/bhutan |archive-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} and [http://www.raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btstmilitia01.html "Bhutan's Militia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173525/http://raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btstmilitia01.html |date=5 March 2016 }}. ''Kuensel''. 15 September 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</ref> {{Flagicon|Myanmar}} Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = '''2000–2026:''' 1,179 killed<ref name=SATP11/>
| casualties2 = '''2000–2026:''' 6,166 killed 22,535 surrendered 25,262 captured<ref name=SATP11/>
| casualties3 = '''2000–2026:''' 4,407 civilians killed<ref name=SATP11>{{cite web |title=Datasheet – Insurgency North East |url=https://www.satp.org/datasheet-terrorist-attack/fatalities/india-insurgencynortheast |website=South Asian terrorism Portal}}</ref>
}}
The '''Insurgency in Northeast India''' is ongoing armed conflicts in a number of [[India]]'s [[Northeast India|northeastern states]] between several militants groups with various political ideologies, including [[separatism]], [[communism]] and [[Christian nationalism]], and the [[Government of India|Indian government]].

Northeast India consists of eight states: the [[Seven Sister States|seven sister states]] of [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], and [[Nagaland]], and the brother state [[Sikkim]] included later. These states are connected to the rest of India by the [[Siliguri Corridor]], a strip of land as narrow as {{convert|14.29|miles||abbr=}} wide. Tensions have existed between insurgents in the seven sister states and the central government as well as amongst their native indigenous people and migrants from other parts of India and illegal immigrants for many decades now.

Since the middle of 2010s, insurgency in the region has seen rapid decline, with a 80% reduction in violence and an 89% drop in civilian deaths in 2022 compared to 2014.<ref>{{citenews|title=An era of peace in North East since 2014, 80% decline in civilian deaths, 6000 militants surrendered; Shri Thakur|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1884736&reg=3&lang=2#:~:text=The%20Minister%20spoke%20at%20length,seen%20an%2089%20percent%20drop.|date=19 December 2022|publisher=PIB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2020 |title=70 per cent decline in insurgency incidents in Northeast: Government |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/70-per-cent-decline-in-insurgency-incidents-in-northeast-government/articleshow/74477320.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 December 2025 |newspaper=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> [[Manipur]] has witnessed a rise in insurgent activities ever since [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] broke out in the state on 3 May 2023 between the [[Meitei people]] and the [[Kuki people]]. This has led to a new era in [[Insurgency in Manipur|Manipur's insurgency]] where militant groups witnessed a resurgence in membership.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=17 September 2023 |title=Reporter's Diary: Remembering the slain Manipur policeman I briefly knew |url=https://scroll.in/article/1056062/reporters-diary-remembering-the-slain-manipur-cop-i-briefly-knew |access-date=17 September 2023 |work=Scroll}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arunabh |first=Saikia |date=2 September 2023 |title=The return of Meitei insurgents marks a new turn in Manipur conflict. |url=https://scroll.in/article/1055257/the-return-of-meitei-insurgents-marks-a-new-turn-in-manipur-conflict |access-date=2 September 2023 |work=Scroll}}</ref>{{Internal conflicts in India}}

The [[2014 Indian general election]] had an 80% [[voter turnout]] in all northeastern states, the highest among all states of India according to Indian government. Indian authorities claim that this shows the faith of the northeastern people in Indian democracy.<ref name="Government of India">{{cite news |date=21 May 2014 |title=State-Wise Voter Turnout in General Election 2014 |work=Election Commission of India |publisher=Government of India |agency=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105116 |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604190700/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=105116 |archive-date=4 June 2014 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Indian [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] [[Anil Chauhan|Gen Anil Chauhan]] then [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army]] Commander had stated that as of 2020, the area of violence in the entire North-East has shrunk primarily to an area which is the tri-junction between Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and north Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Insurgency on decline in North East, tri-junction between Assam, Arunachal and north Nagaland arc of violence: Eastern Army commander |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/insurgency-on-decline-in-north-east-tri-junction-between-assam-arunachal-and-north-nagaland-arc-of-violence-eastern-army-commander-8042641.html |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=FirstPost |publisher= |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

== Reasons ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2025}}
Historically, the treatment of the Northeast as separate from the [[Mainland India|rest of India]] during the colonial era has continued to negatively affect its integration into the Republic of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phanjoubam |first=Pradip |date=2024-12-04 |title=The Northeast dares India to reinvent Itself |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Dec/04/the-northeast-dares-india-to-reinvent-itself |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223051708/https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2024/Dec/04/the-northeast-dares-india-to-reinvent-itself |archive-date=2024-12-23 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Present-day Northeast India started to be annexed into [[British India]] in the early 19th century to defend the eastern frontier from the incursions of the [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese Empire]], with [[British Assam|Assam]] becoming part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] until 1874.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalita |first=Jayanta |date=9 August 2023 |title=How India's northeast rose against the British |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-indias-northeast-rebelled-against-the-british/articleshow/93479614.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815181418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-indias-northeast-rebelled-against-the-british/articleshow/93479614.cms |archive-date=2022-08-15 |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Myanmar was part of [[British India]] for several decades; the dynamics of British rule in the region, which was the first time that a pan-Indian unit had fully conquered the [[Northeastern South Asia]]n space, and Myanmar's 1937 [[Separation of Burma|separation]] from Indian administration, still affect their border regions today.<ref>[https://dkiapcss.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/PDFs/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism//PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf Ethnicity, Ideology and Religion: Separatist Movements in India's Northeast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228135041/https://dkiapcss.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/PDFs/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism//PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf|date=2024-12-28}} Subir Bhaumik</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guyot-Réchard |first=Bérénice |date=2021 |title=Tangled Lands: Burma and India's Unfinished Separation, 1937–1948 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/tangled-lands-burma-and-indias-unfinished-separation-19371948/76F4F6EC5CB7E7CC1B4DE7E8730CA788 |url-status=live |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=293–315 |doi=10.1017/S0021911820000017 |issn=0021-9118 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226162303/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/tangled-lands-burma-and-indias-unfinished-separation-19371948/76F4F6EC5CB7E7CC1B4DE7E8730CA788 |archive-date=2024-12-26 |access-date=2024-12-26}}</ref>[[File:SevenSisterStates.svg|thumb|[[Seven Sister States|Seven Sister states]] of Northeast India]]

=== Ethnic diversity ===
North-East India is India's most ethnically diversified area. Around 40 million people live there, including 213 of India's 635 [[Indian tribes (India)|tribal groups]]. These tribes each have their own distinct culture, each tribal group disagrees with being combined into mainstream India because it means losing their unique identity, giving rise to insurgency.

=== Lack of representation ===
The long distance between mainland India and the northeast, as well as a lack of representation for the region in the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]], has contributed to the northeast being more neglected in the political framework of the country, which has served as a major reason behind the insurgencies occurring in the region.

=== East Bengali refugees ===
During the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], an estimated 10 million people from [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]) fled the country and took refuge in India, particularly in the Indian states of West Bengal and the Indian northeast, especially [[Tripura]] and [[Assam]]. This changed the demography of the area, resulting in greater competition between locals and refugees, which further contributed to the insurgency in the area.

=== Underdevelopment ===
The northeast has been traditionally neglected economically in India, with the region receiving low levels of investment from both the [[Government of India|Indian government]] and other investors.

=== Partitioned against will ===
{{See also|Northeast India inter-state border disputes}}
The partitioning of the Northeast by the British during colonial rule resulted in arbitrary divisions that continue to affect the region today. One significant outcome was the separation of Chittagong from the Northeast, altering geographical and cultural connections. Similarly, the division of the Kachin-Chin region and Eastern Nagalim further fragmented communities that had historical ties. Additionally, the intervention of leaders like Nehru and organizations like the UN in the region's affairs exacerbated tensions and deepened divisions. These actions not only disrupted the natural cohesion of the region but also sowed seeds of discontent that persist to this day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Sujal |date=April 11, 2024 |title=The Other Partition |url=https://partitionstudiesquarterly.org/article/the-other-partition/ |access-date=April 11, 2024 |website=Partition Studies Quarterly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hillvoice.net/en/history-of-partition-and-dominance-in-the-chittagong-hill-tracts/|title=History of Partition and Dominance in the Chittagong Hill Tracts|website=Hill Voice|date=14 August 2020 |access-date=April 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Sumir |date=3 February 2024 |title=Fencing India-Myanmar boundary: Securing nation or dividing people? |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/fencing-india-myanmar-boundary-securing-nation-or-dividing-people-2878013 |access-date=8 December 2025 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Mizoram (1966–1986) ==
{{main|Zomi nationalism}}

=== Mizo uprising (1966) ===
{{see also|March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising}}The '''Mizo National Front uprising''' was a revolt against the government of [[India]] aimed at establishing a sovereign nation state for the [[Mizo people]], which started on 28 February 1966.

=== MNF insurgency (1966–1986) ===
{{See also|Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India}}
[[Mizoram]]'s tensions were largely due to the simmering [[Assamese people|Assamese]] domination and the neglect of the [[Mizo people]]. In 1986, the [[Mizo accord]] ended the main secessionist movement led by the [[Mizo National Front]], bringing peace to the region.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=Swarna |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3522/ps046.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Peace accords in Northeast India: journey over milestones |date=2008 |publisher=East-West Center |isbn=9781932728743 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=22–26 |issn=1547-1330}}
</ref> Insurgency status is classified as partially active, due to secessionist/autonomy demands by the Buddhist [[Chakma people|Chakmas]] for '''[[Chakma Autonomous District Council|Chakmasthan]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terrorism {{!}} South Asia Terrorism Portal |url=https://www.satp.org/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.satp.org}}</ref> and BRU(Reang) tribe of Tripuri kinship demanding Bru ADC . The Chakma and Reang tribes complain of religious and ethnic persecution, and complain that the dominant Mizo ethnic group, almost entirely Christian, wants to [[Forced conversion|convert them to Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Subir Bhaumik|title=Ethnicity, Ideology and Religion: Separatist movements in India's Northeast|url=https://apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf|year=2004|publisher=Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies|pages=229}}</ref>

== Manipur ==
{{Main|Insurgency in Manipur|Meitei nationalism|2023–2025 Manipur violence}}

Manipur, which had been a [[princely state]] under the [[British Raj]], acceded to India on 11 August 1947 and merged into the Indian Union on 15 October 1949, shortly before India became a Republic under its national constitution. The Maharaja of Manipur was given a privy purse and allowed to retain his cultural and religious functions. Manipur was pegged as a Part 'C' State, later renamed a union territory. In 1963, when neighbouring Nagaland was granted statehood, the Manipuris felt short-changed and started agitating for full statehood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanjabam |first1=Shukhdeba Sharma |year=2008 |title=The Meitei upsurge in Manipur |journal=Asia Europe Journal |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=157–169 |doi=10.1007/s10308-007-0167-6 |issn=1610-2932 |ref={{sfnref|Hanjabam, The Meitei upsurge in Manipur|2008}}}}</ref>

Despite the fact that Manipur became a separate state of the Indian Union on 21 January 1972, the insurgency continued.<ref name="Psiu">{{cite web |date=28 January 2010 |title=Insurgencies in Manipur: politics & ideology |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/insurgencies-in-manipur-politics-ideology/article95770.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110081637/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/insurgencies-in-manipur-politics-ideology/article95770.ece |archive-date=10 January 2016 |access-date=30 March 2015 |work=The Hindu |df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 8 September 1980, Manipur was declared an area of disturbance, when the Indian government imposed the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958]] on the region; the act currently remains in force.<ref name="CDPS">{{cite web |date=26 January 2011 |title=Overview: Insurgency & Peace Efforts in Manipur |url=http://cdpsindia.org/manipur_insurgency.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206052141/http://cdpsindia.org/manipur_insurgency.asp |archive-date=6 February 2015 |access-date=30 March 2015 |work=CDPS |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The parallel rise of [[Naga nationalism]] in neighbouring [[Nagaland]] led to the emergence of the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) activities in Manipur. Clashes between the Isak-Muivah and Khaplang factions of the NSCN further aggravated tensions, as [[Kuki people|Kuki tribals]] began creating their own guerrilla groups in order to protect their interests from alleged Naga violations. Skirmishes between the two ethnic groups took place during the 1990s. Other ethnic groups such as the [[Paite people|Paite]], [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]], [[Pangal]]s and [[Hmar people|Hmars]] followed suit establishing militant groups.<ref name=CDPS/>

The [[Kuki National Army]] also maintains one armed wing in Manipur.

[[Manipur]] has witnessed [[2023-2025 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] between the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] and the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] communities since 3 May 2023 which killed more than 120 people and injured more than 3000 people and led to a rise in militant activities in the region.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2023 |title=Reporter's Diary: Remembering the slain Manipur policeman I briefly knew. |url=https://scroll.in/article/1056062/reporters-diary-remembering-the-slain-manipur-cop-i-briefly-knew |access-date=17 September 2023 |work=Scroll}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2023 |title=The return of Meitei insurgents marks a new turn in Manipur conflict. |url=https://scroll.in/article/1055257/the-return-of-meitei-insurgents-marks-a-new-turn-in-manipur-conflict |access-date=2 September 2023 |work=Scroll}}</ref>

=== UNLF (1964–present) ===
The first separatist faction known as the [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF) was founded on 24 November 1964.

=== Marxist & Maoist groups (1977–present) ===
{{See also|Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India}}
Between 1977 and 1980, the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA), the [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK), the [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP) and the [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL) were formed, immediately joining the war.<ref name=CDPS/>

== Nagaland ==
{{Main|Naga nationalism|Ethnic conflict in Nagaland}}

Nagaland was created in 1963 as the 16th state of the Indian Union, before which it was a district of Assam. Active Naga-Kuki insurgent groups mainly demand full independence. The [[Naga National Council]] led by [[Phizo]] was the first group to dissent in 1947 and in 1956 they went underground.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

=== NSCN insurgency (1980–present) ===
{{See also|Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India}}
The [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] was formed in 1980 to establish a Greater Nagaland, encompassing parts of Manipur, Nagaland, and the north Cachar hills (Assam). The NSCN split in 1988 to form two groups, NSCN(IM) and NSCN(K). As of 2015, both groups have observed a ceasefire truce with the Indian government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33762445 |title=India signs peace accord with Naga rebels |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2015 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715214955/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33762445 |archive-date=15 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|National Socialist Council of Nagaland—Khaplang]] is the second faction with the same aim of a Greater Nagaland and was formed in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-ambush-groups-that-attacked-the-6-dogra/|title=Manipur ambush: Groups that attacked the 6 Dogra|date=9 June 2015|access-date=9 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610113034/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-ambush-groups-that-attacked-the-6-dogra/|archive-date=10 June 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Suspected-NSCNK-militants-fire-at-Assam-Rifles-camp/articleshow/47573022.cms?|title=Suspected NSCN(K) militants fire at Assam Rifles camp|work=The Times of India|date=7 June 2015 |access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613075408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Suspected-NSCNK-militants-fire-at-Assam-Rifles-camp/articleshow/47573022.cms|archive-date=13 June 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/manipur-ambush-chinese-army-officials-in-touch-with-nscnk-leaders/|title=Manipur Ambush: 'Chinese Army officials in touch with NSCN(K) leaders'|date=9 June 2015|work=The Indian Express|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611231930/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/manipur-ambush-chinese-army-officials-in-touch-with-nscnk-leaders/|archive-date=11 June 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nscnk-move-at-behest-of-elements-in-china/article7295857.ece|title=NSCN(K) move at behest of elements in China?|author=Devesh K. Pandey, Dinakar Peri|work=The Hindu|date=9 June 2015|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110081637/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nscnk-move-at-behest-of-elements-in-china/article7295857.ece|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Tripura (1978–2024) ==
{{Main|Insurgency in Tripura}}

{{Further|Tripuri nationalism}}
The insurgent groups in [[Tripura]] emerged at the end of the 1970s, as ethnic tensions between perceived [[Bangladesh]]i infiltration and the tribal native population who were outnumbered by the former, hailing from other parts of India and nearby Bangladesh, which resulted in their being reduced to minority status even threatening them economically, socially, culturally; this resulted in a clarion call for safeguarding tribal rights and cultures. Such being the extent of desperation, this naturally resulted in hatred and suspicion and their status is classified as active.

The first organised armed outfit to form was [[Tripura National Volunteers]] (TNV), which was active from 1978 to 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPCS {{!}} Institute Of Peace & Conflict Studies |url=https://www.ipcs.org |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.ipcs.org}}</ref>

The [[National Liberation Front of Tripura]] was formed in March 1989 by [[Dhananjoy Reang]]. During the period 1992 to 2001, a total of 764 civilians and 184 members of the security forces were killed in NLFT attacks.It was the most powerful organisation in Tripura with estimated strength of 1500 to 2000 carders at its peak time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Andrew T. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXerAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190 |title=Politics of Terrorism: A Survey |date=2010-10-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-83336-6 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, it signed the [[Tripura Peace Accord]] to end the insurgency.

The [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] was formed by local aboriginal tribes in 1990, who were gradually outnumbered both directly and indirectly, even at the cost of being threatened for their survival
economically and culturally, not to speak of their being reduced to minority population-wise; their sole aim is the expulsion of all [[Bengali language|Bangladeshi]] infiltration nearby Bangladesh.

The [[2024 Tripura Peace Accord]] was signed between the insurgent groups [[National Liberation Front of Tripura|NLFT]], [[All Tripura Tiger Force|ATTF]] and the Government of India, Government of Tripura ending the 35 year old [[Insurgency in Tripura]] in the state.The last remaining 328 militants of both groups surrendered to the Government forces as a part of the agreement and the Government of India announced an Financial package of ₹250 crore for the rehabilitation of the surrendered cadres to the mainstream society.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Historic Peace Agreement Signed Between the Governments of India, Tripura, NLFT & ATTF at New Delhi|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/09/04/historic-peace-agreement-signed-between-the-governments-of-india-tripura-nlft-attf-at-new-delhi/|access-date=2024-09-04|website=Northeast Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=2 insurgent groups in Tripura sign peace deal; Amit Shah says 'matter of joy for all'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/2-insurgent-groups-in-tripura-sign-peace-deal-amit-shah-says-matter-of-joy-for-all-101725446749042.html|access-date=2024-09-04|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Assam ==
{{Main|Assam separatist movements|Bodo nationalism}}

[[Assam]] has been a refuge for militants for a number of years, due to its porous borders with [[Bangladesh]] and [[Bhutan]] and also due to its very close proximity to [[Myanmar|Burma]]. The main causes of the friction include anti-foreigner agitation in the 1980s, and the simmering indigenous-migrant tensions. The government of Bangladesh has arrested and extradited senior leaders of the ULFA.<ref name="First Post">{{cite magazine|title=India to get back Ulfa leader Anup Chetia from Bangladesh|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-get-back-ulfa-leader-anup-chetia-from-bangladesh-919409.html|magazine=First Post|access-date=2014-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132232/http://www.firstpost.com/india/india-to-get-back-ulfa-leader-anup-chetia-from-bangladesh-919409.html|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Bodoland ===
* '''BLTF''' (1996–2003): The [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]] fought for autonomy of [[Bodoland]] under Prem Singh Brahma. It surrendered with the establishment of [[Bodoland Territorial Council]].
* '''NDFB''' (1986–2020): The [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB) was formed in 1986 as the Bodo Security Force, and aims to set up an independent nation of [[Bodoland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/ndfb.htm|title=National Democratic Front of Bodoland|access-date=7 May 2017|publisher=SATP.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423103538/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/ndfb.htm|archive-date=23 April 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== ULFA (1990–present) ===
{{See also|Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India}}
The [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] was formed in April 1979 to establish a sovereign state of Assam for the indigenous people of Assam through an armed struggle. In recent times the organisation has lost its middle rung leaders after most of them were arrested.<ref name="First Post"/>

=== KLO (1995–present) ===
{{See also|Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India}}
The objective of the [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]] (KLO) is to carve out a separate [[Kamtapur]] Nation. The proposed state is to comprise six districts in [[West Bengal]] and four contiguous districts of [[Assam]] which are [[Cooch Behar]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Jalpaiguri]], North and South [[Dinajpur]] and [[Malda district|Malda]] of [[West Bengal]] and four contiguous districts of Assam – [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon]], [[Dhubri]] and [[Goalpara]]. The KLO, in the beginning, was an unconcealed organisation, which was formed to address problems of the [[Koch Rajbongshi people]], such as large-scale unemployment, land alienation, perceived neglect of [[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri language]], identity, and grievances of economic deprivation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/klo.htm|title=South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) on KLO|publisher=Satp.org|access-date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216123552/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/klo.htm|archive-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Meghalaya ==
{{Main|Insurgency in Meghalaya}}

The state of [[Meghalaya]] was separated from the state of Assam in 1971, in order to satisfy the [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Synteng]] and [[Garo people|Garo]] for a separate state. The decision was initially praised as an example of successful national integration into the wider Indian state.<ref name=SwO>{{cite web|url=http://www.bethanylacina.com/Lacina_IndiaSeparatism_2013.pdf |title=Nationalism and the origins of separatist civil war in India |work=University of Rochester |access-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133721/http://www.bethanylacina.com/Lacina_IndiaSeparatism_2013.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref>

This, however, failed to prevent the rise of [[national consciousness]] among the local tribal populations, later leading to a direct confrontation between [[Indian nationalism]] and the newly created Garo and Khasi nationalisms. A parallel rise of nationalism in the other members of the [[Seven Sister States]] further complicated the situation, resulting in occasional clashes between rebel groups.<ref name=SwO/>

The state wealth distribution system further fueled the rising separatist movements, as funding is practised through per-capita transfers, which largely benefits the leading ethnic group.<ref name=SwO/>

The first militant outfit to emerge in the region was the [[Hynniewtrep Achik Liberation Council]] (HALC). It was formed in 1992, aiming to protect the interests of Meghalaya's indigenous population from the rise of non-tribal ("Dkhar") immigration.<ref name=SoPR>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdpsindia.org/meghalaya_insurgency.asp|title=Overview: Insurgency & Peace Efforts in Meghalaya|work=CPDS|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205234530/http://cdpsindia.org/meghalaya_insurgency.asp|archive-date=5 February 2015|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

A conflict of interest soon led to a split of the HALC. The Garo members formed the Achik Matgrik Liberation Army (AMLA) while the joint Jaintia-Khasi alliance of [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (HNLC) was formed in 1993. The HNLC claims to represent the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] – [[Pnar people|Jaintia people]], and its aim is to free Meghalaya from the alleged domination of the Garos and the outsiders (the "Dkhars").

The AMLA passed into obscurity, while the Achik National Volunteers Council (ANVC) took its place. The Garo-Khasi drift persisted as the HNLC had set up the goal of turning Meghalaya into an exclusively Khasi region; the ANVC, on the other hand, sought the creation of an independent state in the Garo Hills.<ref name=SoPR/>

A number of non-Meghalayan separatist groups have also operated in the region, including the [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] and the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/plf_m.htm|title=People's Liberation Front of Meghalaya (PLF-M)|work=SATP|date=20 May 2014|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329033913/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/Meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/plf_m.htm|archive-date=29 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== GNLA insurgency (2010–present) ===
{{See also|Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India}}
The most active outfit in the state is the Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA), which was formed in 2009.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/Meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/GNLA.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709005608/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/GNLA.HTM|date=9 July 2014}} GNLA, Satp</ref>

== Other insurgent groups ==
=== In Assam ===
* '''UPDS''' (2004–2014): The [[United People's Democratic Solidarity]] was formed in March 1999 with the merger of two groups in Assam's [[Karbi Anglong]] district, the Karbi National Volunteers (KNV) and the Karbi People's Front (KPF).{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} In 2004, the UPDS (Anti-Talks) renamed itself as the [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front|Karbi Longri North Cachar Hills Liberation Front (KLNLF)]], and its armed wing as the Karbi Longri North Cachar Hills Resistance Force (KNPR). In December 2014, the UPDS disbanded, following the mass surrender of all it cadres and leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2011dec14/assam_terror_outfit_disbands.html|title=Assam terror outfit disbands|date=14 December 2011|publisher=Twocircles.net|access-date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016213258/http://twocircles.net/2011dec14/assam_terror_outfit_disbands.html|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* '''KLNLF''' (2004–2021): The [[Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front]] is a militant group operating in the [[Karbi Anglong]] and [[Dima Hasao]] districts of [[Assam]] that was formed on 16 May 2004. The outfit claims to fight for the cause of Karbi tribes, and its declared objective is Hemprek Kangthim, meaning self-rule/self-determination of the [[Karbi people]]. It is closely linked with the ULFA ([[United Liberation Front of Assam]]){{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
* '''DHD''' (1995–2009): The [[Dima Halam Daoga]] (DHD) is a descendant of the Dimasa National Security Force (DNSF), which ceased operations in 1995. Commander-in-Chief Jewel Gorlosa, refused to surrender and launched the Dima Halam Daogah. After the peace agreement between the DHD and the central government in the year 2003, the group further broke out and DHD(J) also known as Black Widow was born which was led by Jewel Gorlosa. The Black Widow's declared objective is to create Dimaraji nation for the [[Dimasa people]] in [[Dima Hasao]] only. However the objective of DHD (Nunisa faction) is to include parts of Cachar, Karbi Anglong, and Nagaon districts in Assam, and sections of Dimapur district in Nagaland. In 2009 the group surrendered en masse to the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] and local police, 193 cadres surrendering on 2009-09-12 and another 171 on the 13th.<ref name=pti>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/281233_Over-360-militants-surrender-with-hi-tech-arms |title=Site Under Construction |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922213600/http://www.ptinews.com/news/281233_Over-360-militants-surrender-with-hi-tech-arms |archive-date=22 September 2009 }}</ref>
* '''MULTA''' (1996–2016): The objective of the [[Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam]] (MULTA) is to establish an Islamic state in India under [[sharia]] law. The group composed of migrants and indigenous peoples who practiced Islam. In 2016, it merged into the [[al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent|AQIS]].<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/MULTA.htm |title=Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA) – Terrorist Group of Assam |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016095103/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/multa.htm |archive-date=16 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Zomi ===
[[Zo people|Zomi]] is an umbrella term encompassing nine tribes in the state of Manipur. In 1993, the [[Zomi Re-unification Organisation]] (ZRO) and its armed wing, the [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]] (ZRA), were established in 1997 with the aim of safeguarding and protecting the interests of the [[Zo people|Zomi]] people. Presently, the ZRA is engaged in a Suspension of Operation (SoO) with the Indian government, seeking a political resolution for the [[Zo people|Zo]] community, which has long suffered neglect and suppression at the hands of the dominant tribe in Manipur.

=== Hmar ===
The Hmar People's Convention-Democracy (HPC-D) is an armed insurgency group formed in 1995 to create an independent [[Hmars|Hmar]] State in North East India. It is the offspring of the Hmar People's Convention (HPC), which entered into an agreement with the Government of Mizoram in 1994 resulting in the formation of the Sinlung Hills Development Council (SHDC) in North Mizoram. Their recruited cadres are from the States where the Hmar people are spread – Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Meghalaya. The HPC(D) is demanding a separate administrative unit under the Sixth [[Third Schedule|Schedule of the Constitution of India]].{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}

=== Taniland ===
{{Main|Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh}}

The National Socialist Council of Taniland (NSCT) formerly the National Liberation Council of Taniland, is active along the Assam – Arunachal Pradesh border, and its members belong to the [[Tani (tribes)|Tani groups of people]] which are demanding [[Tani Army|Taniland]]. The group enjoys no support from the local population of Arunachal Pradesh who are fiercely pro-India and the group is all but defunct now.<ref>[http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/detailsmall_news.asp?date1=10/22/2009&id=21 NSCN-IM designs to rejuvenate NLCT in Arunachal Pradesh, reveals investigation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012040439/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/detailsmall_news.asp?date1=10%2F22%2F2009&id=21 |date=12 October 2017 }}, ''South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP)''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bhaskarpegu.blogspot.in/2009/01/taniland-outfit-in-culminationorders.html|title=LOTTA|author=bhaskar pegu|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230193926/http://bhaskarpegu.blogspot.in/2009/01/taniland-outfit-in-culminationorders.html|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Tani groups are one of the ethnic groups of northeast India (variously known as [[Mishing people|Mising]] in Assam and [[Adi people|Adi]], [[Nyishi people|Nyishi]], [[Galo tribe|Galo]], Apatani, [[Tagin people|Tagin]], in [[Arunachal Pradesh]]) in India as well as the Lhoba in China who live along the frontier of India.<ref>[http://www.eurasiareview.com/21012014-india-outside-intrusions-arunachal-pradesh-analysis/ INDIA: OUTSIDE INTRUSIONS IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH – ANALYSIS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230203133/http://www.eurasiareview.com/21012014-india-outside-intrusions-arunachal-pradesh-analysis/ |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''Eurasia Review''</ref>

== Spillover in Bhutan ==
{{Main|Operation All Clear}}

Following the 1990 Operations ''Rhino'' and ''Bajrang'', Assamese separatist groups relocated their camps to Bhutan.<ref name=XdF/> In 1996 the Bhutan government became aware of a large number of camps on its southern border with India. The camps were set up by four Assamese separatist movements: the ULFA, NDFB, [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]] (BLTF) and [[Kamtapur Liberation Organization]] (KLO). The camps also harboured separatists belonging to the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN) and the [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF).<ref name=CsV>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/02/09/Nation/HSEB-to-appoint-new-teachers/4979/|title=Operation All Clear: Bhutan's step for regional security|author=Anand Kumar|work=Kathmandu Post|date=25 December 2003|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907005528/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2010/02/09/Nation/HSEB-to-appoint-new-teachers/4979/|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

India then exerted diplomatic pressure on Bhutan, offering support in removing the rebel organisations from its soil. The government of Bhutan initially pursued a peaceful solution, opening dialogue with the militant groups on 1998. Five rounds of talks were held with ULFA, three rounds with DNFB, with KLO ignoring all invitations sent by the government. In June 2001 ULFA agreed to close down four of its camps; however, the Bhutanese government soon realized that the camps had simply been relocated.<ref name=XdF>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB18-OperationAllClear.pdf|title=Implications for insurgency and security cooperation|author=Dipankar Banerjee|work=IPCS|date=January 2004|access-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040812/http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/IB18-OperationAllClear.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

By 2003 the talks had failed to produce any significant result. On 14 July 2003, military intervention was approved by the National Assembly.<ref name=XdF/> On 13 December 2003, the Bhutanese government issued a two-day ultimatum to the rebels. On 15 December 2003, after the ultimatum had expired, Operation All Clear – the first operation ever conducted by the [[Royal Bhutan Army]] – was launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EL19Df04.html|title=Bhutan army sees action at last|work=Asia Times|author=Arun Bhattacharjee|date=19 December 2003|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917165056/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/EL19Df04.html|archive-date=17 September 2009|url-status=unfit|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

By 3 January 2004, the Royal Bhutan Army had killed about 120 militants. They managed to capture several senior ULFA commanders. Large numbers of rebels fled to [[Bangladesh]] and India. Militants also were dislodged from all 30 camps and 35 observation posts, with the camps burned and razed to the ground.<ref name=CsV/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/btbodo12d.html|title=RBA Makes Good Progress in Flushing Out Operations|work=Kuensel|access-date=26 October 2014|date=3 January 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814001308/http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/btbodo12d.html|archive-date=14 August 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Between 2008 and 2011, [[Royal Bhutan Police]] and [[Royal Bhutan Army]] personnel undertook numerous actions against alleged north Indian militants. Several firefights occurred while Bhutan military personnel were required to dispose of several explosive devices and destroyed a number of guerrilla camps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html|title=Thanking our armed forces|author=Tshering Tobgay|date=16 December 2011|access-date=4 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141931/http://www.tsheringtobgay.com/monarchy/2011/thanking-our-armed-forces.html|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Spillover in Myanmar ==
{{main|Internal conflict in Myanmar|Involvement of Northeast Indian insurgents in the Myanmar civil war|2025 Indian strikes on Myanmar}}

The [[India–Myanmar border|Indo-Burmese border]] was drawn over the homeland of many ethnic groups, such as the Mizos/Chins and the Nagas, with communities with strong ethnic ties living on both sides of the border. Several separatist groups have operated out of Myanmar, crossing into India via the porous border.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Patel |first=Mira |date=20 May 2021 |title=A complex history and layered present: What determines India's response to military rule in Myanmar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/a-complex-history-and-layered-present-what-determines-indias-response-to-military-rule-in-myanmar-7321626/ |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

India-Myanmar military cooperation dates back to the 1960s when the [[Tatmadaw]] intercepted Naga and Mizo rebels heading to China for training. Indian support for the pro-democracy movement in the 1980s had caused the Tatmadaw to stop their operations against the northeastern rebel groups.<ref name="TelegraphIndia">{{cite web |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |date=10 April 2019 |title=Myanmar's army is increasingly turning to India for training and weapons |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/myanmar-s-army-is-increasingly-turning-to-india-for-training-and-weapons/cid/1688466 |access-date=12 December 2025 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

After the [[2015 Manipur ambush]], India conducted surgical strikes against [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-K]] camps inside [[Myanmar]], and inflicted significant casualties.<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/myanmar-operation-70-commandos-finish-task-in-40-minutes/article7302348.ece|title=Myanmar operation: 70 commandos finish task in 40 minutes|date=10 June 2015|work=thehindu.com}}</ref>

In February and June 2019, Indian army and the Burmese [[Tatmadaw]] carried out joint [[Operation Sunrise (2019)|operations ''Sunrise'' and ''Sunrise II'']], targeting in co-ordination several militant groups along the Indo-Burma border including the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO), the NSCN-K, the United Liberation Front of Assam (I) and the National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armies-of-india-myanmar-target-ne-militants-in-coordinated-operation/articleshow/69810618.cms |title=Armies of India, Myanmar target NE militants in coordinated operation |date=16 June 2019 |work=India Times}}</ref> In February, Burmese troops stormed the NSCN-K headquarters at [[Taga, Myanmar|Taga]] in [[Hkamti Township]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Place codes (Pcodes) |publisher=Myanmar Information Management Unit |url=https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/Myanmar_PCodes_Release_9.5_Feb2024_Sagaing.zip |language=en}}</ref> The Indian army reciprocated by starting a major operation against the [[Arakan Army]] in south Mizoram.<ref name="TelegraphIndia"/>

== Alliances ==
=== CorCom ===
In [[Manipur]] the following militant groups have come together as the CorCOM<ref>{{cite web|title=The heart of revolutionary movement in Manipur is CorCom|date=8 July 2014 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2014/07/the-heart-of-revolutionary-movement-in-manipur-is-corcom/|publisher=Kangla Online|access-date=2014-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909010014/http://kanglaonline.com/2014/07/the-heart-of-revolutionary-movement-in-manipur-is-corcom/|archive-date=9 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CorCom promises new face of revolution|url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080714.jul14|publisher=E-Pao.net|access-date=2014-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909004507/http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080714.jul14|archive-date=9 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> which is a short name for Coordination Committee.<ref>[http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/corcom-coordination-committee CorCom (Coordination Committee)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230180541/http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/corcom-coordination-committee |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium''</ref>
* [[Kangleipak Communist Party]] (KCP),
* [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA),
* [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL),
* [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK), People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak-Pro (PREPAK-Pro),
* [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|Revolutionary People's Front]] (RPF)
* [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF)
* [[United People's Party of Kangleipak]] (UPPK)

CorCom is on the extremist organisations list of the Government of India, and is responsible for many bombings usually associated with Indian holidays and elections.<ref>[http://www.manipurtimes.com/news-article/the-peoples-chronicle-news/item/5972-corcom-in-goi-extremist-organisations-list CorCom in GOI extremist organisations list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230180617/http://www.manipurtimes.com/news-article/the-peoples-chronicle-news/item/5972-corcom-in-goi-extremist-organisations-list |date=30 December 2014 }}, ''Manipur Times''</ref>

=== Federal Government of Wesea ===
[[File:Wesea.png|thumb|Map claimed by the FGW umbrella.<ref>{{Cite book|title=WESTERN SOUTH EAST ASIA - POLITICS AND INSURGENCY {{!}} Pothi.com|url=https://store.pothi.com/book/basumatary-western-south-east-asia-politics-and-insurgency/|language=en}}</ref>]]
Some of the aforementioned militant groups have formed an alliance to fight against the governments of India, Bhutan, and Myanmar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199906/msg00528.html | title=ULFA, KIA and NSCN(k) }}</ref> They use the term '''"Western Southeast Asia" (WESEA)''' to describe the region in which they operate: Northeast India, Bhutan, North Bengal, and Myanmar. These groups include:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

* The Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP)
* People's Liberation Army Of Manipur (PLA)
* Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL)
* People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK)
* People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak-Pro (PREPAK-Pro)
* Revolutionary People's Front
* United National Liberation Front of Manipur (UNLF)
* Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council of Meghalaya
* Kamtapur Liberation Organization, which operates in Assam and North Bengal
* United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)
* National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) of Tripura

Additionally, other groups such as the Kachin Independence Army, Chin National Army, and Naga insurgent groups in Myanmar, as well as organizations like the Hmar People's Convention-Democratic, Gorkha Liberation Army, allies against Sikkim's annexation, Kuki Army, Tani National Liberation Council, Tripura Liberation Front, Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA), National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB), and Dimasa National Liberation Army (DNLA) are also part of this alliance.<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/common-platform-insurgent-groups-northeast-unlfw-worry-government | title=Why the Formation of a Common Platform by Insurgent Groups from the Northeast Should Give the Government Cause for Worry }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web | url=https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/the-naga-insurgency-part-ii.html | title=Publication | access-date=12 April 2024 | archive-date=11 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211184143/https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/the-naga-insurgency-part-ii.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/myanmar-jitters-for-nscn-k/cid/402992]</ref>

In early 2024, some of these groups have taken advantage of the situation in Myanmar and declared independence, further escalating tensions in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.efsas.org/commentaries/coordinated-india-myanmar-counter-insurgency-operations-hold-valuable-lessons-for-pakistan/ | title=Coordinated India-Myanmar counter-insurgency operations hold valuable lessons for Pakistan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/news-front-observations-myanmars-revolutionary-forces | title=News from the Front: Observations from Myanmar's Revolutionary Forces | date=5 December 2022 | last1=Martin | first1=Michael }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/43306/freedom-is-our-birthright-irengbam-chaoren-i |title=Freedom is our birthright |website=The Sangai Express |access-date=April 11, 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230203315/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/43306/freedom-is-our-birthright-irengbam-chaoren-i |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/11-rebel-groups-call-for-Republic-Day-boycott/articleshow/29194133.cms |title=11 rebel groups call for Republic Day boycott |newspaper=The Times Of India |access-date=April 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/state.php?sec=2&subsec=2&ppr=1&dtP=2013-12-08 |title=NDFB warns against divisive policies of Congress and AGP |newspaper=The Sentinel |access-date=April 11, 2024}}</ref>

=== United National Liberation Front of WESEA ===
Nine militant groups of the northeast, including the NSCN (Khaplang) and the ULFA faction led by Paresh Baruah, have come together to form a new unified front known as [[United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia|UNLFW]] during a meeting held in Myanmar in early 2015.<ref>[http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/National/NationalNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA3OTI3OA%3D%3D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110081637/http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/National/NationalNews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDA3OTI3OA%3D%3D|date=10 January 2016}} Chinese blessings: Nine NE militant groups join hands, ''Nagaland Post''</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nine-miltant-groups-of-north-east-form-united-front-with-chinese-blessings/article1-1340500.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426194614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nine-miltant-groups-of-north-east-form-united-front-with-chinese-blessings/article1-1340500.aspx|date=26 April 2015}} Nine militant groups of NE form united front with Chinese blessings, ''Hindustan Times''</ref> Besides the NSCN (K) and ULFA-Independent, other groups that participated in the meeting held at Taga in Sagaing division of Myanmar earlier this month were the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Kanglei Yawol Kunna Lup (KYKL), the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (Songbijit faction) (NDFB).

