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Rajasulochana

2026-05-08T06:19:40Z

YvetteJasso5372: created new details - done

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer, actress (1935–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajasulochana
| image = Rajasulochana.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Pilliarchetty Rajeevalochana
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada|Bezawada]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|03|05|1935|8|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]]
| other_names =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Classical dancer | actress}}
| years_active = 1950s to 1970s
| spouse = [[C. S. Rao]]
| partner =
| website =
}}
{{family name hatnote|Chittajallu|lang=Telugu}}

'''Chittajallu Rajeevalochana''' (15 August 1935 – 5 March 2013), better known as '''Rajasulochana''', was an Indian classical dancer and actress.<ref name="TimesObit">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Veteran-actress-Rajasulochana-passes-away-in-Chennai/articleshow/18810103.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502103741/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/chennai/37469133_1_song-and-dance-film-historian-film-club |url-status=live |archive-date=2 May 2013 |title=Veteran actress Rajasulochana passes away in Chennai |last=Soman |first=Sandhya |date=5 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> She has acted in more than 300 Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi language films.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2418068.ece |title=Memories linger |first1=Randor |last1=Guy |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=2 September 2011}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born on 15 August 1935 in [[Vijayawada|Bezawada]] (now [[Vijayawada]]), in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Her father, Pilliarchetty Bhakthavatsalam Naidu worked in [[Indian Railways]] and was transferred to Madras as PA to the General Manager of M&SM Railway. At school, her name was recorded in error as Rajasulochana.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-queen-of-the-screen/article4478600.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |first=Randor |last=Guy |title=The queen of the screen |date=5 March 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
She learned [[Indian classical dance]] from Lalithamma, K. N. Dhandayuthapani Pillai, Acharyulu and [[Vempati Chinna Satyam]], Krishnakumar, Vishnu Vysarkar, and Kalamandalam Madhavan.

The Kannada stage and screen maestro [[H. L. N. Simha]] gave her an acting opportunity in ''Gunasagari'' (Kannada, 1953), produced by [[Gubbi Veeranna]]. Subsequently, she acted in about 274 films in all South Indian languages. She acted with all the leading stars of South Indian cinema such as [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], Prem Nazir, [[A. P. Nagarajan]] and [[M. N. Nambiar]].

===Pushpanjali Nritya Kala Kendram===
She founded the dance school "Pushpanjali Nritya Kala Kendram" in 1961 in [[Chennai]]. It has trained many students in [[Indian classical dance]] forms and celebrated its [[Silver Jubilee]] in 1986. She gave many dance performances in India and abroad and got critical acclaim for the dance dramas.

==Personal life==
She had a son out of her first marriage and after it ended in a divorce, she married actor-director [[C. S. Rao]] and had twin daughters. One daughter lives in Chennai. The other twin daughter and son live in Chicago, Illinois.

==Death==
Rajasulochana died in [[Chennai]] on 5 March 2013 at the age of 77.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/news-interviews/37469045_1_chennai-today-malayalam-hindi-language-films |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411032852/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-05/news-interviews/37469045_1_chennai-today-malayalam-hindi-language-films |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Veteran actress Rajasulochana passes away}}</ref> Condoling her death, Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[Jayalalithaa]] said the actress had left an imprint for herself in the film industry. She was engaged in creating artistes in her dance school "Pushpanjali Nrithya Kala Kendram" here, [[Jayalalithaa]] said.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/veteran-south-indian-actress-rajasulochana-dies-at-77/1083440/ |title=Veteran South Indian actress Rajasulochana dies at 77 |date=5 March 2013}}</ref>