== Western Southeast Asia ==
{{See also|Northeast India}}
[[File:Joppen1907BritishBengalBritishBurmaA.jpg|thumb|Eastern expansion of [[British India]]. Insurgents rejects the imposition of postcolonial Indian state boundaries.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Boundaries of Decolonization |date=2024 |work=States-in-Waiting: A Counternarrative of Global Decolonization |pages=173–229 |editor-last=Walker |editor-first=Lydia |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/statesinwaiting/boundaries-of-decolonization/415B2A485ADBACBABBA315BA7C162719 |access-date=2025-08-20 |series=Global and International History |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-30581-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chima |first=Jugdep S. |url=https://dokumen.pub/insurgency-in-indias-northeast-identity-formation-postcolonial-nation-state-building-and-secessionist-resistance-1nbsped-9781032484228-9781032484204-9781003388968.html |title=Insurgency in India's Northeast: Identity Formation, Postcolonial Nation/State-Building, and Secessionist Resistance |last2=Saikia |first2=Pahi |publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=9781032484228 |series=Routledge Studies in South Asian Politics; Volume 38 |location=Abingdon & New York |pages=168 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>]]
The concept of "Western Southeast Asia" as used by Northeast Indian separatists gained prominence in the early 2010s. Insurgents rejected the label [[Northeast India]] and instead cast the region as the westernmost [[Boundaries between the continents|frontier]] of [[Southeast Asia]]. The Coordination Committee (CorCom), an umbrella organization of [[Meitei people|Meitei]] insurgent groups in Manipur established in 2011, played a key role in promoting the Western South East Asia (WESEA) terminology. On its third foundation day in 2014, CorCom announced the creation of a Joint Fighting Force to intensify armed activities, framing the move as part of a wider revolutionary effort across the region. The statement had stressed that Manipur's colonial experience was shared with other peoples of WESEA, citing commonalities in geography, ethnicity, and culture. CorCom argued that collective liberation could only be achieved through cooperation with other like-minded groups.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |title=CorCom promises new face of revolution : 08th jul14 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..080714.jul14#:~:text=Imphal,%20July%2007%202014:%20The,JMC) |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Whilst the [[United Liberation Front of Western South East Asia|UNLFW]]'s creation required the culmination of years of discussions, with the concept of a [[united front]] first explored in 2011 during meetings between ULFA, NSCN-K, and Manipuri groups, but only realized in 2015 after prolonged negotiations over leadership and organizational structure. UNLFW was the first to explicitly frame the alliance in terms of Western Southeast Asia. The coalition took political steps like forming a [[government-in-exile]] for WESEA to seek international support and recognition,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rajeev |date=October–December 2015 |title=Birth of UNLFWSEA: Internal Dynamics and Implications for India's North-East |url=http://idsa.in/jds/9_4_2015_UNLFWSEA |journal=Journal of Defence Studies |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=95–109 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> Though this remained aspirational.

By 2014, the Manipur-based [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF) had explicitly adopted the term Western Southeast Asia (WESEA) in its rhetoric, describing the peoples of Northeast India as "exploited and subjugated."<ref name=":022"/> In one statement, the group condemned a Bangladeshi court verdict against [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA) leader [[Paresh Baruah]], framing the decision as an injustice against what it termed the "people of WESEA" engaged in a liberation struggle against Indian rule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2014 |title=United National Liberation Front opposes death penalty for Paresh Barua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/united-national-liberation-front-opposes-death-penalty-for-paresh-barua/articleshow/29834810.cms |access-date=19 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The pan-regional concept of Western South East Asia (WESEA) reached its peak with the creation of the [[United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia]] (UNLFWSEA) in April 2015. On 17 April, senior leaders of multiple insurgent groups met in Myanmar's [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing Division]] and agreed to form a unified front advocating independence for Northeast India and adjoining areas in Myanmar. A press release formally announced the coalition, explicitly adopting the WESEA label. The founding members included the [[Paresh Baruah]]-led [[United Liberation Front of Asom]] (ULFA-Independent), the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]] (NSCN-Khaplang), the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] (NDFB-Songbijit), and the [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]] (KLO), representing insurgencies in [[Assam]], [[Nagaland]]/Myanmar, [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodo territories]], and [[North Bengal]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Why the Formation of a Common Platform by Insurgent Groups from the Northeast Should Give the Government Cause for Worry |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/common-platform-insurgent-groups-northeast-unlfw-worry-government |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program |url=https://ucdp.uu.se/additionalinfo/13653/1? |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=ucdp.uu.se}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-03 |title=Together for terror: Northeast rebels find shared enemy in nationalism |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/together-for-terror-northeast-rebels-find-shared-enemy-in-nationalism/story-OwbZX7jfHGk6AfquqKAhEM.html |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Manipur-based groups such as the [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF) and the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] (PLA-M) were also present at the founding meetings and expressed support, although they did not formally join due to internal leadership divisions.<ref name=":8" />

Since its adoption, the term WESEA has become central to the rhetoric of several separatist groups in Northeast India. It functions as a collective label for identity, with insurgent manifestos and press releases frequently describing WESEA as a "colonized entity" under Indian control.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CORCOM re-iterated its calls on people 70th Anniversary of UDHR : 10th dec18 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..101218.dec18 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> A 2019 joint statement by Manipur's CorCom and ULFA-Independent, for instance, referred to the "colonial occupation by India of all the indigenous peoples of the WESEA Region" and called for unity in opposition to New Delhi.<ref name=":172">{{Cite web |title=CorCom and ULFA-I boycott Independence Day; call General Strike : 12th aug19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=5..120819.aug19#:~:text=,peoples%20of%20the%20WESEA%20Region |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref> Such statements frame the insurgency as a continuation of decolonization, arguing that when British authority [[Partition of India|ended]] in 1947, the region was technically free but was subsequently incorporated into India through "[[Political integration of India#Fast-track integration|force and coercion]]". This interpretation positions the insurgency as an effort to complete what they regard as an "unfinished process of liberation in Western Southeast Asia."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CorCom, ULFA-I call general strike on Aug 15 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/8/11/IMPHAL-Aug-10Apart-from-boycotting-the-73rd-Indian-Independence-Day-celebrations-the-CorCom-and-ULFA-I-have-called-general-strike-from-1-30-am-to-6-30-pm-of-August-15-in-the-entire-WESEA-region-.html |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2019-08-11 |title=Imphal Times, 11 August 2019 — Page 4 |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/pdf/2019/August/11%20August%20Page%204.pdf |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=Imphal Times |location=Imphal |page=4 |language=en}}</ref> Boycotts of Indian national holidays have become a recurring platform for separatist groups to invoke a WESEA identity. Insurgent organizations regularly issue joint calls for shutdowns on India's Independence Day (15 August) and Republic Day (26 January), framing these observances as reminders of perceived colonial occupation. For example, prior to Independence Day 2025, the ULFA-Independent and the [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN (Yung Aung faction)]] released a joint statement urging strikes "across the region they call WESEA," referring to areas of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Nagaland. In their declaration, India's Independence Day was described as "meaningless for the people of WESEA", instead characterized as repression by Indian security forces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-08-11 |title=ULFA, NSCN factions call for boycott of Independence Day in Northeast |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Aug/11/ulfa-nscn-factions-call-for-boycott-of-independence-day-in-northeast |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Similar coordinated boycott calls have appeared almost annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CorCom, ULFA-I and NLFT boycott R-Day : 24th jan19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=6..240119.jan19 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumukcham |first=Rinku |date=2020-01-22 |title=CorCom and ULFA boycotts India's Republic Day |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/corcom-and-ulfa-boycotts-india-s-republic-day/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

Outside of separatist circles, the usage of "Western Southeast Asia" as a [[regional unit]] is not recognized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |date=2015-06-30 |title=Mysterious Motives: India's Raids on Myanmar Border |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/ethnic-issues/mysterious-motives-indias-raids-on-the-burma-border.html |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref> Key themes in WESEA-related pronouncements consistently revolve around separatist narratives. Insurgent statements accuse Indian authorities for being a [[colonial power]] and doing that of [[resource exploitation]],<ref name=":172"/> the enforcement of repressive laws such as the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] (AFSPA),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=For decades, The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) has enabled serious human rights violations to be committed by soldiers in Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) and parts of northeast India, and shielded those responsible. |url=https://amnestyusa.mystagingwebsite.com/reports/the-armed-forces-special-powers-act-a-renewed-debate-in-india-on-human-rights-and-national-security/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Amnesty International USA |language=en-US}}</ref> and the use of coercive measures against indigenous communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=IT Web |date=2018-08-10 |title=CorCom, ULFA –I boycotts India's Independence Day |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/corcom-ulfa-i-boycotts-india-s-independence-day/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Separatist rhetoric often alleges that India is undermining WESEA's identity through demographic change and cultural assimilation, citing issues such as [[Hindi-language|Hindi-language promotion]] or [[Indian nationality law|citizenship legislation]] as threats to indigenous cultures. For example, a 2019 CorCom–ULFA statement warned that "non-indigenous populations [are] swarming all over WESEA" and framed such policies as intended to erode local identities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-11 |title=NE militant outfits call general strike on I-dayThe Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2019/08/11/ne-militant-outfits-call-general-strike-on-i-day/ |access-date=2025-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-11 |title=NE Insurgents Appeal to General Masses to Boycott I-Day Celebrations |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/uncategorized/story/ne-insurgents-appeal-general-masses-boycott-i-day-celebrations-398074-2019-08-11 |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> [[Bangladeshis in India|Immigration from Bangladesh]] also has been a concern for indigenous populations in Northeast India, which oppose significant demographic change. This immigration has led to historical movements such as the [[Assam Movement]] of the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Phom |first1=Angshom |last2=Seth |first2=Chan |date=13 September 2024 |title=A Glimpse of Bangladesh's Political Crisis from Northeast India |url=https://morungexpress.com/a-glimpse-of-bangladeshs-political-crisis-from-northeast-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009131705/https://morungexpress.com/a-glimpse-of-bangladeshs-political-crisis-from-northeast-india |archive-date=2024-10-09 |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> In the early 21st century, some people in Assam and other states were deported to Bangladesh on suspicion of having illegally immigrated from Bangladesh (see also: [[National Register of Citizens for Assam]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=Assam: 'I was pushed across the border into Bangladesh at gunpoint' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqj78v79z9do |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605124553/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqj78v79z9do |archive-date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Insurgent leaders attempt to remove state or [[Tribes of India|tribal boundaries]] and encourage a [[United front|collective front]] by invoking a so called WESEA identity. CorCom has described its mission as a "unified freedom struggle throughout WESEA,"<ref name=":022"/> while the UNLF in 2014 explicitly recalled the assistance provided by people of "WESEA (especially those of Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura)" to [[Bangladeshi refugees in India|Bangladeshi refugees]] in 1971 from the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War]] in a reference to a court verdict against ULFA(I)'s [[Paresh Barua]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Barua verdict Hasina's conspiracy with India' |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/52626/barua-verdict-hasina%E2%80%99s-conspiracy-with-india |access-date=2025-12-01 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-04 |title=United National Liberation Front opposes death penalty for Paresh Barua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/united-national-liberation-front-opposes-death-penalty-for-paresh-barua/articleshow/29834810.cms |access-date=2025-12-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Timeline of insurgency in Northeast India]]
* [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983]]
* [[Separatist movements of India]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[Internal conflict in Myanmar]]
* [[Human rights in India]]
* [[List of organisations banned by the Government of India]]
* [[Insurgency in Manipur]]
* [[Insurgency in Arunachal Pradesh]]

== Further reading ==
* A. Lanunungsang Ao; ''From Phizo to Muivah: The Naga National Question;'' New Delhi 2002
* ''Blisters on their feet: tales of internally displaced persons in India's North East;'' Los Angeles [u.a.] 2008; {{ISBN|978-81-7829-819-1}}
* Dutta, Anuradha; ''Assam in the Freedom Movement;'' Calcutta 1991
* Hazarika, Sanjoy; ''Strangers of the Mist: Tales of War and Peace from India's Northeast;'' New Delhi u.a. 1994
* Horam, M.; ''Naga insurgency: the last thirty years;'' New Delhi 1988
* International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (Hrsg.); ''The Naga nation and its struggle against genocide;'' Kopenhagen 1986
* Nibedom, Nirmal; ''The Night of the Guerillas;'' Delhi 1978
* Srikanth, H.; Thomas, C. J.; ''Naga Resistance Movement and the Peace Process in Northeast India;'' in: Peace and Democracy in South Asia, Vol. I (2005)
* ''Terrorism and separatism in North-East India;'' Delhi 2004; {{ISBN|81-7835-261-3}}



== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book
| last= Rashid
| first= Ahmed
| author-link = Ahmed Rashid
| title= Pakistan on the Brink. The future of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the West
| date= 2013
| edition= Penguin Paperback
| orig-date=1st pub. 2012
| publisher= Penguin Books
| location= London
| isbn= 978-0-241-96007-3
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tni.org/report/other-burma "The Other Burma: Conflict, counter-insurgency and human rights in Northeast India"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210730193407/http://www.clawsindia.in/index.php?action=master&task=199&u_id=57 Mansi Mehrotra Bodo Uprising]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090913175312/http://www.sinlung.com/category/northeast Sinlung]
* [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/3540/EWCWwp010.pdf;jsessionid=8B356F2092F36BC3F3709EC9FC0602D0?sequence=1 Insurgencies in Northeast India:Conflict, Co-option, and Change]
* [http://www.jneis.com/ Journal of North East India Studies]

{{Ongoing military conflicts}}
{{India separatist movements}}
{{Post-Cold War Asian conflicts}}
{{Military of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Insurgency In Northeast India}}
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India| ]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2013]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2014]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2015]]
[[Category:Internal security issues of India]]
[[Category:Separatism in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Wars involving Bhutan]]
[[Category:Wars involving Myanmar]]
[[Category:Northeast India]]
[[Category:Rebellions in India]]
[[Category:Insurgencies in Asia]]
[[Category:Proxy wars]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Islamist insurgencies]]

Kabir Mulchandani

2026-03-10T20:10:39Z

YvetteSawtell2: starting post!

{{Short description|Businessman, entrepreneur and philanthropist}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kabir Mulchandani
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|10|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Stanford University]], [[Phillips Exeter Academy]]
| occupation = [[Real estate]] and hospitality businessman, philanthropist
| spouse = Nadia Zaal
| website = {{URL|kabirmulchandani.com}}
}}

'''Kabir Mulchandani''' is an Indian-born real estate and hospitality businessman and philanthropist. He is the Chairman and Chief Executive of FIVE Holdings, which includes FIVE Hotels and Resorts; FIVE Palm Jumeirah, FIVE Jumeirah Village, FIVE Zurich, FIVE LUXE, and FIVE Music along with [[The Pacha Group]].

He is ranked number 1626 in the Forbes list of the World’s Billionaires List: The Richest in 2025 with an estimated net worth of $2.2 billion and ranked in this list in 2024.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Kabir Mulchandani |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/kabir-mulchandani/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Mulchandani served at Baron International and Baron Electronics, two Mumbai-based, family-owned firms that specialised in the distribution and sale of [[consumer electronics]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-06-20/news/27360855_1_kabir-mulchandani-aiwa-baron-international |title=The rise and fall of 'Baron' Mulchandani - Economic Times |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811233518/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-06-20/news/27360855_1_kabir-mulchandani-aiwa-baron-international |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2011, he founded SKAI Holdings, a Dubai-based [[Real estate investing|real estate investment]] firm.

In 2017, Mulchandani changed his company's name from SKAI to FIVE.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SKAI Holdings changes name to Five Holdings |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.com/business/article-44808-skai-holdings-changes-name-to-five-holdings}}</ref>

In November 2021, Mulchandani and FIVE Holdings purchased the first ACJ TwoTwenty from Airbus and Comlux Group in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=First ACJ TwoTwenty cabin to be unveiled by Comlux and Five |url=https://www.businessjetinteriorsinternational.com/news/airframes/first-acj-twotwenty-cabin-to-be-unveiled-by-comlux-and-five.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Business Jet Interiors |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=FIVE Hotels' US$70m private jet is open for bookings |url=https://www.hoteliermiddleeast.com/business/five-hotels-us70m-private-jet-is-open-for-bookings}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> The 16-seat jet consists of a dining table for eight passengers, a master suite, and a kitchen, with a full crew on board.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=FIVE purchases the first Airbus ACJ TwoTwenty from Comlux |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/abnews/five-purchases-the-first-airbus-acj-twotwenty-from-comlux|magazine=[[Arabian Business]]}}</ref> The aircraft registered 9H-FIVE, to be pronounced "Nine-Hotel-FIVE" entered the market in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai luxury hotel firm Five to take VIP A220 from Comlux |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/dubai-2021/dubai-luxury-hotel-firm-five-to-take-vip-a220-from-comlux/146464.article |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref> Combining a bizjet with FIVE hospitality and entertainment.<ref name=":4" /> In June 2023, [[The Guardian]] named the jet as a private "party jet".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Neate |first1=Rupert|date=2023-06-10 |title=Disco then shower at 33,000ft: Dubai hotelier launches £10k-an-hour 'party jet' |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/jun/10/dubai-hotelier-launches-10k-an-hour-party-jet-shower-disco |access-date=2023-07-17 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2012, he married his second wife Nadia Zaal, one of the most influential Emirati women in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]], the couple have three sons and one daughter.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nadia Zaal |url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/30-under-30-151844.html?itemid=151862}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2009, Kabir was arrested in Dubai for a highly publicized<ref name=B>{{cite web|publisher=[[Business Wire]]|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090615005432/en/Angry-International-Investors-Demand-Investigation-630-Million|date=2009|title=Angry Investors Demand Investigation}}</ref> case of real estate [[fraud]]. He was first let out on bail<ref name=W>{{cite web|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123292923298113933|title=Dubai Raises Bail in Fraud Case|first=Stefania|last=Bianchi|date=January 26, 2009}}</ref>] after 140 days, and later acquitted of all these charges in 2010.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Indian tycoon cleared of fraud on why the worst is over for property |date=26 May 2011 |url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/videos/indian-tycoon-cleared-of-fraud-on-why-worst-is-over-for-property-401752.html|access-date=2022-06-02}}</ref>

It was found by the Supreme Court of Dubai, claimants accused him in order to avoid honoring their financial obligations. The main allegation was directly dismissed by the Public Prosecutor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hope |first=Bradley |date=2011-01-07 |title=Exonerated Indian property tycoon rallies back |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/exonerated-indian-property-tycoon-rallies-back-1.406019 |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> The second allegation was heard in Dubai Court and judge concluded that the accused did not deceive the plaintiffs in the civil action and was not satisfied with their statements in this regard and finds no credibility in the statements as they are baseless and without evidence supporting them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kabir Mulchandani |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/lists/50-richest-indians-in-gcc-538809-htmlitemid538754 |access-date=2020-04-08 |website=arabianbusiness.com |language=en}}</ref> He was exonerated and was acquitted from all allegations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

His legal battle with Viceroy over operator rights of the Palm Jumeirah hotel was highly publicized. Viceroy's termination took place on the same day Viceroy's UAE shareholders announced their plans to wholly own the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/travel-and-tourism/mubadala-investment-company-ready-to-buy-remaining-50-in-viceroy-hotel-group-1.53326|date=June 18, 2017|title=Mubadala Investment Company ready to buy remaining 50% in Viceroy Hotel Group|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|author=McAuley, Anthony}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://kabirmulchandani.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulchandani, Kabir}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Samkutty Pattomkary

2026-03-10T05:36:28Z

YvetteSawtell2: adding a pg

{{Short description|Indian theatre director and playwright (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Dr. Samkutty Pattomary
| image = Sams.jpg
| imagesize = 250
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|04|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kallara]], [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Theatre Director, Scenographer, Writer and Painter
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2016)|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2016)|}}
}}

'''Dr. Samkutty Pattomkary''' (born 17 April 1969) is an Indian [[theatre director]], [[playwright]], [[Scenographer]], and [[Visual arts|visual artist]] from Kerala. He has directed more than 150 theatre productions in Malayalam, English, Hindi, and Kannada in India and abroad. As a playwright, he has written over 27 original plays, with six works published. He has also worked extensively as a technical director and stage designer, creating scenic, lighting, and costume designs for more than 500 amateur and professional theatre and dance productions for leading Indian and international directors.

Apart from theatre, Samkutty has worked in films as an art director and documentary director, and is also a [[painter]] who has held over 10 solo and group exhibitions across Kerala. He holds a Ph.D. in Theatre Arts from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]], and has received several national and international awards for his contributions to theatre.

Pattomkary was a former council member of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Academy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Correspondent |first=Our Special |date=2004-12-11 |title=Akademi council reconstituted |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/akademi-council-reconstituted/article27729599.ece |access-date=2022-04-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
==Education==
Dr. Samkutty Pattomkary studied theatre and fine arts in Kerala and New Delhi. He holds a Ph.D. in Theatre Arts from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]]. He completed his M.Phil. in Theatre from [[University of Calicut]]. He also obtained both his Master of Theatre Arts (MTA) and Bachelor of Theatre Arts (BTA) from the [[School of Drama and Fine Arts|School of Drama, Thrissur, University of Calicut]], securing First Rank in both programs. Earlier, he earned a National Diploma in Fine Arts (NDFA) in Painting and Sculpture from [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]], Ernakulam.

== Selected Theatre Credits ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2026
|[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/samudaya-to-stage-bhagavantana-marana-in-bengaluru-on-feb-26/article70675461.ece Bhagavantana Marana]
|Kannada
|
|-
|2023
|Prema Bussato
|Malayalam
|Melbourne
|-
|2023
|Sugangha
|Malayalam
|Bahrain
|-
|2023
|Priya 'Che'
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2023
|Haliyo Hali Hulalo
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2023
|Ayanakandam
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2023
|Plamya Lyubui
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2022
|Nee Theruvinte Theekkanal
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2020
|Shur Shomraat
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2019
|[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/artistes-offer-to-help-flood-hit/article29263614.ece#google_vignette Adayalam]
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2019
|Prema Bussato
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2019
|Gamayinmel Gama
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2018
|Samskara
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2018
|Arivadayalam
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2018
|Clinically Expired
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2017
|Adhika Nazhika Ghadikaram
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2017
|Nirasa Mayan
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2016
|Coriolanus
|Kannada
|
|-
|2015
|Kazchaye Keeri Branthum Kadannu
|Malayalam
|Won 5 Awards at Barath Muraly Theatre Festival, UAE.
|-
|2015
|Asthamanakadalinakale
|Malayalam
|Won 3 Awards, All India Pravasi Theatre Festival by Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi.
|-
|2015
|Ek Ise Gagan Ke Thale
|Hindi
|
|-
|2014
|[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/two-day-karnad-festival-to-commemorate-100th-show-of-samudayas-tughlaq/article67457495.ece Tughlaq]<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Yemen |date=2023-10-27 |title=Two-day Karnad festival to commemorate 100th show of Samudaya’s Tughlaq |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/two-day-karnad-festival-to-commemorate-100th-show-of-samudayas-tughlaq/article67457495.ece |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|Kannada
|Performed at 17th Bharat Rang Mahotsav International Theatre Festival, 2015.
|-
|2014
|Ottu
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2014
|Pamaranam Pattukaran
|Malayalam
|
|-
|2006
|Medea
|Kannada
|Performed at 12th Bharat Rang Mahotsav International Theatre Festival, 2010.
|-
|2005
|Pralayam
|Malayalam
|Performed at 8th [https://www.brm.nsd.gov.in/ Bharat Rang Mahotsav International Theatre Festival], 2006.
|-
|2004
|Agni
|Malayalam
|Performed at 7th Bharat Rang Mahotsav International Theatre Festival, 2005. and Sangeet Natak Akademi National Festival, Eranakulam.
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
* 2024 Chirayankeezhu Dr. G. Gangadharan Nair Memorial Award <ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2024-02-16 |title=Curtains down on 14th edition of the ITFoK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/curtains-down-on-14th-edition-of-the-itfok/article67854550.ece |access-date=2026-03-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2022 Prof. Perunna Vijayan Nataka Award <ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=18 April 2022 |title=പ്രൊഫ. പെരുന്ന വിജയൻ നാടക അവാർഡ് ഡോ. സാംകുട്ടി പട്ടംകരിയ്ക്ക് |url=//m.metrovaartha.com/article/news-detail/88851?utm=infinitescroll }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-19 |title=പെരുന്ന വിജയൻ അവാർഡ് ഡോ. സാംകുട്ടി പട്ടംകരിയ്ക്ക് |url=https://ezhuthola.in/archives/220 |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Ezhuthola |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 2018 State Award for his play ''Lalla'' by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], Government of Kerala
* 2018 O Madhavan Award for his entire body of work in theatre<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-05-06|title=Class act: The relentless energy of Samkutty Pattomkary's theatre and his journey|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/class-act-theatre-artist-samkutty-pattomkary-5164665/|access-date=2021-03-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 2017 Pravasi [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2016 State Award for Scenic designer (Mayadarpan), [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], Government of Kerala<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janmabhumidaily.com/news634606|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170527123138/http://www.janmabhumidaily.com/news634606|archivedate=27 May 2017|title=വെയില്‍ മികച്ച നാടകം; രജേഷ് ഇരുളം സംവിധായകന്‍|website=[[Janmabhumi]]|date=27 May 2017|language=Malayalam}}</ref>
* 2016 State Award for Playwright (Lalla), [[2016 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]], Government of Kerala<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/feb/22/kerala-sahitya-akademi-awards-announced-1777014.html|title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi awards announced|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sahithya-akademi-awards-announced/article22819193.ece|title=Sahithya Akademi awards announced|date=22 February 2018|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Link farm|date=December 2024}}
*https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/two-day-karnad-festival-to-commemorate-100th-show-of-samudayas-tughlaq/article67457495.ece
*https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/preview-of-chandradasans-production-based-on-kalidasas-shakuntalam/article24995039.ece
*https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/when-the-crows-visit-to-be-staged-in-kannada-as-kaakadosha-in-bengaluru/article67852238.ece
*https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/accident-of-worth/article5871429.ece
*https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/siddhaartha-maadhyamika-no-need-to-be-silly-to-make-people-laugh/article65506384.ece
*{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/a-performance-of-adayalam-turned-into-a-community-event-with-members-of-the-locality-pitching-in-to-help-stage-the-play/article29518002.ece|title=Reflections of society|website=The Hindu|date=26 September 2019|author=Renu Ramanath}}
*https://stagebuzz.in/2020/02/17/samkutty-pattomkarys-play-adayalam/
*https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/every-film-like-experiment-says-malayalam-film-director-aashiq-abu-5759963/
*https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/festival-to-mark-50-years-of-6-theatre-troupes-3902401
*https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Feb/11/a-bittersweet-drama-a-look-at-the-theatre-scene-in-kerala
*https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/03/syam-pushkaran-aashiq-abu-project-in-the-works-12019.html
*https://www.deshabhimani.com/art-stage/p-m-taj-remembered/955134
*https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZzkS8xw8yBGc5o2lZkuRAM/Conversation--I-wish-I-were-a-magician.html
*https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/ireland/association/drama-workshop-138038
*https://www.asianetnews.com/pravasam/first-international-drama-award-of-bahrain-prathibha-awarded-by-minister-saji-cheriyan-r62koh
*http://m4malayalam.tv/news-165/
*http://www.whykol.com/movies/man-kolangal-3305/{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pattomkary, Samkutty}}
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Artists from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Artists from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian scenic designers]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Lighting designers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Theatre directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]

Aronai

2026-03-07T20:20:05Z

YvetteSawtell2: info...

{{Short description|Traditional ceremonial scarf of the Bodo people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Bodo Aronai
| image = Aronai.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description = Traditional ceremonial scarf
| type = Cotton
| area = [[Bodoland]], [[Assam]]
| country = India
| registered =2024
| material = Cotton
| official website =
}}

'''Aronai''' (Bodo: '''अरनाइ''' / '''अरनाय''') is a traditional ceremonial scarf of the [[Bodo people]] of [[Assam]], India. It is an important cultural symbol used to honour guests, elders and dignitaries during social gatherings, festivals and public ceremonies.<ref name="sentinel">{{cite news |title=Assam: Bodo Aronai, food items and beverages granted GI tag |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-bodo-aronai-food-items-and-beverages-granted-gi-tag |work=The Sentinel Assam |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

The textile is handwoven by Bodo women and forms an integral part of the traditional attire and cultural identity of the community. The cloth is usually narrow and decorated with colourful geometric motifs inspired by nature such as flowers, birds and mountains.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |title=Assam’s 8 unique products secure GI tag, celebrate region's rich cultural heritage |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assams-8-unique-products-secure-gi-tag-celebrate-regions-rich-cultural-heritage-1100984-2024-10-02 |work=India Today NE |date=2 October 2024 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

Aronai is closely associated with other traditional Bodo textiles such as the [[Dokhona]] and ''Gamsha'', which together form part of the community's traditional dress system.<ref name="iiad">{{cite web |title=Bodo Textiles: Living Traditions, Motifs & Sustainable Fashion in Assam |url=https://www.iiad.edu.in/the-circle/bodo-textiles-living-tradition-assam/ |website=Indian Institute of Art and Design |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

==Description==

[[File:আৰনাই A Bodo traditional garment.jpg|thumb|Aronai]]

Aronai is generally a narrow woven cloth measuring about 1.5 to 2.5 metres in length and around 0.25 to 0.5 metres in width.<ref name="indiatoday"/><ref name="britishmuseum">{{cite web |title=Aronai ceremonial scarf |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_2009-3021-2 |publisher=British Museum |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref> It is traditionally woven using cotton yarn on handlooms and often features bright colours such as red, yellow, green and white.

The cloth is worn around the neck or draped over the shoulders and is commonly used during cultural performances, traditional festivals and ceremonial functions.<ref name="iiad"/>

==History==
The Aronai has long been associated with the social and cultural life of the Bodo community of the [[Brahmaputra valley]]. Historically, weaving formed an essential domestic craft practiced by Bodo women, who produced garments and textiles for household and ceremonial use.<ref name="iiad"/>

Traditional Bodo attire includes several woven garments such as the ''Dokhona'' worn by women and the ''Gamsha'' worn by men, with Aronai serving as a decorative and ceremonial cloth.<ref name="iiad"/> Ethnographic records note that similar presentation scarves were commonly offered in parts of India during ceremonial greetings and formal occasions.<ref name="britishmuseum"/>

According to cultural traditions, the Aronai also symbolized honour and prestige. In earlier times it was sometimes presented to respected individuals or warriors as a mark of recognition within the community.<ref name="iiad"/>

==Motifs and symbolism==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Aronai Bodo traditional scarf Assam.jpg
| caption1 = Traditional motifs used in Aronai
| image2 = আৰনাই (Aaronai).jpg
| caption2 = Aronai
}}

The decorative patterns woven on Aronai are known as ''agor'' motifs. These motifs are typically geometric in form and often represent elements of the natural environment.<ref name="indiatoday"/>

Common motif inspirations include:

* Floral motifs – designs representing flowers, leaves and plant forms
* Animal and bird motifs – patterns symbolizing birds or animals
* Natural forms – shapes representing mountains, rivers and celestial bodies
* Geometric patterns – symmetrical arrangements reflecting aesthetic balance

These motifs reflect the close relationship between Bodo culture and the natural landscape of the Brahmaputra valley.<ref name="indiatoday"/>

==Manufacturing techniques and loom types==
Aronai is traditionally woven using handloom technology operated by Bodo women. Weaving is considered an essential cultural skill and is often taught within families across generations.<ref name="iiad"/>

The cloth is produced on simple traditional looms such as the back-strap loom or throw-shuttle loom. Cotton yarn is the most common material, though modern versions may incorporate synthetic fibres.<ref name="britishmuseum"/>

Patterns are created through extra-weft weaving techniques in which additional coloured threads are inserted during the weaving process to form decorative motifs. The finished cloth usually features fringed ends and brightly coloured designs.<ref name="britishmuseum"/>

Traditional weaving practices remain an important component of Bodo cultural heritage and continue to support rural artisan livelihoods in parts of Assam.<ref name="iiad"/>

==Cultural significance==

[[File:A participant of Bodo community playing musical instrument under the project Wiki Loves Assamese Culture 2025.jpg|thumb|A man wearing Aronai]]

Aronai is widely used to felicitate guests, community leaders and performers during cultural programmes and public events.<ref name="sentinel"/> Offering an Aronai is considered a mark of honour and hospitality within the Bodo community.

The scarf is also worn during traditional festivals such as [[Bwisagu]], as well as during cultural performances and religious ceremonies.<ref name="indiatoday"/>

==Geographical indication==
In October 2024, '''Bodo Aronai''' received a [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag from the Geographical Indications Registry in [[Chennai]].<ref name="nenews">{{cite news |title=Assam: Eight products of Bodo tribe including 'Aronai' secure GI Tags |url=https://nenews.in/assam/assam-eight-products-of-bodo-tribe-including-aronai-secure-gi-tags/14502/ |work=Northeast News |date=2024 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodo Dokhona, Eri Silk And 11 Other Bodo Articles Receive GI Tags |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/bodo-dokhona-eri-silk-and-11-other-bodo-articles-receive-gi-tags |access-date=2026-01-31 |website=www.guwahatiplus.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaiswal |first=Umanand |date=1 January 2024 |title=19 iconic Assam items earn GI tags, similar honour for Tripura’s Pera, Rignai Pachra |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/19-iconic-assam-items-earn-geographical-indication-tags-similar-honour-for-tripuras-pera-rignai-pachra/cid/2010297 |access-date=31 January 2026 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bodo people]]
* [[Dokhona]]
* [[Geographical indications in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bodo people]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Assam]]
[[Category:Textiles and clothing of Assam]]

List of Tamil films of 2005

2026-03-07T05:25:30Z

YvetteSawtell2: formatting fix

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act 1939 on 4 October 2004, gross fell to 115 per cent of net.<ref>{{cite news |date=2004-09-28 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/28/stories/2004092809150100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Tough action against video piracy|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916074451/https://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/28/stories/2004092809150100.htm|archive-date=16 September 2009}}</ref> The Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}43.65 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/TAMIL+NADU+COMMERCIAL+TAXES+DEPARTMENT+AT+A+GLANCE%2C+2012-2013/d08c1da3-e9a5-4876-866a-82585090510f?version=1.1 |title=Commercial Taxes Department at a glance |website=Commercial Taxes Department, Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=2020-06-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174244/https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/TAMIL+NADU+COMMERCIAL+TAXES+DEPARTMENT+AT+A+GLANCE%2C+2012-2013/d08c1da3-e9a5-4876-866a-82585090510f?version=1.1 |archive-date=2019-01-19 |page=35}}</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

A list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industry in India in [[2005 in film|2005]] by release date:

== Box office collection ==
The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Tamil films|list of highest-grossing Tamil cinema films]] released in 2005.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+The Highest Worldwide Gross of 2005
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Production company
! Worldwide gross
|-
!1
|''[[Chandramukhi]]''
|[[Sivaji Productions]]
| align="right" |{{INR|75-80 crore}}
|-
!2
|''[[Anniyan]]''
|Oscar Films
| align="right" |{{INR|65-70 crore}}
|-
!3
|''[[Ghajini (2005 film)| Ghajini]]''
|Sri Saravana Creations
| align="right" |{{INR|50 crore}}
|-
!4
|''[[Thirupaachi]]''
|[[Super Good Films]]
|align="right" |{{INR|42 crore}}
|-
!5
|''[[Sivakasi (film)| Sivakasi]]''
|Sri Surya Movies
|align="right" |{{INR|30-31 crore}}
|-
!6
|''[[Sandakozhi]]''
|GK Film Corporation
|align="right" |{{INR|30 crore}}
|-
!7
|''[[Sachein]]''
|V Creations
|align="right" |{{INR|28 crore}}
|-
!8
|''[[Aaru (film)| Aaru]]''
|Gemini Productions
|align="right" |{{INR|23-24 crore}}
|-
!9
|''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)| Ayya]]''
|[[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
|align="right" |{{INR|21 crore}}
|-
!10
|''[[Majaa]]''
|Rockline Entertainment
|align="right" |{{INR|18-19 crore}}
|-

|}

==List of Tamil films==
===January—March===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Opening
!Title
!Director !! Cast
!Studio
! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;" | '''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''12'''
| ''[[Dancer (2005 film)|Dancer]]'' || [[Keyaar]] || Kutty, [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]], [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' || M. A. Murugesh || [[Prashanth]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] || [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Nayantara]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Devathaiyai Kanden]]'' || [[Boopathy Pandian]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]], [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' || [[Perarasu]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''21'''
| ''[[Iyer IPS]]'' || Hari Rajan || [[Sathyaraj]], Megha, [[Sanghavi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''28'''
| ''[[Ayodhya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayodhya]]'' || R. Jayaprakash || Mohankumar, [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], Rekha Unnikrishnan, [[Ragini Nandwani]]
|
|
|- February!
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''4'''
| ''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]'' || S. S. Baba Vikram || [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Prem (actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Bose Venkat]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''11'''
| ''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]'' || [[N. Linguswamy]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Trisha Krishnan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''18'''
| ''[[Kannadi Pookal]]'' || K. Shahjahan || [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sukran]]'' || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Natassha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ulla Kadathal]]'' || Pugazhendhi Thangaraj || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], [[Yugendran]], [[Kutty Radhika]]
|
|
|-
| align="center" | '''25'''
| ''[[Aadhikkam]]'' || [[V. C. Guhanathan]] || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]]
|
|
|- March!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98FB98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R'''
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''4'''
| ''[[Kadhal FM]]'' || Jayaprakash || [[Manikandan]], Shivani Singh, [[Aravind Akash]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Sibiraj]], [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raam (2005 film)|Raam]]'' || [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]] || [[Jiiva]], [[Gajala]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rightaa Thappaa]]'' || R. Bhuvana || [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], [[Uma (actress)|Uma]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''10'''
| ''[[Maayavi]]'' || [[Singampuli]] || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Jyothika]], [[Sathyan Sivakumar|Sathyan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''11'''
| ''[[London (2005 Indian film)|London]]'' || [[Sundar C]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Ankitha]], [[Mumtaj]], [[Pandiarajan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''18'''
|| ''[[Jathi (film)|Jathi]]'' || R. Vijaragava || Sathya, [[Sujitha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Karagattakkari]]'' || [[Bharathi Kannan]] || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], SSR Kannan, Vilashini
|
|
|-
| align="center" | '''25'''
| ''[[Kicha Vayasu 16]]'' || A. N. Rajagopal || [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Manikandan (actor)|Manikandan]], [[Jai Akash]]
|
|
|}

===April—June===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Opening
!Title
!Director !! Cast
!Studio
! Ref
|- April!
| rowspan="8" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFDEAD;" | '''A P R'''
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''1'''
| ''[[Girivalam (film)|Girivalam]]'' || Shivraj || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Richard Rishi]], [[Tanu Roy]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gurudeva (film)|Gurudeva]]'' || Jaffer || [[Jai Akash]], [[Pranathi]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]'' || [[Sundar C]] || Yuvakrishna, [[Ankitha]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''8'''
| ''[[Sevvel]]'' || Primose || [[Jai Akash]], [[Rajkiran]], Misha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Jyothika]], [[Nayantara]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Vadivelu]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Priyasakhi]]'' || [[K. S. Adhiyaman]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Sadha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sachein]]'' || [[John Mahendran]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Vadivelu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''15'''
| ''[[Mumbai Xpress]]'' || [[Singeetham Sreenivasa Rao]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Ramesh Aravind]]
|
|
|- May!
| rowspan="10" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#edafaf;" | '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''6'''
| ''[[Jithan]]'' || [[Vincent Selva]] || [[Githan Ramesh]], [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]], [[Sarath Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Karka Kasadara]]'' || [[R. V. Udayakumar]] || [[Vikranth]], [[Lakshmi Rai]], [[Diya (actress)|Diya]], [[Vadivelu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''12'''
| ''[[6'2"]]'' || V. Senthil Kumar || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Sunitha Varma]], [[Vadivelu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''13'''
| ''[[Kana Kandaen]]'' || [[K. V. Anand]] || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Gopika]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''20'''
| ''[[Amudhae]]'' || [[Ezhil]] || [[Jai Akash]], [[Madhumitha]], [[Pranathi]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' || [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Navdeep]], [[Sameksha]], [[Prakash Raj]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''27'''
| ''[[Kadhal Seiya Virumbu]]'' || [[Ravi Bhargavan]] || Santhosh, Srisha, Aswitha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Neeye Nijam]]'' || Indhran || Shaan Vijay, Sumesh, [[Tejashree]]
|
|
|-
| ''Pesuvoma'' || S. K. Udayan || [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]], [[Meenakshi (Malayalam actress)|Sharmilee]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Power of Women (film)|Power of Women]]'' || Jayadevi || [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Riyaz Khan]]
|
|
|- June!
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d9c1b0;" | '''J U N'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''3'''
| ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' || [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Pooja Umashankar|Pooja]], [[Asin]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Padhavi Paduthum Paadu]]'' || C. Ramalingam || [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], Anamika
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''10'''
| ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Sadha]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''24'''
| ''[[Englishkaran]]'' || [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Madhumitha]], [[Namitha]], [[Vadivelu]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pon Megalai]]'' || Sakthi Chithran || [[Nithya Das]], [[Abhinay]], Charan Raj
|
|
|}

===July—September===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Opening
!Title
!Director !! Cast
!Studio
! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background: #d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''1'''
| ''[[Kaatrullavarai]]'' || [[Radha Bharathi]] || [[Jai Akash]], [[Pranathi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''15'''
| ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' || [[Sundar C]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''22'''
| ''[[Ayul Regai]]'' || K. G. Ashok || [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]], Karikalam, Sriji, Gayathri
|
|
|-
| ''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]'' || [[S. P. Hosimin]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Renuka Menon]], [[Ajmal Ameer|Ajmal]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''29'''
| ''[[Daas (2005 film)|Daas]]'' || Babu Yogeswaran || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Renuka Menon]]
|
|
|-
| ''Thullum Kaalam'' || Charana || [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]], Vineetha, [[Tharika]]
|
|
|- August!
| rowspan="8" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#C2B280;" | '''A U G'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''5'''
| ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' || [[Agathiyan]] || [[Nandha (actor)|Nandha]], [[Uma (actress)|Uma]], Vani
|
|
|-
| ''[[Varapogum Sooriyane]]'' || S. Karuppusamy || Trivikram, Priyanjali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''10'''
| ''[[Alaiyadikkuthu]]'' || Kalimuthu || [[Sindhu Tolani]], Naveen Dhanush, [[Aari Arujunan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''12'''
| ''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' || [[Saravana Subbiah]] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Aparna Pillai]], [[Nandana (actress)|Nandana]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''15'''
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]'' || [[Radha Mohan]] || [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Gopika]], [[Revathi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''19'''
| ''[[Andha Naal Nyabagam]]'' || Mani Bharathy || [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], [[Sridevika]], [[Tejashree]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''24'''
| ''[[Chidambarathil Oru Appasamy]]'' || [[Thangar Bachan]] || [[Thangar Bachan]], [[Navya Nair]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''26'''
| ''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]'' || [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Sonia Agarwal]]
|
|
|- September!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#F5DEB3; textcolor:#000;" | '''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''2'''
| ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' || [[Nandha Periyasamy]] || [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Sonia Agarwal]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''9'''
| ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' || [[S. J. Surya]] || [[S. J. Surya]], [[Meera Chopra|Nila]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thotti Jaya]]'' || [[V. Z. Durai]] || [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Silambarasan]], [[Gopika]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''16'''
| ''[[Karpanai]]'' || Ashok Raj || [[Harish Raghavendra]], Keerthi, Sudhi Nambiar, Arpitha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''23'''
| ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Namitha]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|
|
|-
| ''Kalaiyatha Ninaivugal'' || Suraj || Vishwaji, Poorvaja
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2005-08-09 |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/08kk.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015005836/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/08kk.asp | archive-date=15 October 2006 | title=Movie Reviews: Kalaiyatha Ninaivugal |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mudhal Aasai'' || A. R. Matheazhagan || Ganesh, Santhosh, Sitara Vaidya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''29'''
| ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' || [[AR Murugadoss]] || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Asin]], [[Nayantara]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''30'''
| ''[[Mazhai]]'' || S. Rajkumar || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Shriya Saran]]
|
|
|}

===October—December===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Opening
!Title
!Director !! Cast
!Studio
! Ref
|- October!
| rowspan="4" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFB7C5;" | '''O C T'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' || Ashokan || [[R. Parthiban]], [[Lakshmi Rai]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Mallika (actress)|Mallika]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thirudiya Idhayathai]]'' || [[Murali Krishna (director)|Murali Krishna]] || Rohan, [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]], [[Shubha Poonja]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''21'''
| ''[[Navarasa (film)|Navarasa]]'' || [[Santosh Sivan]] || [[P. Shwetha|Shwetha]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Bobby Darling]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''28'''
| ''[[Kasthuri Maan]]'' || [[A. K. Lohithadas]] || [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Meera Jasmine]]
|
|
|- November!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#ACE1AF;" | '''N O V'''
| rowspan="5" align="center" | '''1'''
| ''[[Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam]]'' || [[Balu Mahendra]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Priyamani]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ambuttu Imbuttu Embuttu ]]'' || Ashok Kashyap || Tejashwini Prakash, Crane Manohar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]'' || [[Perarasu]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Asin]], [[Prakash Raj]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Perusu (2005 film)|Perusu]]'' || Kamaraj || Madhu, Neepa, Gemini Balaji, Deeptishri
|
|
|-
| ''[[Majaa]]'' || [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Asin]], [[Pasupathy]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''11'''
| ''[[Saadhuriyan]]'' || D. J. Kumar || [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[Nandana (actress)|Nandhana]], [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]], Bharathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''18'''
| ''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' || [[K. Selva Bharathy]] || Thendral, [[Sridevika]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bambara Kannaley]]'' || Parthy Baskar || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Aarti Agarwal]], [[Namitha]], [[Vikramaditya Shukla|Vikramaditya]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''20'''
| ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' || [[V. Priya]] || [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Karthik Kumar]]
|
|
|- December!
| rowspan="10" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#B8860B;" | '''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''2'''
| ''[[Aanai]]'' || [[Selva (director)|Selva]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Namitha]], [[Keerthi Chawla]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thavamai Thavamirundhu]]'' || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]], [[Rajkiran]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
|
|
|-
| align="center" | '''8'''
| ''[[Manthiran]]'' || [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] || [[Hamsavardhan]], Sruthi, [[Rajan P. Dev]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''9'''
| ''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Trisha Krishnan]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' || Lakshmi Priyan || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Sibiraj]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''16'''
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' || [[N. Lingusamy]] || [[Vishal Krishna|Vishal]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Rajkiran]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''18'''
| ''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' || Kalanidhi || [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], Anamika
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''22'''
| ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]'' || [[Sakthi Paramesh]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], Susan, [[Pranathi]]
|
|
|-
| align="center" | '''23'''
| ''[[Sorry Enaku Kalyanamayidichu]]'' || Sagar || [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], [[Swarnamalya]], [[Asha Saini|Flora]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''30'''
| ''Plus Koottani'' || [[Babu Ganesh]] || Babu Ganesh, [[Raasi (actress)|Manthra]] || || <ref>{{cite web |date=2006-01-08 |last=Mannath |first=Malini |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/01pluskoottany.asp |title=Movie Reviews: Plus Koottany |website=Chennai Online |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015214754/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/01pluskoottany.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

;Other releases
The following Tamil films were also released in 2005, though the release date remains unknown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2005.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529192805/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2005.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2011|script-title=ta:2005-ல் வெளியான படப்பட்டியல் – தயாரிப்பாளர்கள் |trans-title=List of Tamil Films Released In 2005 – Producers |website=www.lakshmansruthi.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title!! Director !! Cast !! Music director
|-
| ''Unnai Enakku Pidichuruku'' || Anbu Saravanan || Aswin, Aswini, Naveen, [[Munna (actor)|Munna]] || [[Sirpy]]
|-
| ''Iyyappa Saamy'' || Ravi-Raja || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Ishaq Hussaini]], Preethi Varma, [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] || Pradeep Ravi
|-
| ''Sendhalam Poove'' || A. C. Deepa Raj || [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] || Vimalraj
|-
| ''Thiru Thiru'' || S. D. Shri Ram Vasu || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Nanditha Jennifer]] ||
|-
| ''Pillayar Pettaiyum Kandhu Vattiyum'' || Govindarasu || ||
|-
| ''Pen Nila'' || || ||
|-
| ''Pondatti Jeyichutta'' || || ||
|-
| ''Povoma Oorgolam'' || || ||
|-
| ''My Dear Ramasamy'' || || ||
|-
| ''Rekkai'' || [[B. Lenin]] || G. V. Narayana Rao, M. S. Visalatchi, N. Madhan Kumar || Amarji
|-
| ''Vairavan'' || Karikalan || Karikalan, [[Pandiarajan]], Karisma, Sathya || Aasan
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! rowspan="1" style="width:20px;"| Category/organization !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| Film Fans Association Awards 16 September 2006<ref>{{cite news | title=Film fans association honours artistes, technicians|work=[[The Hindu]] | orig-date=18 September 2006 |date=2012-03-22 | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/film-fans-association-honours-artistes-technicians/article3077342.ece | access-date=2020-06-14 | archive-date=26 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926074058/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/film-fans-association-honours-artistes-technicians/article3077342.ece | url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[53rd Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]] 9 September 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm|title=53rd Annual Filmfare Awards-South Winners|date=2006-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429030243/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm|archive-date=29 April 2007 |url-status=usurped |website=Cinegoer.com}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] 6 September 2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/awards/state/tamil/2005/index.htm |title=Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 2005 |website=WebIndia123}}</ref>
|-
| Best Film || ''[[Anniyan]]'' || ''[[Anniyan]]'' || ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' / ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
|-
| Best Director || [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] ''[[Anniyan]]''
|-
| Best Actor || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[Rajinikanth]] ''[[Chandramukhi]]''
|-
| Best Actress || [[Asin]] / [[Jyothika]] / [[Sadha]] ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' / ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' / ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[Asin]] ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' || [[Jyothika]] ''[[Chandramukhi]]''
|-
| Best Music Director || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ''[[Anniyan]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ''[[Anniyan]]'' / ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2005 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 2005}}
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2005]]
[[Category:2005 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 2005 films by language]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films| ]]

Hallaur

2026-03-06T23:08:05Z

YvetteSawtell2: starting new data!

{{cleanup rewrite|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hallaur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town of [[Siddharthnagar]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1727|N|82.6505|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6,999
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/178487-hallaur-uttar-pradesh.html|title=Hallaur population}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 272191
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|sidharthnagar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| unemployment_rate =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Awadhi language|Hindi]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Urdu]]
}}

'''Hallaur''' or '''Hallor''' village is located in Domariyaganj Tehsil of [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]] district in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. [[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariyaganj]] is the nearest town to Hallaur village.

The name was derived from Chapter [[Hal-ata]] ([[Al-Insan]]) of the [[Quran]] by Meer Syed Shah Abdur Rasool (Meera Baba).{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} It has a maternity home run by the state government.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://upgov.up.nic.in/spatrika/qsystem/vtable2004.asp|title= Hallaur|publisher= [[Uttar Pradesh Government]]|accessdate= 24 June 2010}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bhatangwan village was merged into Hallaur and became a de facto part of Hallaur.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

It is 44 kilometres southwest of [[Siddharthnagar district]] and 49 kilometres north of [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]] district headquarters, neighbouring [[Domariaganj]] its headquarters.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2010}}
[[File:KadhimaynMosque.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Al Kadhimiya Mosque where Imam [[Musa al-Kazim]] & Imam [[Mohammad al-Taqi]] al Jawwad are buried in [[Iraq]]]]

As per historical evidence{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} some 335 years ago (during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb), a noble and small family of [[Sayyid]]s, led by Shah Sayyid Abdur Rasool along with his family migrated from the Persian City of Toos to India during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. Shah Syed Abdur Rasool later came to be known as "Meera Baba". He was a devout [[Twelver]] Shiite.In fact ancestors of more than 20% of present sadaat population was migrated from nearby villages such as Pandri, Sisai, Bhuigaawan, Pokhra, Bangawaan and Pipra during the past 250 years. Some migrated even 50 to 60 years ago.
Meera Baba's tomb is in the heartland of Hallaur and old natives of Hallaur who are descendants of Meera Baba and his brothers revere him a lot. Every year urs of Meera Baba is commemorated and attended by huge number of people. A huge{{vague|date=April 2018}} gathering pay their homage and recite verses of the [[Quran]] at his tomb daily especially on every Thursday. As per historical evidences Mughal Emperor [[Alamgir II]] visited Hallaur and was so impressed by Meera Baba's charms and divine power that he gifted five villages to Meera Baba. Shah Abdur Rasool Trust is still functional in Hallaur. The trust is responsible for maintenance of Bada Imambargah, maintenance of tomb of Meera Baba, organising anniversaries, etc. [[Day of Ashura]] procession on 10th [[Moharram]], mourning procession of 7th [[Moharram]] and similar other processions are organised by the trust (Waqf) round the year from the grants released by Shia Central Waqf Board in favour of Waqf Shah [[Alamgir II]].The present trustee is Janab Naushad Haider Rizvi, Advocate.

It has been said by the local Hallauris that Meer Shah Abdur Rasool faced hard-hitting confrontation from the tribal settled in Hallaur who were known as "Tharus". The Tharus asked Meera Baba to prove himself being a true Syed and show some miracles commensurate with their magical performances. Meera Baba once brushing his teeth with a Reetha stick sowed the same in the land within the premises of today's Jama Masjid of Hallaur. Within few days a sapling emerged. The whole Tharu community became his followers and most of them embraced Islam. That miraculous tree is still alive at the entrance of Jama Masjid. Hallauris keep the leaves of that tree as trophy. All Hallauris believe that as long as Meera Baba is in Hallaur, this a secured place. This area was named Hallaur either by Meera Baba or by his brothers. It is a prominent place near [[Domariaganj]] in the District of [[Siddharthnagar]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. Generally the natives of this area are small landlords and agriculturists by profession. Soon they realized the importance of education and as such presently they can be found in. Generally they visit Hallaur on few occasions such as Muharram. Hallaur was actively involved in first war of Indian Independence. [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]] of [[Awadh]] took refuge on her way towards Nepal when she was being chased by British Army. Her small contingent was safely helped and guided by Shah Kabeer Ali under the leadership of Meer Muhammad Bakhsk. The British Army punished the Hallauris for this.

No murder or any other heinous crime has yet occurred in Hallaur.

==Demographics==
As per the Census held in India in 2001, Hallaur has a population of approximately 25000 people, 50:50 men to women.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=575705|title= Haloor Village| publisher=Ourvillageindia.org |accessdate=2010-06-24}}</ref> However, after amalgamation of neighbouring Bhatangwa village with that of Hallaur, now Bhatangwa is part of Hallaur and with that Hallaur has an estimated total population of approximately 18,000 to 20,000 people including those of the adjoining areas. Residents of Hallaur are referred as Hallauris. Most of the Hallauris practice the [[Shia Islam]] religion with considerable population of other faiths such as [[Sunnis|Sunni Muslims]], [[Hindus]], [[Buddhists]] and a dozen Christians.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} Christians also have their missionary School and Hospital named as St. Thomas on Highway No. 26 of Hallaur.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://dioceseofgorakhpur.org/index.html|title= Hallaur, Assisi Bhavan|publisher= Dioceseofgorakhpur.org|accessdate= 2010-06-24|archive-date= 13 September 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100913025437/http://dioceseofgorakhpur.org/index.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Most of the Hallauri Muslims are [[Twelver Shiites]]. Around 85% of entire population is Muslim out of which more than 90% Shiites are from the Syed families, they are predominantly devout Shias. The remaining 15% of population has [[Buddhists]] and, [[Hindus]] and Christian population.

The [[Hindus]] settled in Hallaur have decades old history. They were given land by Syed landlords to settle down with their families in Hallaur. A separate locality of Dalits still exists in Hallaur on the land provided by Syeds. They have a good rapport with the other communities of hallaur.

==Education and literacy==
The literacy rate amongst the people is considerably higher than other people living in surrounding area.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://upgov.up.nic.in/spatrika/qsystem/vtable2004.asp|title= Hallaur|publisher= [[Uttar Pradesh Government]]|accessdate= 2010-06-24}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Due to unemployment, people of this town are compelled to work in metropolitan cities, the Middle East and other countries for their living. A substantial number of people work in the government sector.

Religious educational institute like [[Madrasas]] was established by the Late Alhaj Syed Ali Hasan Rizvi (Tehsildar Sb) and is running successfully. The Modern school was established by late Qazi Adeel Abbasi, the late Hashmat Ali, the late Ghalib Husain, the late Mohd Iliyas, the late Samar Hallauri, the late Mohammad Husain (Nanhey baba), the late Lutf Haider, the late Itait Husain, the late Dr Nazeer Hasan (Moti doctor) and the late Sultan Ahmad in 1952. The district board also runs four schools (including two for girls) and three primary schools. There are some privately run schools also in Hallaur. Makhtab and [[Madrasas]] are the preferred sources of religious education for all preferably for women. Fine arts, craft and composition of [[Urdu]] poetry are major hobbies of native Hallauris. Hallaur has hosted All India Shia Conference which was attended by important religious leaders and also hosted the executive body meeting of "Anjuman Wazeefa Sadaat wa Momineen."{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==Culture and religion==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
Hallauri are influenced by Persian as well as Indian culture. The language used by them is unique too. Being a [[Shiite]]-dominated town, Hallaur is becoming a Shiite center of eastern Uttar Pradesh because of its sizable population of Shia Muslims.
A huge gathering can be seen during the month of [[Moharram]]. The great and renowned scholar and theologian from [[Saran district]] of (Bihar) state of India "Allamah Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]]” who actively promoted Islam in East Africa and wrote number of books on Shiite theology and jurisprudence had served as Imam of Jama Masjid of Hallaur in his early days (1948–51). The late Haider Mahdi who was also a good orator. Itrat Hallauri, Qais Hallauri and [[Allamah]] Samar Hallauri are the greatest poets Hallaur has ever produced. Khurshid Hallauri and Jamal Hallauri are known for their classic poetry. Mayal Hallauri and Baqar Hallauri, teachers by profession, were also local poets. Sada-e-Dil [Voice of the Heart] was the epic which was composed and recited by Samar Hallauri on the opening day of All India Shia Conference (AISC). Upon him was conferred the title of '[[Allamah]]' by AISC presided by 'Maulana Kalbe Abbas' the 'Fakhr-e-Qaum. More than three quarters of the population of this place is scattered throughout the world and other places like [[Mumbai]], [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]], [[Aligarh]], [[Bangalore]], [[Pune]] and [[Gorakhpur]]. However, most of the immigrants of this town are well connected to their roots as they frequently visit their motherland especially during the month of Moharram. A monthly Hindi magazine 'Dost Ki Baat' edited by Nafees Haider Hallauri and a newspaper named Hallaur Sandesh edited by Roshan Rizvi, another newspaper 'Watchman', edited by Helal Haider Rizvi also give glimpses of Hallauri thoughts and culture. Badshah Husain Rizvi contributed in Hindi literature. 'Parivartan' a Hindi magazine was a good effort of Sultan Ahmad Rizvi and his brothers. Jamaali Sahab has also written several Urdu novels which were published with the assistance of [[Urdu Academy, Uttar Pradesh|UP Urdu Academy]]. Presently, much work is being done by Dr Wazahat Rizvi in respect of Urdu literature. At the cultural level, Sultan Ahmad Rizvi and his brothers established 'AAG' (Armature Artist Guild) which has done commendable work in the field of Art, Drama and Theater. Mr. Hasan Abbas Rizvi ex. program executive All India Radio has contributed much in the field of radio drama. He had written, directed and played main character of Bhola, which was immensely popular, in very popular radio drama series ''Jharokha'' highlighting social problems, broadcast for more than 10 years continuously in eighties from Gorakhpur center of All India radio. District-level representation of the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) was also representation of Hallaur, position of district secretary & president was with Adv. Manzar Rizvi and Khurshid Ahmad (R.K) respectively. Anwar Abbas Rizvi residing in Gorakhpur also contributed in the field of radio and TV. Hallauris are a unique community and most of them have the same resemblance.
"Anjuman Farogh Matam" [Green Party] and "Anjuman Guldasta Matam" [Black Party] are the registered organisations behind all religious activities of Hallauris. "Anjuman Urooj Matam" is the youth wing of Farogh Matam and "Anjuman Ghuncha Matam" is the youth wing of Guldasta Matam. Every Hallauri is either affiliated to Farogh Matam or Guldasta Matam. Unlimited religious activities are performed by both parties round the year. Locally, Farogh Matam is named as Hari [Green] Party whereas Guldasta Matam is nicknamed as Kali/Safed [Black] (Ujari)Party. Almost every religious scholar of the country has visited Hallaur once or more to participate in Majlises organised by Farogh Matam and Guldasta Matam since almost last 100 years. AL Haj Ahmad Raza Rizvi who has delivered taqreer (majlis after tadfeen-e-Tazia) at Karbala Hallaur on the day of Ashura continuously for 56 years, Maulana Hasan Abbas Fitrat, Maulana Syed Ilmul Hasan Rizvi, Maulana Syed Zawar Hussain Rizvi, Maulana Chand, Alhaj Tafseer Hasan, Maulana Lakhte jigar, Jamal Haider, Qaiser Abbas, Khushter Abbas, Er. Mehdi Abbas and Er. Aftab Haider and many other religious scholars of Hallauri origin are doing/have done their level best to propagate Islam in different parts of India and world. "Anjuman Yadgare Husaini" is the mother Anjuman of all Anjumans. The late Ali Hasan Tehsildar was the person who had institutionalised and streamlined the activities of this Anjuman and was instrumental in making it financially strong. Karbala of Hallaur is a major place of mourning for Imam Husain ibn Ali. Earlier it was only for burial of Taziya and few other occasional events but in recent past Karbala has emerged as an important place of worship and social gatherings. A Mosque-cum-Imambargah was constructed by the late Er. Sayyid Badrul Hasan in the premises of Karbala (later he constructed another Imambargah in old Karbala). Much construction has continued since then. Several shrines were recently constructed and several are underway.

[[Shrines]] so far constructed in Karbala premises of Hallaur are as follows:
* Shrine of Imam [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]]
* Shrine of Syedah [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zainab bint Ali]]
* Shrine of Imam [[Ali al-Sajjad|Zayn al-Abidin]] Al-Sajjad
* Shrine of Imam [[Ali al reza|Ali al Reza]].

[[Shrines]] planned to be constructed in Karbala premises of Hallaur as of March 2010:
* The Shrine of Syedah [[Fatimah]] Zahra daughter of [[Muhammad]].
* The Shrine of [[Abbas ibn Ali]], already a Dargah in name of Bab ul Hawaej [[Abbas ibn Ali]] exists in Hallaur.
* The Shrine of Syedah [[Sakinah bint Husayn]], already a small Imambargah exists in name of Sakinah Bint al Husain within Hallaur.
* The Shrine of Ali Asghar Ibn Husayn, constructed recently at Babulganj Muhallah.

==Azadari and other religious observances==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
[[Azadari]] in Hallaur is known all over [[India]], it's done with great fervor. The practice of not cooking food at home on the [[day of Ashura]] is still prevalent in Hallaur. People abstain from cooking at home only if someone dies within their family, and that day they are provided with meal by their neighbours or near relatives. This is done ever year on the [[day of Ashura]], people cook meals at their homes for their neighbours and then share each other.
[[Tazia|Taziya]] procession on the [[day of Ashura]] is carried out with much devotion in Hallaur. Hallaur has a history of [[Azadari]] which is done in great zeal.
The Main religious activities of [[Azadari]] started from very first night of the month of [[Muharram]] until its end after two months and eight days, apart all other Mourning Days related to Masoomeen,

From First Night after sighting the Moon of Muharram, [[Majlis]] started and it continues on place to place and house to house following a time table from early in the morning until midnight. After midnight many SHAB E BEDARI (All Night Azadari) has been organised by many Anjumans each day all during two months and eight days.
On the seventh and eighth days of Muharram, a Juloos is organized by both Farogh Matam and Guldista Matam separately which joins each other at Main Hallaur Fourway, it starts early in the morning and end late in night in Karbala of Hallaur Marching and mourning almost all houses and Shrines and Imambargah of Hallaur as well as in the night of the seventh Muharram JULOOS E MEHDI in memory of [[Qasim ibn Hasan]] and on the eighth night Juloos e Taboot in memory of Ali Akber Ibn Husayn is observed all night.
Also, on the eighth Night of Muharram, in the Shrine / Dargah of [[Abbas ibn Ali]] a majlis was addressed followed by Matam and Alam.
On tenth day of Muharram, the Day of [[Ashura]] a large Juloos is observed every year along With replicas of many religious signs like Alam and Zuljanah. This is followed by [[Mätam|Matam]], NAUHA, Qamazani and Zanjeerzani.
In the night of Tenth Muharram, Sham e Ghareeban was mourned by local people in three major majlises which are
* Majlis e Sham e Ghareeba organized at Dargah Duwara
* Majliz e Sham e Ghareeba organized at Imambargah of Shafayat Husain Sahib
*Majlis e Sham e Ghareeba at the House of Barkat Husain Sahib T.T.

Taziya processions apart from day of Ashura are also carried out by Shiites on the following days:
* Day of [[Arbaeen]] also known as [[Chehlum]] in Hallaur falls 40 days after the day of Ashura.
* 25th of [[Moharram]] in commemoration of fourth Shiite Imam Ali ibnil Husain [[Ali al-Sajjad|Zayn al-Abidin]].
* 9th of [[Zil Hijjah]] in commemoration of martyrdom of [[Muslim ibn Aqeel]] cousin of Imam [[Husain ibn Ali]] who was captured and martyred in [[Kufa]] on this day.
* 28th of [[Safar]] in commemoration of [[Muhammad]]'s Death and Martyrdom of second Shiite Imam [[Hasan ibn Ali]] on same day.
* [[Chup Tazia]] on 8th of [[Rabi'-ul-Awwal]] in commemoration of martyrdom of eleventh Shiite Imam [[Hasan al Askari]]
* 28th of [[Rajab]] in memory of Imam [[Husain ibn Ali]]'s last day in [[Medina]] before he headed towards [[Karbala]].

Qama-Zani, Zanjeer Zani and Matam on Fire are also done in Hallaur. Most of the Hallauris are in [[Taqlid]] of Grand Ayatollah [[Ali al-Sistani]]. [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zainab bint Ali]] Day organised by Abbas brothers, Abbas Day organised by Alam brothers and Mahfile Noor organised by Farogh Matam are held every year with much devotion. Around four decades earlier, the late Nafis Ahmad Rizvi Advocate started a programme named Sham-e-Ghariban and this programme became highly acclaimed. Now this programme is carried out by Zakir-e-Ahlebayte Khushtar Abbas Rizvi.

[[Imambargah]]s in Hallaur are the places which contribute to the cause of mourning of Imam [[Husain ibn Ali]] and these are centres of religious gatherings in [[Moharram]]. A big new Imambargah is under construction in the vicinity of Hallaur bazaar. Besides Jama Masjid there are five mosques of the [[Shia]] community and one of the [[Sunni]] community.

List of Imambargahs in Hallaur:
* Imambargah Waqf [[Alamgir II|Shah Alamgir II]] also known as Bada Imambargah constructed on the land gifted by [[Alamgir II|Shah Alamgir II]]
* Imambaargaah Babul Baba
* Imambaargaah Seth Baba
* Dargah Bab ul Hawaej Abbas ibn Ali (Pachchon [West] Imambargah)
* Imambaargaah Nirmalain Bua
* Imambaargaah of Shafayat Husain Sahib Tehseeldar, nowadays known as Hussainyah Ali Hasan
* Imambaargaah of Karbala constructed by Er S.B.Hasan
* Imambaargaah Faham Hallauri
* Jannat al Baqi Imambargah in memory of demolished shrines in [[Jannat al Baqi]], Saudi Arabia.
* Imam baargaah Abu Naadir
* Imam Bargaah Rajjab Ali
In addition, many families have earmarked some place within their houses as Imam Baargaah

The [[Shiva]] temple of Hallaur is an holy place of worship for [[Hindus]]. A fair on the occasion of [[Maha Shivratri]] is held every year with huge gathering of Hindus coming from far off to attend the fair. Hallaur also has a Hindu temple named as Kali Mandir. The land for Shivalaya, Seeta Garahiya and Kali Mandir was donated by Hallauri Landlord Syed Mohammad Haider son of late Shabbir Hasan with the consent of his grandfather, the late Hashmat Ali Numberdar.

==Jama Masjid and managing committee==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
A Central 'Jama Masjid' was constructed adjacent to the dwelling place of Shah Saiyyad Abdur Rasool almost three and half centuries ago. This was rebuilt in the 1930s. This mosque has, since then, been reconstructed, expanded and repaired from time to time with locally available resources, techniques and materials. This was again reconstructed as a grand mosque in the year 2016 applying new design and modern technique,
And This newly built mosque was inaugurated by the imam of Friday and Jamaat Maulana Syed Waseem Raza Zaidi Sahib Qibla (imam juma wl jama'at from 2009 to 2019) And the first congregational prayer was also taught under his leadership.
Jama Masjid is a centrally managed mosque, it is also the biggest mosque of Hallaur and organises the weekly Friday Congregational prayer along with the mandatory daily prayers.

The Jama Masjid's managing committee known as "Anjuman-e-Yadgar-e-Hussaini" looks after all affairs and management of the mosque, community Graveyards, [[Madrasa]]s and Makhtab (imparting religious and modern education). "Anjuman-e-Yadgar-e-Hussaini" is one of the oldest registered religious organisations of Hallaur. The present [[Imam]] of the Jama Masjid is 'Hujjatul Islam Maulana syed Mohammad Hasan' from Akbarpur District. Considered as the mother organisation of all organisations in Hallaur "Anjuman-e-Yadgar-e-Hussaini" is actively involved in organising various religious activities in Hallaur. The notable tomb of Shah Abdur Rasool and graves of his family members and his miraculous Reetha tree are also within the premises of Jama Masjid.

==Hallauris outside Hallaur and their religious activities==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2016}}
[[Mumbai]] is believed to be having the largest Hallauri population outside Hallaur followed by Lucknow and Gorakhpur respectively. The majority of Hallauris live in clusters in Govandi and other areas of [[Mumbai]] like [[Andheri]], [[Mira Road]], [[Mumbra]], [[Bandra]], [[Kurla]] and [[Navi Mumbai]] and almost every country in the [[Persian Gulf]]. In addition, Hallauri have registered their presence in the US, Canada, [[United Kingdom]], [[Africa]], Germany, Japan and many other countries. Anjuman Haideri Hallaur is active in Mumbai, [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]], [[Aligarh]] and [[Gorakhpur]] and Kanpur. Hallaur Association in Gorakhpur is a social-cum-religious platform of Hallauris residing in Gorakhpur. It organises a mourning procession of fifth Muharram every year. Religious activities are being organised in Delhi and Lucknow, too.

Hallauris are and were always independent, all cultural and religious functions are organized by donations received from members. ImamBargah –e- Haidery Hallaur, a Masjid cum Imam Bargah is built by Hallauris in Govandi. This Anjuman has a programme in the month of Safar, a Juloos where 72 Tabuts [Coffins] are carried by the mourners of the Martyrs of [[Karbala]].
In addition a religious "IDAARA" was founded by Er S.B. Hasan in Andheri West. It is being used for salaat, azaadari and other religious activities.

Hallaur is also known as the Azadari planet.

==See also==
* [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]]
* [[Musa al-Mubarraqa|Musa al Mubaraqqa]]
* [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khurasan]]
* [[Rizvi]]
* [[Shia Islam in India]]
* [[Wasa Dargah]]

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.raceandhistory.com/ raceandhistory.com]
* [http://www.hindtravels.in/ hindtravels.in]

{{Siddharthnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Siddharthnagar district]]

Meitei mythology

2026-03-05T01:45:04Z

YvetteSawtell2: basic correct formatting after review and added references

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Redirect|Manipuri mythology}}
{{See|Meitei folklore|Meitei literature}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox literary genre
| name = Meitei (Manipuri) mythology
| image = 
| imagesize = 
| caption =
| alt = Manipuri mythology
| stylistic_origins =
| cultural_origins = [[Meitei culture]]
| features =
| popularity =
| formats =
| authors = 
| subgenrelist =
| subgenres = [[Epic cycles of incarnations]] 
| relatedgenres = 
| base# = 
| pub# = 
| title# = 
| series# = 
| regional_scenes =
| local_scenes =
| other_topics = [[Sanamahism]], [[Meitei folklore]], [[Meitei literature]], [[Meitei cinema]]
}}

'''Meitei mythology''' (or Manipuri mythology) ({{langx|mni|Meitei Mi Lai Tingi Wari}}) is a collection of myths, belonging to the religious and cultural traditions of the [[Meitei people]], the predominant ethnic group of [[Manipur]]. It is associated with traditional Meitei religion of [[Sanamahism]]. Meitei myths explain various natural phenomena, how human civilization developed, and the reasons of many events.<ref>Laisram, Rena (2009). Early Meitei History: Religion, Society and the Manipur Puyas. Akansha Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-8370-163-1.</ref><ref>Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi. Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.</ref>

== Textual sources ==
{{Expand list|date=June 2022}}
Mythical narration plays an integral role in nearly every genre of [[Meitei literature]] ([[Manipuri literature]]). Some of the best known literary sources are:
{| class="wikitable"
!Ancient texts
!Description
|-
|[[Khongjomnubi Nongarol]]
|Legends of six girls turning into the [[Pleiades]] in the sky<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meitei |first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Sarit K. |last3=Arunkumar |first3=M. C. |title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur |date=25 November 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-29637-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=khongjomnubi+nongarol&pg=PT134 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Konthoujam Nongarol
|Legends of [[Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi]]<ref>{{cite book| last = Paniker| first = K. Ayyappa| title = Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA334| year = 1997| publisher = Sahitya Akademi| isbn = 978-81-260-0365-5| page = 334 }}</ref>
|-
|[Leishemlon|Leishemlon
|[[Creation myth]]<ref>[[Moirangthem Kirti Singh|Singh, Moirangthem Kirti]] (1998). Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy. Parimal Publications.</ref>
|-
|[[Leithak Leikharol]]
|The creation of the world, [[genealogy]] of [[king]]s, moral teachings and [[mythology]]<ref>Panchani, Chander Sheikhar (1987). Manipur, Religion, Culture, and Society. Konark Publishers. ISBN 978-81-220-0047-4.</ref>
|-
|[[Panthoibi Khongul]]
|Romantic adventures of the Goddess [[Panthoibi]] and the God [[Nongpok Ningthou]]<ref>Society and Economy in North-East India. Regency Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-81-87498-83-4.</ref><ref>Zama, Margaret Ch (2013). Emerging Literatures from Northeast India: The Dynamics of Culture, Society and Identity. SAGE Publishing India. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-321-1746-9.</ref><ref>North East India History Association. Session (2003). Proceedings of North East India History Association. The Association.</ref>
|-
|[[Phouoibi Waron]]
|Legends of the multitude of loves of Goddess [[Phouoibi]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=phou-oibi+waron+lady+paddy+plenty+rice+goddess+fickle&pg=PA334|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Poireiton Khunthok]]
|Legend of the human [[civilization]] on earth led by [[Poireiton]] and [[Leinaotabi]] from the underworld.<ref>Singh, R.K. Jhalajit (1965). A Short History of Manipur. O.K. Store.</ref><ref>Sen, Sipra (1992). Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-310-0.</ref><ref>Singh, Wahengbam Ibohal (1986). The History of Manipur: An early period. Manipur Commercial Company.</ref>
|-
|Sakok Lamlen
|A sequel to Leithak Leikharol.<ref>Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.</ref>
|}

== Mythical beings ==
{{main|Meitei deities|Meitei folklore|List of creatures in Meitei folklore}}
Mythical beings include gods, goddesses, mythical creatures and many others.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Asian mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan mythology]]
[[Category:Indian religions]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur]]
{{Meiteimyth navbox long}}

Bombay Boys

2026-03-03T23:28:33Z

YvetteSawtell2: page edit

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bombay Boys
| image = Bombay Boys.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Kaizad Gustad]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Kaizad Gustad]]
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Tara Deshpande]]|[[Naveen Andrews]]|[[Rahul Bose]]|[[Alexander Gifford]]|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]|[[Roshan Seth]]|[[Luke Kenny]]}}
| music = [[Dhruv Ghanekar]] [[Ashutosh Pathak]]
| cinematography = [[Kramer Morgenthau]]
| editing = [[Priya Krishnaswamy]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|1998|12|25}}
| runtime = 105 min.
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
}}

'''''Bombay Boys''''' is a 1998 Indian [[crime comedy film]] written and directed by the Indian director [[Kaizad Gustad]]. It follows the adventures of three young men in modern-day [[Mumbai]] (or Bombay). The boys are of Indian origin, but were all raised in the West. Krishna Sahni (played by [[Naveen Andrews]]) is an aspiring actor from New York City who wants to make it big in [[Bollywood]]. Ricardo Fernandes ([[Rahul Bose]]) is from Sydney and is in Mumbai to search for his long-lost brother. Finally, Xerxes Mistry ([[Alexander Gifford]]), a musician from London, is looking to discover his "roots" in the land of his ancestors.

==Synopsis==

The three meet for the first time at Mumbai's airport and decide to find a place together. In the course of the movie, Krishna finds out that, in order to break into the local film industry, he must first win the (decidedly risky) patronage of Don Mastana, a [[crime boss|godfather]] of the Mumbai underworld who's also a film producer. Mastana is a violent man who thinks nothing of impaling a lizard with a knife or shattering the skull of a fellow crime boss for making a pass at his girlfriend.

Ricardo, the serious-looking Australian, finds out the sad fate of his brother, but also manages to fall in love with Mastana's spunky moll Dolly, igniting further flames. Xerxes, who's a [[Parsi people|Parsi]], is led to embrace his latent homosexuality by their gay landlord.

==Cast==
* [[Naveen Andrews]] as Krishna Sahni
* [[Rahul Bose]],as Ricardo Fernandes
* [[Alexander Gifford]] as Xerxes Mistry
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Don Mastana
* [[Tara Deshpande]] as Dolly
* [[Roshan Seth]] as Pesi
* Tarun Shahani as Danny
* [[Luke Kenny]] as Xavier
* [[Vinay Pathak]] as Spot-boy turned director
* [[Kushal Punjabi]] as Asif
* [[Nagesh Bhosle]] - Cherry Blossom Kalia

Additionally, [[Javed Jaffrey]] made a special appearance in the item number "Mumbhai."