==Partial filmography==

===1950s===
{{div col}}
* 1953 ''Gunasagari'' - Debut film
* 1953 ''[[Kanna Talli]]'' - Guest role
* 1954 ''Anta Manavalle''
* 1954 ''[[Mangalyam (1954 film)|Mangalyam]]''
* 1954 ''[[Bedara Kannappa (film)|Bedara Kannappa]]''
* 1954 ''[[Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam]]'' - Chintamani
* 1955 ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]''
* 1955 ''[[Sri Krishna Thulabaram]]''
* 1955 ''[[Cherapakura Chedevu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherapakura Chedevu (1955) |url=https://indiancine.ma/HMQ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> - Menaka
* 1955 ''Gandarva Kanya''
* 1955 ''[[Santosham (1955 film)|Santosham]]''
* 1955 ''[[Pennarasi]]''
* 1955 ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasa]]''
* 1956 ''[[Paditha Penn]]''
* 1956 '' [[Aasai (1956 film)|Aasai]]''
* 1956 ''[[Harishchandra]]''
* 1956 ''[[Chori Chori (1956 film)|Chori Chori]]'' - Bhagwan's wife
* 1956 ''[[Vazhvile Oru Naal]]'' - Lakshmi
* 1956 ''[[Marma Veeran]]''
* 1956 ''[[Penki Pellam]]''
* 1956 ''[[Rangoon Radha]]'' - Radha
* 1956 ''Gulebhagavali'' - Nagmatha
* 1956 ''[[Sontha Ooru (1956 film)|Sontha Ooru]]''
* 1956 ''Raja Rani''
* 1957 ''Alladdin Ka Chirag''
* 1957 ''[[Allauddin Adhbhuta Deepam]]'' - Sitara, dancer
* 1957 ''Allavudeenum Arputha Vilakkum''
* 1957 ''[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]]''
* 1957 ''[[Repu Needhe]]''
* 1957 ''[[Sankalpam (1957 film)|Sankalpam]]'' - Bhama
* 1957 ''[[Ambikapathy (1957 film)|Ambikapathy]]'' - Kannamma
* 1957 ''[[Sarangadhara]]''
* 1957 ''[[Rani Lalithangi]]''
* 1957 ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' - Jayanthi
* 1957 ''[[Swayamprabha]]''
* 1957 ''[[Todi Kodallu]]'' - Navaneetham
* 1957 ''[[Vanangamudi]]'' - Ambige
* 1957 ''[[Pathini Deivam]]''
* 1958 ''[[Sitaron Se Aage]]''
* 1958 ''[[Anna Thammudu (1958 film)|Anna Thammudu]]''
* 1958 ''[[Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum]]''
* 1958 ''[[Pelli Naati Pramanalu]]'' - Radha Rani
* 1958 ''[[Aada Pettanam]]''
* 1958 ''[[Avan Amaran]]''
* 1958 ''[[Sobha (1958 film)|Sobha]]''
* 1958 ''[[Kanniyin Sabatham]]''
* 1958 ''[[Bhooloka Rambai]]''
* 1958 ''[[Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu]]''
* 1958 ''[[Intiguttu (1958 film)|Inti Guttu]]''
* 1958 ''[[Sarangadhara]]''
* 1958 ''[[Thedi Vandha Selvam]]''
* 1958 ''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kathavarayan]]''
* 1959 ''[[C.I.D. Girl]]''
* 1959 ''[[Jayabheri]]'' - Narthaki Amrutha
* 1959 ''[[Raja Makutam]]'' - Prameela
* 1959 ''[[Raja Malaya Simha]]''
* 1959 ''[[Pudhumai Penn (1959 film)|Pudhumai Penn]]''
* 1959 ''[[Bhagya Devathai]]''
* 1959 ''[[Arumai Magal Abirami]]''
* 1959 ''[[Sahodhari]]''
* 1959 ''[[Mangalya Balam]]''
* 1959 ''[[Pandithevan]]''
* 1959 ''[[Bala Nagamma (1959 film)|Bala Nagamma]]''
* 1959 ''[[Kalaivaanan]]''
* 1959 ''[[Sollu Thambi Sollu]]''
* 1959 ''[[Vaazhkai Oppandham]]''
* 1959 ''[[Thaai Magalukku Kattiya Thaali]]'' as Kaveri
{{div col end}}

===1960s===
{{div col}}
* 1960 ''[[Aai Phirse Bahar]]''
* 1960 ''[[Raja Makutam]]''
* 1960 ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]''
* 1960 ''[[Kaithi Kannayiram]]''
* 1960 ''[[Kavalai Illaadha Manithan]]''
* 1960 ''[[Ponni Thirunaal]]''
* 1960 ''[[Sangilithevan]]''
* 1960 ''[[Samajam]]''
* 1960 ''[[Shanthi Nivasam]]''
* 1961 ''[[Arasilangumari]]'' - Azhagurani
* 1961 ''[[Nallavan Vazhvan]]''
* 1961 ''[[Velugu Needalu]]''
* 1961 ''[[Rushyasrunga]]''
* 1961 ''[[Bikari Ramudu]]''
* 1961 ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]'' - Sarala
* 1961 ''[[Sabhash Raja]]''
* 1962 ''[[Chitti Tammudu]]''
* 1962 ''[[Appaginthalu]]''
* 1962 ''[[Kavitha (1962 film)|Kavitha]]''
* 1962 ''[[Khaidi Kannayya]]''
* 1962 ''[[Tiger Ramudu]]''
* 1962 ''[[Padithal Mattum Podhuma]]''
* 1963 ''[[Sri Tirupatamma Katha]]''
* 1963 ''[[Valmiki (1963 Telugu film)]]''
* 1963 ''[[Parisu]]''
* 1963 ''[[Valmiki (1963 Kannada film)]]''
* 1963 ''[[Aapta Mitrulu]]''
* 1964 ''[[Babruvahana]]'' - Uloochi
* 1965 ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'' - Dancer
* 1966 ''[[Parakkum Pavai]]''
* 1967 ''Konte Pilla''
* 1967 ''[[En Thambi]]'' - (Dancer)
* 1968 ''[[Thirumal Perumai]]'' - (Dancer)
{{div col end}}

===1970s===
{{div col}}
* 1972 ''[[Hanthakulu Devanthakulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanthakulu Devanthakulu (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PAA |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> - Sukumari
* 1972 ''[[Tata Manavadu]]'' - Geeta
* 1972 ''[[Jaga Mecchida Maga]]''
* 1973 ''[[Bharatha Vilas]]'' as Sameera (Ibrahim's wife)
* 1973 ''[[Desoddharakulu]]''
* 1973 ''Devudamma'' as Sheela
* 1973 ''[[Srivaru Maavaru]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srivaru Maavaru (1973) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PZA |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> as Radhika
* 1974 ''[[Chakravakam (1974 Telugu film)|Chakravakam]]''
* 1974 ''[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]''
* 1974 ''[[Chakravakam (1974 Telugu film)|Chakravakam]]''
* 1975 ''[[Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1977 film)|Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal]]'' - Padma
* 1975 ''[[Idhayakkani]]''
* 1976 ''[[Thunive Thunai]]'' as the Head of Smugglers
* 1976 ''Punardatta''
* 1977 ''[[Palabishegham]]'' as Sengamalam
* 1977 ''[[Gaayathri]]''
* 1978 ''[[Karunamayudu]]''
* 1978 ''[[Shri Kanchi Kamakshi]]''
{{div col end}}