==Production==
''Bombay Boys'', which took four years to complete, was filmed on location in Mumbai's bars, slums and markets. The film was made on a limited budget; director [[Kaizad Gustad]] financed the film with credit cards as well as by borrowing money from his family and friends.<ref>{{cite book |title= Transnational Cinema: The Film Reader |last= Ezra |first= Elizabeth |author2=Rowden, Terry |year= 2006 |publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 0-415-37158-9 |page= 61 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Ashutosh Phatak]], [[Dhruv Ghanekar]] and released by [[Sony Music India]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Bombay Boys
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ashutosh Phatak]], [[Dhruv Ghanekar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 August 1998
| recorded = 1995–1998
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 40:12
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Ashutosh Phatak, Dhruv Ghanekar
| prev_title = [[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]
| prev_year = 1997
| next_title = Snip!
| next_year = 2000
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 40:12
| title1 = Mumbhai
| extra1 = [[Ashutosh Phatak]], [[Dhruv Ghanekar]], [[Javed Jaffrey]]
| length1 = 5:06
| title2 = Paisa Paisa Paisa
| extra2 = Ashutosh Phatak, [[Dhruv Ghanekar]], Mehnaz
| length2 = 6:11
| title3 = Sunoh
| extra3 = [[Lucky Ali]]
| length3 = 5:02
| title4 = Mastana's Theme
| extra4 = Ashutosh Phatak, Dhruv Ghanekar, Smoke, [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
| length4 = 5:04
| title5 = Yeah Yeah
| extra5 = Ashutosh Phatak, Dhruv Ghanekar, [[Indus Creed]]
| length5 = 3:04
| title6 = Tabla Dholak
| extra6 = Ashutosh Phatak, Dhruv Ghanekar, Vinay Mandke
| length6 = 1:56
| title7 = Quest
| extra7 = Ashutosh Phatak, Dhruv Ghanekar, Anaida
| length7 = 6:22
| title8 = Bombay Blues
| extra8 = Ashutosh Phatak, Dhruv Ghanekar, Bashir Sheikh
| length8 = 5:01
| title9 = Waltzing Matunga
| extra9 = Merlyn D'Souza, Asif Ali Beg, Mantra
| length9 = 2:26
}}

==Critical reception==
Pradeep Sebastian of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Going by the crowds flocking to see it, it[']s clear that Indian audiences have begun to expect good things from Indian English films. But this is one they are going to be disappointed with."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/565643645742E3436525694000570F65?OpenDocument | title=Cinema Reviews - Deccan Herald }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0168529|title=Bombay Boys}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1998 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:1998 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1990s gangster films]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Comedy films about Asian Americans]]
[[Category:1998 English-language films]]
[[Category:1998 American films]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related crime comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language crime comedy films]]

Colachel

2026-03-03T21:01:08Z

YvetteSawtell2:

{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Colachel
| settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Colachel harbour.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Colachel harbour
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Colachel, Kanniyakumari (Tamil Nadu)
| coordinates = {{coord|8.178600|N|77.256100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Tamil Nadu|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = First Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Colachel Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 56
| population_total = 23,227
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''Colachel''' (Tamil/Malayalam: Kulachal, {{IPA|ml|kuɭɐt͡ʃːɐl|ipa}}) is a [[Municipality]] in the far south of [[India]], located in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu. It is a natural harbor on the [[Malabar Coast]], located 20 km northwest of [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] ([[Cape Comorin]]), the southernmost tip of India. As of 2011, the municipality had a population of 23,227 and a metropolitan population of 47,007.

==History==
Colachel is an ancient port town, that [[Vasco da Gama]] called ‘Colachi’. Before the State re-organization in 1956, it was part of the [[Travancore State]]. After the defeat of the Dutch by King [[Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] in 1741, a victory pillar had been erected near the beach in commemoration of the victory. The town is bounded on the south by [[Arabian Sea]]. It has Pampoori Vaikal in its Western side. Nagercoil the headquarters of Kanyakumari District is 20 km away from this town in the North East Direction.

===Battle of Colachel===
{{Main|Battle of Colachel}}

Colachel was the location of the battle between the Travancore (Anglicised form of [[Thiruvithaamkoor]]) King [[Marthanda Varma]] (1729–1758) forces led by the thiruvithaamkoor nair patalam(body guards of the king) and Anantha Padmanaban Nadar and the [[Dutch East India Company]] forces led by Admiral [[Eustachius De Lannoy]] on 10 August 1741. It was the first time in [[History of India|Indian history]] that an Asian country defeated a [[Navy|European naval force]].<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20060630210727/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2202/stories/20050128006501300.htm The Hindu]}} — A different battle at Colachal</ref>

The Dutch marines landed in Colachel with artillery and captured the land up to [[Padmanabhapuram]], then the capital of Travancore. The arrival of Marthanda Varma from the north forced the Dutch to take up defensive positions in Colachel, where they were attacked and defeated by the Travancore forces. Twenty-eight high level Dutch officers, including Admiral D'lennoy, were captured. The defeat of the Dutch in Colachael was the turning point of the [[Battle of Colachel|Travancore-Dutch War]]. D'lennoy went on to serve the Travancore kingdom for the next two decades and was promoted to the post of the ''Valiya kappithan'' (Senior Admiral) of the Travancore forces. He modernised the Travancore army, and built the ''Nedumkottai'', a line of fortifications in the north of the kingdom, which held up the army of [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1791, during his ill-fated invasion of Travancore. D'lennoy is buried in the [[Udayagiri Fort]], also known as ''Dillanai kottai'' (D'lennoy's fort) which is located 7 kilometres north of Padmanabhapuram (about 14 kilometres from [[Nagercoil]]).

===2004 Tsunami===
On 26th December 2004, a tsunami of the Indian Ocean caused huge devastation and damages. In Colachel, it caused the death of around 500 people. As the land near the coastline is flat and at sea level with no seawall (anti sea erosion), water travelled inland carving out new streams and estuaries. The waves were reported to be around 5m high and a run up height of 2.6m. Maximum number of casualties happened near the A.V.M. Canal as well as around the open trenches being used by the local coconut fibre industry.<ref>[http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/RP/2006_Effect_EQSpectra.pdf Effect of 2004 Tsunami pages S446-S447]</ref> Colachel is said{{by whom|date=August 2020}} to be the last place (southwards) which is affected severely by tsunami.

The government and several non-governmental agencies have been providing relief works for those affected by the tsunami.

==Transport==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
The town is connected to all parts of the state by road. Nagercoil, the district headquarters of Kanyakumari is situated 47  km from Colachel in the north-east direction.

The Four lane National Highway under-construction NH66, connecting Kanyakumari and Kerala, bypasses Colachel at a distance of 8 km.

3 State Highways<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/index.php/en/list-of-roads/statehighways |title=Tamilnadu Highways |publisher=Tnhighways.tn.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref> passes through the town, which makes the coastal town well connected to the commercial and tourist hubs in other parts of district and state.
1. SH 179 - Kanniyakumari - Pazhayauchakadai Road,
2. SH 180 - Colachel - Thiruvattar Road,
3. SH 46 - Aralvoimozhi - Nagercoil - Rajakkamangalam - Colachel Road.

The broad gauge rail link between [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and Kanyakumari passes at a distance of 9  km from Colachel town. The nearest railway station is at Eraniel.

The nearest Air Terminal to the town is [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of [[Kerala]], which is located 65 km away in the northwest direction.

===Harbour===
The existing fishing harbour in the town is now being developed as an integrated fishing terminal with increased vessel berthing capacity. The new harbour will be [http://alagurajeshwaran.com/2016/07/07/what-are-the-merits-and-demerits-of-building-new-seaport-in-colachel/ constructed jointly by Chennai and Tuticorin port (Voc Port)]

==Geography==
The town is located on the western coastal side of Kanyakumari District and falls in the coordinates of {{Coord|8.15|N|77.14|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.tidco.com/tn_policies/tn_infra_structure/colachel.asp TIDCO] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506120545/http://www.tidco.com/tn_policies/tn_infra_structure/colachel.asp |date=2006-05-06 }} — Tamilnadu Infrastructure</ref> The average elevation of the town is 25 meters (82 ft) above Mean Sea Level (MSL). Town is mostly characterized by a flat terrain with a few areas in the northwest region having elevation difference with other parts of the town. Generally the town is sloped gently from North to south direction and also sloping in a radial direction towards centre portion of the town from east and west directions.

===Climate===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
The maximum and minimum temperature average around 33 °C and 22 °C respectively. The average annual rainfall is 1,400 mm. The rainfall is distributed from the months of April to December which falls under three seasons namely hot weather seasonal rainfall, South West monsoon and North East monsoon.

===Soil type===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
The soil is generally red gravel but sandy loam soil also exists in some places. Rice was the predominant crop cultivated until 1980's. Coconut cultivation has been replacing paddy since 1980. Other crops cultivated includes Tapioca, legumes, cashews, Tamarind.

===Demographics===
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Colachel had a population of 23,227 with a sex-ratio of 974 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 2,661 were under the age of six, constituting 1,361 males and 1,300 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 1.96% and .% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 80.52%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of : 5205 households. There were a total of 7,902 workers, comprising 185 cultivators, 131 main agricultural labourers, 183 in house hold industries, 6,624 other workers, 779 marginal workers, 11 marginal cultivators, 110 marginal agricultural labourers, 83 marginal workers in household industries and 575 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Colachel|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=704393|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
This small coastal town is near to the route from [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] on National Highway 47 in present-day state of [[Tamil Nadu]]'s Kanyakumari district in [[India]]. It is situated very close to [[Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu|Mahendragiri]], where the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s [[rocket]] testing facility is located. Efforts are being made by the port advisory committee for the construction of a ship yard and for the development of a natural harbour at Colachel.

Maramadi beach is a local tourist attraction. Maramadi St. Antony's church is the most important church in Colachel. People often visit to see the Basilica Of Our Lady Of Presentation and prayer hall at Colachel. In and around Colachel, there are many Catholic churches such as St. Joseph's Church, Kalimar, St. Anthony's Roman Catholic Church, Colachel erected by the generosity of the patron Richard F. H. Crowther, bishop leon's nagar our lady of perpetual help church and catholic chapels such as, or Christ the King Chapel.

Other places of attraction near Colachel include Padmanabhapuram palace and Pechupparai dam.
One of the most important Hindu shrine is the Mandaikkadu Bhagwathi Temple at Mandaikkadu. An annual Pongala is held at the Temple which attracts scores of devotees.

There is a very ancient church, locally known as ''Thomayar koil'' at Thiruvithamcode on the way to Azhakiyamandapam claiming its ancestry to 63 AD and believed to be consecrated by none other than St.Thomas{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}, the apostle of Jesus. This was recently declared as an International Pilgrim Centre (Arappally) of the Syrian Christians of Kerala, the neighboring State.

There is one version that Adi Sankara composed Soundaryalahari after seeing the sunrise, sunset and moon rise on the full moon day of the Tamil month of Chithrai at Kanyakumari praising the virgin Goddess{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}. The beauty of Devi Kanyakumari reflects in the opening lines of his divine work. On the golden sands of Kanyakumari stand the shrines of Adi Sankara with his disciples, Swami Vivekananda in meditative mood and ''Gandhi Smarak Mandir'' in Oryan style. The reputed Vivekananda Rock Memorial on the sea-girl rock is a "visible symbol of invisible strength, invisible faith and burning devotion that Swami Vivekananda personified". Near Gandhi Smarak Mandir stands a memorial to our beloved leader Karmaveerar Kamaraj. The off shore 133 feet tall statue of Thiruvalluvar at Kanyakumari is a notable landmark of Tamil Nadu tourism places.

===Colachel Pillar===
[[File:Colachel pillar overview.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Colachel pillar]]
[[File:Colachel Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Colachel Pillar inscription]]
Colachel is currently in the Kanya Kumari District of the [[Tamil Nadu]] State of India, and is an important port on the west coast of that state. The Travancore Army completely exterminated the superior and better equipped Dutch Forces which landed at Colachal in July 1741 during the reign of the Travancore King, Sree Padmanabhadasa Maharajah Sree Anizham Thirunal Veera Bala [[Marthanda Varma]] Kulasekharaperumal. In the battle of Colachal, Capt. Eustace De Lannoy, the Dutch Naval Forces Commander, was captured. In order to commemorate this victory of the Travancore Army over the Dutch at Colachel, the Travancore Government installed the Colachel Pillar at the very spot where the Dutch had capitulated to the King of Travancore. The Colachel Pillar stands 17 feet high and has a radius of four feet. It has ''conch'' at the top of the pillar and on its base the following words are inscribed "In memory of the fallen brethren during the battle."

==Politics==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2020}}
Colachel assembly constituency is part of [[Kanyakumari (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (previously Nagercoil).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-13
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2008-10-31
}}</ref>

Colachel was formed as Grade III Municipality in the year 1920, is one of the oldest
municipalities formulated, under Travancore Kingdom. The Municipality consists Colachel as its only revenue village within its jurisdiction and in its LPA. The Municipality of Colachel consists of 24 [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]] and the elected representatives from each ward constitute the council. Colachel Municipality consists of five functional departments. Each department consists of Head who reports to the Municipal Commissioner and functions as per the responsibilities prescribed in the Act and as delegated by the Commissioner. Mr. Naseer is the incumbent and elected chairman of Colachal municipality. AK Chellaiya was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. He was elected to the Travancore-Cochin assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Colachel separate constituency in 1952 election. Names of some of the previous chairmen are Mr. Jasiah, Mr. M.A. James, Mr. Ismail, Mr. Neelaraj etc.<ref>[http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Colachel/ Colachel Municipality] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530141159/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/colachel/ |date=2008-05-30 }}</ref>
The chronological order of the activities in formulation of the urban local body and its up gradation are listed below:
:*Constituted as Grade III Municipality in 1920
:*Colachel Local Planning Area was declared in G.O Ms. No. 654 RD & LA dated 16.03.1974 which contains Colachel Municipal limits only. Colachel Local Authority was declared as Colachel Local Planning Authority (LPA) in G.O. Ms. No. 650 RDLA dated 08.04.1975
:*Colachel Town was declared as a ‘heritage town’ as per G.O. Ms. No. 191 MA&WS department dated 18.07.1994.
:*Upgraded as Second Grade Municipality with effect from 1998 vide the MAWS Department Government Order No.85 dated 22-08-1998.
Indian National Congress, Bharathiya Janata Party, Dravida Munetra Kazhakam, Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam, Viduthalai Chiruthaikal Katchi, Naam Thamizhar, Amma Nakkal Munnetra Kazhakam and Makkal Desam Paraiyar Peravai has acceptably votebanks.

==Economy==
The people of Colachel do fishing with catamarans, deep sea fishing with mechanized boats, exporting fish, coconut fibre production, fibre works, coir making, palm fibre works, selling general merchandise, agriculture, etc. There used to be a factory for manufacturing fibre based products (Thumbaabees) but is closed now. Also there is a nearby natural mineral extraction factory called [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]]. But the local people say that they do not get much employment with this company though the company used to mine for minerals in their localities.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071028125927/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/02/stories/2007100255810200.htm Indian Rare Earths Mining Areas]</ref>

==Education==
There are two higher secondary schools
St. Mary's, one high school (Govt. High School)Ellapavilai, a primary school (St. Mary's Primary School in Colachel beach) and many primary, (Government Middle School colachel) middle schools in this town. Also Karunya Nursery & Primary School in Sasthankarai.There are many matriculation schools also in Colachel. From that Joseph's Matriculation Higher Secondary School <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Joseph's+Matriculation+School/@8.1823106,77.2608128,18.93z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x3b04fc232880e111:0x3948e3e35ac68ae9|title = Joseph's Matriculation School · Sasthankari, Colachel, Sasthankarai, Tamil Nadu 629251, India}}</ref> in Sastankarai, St. Mary's Matriculation school in Simon colony, St. Joseph's Matriculation school in Velliakulam, Orient Matriculation school in Kamarajar salai and St. Anne's Matriculation School, which is run by the St. Anne's Education and Charitable Trust. There are some nursery schools which were managed and run by the state government of Tamil Nadu is situated in Maramdi street. For higher education few engineering, arts and science colleges are also available in its proximity. V.K.P higher secondary school is one of the old and traditional educational institution founded by V. Krishna Pillai located at the entrance of Colachel town in the state highway of [[Nagercoil]] to [[Marthandam]]. Carmel Jyothi Matriculation School<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frosher.com/schools/carmel-jyothi-nursery-primary-school-colachel-colachel|title=Carmel Jyothi Nursery and Primary School, Colachel/Tamilnadu |website=www.frosher.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-26}}</ref> is run by the [[Congregation of Mother of Carmel|C.M.C sisters]] of Chavara Region, [[Thuckalay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carmeljyothischool.com/|title=Carmel Jyothi Matriculation School - Velliyakulam Colachel|website=Carmel Jyothi Matriculation School - Velliyakulam Colachel|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Several folk arts are being practised in temples and churches during the annual festivals. Ayya Narayana swamy Temples in Thiru Yaedu Vassipu (Akilathirattu Ammanai reading), Villupattu, Kaniankoothu, Sakkiyankoothu, Thiruvathirai Kali, Kalial, Paraiyan thullal and Ottam Thullal are some of the folk arts performed during temple festivals. Most usually, rural artists and natives perform Kadhaprasangam, Natagam (drama), rural dances, etc. during the annual festivals of churches and temples. Colachel most searching places in tamil nadu

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Regions of Kanyakumari}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

Pandu (2005 film)

2026-03-03T18:10:33Z

YvetteSawtell2: new - done

{{Infobox film
| name = Pandu
| image = That_Is_Pandu.jpg
| caption = Movie poster with old title
| writer = [[Satish Vegesna]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Devi Prasad
| screenplay = Devi Prasad
| director = Devi Prasad
| producer = M L Kumar Chowdhary
| starring = [[Jagapathi Babu]] [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] [[Madhu Sharma]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Sri Keerthi Creations
| cinematography = Kantheti Satish
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| released = {{Film date|2005|11|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Pandu''''' is 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film, produced by M L Kumara Chowdhary on Sri Keerthi Creations banner and directed by Devi Prasad. Starring [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] and music composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news260.html|title=Sneha's 2 films to be launched on 5th|website=www.idlebrain.com|date=4 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news260.html|title=Jagapati Babu as Pandu|website=www.idlebrain.com|date=3 May 2005}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Anjali, a TV anchor and a classical dancer whose aim is to win the trophy in the ''National Dance Festivals.'' Pandu, a jack of all trades, resides in a colony where diverse people stay together, and everyone admires him. Once Pandu witnesses the generosity of Anjali, he adores her ideologies and becomes a hardcore fan. From there, he is behind her as ''White on Rice'' and is an admiration that pesters her and misconstrues him as a scapegrace. Meanwhile, Home Minister Bhagawan, scandalous malice, was invited as Chief Guest to Anjali's concert, where he lecherous her. Bhagawan confesses and terror-stricken her when she spits on him. Hence, Bhagawan's acts of vengeance incriminate Anjali in [[drug trafficking]] case through her friends Rahul & Shilpa. Moreover, no one gets for her succor except Pandu, as he knows Anjali's righteousness.

Right now, he schemes intellectually, sends his friend Sundari, a petty thief, into prison, and seeks the actuality. Thus, enraged Pandu challenges Bhagawan to prove Anjali not guilty. Firstly, he acquits her on parole utilizing his wit when she discerns his code of behavior and starts liking him. The next, Pandu targets Bhagawan, who needles, loathes the fame, and makes his life futile. Though Anjali selects for the competitions, she shows apathy. Here, Pandu boosts her courage and prepares for finals. Eventually, he acquits Anjali as innocent, brings out the devilish shade of Bhagawan, and dethrones him. So, infamed Bhagawan attacks Anjali while she is proceeding to contest and breaks her leg. Pandu rescues her, ceases Bhagawan, and successfully takes Anjali to the auditorium. At that point, Anjali stands up by the willpower given by Pandu and acquires the victory. At last, Anjali proclaims on stage that her entire success has been acknowledged at Pandu's feet and proposes to him. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Pandu & Anjali.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jagapati Babu]] as Pandu
* [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] as Anjali
* [[Madhu Sharma]] as Sundari
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Bhagawan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sayajishinde.html|title=Sayaji Shinde - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film villain|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
* [[Dharmavarapu Subrahmanyam]] as Bhagawan's brother-in-law
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Watch Vaaliswara Rao
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao|Kondavalasa]] as Anjaneyulu
* [[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Harishchandra
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Lawyer
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Sunnunda
* [[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]] as Police inspector
* [[Radha Kumari]] as Pandu's grand mother
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Psychiatrist
* [[Gundu Sudharshan]] as Musician
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Bhagawan's henchman
* [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Rahul
* Jyothi as Shilpa
* [[Hema Sundar]] as CM
* Chandra Mouli as Courier Boy
* Kallu Krishna Rao
* Meesala
* Junior Relangi
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' of the film took place on 5 May 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-thatspandu.html|title=That is pandu - opening function - Telugu Cinema - Jagapati Babu & Sneha|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The film's title was changed from ''That Is Pandu '' to ''Pandu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news264.html|title='That is Pandu' changed to 'Pandu'|website=www.idlebrain.com|date=5 September 2005}}</ref> A few songs were shot in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news264.html|title=Pandu songs in Malaysia|website=www.idlebrain.com|date=14 September 2005}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pandu
| type = film
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 23:08
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Jai Chiranjeeva]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

Music composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Music released on ADITYA Music Company.
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 23:08
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Vennelona
| lyrics1 = Sai Sriharsha
| extra1 = [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| length1 = 4:33

| title2 = Jabilipayina
| lyrics2 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra2 = [[Mallikarjun]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]
| length2 = 5:19

| title3 = Acham Acham
| lyrics3 = Sai Sriharsha
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Kalpana
| length3 = 4:27

| title4 = Nagamani
| lyrics4 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Kalpana
| length4 = 4:35

| title5 = Poojalanduko
| lyrics5 = Venegella Rambabu
| extra5 = Karthik
| length5 = 4:43
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13181554}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:That Is Pandu}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2005 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]

Andha 7 Naatkal

2026-03-03T05:06:30Z

YvetteSawtell2: new

{{short description|1981 Indian film by K. Bhagyaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Andha 7 Naatkal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
| writer = K. Bhagyaraj
| producer = P. S. Jayaraman M. Nachiappan
| starring = K. Bhagyaraj [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
| cinematography = P. Ganesh Pandian
| editing = R. Bhaskaran
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Srini Creations [[Sathya Jyothi Films]] (presents)
| released = {{film date|1981|10|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 145 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=70}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Andha 7 Naatkal''''' ({{IPA|ta|an̪ða eːɻu n̪aːʈkaɭ|pron}} {{Translation|Those seven days}}) is a 1981 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film written and directed by [[K. Bhagyaraj]]. The film stars Bhagyaraj, [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], with [[Kallapetti Singaram]] and [[Master Haja Sheriff]] in supporting roles. It revolves around a woman (Ambika) who is forced into an arranged marriage with a widower (Rajesh), but still longs for her first love (Bhagyaraj).

The story of ''Andha 7 Naatkal'' was inspired by the life of the comedian [[J. P. Chandrababu]]; his marriage had failed after his wife revealed to him that she was in love with someone else. The film was produced by P. S. Jayaraman and M. Nachiappan for Srini Creations and presented by [[Sathya Jyothi Films]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Andha 7 Naatkal |type=Motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=Srini Creations |year=1981 |time=2:22 |time-caption=Opening credits, at}}</ref> The music was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], cinematography was handled by P. Ganesh Pandian, and editing by R. Bhaskaran.

''Andha 7 Naatkal'' was released on 26 October 1981, [[Diwali]] day. The film was a commercial success, and Bhaskaran won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor]]. It became a trendsetter in [[Tamil cinema]] for highlighting the importance of traditional values and their relevance in society. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]'' (1981), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' (1983), and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Love Maadi Nodu]]'' (1989).

== Plot ==
Vasanthi is marrying Anand, a doctor who already has a child from his previous marriage. As soon as they return home from the temple, Vasanthi attempts suicide. Anand saves her and Vasanthi reveals her past.

[[Palakkad]] Madhavan is a naïve and aspiring [[Music director#India|music director]]. His assistant Gopi is a [[dholak]] player. Arriving in [[Chennai|Madras]], looking for a chance in music direction, they rent a thatched room on the terrace of the house of Vasanthi. Madhavan commences his hunt for a chance in films, but does not succeed and struggles in penury. Madhavan's talents impress Vasanthi and soon she falls in love with him. However, Madhavan is reluctant and avoids her as he is still not settled in life. When he realises that she loves him despite his situation, he reciprocates.

Vasanthi's family is in deep financial trouble; to clear their debts, they arrange her marriage with Anand, a wealthy widower. Seeing the plight of Vasanthi, Madhavan agrees to marry her secretly in a temple. However, just before the wedding, Vasanthi's family members and relatives arrive at the venue, attack Madhavan and take Vasanthi away. Vasanthi is forcibly married to Anand. On their wedding night, Vasanthi consumes poison but is saved in time by Anand.

Learning about Vasanthi's past, Anand promises to send her back to Madhavan with just one request. He had agreed to remarriage due to pressure from his terminally ill mother who is unlikely to survive for more than seven days. He requests Vasanthi to pretend to be his wife for these seven days so that his mother can die peacefully, after which Vasanthi can return to Madhavan. She agrees, but at the same time slowly starts accepting his family and becomes close to Anand's daughter.

Anand locates Madhavan, poses as a film producer and offers Madhavan a chance to compose music for his next film. Madhavan agrees and starts composing music. Anand narrates the love story of Madhavan and Vasanthi and Vasanthi's wedding to Madhavan as the film's plot step by step, but with a different backdrop. Madhavan does not realise that the story being narrated is his real story and fervently focuses on song composition.

After Anand's mother dies on the seventh day, Anand invites Madhavan to come to his home for a discussion. He continues the story to the stage when the sick mother-in-law dies, and the heroine leaves her husband's home to live with her lover. He then asks Madhavan's opinion about the unusual climax. Though Madhavan does not like it, he appreciates it to please the "producer".

Anand takes Madhavan to his room, ostensibly to give him an advance, but actually to offer Vasanthi to him. Madhavan initially hesitates, but soon agrees on the condition that Vasanthi only come in the same way when she was his love, without the ''[[Mangalasutra|thaali]]''. Vasanthi, however, cannot bring herself to remove it. When Anand tries to, she resists. Madhavan then tells Anand that Madhavan's lover can be Anand's wife, but Anand's wife can never be Madhavan's lover again. He concludes that adhering to traditional values is the right ending, wishes the couple well and leaves.

== Cast ==
*[[K. Bhagyaraj]] as [[Palakkad]] Madhavan<ref name="thestar" />
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Anand<ref name="thestar" />
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Vasanthi<ref name="thestar" />
*[[Kallapetti Singaram]] as Vasanthi's grandfather<ref name="vikatan" />
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]] as Gopi<ref name="vikatan" />
*[[Pandiarajan]] as the flower seller in the temple (uncredited)<ref name="vikatan" />

== Production ==
The story of ''Andha 7 Naatkal'' was inspired by the life of the comedian [[J. P. Chandrababu]]; his marriage had failed after his wife revealed to him that she was in love with someone else.<ref name="vikatan" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=18 June 2016 |title=Mandapam to moviedom |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mandapam-to-moviedom/article14431812.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114150806/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Mandapam-to-moviedom/article14431812.ece |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[K. Bhagyaraj]], besides directing, also wrote the story and screenplay. The film was produced by P. S. Jayaraman and M. Nachiappan for Srini Creations. Cinematography was handled by P. Ganesh Pandian, and editing by R. Bhaskaran.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=70}} The idea of creating the character of [[Palakkad]] Madhavan occurred to Bhagyaraj when he saw composer [[M. S. Viswanathan]] conversing in [[Malayalam]] with a Tamil-speaking [[tabla]] player. Bhagyaraj was initially to play the doctor Anand, but after considering the impact he could create in the role of Madhavan, he took that role and [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] was instead cast as Anand.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=71}} Although [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] was having consecutive box-office failures, Bhagayaraj was convinced only she could pull off the role of Vasanthi and cast her, though others objected and wanted her replaced.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=16 August 2020 |title=தனித்துவ நடிப்பால் ஒளிர்ந்த அம்பிகா – அம்பிகா பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல் |trans-title=Ambika, who shone with her unique acting – Ambika birthday special |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/570244-ambika.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128202706/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/570244-ambika.html |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andha 7 Natkal Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by M.S.Viswanathan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/andha-7-natkal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419043447/https://mossymart.com/product/andha-7-natkal-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-m-s-viswanathan/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> When poet Kuruvikkarambai Shanmugam was approached by Bhagyaraj to write lyrics for the film, he immediately agreed; the only song he wrote for the film was "Kavithai Arangerum",<ref>{{Cite web |title=பாக்யராஜ் கண்டெடுத்த பாடலாசிரியர் |trans-title=The songwriter discovered by Bhagyaraj |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6474&id1=124&issue=20160425 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413171805/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=6474&id1=124&issue=20160425 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |access-date=6 August 2021 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref> set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Suddha Dhanyasi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=138 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> The song "Thendralathu Unnidathil" is set in [[Jog (raga)|Jog]] raga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஏழிசை எம்எஸ்வி {{!}} பயோகிராபி |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626130400/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/msv/ |archive-date=26 June 2020 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kavithai Arangerum
| lyrics1 = Kuruvikkarambai Shanmugam
| extra1 = [[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length1 = 4:37
| title2 = Swararaaga
| lyrics2 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra2 = Jayachandran, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Enni Irundhadhu
| lyrics3 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Vani Jairam
| length3 = 4:42
| title4 = Thendraladhu Unnidathil
| lyrics4 = Kannadasan
| extra4 = Jayachandran, S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:52
| total_length = 18:35
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Andha 7 Naatkal'' was released on 26 October 1981, [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=28 October 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியாத 'பாலக்காட்டு மாதவன், வசந்தி, டாக்டர், கோபி'... 39 ஆண்டுகளாக நினைவில் நிற்கும் 'அந்த 7 நாட்கள்'! |trans-title=Unforgettable ‘Palakkad Madhavan, Vasanthi, Doctor, Gopi’ ... ‘Andha 7 Naatkal’ that has been remembered for 39 years! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/595621-39-years-of-andha-7-naatkal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101095840/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/595621-39-years-of-andha-7-naatkal.html |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Reviewing the film for ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', Rajesh rated the film 58 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராஜேஷ் |date=31 October 1981 |title=அந்த 7 நாட்கள் : சினிமா விமர்சனம் |trans-title=Andha 7 Naatkal : Movie Review |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/44198--2 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200511091905/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/44198--2 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Nalini Sastry of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Bhagyaraj for his acting and direction, while also appreciating the performances of Ambika and Haja Sharif. She praised the climax, calling it the main highlight of the film and concluded that Bhagyaraj had perfected the trick of moving the film in a humorous manner and then making it serious towards the end.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=8 November 1981 |title=அந்த 7 நாட்கள் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-11-08/page/n64/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230225140104/https://archive.org/details/kalki1981-11-08/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=25 February 2023 |access-date=25 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Despite facing competition from other Diwali releases such as ''[[Tik Tik Tik (1981 film)|Tik Tik Tik]]'' and ''[[Ranuva Veeran]]'', the film emerged a commercial success,<ref name="vikatan" /> and Bhaskaran won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor]].{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=71}}

== Remakes ==
''Andha 7 Naatkal'' was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]'' (1981),{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=55}} in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Woh Saat Din]]'' (1983),{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=59}} and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Love Maadi Nodu]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2020 |title=Black & White Photographs From The Cinema Resource Centre Archives (I) |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2020/04/06/black-white-photographs-from-the-cinema-resource-centre-archives-i/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813075433/https://tcrcindia.com/2020/04/06/black-white-photographs-from-the-cinema-resource-centre-archives-i/ |archive-date=13 August 2020 |access-date=11 May 2020 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Andha 7 Naatkal'' became a trendsetter in [[Tamil cinema]] for highlighting the importance of traditional values and their relevance in society.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=70}} Bhagyaraj's role as Madhavan created an such impact that whenever he went to [[Kerala]], people would ask him to speak some dialogues from the film. The 2015 film ''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' was named after the character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2012 |title=Vivek to do a Bhagyaraj |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/aug/30/vivek-to-do-a-bhagyaraj-401491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419190602/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/aug/30/vivek-to-do-a-bhagyaraj-401491.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The skit "Enakkum Unakkum" was later used in ''[[Mookuthi Amman]]'' (2020) as the song Engels Ramasamy ([[RJ Balaji]]) has in mind which the title character ([[Nayanthara]]) correctly guesses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=14 November 2020 |title='Mookuthi Amman' movie review: A superb Urvashi and Nayanthara in a somewhat middling dramedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/mookuthi-amman-movie-review/article33100297.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114112814/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/mookuthi-amman-movie-review/article33100297.ece |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thestar">{{Cite news |date=20 September 2017 |title=Antha Ezhu Naatkal |url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20170920/281874413583137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210418170035/https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20170920/281874413583137 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=13 December 2020 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |location=Malaysia |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref>
<ref name="vikatan">{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=6 July 2020 |title=சந்திரபாபு வாழ்க்கை; பாரதிராஜா எடுக்க மறுத்த கிளைமாக்ஸ்... பாக்யராஜின் 'அந்த 7 நாட்கள்' ஜெயித்த கதை! |trans-title=Chandrababu's life; the climax Bharathiraja refused to take... Bhagyaraj's 'Andha 7 Naatkal' is a winning story! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/revisiting-k-bhagyarajs-antha-ezhu-naatkal-movie-nostalgia-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210418171228/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/revisiting-k-bhagyarajs-antha-ezhu-naatkal-movie-nostalgia-series |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Bhagyaraj}}

[[Category:1981 Indian films]]
[[Category:1981 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:1981 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about music and musicians]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Bhagyaraj]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Badri (2001 film)

2026-03-03T04:19:00Z

YvetteSawtell2: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|2001 Indian Tamil-language sports action film}}
{{for|Telugu movie|Badri (2000 film)}}
{{for|character Badri in Bollywood film|Badrinath Ki Dulhania}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Badri
| image = Badri 2001 poster.jpg
| starring = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] [[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]] [[Monal (actress)|Monal]]
| caption = Release poster
| director = [[P. A. Arun Prasad]]
| producer = B. Sivarama Krishna
| writer = N. Prasanna Kumar (dialogues)
| story = P. A. Arun Prasad
| based_on = ''[[Thammudu]]'' (Telugu)
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| studio = Sri Venkateswara Art Films
| distributor = [[Aascar Film|Oscar Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2001|04|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Ramana Gogula]] (Soundtrack) [[Devi Sri Prasad]] (Background Score)
| gross =
}}

'''''Badri''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports drama film]] directed by [[P. A. Arun Prasad]]. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the lead role as a college brat who turns into a kickboxer to prove himself. [[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Riyaz Khan]] and [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] play supporting roles. The film marked Bhumika’s Tamil debut.<ref name="I">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/happy-birthday-vijay-best-films-of-ilayathalapathy-vijay-19869-2016-06-22 |title=Happy Birthday Vijay: 10 best films of Ilayathalapathy as a performer |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=5 August 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805123701/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/happy-birthday-vijay-best-films-of-ilayathalapathy-vijay-19869-2016-06-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Ramana Gogula]], while the background score was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. It is the Tamil remake of the director's own Telugu film ''[[Thammudu]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web |title=We list down 7 Bollywood films inspired from Hollywood |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-7-bollywood-films-inspired-from-hollywood-27295.amp}}</ref>

Filming began in September 2000 after Vijay finished shooting for his previous films such as ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000), ''[[Priyamanavale]]'' (2000) and ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001), and was completed by March 2001, a month before its release. The film had a theatrical release on 12 April 2001 and was a commercial success, completing a 100-day theatrical run at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gurusamy |first=Pandeeswari |title=Vijay's Badri superhit film and completed 100 days box office run |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |date=12 April 2024 |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/badri-is-an-important-film-in-vijays-hit-films-131712854376646.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829140239/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/badri-is-an-important-film-in-vijays-hit-films-131712854376646.html |archive-date=29 August 2024 |url-status=live |language=ta |access-date=29 August 2024 }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' listed the film among Vijay's 10 best film performances.<ref name="I"/>

== Plot ==
Sri Badrinatha Moorthy aka "Badri" is a happy-go-lucky youth who spends his days roaming around with his friends Azhagu, Howrah, and Joot; ogling girls; and repeatedly failing his exams. His father, Viswanathan, a café owner, is disgusted with his irresponsibility and constantly chides him. His older brother Vetri, who is a college-level [[kickboxing|kickboxer]] and Viswanathan's favorite son, on the other hand, dotes on him. Janaki aka "Jaanu", Badri's neighbor and childhood friend, is in love with him, but the feeling is one-sided as Badri mainly considers her as a source of money and cars; Badri constantly borrows large amounts of money from Jaanu as well as expensive cars from her father's garage to impress girls.

One day, Badri meets Mamathi, who is a rich college girl, and poses as a wealthy industrialist's son in order to impress and love her. Mamathi falls for Badri's lies and soon expresses her love to him, but when she finds out the truth, she breaks up with him and insults him in front of his father. When Viswanathan further finds out that Badri has taken large amounts of money from Jaanu, he kicks out Badri, tired of his antics.

Badri, who is now homeless, finds support from Jaanu, who advises him to be more responsible and redeem himself in Viswanathan's eyes. He realises the love that Jaanu has for him and begins to reform himself. Meanwhile, Vetri is attacked and seriously injured by his kickboxing arch-rival Rohit, who happens to be Mamathi's new boyfriend and Badri's enemy as well, thus ruling him out for the final match of the inter-collegiate kickboxing championship against Rohit. Badri decides to fight for Vetri by taking his place in the final and trains hard for it. Finally, he defeats Rohit in the final, thus winning the kickboxing championship. He dedicates the trophy to Vetri, reconciles with Viswanathan, and reciprocates Jaanu's love.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Sri Badrinatha Moorthy (Badri)
* [[Bhumika Chawla|Bhumika]] as Janaki (Jaanu)
* [[Monal (actress)|Monal]] as Mamathi
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Azhagu
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Vetri, Badri's brother
* [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] as Rohit
* [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Viswanathan, Badri and Vetri's father
* [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] as Janaki's father
* [[Dhamu]] as Howrah, Badri's friend
* [[Sanjeev Venkat]] as Joot, Badri's friend
* [[Anu Mohan (Tamil actor)|Anu Mohan]] as Shanmugam
* [[Shihan Hussaini]] as Vetri's coach
* [[Kazan Khan]] as Rohith's coach
* Meenakumari as Anitha
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Professor
* [[Kottachi]] as Barber
* Raneesh as Badri's friend<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4XLEDWUxdE|title=நீ என்ன பெரிய ஆளானு கேட்டாரு 😯 {{!}} Actor Raneesh Interview {{!}} Thalapathy Vijay Movies {{!}} Kumudam|date=22 June 2024|language=ta|access-date=28 December 2025|via=[[YouTube]]|work=[[Kumudam]]|time=7:13-13:25}}</ref>
* [[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] (special appearance in the song "Salaam Maharasa")
}}

== Production ==
''Badri'', produced by Sri Venkateswara Art Films, was announced in September 2000 after Vijay finished shooting for his previous blockbuster films such as ''[[Priyamanavale]]'' (2000) and ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001), and it was slated to be the Tamil remake of the Telugu film ''[[Thammudu]]'' (1999) starring [[Pawan Kalyan]]. ''Thammudu'' itself was inspired by the 1979 American film ''[[Breaking Away]]''. 1992 Hindi film ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]'' was also inspired from the American film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave |first=Kajol |title=Copy cats |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/copy-cats-1535.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106072809/https://www.filmfare.com/features/copy-cats-1535.html |archive-date=6 November 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Abhishek |date=14 March 2018 |title=Aamir Khan's best films are inspired by Oscar nominees and winners – from Ghajini to Akele Hum Akele Tum |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aamir-khans-best-films-are-inspired-by-oscar-nominees-and-winners-from-ghajini-to-akele-hum-akele-tum-4389681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725164729/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aamir-khans-best-films-are-inspired-by-oscar-nominees-and-winners-from-ghajini-to-akele-hum-akele-tum-4389681.html |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=We list down 7 Bollywood films inspired from Hollywood |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/we-list-down-7-bollywood-films-inspired-from-hollywood-27295.amp}}</ref>

[[P. A. Arun Prasad]], who directed the original, reprises his role, as did the composer [[Ramana Gogula]]. Most of the other technicians were also taken from [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu cinema]]. [[Art director]] G. K. hired 200 technicians to create a high tech complex in Vahini studios for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Badri.htm |title=Badri |publisher=Cinematoday2.itgo.com |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111835/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Badri.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/badri.asp |title=Badri |website=Chennai Online |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407074712/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/badri.asp |archive-date=7 April 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> When first announced, it was reported that Vijay would essay dual lead roles, although this claim later proved to be untrue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/31tt.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Gossip from the southern film industry: Anil Kumble to act?! |publisher=Rediff |date=31 March 2001 |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141229/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/mar/31tt.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bhupinder Singh (actor)|Bhupinder Singh]] was also selected to reprise his role from the original version as Rohit, the antagonist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news34.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=28 August 2000 |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052942/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news34.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the filming of a pivotal scene in the "Travelling Soldier" song, Vijay allowed a car to run over his fingers, and the shot was canned with three cameras, with the scene attracting media attention. Martial arts expert [[Shihan Hussaini]] helped with the production and features in the film in a guest appearance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/07/stories/2002060701240300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704162738/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/07/stories/2002060701240300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2003 |title=Sheer daredevilry |date=7 June 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> Other scenes were shot at Amir Mahal in Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?214874 |title=Live Life. Mansion-Size. | S. Anand |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=5 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305073318/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?214874 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film teamed up with [[Coca-Cola]] for their publicity campaign after Vijay had signed on to the soft drink company as a brand ambassador.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaibest.com/cityresources/food_and_dining/cokeinterview.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010505200947/http://www.chennaibest.com/cityresources/Food_And_Dining/cokeinterview.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2001 |title=Interview – Coca Cola India |publisher=chennaibest.com |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/2001/04/20/stories/0420401y.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114211954/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/20/stories/0420401y.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2005 |title=Things go better for Coke with Vijay |date=20 April 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Badri
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 March 2001
| recorded = 2000–2001
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:31
| label = Star Music [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| prev_title = '''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]'''
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title = '''[[Yuvaraja (film)|Yuvaraja]]'''
| next_year = 2001
}}
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Ramana Gogula]] who composed for the original film and notably remains his first and only Tamil film he had worked so far. The lyrics were penned by [[Palani Bharathi]]. Three tunes from the original version were retained ("Travelling Soldier", "Vayyari Bhama", "Pedavi Datani") while "Kalakalakudhu" is based on "Gunthalakidi" from ''Yuvaraju''. ''Indiainfo'' wrote "On the whole the songs of the movie are quite good and it is worth a buy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/audio/bhadri.html|title=Badhri: worth a buy|access-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011206110909/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/audio/bhadri.html|archive-date=6 December 2001|website=Indiainfo|first=A|last=Swamy}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 38:31
| title1 = Travelling Soldier
| extra1 = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| length1 = 04:05
| title2 = Adi Jivunnu Jivunnu
| extra2 = Ramana Gogula, [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length2 = 02:04
| title3 = Salaam Maharasa
| extra3 = [[Devan Ekambaram]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| length3 = 02:21
| title4 = Ennoda Laila
| extra4 = [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| length4 = 05:13
| title5 = Kalakalakudhu
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length5 = 05:04
| title6 = Kalakalakudhu
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length6 = 05:04
| title7 = Kadhal Solvadhu
| extra7 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| length7 = 04:34
| title8 = Angel Vandhaaley
| extra8 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]]
| length8 = 04:45
| title9 = King Of Chennai
| extra9 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length9 = 04:17
| title10 = Stella Maris Laara
| extra10 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Dhamu]]
| length10 = 01:44
| all_lyrics = [[Palani Bharathi]].
}}

== Release and reception==
''Badri'' released on 12 April 2001 and ran for 100 days in theatres.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that the film "Badri clearly reveals the diligence and sincerity of Vijay. But would these alone make a film wholesome?" and that [[Monal (actress)|Monal]] "needs to work on her expressions".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/09270223.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020506184104/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/09270223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-05-06 |title=Film Review: Badri |date=2001-04-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=HostOnNet.com |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_badhri.php |title=BizHat.com – Badhri Review. Vijay, Bhoomika, Vivek, Sanjay, Dhamu |publisher=Movies.bizhat.com |access-date=2012-07-31 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A reviewer from entertainment portal ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 40 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Tamil Movies Cafe'' wrote "''Badri'' moves at a fairly neat pace in the earlier part, lags a little later, and then picks up speed towards the end."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tmcafe.com/reviews.php |title=Tamil Movie Cafe |website=tmcafe.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010801232926/http://tmcafe.com/reviews.php |archive-date=1 August 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''Kalki'' panned certain humorous portions, Monal's acting, too many songs but praised the acting of Vijay and Bhoomika.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-05-06/page/n97/mode/2up |date=6 May 2001 |page=96 |first=கிருஷ்ணா |last=சிதம்பரம் |title=பத்ரி |access-date=1 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Bhadri' moves at a fairly neat pace in the earlier part, lags a little later, and then picks up speed towards the end."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov115.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040918/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov115.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 August 2003 |title=Bhadri |date=19 August 2003 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote "[..] the director had played with the first half with no worthwhile move in the storyline. There is story value in the second half. But the director had not evinced any keen interest in forming the screenplay. But he has made Vijay to do some risky feats in which he excels. This way, Director Arun Prasad has escaped intelligently".<ref>{{cite web |work=Cinesouth |access-date=1 September 2023 |url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/badri.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010624184522/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/badri.shtml |archive-date=24 June 2001 |title=பத்ரி}}</ref>

The film became Vijay's fifth consecutive successful film, after ''[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]'' (2000), ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' (2000), ''[[Priyamaanavale]]'' (2000) and ''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' (2001).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2778674}}

[[Category:2001 sports films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. A. Arun Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Worli

2026-03-02T00:03:34Z

YvetteSawtell2: content fix

{{short description|District of central Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Worli
| other_name =
Varaḷī
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Mumbai and Bandra-Worli Sea Link.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Worli skyline as seen over the [[Bandra Worli Sea Link]]
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.00|N|72.815|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Worlikar, Varaḷīkar
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400018 and 400030
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = MH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}
[[File:Bandra-Worli Sealink 21.jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|[[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]], with Worli skyline]]
'''Worli''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: ''Varaḷī'', [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ʋəɾ(ə)ɭiː]]]) is a locality in central [[Mumbai]], in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is one of the four peninsulas of Mumbai, with the others being [[Colaba]], [[Bandra]], and [[Malabar Hill]]. The sea connects it with [[Bandra|Vandre]] via the [[Bandra-Worli Sea Link]]. Historic spellings include Warli, Worlee, Varli, and Varel.<ref name="origins">{{cite book|last=D'Cunha|first=Jose Gerson|title=The Origins of Bombay|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Bombay|year=1900|edition=3|page=265|chapter=IV The Portuguese Period|isbn=81-206-0815-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&q=the+origins+of+bombay|access-date=2009-01-04}}</ref> Originally, Worli was a separate island—one of the [[Seven Islands of Bombay]]—which were ceded by the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] to [[England]] in 1661; it was linked up with the other islands in the 19th century.

In the 1990s, a group of terrorists attacked a building in Worli as well as major buildings in the city.<ref>{{cite web |title='93 blasts: 3 more get death sentence - Times of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-19/india/27986872_1_serial-blasts-tada-court-life-imprisonment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017170759/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-19/india/27986872_1_serial-blasts-tada-court-life-imprisonment |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Geography and location ==
Worli is located along the western coastline of Mumbai, bordered by the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west, [[Lower Parel railway station|Lower Parel]] to the east, [[Prabhadevi]] to the north, and [[Haji Ali Dargah|Haji Ali]] to the south. The neighbourhood enjoys a prime location and excellent connectivity via major roads and railway lines.

== History ==
Worli was originally a fishing village inhabited by the [[Koli people|Koli]] community. During [[British Raj|British]] rule, Worli underwent significant urbanisation and became an important part of Mumbai’s development. The construction of major infrastructure projects, including the [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link|Bandra-Worli Sea Link]], further boosted its importance in the city's landscape. The Mumbai Police and [[Mumbai Port|BPT]] set up their quarters near Worli Seaface in the 1970s.

== Notable landmarks ==

=== Bandra-Worli Sea Link ===
A landmark cable-stayed bridge that connects Worli to Bandra, reducing travel time and enhancing connectivity between South Mumbai and the western suburbs.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

=== [[Worli Fort]] ===
Built by the British in the 17th century, [[Worli Fort]] is an important historical monument that overlooks the Arabian Sea.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

== Transportation ==
Worli is well-connected by various modes of transportation:

=== Roadways ===
The area is accessible via key roads such as:

* [[Bandra–Worli Sea Link|Vandre Worli Sealink]]
* [[Coastal Road (Mumbai)|Mumbai Coastal Road]]
* Annie Besant Road
* E. Moses Road
* Senapati Bapat Road

It will soon be connected by the Trans harbor Coastal road connector.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

=== Railways ===
The closest railway stations are [[Lower Parel railway station|Lower Parel]] and [[Mahalaxmi railway station|Mahalaxmi]] on the Western Line.

=== Metro ===

* The [[Worli metro station|Worli]] and [[Acharya Atrey Chowk|Acharya Atre Chowk]] Metro stations on the Aqua Line.

=== Bus ===
It is well connected by the [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] bus service and a depot near Worli Naka, called Worli Agar. {{fact|date=March 2025}}

== Education and institutions ==
Worli is home to several reputed educational institutions, including:

* [[Podar International School]]
* DY Patil International School
* [[National Sports Club of India]] (NSCI), which also serves as a sporting and cultural venue.
* [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Brihanmumbai Mahanagarpalika]] Worli Seaface Shala (school)

==Politics==
In October 2019, [[Aaditya Thackeray]] contested the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Worli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Worli]] constituency and he is currently the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Worli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Worli]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shiv Sena heir apparent Aaditya Thackeray makes winning debut in Worli|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly-polls-2019-worli-results-counting-aaditya-thackeray-gautam-gaikwad-abhijeet-bichikale-558644|access-date=2019-10-24|website=indiatvnews.com|date=23 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable peoples ==
Famous Indian celebrities, as well as celebrity couples, reside in the Worli area of Mumbai:

* [[Shahid Kapoor]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Virat Kohli]] and [[Anushka Sharma]]
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]]
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]

==See also==
{{portal|Islands}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Mumbai]]
* [[Palais Royale, Mumbai]]
*[[Omkar 1973]]
* [[Three Sixty West]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Populated places in India]]

Rajeshwar Shastri Dravid

2026-02-23T02:08:48Z

YvetteSawtell2:

{{Short description|Indian translator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajeshwar Shastri Dravid
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1899
| birth_place = [[North West Provinces]], India
| death_date = 1950
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Writer, grammarian, translator
| yearsactive =
| known_for = Sanskrit literature
| awards = {{ublist|1960 [[Padma Bhushan]] }}
}}
'''Rajeshwar Shastri Dravid''' (1899 – 1950) was an Indian writer, scholar, grammarian and translator of [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref name="Dravid, Rajeshwar Shastri, 1899- ">{{Cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/subjects/dravid_rajeshwar_shastri_1899- |title=Dravid, Rajeshwar Shastri, 1899- |last=OpenLibrary.org |date=2018-05-23 |website=openlibrary.org |language=en |access-date=2018-05-23}}</ref> Dravid ({{langx|sa|द्रविड}}) is a surname found in the [[Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin]] community who migrated to the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]], India. A significant population has emigrated to [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Varanasi]] among other places.<ref>{{cite book|title=VAJPAYEE The Ascent of the Hindu Right 1924 to 1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ie7EAAAQBAJ|author=Abhishek Choudhary|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2023| isbn=978-93-95624-55-8 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in 1899 in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], he was the author several books in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] which included ''Sāṅkhyakārikā'',<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sāṅkhyakārikā |last1=Īśvarakr̥ṣṇa |last2=Śastrī |first2=Ḍhuṇḍhirāja |last3=Nārāyaṇatīrtha |date=1977 |publisher=Caukhambā Saṃskr̥ta Sīrija Āphisa |location=Vārāṇasī |oclc=21026070}}</ref> ''Bhāratīya-rājanīti-prakaśah''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bhāratīya-rājanīti-prakaśah |last=Drāviḍa |first=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |publisher=Śāradā-gaurava-granthamālā |location=Puṇyapattanam |oclc=23578223}}</ref> and ''R̥ṣikalpanyāsaḥ''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=R̥ṣikalpanyāsaḥ. |last1=Drāviḍa |first1=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |last2=Śāstrī |first2=Devadatta |date=1971 |publisher=Bhāratī Pariṣad |location=Prayāga |oclc=17814397}}</ref> His brother, Raja Ram Dravid, was the author of ''The Problem of Universals in Indian Philosophy'', a critique of [[ancient Indian philosophy]].<ref name="Dravid2000">{{cite book|author=Raja Ram Dravid|title=The Problem of Universals in Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59TG5UTBFbgC&pg=PR6|date=31 December 2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0832-4|pages=6–}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] awarded him [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1960.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title=Sāṅkhyakārikā |last1=Īśvarakr̥ṣṇa |last2=Śastrī |first2=Ḍhuṇḍhirāja |last3=Nārāyaṇatīrtha |date=1977 |publisher=Caukhambā Saṃskr̥ta Sīrija Āphisa |location=Vārāṇasī |oclc=21026070}}
* {{Cite book |title=Bhāratīya-rājanīti-prakaśah |last=Drāviḍa |first=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |publisher=Śāradā-gaurava-granthamālā |location=Puṇyapattanam |oclc=23578223}}
* {{Cite book |title=R̥ṣikalpanyāsaḥ. |last1=Drāviḍa |first1=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |last2=Śāstrī |first2=Devadatta |date=1971 |publisher=Bhāratī Pariṣad |location=Prayāga |oclc=17814397}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kauṭilīyaṃ Arthaśāstraṃ / adhyāyadvayātmakam /saṅgr̥hītā[sic]anusandhātā Viśvanātha Rāmacandra dātāraḥ; anuvādakaḥ Udayakr̥ṣṇa Nāgaraḥ. |last1=Kauṭalya |last2=Drāviḍa |first2=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |last3=Dātāra |first3=Viśvanātha Rāmacandra |last4=Nāgara |first4=Udayakr̥ṣṇa |date=1974 |publisher=Sŕī Gīrvāṇa Vāgvardhinī Sabhā |location=Vārāṇasī |language=Sanskrit |oclc=13883337}}
* {{Cite book |title=Ṣaḍdarśanaṭīkākr̥dvācaspatimiśraviracita-Nyāyavārtikatātparyaṭīkāyāḥ |last1=Vācaspatimiśra |last2=Drāviḍa |first2=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |date=1989 |publisher=Caukhambhā Saṃskr̥ta Saṃsthāna |location=Vārāṇasī, Bhārata |language=Sanskrit |oclc=21598699}}
* {{Cite book |title=Nepālamāhātmyam: Skandapurāṇāntargataṃ : Sapariśiṣṭa-ʼPārvatiʼ Hindīvyākhyopetaṃ Vyākhyākāraḥ Kedāranātha Śarmā : Prākkathana-pradātā, Rājeśvaraśāstrī Drāviḍaḥ. |last1=Śarmā |first1=Kedāra |last2=Drāviḍa |first2=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |date=1977 |publisher=Caukhambā Amarabhāratī Prakāśana |location=Vārāṇasī |language=Hindi |oclc=18202448}}
* {{Cite book |title=कामंदकीयनीतिसारः: जयमंगलोपाध्यायनिरपेक्षाभ्यां संवलितः |last1=Kāmandaki |last2=देशपांडे |first2=वि. वि |last3=Draviḍa |first3=Rājeśvaraśāstrī |last4=शंकराचार्य |date=1958 |publisher=Ānandāśramamudraṇālaye |location=Puṇyākhyapattane |language=Sanskrit |oclc=28608824}}
* {{Cite book |title=Pāścāttyabhāratīyarājanītyoh̤ samālocanam |last1=Drāviḍa |first1=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |last2=Dātāra |first2=Viśvanāthaśāstrī |last3=Sampūrṇānanda Saṃskr̥ta Viśvavidyālaya |date=1996 |publisher=Sampūrṇānandasaṃskr̥taviśvavidyālaya |location=Vārāṇasyām |oclc=39130303}}
* {{Cite book |title=Nyāyācāryaśrīmadudayanācāryaviracitaḥ Ātmatattvavivekaḥ |last1=Udayanācārya |last2=Drāviḍa |first2=Rājeśvara Śāstrī |last3=Śukla |first3=Harirāma |last4=Raghunātha Śiromaṇi |last5=Śaṅkaramiśra |last6=Rāmatarkālaṅkārabhaṭṭācārya |date=1925 |publisher=Secretary, Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series |location=Benares [Varanasi |language=English |oclc=6878722}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Nyāya-kusumāñjali of Śrī Udayanāchārya; with four commentaries, the Bodhinī, Prakāśa, Prakāśikā and Makaranda |last1=Udayana |last2=Drāviḍa |first2=Rajeśwara Śāstrī |last3=Upādhyāya |first3=Padmaprasāda |last4=Śāstrī |first4=Ḍhuṇḍhirāja |last5=Varadarāja |last6=Vardhamāna |last7=Megha Ṭhakkura |last8=Rucidattopādhyāya |last9=Dharmadatta |date=1957 |publisher=Chowkhamba Sanskrit series Office |location=Varanasi |language=Sanskrit |oclc=714224760}}
* {{Cite book |title=पंडितराजराजेश्वरशास्त्रिद्रविडानां दर्शनिकमवदानम् |date=2009 |publisher=Sampurnananda Samskrta Visvavidyalaya |isbn=978-8172702328 |editor-last=Śukla |editor-first=Rājārāma |editor-last2=Sampūrṇānanda Saṃskr̥ta Viśvavidyālaya}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Arthashastra]]
* [[Tarka-Sangraha]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Literature}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite book|author1=Harold G. Coward|author2=K. Kunjunni Raja|author3=Karl H. Potter|title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC&pg=PA458|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0426-5|pages=458–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Harold G. Coward|author2=K. Kunjunni Raja|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 5: The Philosophy of the Grammarians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLd9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA450|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7270-1|pages=450–}}
* {{cite book|author=Harvey P. Alper|title=Understanding Mantras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8Upy4ApG_oC&pg=PA504|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0746-4|pages=504–}}
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1041028/asp/nation/story_3934169.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204111935/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041028/asp/nation/story_3934169.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2004 |title=Scholar gripe fuels Shimla institute probe |last=Warrier |first=Manjeet Sehgal |date=28 October 2004 |work=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation |access-date=2018-05-23}}

{{Authority control}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dravid, Rajeshwar Shastri}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit grammarians]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

T-90

2026-02-22T15:34:01Z

YvetteSawtell2: added references

{{Short description|Russian third-generation main battle tank}}
{{Redirect|T90}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_vehicle = yes
| name = T-90
| image = T-90M.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = A [[Russian Ground Forces|Russian army]] T-90M main battle tank
| type = [[Main battle tank]]
| origin = [[Russia]]
| service = {{unbulleted list
|From 1992 (T-90)
|From 2004 (T-90A)
|From 2019 (T-90M)
}}
| used_by = See [[#Operators|Operators]]
| wars = {{Tree list}}
*[[War in Dagestan (1999)|War in Dagestan]]{{efn|Alleged by a Russian newspaper}}
*[[Syrian Civil War]]
*[[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]]<ref name="MKT90s">{{cite web|url=https://www.mk.ru/politics/2021/01/18/pervyy-sluchay-unichtozheniya-tanka-t90-podbili-v-karabakhskom-konflikte.html|title=Первый случай уничтожения танка Т-90: подбили в Карабахском конфликте|date=18 January 2021|work=MK.ru|quote="(Azerbaijan) This is the first reliable case of the destruction of the machine of this model. Previously, T-90S tanks (an export version of the T-90 tank, which is in service with the Russian army) took part in the Syrian conflict, but their destruction was not reported. Several of these combat vehicles of the Syrian army were hit by militants, but did not lose their combat capability"|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126185902/https://www.mk.ru/politics/2021/01/18/pervyy-sluchay-unichtozheniya-tanka-t90-podbili-v-karabakhskom-konflikte.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ForbesT90s"/>
*[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]
**[[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]
**[[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)]]
***[[Wagner Group rebellion]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ryan |first1=Fergus |last2=Ralph |first2=Oliver |last3=Aglionby |first3=John |title=Russia uprising latest: Wagner vehicles reach Lipetsk region, six hours from Moscow |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9cd09366-25db-4057-a41d-0ea04b659d97 |access-date=24 June 2023 |work=Financial Times |date=24 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624105349/https://www.ft.com/content/9cd09366-25db-4057-a41d-0ea04b659d97 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Tree list/end}}
| designer = [[Uralvagonzavod|Kartsev-Venediktov]]
| manufacturer = [[Uralvagonzavod]], [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]]
| number = ≈4,000 (2023, see [[#Operators|Operators]]) 1,400 units of T-90S/SM built in India under license >1000 delivered to other countries
| production_date = 1992–present
| unit_cost = USD 2.5 million in 1999,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kap-yar.ru/index.php?pg=244|title=-300 -1|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013072626/http://www.kap-yar.ru/index.php?pg=244|archive-date=13 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> USD 2.77–4.25 million in 2011 (varies by source)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arms-tass.su/?page=article&aid=93690&cid=25 |title=Denial of Defense Procurement MBT T-90 is not connected with the qualitative characteristics of this sample of military equipment – Ministry of Industry of the Russian Federation |publisher=Arms-Tass |date=17 March 2011 |access-date=19 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726044120/http://arms-tass.su/?page=article&aid=93690&cid=25 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> T-90SM: USD 4.5 million in 2016
| crew = 3
| length = {{convert|9.63|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
{{convert|6.86|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (hull)
| width = {{convert|3.78|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height = {{convert|2.22|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|46|t|abbr=out|lk=on}} (T-90) {{convert|46.5|t|abbr=out|lk=on}} (T-90A) {{convert|48|t|abbr=out|lk=on}} (T-90SM)<ref name="t90s">{{cite web|url=http://uralvagonzavod.com/products/special_products/45/|title=T-90S Modernized|publisher=UralVagonZavod|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126060134/http://uralvagonzavod.com/products/special_products/45/|archive-date=26 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| armour = Steel-composite-reactive blend [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|APFSDS]]: 550{{nbsp}}mm + 250–280{{nbsp}}mm with Kontakt-5 = 800–830{{nbsp}}mm 
[[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]: 650–850{{nbsp}}mm + 500–700{{nbsp}}mm with Kontakt-5 = 1,150–1,550{{nbsp}}mm<ref>{{cite web |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/4/t-90a/t-90A.htm |title=T-90 |publisher=btvt.narod.ru |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410134807/http://btvt.narod.ru/4/t-90a/t-90A.htm |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| primary_armament = [[2A46 125 mm gun|2A46M 125 mm smoothbore gun]] with 43 rounds (T-90) 
2A46M-2 125 mm smoothbore gun with 42 rounds (T-90A) 2A46M-5 125 mm smoothbore gun with 43 rounds (T-90M)
| secondary_armament = [[12.7×108mm|12.7mm]] [[Kord machine gun|Kord]] [[Heavy machine gun]], [[7.62×54mmR|7.62mm]] [[PK machine gun|PKMT]]
| engine = V-84MS 12-cyl. diesel (T-90) V-92S2 12-cyl. diesel (T-90A) V-92S2F
| engine_power = 840 hp (617 kW) for V-84MS 12-cyl. diesel engine 1000 hp (736 kW) for V-92S2 12-cyl. diesel engine (T-90A and T-90S) 1130 hp (831 kW) for V-92S2F (T-90M and T-90MS)
| suspension = [[Torsion bar]]
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Танк Танк Т-90C модернизированный Т-90МС |url=http://uralvagonzavod.ru/product/70/57 |website=uralvagonzavod.ru |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205125007/http://uralvagonzavod.ru/product/70/57 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (T-90A and T-90MS)
| pw_ratio = 18.2 hp/tonne (13.3 kW/tonne) (T-90) 
21.5hp/tonne (15 kW/tonne) (T-90A)
| vehicle_range = {{convert|550|km|abbr=on}} (without fuel drums)
}}
{{T-72 navigation}}
The '''T-90''' is a [[List of main battle tanks by generation#Third|third-generation]] Russian [[main battle tank]] developed from, and designed to replace the [[T-72]]. It uses a 125{{nbsp}}mm [[2A46 125 mm gun|2A46]] [[smoothbore]] [[tank gun|main gun]], the 1A45T [[fire-control system]], an upgraded engine, and gunner's [[thermal sight]]. Standard protective measures include a blend of steel and [[composite armour]], smoke grenade dischargers, [[Kontakt-5]] [[explosive reactive armour]] (ERA) and the [[Shtora]] infrared [[anti-tank guided missile]] (ATGM) jamming system.

The T-90 was designed and built by [[Uralvagonzavod]], in [[Nizhny Tagil]], Russia. It entered service with the [[Russian Ground Forces|Russian army]] in 1992. The tank allegedly first saw combat in the [[1999 war in Dagestan]], with [[Russian Ground Forces]]. Russia later used the tank from 2017 in [[Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war|its intervention in the Syrian civil war]]. Russian T-90s were deployed in the [[war in Donbas]] in 2014, as well as in the full-scale [[Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present)|Russo-Ukrainian war]] following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. The [[Syrian Army|Syrian Arab Army]] used the tank in the [[Syrian civil war]] in 2017, as did the [[Azerbaijani Land Forces]] in the 2020 [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]].

==Development==
The T-90 has its origins in a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-era program aimed at developing a replacement for the [[T-64]], T-72 and [[T-80]] series of main battle tanks (MBT). The T-72 platform was selected as the basis for the new generation of tank owing to its cost-effectiveness, simplicity and automotive qualities. The [[Uralvagonzavod|Kartsev-Venediktov Design Bureau]] from Nizhny Tagil was responsible for the design work and prepared two parallel proposals—the ''Object 188'', which was a relatively simple upgrade of the existing T-72B tank (''Object 184''), and the far more advanced ''[[Object 187]]''—only vaguely related to the T-72 series and incorporating major improvements to the hull and turret design, armor, powerplant and armament. Development work was approved in 1986 and the first prototypes were completed by 1988. The vehicles resulting from the ''Object 187'' program have not been declassified to this date.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Szulc|first1=Tomasz|title=Ostatnie czołgi Związku Radzieckiego?|journal=Nowa Technika Wojskowa|date=August 2009|issue=9|pages=24–30}}</ref>

The Object 188 was engineered by a team under V.N. Venediktov. The biggest change was the integration of the T-80U's 1A45 [[fire-control system]]. The Object 188 was initially designated as the T-72BM. The first four of these were delivered for trials in January 1989. An improved variant (called Upgraded T-72B<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Устьянцев С.В., Колмаков Д.Г. |title=Т-72.Т-90. Опыт создания отечественных основных боевых танков |date=2013 |publisher=Uralvagonzavod |isbn=978-5-91356-210-4 |pages=120–121 |language=ru |trans-title=T-72.T-90. Experience in creating domestic main battle tanks}}</ref>) was delivered beginning in June 1990. In March 1991, the [[Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)|Soviet Ministry of Defense]] recommended that the Army adopt the Object 188. Work on the Object 187 was simultaneously stopped for unknown reasons.<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|pages=7–8}}</ref>

==Production and service history==
[[File:T-90 snorkel.jpg|thumb|An early series T-90 with cast turret during a military exercise in Russia, demonstrating deep fording]]

Russian tank production dwindled in the years before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union. The [[Kharkov Locomotive Factory|Kharkov]] tank plant belonged to the newly independent [[Ukraine]], the [[Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant]] ended production in 1989, and [[Kirov Plant|Kirov]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] in 1990. In the two remaining tank plants at [[Omsktransmash|Omsk]] and [[Krasnoye Sormovo Factory No. 112|Nizhni-Tagil]], state orders all but ceased in 1992. Around the same time, the Russian Ministry of Defense decided it would commit to eventually producing just one tank type.<ref name="auto2">{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|pages=4–5}}</ref>

During the 1980s, the Soviet military had ordered T-64s, T-72s and T-80s, then in simultaneous production from rival tank design firms. Though all three tanks had similar characteristics, they each required different components, which contributed to the Army's logistical burden.<ref name="auto2"/> Though both Nizhni-Tagil's T-90 and Omsk's T-80U had their merits, the T-80's [[gas turbine]] engine was notorious for its high fuel consumption and poor reliability. Additionally, Russian T-80s suffered heavy losses in their first combat use during the [[First Chechen War]]. Meanwhile, the T-90 was spared media criticism as it was not deployed in Chechnya, and its new name distanced it from the T-72, which was also lost in large numbers in the conflict.<ref name="auto3">{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|pages=16–17}}</ref>

In January 1996, Colonel General [[Aleksandr Galkin (general)|Aleksandr Galkin]], chief of the Main Armor Directorate of the Russian Ministry of Defense, said the Russian Armed Forces would phase out T-80 production in favor of the T-90 (Galkin reversed his position later that year, claiming the T-80U was a superior tank). Production of the T-80 at Omsk persisted until 2001, mainly for the export market.<ref name="auto3"/>

The principal upgrade in the T-90 is the incorporation of a slightly modified form of the T-80U's more sophisticated 1A45T ''Irtysh'' fire control system and an upgraded V-84MS multi-fuel engine developing 840 hp (618 kW).<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|pages=13–14}}</ref> The T-90 was manufactured at the Uralvagonzavod factory in Nizhny Tagil, with low-level production being carried out since 1992 and virtually ceasing towards the end of the 1990s for the native market. Around 120 T-90 tanks were delivered to the Russian Ground Forces before production of an upgraded version was resumed in 2004.<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|pages=8,21,24}}</ref>

By September 1995, some 107 T-90 tanks had been produced, located in the [[Siberian Military District]].<ref>{{cite book |first=James M |last=Warford |title=The Russian T-90S: Coming into Focus |series=Armor |date=September–October 1997 |url=https://www.knox.army.mil/center/ocoa/armormag/backissues/1990s/1997/so97/5T90.pdf |publisher=US Army}}{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} , quoting Russian newspaper sources</ref> Later, another U.S. report said that "..with only 150 built by mid-1998, the Siberian Military District's [[21st Motor Rifle Division]] received [some of] these MBTs and formed a tank regiment (T-90s were also issued to the 5th Don Guards Tank Division in Buryatia)."<ref>Adam Geibel, "Did the Rebels Misidentify Knocked-Out Tanks?," ''Armor Magazine'', November–December 2000, p.27</ref> However, the 21st MRD had already been reduced to the status of a motor-rifle brigade by this time, and then was reduced to a storage base in 1997.

Facing tapering domestic orders, Uralvagonzavod received government approval to export the T-90 in the mid-1990s. The designers at Uralvagonzavod created a new, welded turret that offered improvements in protection and internal space in the same period. In 1997, India signaled interest in the T-90 in response to Pakistan's acquisition of 320 Ukrainian T-80UD tanks. India's [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] in [[Avadi]] was already license-manufacturing the T-72 under the name "Ajeya".<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|pages=17–18, 20}}</ref>

The first 42 complete Indian tanks were delivered in 2001 and were designated '''T-90S''' ('''''Object 188S'''''), still equipped with the older cast turrets of the early series<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|page=20}}</ref> (this exhausted the remaining stocks of cast turrets warehoused at Nizhny Tagil) and powered by the V-84 engine making 840 hp (618 kW).{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} In 2002, 82 vehicles were delivered, now equipped with the new welded turrets and the V-92S2 engine, generating 1,000 hp (735 kW). The initial contract stipulated the following batch of 186 tanks, now officially called '''Bhishma''', to be completed in India from Russian-supplied kits, and then gradually replaced with domestically manufactured parts. Delays in domestic production compelled the Indian authorities to place an additional order for 127 complete vehicles from Uralvagonzavod.<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|pages=20–21}}</ref>

[[File:T-90A - Engineering Technologies 2012 -01.jpg|thumb|A Russian specification T-90A. The new welded turret with its angular geometry is clearly visible.]]
In 2005 the Russian army resumed delivery of the T-90, requesting the "original" specification for the vehicle with a cast turret. But with the new order numbering 14 tanks, and the large capital investment required to set up production of new cast turrets, the Russian Ministry of Defence agreed on a new configuration very close to the Indian T-90S, which was expeditiously accepted into service without any trials as the '''''Object 188A1''''' or '''T-90A'''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Szulc|first1=Tomasz|title=Nowe Czołgi Naszych Wschodnich Sąsiadów: T-90MS I Opłot-M|journal=Nowa Technika Wojskowa|date=September 2012|issue=9|pages=14}}</ref> 2005 saw delivery of 18 new tanks – enough to equip approximately five tank platoons. These new Russian tanks were powered by the V-92S2 engine, carried a T01-K05 ''Buran-M'' gunner's sight (passive-active night-vision channel with an EPM-59G ''Mirage-K'' matrix and a maximum observation distance of 1,800 m) and were protected by the most recent Kontakt-5 reactive armor with 4S22 explosive tiles.

The years 2006–2007 saw the delivery of 31 T-90A tanks each, now fitted with entirely passive ESSA main gunner's sights supplied by Peleng in [[Belarus]] and using the 2nd-generation thermal camera Catherine-FC from [[Thales Group|Thales]], and improved 4S23 ERA tiles. The joint venture established on the basis of JSC Volzhsky Optical and Mechanical Plant (VOMZ) and Thales Optronics, produced Catherine-FC thermal imaging devices, which were further used to develop "ESSA", "PLISA" and "SOSNA-U" sighting systems produced for the Russian armoured vehicles, including T-72B3 tanks and export versions of T-90S (exported to India, Algeria and Azerbaijan). Since 2012, Russia was able to produce 3rd-generation Catherine-XP cameras based on QWIP matrix technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defence-ua.com/index.php/en/publications/defense-express-publications/1182-paris-moscow-a-thorny-path-of-justified-sanctions |title=Paris-Moscow: A Thorny Path of Justified Sanctions |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803224146/https://defence-ua.com/index.php/en/publications/defense-express-publications/1182-paris-moscow-a-thorny-path-of-justified-sanctions |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, the Russian-made commander combined sample supervisory-sighting system ''"T01-K04DT/Agat-MDT"'' was presented to the public at the International Forum Engineering Technologies 2012. According to Krasnogorsky Zavod plant, Agat-MDT has the ability to install (for further modernization) in the sight the newly developed domestic UPF format 640×512 by 15 microns, which makes possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3.5–4.0 km without modifications to the sight.<ref name="survincity.com">{{cite web |url=http://survincity.com/2013/10/of-kmz-complex-produced-the-first-tank-with-a/ |title=Of KMZ complex produced the first tank with a domestic — Encyclopedia of safety |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803141034/http://survincity.com/2013/10/of-kmz-complex-produced-the-first-tank-with-a/ |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the ''Irbis-K'' night-vision sighting system for the T-80U and T-90, with first deliveries planned for 2017. Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced [[mercury cadmium telluride]] (MCT) matrix thermal sight, addressed a disadvantage of Russian tanks relative to their Western counterparts. The Irbis-K can identify targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during day and night.<ref name="mil.today">{{cite web |url=http://mil.today/2017/Weapons52/ |title=T-90 Tanks to Get MCT-Matrix Heat-Vision Sight |date=14 May 2017 |access-date=16 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716053931/http://mil.today/2017/Weapons52/ |archive-date=16 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2007, there were about 334 T-90 tanks of various types serving in the Russian Ground Forces' [[5th Guards Tank Division]], stationed in the Siberian Military District, and seven T-90 tanks assigned to the marines.<ref name="warfare.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.warfare.ru/?lang=&catid=244&linkid=1778|title=T-90/S MBT|access-date=19 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110070955/http://www.warfare.ru/?lang=&linkid=1778&catid=244|archive-date=10 November 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2008, the Russian army has received 62 tanks annually, suspending orders in 2011.

After the cancellation of the [[T-95]] in 2010, Uralvagonzavod began the OKR Armata (Armament) design study. The study resulted in the Object 148 based on the T-95 (itself based on the Object 187). The Russian Army curtailed T-90 orders beginning in 2012 to prepare for the arrival of the new tank.<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|p=34}}</ref> In July 2021, Industry and Trade Minister [[Denis Manturov]] said the tank, designated the [[T-14 Armata]], will enter serial production in 2022.<ref name="Cranny-Evans">{{cite news |last1=Cranny-Evans |first1=Samuel |title=T-14 Armata to enter series production in 2022 |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/t-14-armata-to-enter-series-production-in-2022 |access-date=27 December 2021 |work=Janes |date=6 July 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227192702/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/t-14-armata-to-enter-series-production-in-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Deliveries of upgraded T-90M tanks started in April 2020 to the Guards Tank Army of the RF [[Western Military District]]. The T-90M ‘Proryv’ (‘Breakthrough’) has received a principally new turret, the 2A46M-5 gun, and a more powerful engine. The Proryv is outfitted with a new multi-channel sighting system that allows employing weapons at any time of day or night and it can exchange data with other vehicles in real time.<ref name="mdb_chechnya"/> A new batch was delivered in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1261443|title=Defense firm delivers a batch of upgraded T-90M main battle tanks to Russian troops|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302110627/https://tass.com/defense/1261443|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Ukrainian intelligence sources, manufacturing of T-90s was slowed because of the effect of [[International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War|International sanctions]] since the start of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="jpost.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-704376|title=Russia-Ukraine war: Sanctions cripple Russia's tank production – GUR|date=17 April 2022|access-date=30 May 2022|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503062702/https://www.jpost.com/international/article-704376|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tass.com/politics/1552923 | title=T-90M main battle tanks arrive for Russian troops in Ukraine special operation zone | access-date=21 December 2022 | archive-date=21 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221162918/https://tass.com/politics/1552923 | url-status=live }}</ref> An article from ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine in early October 2023 suggested a rise in T-90M's production based on the increasing amount of T90 losses in Ukraine.<ref name="Axe 2023 v267">{{cite web | last=Axe | first=David | title=Russia Is Losing More Of Its Best T-90 Tanks, Perhaps Because It Has More T-90s To Lose | website=Forbes | date=6 October 2023 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/10/06/russia-is-losing-more-of-its-best-t-90-tanks-perhaps-because-it-has-more-t-90s-to-lose/ | access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>

It was estimated the Russian army had no more than 85 T-90M, and 380 earlier T-90 variants, in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=n.a. |date=19 June 2025 |title=How Many Т-90M Tanks does Russia Produce? CIT Research |url=https://notes.citeam.org/eng_t90 |access-date=18 August 2025 |website=Teletype |publisher=Conflict Intelligence Team |language=en}}</ref>

The UK-based [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) estimates that annual production of T-90M tanks could reach up to 90 units in 2024. Analysis suggests, however, that the majority of these T-90Ms are likely upgrades of older T-90A models rather than newly built tanks.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2024 |title=Russia's vast stocks of Soviet-era weaponry are running out |url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2024/07/16/russias-vast-stocks-of-soviet-era-weaponry-are-running-out |access-date=11 August 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Sources indicate that over 200 T-90Ms have been delivered since the war in Ukraine started.<ref>{{cite web | last=Nikolov | first=Boyko | title=Uralvagonzavod rolls out new batch of T-90M tanks for Russia | website=Bulgarian Military Industry Review | date=7 September 2024 | url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2024/09/07/uralvagonzavod-rolls-out-new-batch-of-t-90m-tanks-for-russia/ | access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref> The UK-based ''Military Watch Magazine'' reported in September 2024 that efforts to surge the production rate to well over 1000 per year had fallen far short, with the output remaining uncertain with some reports indicating that over 300 T-90Ms would be delivered throughout the year.