===1980s===
* 1980 ''[[Mahalakshmi (1980 film)|Mahalakshmi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahalakshmi (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UXK |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> as Kantham
* 1980 ''[[Bebbuli]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bebbuli (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UOC |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> as Jagannatham's moll
* 1981 ''[[Jeevakke Jeeva]]''
* 1982 ''[[Ilanjodigal]]'' as Sivagami Nachiyar
* 1982 ''[[Oorige Upakari]]''
* 1985 ''[[Mayaladi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayaladi (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZZO |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> as Yashoda
* 1987 ''[[Viswanatha Nayakudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishwanatha Nayakudu (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACKA |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> as Damayanthi, Kalavati's mother
* 1988 ''Kaliyuga Karnudu'' as Durgamma

===1990s===
* 1990 ''[[Chinna Kodalu]]'' as wife of Dr. Prabhakar Reddy
* 1990 ''Irugillu Porigillu''
* 1995 ''[[Thodi Kodallu (1995 film)|Thodi Kodallu]]'' as mother of Jayasudha and Malasri

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0707367}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Performers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:Actresses from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]

Pusad Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:20:15Z

YvetteJasso5372: created entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pusad
| constituency_no = 81
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 81-Pusad.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Yavatmal–Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal-Washim]]
| district = [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Indranil Naik]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =322,054
}}
'''Pusad Assembly constituency''', formerly known as '''Fusad ''', is one of the 288 constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the seven which are located in [[Yavatmal district]].
This Constituency Is dominated by the Naik Family since the formation of the State of Maharashtra.