==Combat use==
===Russian service===
An early variant of the export-oriented T-90S allegedly saw combat action during the [[War of Dagestan|1999 Chechen invasion of Dagestan]] instead of being delivered to India. The tank's survivability against [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s (RPGs) is disputed. [[Gordon L. Rottman]] writes that T-90s were "frequently" knocked out by three or four hits from a [[RPG-7]]. He adds that Chechens found a way to compromise T-90s fitted with [[explosive reactive armor]]: they would fire an RPG-7 from close range (within 50m) to trigger the explosive reactive armor protection, and then re-attack the exposed tank armour underneath with two or more RPG hits, again from close range.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rocket Propelled Grenade|series=Weapon 2|first=Gordon L.|last=Rottman|author-link=Gordon L. Rottman|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDa1CwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1-84908-153-5|publisher=Osprey Publishing|page=65|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=13 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913151113/https://books.google.com/books?id=NDa1CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the other hand, ''[[Moscow Defense Brief]]'' gives the example of one T-90 that remained in action despite being hit by seven RPGs. The journal concluded that with regular equipment, the upgraded T-90 seems to be the best protected Russian tank, especially with the implementation of Shtora-1 and [[Arena (countermeasure)|Arena]] defensive systems.<ref name="mdb_chechnya">{{cite journal|last=Pashin |first=Alexander |title=Russian Army Operations and Weaponry During Second Military Campaign in Chechnya |journal=[[Moscow Defense Brief]] |publisher=Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies |issue=3/2002 |url=http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2002/ac/raowdsmcc/ |access-date=29 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501050127/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2002/ac/raowdsmcc/ |archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

The T-90A was deployed to [[Syria]] in 2015 to support the Russian involvement in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-tanks-russia-is-sending-to-syria-2015-9|title=The tanks Russia is sending to Syria|author=Jeremy Bender|date=15 September 2015|work=Business Insider|access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106134827/http://www.businessinsider.com/the-tanks-russia-is-sending-to-syria-2015-9|archive-date=6 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2020, a [[Russia]]n T-90 was accidentally hit by an [[anti-tank guided missile]] (ATGM) during exercises held in Russia's [[Astrakhan]] region causing serious damage to the vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27868/T_90_Tank_Accidentally_Hit_by_Missile_During_Russian_Exercise |title=T-90 Tank Accidentally Hit by Missile During Russian Exercise |date=17 November 2020 |access-date=18 September 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919162801/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/27868/T_90_Tank_Accidentally_Hit_by_Missile_During_Russian_Exercise |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Russo-Ukrainian War====
[[File:Tank-vladimir-3.jpg|thumb|Destroyed Russian T-90A in [[Zaporizhzhia Oblast]]]]
[[File:Destroyed T-90M of Russian Army 3.jpg|thumb|Russian T-90M tank, destroyed in the [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]] region reportedly by a [[Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle|Carl Gustaf]]]]
During the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]] stage of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] in the summer of 2014, elements of the Russian [[136th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade]] equipped with T-90A tanks conducting operations in [[Luhansk Oblast]] of Ukraine were identified in social media posts, and locations of their photographs were geolocated by open-source investigators.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tankspotting: T-90As in the Donbass|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2017/04/02/tankspotting-t-90as-donbass/|date=2 April 2017|work=bellingcat|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405101815/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2017/04/02/tankspotting-t-90as-donbass/|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the full-scale [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] beginning in February 2022, by 12 May, a T-90 was reported to have been destroyed by a Swedish [[Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle|Carl Gustaf]] man-portable anti-tank grenade launcher in [[Kharkiv]].<ref name="Suciu 2022 d380">{{cite web | last=Suciu | first=Peter | title=Tank Deathmatch: Russia's T-90M vs. Carl Gustav Rocket Launcher (Who Wins?) | website=19FortyFive | date=12 May 2022 | url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/05/tank-deathmatch-russias-t-90m-vs-carl-gustav-rocket-launcher-who-wins/ | access-date=30 August 2023 | archive-date=13 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513164901/https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/05/tank-deathmatch-russias-t-90m-vs-carl-gustav-rocket-launcher-who-wins/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

During this conflict, the T-90 has faced and been destroyed by many types of anti-tank missiles, including modern "[[top attack]]" missiles such as the American-produced [[FGM-148 Javelin]] and the Anglo-Swedish [[NLAW]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2022 |title=One Of Russia's Most Advanced Tanks Has Been Destroyed Just Days After Being Deployed |url=https://www.ladbible.com/news/latest-russia-advanced-tanks-destroyed-days-after-deployment-20220506 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507100059/https://www.ladbible.com/news/latest-russia-advanced-tanks-destroyed-days-after-deployment-20220506.amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2022 |title=Latest Defence Intelligence update on the situation in Ukraine – 07 May 2022 |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/DefenceHQ/status/1522815718999289856 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507215310/https://mobile.twitter.com/defencehq/status/1522815718999289856 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Arena system has not appeared in Ukraine and it is unclear if the system has met expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bryen |first=Stephen |date=7 June 2022 |title=Russia's tanks in Ukraine are old, obsolete and failing |url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/06/russias-tanks-in-ukraine-are-old-obsolete-and-failing/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=Asia Times |language=en-US |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213031324/https://asiatimes.com/2022/06/russias-tanks-in-ukraine-are-old-obsolete-and-failing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2024, in fighting around [[Stepove, Donetsk Oblast|Stepove]], two [[M2 Bradley|Bradley Fighting Vehicle]]s (BFV) from the [[47th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|Ukrainian 47th Separate Mechanized Brigade]] engaged a T-90M. The tank was disabled by the Bradleys, and its crew escaped before a [[FPV drone]] destroyed the tank.<ref>{{Cite web |author= HOWARD ALTMAN|date=18 January 2024 |title=Armor Experts Breakdown Video Of Ukrainian M2 Bradley Mauling Russian T-90M Tank|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/armor-experts-breakdown-video-of-ukrainian-m2-bradley-mauling-russian-t-90m-tank|access-date=20 January 2024 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= Chris Panella |date=18 January 2024 |title=New video shows a US-made Bradley fighting vehicle hammering a T-90M, what Putin has called 'the world's best tank'|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/video-us-bradley-fighting-vehicle-hammers-russian-t-90m-tank-2024-1|access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US }}</ref>

In late September 2024, reports backed by images shared on social media showed a destroyed T-90M that lacked [[Kontakt-5|Relikt]] ERA. The ERA bricks had been replaced by "construction bricks".<ref>{{cite web |author= Boyko Nikolov |title= Russia puts building bricks on a T-90M Proryv tank as an armor |url= https://bulgarianmilitary.com/amp/2024/11/07/russia-puts-building-bricks-on-a-t-90m-proryv-tank-as-an-armor/ |date=7 November 2024|access-date=11 November 2024 |website= bulgarianmilitary }}</ref>

As of 9 May 2025, the [[Oryx (website)|Oryx]] blog had documented that Russia had lost at least 187 T-90s since the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine (visually confirmed), including 42 T-90A (of which 29 were destroyed, 3 abandoned, 10 captured), 1 T-90AK (captured and later destroyed), 11 T-90S (9 destroyed, 1 abandoned, 1 captured) and 134 T-90M (80 destroyed, 17 damaged, 30 abandoned, 7 captured).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Janovsky |first2=Jakub |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html#:~:text=33-,T%2D90A,-%3A%C2%A0(1%2C%20destroyed |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=Oryx |publisher=Oryxspioenkop |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114121703/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Syrian service===
In early February 2016, [[Syrian Army]] forces began using T-90As in combat.<ref name="NIT90">{{cite web|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/what-happened-when-russia-sent-its-t-90-tank-syria-182146|title=What Happened When Russia Sent Its T-90 Tank To Syria?|date=7 April 2021|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|work=National Interest|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422134648/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/what-happened-when-russia-sent-its-t-90-tank-syria-182146|url-status=live}}</ref> A video was leaked on the internet which showed a T-90 survive a direct frontal turret hit by a [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]] missile in Aleppo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/02/26/watch-u-s-made-missile-goes-up-against-one-of-russias-most-advanced-tanks/|title=WATCH: U.S.-made missile goes up against one of Russia's most advanced tanks|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=26 February 2016|access-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309093644/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/02/26/watch-u-s-made-missile-goes-up-against-one-of-russias-most-advanced-tanks/|archive-date=9 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kontakt-5 reactive armor discharged the TOW warhead before impact.<ref name="NIT90"/> Two Syrian Army operated T-90 were captured by HTS militias while ISIS fighters captured a third in November 2017. A rebel operated T-90 was recaptured by Syrian government forces while the second was reportedly destroyed in combat by a T-72. Another 5 Syrian Army operated T-90 tanks were knocked out or heavily damaged and 4 others suffered hits, according to recorded material.<ref name="NIT90"/>

===Azerbaijani service===
[[Azerbaijan]] used their T-90S tanks during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. One T-90 was damaged and captured by [[Armenia]]n forces.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://hingshabti.am/2020/10/02/t90/|title = Ադրբեջանական ոչնչացված Տ-90 տանկի լուսանկարները|date = 2 October 2020|access-date = 19 October 2020|archive-date = 22 October 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201022073923/https://hingshabti.am/2020/10/02/t90/|url-status = live}}</ref> At least two were confirmed destroyed in the initial phases of the war, being the first proven total loss of the combat vehicle.<ref name="MKT90s"/><ref name="ForbesT90s">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2020/10/23/what-open-source-evidence-tells-us-about-the-nagorno-karabakh-war/?sh=1743b8526f4b|title=What Open Source Evidence Tells Us About The Nagorno-Karabakh War|work=Forbes|first=Sebastien|last=Roblin|date=23 October 2020|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126190333/https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2020/10/23/what-open-source-evidence-tells-us-about-the-nagorno-karabakh-war/?sh=1743b8526f4b|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Export==
===India===
{{more citations needed section|date=December 2016}}
[[File:IA T-90 in action.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Army]] T-90 ''Bhishma'' tanks take part in a military training exercise in the [[Thar Desert]], Rajasthan. The tanks have two different turret armor arrays.]]
[[File:T-90-Bhisma.jpg|thumb|A T-90 Bhisma during combat exercise]]
The T-90S ''Bhishma'' (named after [[Bhishma|the guardian warrior]] in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'') is a vehicle tailored for Indian service, improving upon the T-90S, and developed with assistance from Russia and France. The tanks are equipped with the French Thales-built Catherine-FC thermal sights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunnigan |first=James |date=24 June 2006 |title=Get the T-90s Out of the Kitchen |url=http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles2006/2006624232423.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611231253/http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles2006/2006624232423.asp |archive-date=11 June 2008 |website=Strategy Page}}</ref> They use Russian [[Kontakt-5]] [[explosive reactive armour]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/2047159894IB19-Mallika-T-90sBishma.pdf |title=T-90S "Bhishma" |publisher=ipcs.org |date=1 February 2004 |access-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407030555/http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/2047159894IB19-Mallika-T-90sBishma.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> in addition to the primary armor, which consists of laminated plates and ceramic layers with high-tensile properties. The new welded turrets first developed for the Indian T-90S Bhishma have more advanced armour protection than the early cast turrets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=T-90 "Bhishma" Tanks in Ladakh – A Comprehensive Look |url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/07/03/t-90-bhishma-tanks-in-ladakh-a-comprehensive-look/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Air Power Asia |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124201835/https://airpowerasia.com/2020/07/03/t-90-bhishma-tanks-in-ladakh-a-comprehensive-look/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The later T-90M features the 'Kaktus K-6' bolted explosive reactive armour (ERA) package on its frontal hull and turret-top (the T-90S has 'Kontakt-5' ERA), is fitted with an enhanced environmental control system supplied by Israel's Kinetics Ltd for providing cooled air to the fighting compartment, has additional internal volume for housing the [[Cryogenics|cryogenic cooling]] systems for new-generation [[thermal imager]]s like the [[Thales Group|THALES]]-built Catherine-FC thermal imager (operating in the 8–12 micrometre bandwidth).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle Tanks used by the Indian Army {{!}} Team-BHP |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/battle-tanks-used-indian-army |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=T-90 "Bhishma" Tanks in Ladakh – A Comprehensive Look |url=https://airpowerasia.com/2020/07/03/t-90-bhishma-tanks-in-ladakh-a-comprehensive-look/ |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Air Power Asia |language=en}}</ref>

==== Orders and deliveries ====

# In 2001, India purchased 310 T-90S tanks from Russia, of which 124 were delivered complete (42 featured the early cast turrets seen on Russian tanks) and 186 were to be assembled from kits delivered in various stages of completion with an emphasis on shifting production to domestic means. The T-90 was selected because it is a direct development of the T-72 that India already manufactured, simplifying training and maintenance. India opted to acquire the T-90 to counter Pakistani deployment of the Ukrainian-made [[T-80]] tank in 1995–97.<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|pages=18,20}}</ref> These T-90S tanks were made by [[Uralvagonzavod]] and the engines were delivered by [[Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant]]. The Indian tanks however omit the [[Shtora-1]] passive electronic countermeasure system which was deemed obsolete.
# A follow-on contract, worth [[US$]]800 million, was signed in October 2006, for another 330 T-90S ''Bhishma'' MBTs that were to be manufactured in India by [[Heavy Vehicles Factory]] at [[Avadi]], Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
# A third contract, worth $1.23 billion, was signed in December 2007 for 347 upgraded T-90Ms, most to be licence-assembled by HVF. The Army hoped to field a force of over 21 regiments of T-90 tanks and 40 regiments of modified T-72s. The Indian Army began receiving its first T-90M main battle tank in completely knocked-down form from Russia's Nizhny Tagil-based Uralvagonzavod JSC at the end of 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dmitry Korobeinikov |url=http://www.en.beta.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20090824/155910756.html |title=Indian army receives first T-90 tanks made under Russian license |publisher=RIA Novosti |date=24 August 2009 |access-date=7 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904203207/http://en.beta.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20090824/155910756.html |archive-date=4 September 2009}}</ref> The first batch of 10 T-90Ms built under licence was inducted into the Indian Army in August 2009. These vehicles were built at the Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Tamil Nadu. HVF planned to produce 100 units of the tank per year while India already had 700 units of the tank in service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=24 August 2009 |title=First batch of T-90 tanks handed over to Army |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Uj6kaGAq2PQURrstPMXsCL/First-batch-of-T90-tanks-handed-over-to-Army.html |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328161440/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Uj6kaGAq2PQURrstPMXsCL/First-batch-of-T90-tanks-handed-over-to-Army.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
# A {{INRConvert|10000|c}} purchase of 354 new T-90SM tanks for six tank regiments for the [[Line of Actual Control|China border]] was being planned in 2012,<ref name="Business Standard">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/army-scuttles-arjun-trials-to-push-through-russian-t-90-purchase/493676/ |title=Army scuttles Arjun trials to push through Russian T-90 purchase |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] India |publisher=Business Standard |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=29 November 2012 |last1=Shukla |first1=Ajai |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212234001/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/army-scuttles-arjun-trials-to-push-through-russian-t-90-purchase-112112602007_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> making India, with a total of nearly 4,500 tanks (T-90 and variants, T-72 and Arjun MBT) in active service, the world's third-largest operator of tanks.
# In November 2019, India announced that Heavy Vehicles Factory would produce 464 T-90 MBTs for 10 tank regiments.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-mod-awards-ofb-usd28-billion-contract-to-licence-build-464-additional-t-90s-mbts |title=Indian MoD awards OFB USD2.8 billion contract to licence-build 464 additional T-90S MBTs |website=[[Janes.com]] |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227100632/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-mod-awards-ofb-usd28-billion-contract-to-licence-build-464-additional-t-90s-mbts |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=464 Bhishma tanks to made in Tamil Nadu's Avadi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rs-20000-crore-worth-orders-placed-to-get-464-t90s/articleshow/71963553.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406045714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rs-20000-crore-worth-orders-placed-to-get-464-t90s/articleshow/71963553.cms |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 13 May 2024, Heavy Vehicles Factory delivered the first batch of 10 units of ''Bhishma'' Mk. 3, which is a more advanced variant of T-90, as a part of the 464 tank deal signed in 2019. The rest of 454 tanks will be delivered within five years.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=ऑटोट्रैकर, एंटी-थर्मल आईआर कोटिंग से लैस है टी-90 भीष्म टैंक का नया वर्जन, जंग में दुश्मनों के छुड़ाएगा छक्के |url=https://www.aajtak.in/defence-news/story/t-90-bhishma-mark-3-tanks-rolls-out-know-the-specification-and-fire-power-1943757-2024-05-14 |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suciu |first=Peter |date=15 June 2024 |title=T-90 Mk-III: India Is Now Building Russian Tanks |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/t-90-mk-iii-india-now-building-russian-tanks-211462 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref>

In 2013, India planned to have 21 T-90 tank regiments by 2020, with 45 combat tanks and 17 training and replacement tanks per regiment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2013 |title=Armor: Indian T-90s Get 5,000 Meter Reach |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htarm/articles/20130904.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907050653/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htarm/articles/20130904.aspx |archive-date=7 September 2013 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=www.strategypage.com}}</ref> In the 2020s, the number of planned tanks was increased to 1,657.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=21 March 2025 |title=Modernisation proposals worth Rs 54,000 crore get ministry of defence's initial nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modernisation-proposals-worth-rs-54000-crore-get-ministry-of-defences-initial-nod/articleshow/119278163.cms |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Upgrades ====

* '''Commander sight''': On 25 February 2022, The Acquisition Wing of the Defence Ministry has signed a contract valued at Rs.1,075 crore with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) to retro-modify 957 T-90s with advanced Mid Wave Thermal Image (MWIR), which will replace the existing Image Converter (IC)-based commander sight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2022 |title=India's T-90 main battle tank to be fitted with indigenously developed commander sight |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/indias-t-90-main-battle-tank-to-be-fitted-with-indigenously-developed-commander-sight/article65220244.ece |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commander Thermal Imaging Sight for T-90 Tank |url=https://bel-india.in/product/commander-thermal-imaging-sight-for-t-90-tank/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=BEL |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[Active protection system]]''': In 2021, the Indian army was looking to upgrade its T-90 tank fleet with locally built modular Active Protection, with both soft kill and hard kill systems, to update the tanks to modern standards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Army seeks active protection systems for its T-90S/SK MBTs|first1=Rahul|last1=Bedi|first2=Mark|last2=Cazalet|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-seeks-active-protection-systems-for-its-t-90ssk-mbts|date=16 April 2021|website=Janes|language=en|access-date=28 March 2022|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226071503/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/indian-army-seeks-active-protection-systems-for-its-t-90ssk-mbts|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Vijay |title=Army moves to identify Indian partners to develop advanced protection system for tanks |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/army-moves-to-identify-indian-partners-to-develop-advanced-protection-system-for-tanks-239434 |date=15 April 2021 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |access-date=28 March 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328162549/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/army-moves-to-identify-indian-partners-to-develop-advanced-protection-system-for-tanks-239434 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 3 February 2025, the Army released a [[Request for Information]] (RFI) to identify prospective vendors for the development of an active protection system for the T-90S/SK tank fleet. While [[explosive reactive armour]] protects the tanks from [[shoulder-fired missile]], an APS is important for protection from [[tandem warhead]]s in [[top-attack]] mode. The system being offered must feature Soft Kill, Hard Kill and Counter [[Unmanned Aerial System]] (C-UAS) measures and without compromising its existing capabilities. It should be capable of detecting all types of UAS (including loitering UAVs, [[FPV drone|first person view]] (FPV), [[Swarm drone|swarm]], and [[Kamikaze drones]]) as well as all kinds of [[Anti-tank weapon|anti-tank projectiles]] (like [[anti-tank guided missile]]s, [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s and chemical and [[Kinetic energy penetrator|kinetic energy munitions]]). The document stated that the system should not compromise the mobility of the vehicle and be operable in high altitude terrains. The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) has started work on a similar systems in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=4 February 2025 |title=Lessons from Russia-Ukraine war makes Indian Army seek Active Protection System for T-90 tanks |url=https://theprint.in/defence/lessons-from-russia-ukraine-war-makes-indian-army-seek-active-protection-system-for-t-90-tanks/2478888/ |access-date=5 February 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Bhishma Mk. 3 variant:''' In May 2024, Heavy Vehicles Factory unveiled the Bhishma Mk. 3 variant of T-90. Enhancements included increase in indigenous content and several upgrades. The upgrades included advanced Mid Wave [[Thermographic camera|Thermal Image]]-based sighting systems (8 km range) and [[Laser rangefinder|Laser Range Finder]] (LRF; 5 km range) for commanders developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] and [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] (replacing Image Converter tube-based sight on older versions), a Digital Ballistic Computer to improve ammunition trajectory (derived from that of [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun MBT]]), Automatic Target Tracker. It is also expected that the new variant tanks will feature new generation ammunition like [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|FSAPDS]] Mk2 (originally developed for Arjun MBT), and cannon-launched [[SAMHO]] missiles that is under development. Reports also suggest the use of a more efficient and powerful engine. There are plans for further upgradation of the T-90 tanks by including indigenous [[Active protection system|Active Protection Systems]], [[Loitering munition|Loitering Munitions]] and more advanced ammunitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Unveiling the T-90 Mark III - alphadefense.in |url=https://alphadefense.in/index.php/2024/05/13/unveiling-the-t-90-mark-iii/ |access-date=28 May 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=18 December 2023 |title=How Automatic Target Tracker & Digital Ballistic Computer will give Army's T-90 tanks the edge |url=https://theprint.in/defence/how-automatic-target-tracker-digital-ballistic-computer-will-give-armys-t-90-tanks-the-edge/1890266/ |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=India rolls out T-90 Mk-III tanks |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-rolls-out-t-90-mk-iii-tanks |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Linganna | first=Girish | title=T-90 Mk-III Arsenal: Atmanirbhar Ascendancy Elevates India's Defence – Analysis | website=Eurasia Review | date=15 June 2024 | url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/15062024-t-90-mk-iii-arsenal-atmanirbhar-ascendancy-elevates-indias-defence-analysis/ | access-date=17 June 2024}}</ref> India started the licensed production of Russian tank rounds 3VBM17 used by the T-72 and T-90 tanks in July 2024.
* '''Overhaul''': On 7 October 2024, the [[Indian Army Corps of EME|Indian Army Corps of Electronics and Mechanical Engineers]] completed the first complete overhaul of the T-90 Bhishma at the 505 Army Base Workshop in [[Delhi Cantonment]]. The overhauled T-90 belongs to the first batch of such tanks received by India. This significantly extends the series life in service with the army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=7 October 2024 |title=Indian Army rolls out its first overhauled T-90 'Bhishma' tank |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-army-rolls-out-its-first-overhauled-t-90-bhishma-tank-101728313383363-amp.html |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* '''Engine upgrade''': On 20 March 2025, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) cleared the Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for the procurement of {{Convert|1350|hp|abbr=on}} engines for T-90 tanks to improve the [[power-to-weight ratio]] and increase mobility in high-altitude regions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2025 |title=DAC clears capital acquisition proposals worth over Rs 54,000 crore to enhance defence capabilities |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2113268 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

===Other===
In 2005, deliveries began for an initial order of 185 tanks for [[Algeria]]. These are known as the '''T-90SA''' ("A" is an acronym for Algeria).

The Cyprus House Defence Committee approved funds in January 2009 for the purchase of 41 Russian-built T-90 tanks. The money was included as part of the 2009 defence budget. [[Cyprus]] already operates the Russian-made T-80 tank.<ref>"[http://www.defenseworld.net/news/2589/www.dimdex.com#.UvHg3tKBkQM Greek-Cypriots to Buy Russian Tanks, Considering Missile Purchases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222202119/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/2589/www.dimdex.com#.UvHg3tKBkQM |date=2014-02-22}}", defenseworld.net, 12 January 2009.</ref> In March 2010 it was reported that Cyprus had opted for 41 additional T-80s instead of purchasing T-90s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1336944|script-title=ru:Новую оружейную сделку с Россией обнародовал Кипр|date=13 March 2010|language=ru |work=[[Kommersant]]|access-date=17 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024041717/http://kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=1336944|archive-date=24 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anonymous [[Venezuela]]n defence sources said that president [[Hugo Chavez]] "wants to replace his army's obsolete [[AMX-30]] main battle tanks with between 50 and 100 Russian-built T-90 main battle tanks", according to an October 2008 article by analyst Jack Sweeney.<ref>Jack Sweeney "[http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Analysis_Venezuela_buys_Russian_tanks_999.html Venezuela buys Russian aircraft, tanks to boost power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019072016/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Analysis_Venezuela_buys_Russian_tanks_999.html |date=2008-10-19}}". UPI.com, 15 October 2008.</ref> In September 2009 a deal was announced for 92 T-72s only.<ref name="rusbiznews">{{cite web|url=http://www.rusbiznews.com/news/n521.html|title=Venezuela Will Load Urals Defence Plants With Work|publisher=Rus Business News|date=16 September 2009|access-date=10 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715214927/http://www.rusbiznews.com/news/n521.html|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saudi Arabia]] was reported, in July 2008, by Russian daily ''[[Kommersant]]'' to be in negotiations to buy 150 T-90 tanks.<ref>{{cite web |first=Guy |last=Faulconbridge |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/07/15/europe/OUKWD-UK-RUSSIA-SAUDI-IRAN.php |title=Saudi offers Russia arms deal to curb Iran ties |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207022651/http://www.iht.com/articles/reuters/2008/07/15/europe/OUKWD-UK-RUSSIA-SAUDI-IRAN.php |archive-date=7 December 2008 |publisher=Reuters |date=15 July 2008}}</ref> [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] Defence Minister Elias El Murr met with Russian Defence Minister [[Anatoly Serdyukov]] in December 2008, when they discussed the possibility of a transfer of military equipment including T-90 tanks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=71161&MID=101&PID=2|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711193908/http://nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=71161&MID=101&PID=2|url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012|title=Lebanese press round-up: December 17, 2008|date=17 December 2008|work=An-nahar Newspaper|publisher=NOW Lebanon|access-date=8 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/128915|title=Russia to Sell Lebanon Advanced Jets 'at Discount'|last=Ronen|first=Gil|date=17 December 2008|publisher=Israel National News|access-date=8 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119194312/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/128915|archive-date=19 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2010, an arms deal was signed between [[Libya]] and Russia. Details of the sale were not immediately released, but a Russian diplomat stated that Libya had wanted 20 fighter planes, air defence systems, and may also be interested in purchasing "several dozen" T-90s, and modernising a further 140 T-72s. However, after Libya's [[2011 Libyan civil war|crackdown on anti-government protesters]] in early 2011, the United Nations enacted an international arms embargo on Libya resulting in the cancellation of Russian arms deals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya strikes billion-dollar Russian arms deal|date=30 January 2010|agency=AFP |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gfD8flAiDdWsWrzZBvi9qygPkXMw |access-date=12 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615194131/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gfD8flAiDdWsWrzZBvi9qygPkXMw}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60T1ED20100130 |title=Libya, Russia agree $1.8-billion arms deal: Putin|date=30 January 2010|publisher=Reuters|access-date=2 July 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=26 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326234139/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60T1ED20100130}}</ref>

In April 2013, [[Rosoboronexport]] requested for the entry of the T-90S in an upcoming tender by the [[Peruvian Army]] for main battle tanks.<ref>[http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6488:peru-main-battle-tanks-new-contestants-emerge&catid=35:latin-america&Itemid=58 Peru; Main Battle Tanks- new contestants emerge] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002191715/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6488:peru-main-battle-tanks-new-contestants-emerge&catid=35:latin-america&Itemid=58 |date=2 October 2013}} – Dmilt.com, 30 April 2013</ref> Peru sought to acquire between 120 and 170 tanks to replace its aging [[T-55]] tanks. The T-90 was tested against the [[M1 Abrams|M1A1 Abrams]] from the [[United States]], the [[Leopard 2]]A4 offered from the [[Spanish Army]], Leopard 2A6s formerly operated by the [[Dutch Army]], and T-64s and [[T-84]]s offered by Ukraine. By September 2013, only the T-90S, the Russian T-80, the Ukrainian T-84, and American M1A1 were still competing.<ref>[http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7865:peru-future-main-battle-tank-projects-lags-on-despite-criticism&catid=35:latin-america&Itemid=58 Peru; Future main battle tank projects lags on despite criticism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928033434/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7865%3Aperu-future-main-battle-tank-projects-lags-on-despite-criticism&catid=35%3Alatin-america&Itemid=58 |date=28 September 2013}} – Dmilt.com, 2 September 2013</ref>

Vietnam and Iraq signed contracts for at least 150 T-90S/SK tanks in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tass.com/trade-cooperation/954768 |title=Russia's defense contractor to supply tanks to Iraq and Vietnam in 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170726134951/http://tass.com/trade-cooperation/954768 |archive-date=26 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Design==
===Armament===
[[File:Firing T-90A main battle tank.jpg|thumb|A T-90A tank firing its main gun at Engineering Technologies 2012]]
[[File:2A46M1 in Motovilikha Plants museum 2.jpg|thumb|The T-90 tank's main tank gun, the [[2A46|2A46M 125 mm smoothbore tank gun]]]]
{{external media|video1={{YouTube|ipc9BBodqC8|Autoloader animation}}}}
The T-90's main armament is the [[2A46]]M 125mm [[smoothbore]] tank gun. This is a highly modified version of the [[Sprut anti-tank gun]], and is the same gun used as the main armament on the T-80-series tanks. It can be replaced without dismantling the inner turret and can fire [[armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot]] (APFSDS), [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT-FS), [[high-explosive fragmentation]] (HE-FRAG) ammunition, and [[9M119M Refleks]] anti-tank guided missiles. The Refleks has [[semi-automatic command to line of sight]] (SACLOS) laser [[beam riding]] guidance and a [[Tandem-charge|tandem]] [[shaped charge]] HEAT warhead. It has an effective range of 100 m to 6 km, and takes 17.5 seconds to reach maximum range. Refleks can penetrate about {{convert|950|mm}} of steel [[rolled homogeneous armour]] (RHA) and can also engage low-flying air targets such as [[helicopter]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The [[NSV machine gun|NSV]] 12.7mm ([[12.7×108mm|12.7×108]]) [[teleoperation|remotely controlled]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] [[heavy machine gun]] can be operated from within the tank by the commander and has a range of 2 km and a cyclic [[rate of fire]] of 700–800 rounds per minute with 300 rounds available (the NSV was replaced by the [[Kord machine gun|Kord heavy machine gun]] in the late 1990s). The [[PK machine gun|PKMT]] 7.62mm ([[7.62×54mmR]]) [[coaxial gun|coaxial machine gun]] weighs about 10.5 kg while the ammunition box carries 250 rounds (2,000 rounds carried) and weighs an additional 9.5 kg.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Like other modern Russian tanks the 2A46M in the T-90 is fed by an [[Autoloader|automatic loader]] which removes the need for a manual loader in the tank and reduces the crew to 3 (commander, gunner, and driver). The autoloader can carry 22 ready-to-fire rounds in its carousel and can load a round in 5–8 seconds.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} It has been suggested that the automatic loaders on modern T-90 tanks have been modified to take advantage of newer ammunition such as the [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition#3VBM19/3BM42M (3BM44M)|3BM-44M]] APFSDS, which like the US [[M829 (munition)#M829A3|M829A3]] penetrates armour better than the previous shorter rounds. HEAT rounds that can be fired from the 2A46M includes the [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition#3BK21B|3BK21B]] (with a [[depleted uranium]] liner), [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition#3VBK25/3BK29|3BK29]] (with a credited penetration of 800mm RHA equivalency), and the [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition#3VBK27?/3BK29M|3BK29M]] (with a Triple-tandem charge warhead). Additionally the T-90 features the Ainet [[smart grenade|fuse setting system]] which allows the tank to detonate [[125 mm smoothbore ammunition#3VOF36/3OF26|3OF26]] HE-FRAG rounds at a specific distance from the tank as determined by the gunner's [[laser rangefinder]], improving its performance against helicopters and [[infantry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=125mm APERS And Special Rounds |publisher=Fofanov.armor.kiev.ua |url=http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/ARM/apers/ammo.html |access-date=8 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-date=4 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204130029/http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/ARM/apers/ammo.html}}</ref> Accurate firing range of the HE-Frag-FS 10 km, APFSDS 4 km.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dokwar.ru/publ/bronetekhnika/sravnenie_tankov_altay_leopard_2a_t_90/13-1-0-45|title=Сравнение танков – Altay, Leopard 2a, Т-90|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081430/http://dokwar.ru/publ/bronetekhnika/sravnenie_tankov_altay_leopard_2a_t_90/13-1-0-45|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fire-control system of the T-90 showed the following features of combat shooting during state testing. Heavily armoured targets at ranges of up to 5 km were hit by tank T-90 on the move (up to 30 km/h) with a high probability of hit with the first shot. During state testing made 24 launches of missiles at ranges of 4–5 km and they all hit the target (all missile launches were made by inexperienced professionals). An experienced gunner at speeds of 25 km/h hit 7 real armoured targets located at ranges of 1,500–2,500 m and 54sec.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/T90/t90_1.php|title=T-90|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127215530/http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/T90/t90_1.php|archive-date=27 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinopa.ee/sor/boraznoe/t90/t9002.htm |title=ÈÑÏÛÒÀÍÈßÒÀÍÊÀ Ò-90|access-date=5 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102058/http://www.sinopa.ee/sor/boraznoe/t90/t9002.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Fire-control system on the T-90 includes the PNK-4S/SR AGAT day and night sighting system mounted at the commanders station which allows for night time detection of a tank sized target at ranges between 700 and 1100 metres depending on the version of the sight. Early models of the T-90 were equipped with the TO1-KO1 BURAN sight but later models (T-90S) were upgraded to use the ESSA [[thermal imaging]] sight, which allows for accurate firing to a range of 5,000–8,000m during day and 3,300m during night, using the CATHERINE-FC [[thermal camera]] produced by [[Thales Optronique]]. The gunner is also provided with the 1G46 day sighting system which includes a laser range finder, [[missile guidance]] channel and allows tank-sized targets to be detected and engaged at {{convert|5|to|8|km}}. The driver uses a TVN-5 day and night sight.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} In 2010, Russia started licensed production of Thales-developed Catherine FC thermal cameras for T-90M tanks, a Russian daily said.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} These thermal imagers are also present on T-90M "Bhishma" built in India under licence.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

In 2012, the Russian-made combined sample of commander supervisory-sighting system T01-K04DT/Agat-MDT was presented to the public. According to Krasnogorsky Zavod (plant), Agat-MDT has the ability to be installed (for further modernization) in the sight of the newly developed domestic UPF format 640×512 by 15 microns, which is possible in the future to extend the range of target identification at night to 3.5–4.0 km without sight modifications.<ref name="survincity.com"/> In 2016, the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the ''Irbis-K'' night-vision gunner's sighting system for the T-80U and T-90, with first deliveries in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0914/101548713/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Россия полностью заместила французские комплектующие для танковых прицелов |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918194108/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0914/101548713/detail.shtml |archive-date=18 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) matrix thermal sight, will bridge a gap with the leading NATO countries in this area. The Irbis-K can identify tank targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during day and night.<ref name="mil.today"/>

The Russian-made thermal imaging device not only meant that Russian tanks would no longer need to be equipped with foreign parts, but it also meant that complete tank modernization was cheaper.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} Furthermore, there will be no decrease in demand for the [[T-72]] and the T-90 in the next few years.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}} The new tank gunner's heat-vision sight Irbis-K and the commander's combined sighting and observation system Agat-MDT can be supplied to T-72, T-80 and T-90 upgraded versions (T-72B3M, T-80BVM, T-90M...), replacing the Thales Catherine-FC thermal camera.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

===Mobility===
[[File:T-90 engine.jpg|thumb|The T-90's diesel engine]]

The [[Engine|prime mover]] is the {{ill|V-92S|es|B-92}} [[diesel engine]], built in the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. Different models of the T-90 tank are powered by various motors in its initial models, like the V-84MS 618 kW (840 hp) [[Four-stroke engine|four-stroke]] [[V12 engine|V-12]] [[Reciprocating engine|piston engine]], uprated {{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on}} engines and {{convert|1250|hp|abbr=on}} engines made by Uralvagonzavod and are delivered by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. The Т-90S with {{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on}} engine can attain a top speed of 60 km/h on the road and up to 45 km/h on rough terrain. The T-90 tank has a typical drivetrain arrangement, with a rear placed engine and transmission. The {{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on}} engines are V-92 four stroke, 12 cylinder, [[Multifuel|multi-fuel]] diesel while the {{convert|1250|hp|abbr=on}} engine is V-96. The T-90 export version i.e. modified T-90S is fitted with an increased power multi-fuel {{convert|1000|hp|abbr=on}} diesel engine with [[turbocharger]]s. The tank has an [[HVAC|air conditioning system]] for work in hot places.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

===Protection===
[[File:T-90-ET 2010.jpg|thumb|A T-90A fitted with second generation [[Kontakt-5]] [[explosive reactive armour|ERA]]]]
[[File:Indian Army T-90.jpg|thumb|A T-90S Bhishma of the Indian Army is fitted with a "two-tiered" protection system: the first tier is the composite armour in the turret, second tier is third generation [[Kontakt-5]] ERA.]]

The T-90 has a "three-tiered" protection system. The first tier is the [[composite armour]] in the turret, consisting of basic armour shell with an insert of alternating layers of aluminum and plastics and a controlled [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]] section.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The second tier is third generation Kontakt-5 [[explosive reactive armour]] (ERA) bricks which degrade the penetrating power of kinetic-energy APFSDS ammunition. These bricks give the turret a distinctive angled "clam shell" appearance. ERA bricks are also located on the turret roof to protect against attacks from above. The turret's forward armour package, in addition to the ERA and steel plating, includes Russian composite armour sandwiched between upper and lower steel plates. Composite armour offers lower weight and better protection than steel-only armour.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

The third tier is a [[Shtora]]-1 (Russian: Штора-1 or "curtain" in English) [[Countermeasure|countermeasures suite]], produced by Elektromashina of Russia. This system includes two electro-optical/IR "[[Dazzler (weapon)|dazzlers]]" (i.e. [[Infrared countermeasure|active infrared]] jammer) on the front of the turret (which gives the distinctive "Red Eyes"), four [[laser warning receiver]]s, two 3D6 [[smoke grenade|'smoke' grenade]] [[Grenade launcher|discharging systems]] and a computerised control system. The Shtora-1 warns the tank's crew when the tank has been '[[Laser designator|painted]]' by a [[laser guidance|weapon-guidance laser]] and allows the crew to slew the turret to face the threat. The infrared jammer, the TShU1-7 EOCMDAS, jams the semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) guidance system used by some anti-tank guided missiles. The smoke grenades are automatically launched after Shtora detects that it has been painted. The smoke grenades are used to mask a tank from laser rangefinders and designators, and the optics of other weapon systems. Indian T-90S tanks are not equipped with the Shtora-1 countermeasures suite.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} They will be equipped with the Land Electronic Defence System [[LEDS-150]].

In addition to the passive and active protection systems, the T-90 is also fitted with nuclear, biological and chemical ([[NBC (weapon)|NBC]]) protection equipment, KMT [[Mine plow|mine sweeps]] and an [[Automatic fire suppression|automatic fire suppression system]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The [[EMT-7]] [[Directed-energy weapon|electromagnetic-counter mine system]] can also be installed on the T-90.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Mines-and-Mine-Clearance/EMT-7-electromagnetic-countermine-system-Russian-Federation.html |title=EMT-7 electromagnetic countermine system (Russian Federation) |work=Jane's |date=20 June 2011 |access-date=11 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406035925/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Mines-and-Mine-Clearance/EMT-7-electromagnetic-countermine-system-Russian-Federation.html |archive-date=6 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> EMT-7 emits an [[electromagnetic pulse]] to disable magnetic mines and disrupt electronics before the tank reaches them. The [[Nakidka]] signature reduction suite is also available for the T-90. Nakidka is designed to reduce the probabilities of an object to be detected by [[infrared]], [[Thermal radiation|thermal]], radar-thermal, and [[radar]] bands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niistali.ru/pr_secure/nobron_en.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810051547/http://www.niistali.ru/pr_secure/nobron_en.htm#7|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2009|website=www.niistali.ru |title=Niistali }}</ref>

During a reported test conducted by the Russian military in 1999 the T-90 was exposed to a variety of RPG, ATGM, and APFSDS munitions. When equipped with Kontakt-5 ERA, the T-90 could not be penetrated by any of the APFSDS or ATGM used during the trial and outperformed a T-80U which also took part.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.modernarmy.ru/article/335/osnovnoy-tank-t-90|title=Т-90 – российский основной танк|access-date=4 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006084412/http://www.modernarmy.ru/article/335/osnovnoy-tank-t-90}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=20.10.1999 T-80U and T-90 Protection Trials (Vasily Fofanov) |url=http://russianarmor.info/Tanks/TRIALS/19991020.html |archive-date= 29 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129043924/http://russianarmor.info/Tanks/TRIALS/19991020.html}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2009}} During combat operations in Dagestan, there were witness accounts of one T-90 sustaining seven hits from RPGs, and remaining in action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2002/ac/raodsmcc/|title=Russian Army Operations and Weaponry During Second Military Campaign in Chechnya|author=Alexander Pashin|publisher=[[Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies]]|archive-date=29 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129141108/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/3-2002/ac/raowdsmcc/}}</ref>

T-90M and T-90MS mounts the more advanced "Relikt" ERA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://otvaga2004.ru/tanki/tanki-concept/tank-t-90ms-analiz/|title=Танк Т-90МС: анализ основных характеристик и возможные пути дальнейшего повышения боевых качеств|work=Военно-патриотический сайт «Отвага»|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020112/http://otvaga2004.ru/tanki/tanki-concept/tank-t-90ms-analiz/|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Relikt defends against tandem warheads, while reducing the penetration of APFSDS rounds by over 50 percent.<ref name="Relikt50">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170318194729if_/http://www.military-today.com/tanks/t90ms_tagil.htm T-90MS Tagil]}}</ref> It can be installed instead of Kontakt-1 or Kontakt-5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niistali.ru/security/armor/relict|title=Комплекс ДЗ типа "Реликт" для танков|author=Oleg Kropotkin|access-date=15 November 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129010848/http://www.niistali.ru/security/armor/relict|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

====Estimated protection level comparison====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
! Model
! ERA
! vs [[Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot|APFSDS]]{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
! vs [[High-explosive anti-tank|HEAT]]{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
|-
| [[T-72]]M || None || 335–380 || 450–490
|-
| T-72M1 || None || 380–400 || 490
|-
| T-72A || Kontakt-1 || 360–400 || 490–500
|-
| T-72B/T-72S (produced after 1985) || Kontakt-1 || 400–500 || 500–550
|-
| T-72B (produced after<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/T72/T72_90.php|title=Основной танк Т-72/Т-90|work=armor.kiev.ua|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315015254/http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/T72/T72_90.php|archive-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> 1988)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://btvt.narod.ru/5/rogatka/rogatka.htm|title=Т-72Б "Рогатка"|work=narod.ru|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129032117/http://btvt.narod.ru/5/rogatka/rogatka.htm|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/index_r.html|title=Tanks|first=Vasiliy|last=Fofanov|work=Vasiliy Fofanov's Modern Russian Armour Page|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903135816/http://fofanov.armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/index_r.html|archive-date=3 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://btvt.narod.ru/4/t-72.htm|title=ОСНОВНОЙ БОЕВОЙ ТАНК T-72|work=narod.ru|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630211509/http://btvt.narod.ru/4/t-72.htm|archive-date=30 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> || Kontakt-5 || 690–800 || 940–1180
|-
|T-90<ref name="ria.ru">{{Cite web |url=https://ria.ru/infografika/20100912/274278915.html |title=Характеристики боевого танка Т-90 |date=12 September 2010 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081803/https://ria.ru/infografika/20100912/274278915.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> || Kontakt-5 || 800–830<ref name="ria.ru"/> || 1150–1350<ref name="ria.ru"/>
|-
| T-90A/T-90S || Kontakt-5 || ≈870–910 || ≈1250–1450
|-
| T-90M/T-90MS || Relikt || 1100–1200 || ≈1900
|-
|}

The T-90A / T-90S turret uses a stronger steel alloy, giving an approximately 10–15% increase in the protection level given from the steel elements of the armor array; as the array from many aspects is not wholly steel, the overall increase in protection is less than this margin over these areas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvz.ru/products/t90-s |title=ТАНК Т-90С: ОСНОВНОЙ БОЕВОЙ ТАНК |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504074545/http://www.uvz.ru/products/t90-s |archive-date=4 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/4/armor.htm |title=Бронирование современных отечественных танков |access-date=26 May 2017 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525213624/http://btvt.narod.ru/4/armor.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Protection values will decrease somewhat against Tandem HEAT or penetrators with precursor tips. These measures are not as effective against heavier, newer generations of E.R.A. such as Relikt.

The actual level of protection provided by the T-90 was questioned after some of these models were destroyed or captured during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html#:~:text=33-,T%2D90A,-%3A%C2%A0(1%2C%20destroyed |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Oryx |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519175858/https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html#:~:text=33-,T%2D90A,-%3A%C2%A0(1%2C%20destroyed |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Turret issues====
The T-90 has an unknown issue that causes it to become disabled via the turret spinning uncontrollably. Currently there is no concrete understanding of what precisely causes this issue, but a theory by a former tank commander of the British Army, Hamish de Bretton-Gordon, states: "It’ll likely be a combination between inexperienced crews and poor electronics."<ref name="a801">{{cite web |last=Barnes |first=Joe |date=27 May 2024 |title=Russia's most modern battle tank hit by 'disco head' glitch |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/05/27/russias-most-modern-battle-tank-hit-by-disco-head-glitch/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:T-90A - TankBiathlon2013-12.jpg|thumb|T-90A Main Battle Tank competing in the 2013 [[Tank Biathlon]]]]
[[File:Moscow 2012 Victory Day Parade Rehearsal, T-90 Tank 2, Russia.jpg|thumb|T-90A on the streets of Moscow]]
[[File:Т-90М.jpg|thumb|T-90M tank in parade]]
[[File:T-90SM - RAE2013-04.jpg|thumb| T-90MS Main Battle Tank at the [[Russian Expo Arms|2013 Russian Arms Expo]]]]
* '''T-90 (Object 188)''' – The first production version. Object 188 (1989), production 1992.<ref name="ria.ru"/> At one point during development it was designated as the Upgraded T-72B.<ref name=":2" /> 46 tons.{{sfn|Foss|2005|pages=85−88}}
** '''{{visanc |T-90K}}''' – Commander's version of the T-90, with additional communication (R-163-50K station) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=88}}<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.militarium.net/wojska_ladowe/t90.php |title=T-90 |publisher=militarium.net |language=pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429102516/http://www.militarium.net/wojska_ladowe/t90.php |archive-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
** '''{{visanc |T-90A}}''' – Russian army version with welded turret, V-92S2 engine and ESSA thermal viewer. Sometimes called T-90 Vladimir, in honor of its chief designer Vladimir Potkin.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.fprado.com/armorsite/T-90S.htm |title=Main Battle Tank – T-90/T90S/T90C |publisher=armorsite |access-date=19 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-date=28 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028214731/http://www.fprado.com/armorsite/T-90S.htm}}</ref>
** '''{{visanc |T-90AK}}''' – Command version of the T-90A.<ref>{{harvnb|Zaloga|2018|page=24}}</ref>
** '''T-90AM ("Proryv-2")''' – Upgrade of T-90A which was later developed into the T-90MS. Featured a new turret developed in the "Proryv-2" program. Revealed in 2011. 48 tons. Not in service.{{sfn|Zaloga|2018|p=25}}
* '''T-90M ("Proryv-3")''' – Heavily upgraded version of the T-90, first appearance in public in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/T-90AM_tagil-2011.html|title=ОСНОВНОЙ ТАНК Т-90АМ (Т-90МС). MAIN BATTLE TANK T-90АМ (T-90MS)|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020053727/http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/T-90AM_tagil-2011.html|archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The main feature is the modernization of turret design ("all welded" instead of cast) with the new advanced fire control system Kalina (with integrated combat information and control systems), new PNM-T gunner's sight and four video cameras that provide a 360° view of the environment for the commander, new upgraded gun 2A46M-5 with coaxial machine gun of 7.62 mm, weapon station "UDP T05BV-1" with the remotely controlled machine gun of 12.7 mm "Kord". There is improved armor on the ammunition carousel. Each side of the hull is fitted with additional armor plates at the front and [[slat armor]] at the rear. The new version also includes brand new Relikt ERA on turret and hull, "soft kill" APS Shtora-1 without the (now obsolete) jammers, and "hard kill" APS Arena-M.<ref name="Eastwood">{{cite web |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/03/why-russias-feared-t-90-tank-keeps-getting-killed-in-ukraine/ |title=Why Russia's Feared T-90 Tank Keeps Getting Killed In Ukraine |last=Brent M. |first=Eastwood |date=31 March 2022 |website=1945 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423082740/https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/03/why-russias-feared-t-90-tank-keeps-getting-killed-in-ukraine/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tank-t-90.ru/index/t90am/0-78 |author=Вторник |date=9 April 2012 |title=T-90МС |access-date=12 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904165631/http://tank-t-90.ru/index/t90am/0-78}}</ref> ERA on the front of the turret is made of one "cast" and is easily replaceable in the field by a crew. Other improvements include a new 1130{{nbsp}}hp V-92S2F<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/t-90-tank-gets-faster-deadlier-more-survivable-how-does-india/|title=With New Upgrades, Have The T-90 Tanks Become The World's Deadliest Main Battle Tanks?|date=7 March 2021|publisher=eurasiantimes.com|access-date=4 June 2021|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604082428/https://eurasiantimes.com/t-90-tank-gets-faster-deadlier-more-survivable-how-does-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> engine coupled with automatic transmission, an enhanced [[environmental control system]] and GLONASS satellite navigation systems. It also features an upgraded autoloader AZ-185M2 which allows for longer (and thus more effective) APFSDS ammunition Svinets-1 and Svinets-2. Much of the ammunition stored outside the autoloader has been moved from around the hull to the rear of the turret with added blowout panels in the event the ammunition suffers a catastrophic explosion, protecting the crew and other sensitive equipment.{{sfn|Zaloga|2018|p=26}}
* '''{{visanc |T-90S}}''' – Export version of the T-90,{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=88}} later adopted by the Russian Armed Forces as the T-90A.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} These tanks were made by Uralvagonzavod and were updated with 1,000{{nbsp}}hp (750{{nbsp}}kW) engines made by Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant.{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=88}} These tanks carry an export version of the Shtora-1 passive/active protection system which lacks the infra-red dazzlers carried on the turret, however this area was covered with more Kontakt-5.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} These were initially supplied with cast turrets of the early T-90, and when stocks were depleted, new, welded turrets were fabricated.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
** '''{{visanc |T-90SK}}''' – Commander's version of the T-90S, with additional communication and navigation equipment. It differs in radio and navigation equipment and Ainet remote-detonation system for HEF rounds.{{sfn|Foss|2005|pages=85−88}}<ref name="autogenerated3"/><ref name="autogenerated2"/>
* '''{{visanc |T-90MS|text=T-90MS / T-90SM}}''' – Export variant of T-90AM ("Proryv-2"),{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} first time showed in Abu Dhabi IDEX-2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Арабы убедились в превосходстве российского танка Т-90СМ над другими|url=https://rg.ru/2015/02/27/vistavka.html|access-date=28 March 2021|website=Российская газета|date=27 February 2015|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208074625/https://rg.ru/2015/02/27/vistavka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is equipped with a 1,130 hp engine, a [[Sosna-U]] gunner sight,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://army-news.ru/2011/09/sistema-upravleniya-ognyom-tanka-t-90sm-tagil/ |title=Система управления огнём танка Т-90МС "ТАГИЛ" | Армейский вестник |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609223835/http://army-news.ru/2011/09/sistema-upravleniya-ognyom-tanka-t-90sm-tagil/ |archive-date=9 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> a UDP T05BV-1 RWS with a 7.62{{nbsp}}mm machine gun, [[GLONASS]], inertial navigation systems, new Relikt explosive reactive armour that covers more of the tank,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Научные Разработки |url=http://www.niistali.ru/products/nauka/dynamic+protection/relikt/ |access-date=4 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515010144/http://www.niistali.ru/products/nauka/dynamic+protection/relikt/ |archive-date=15 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a steering wheel.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} A new removable turret bustle is included, which provides storage for eight additional rounds. The T-90MS is ready for serial production.<ref>{{cite web|title=Экспортная версия танка Т-90МС готова к серийному производству|url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150909/1239730138.html|work=РИА Новости|date=9 September 2015 |access-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911234459/http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20150909/1239730138.html|archive-date=11 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Four video cameras provide a 360° view of the environment, while the tank is more connected to command.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uvz.ru/products/t90-ms |title=Т-90МС: ОСНОВНОЙ БОЕВОЙ ТАНК НОВОГО ПОКОЛЕНИЯ |access-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140620/http://www.uvz.ru/products/t90-ms}}</ref> The T-90SM has an upgraded thermal imager that can detect tanks over 3,300 meters away. The same autoloader as the T-90M "Proryv-3" is used.{{sfn|Zaloga|2018|p=26}}

'''Variants'''
* '''BREM-1M''': Armoured recovery vehicle<ref name="jpost.com"/>
* '''IMR-2MA''': Combat engineer vehicle. Referred to as the IMR-3M by Russian sources.{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=88}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Ростех отправил в войска инженерные машины разграждения ИМР-3М | website=Ростех | url=https://rostec.ru/media/news/rostekh-otpravil-v-voyska-inzhenernye-mashiny-razgrazhdeniya-imr-3m/#start | language=ru | ref={{sfnref|Ростех}} | access-date=2026-01-23}}</ref>
* '''MTU-90''': Bridge layer tank with MLC50 bridge.{{sfn|Foss|2005|page=88}}
* '''UBIM (Universal Armored Engineering Vehicle)''': It was unveiled at the Army-2018 international arms show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UBIM - Armored engineer vehicle |url=http://www.military-today.com/engineering/ubim.htm |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330051012if_/http://www.military-today.com/engineering/ubim.htm |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Operators==

[[File:Main Battle Tank of the Indian Army, T-90 Bhishma passes through the Rajpath, at the 72nd Republic Day Celebrations, in New Delhi on January 26, 2021.jpg|thumb|T-90S "Bhishma" of the [[Indian Army]]]]
[[File:T-90S armenia.jpg|thumb|Armenian T-90 in [[Yerevan]]]]
[[File:Independence Day Parade - Flickr - Kerri-Jo (66).jpg|thumb|T-90SA and T-72UMG. Celebrating the 20th year of independence in [[Turkmenistan]].]]
[[File:The 80th Air Assault Brigade captured a T-90M Proryv tank in the Kursk region.jpg|thumb|T-90M captured by the Ukrainian [[80th Air Assault Brigade (Ukraine)|80th Air Assault Brigade]] during the [[2024 Kursk offensive]]]]

===Current===
* {{ALG}}: 600 T-90SA in service as of 2025{{sfn|IISS|2025|page=325}}
* {{ARM}}: 1 T-90A in service as of 2025{{sfn|IISS|2025|page=165}}
* {{AZE}}: 93 T-90S in service as of 2025{{sfn|IISS|2025|page=167}}
* {{IND}}: 1,200 T-90S in service as of 2025{{Sfn|IISS|2025|p=340}}<ref name=":4" />
* {{IRQ}}: 73 T-90S in service as of 2025{{sfn|IISS|2025|page=340}}
* {{RUS}}: Some T-90A and 370 T-90M in service as of 2025.{{Sfn|IISS|2025|p=179}} Unknown number of T-90 and T-90A tanks in storage been upgraded to T-90M. Remaining T-90A will be upgraded to T-90M.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian T-90M production: less than meets the eye |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2024/06/russian-t-90m-production-less-than-meets-the-eye/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260116215139/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/military-balance/2024/06/russian-t-90m-production-less-than-meets-the-eye/ |archive-date=2026-01-16 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=IISS |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=193}}<ref>{{cite web | last=Nikolov | first=Boyko | title=UVZ sent one trainload of T-90M Proryv tanks to the Russian Army | website=Bulgarian Military Industry Review | date=6 May 2024 | url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2024/05/06/uvz-sent-one-trainload-of-t-90m-proryv-tanks-to-the-russian-army/ | access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>
* {{SYR}}: Unknown number of T-90 and T-90A tanks in service as of 2024{{sfn|IISS|2024|page=386}}
* {{TKM}}: 4 T-90S in service as of 2025{{sfn|IISS|2025|page=194}}
* {{UGA}}: 44 T-90S in service as of 2025{{sfn|IISS|2025|page=503}}
* {{UKR}}: Operates an unknown number of T-90A and T-90M tanks captured from Russian forces during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]{{sfn|IISS|2024|pages=211,214}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Epstein |first=Jake |title=Retreating Russian troops are arming Ukraine with modern T-90 tanks as Putin's army digs 60-year-old armor out of storage, Ukraine's military says |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-armed-with-modern-t-90-tanks-captured-from-russians-2022-10 |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=14 October 2022|date=October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014001345/https://www.businessinsider.com/ukraine-armed-with-modern-t-90-tanks-captured-from-russians-2022-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{VIE}}: 64 T-90S in service as of 2025{{sfn|IISS|2025|page=306}}

=== Former non-state operators ===
*{{flag|Artsakh}}: 1 T-90S prior to the [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh]]{{sfn|IISS|2023|page=174}}
*[[Wagner Group]]: Used during the Russian invasion Ukraine,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Axe |first1=David | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/28/why-are-mercenaries-driving-russias-best-t-90-tank/?sh=71d88e271ea6 | title=Why Are Mercenaries Driving Russia's Best T-90 Tanks? | website=[[Forbes]] | date=28 December 2022| access-date=5 January 2023 | archive-date=5 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105045229/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/12/28/why-are-mercenaries-driving-russias-best-t-90-tank/?sh=71d88e271ea6 | url-status=live }}</ref> they were later handed over to the Russian government in the aftermath of the [[Wagner Group rebellion]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seddon |first1=Max |title=Wagner fighters start handing over their weapons |url=https://www.ft.com/content/800a20aa-f205-4d49-bb25-c709653efa87 |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=Financial Times |date=12 July 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|InfoboxHTS.svg}} [[Tahrir al-Sham]]: Prior to the [[Northwestern Syria offensive (2024)|Northwestern Syria offensive]] in November 2024, at least two were captured from the [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces|Syrian Army]], one was recaptured by Syrian government forces and the other was disabled.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Janovský |first1=Jakub |title=Seven Years of War — Documenting Syrian Rebel Use of Anti-Tank Guided Missiles |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/05/04/seven-years-war-documenting-syrian-rebel-use-anti-tank-guided-missiles/ |website=Bellingcat |access-date=13 April 2024 |date=4 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roblin |first1=Sebastien |title=What Happened When Russia Sent Its T-90 Tank To Syria? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/what-happened-when-russia-sent-its-t-90-tank-syria-182146 |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=The National Interest |date=7 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> During the Northwestern Syria offensive, at least one T-90A tank was captured.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suciu |first1=Peter |title=Syrian Rebels Didn't Just Capture Aleppo − They Took Abandoned Military Hardware |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/syrian-rebels-didn%E2%80%99t-just-capture-aleppo%E2%80%94they-took-abandoned-military-hardware-213990 |website=The National Interest |access-date=6 December 2024 |date=5 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ershad |first1=Alijani |title=Fighter Jets, tanks and more: Syrian army's retreat from Aleppo is a windfall for rebels |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241203-fighter-jets-tanks-and-more-syrian-army-s-retreat-from-aleppo-is-a-windfall-for-rebels |access-date=6 December 2024 |work=The France 24 Observers |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

===Future operators===
* {{EGY}}: In June 2020, Egypt signed a deal with Russia to acquire 500 T-90MS tanks, under a deal that would include local assembly and manufacture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/43814|title=Egypt Reportedly Signs Contract for 500 Russian T-90MS Tanks|date=29 June 2020|work=Israel Defense|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211010342/https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/43814|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Russia's T-90 tanks to be assembled under license in Egypt|url=http://tass.com/defense/954764|website=TASS|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170726135452/http://tass.com/defense/954764|archive-date=26 July 2017|location=Moscow|date=6 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Failed bids===
*{{KUW}}: Was looking to acquire 146 T-90MS tanks as replacement for [[M-84]]. Contract could be signed after being approved by the National Assembly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defaiya.com/news/Regional%20News/MENA/2017/02/28/russia-to-supply-t-90ms-battle-tank-to-mideast-country |title=Russia to Supply T-90MS Battle Tank to Mideast Country |publisher=Al Defaiya |date=28 February 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808001746/http://www.defaiya.com/news/Regional%20News/MENA/2017/02/28/russia-to-supply-t-90ms-battle-tank-to-mideast-country |archive-date=8 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russian Presidential aide confirmed that Kuwaiti contract could be signed by the end of 2017. Kuwait indefinitely postponed the deal in 2019 and is unlikely to revive it, instead opted for upgrading their [[M1 Abrams|M1A2 Abrams]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iddon |first=Paul |title=Kuwait Upgrading M1A2 Abrams Tanks Long At Forefront Of Its Defense |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/10/kuwait-upgrading-m1a2-abrams-tanks-long-at-forefront-of-its-defense/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250914172222/https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/06/10/kuwait-upgrading-m1a2-abrams-tanks-long-at-forefront-of-its-defense/ |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

* {{flag|Malaysia}}: The tank was in the tender for Malaysia, but they selected the Polish tank [[PT-91M]] in 2002.
* {{PAK}}: Planned to acquire 600 battle tanks and considered the T-90 but instead opted for the Chinese [[VT-4]].<ref name="Week">{{cite news |last1=Bhuyam |first1=Manash Pratim |date=31 December 2018 |title=Pakistan plans to buy 600 battle tanks; eyes Russian T-90 |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2018/12/31/pakistan-600-tank-t-90.html |work=The Week |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102112118/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2018/12/31/pakistan-600-tank-t-90.html |archive-date=2 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Pakistan procuring 600 tanks to strengthen capability along border with India: Intelligence Sources |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-procuring-600-tanks-to-strengthen-capability-along-border-with-india-intelligence-sources/articleshow/67310370.cms |work=Economic Times |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102144525/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-procuring-600-tanks-to-strengthen-capability-along-border-with-india-intelligence-sources/articleshow/67310370.cms |archive-date=2 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pakistan-confirms-plans-to-induct-chinese-made-vt4-main-battle-tank|title=Pakistan confirms plans to induct Chinese-made VT4 main battle tank|website=Janes.com|date=23 September 2020|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227100715/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/pakistan-confirms-plans-to-induct-chinese-made-vt4-main-battle-tank|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Evaluation===
* {{USA}}: 1 T-90A.<ref name=Altman>{{cite news |last1=Altman |first1=Howard |last2=Trevithick |first2=Joseph |date=14 April 2023 |title=Destination Of Russian T-90 Tank Left At Truck Stop Comes Into Focus |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/destination-of-russian-t-90-tank-left-at-truck-stop-comes-into-focus |work=The Drive |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415222149/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/destination-of-russian-t-90-tank-left-at-truck-stop-comes-into-focus |url-status=live }}</ref> The T-90A was first spotted in the middle of April 2023, at a [[Louisiana]] truck stop.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Altman |first1=Howard |title=Russian T-90 Tank From Ukraine Mysteriously Appears At U.S. Truck Stop |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russian-t-90-tank-from-ukraine-mysteriously-appears-at-u-s-truck-stop |website=The Warzone |date=13 April 2023 |publisher=The Drive |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418034240/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/russian-t-90-tank-from-ukraine-mysteriously-appears-at-u-s-truck-stop |url-status=live }}</ref> The tank itself was likely captured by [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Ukrainian forces]] during the [[2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive|Kharkiv counteroffensive]] in 2022 and was in Ukrainian service before being shipped to the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ankel |first1=Sophia |title=Pentagon explains the mysterious Russian tank at a truck stop in Louisiana — saying it was disarmed and is going to an Army training center |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-tank-mysteriously-appears-off-louisiana-highway-report-2023-4 |website=Insider |publisher=Insider Inc. |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419162202/https://www.businessinsider.com/russian-tank-mysteriously-appears-off-louisiana-highway-report-2023-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] spokesperson stated that its destination is [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]] for evaluation purposes.<ref name="Altman" />

==See also==
* [[List of main battle tanks by generation]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* Mallika, Joseph (2004) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071213104901/http://ipcs.org/printIssueBrief.jsp?status=publications&status1=issue&mod=d&check=22&try=true Issue Brief No. 19: T-90S 'Bhishma']". Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. URL accessed 24 July 2006.
* {{citation |last1=Sewell |first1=Stephen "Cookie" |year=1998 |title=Why Three Tanks |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/EArmor/content/issues/1998/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust1998web.pdf |access-date=4 March 2022 |work=Armor |volume=CVII |issue=July–August 1998 |publisher=U.S. Army Armor Center |pages=21–29, 45 |issn=0004-2420 |id=PB-17-98-4}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |last2=Markov |first2=David |title=Russia's T-80U Main Battle Tank |date=2000 |publisher=Concord |location=Hong Kong |isbn=962-361-656-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |last2=Sarson |first2=Peter |title=T-72 Main Battle Tank 1974–93 |date=1993 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1855323384}}
* {{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |title=T-90 Standard Tank |date=2018 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-4728-1822-5}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Foss |editor1-first=Christopher F. |editor1-link=Christopher F. Foss |title=Jane's Armour & Artillery, 2005-06 |date=15 August 2005 |publisher=Janes Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2686-8 |edition=26th |language=English}}
*{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2023}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=13 February 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05115-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIb0EAAAQBAJ|language=en |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}} |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://uralvagonzavod.com/products/special_products/1/ T-90S Third-Generation Main battle tank, uralvagonzavod] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729133552/http://uralvagonzavod.com/products/special_products/1/ |date=29 July 2015}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071231132856/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/Images-MBT6.html T-90S Main Battle Tank]—Bharat Rakshak
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080214223841/http://www.uvz.ru/eng/ Uralvagonzavod], manufacturer's English-language home page ([https://web.archive.org/web/20051124100448/http://www.uvz.ru/rus/index_1024.htm Russian], [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161539/http://www.uvz.ru/eng/edata/euvz/eprodukt/mprod/t_90.htm T-90 English page])
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/t-90.htm The T-90 tank by the Federation of American Scientists]
* [http://www.fprado.com/armorsite/T-90S.htm T-90S Main Battle Tank] at the Armor Site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061108012009/http://www.rbs.ru/exhibition/uralexpoarms/2000/video/t90.mpg Main battle tank T-90: Firing sample]
* [https://tanksdb.ru/t-90/ T-90 Main Battle Tank]

{{Post–Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Post WWII Soviet AFVS|T}}

[[Category:Main battle tanks of Russia]]
[[Category:Tanks with autoloaders]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the post–Cold War period]]
[[Category:Uralvagonzavod products]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 1990s]]

Thomas Hodges (governor of Bombay)

2026-02-20T05:47:28Z

YvetteSawtell2: adding a details

{{Short description|British Governor of Bombay}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
'''Thomas Hodges''' (died 1771) was the British [[Governor of Bombay]] from 28 September 1767 to 23 February 1771.<ref>{{cite book|last=(M.R.A.S.)|first=Walter Hamilton|title=A Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Description of Hindostan, and the Adjacent Counties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOI-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA165|date=1820|publisher=Murray|page=165}}</ref> He signed a peace treaty between the [[East India Company]] and [[Hyder Ali]] in 1770.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alexandrowicz|first=C. H.|title=The Law of Nations in Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQJLDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198766070|page=149}}</ref>

Thomas Hodges was the son of Thomas Hodges of Bredy, [[Dorset]]. He married a daughter of Colonel Hallett of [[Barbados]];<ref>''Notes and Queries for Somerset and Dorset'', 1915, p. 120</ref> their son, Thomas Hallett Hodge, married a daughter of the political reformer [[John Cartwright (political reformer)|John Cartwright]].<ref>''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', June 1857, p. 735</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web
|url = http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|title = Previous Governors List
|accessdate = 23 December 2008
|publisher = [[Governor of Maharashtra]]
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206050259/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/previous/default.htm
|archivedate = 6 February 2009
}}
*{{Cite ODNB |title=Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000) |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/93241}}
*{{cite book
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ
|author=Great Britain India Office
|title=The India List and India Office List
|volume=I
|year=1819
|publisher=Harrison
|pages=125–7
|accessdate=9 October 2008
|ref=in}}
*{{cite book
|url=http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/history.html#40
|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer
|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers
|volume=I
|year=1986
|accessdate=13 August 2008
|publisher=[[Government of Maharashtra]]
|ref=bom}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box | title=[[Governor of Bombay]]
| before= [[Charles Crommelin]]
| after= [[William Hornby (governor)|William Hornby]]
| years= 1767–1771 }}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hodges, Thomas}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1771 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]

{{UK-politician-stub}}

Emcure Pharmaceuticals

2026-02-19T12:06:38Z

YvetteSawtell2: started a article...

{{Short description|Indian pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited
| logo = Emcure Pharmaceuticals.svg
| logo_alt = Logo of Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited
| image_caption = Company Logo
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|EMCURE}}|{{BSE|544210}}}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE168P01015}}
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical]]
| products =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|7963|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|981|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRconvert|707|c}} (2025)
| num_employees = 11,000+ (January 2022)<ref name="Revenue">{{cite news |title=Emcure Pharma's Rs 5,000-crore IPO to hit market early next month |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/emcure-pharma-s-rs-5-000-crore-ipo-to-hit-market-early-next-month-122012001429_1.html |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=Business Standard |date=20 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| parent =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://emcure.com}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1981}}<ref name="crisil">{{cite news |title=Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/EmcurePharmaceuticalsLimited_January%2028,%202022_RR_286031.html |access-date=3 January 2023 |work=CRISIL}}</ref>
| founder = Satish Mehta
| key_people = {{ubl|Satish Mehta ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]] & [[Managing director|MD]]) |Berjis Desai (Chairman)<ref>{{cite news |title=Emcure Pharma inducts 4 independent directors |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/emcure-pharma-inducts-4-independent-directors/article35570362.ece |access-date=7 February 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=27 July 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>|Sunil Mehta ([[Executive Director]])|[[Namita Thapar]] ([[Executive Director]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shark Tank India Season 2: New shark joins the gang|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/shark-tank-india-season-2-new-shark-joins-the-gang-watch-11667319853750.html|access-date=2022-11-02|date=2022-11-01|website=Mint|language=en-US}}</ref>}}
| location = [[Hinjawadi]], [[Pune]], India
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quarter and Year end Financials FY25 |url=https://www.emcure.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Quarter-and-Year-end-Financials-FY25.pdf |publisher=Emcure Pharmaceuticals |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited (Emcure)''' is an Indian multinational [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical]] company, headquartered in [[Pune]]. Emcure's product portfolio includes [[Tablet (pharmacy)|tablets]], [[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]] (both [[softgel]] capsules and hard-gel capsules) and injectables.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emcure Pharmaceuticals {{!}} Leading Global Pharmaceutical Company|url=https://www.emcure.com/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Emcure|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Emcure Pharmaceuticals|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/Emcure-Pharmaceuticals|access-date=2021-08-23|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The company produces [[gynaecology]], [[cardiovascular]], [[oncology]] and [[blood]] [[therapeutic drugs]], [[HIV]] [[Antiviral drug|antivirals]] and other [[Infection prevention and control|anti-infectives]], and [[Dietary supplement|vitamins and minerals]].<ref name="Revenue"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Emcure Pharmaceuticals Ltd |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/763195Z:IN |website=Bloomberg |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
Emcure Pharmaceuticals was established in 1981 by Satish Mehta, who began the company with a bank loan of {{INR}}3 [[lakh]] (about US$35,000 then) after graduating from [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM-A]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Gaurav |title=A cure from Mr Mehta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/a-cure-from-mr-mehta/articleshow/254639.cms |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=28 October 2003}}</ref> In the 1990s, the company transitioned from being a [[contract manufacturing organization]] to a producer of [[generic drug]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satish Mehta & family |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/satish-mehta-1/ |website=Forbes |access-date=10 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2006, Emcure signed license agreements with [[Bristol-Myers Squibb]] for [[Atazanavir]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/Companies/Bristol-Myers-outsources-AIDS-drug-to-Emcure-106021701143_1.html|title=Bristol-Myers outsources AIDS drug to Emcure|publisher=Business Standard| newspaper=Business Standard India |date=17 February 2006}}</ref> and [[Gilead Sciences]] for [[Tenofovir]] as part of their Global Access Programs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gilead Sciences in pact with drug trio |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/gilead-sciences-in-pact-with-drug-trio/cid/776586 |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=16 August 2006}}</ref>

In 2012, [[Hoffmann-La Roche|Roche]] signed a deal with Emcure for manufacturing its blockbuster anticancer drugs [[Trastuzumab|Herceptin]] and [[Rituximab|Mabthera]] in India.<ref name="auto1"/> Under this programme the cancer drugs shall be made available to the developing world at an affordable 'cut-price' version.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/businessworld/businessworld/content/Roche-Sell-Cheaper-Cancer-Drugs-India.html?print=yes |title=Roche to Sell Cheaper Cancer Drugs in India | Businessworld |access-date=2012-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801012234/http://www.businessworld.in/businessworld/businessworld/content/Roche-Sell-Cheaper-Cancer-Drugs-India.html?print=yes |archive-date=2012-08-01 }}</ref>

In 2013, Emcure established a health foods venture in partnership with cricketer [[MS Dhoni]], and Dhoni was signed up as Emcure's brand ambassador.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhushan |first1=Ratna |title=MS Dhoni to sell health drink, energy bars in partnership with Emcure Pharmaceuticals |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/ms-dhoni-to-sell-health-drink-energy-bars-in-partnership-with-emcure-pharmaceuticals/articleshow/18939753.cms |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=13 March 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Blackstone Inc.|Blackstone]] sold its 13% stake in Emcure to [[Bain Capital]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/blackstone-to-sell-emcure-pharmaceuticals-stake-to-bain-capital/1209682/|title=Blackstone to sell Emcure Pharmaceuticals stake to Bain Capital - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

In 2021, Emcure [[demerger|demerged]] its US-based business, including subsidiary Heritage Pharmaceuticals, into a new company called Avet Lifesciences.<ref name="crisil"/>

In 2024, Emcure launched its [[initial public offering]], and listed on NSE and BSE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Podishetti |first1=Akash |title=Emcure Pharma shares debut with 31% premium over issue price |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/emcure-pharma-shares-debut-with-31-premium-over-issue-price/articleshow/111622266.cms |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 July 2024}}</ref>

==Operations==
=== Indian plants ===
This is the list of manufacturing facilities based in India:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Manufacturing {{!}} Emcure Pharmaceuticals|url=https://www.emcure.com/manufacturing-overview/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Emcure|date=29 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=3 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803125625/https://www.emcure.com/manufacturing-overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Solid Dosage facility at Hinjawadi - In 2006, Emcure received US FDA approval for its solid dosages facility at [[Hinjawadi]], Pune. The plant manufactures solid oral formulations for the international regulated markets, but currently under [[FDA warning letter]]<ref name="fda.gov">{{cite web | url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/emcure-pharmaceuticals-limited-576961-08022019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909071637/https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/emcure-pharmaceuticals-limited-576961-08022019 | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 September 2019 | title=Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited - 576961 - 08/02/2019 | website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] | date=5 October 2020 }}</ref>
*Small volume parenteral facility at Hinjawadi - US FDA, UK MHRA approved. Has [[Freeze-drying|lyophilization]] and pfs capability, but currently under [[FDA warning letter]]<ref name="fda.gov"/>
*Oncology injectable facility at Hinjawadi, but currently under [[FDA warning letter]]<ref name="fda.gov"/>
*Solid Orals facilities at [[Jammu]] and [[Bhosari]]
*API facility at Kurkumbh- US FDA approved
*Biotech facility at Hinjawadi
*[[R&D|R&D Center]] at [[Gandhinagar]] and plant at [[Sanand]], [[Ahmedabad]].- Sanand facility is [[US FDA]] approved

=== US plant ===
USA - The company has a manufacturing facility and R&D center in [[East Brunswick, New Jersey]], USA.<ref name=":0" />

==Controversies and recalls==
In 2016, two former executives of Heritage Pharmaceuticals, an erstwhile division of Emcure, were among multiple entities charged by the [[United States Department of Justice]] (DOJ) with [[price fixing]] an antibiotic and an antidiabetic drug.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 ex-executives of Emcure's US arm accused of price fixing |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/former-executives-of-emcure-s-us-unit-accused-of-price-fixing-116121501097_1.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> In 2019, the company entered into a [[deferred prosecution agreement]] with the DOJ. Under the terms of the settlement, Heritage agreed to pay over $7 million in penalty to the DOJ's Civil Division.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/pharmaceutical-company-admits-price-fixing-violation-antitrust-law-resolves-related-false|title=Pharmaceutical Company Admits to Price Fixing in Violation of Antitrust Law, Resolves Related False Claims Act Violations|date=31 May 2019|website=www.justice.gov}}</ref>

In 2022, HDT Bio Corp alleged that Emcure (through its subsidiary Gennova) stole the trade secrets of COVID-19 vaccine production in breach of its contract.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/government/lawsuit-says-indias-emcure-stole-covid-19-vaccine-secrets-ipo-2022-03-22/ | title=Lawsuit says India's Emcure stole COVID-19 vaccine secrets for IPO | newspaper=Reuters | date=22 March 2022 | last1=Brittain | first1=Blake }}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pilla |first1=Viswanath |title=Emcure and its subsidiary Gennova settle legal dispute with HDT Bio over mRNA technology |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/emcure-and-its-subsidiary-gennova-settle-legal-dispute-with-hdt-bio-over-mrna-technology/articleshow/110354650.cms |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=23 May 2024}}</ref>

In 2016, the USFDA gave a warning letter to Emcure for data integrity problems at Emcure plants.<ref>{{cite news |title=FDA Warns Indian Pharma Company Over Repeat Data Manipulation Violations |url=https://www.raps.org/News-and-Articles/News-Articles/2016/3/FDA-Warns-Indian-Pharma-Company-Over-Repeat-Data-M |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=raps.org}}</ref>

In 2010, [[Pfizer]] recalled three batches of an anti-bacterial product from the US market due to presence of ''Bacillus anthracis'', ''Penicillium chrysogenum'' & ''E. coli'' in some samples.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> [[Teva Pharmaceuticals|Teva]] recalled several batches of two products due to white tablets showing presence of ''Yersinia pestis'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.recalls.org/d2011-03.htm |title=March 2011 |access-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520185024/http://recalls.org/d2011-03.htm |archive-date=2011-05-20 }}</ref>

In 2022, Maharashtra FDA issued a circular to recall all the injections (500 mg /10 ml) manufactured by Emcure Pharmaceuticals, from across the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=FDA recalls Orofer FCM after Saifee patient's death |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/fda-recalls-orofer-fcm-after-saifee-patient-s-death-101669229583763.html |access-date=27 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2019, two injected drugs manufactured by Emcure were recalled because of microbial contamination. The drugs were both manufactured by Emcure Pharmaceuticals but were distributed in the US by Heritage Pharmaceuticals (now renamed Avet).<ref>[https://www.chemdiv.com/company/media/pharma-news/2019/emcure-injected-schizophrenia-drug-recalled-contamination-detected/ FDA asks Emcure to recall contaminated injectable drugs]</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Pharmaceutical industry]]
* [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
* [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]]
* [[Sun Pharma]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://emcure.com/ Emcure website]

{{Blackstone Companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bain Capital companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:2024 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

N. R. Alagaraja

2026-02-08T17:58:26Z

YvetteSawtell2: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N. R. Alagaraja
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Politician
| years_active =
| known_for = Former Member of the Legislative Assembly
| notable_works =
}}

'''N. R. Alagaraja''' is an Indian politician and was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]].

== Career ==
Alagaraja was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as a [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] (TMC) candidate from [[Theni (State Assembly Constituency)|Theni constituency]] in the [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996 elections]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=8 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1996 for the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref> He had been runner-up as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the same constituency in [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=147 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1989 for the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alagaraja, N. R.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Benjamin Daimary

2026-02-06T05:59:24Z

YvetteSawtell2: done...

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 2000)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{cleanup rewrite|date=April 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Benjamin Doimary
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = [[Assamese]], [[Bodo]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|7|28|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = Goreswar, [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Assam]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2019–present
| spouse =
}}
'''Benjamin Daimary''' (born 28 July 2000) is the first openly gay Indian actor to win a [[67th National Film Awards|national film award]]. He got the [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Jury's special award]] for his role in the Assamese film ''Jonaki Porua'' (Fireflies) in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/indias-first-openly-gay-actor-to-win-a-national-award-on-his-journey-from-insults-to-stardom/articleshow/81726210.cms|title=India's first openly gay actor to win a national award on his journey from insults to stardom|author=Mohua Das|date=28 March 2021|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> He also received the best actor award at the Asian Queer Film Festival in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/fireflies-first-ever-film-in-north-east-on-transgenders-released-digitally-498089|title=Fireflies - First-ever film in North East on transgenders released digitally|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

Benjamin was born in Goreswar town of Baksa district, Assam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2021-03-30 |title=Benjamin Daimary: 'Northeastern States more tolerant of LGBTQ persons' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/benjamin-daimary-northeastern-states-more-tolerant-of-lgbtq-persons/article34199335.ece |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Parallel to acting, he is working as a make up artist in Assamese fashion industry.