It is a part of [[Yavatmal-Washim Lok Sabha constituency]] with adjoining [[Washim district]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. Washim (SC), [[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]], [[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon (ST)]], [[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]] and [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=14 January 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=25 February 2009}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pusad Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/pusad.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[Vasantrao Naik|Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik]] Daulat Laxman Khadse || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Vasantrao Naik|Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik]] Daulat Laxman Khadse (Sc)
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=3 | [[Vasantrao Naik|Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=4 | [[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Manohar Naik|Manohar Rajusing Naik]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[2001 elections in India#Maharashtra|2001 By-election]] || rowspan=4 | [[Manohar Naik|Manohar Rajusing Naik]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Indranil Naik|Indranil Manohar Naik]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pusad">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pusad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1381.htm |access-date=14 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214121321/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1381.htm |archive-date=14 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Indranil Naik|Indranil Manohar Naik]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 127,964 |percentage = 60.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharad Apparao Maind |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 37,195 |percentage = 17.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhav Rukhmaji Vaidya |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 36,575 |percentage = 17.21% |change = {{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhukar Raju Rathod |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,545 |percentage = 1.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishal Baliram Jadhao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,942 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashwin Rameshlalji Jaiswal |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,614 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,348 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 90,769 |percentage = 42.72% |change = {{increase}}37.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 213,828 |percentage = 66.40% |change = {{increase}}1.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 212,480}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322,054 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Indranil Naik|Indranil Manohar Naik]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 89,143 |percentage = 47.41% |change = {{decrease}}7.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nilay Madhukar Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 79,442 |percentage = 42.25% |change = {{increase}}31.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = (Nana) Bele Dnyaneshwar Dadarao |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 11,255 |percentage = 5.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaligram Tukaram Tambare |party = Bahujan Maha Party |votes = 2,153 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,445 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Savitatai Adhao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,431 |percentage = 0.76% |change = {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhay Madhukar Gadam |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,302 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,701 |percentage = 5.16% |change = {{decrease}}32.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,513 |percentage = 64.88% |change = {{increase}}3.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,011}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 293,635 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}7.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Naik|Manohar Rajusing Naik]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 94,152 |percentage = 54.76% |change = {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakashrao Abaji Deosarkar Patil |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 28,793 |percentage = 16.75% |change = {{decrease}}13.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Deorao (Kanhekar) Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,155 |percentage = 11.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sachin Vishwasrao Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,017 |percentage = 8.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishalbhau Baliram Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,535 |percentage = 3.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shilanand Laxmanrao Kamble |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,866 |percentage = 2.25% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavhale Ganpat Limbaji |party = Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 1,252 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Jabbar Shaikh Usuf |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,217 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,111 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 65,359 |percentage = 38.01% |change = {{increase}}17.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,057 |percentage = 61.45% |change = {{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,944}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,610 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Naik|Manohar Rajusing Naik]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 77,136 |percentage = 50.85% |change = {{decrease}}6.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Aarti Haribhau Phupate |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 46,296 |percentage = 30.52% |change = {{decrease}}1.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nilay Madhukar Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,486 |percentage = 12.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhananjay Govindrao Kamble |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,732 |percentage = 1.80% |change = {{decrease}}2.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hadse Sambhaji Limbaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,592 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Punjab Tulshiram Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,501 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uttam Bhagaji Kamble |party = Prabuddha Republican Party |votes = 1,465 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,840 |percentage = 20.33% |change = {{decrease}}5.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,707 |percentage = 63.14% |change = {{decrease}}7.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,687}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,260 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Naik|Manohar Rajusing Naik]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 92,647 |percentage = 57.76% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Aarti Haribhau Phupate |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 51,226 |percentage = 31.94% |change = {{increase}}11.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arunbhau Sakharamji Kinwatkar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 7,549 |percentage = 4.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sy. Wahidouddin Sy. Karimoddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,940 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sk. Amin Sk. Chattu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,585 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay Keshaorao Babar |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,507 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shiwshankar Marotrao Wanjare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,015 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,421 |percentage = 25.83% |change = {{decrease}}11.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 160,405 |percentage = 71.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,389}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,900 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2001 elections in India#Maharashtra|2001 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeSept2001/index.htm |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Naik|Manohar Rajusing Naik]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 77,549 |percentage = 57.61% |change = {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajan Shivajirao Mukhare |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 27,105 |percentage = 20.14% |change = {{decrease}}14.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayrao Deorao Patil (Chondhikar) |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,261 |percentage = 9.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhao Parshuram Sarkunde |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 12,696 |percentage = 9.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Shankar Vasaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,537 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uttam Bhagaji Kamble |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,455 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,444 |percentage = 37.48% |change = {{increase}}25.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,603 |percentage = 73.03% |change = {{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,603}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,311 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}10.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 60,177 |percentage = 47.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajan Shivajirao Mukhare |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 44,507 |percentage = 34.83% |change = {{increase}}33.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijayrao Bhopasingh Naik (Chavhan) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,488 |percentage = 16.82% |change = {{decrease}}29.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,670 |percentage = 12.26% |change = {{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,880 |percentage = 74.76% |change = {{decrease}}2.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,790}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,406 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manohar Naik|Manohar Rajusing Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,732 |percentage = 46.57% |change = {{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukhare Narendra Godhajirao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 61,614 |percentage = 45.02% |change = {{increase}}14.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pulate Keshaorao Laxman |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 2,080 |percentage = 1.52% |change = {{decrease}}10.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Dnyandeo Vedu |party = Doordarshi Party |votes = 1,690 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babusing Shioram Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,195 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhumal Nadkishor Vitthalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,099 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Boke Vishwanath Kisan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,007 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,118 |percentage = 1.55% |change = {{decrease}}21.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,030 |percentage = 77.48% |change = {{increase}}6.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,857}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,728 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,364 |percentage = 54.01% |change = {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ambhore Shriramsonba |party = Janata Dal |votes = 34,088 |percentage = 31.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Raju Ramu |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 12,970 |percentage = 11.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kakade Sarjerao Ganpatrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 1,411 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tanmane Anil Rangrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 716 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,276 |percentage = 23.00% |change = {{decrease}}14.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,561 |percentage = 70.99% |change = {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,906}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,156 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,314 |percentage = 59.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Gulabrao Jayawantrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 20,358 |percentage = 22.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Rauf Sk Mohinoddin |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,350 |percentage = 14.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrashekhar Abhimanyu Bahekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 802 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshaokumar Gajanan Ozarkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 555 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,956 |percentage = 37.89% |change = {{increase}}15.32 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,101 |percentage = 74.16% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,256}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,888 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.04 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 48,368 |percentage = 61.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Todase Shamrao Rajhunath |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 30,553 |percentage = 38.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,815 |percentage = 22.57% |change = {{increase}}8.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,288 |percentage = 72.79% |change = {{decrease}}8.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,921}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,296 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sudhakarrao Naik|Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,485 |percentage = 53.29% |change = {{decrease}}14.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paul Vasantrao Deorao |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,958 |percentage = 39.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangawar Baban Agam |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,185 |percentage = 2.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhise Eknath Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,493 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Pundlik Moreshwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,066 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Rajusing Rupla |party = Independent politician |votes = 622 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,527 |percentage = 14.13% |change = {{decrease}}24.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,275 |percentage = 81.11% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,606}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,672 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantrao Naik|Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,772 |percentage = 68.04% |change = {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhote J. Bapurao |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 22,140 |percentage = 29.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sirsat Sahebrao Kisanrao |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,343 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,632 |percentage = 38.37% |change = {{decrease}}6.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,176 |percentage = 82.67% |change = {{increase}}0.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,626}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,143 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantrao Naik|Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,089 |percentage = 69.81% |change = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Monagthane |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,335 |percentage = 25.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Dravid |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,613 |percentage = 2.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. L. Bali |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,250 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,754 |percentage = 44.38% |change = {{increase}}15.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,678 |percentage = 81.80% |change = {{decrease}}5.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,287}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,070 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantrao Naik|Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,946 |percentage = 61.66% |change = {{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nalinibai Godhajirao Mukhare |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,402 |percentage = 32.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babarao Raoji Lokhande |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,287 |percentage = 3.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paikrao Kisan Punjaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,282 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,544 |percentage = 29.28% |change = {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,092 |percentage = 87.18% |change = {{decrease}}45.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,917}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,225 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}37.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}29.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantrao Naik|Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,569 |percentage = 32.64% |change = {{decrease}}18.73 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khadae Daulat Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,244 |percentage = 29.14% |change = {{decrease}}22.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Dattarao Marotrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 31,897 |percentage = 21.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sukatnak Vishwasrao |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 26,136 |percentage = 17.21% |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,672 |percentage = 11.64% |change = {{increase}}9.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,846 |percentage = 132.50% |change = {{increase}}20.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,846}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,597 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Fusad <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vasantrao Naik|Vasantrao Phulsingh Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,507 |percentage = 26.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daulat Laxman Khadse |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,902 |percentage = 24.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satwarao Bajirao Naik |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 19,968 |percentage = 16.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattarao Marotrao Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,409 |percentage = 15.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sahebrao Kisanrao Sirsat |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 16,171 |percentage = 13.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Deshrath Makesar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,637 |percentage = 2.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,605 |percentage = 2.22% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,594 |percentage = 111.71% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,594}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,263 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Pusad]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.pusadcity.com}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.91|77.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Ishq Vishk Rebound