==Early life==
Benjamin Daimary was born in [[Goreswar]] in Assam.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/benjamin-daimary-northeastern-states-more-tolerant-of-lgbtq-persons/article34199335.ece/|title=Benjamin Daimary: 'Northeastern States more tolerant of LGBTQ persons'|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life ==
He is openly gay and his family is supportive of him. He is currently residing in Mumbai and pursuing his acting career there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/celebrity/2021/08/19/meet-benjamin-daimary-indias-first-openly-gay-assamese-actor/|title=Meet Benjamin Daimary, India's first openly gay Assamese actor|first=Megha|last=Thakuria|website=EastMojo|date=19 August 2021|access-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daimary, Benjamin}}
[[Category:Assamese actors]]
[[Category:Indian gay actors]]
[[Category:Indian gay artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Assam]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

{{LGBT-bio-stub}}

India–South Africa relations

2026-01-24T07:59:46Z

YvetteSawtell2: small edit

{{Infobox bilateral relations|Indo-South African|India|South Africa|filetype=svg}}

The bilateral relations between the [[India|Republic of India]] and the [[South Africa|Republic of South Africa]] have grown strong since the end of [[apartheid]] in South Africa in 1994. Both countries have since developed close strategic, cultural and economic ties. Both are former British colonies and full member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] as [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|republics]].<ref>David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 552–565.</ref>

India and South Africa also share an extensive energy partnership. In 2010, India imported 1.4 million tonnes of South African coal in February, making it the largest purchaser of coal from the country.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120517065802/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE6290QT20100310 India, China take 50 pct of S.Africa Feb coal]</ref> Ties were further solidified with South Africa's 2011 acceptance into the [[BRICS]] group.

==Background==
There is a major resident [[India]]n community in South Africa. [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] (more commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi) had commenced his political-legal career in South Africa, experimenting with [[civil disobedience]] in the 1890s and 1900s, to improve the quality of living of the Indians living there.<ref name="BBC-embrace-2006-09-14">{{cite web |title=South Africa embraces "cousin" India |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5346626.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2006-09-14 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> A statue to him was unveiled in [[Pietermaritzburg]] by [[Saurav Ganguly]], the captain of the [[Indian national cricket team]] during the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]].

Indians also contributed to the [[African National Congress]]'s struggle against the Apartheid regime. The Indian government was an outspoken critic of the apartheid-era South African government, refusing to maintain diplomatic relations.<ref name="AT">{{cite web |title=India pushes people power in Africa |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IG13Df03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715163452/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IG13Df03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=2007-07-15 |publisher=[[Asia Times]] |date=2007-07-13 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> India's support evoked goodwill in South Africa and other African countries.<ref name="AT"/>

South African Minister for Human Settlement [[Lindiwe Sisulu]] during a visit to Delhi said "India is our closest ally in the Asian continent" also added "The purpose of this visit is a gesture from the South African government to thank its Indian counterpart for all the help and support it has extended in our struggle for liberation".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-is-closest-ally-in-asia-south-africa/articleshow/45035287.cms|title=India is closest ally in Asia: South Africa|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=4 November 2014|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> Both countries established diplomatic relations after the end of apartheid in 1994.

South African President [[Nelson Mandela]] was awarded the [[Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize]] and [[Bharat Ratna]] by the Indian government. Both nations have also promoted sporting ties, with the [[Indian national cricket team]] and the [[South Africa national cricket team]] frequently exchanging visits and participating in cricket tournaments hosted by either country.

==Economic ties==
[[Bilateral trade]] grew exponentially from US$3 million in 1992–1993 to $4 billion in 2005–2006, and the two governments have targeted increasing bilateral trade to $12 billion by 2010.<ref name="BBC-embrace-2006-09-14"/><ref name="HB">{{cite web |title=India-S. Africa trade to cross $12b by 2010 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/08/23/stories/2007082352162100.htm |publisher=[[The Hindu|The Hindu Business Line]] |date=2007-08-23 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> [[Gold bullion]] constitute one-third of India's imports from South Africa, while India polishes and processes [[diamond]]s from South African mines.<ref name="BBC4">{{cite web |title=India/South Africa trade zone talks |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1447260.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]], Bilaterals.org |date=2001-07-19 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> South Africa has promoted signing a [[free trade agreement]] with India and the [[Southern Africa Customs Union]] (SACU), which includes [[Botswana]], [[Lesotho]], [[Namibia]] and [[Swaziland|Eswatini]] along with South Africa.<ref name="AFP">{{cite web |title=India-South Africa to discuss free trade pact |url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=11219 |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]], Bilaterals.org |date=2008-02-21 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref>

[[Bharti Airtel]] was scheduled to acquire [[MTN Group|MTN]] to make one of the world's largest telecommunications companies, and also touted as step in [[South-South cooperation]]. The deal was, however, rejected by the South African government of [[Jacob Zuma]] on the grounds that MTN would not be as South African anymore amid concerns of dual-listing on the Indian and South African stock exchanges.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

== Cultural relations ==

=== Sports ===
[[Cricket]] is a major sport played in both countries, with the two often competing at the international level.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-11 |title=30 years of India-South Africa relations: Connected with Cricket, Culture, Cuisine |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/travel-tourism-30-years-of-india-south-africa-relations-connected-with-cricket-culture-cuisine-2943926/ |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The Indian game [[kho kho]] is also played to some extent in South Africa, having been brought over by the Indian diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mgedezi |first=Thando |title=Cradock's Biko re-elected as national Kho Kho president |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/community-newspaper/komani-karoo/cradocks-biko-re-elected-as-national-kho-kho-president-20221024 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Military ties==
India and South Africa have also developed military cooperation, trading arms and joint exercises like [[IBSAMAR]], started in 2008 between India, Brazil, and South Africa and programs to train forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-10/news/27668318_1_defence-cooperation-military-to-military-ties-denel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213095841/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-10/news/27668318_1_defence-cooperation-military-to-military-ties-denel|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 13, 2013|title=India, South Africa discuss enhanced defence strategy|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=2013-12-07}}</ref> Some analysts have argued that while there are some strategic commonalities between India and South Africa, this has not always translated into common perspectives.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Brewster|url= https://www.academia.edu/7992964 |title=India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership. Retrieved 13 August 2014}}</ref>

==IBSA==

[[Image:Lulasinghmbeki16092006.jpg|thumb|200px|Indian PM Manmohan Singh with Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and South African President [[Thabo Mbeki]].]]

{{main|IBSA Dialogue Forum}}

On June 6, 2003 India and South Africa signed an agreement with [[Brazil]], known as the Brasília Declaration, establishing "South-South" cooperation, based on the premise of the three nations being [[regional power]]s of [[South Asia]], [[Southern Africa]] and [[South America]]. The declaration called for extensive tripartite cooperation on strategic, commercial and cultural affairs, development of a tripartite [[free trade agreement]] and a united front in negotiating with Western nations in the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO), calling for [[U.N. Security Council|reform of the U.N. Security Council]] and supporting each other's bid for [[U.N. Security Council|permanent membership with veto rights]].<ref name="BBC3">{{cite web |title=Free trade bid for emerging world |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4863866.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2006-03-31 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref><ref name="BBC-boost-2006-09-14">{{cite web |title=India, Brazil, SA to boost trade |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4860574.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2006-03-30 |access-date=2008-06-20}}</ref> The [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]] was created to promote cooperation and consensus on issues of trade, poverty alleviation, intellectual property rights, social development, agriculture, climate change, culture, defence, education, energy, health-care, information society, science and technology, peaceful [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]], tourism and transport.<ref name="BBC3"/><ref name="BBC-boost-2006-09-14"/> The [[2010 IBSA summit|fourth summit]] was held in Brasília. The three nations pledged to boost trilateral trade to US$15 billion by 2010.<ref name="BBC2">{{cite web |title=Pranab arrives in South Africa to participate in IBSA meeting |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=f60b0443-5c79-47a8-a377-3f995302c99e&&Headline=Pranab+arrives+in+South+Africa+for+IBSA+meeting |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2008-05-11 |access-date=2008-06-20}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The three nations have also expanded military cooperation and conducted joint naval exercises in 2008.<ref name="BBC2"/> South Africa and India Conclude Historic Cheetah Reintroduction Agreement: Over 100 Cheetahs to be Transferred in Decades to Come.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Africa and India Conclude Historic Cheetah Reintroduction Agreement: Over 100 Cheetahs to be Transferred in Decades to Come'|url=https://www.rwmedia.tech/2023/01/South-Africa-and-India-Conclude-Historic-Cheetah-Reintroduction-Agreement-Over-100-Cheetahs-to-be-Transferred-in-Decades-to-Come.html |website=Rwmedia |access-date=30 January 2023 |language=en |date=30 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy'' (2015) [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 552–595.

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of South Africa}}
{{BRICS}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India - South Africa Relations}}
[[Category:India–South Africa relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of South Africa]]
[[Category:India–Africa relations|South Africa]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|South Africa]]

Ashwin Choksi

2026-01-17T00:10:47Z

YvetteSawtell2: updated page

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashwin Choksi
| birth_date = 1944
| death_date = {{Death date|2018|09|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Businessman
| title = Non-executive chairman, [[Asian Paints Ltd]]
| education = [[Sydenham College]] ([[Master of Commerce|M.Com]])
| spouse = Married
| children = 2
| relatives =
}}
'''Ashwin Chimanlal Choksi''' (1944 – 19 September 2018) was an Indian billionaire businessman and the non-executive chairman of [[Asian Paints Ltd]], India's largest paint company. He was among the top 100 richest Indians.<ref>{{cite news|title=India Rich List - Ashwin Choksi|url=http://forbesindia.com/richprofile2014/ashwin-choksi/115|accessdate=5 March 2015|work=Forbes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310125719/http://forbesindia.com/richprofile2014/ashwin-choksi/115|archive-date=10 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ashwin Choksi was born in 1944 in [[Mumbai]]. His father Chimanlal Choksi was one of the co-founders of Asian Paints. Choksi completed his master's in commerce from [[Sydenham College]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashwin Choksi|url=http://topics.wsj.com/person/C/ashwin-choksi/6715|accessdate=5 March 2015|publisher=Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

==Career==
Choksi joined the family business [[Asian Paints]] in 1965. He became managing director and executive chairman,<ref>{{cite news|title=Old Canvas, fresh colours|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/old-canvas,-fresh-colours/1/890.html|accessdate=5 March 2015|publisher=Business Today}}</ref> and a non-executive director of Berger International.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashwin Chimanlal Choksi|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=10959668&ticker=APNT:IN|accessdate=5 March 2015|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref>

On 19 September 2018, Choksi died after a brief illness.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashwin Choksi Non-Executive Chairman of Asian Paints passes away |url=https://sawdust.online/news/ashwin-choksi-non-executive-chairman-of-asian-paints-passes-away/ |date=22 September 2018}}</ref>

==Family==
Choksi was married with two children, Ashish Choksi and Rupen Choksi, and they lived in Mumbai.<ref name="Forbes profile">{{cite news|title=Forbes profile: Ashwin Choksi|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ashwin-choksi/|accessdate=5 January 2020|work=Forbes}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choksi, Ashwin}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]

Pratap Narayan Tandon

2026-01-15T14:27:14Z

YvetteSawtell2: done

{{Short description|Indian Hindi social novelist}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Pratap Narayan Tandon
| native_name = Pratāpanārāyaṇa Ṭaṇḍana
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = c. {{birth year and age|1935}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Author
| movement =
| awards =
| nationality = Indian
| spouse =
| notableworks = ''Andhi Duniyan'' (1970)
}}
'''Pratāpanārāyaṇa Ṭaṇḍana''' (born c. 1935, [[Lucknow]]), anglicized as '''''Pratap Narayan Tandon''''', is an Indian [[Hindi]] [[social novel]]ist and literary critic nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].

==Biography==
Tandon was born on 1935 in the city of [[Lucknow]], [[British Raj]].

===Career===
Between 1960 and 1970, he wrote a number of novels, which helped to establish a completely new genre of readers.<ref name=penguin/> He used simple, conversational Hindi when writing, and his writing style was completely original. He is regarded as an accomplished writer of novels centered on current events.<ref name=penguin>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/andhi-duniyan-2/#:~:text=Pratap%20Narayan%20Tandon%20is%20a,writing%20based%20on%20contemporary%20issues.|title=Pratapnarayan Tandon|website=Penguin Random House India|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref>

His most successful novel was ''Andhi Duniyan'', published in 1970. It follows the story of Riti, a young girl who finds herself instantly encircled by darkness, and the entire world watches as the drama of her life plays out. When she lost her sight, her good looks were totally overshadowed, and she has to fight social suffocations despite her constant pains to rebel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/andhi-duniyan-2/|title=Andhi Duniyan|website=Penguin Random House India|date=6 December 2024}}</ref>

===Recognition===
In [[1973 Nobel Prize in Literature|1973]] and [[1974 Nobel Prize in Literature|1974]], he was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] by Brij Behari Nayak, professor and director of [[University of Lucknow]], and Kesari Narayan Shukla, professor of Hindi and Modern Indian Languages of the same university, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=23043|title=Nomination archive – Pratap Narain Tandor|website=nobelprize.org|access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref>

==Publications==
===Fiction===
* 1956: ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.525612 Kaindidey]'' [कैंडिडे] (Eng. trans. ''Candide''). Sahitya Prakashan
* 1960: ''Andhi Drishti'' [अन्धी दृष्टि] (Eng. trans. ''Blind Vision''). Sāhitya Kendra Prakāśana
* 1964: ''Navab Kankauva'' [नवाब कनकौवा]. Sāhitya Kendra Prakāśana
* 1964: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/%C5%9A%C5%ABnya_k%C4%AB_p%C5%ABrti/1NVHAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Śūnya kī pūrti]'' [शून्य की पूर्ति] (Eng. trans. ''Filling the Void''). Viveka Prakāśana
* 1964: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/R%C5%ABpahale_p%C4%81n%C4%AB_k%C4%AB_b%C5%ABn%CC%90de%E1%B9%83/t9VHAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Rūpahale pānī kī būn̐deṃ]'' [रुपहले पानी की बूंदें] (Eng. trans. ''Silver Water Drops''). Viveka Prakāśana
* 1965: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pathar%C4%ABle_pratir%C5%ABpa/edVHAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Patharīle pratirūpa]'' [पथरिले प्रतिरूपा] (Eng. trans. ''Rocky Pattern''). Viveka Prakāśana
* 1966: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/V%C4%81san%C4%81_ke_a%E1%B9%85kura/AtZHAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Vāsanā ke aṅkura]'' [संकल्प के स्कोरा] (Eng. trans. ''Skora of Resolution''). Sāhitya Kendra Prakāśana
* 1966: ''Rita'' [रीता]. Sāhitya Kendra Prakāśana
* 1966: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Abhi%C5%9Bapt%C4%81/4ddHAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Abhiśaptā]'' [अभिशप्त] (Eng. trans. ''Accursed''). Sāhitya Kendra Prakāśana
* 1969: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Premacanda/AacOAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Premacanda]'' [प्रेमकांडा] (Eng. trans. ''Love Affair''). Sāmayika Prakāśana
* 1970: ''Andhi Duniyan'' [आधी दुनिया] (Eng. trans. ''Half the World''). Sanmārga Prakāśana, Penguin Random House India
* 1971: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Pala_do_pala/XdVHAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Pala do pala]'' [एक क्षण, एक क्षण] (Eng. trans. ''A Moment, A Moment''). Rājapāla
* 1975: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dhabbe/3SsLAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Dhabbe]'' [धब्बे] (Eng. trans. ''Spots''). Sanmārga Prakāśana

===Non-fiction===
* 1956: ''[https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Urdu_Sahitya_ka_saral_ititras.html?id=ns3-jgEACAAJ&redir_esc=y Urdu-Sahitya ka Saral Ititras]'' [उर्दू-साहित्य का सरल िटिटर्स] (Eng. trans. ''Simple Titters of Urdu Literature''). Vidyamandir Press
* 1956: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hind%C4%AB_upany%C4%81sa_me%E1%B9%83_varga_bh%C4%81van%C4%81/-67RAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Hindī upanyāsa meṃ varga-bhāvanā]'' [हिन्दी उपन्यासा मे वर्ग-भावना] (Eng. trans. ''Classic Sentiments in Hindi Novels''). Hindī Sāhitya Bhaṇḍāra
* 1957: ''Hindī sāhitya: pichhala dashak'' [हिन्दी साहित्य : पिछला दशक] (Eng. trans. ''Hindi Literature: Last Decade''). Hindī Sāhitya Bhaṇḍāra
* 1964: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hind%C4%AB_upany%C4%81sa_me%E1%B9%83_kath%C4%81_%C5%9Bilpa_k%C4%81/c21TAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Hindī upanyāsa meṃ kathā-śilpa kā vikāsa]'' [हिंदी उपन्यास में कथा-शिल्प का विकास] (* 1964: Hindi Upanyas Mein Katha Shilp ka Vikas [हिंदी उपन्यास में कथा शिल्प का विकास] (Eng. trans. ''Development of Narrative Craft in Hindi Novel''). Hindī Sāhitya Bhaṇḍāra
* 1965: ''[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Hind%C4%AB_upany%C4%81sa_kal%C4%81_1_Sa%E1%B9%83skaran%E1%BA%A1.html?id=CuIKvwEACAAJ&hl=en&output=html_text&redir_esc=y Hindī upanyāsa kalā]'' [हिंदी उपन्यास काला] (Eng. trans. ''The Hindi Black Novel''). Hindī Samiti, Sūcanā Vibhāga, Uttara Pradeśa
* 1965: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sam%C4%ABksh%C4%81_ke_m%C4%81na_aura_Hind%C4%AB_sam%C4%ABksh/6HXRAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Samīkshā ke māna aura Hindī samīkshā kī viśishṭa pravr̥ttiyām̐]'' [समीक्षा की मुख्य आभा हिंदी समीक्षा की विशिष्ट प्रवृत्तियाम्] (Eng. trans. ''Reflection of Review: Distinctive Tendencies of Hindi Review''). Viveka Prakāśana
* 1967: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hind%C4%AB_upany%C4%81sa_k%C4%81_paricaya%C4%81tmaka_iti/wXjRAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Hindī upanyāsa kā paricayaātmaka itihāsa]'' [हिंदी उपन्यासों का इतिहास] (Eng. trans. ''History of Hindi Novels''). Viveka Prakāśana
* 1968: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hind%C4%AB_s%C4%81hitya_k%C4%81_pravr%CC%A5ttigata_itih/ANdEAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Hindī sāhitya kā pravr̥ttigata itihāsa]'' [हिंदी साहित्य का प्रवृत्ति इतिहास] (Eng. trans. ''Early History of Hindi Literature''). Viveka Prakāśana
* 1970: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/P%C4%81%C5%9Bc%C4%81tya_sam%C4%ABksh%C4%81_k%C4%AB_r%C5%ABparekh%C4%81/7sEPAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Pāścātya samīkshā kī rūparekhā]'' [पाश्चत्य समीक्षा की रूपरेखा] (Eng. trans. ''Outline of Western Review''). Rājapāla
* 1970: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hind%C4%AB_kah%C4%81n%C4%AB_kal%C4%81/hMgKAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Hindī kahānī kalā]'' [हिंदी कहानी काली] (Eng. trans. ''The Hindi Black Story''). Hindī Samiti, Sūcanā Vibhāga, Uttara Pradeśa
* 1971: ''Roos ke mahan upanyaasakaar'' [रूस के महँ उपन्यासकार] (Eng. trans. ''Russia's Greatest Novelist''). Lucknow Vivak Prakashan
* 1972: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sa%E1%B9%83skr%CC%A5ta_sam%C4%ABksh%C4%81_k%C4%AB_r%C5%ABparekh%C4%81/fhcOAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Saṃskr̥ta samīkshā kī rūparekhā]'' [संस्कृत समीक्षा की रूपरेखा] (Eng. trans. ''Outline of Sanskrit Review''). Somaiyā Pablikeśansa
* 1973: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hind%C4%AB_s%C4%81hitya_k%C4%81_itih%C4%81sa/Y9ESAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Hindī sāhitya kā itihāsa]'' [हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास] (Eng. trans. ''History of Hindi Literature''). Nīlābha Prakāśana
* 1974: ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hind%C4%AB_upany%C4%81sa_k%C4%81_udbhava_aura_vik%C4%81s/fvENAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&dq=inauthor:%22Prat%C4%81pan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+%E1%B9%ACa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana%22&printsec=frontcover Hindī upanyāsa kā udbhava aura vikāsa]'' [हिंदी उपन्यास का उदभव और विकास] (Eng. trans. ''Origin and Development of Hindi Novel''). Kalpakāra Prakāśana
* 1982: ''Vyaktitva aur krutitva'' [व्यक्तित्व और कृतित्व] (Eng. trans. ''Personality and Creativity''). Sāmayika Prakāśana
* 1986: ''Brahath Hindi patrakarita kosh'' [बृहत हिन्दी पत्रकारिता कोश] (Eng. trans. ''Greater Hindi Journalism Dictionary''). Viveka Prakāśana

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Pratap Narayan}}
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1990s deaths]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]

List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly

2026-01-15T05:47:28Z

YvetteSawtell2:

{{Short description|Presiding officer of the lower house of the Karnataka Legislature of India}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Speaker
| body = the Karnataka Legislative Assembly ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆಯ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು
| incumbent = [[U. T. Khader]]
| image = U. T. Khader.jpg
| incumbentsince = 24 May 2023
| appointer = Members of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| deputy = [[Rudrappa Lamani]]
| insignia = File:Seal of Karnataka.svg
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Karnataka]]
| inaugural = V. Venkatappa (Mysore) K. S. Nagarathnamma
| department = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| member_of = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituting_instrument = article 178 of Indian Constitution
| termlength = five years
| native_name = Karnāṭaka Vidhāna Sabheya Adhyakṣaru
| insigniasize = 180px
| nominator = Members of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| status= Presiding Officer of Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| type= Speaker
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[File:IN-KA.svg|right|180px|thumb|The state of Karnataka in India]]

The '''Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly''' is the presiding officer of the [[Legislative Assembly of Karnataka]], the main law-making body for the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. He is elected by the members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly (until 1973, the [[Mysore]] Legislative Assembly). The speaker is usually a member of the Legislative Assembly.

==List of Speakers==
Mysore was renamed to Karnataka on 1 November 1973.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Constituency
! colspan="3" | Tenure
!Assembly
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-style="text-align:center;"
|-style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" |Mysore
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[V. Venkatappa]]
| [[Channapatna Assembly constituency|Channapatna]]
| 1952
| 1952
|
|
| rowspan="7" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[H. Siddaiah]]
| [[Soraba Shikaripur Assembly constituency|Soraba-Shikaripur]]
| 18 June 1952
| 14 May 1954
| {{Ayd|18 june 1952|14 may 1954}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[H. S. Rudrappa]]
| [[Honnali Assembly constituency|Honnali]]
| 10 October 1954
| 1 November 1956
| {{Ayd|10 october 1954|1 november 1956}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[S. R. Kanthi]]
| [[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungund]]
| 19 December 1956
| 9 March 1962
| {{Ayd|19 december 1956|9 march 1962}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Bantwal Vaikunta Baliga]]
| [[Belthangady Assembly constituency|Belthangady]]
| 15 March 1962
| 6 June 1968
| {{Ayd|15 march 1962|6 june 1968}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[S. D. Kotavale]]
| [[Sankeshwar Assembly constituency|Sankeshwar]]
| 5 September 1968
| 24 March 1972
| {{Ayd|5 september 1968|24 march 1972}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 7
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[K. S. Nagarathanamma]]
| [[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupete]]
| 24 March 1972
| 31 October 1973
| {{Ayd|24 march 1972|31 october 1973}} ''continued...''
|5th
([[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972-77]]) ''continued...''
|-style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" |Karnataka
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[K. S. Nagarathanamma]]
| [[Gundlupet Assembly constituency|Gundlupete]]
| 1 November 1973
| 3 March 1978
|''...continued'' {{Ayd|1 november 1973|3 march 1978}}
|5th
''...continued'' ([[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972-77]])
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[P. Venkataramana]]
| [[T. Narasipur Assembly constituency|T. Narasipur]]
| 3 March 1978
| 3 October 1980
| {{Ayd|3 march 1978|3 october 1980}}
| rowspan="3" |6th
([[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978-83]])
|-style="text-align:center;"
|3
|[[File:Sumati_Madiman (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Sumati B. Madiman]]
| [[Dharwad Rural Assembly constituency|Dharwad Rural]]
|22 December 1980
|22 December 1980
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[K. H. Ranganath]]
| [[Hiriyur Assembly constituency|Hiriyur]]
| 30 January 1981
| 24 January 1983
| {{Ayd|30 january 1980|24 january 1983}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[D. B. Chandre Gowda]]
| [[Tirthahalli Assembly constituency|Tirthahalli]]
| 24 January 1983
| 17 March 1985
| {{Ayd|24 january 1983|17 march 1985}}
|7th
([[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983-85]])
| rowspan="2" | [[Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[B. G. Banakar]]
| [[Hirekerur Assembly constituency|Hirekerur]]
| 18 March 1985
| 17 December 1989
| {{Ayd|18 march 1985|17 december 1989}}
|8th
([[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985-89]])
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 7
| [[File:Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
| [[S. M. Krishna]]
| [[Maddur Assembly constituency|Maddur]]
| 18 December 1989
| 20 January 1993
| {{Ayd|18 december 1989|20 january 1993}}
| rowspan="2" |9th
([[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989-94]])
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 8
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[V. S. Koujalagi]]
| [[Arabhavi Assembly constituency|Arabhavi]]
| 15 February 1993
| 26 December 1994
| {{Ayd|15 february 1993|26 december 1994}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 9
| [[File:Ramesh Kumar at Bengaluru (cropped).jpg|128x128px]]
| [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]]
| [[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivasapur]]
| 27 December 1994
| 24 October 1999
| {{Ayd|27 december 1994|24 october 1999}}
|10th
([[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994-99]])
| [[Janata Dal]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 10
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[M. V. Venkatappa]]
| [[Mulbagal Assembly constituency|Mulbagal]]
| 26 October 1999
| 7 June 2004
| {{Ayd|26 october 1999|7 june 2004}}
|11th
([[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999-04]])
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 11
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Krishna (Politician)|Krishna]]
| [[Krishnarajpete Assembly constituency|Krishnarajapete]]
| 10 June 2004
| 4 June 2008
| {{Ayd|10 june 2004|4 june 2008}}
|12th
([[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004-08]])
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 12
| [[File:Jagadish Shettar.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[Jagadish Shettar]]
| [[Hubli-Dharwad Central Assembly constituency|Hubli-Dharwad Central]]
| 5 June 2008
| 16 November 2009
| {{Ayd|5 june 2008|16 november 2009}}
| rowspan="2" |13th
([[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008-13]])
| rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 13
| [[File:K.G.Bopaiah.jpg|75x75px]]
| [[K. G. Bopaiah]]
| [[Virajpet Assembly constituency|Virajapete]]
| 30 November 2009
| 31 May 2013
| {{Ayd|17 november 2009|31 may 2013}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 14
|[[File:Kannada-Bharatpedia-Workshop-Sagara-July-28-2013 009.jpg|75x75px]]
| [[Kagodu Thimmappa]]
| [[Sagar, Karnataka Assembly constituency|Sagara]]
| 31 May 2013
| 5 July 2016
| {{Ayd|31 may 2013|5 july 2016}}
| rowspan="2" |[[14th Karnataka Assembly|14th]]
([[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013-18]])
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 15
| [[File:K B Koliwad - Session Hall, in Bangalore, Karnataka (1) (cropped).jpg|110x110px]]
| [[K. B. Koliwad]]
| [[Ranibennur Assembly constituency|Ranibennur]]
| 5 July 2016
| 15 May 2018
|{{Ayd|5 july 2016|15 may 2018}}
|-style="text-align:center;"
| Pro-term
| [[File:K.G.Bopaiah.jpg|75x75px]]
| [[K. G. Bopaiah]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Karnataka pro-tem speaker KG Bopaiah, who was chastised by SC for 'saving' Yeddyurappa govt in 2010|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-meet-karnataka-pro-tem-speaker-kg-bopaiah-who-was-chastised-by-sc-for-saving-yeddyurappa-govt-in-2010-2616500|access-date=2022-01-30|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Virajpet Assembly constituency|Virajapete]]
| 18 May 2018
| 25 May 2018
|{{Ayd|18 may 2018|25 may 2018}}
| rowspan="3" |[[15th Karnataka Assembly|15th]]
([[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018-23]])
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| (9)
| [[File:Ramesh Kumar at Bengaluru (cropped).jpg|128x128px]]
| [[K. R. Ramesh Kumar]]
| [[Srinivasapur Assembly constituency|Srinivasapur]]
| 25 May 2018
| 29 July 2019
| {{Ayd|25 may 2018|29 july 2019}}
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 16
| [[File:Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri.jpg|116x116px]]
| [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]]
| [[Sirsi Assembly constituency|Sirsi]]
| 31 July 2019
| 20 May 2023
| {{Ayd|31 july 2019|20 May 2023}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
| 17
| [[File:U. T. Khader.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[U. T. Khader]]
| [[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore]]
| 24 May 2023
| Incumbent
| {{Ayd|24 May 2023|}}
| 16th
([[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023-28]])
| [[Indian National Congress ]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|}

==List of Deputy Speakers==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl. No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Constituency
! colspan="3" | Tenure
!Assembly
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-style="text-align:center;"
|-style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" | Mysore
|-style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="5" | 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Pullareddy]]
|
| rowspan="5"| 1945
| rowspan="5"| 1949
| rowspan="5"|
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[M. A. Sreenivasan]]
|
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[T. C. M. Rayan]]
|
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[O. S. Nasarulla Sharif]]
|
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[L. Siddappa]]
|
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[L. H. Thimmabhovi]]
|
| 1950
| 1952
|
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[R. Channigaramaiah]]
|
| 1 July 1952
| 1 November 1956
| {{Ayd|1 July 1952|1 November 1956}}
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[M. Madhaiah]]
|
| 24 December 1956
| 31 March 1957
| {{Ayd|24 December 1956|31 March 1957}}
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| (2)
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[L. H. Thimmabhovi]]
|
| 19 July 1957
| 1 March 1962
| {{Ayd|19 July 1957|1 March 1962}}
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[A. R. Panchagavi]]
|
| 31 March 1962
| 28 February 1967
| {{Ayd|31 March 1962|28 February 1967}}
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[D. Manjunath]]
|
| 28 March 1967
| 14 April 1971
| {{Ayd|28 March 1967|14 April 1971}}
|
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 7
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[B. P. Kadham]]
|
| 26 June 1972
| 31 October 1973
| {{Ayd|26 June 1972|31 October 1973}} ''continued...''
| 5th
([[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972-77]]) ''continued...''
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" |Karnataka
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| B.P. Kadham
|
| 1 November 1973
| 24 March 1977
|''...continued'' {{Ayd|1 November 1973|24 March 1977}}
| rowspan="2"| 5th
''...continued'' ([[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972-77]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 2
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[G. Puttaswamy]]
|
| 20 June 1977
| 31 December 1977
| {{Ayd|20 June 1977|31 December 1977}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 3
| [[File:Sumati_Madiman (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
| [[Sumathi B. Madiman]]
|
| 10 August 1978
| 21 December 1980
| {{Ayd|10 August 1978|21 December 1980}}
| rowspan="2" |6th
([[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978-83]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 4
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Bapurao Hulsurkar]]
|
| 4 February 1981
| 8 January 1983
| {{Ayd|4 February 1981|8 January 1983}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 5
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[C. Veeranna]]
|[[Koratagere Assembly constituency|Koratagere]]
| 11 March 1983
| 2 January 1985
| {{Ayd|11 March 1983|2 January 1985}}
| 7th
([[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983-85]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 6
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Lakshminarasimhaiah]]
|
| 8 August 1985
| 26 April 1987
| {{Ayd|8 August 1985|26 April 1987}}
| rowspan="2"|8th
([[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985-89]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 7
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[B. R. Yavagal]]
|
| 11 September 1987
| 15 April 1989
| {{Ayd|11 September 1987|15 April 1989}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 8
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Nagamma Keshavamurthy]]
|
| 30 March 1990
| 20 January 1993
| {{Ayd|30 March 1990|20 January 1993}}
| rowspan="2"|9th
([[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989-94]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 9
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Anjanamurthy]]
|
| 18 March 1993
| 17 December 1994
| {{Ayd|18 March 1993|17 December 1994}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 10
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[M.S. Patil]]
|
| 30 December 1994
| 6 June 1996
| {{Ayd|30 December 1994|6 June 1996}}
| rowspan="3"|10th
([[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994-99]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 11
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Anand Mamani]]
|
| 8 July 1996
| 14 January 1999
| {{Ayd|8 July 1996|14 January 1999}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 12
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Chandrashekhar Reddy Deshmukh]]
|
| 11 March 1999
| 22 July 1999
| {{Ayd|11 March 1999|22 July 1999}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 13
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Manohar H. Tahashildar]]
|
| 30 October 1999
| 23 February 2004
| {{Ayd|30 October 1999|23 February 2004}}
| 11th
([[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999-04]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 14
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[N. Y. Gopalakrishna]]
|
| 17 March 2005
| 28 November 2007
| {{Ayd|17 March 2005|28 November 2007}}
| 12th
([[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004-08]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 15
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[K.G. Bopaiah]]
|
| 29 July 2008
| 30 December 2009
| {{Ayd|29 July 2007|30 December 2009}}
| rowspan="2"| 13th
([[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008-13]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 16
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[N. Yogish Bhat]]
|
| 11 January 2011
| 21 May 2013
| {{Ayd|11 January 2011|21 May 2013}}
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 17
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[N.H. Shivashankar Reddy]]
|
| 18 July 2013
| 18 May 2018
| {{Ayd|18 July 2013|18 May 2018}}
| 14th
([[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013-18]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 18
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[M. Krishnareddy]]
|
| 6 July 2018
| 17 March 2020
| {{Ayd|6 July 2018|17 March 2020}}
| rowspan="2"| 15th
([[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018-23]])
|
|-style="text-align:center;"
| (11)
| [[File:Blank.svg|94x94px]]
| [[Anand Mamani]]
|
| 24 March 2020
| 22 October 2022
| {{Ayd|24 March 2020|22 October 2022}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 19
|
| [[Rudrappa Lamani]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/rudrappa-lamani-elected-unopposed-as-deputy-speaker-of-assembly/article67048657.ece|title=Rudrappa Lamani elected unopposed as Deputy Speaker of Assembly|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref>
| [[Haveri Assembly constituency|Haveri]]
| 6 July 2023
|
| Incumbent
| 16th
([[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023-28]])
| [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}" |
|-style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="10" style="text-align: center;"| Source: [https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/deputyspeakeroffice/deputyspeakeroffice.htm Karanataka Legislative Assembly]
|}

== Pro tem Speaker ==
=== List of Pro tem Speakers ===
[[R. V. Deshpande]] 2023

==See also==
* [[List of deputy speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Chief Ministers of Karnataka]]
* [[Karnataka Legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previousspeakers.htm Previous Speakers, Karnataka Legislature]
* [http://www.onlinebangalore.com/gove/karg/speaker.html Speaker's list on onlinebangalore.com]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Speakers Of The Karnataka Legislature}}
[[Category:Lists of people from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative speakers in India|K]]
[[Category:Karnataka politics-related lists]]

Kanni (2024 Marathi-language film)

2026-01-05T05:54:58Z

YvetteSawtell2: starting a page!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanni
| image = Kanni film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sameer Joshi
| writer = Sameer Joshi
| producer = Amit Bhargad Gagan Meshram Vaibhav Bhor Sunny Rajani
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Hruta Durgule]]
*[[Shubhankar Tawde]]
*Ajinkya Raut
*Vallari Viraj
*Rishi Manohar
}}
| cinematography = Amol Solunke
| editing = Aniket Kale
| music = Angel Roman Vishal Shelke
| studio = Naughty Penguins Entertainment Beyond Imagination Films Chrome Films Ltd
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|08|[[Maharashtra]]}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Kanni''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romantic film|romantic]] [[comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed and written by Sameer Joshi and produced by Amit Bhargad, Gagan Meshram, Vaibhav Bhor and Sunny Rajani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanni - Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/kanni-official-teaser/videoshow/107987247.cms |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Hruta Durgule]], [[Shubhankar Tawde]], Ajinkya Raut, [[Vallari Viraj]], and Rishi Manohar in the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Apurva |date=23 February 2024 |title=Hruta Durgule and Ajinkya Raut : छोट्या पडद्यानंतर हृता - अजिंक्यचा रोमँटीक अंदाज मोठ्या पडद्यावर, 'कन्नी' सिनेमा लवकरच भेटीला येणार |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/hruta-durgule-and-ajinkya-raut-new-kanni-movie-will-released-on-8th-march-2024-marathi-movie-update-detail-marathi-news-1258703 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[ABP Majha]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=Kanni Celebrates Valentine's Day |url=https://culturecrossroads.ca/posts/kanni-celebrates-valentines-day/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Culture Crossroads |language=en-ca}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In the heart of [[London]], Kalyani, a young woman from rural [[Maharashtra]], India. After losing her job, she concocts a risky scheme with her housemates to marry a [[British citizen]] for financial stability. As bonds are strained and relationships jeopardized, Kalyani discovers that genuine success and fulfillment come from confronting inner fears. She learns that the road to a meaningful existence is paved with resilience rather than precarious shortcuts.

== Cast ==

* [[Hruta Durgule]] as Kalyani Revandikar
* Ajinkya Raut as Nihal Hooda
* [[Shubhankar Tawde]] as Soham Kalsekar
* Rishi Manohar as Bhushan
* [[Vallari Viraj]] as Neha
* Deidre Rose as Vicky
* Elloise Thomson as Nicole
* Sanjay Batra as Neighbour
* Rubina Hula as Fufi

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] commenced in [[London]] in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-06 |title=Shubhankar Tawde kick-starts shooting for Sameer Joshi's 'Kanni' in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shubhankar-tawde-kick-starts-shooting-for-sameer-joshis-kanni-in-london/articleshow/94683236.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=Hruta Durgule And Ajinkya Raut Reunite For Upcoming Marathi Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/hruta-durgule-and-ajinkya-raut-reunite-for-upcoming-marathi-film-post-pics-6158995.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 8 March 2024 throughout [[Maharashtra]], coinciding [[International Women's Day]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-04 |title='Kanni': Hruta Durgule and Ajinkya Raut starrer is all set to hit screens on March 8, 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/kanni-hruta-durgule-and-ajinkya-raut-starrer-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-march-8-2024/articleshow/106542138.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Marathi Movie: मैत्री, प्रेम आणि स्वप्नांची 'कन्नी'; हृता दुर्गुळेचा चित्रपट 'या' दिवशी येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/marathi-movie-hruta-durgule-upcoming-movie-kanni-poster-out-1247100 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[ABP Majha]]|date=15 January 2024 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Anub George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3 stars out of 5 stars and wrote "the film's ending is fairly predictable, it does put a smile on your face, making this a great film to watch with your family. Expect laughter, drama, romance, some tears and a whole lot of fun too."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kanni Movie Review : Expect laughter, drama, romance and some tears |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/kanni/movie-review/108353435.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Sanjay Ghaware of ''[[Lokmat]]'' rated 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and wrote: "the film has its strengths, such as strong performances and meaningful dialogues, there are areas where it could improve, particularly in pacing and screenplay humor."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=kanni review: विदेशात राहण्यासाठी धडपडणाऱ्या 'कन्नी'ची संघर्षकथा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/reviews/hruta-durgule-marathi-movie-kanni-review-a-a838-c734/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=27418282}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language comedy drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language family drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]