2026-05-04T20:07:06Z

YvetteJasso5372:

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Nipun Dharmadhikari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = '''Ishq Vishk Rebound'''
| image = Ishq Vishk Rebound poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]]
| producer = Ramesh Taurani Jaya Taurani
| writer = Dr. Vinay Chhawal Vaishali Naik Ketan Pedgaonkar [[Akarsh Khurana]] Nipun Dharmadhikari
| starring = [[Rohit Saraf]] Pashmina Roshan [[Jibraan Khan]] [[Naila Grrewal]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Rochak Kohli]] [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] Hiten '''Score:''' Ketan Sodha
| cinematography = Milind Jog
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| studio = Tips Films
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|06|21}}
| runtime = 106 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ishq-vishk-rebound-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiymjm1 |title=''Ishq Vishk Rebound'' (12A) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=20 June 2024 |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621030209/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ishq-vishk-rebound-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiymjm1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|6.13}} crore <ref>{{cite news|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ishq-vishk-rebound/box-office/|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=22 June 2024|language=en|access-date=22 June 2024|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622172804/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ishq-vishk-rebound/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ishq Vishk Rebound''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Nipun Dharmadhikari]] and produced by Ramesh Taurani and Jaya Taurani under Tips Films. A [[spiritual sequel]] to the 2003 film ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'', it stars [[Rohit Saraf]], Pashmina Roshan (in her acting debut), [[Jibraan Khan]] and [[Naila Grrewal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2025 |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Teaser: Rohit Saraf, Pashmina Roshan, Naila Grrewal, and Jibraan Khan are all set to give you lessons on ghosting, breadcrumbing, and other complex concepts of love|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ishq-vishk-rebound-teaser-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-naila-grrewal-jibraan-khan-set-give-lessons-ghosting-breadcrumbing-complex-concepts-love/|access-date=14 June 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Box Office Collection Day 1: Rohit Saraf And Pashmina Roshan's Film Off To A Slow Start|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ishq-vishk-rebound-box-office-collection-day-1-rohit-saraf-s-film-starts-with-1-crore-5945706|access-date=22 June 2024|archive-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805042308/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ishq-vishk-rebound-box-office-collection-day-1-rohit-saraf-s-film-starts-with-1-crore-5945706|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Ishq Vishk Rebound'' was released in theatres on 21 June 2024 and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ishq-vishk-rebound-teaser-rohit-saraf-and-pashmina-roshan-starrer-looks-promising-but-fans-want-shahid-kapoor-101715864685521.html|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Teaser: Rohit Saraf and Pashmina Roshan starrer looks promising, but fans want Shahid Kapoor|date=16 May 2024|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 June 2024|archive-date=7 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607190711/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ishq-vishk-rebound-teaser-rohit-saraf-and-pashmina-roshan-starrer-looks-promising-but-fans-want-shahid-kapoor-101715864685521.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rohit Saraf, Pashmina Roshan's romantic drama 'Ishq Vishk Rebound' release date announced|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshans-romantic-drama-ishq-vishk-rebound-release-date-announced/article67856780.ece|access-date=22 June 2024|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622164657/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshans-romantic-drama-ishq-vishk-rebound-release-date-announced/article67856780.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story follows Raghav Pandit, an aspiring screenwriter working for Tips Films, who is tasked with crafting a compelling romantic story. His boss pressures him to complete the script promptly, warning that failure to do so could jeopardize his position. Pressured by his boss to meet a looming deadline, he says that he is writing a film's story which draws inspiration from his own life. This premise sets the stage for Raghav to revisit the emotional journey he experienced over the past year with his closest friends.

The narrative then shifts to Raghav's hometown in [[Dehradun]], where he shared a close bond with his childhood friends, Sanya and Sahir. The trio had been inseparable through their school years. As they transition into adulthood when they were in college, the dynamics among them evolve. Sanya and Sahir, once platonic companions, embarks on a romantic relationship. Raghav also enters into a relationship with Riya Mathur, a socially conscious college student and green activist.

Although Raghav is with Riya, much of his emotional energy is consumed by Sanya and Sahir's volatile relationship. Constantly caught between their fights, he acts as a mediator between them, often at the cost of his own romantic happiness. One day when Riya and Raghav began to kiss, he gets a call from Sanya informing him that she's breaking up with Sahir. Riya grows frustrated with Raghav’s emotional unavailability and eventually breaks up with him, accusing him of being more invested in his friends than in their relationship.

Raghav goes to Sanya to offer to resolve her and Sahir's relationship, but Sanya explains that the relationship fell apart, driven by unresolved differences and pressure from Sahir’s conservative family, and Raghav also can't reconcile these differences this time. Sahir returns all gifts given to him by Sanya through Raghav. Sanya also asks Raghav to bring him back the dog that she gifted to Sahir as a puppy when they were still in a relationship. Nevertheless, Raghav initially very reluctant, goes to Sahir's house due to her pestering and steals the dog, which is now a grown-up and gives it back to Sanya. Needless to say, the dog, having grown up with Sahir from its life as a puppy, runs right back to the family. In the meanwhile, Sanya accidentally and then spontaneously kisses Raghav, much to the confusion and anxiety of Raghav. Raghav believes this would distort their relationship as friends and his dynamic with Sahir.

The next day, Sanya calls Raghav, but he hesitates to pick up and talk, afraid of the repercussions this could have for Sahir, who he cannot fathom the thought of "betraying". Sahir calls Raghav to meet him the following day. Raghav is initially afraid Sahir may have learnt about his moment with Sanya, but is relieved when Sahir instead bars him from visiting his house again after having noticed he was involved in getting the dog out. Sahir gives him a ticket to a trip originally planned for him and Sanya. When Raghav goes to Sanya to return the ticket, she invites Raghav to the trip. During the journey, Raghav and Sanya grow closer, sharing their vulnerabilities and seeking solace in each other's company. Their bond culminates in a spontaneous kiss, marking the beginning of a rebound relationship. One night, the remote location where they were staying catches fire and the group, in order to save themselves, leaves, but mistakenly leaves Raghav alone there. When Raghav gets to know about this, he fears dying in the isolated environment and nervously sends a voice message to Riya saying that he still loves her. However, when Sanya realizes Raghav is left behind, she comes back to save him and eventually also proposes to him. Raghav, who had also started harboring feelings for Sanya during their vacation, accepts her proposal and they share a kiss.

After they came back from their trip, Sanya plans a special date with Raghav, but Sahir also comes to Sanya's house with Raghav, much to her disappointment. Sahir invites Sanya and his mother to his sister's wedding. Sanya nevertheless goes out with Raghav on their date, where they spend time together. While shopping for Sahir's sister's wedding, Sanya leaves briefly for an urgent task and asks Raghav to pay the bill, but when his card declines, Riya shows up, helping him pay his bill. From their conversation, Raghav gets to know that Riya still loves her as she was unable to move on from him. Sanya calls Raghav and asks him to tell the truth about their relationship to Sahir as he is their best friend. Raghav says that he'll surely tell Sahir everything at the danceball ceremony.

At the ceremony, Raghav still feels anxious about telling the truth to Sahir. Before Raghav can say anything, Sahir says that he still harbors feelings for Sanya. During the dance, Sahir eventually tries to kiss Sanya, and out of protest she pushes him away. She herself reveals the truth to Sahir about her and Raghav's relationship. Sahir becomes infuriated at Raghav for hiding the truth from him. Riya also confronts Raghav over the relevance of his earlier voice message. Raghav becomes furious after listening to the allegations levelled against him and confronts Sahir over getting trapped in the complexities of his relationship with Sanya, which took a toll on his relationship with Riya, something they did not even care for. After also confronting Riya for breaking up with him this way, Raghav decides to distance himself from everyone and moves to [[Mumbai]] to focus on a writing career.

Back in the present, Raghav throws himself into finishing the screenplay based on his tangled relationships. His boss insists the story must have a satisfying ending, warning that without it, the film will flop. He struggles with the ending, still unsure how to bring closure to either the story or his real-life emotions since all contact between him, Sanya, Sahir and Riya has had been broken. Confused, he decides to end the story with Raghav asking Riya for forgiveness admitting he still loves her. When he narrates this ending to his boss, she approves it and the film commences shooting.

One day, Sahir's sister calls Raghav and informs him about Sahir's accident. Hearing of this, Raghav immediately comes back to Dehradun to meet him, where he learns that Sahir has not met any accident, but he has been beaten up violently by his father, only because he couldn't fulfill his dream of joining the [[Indian Army]]. Raghav confronts Sahir's father about this, causing him to physically assault Raghav. Seeing this, an infuriated Sahir finally stands up to his father and prevents him from hitting Raghav any further. They leave, and Sahir apologizes to Raghav for everything, while also prompting him to reconnect with Sanya; when they visit her, she is emotionally unsettled by his sudden reappearance. She shuts the door on Raghav, who admits to being confused but now being clear that he only loves Sanya. Saying this, Raghav returns back to Mumbai to work on the film shoot.

On the last day of shoot, Raghav receives a call from Sahir, who reveals he is now working at the café owned by Sanya's mother, having embraced a simpler, more grounded life. Raghav asks him about Sanya, to which he responds by saying she is out someplace. Assuming she doesn't want to talk to him and Sahir is covering up for her, he is startled when Sanya shows up, confessing she felt bad rejecting him. Seeing her, Raghav is overjoyed and finally reunites with his true love. As they are about to leave together, Sanya discovers that in the script of the film Raghav had written, he had concluded the story with his past relationship with Riya. Amused by this revelation, Sanya begins to laugh as the story ends.

==Cast==
* [[Rohit Saraf]] as Raghav Pandit
* Pashmina Roshan as Sanya Malhotra
* [[Jibraan Khan]] as Sahir Singh Rajput
* [[Naila Grrewal]] as Riya Mathur
* [[Akarsh Khurana]] as Raghav's father
* [[Shilpa Vishal Shetty]] as Raghav's mother
* [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] as Sanya's mother
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Sahir's father
* [[Anita Kulkarni]] as Sahir's mother
* [[Kusha Kapila]] as a film producer
* Adhaar Khurana as a film director
* Jaanam Raaj as Priya
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] in a cameo appearance

==Production==
[[Rohit Saraf]], Pashmina Roshan, [[Jibraan Khan]] and [[Naila Grrewal]] were cast as the leads. The film marks Khan and Roshan's screen debut.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2022|title=Ramesh Taurani announces Ishq Vishq Rebound; Rohit Saraf, Pashmina Roshan, Jibraan Khan, and Naila Grewal to play lead characters|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramesh-taurani-announces-ishq-vishq-rebound-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-jibraan-khan-naila-grewal-play-lead-characters/|access-date=14 June 2024|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615064121/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramesh-taurani-announces-ishq-vishq-rebound-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-jibraan-khan-naila-grewal-play-lead-characters/|url-status=live}}</ref> The
[[principal photography]] commenced in June 2022<ref>{{cite web| title=Ishq Vishk sequel to star Hrithik Roshan's cousin Pashmina, actor who played SRK's son in K3G| work=The Indian Express| url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ishq-vishk-rebound-sequel-hrithik-roshan-sister-pashmina-shah-rukh-khan-son-jibraan-khan-rohit-saraf-7948930/| date=2 June 2022| access-date=15 June 2024| archive-date=5 August 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805042312/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ishq-vishk-rebound-sequel-hrithik-roshan-sister-pashmina-shah-rukh-khan-son-jibraan-khan-rohit-saraf-7948930/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2022|title=Naila Grewal begins shooting for Ishq Vishk Rebound first schedule in Uttarakhand|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/naila-grewal-begins-shooting-ishq-vishk-rebound-first-schedule-uttarakhand-see-photos/|work=Bollywood Hunagama|access-date=15 June 2024|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615082022/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/naila-grewal-begins-shooting-ishq-vishk-rebound-first-schedule-uttarakhand-see-photos/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] first schedule in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2022|title=Rohit Saraf and Ishq Vishk Rebound cast wrap up Uttarakhand schedule|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rohit-saraf-ishq-vishk-rebound-cast-wrap-uttarakhand-schedule/|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> The film was mostly [[shot on location]] in [[Mumbai]] and [[Dehradun]].

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ishq Vishk Rebound
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and Hiten
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 22 June 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024 |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ishq-vishk-rebound/yTI8Wj4y2rQ_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622022735/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ishq-vishk-rebound/yTI8Wj4y2rQ_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded = 2022–23
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:30
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Music]]
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Rochak Kohli]], [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and Hiten. Lyrics are written by Gurpreet Saini, [[Kumaar]], Gautam G Sharma and Badshah.

The first single, "Ishq Vishk Pyaar Vyaar", was recreated from the title track in the 2003 prequel, ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'', which was sung by [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]] and written by [[Sameer Anjaan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ishq-vishk-rebound-shahid-kapoors-peppy-dance-number-ishq-vishk-pyaar-vyaar-fever-gets-fun-rendition-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-jibraan-khan/|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound: Shahid Kapoor's peppy dance number 'Ishq Vishk Pyaar Vyaar Fever' gets fun rendition with Rohit Saraf, Pashmina Roshan, Jibraan Khan|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=21 May 2024|access-date=15 June 2024|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615103010/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ishq-vishk-rebound-shahid-kapoors-peppy-dance-number-ishq-vishk-pyaar-vyaar-fever-gets-fun-rendition-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-jibraan-khan/|url-status=live}}</ref> The second single, "Chot Dil Pe Lagi", was recreated from the 2003 prequel, which was sung by [[Alisha Chinai]], Kumar Sanu, and written by Sameer Anjaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ishq-vishk-rebound-makers-unveil-new-rendition-chot-dil-pe-lagi-captivating-young-romance-watch/|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound: Makers unveil new rendition of 'Chot Dil Pe Lagi' captivating young romance, watch|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=6 June 2024|access-date=15 June 2024|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615103009/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ishq-vishk-rebound-makers-unveil-new-rendition-chot-dil-pe-lagi-captivating-young-romance-watch/|url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single, "Gore Gore Mukhde Pe", was recreated from the 1994 film, ''[[Suhaag (1994 film)|Suhaag]]'', which was sung by [[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik, and written by Sameer Anjaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ishq-vishk-rebound-song-gore-gore-mukhde-pe-badshah-re-writes-udit-narayans-iconic-track/|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound song 'Gore Gore Mukhde Pe' out: Badshah re-writes Udit Narayan's iconic track|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=14 June 2024|access-date=15 June 2024|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615021239/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ishq-vishk-rebound-song-gore-gore-mukhde-pe-badshah-re-writes-udit-narayans-iconic-track/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 26:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ishq Vishk Pyaar Vyaar
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Mellow D
| music1 = [[Rochak Kohli]]
| lyrics1 = Gurpreet Saini
| length1 = 3:21
| title2 = Soni Soni
| extra2 = [[Darshan Raval]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], Rochak Kohli
| music2 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics2 = Gurpreet Saini
| length2 = 2:56
| title3 = Chot Dil Pe Lagi
| extra3 = [[Asees Kaur]], Varun Jain
| music3 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics3 = Gurpreet Saini
| length3 = 4:45
| title4 = Gore Gore Mukhde Pe
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], Badshah, Nikhita Gandhi
| music4 = [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], Hiten
| lyrics4 = Badshah
| length4 = 2:26
| title5 = Rehmat
| extra5 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music5 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics5 = Gurpreet Saini, Gautam G Sharma
| length5 = 2:59
| title6 = Jaavi Na
| extra6 = Darshan Raval, [[Jasleen Royal]]
| music6 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics6 = [[Kumaar]]
| length6 = 4:21
| title7 = Rehmat
| note7 = Rebound
| extra7 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], Rochak Kohli
| music7 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics7 = Gurpreet Saini
| length7 = 2:56
| title8 = Rehmat
| note8 = ALT
| extra8 = Rochak Kohli
| music8 = Rochak Kohli
| lyrics8 = Gurpreet Saini, Gautam G Sharma
| length8 = 2:46
}}

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=25|count=8|average=5.5|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=3 July 2024}}<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound|id=ishq_vishk_rebound
|type=m|access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref>

A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Ishq Vishk Rebound'' has youthful appeal but it suffers due to a weak second half."<ref>{{cite news|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Movie Review: ISHQ VISHK REBOUND has youthful appeal.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ishq-vishk-rebound/critic-review/ishq-vishk-rebound-movie-review/ishq-vishk-rebound-has-youthful-appeal/|magazine=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=21 June 2024|access-date=24 June 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624153955/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ishq-vishk-rebound/critic-review/ishq-vishk-rebound-movie-review/ishq-vishk-rebound-has-youthful-appeal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film two and a half out of five stars and wrote, "''Ishq Vishk Rebound'' starts off as being a frothy romantic comedy but then loses its fizz midway. Watch it if you have a yen for rom coms and have to catch every such outing…"<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2024 |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Movie Review |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ishq-vishk-rebound-movie-review-66800.html |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621061323/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/ishq-vishk-rebound-movie-review-66800.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bhavna Agarwal of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film two and a half out of five stars and wrote, "The major problem with the film is not that it makes rebound seem 'frivolous'. But, it makes a half-hearted attempt or resorts to tokenism to entertain. It is funny and cheesy, yes! But all of this without a soul, feels like a wasted opportunity."<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2024 |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Review: A frivolous, lazy attempt on young romance |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ishq-vishk-rebound-review-a-frivolous-lazy-attempt-on-young-romance-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-naila-grrewal-jibraan-khan-2556030-2024-06-21 |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=5 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805042413/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/reviews/story/ishq-vishk-rebound-review-a-frivolous-lazy-attempt-on-young-romance-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-naila-grrewal-jibraan-khan-2556030-2024-06-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film two and a half out of five stars and wrote, "The best way to approach ''Ishq Vishk Rebound'' as a viewer is not to expect the world from it. At least parts of it might then pleasantly surprise you."<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2024 |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Review: Pashmina Roshan, In Her Bollywood Debut, Is The Film's Primary Focus Of Attention |work=NDTV India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ishq-vishk-rebound-review-pashmina-roshan-in-her-bollywood-debut-is-the-films-primary-focus-of-attention-2-5-stars-5936757 |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621073512/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ishq-vishk-rebound-review-pashmina-roshan-in-her-bollywood-debut-is-the-films-primary-focus-of-attention-2-5-stars-5936757/amp/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote, "''Ishq Vishk Rebound'' is not a horrible movie – it has some of its better moments. There are times when the dialogues get an unexpected laugh out of you even as they remind you how inconsistent the writing has been."<ref>{{cite news |date=21 June 2024 |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Review: How Does One Rebound From This Rohit Saraf-Starrer? |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ishq-vishk-rebound-full-movie-review-pashmina-roshan-film-jibraan-khan-rohit-saraf-lead-role-naila-grrwal-gen-z-love-triangle-tropes |access-date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621075559/https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment/movie-reviews/ishq-vishk-rebound-full-movie-review-pashmina-roshan-film-jibraan-khan-rohit-saraf-lead-role-naila-grrwal-gen-z-love-triangle-tropes#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 1.5/5 stars and notes "''Ishq Vishk Rebound'' is a drab romance and dull comedy that even the intended teen audience might have a hard time keeping up with."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Mayur|last=Sanap|title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Review: Flat Rom-Com|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/ishq-vishk-rebound-review/20240621.htm|date=21 June 2024|website=Rediff|access-date=24 June 2024|archive-date=25 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625022829/https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/ishq-vishk-rebound-review/20240621.htm|url-status=live}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film collected {{INR|1 crore }} on its first day with a weekend total of {{INR|3.40 crore }} with a lifetime collection of {{INR|6.02 crore }} only.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ishq-vishk-rebound/box-office/|title=''Ishq Vishk Rebound''|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 June 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622172804/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ishq-vishk-rebound/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref> The small box office collection is also attributed to the fact that the film was released in only around 700-800 theatres nationwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ramesh-taurani-talks-ishq-vishk-rebound-says-cant-charge-amount-pathaan-well-munjya-ishq-vishk-also-reveals-race-4-will-d/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Ramesh Taurani talks about Ishq Vishk Rebound; says "We can't charge the same amount for Pathaan as well as Munjya or Ishq Vishk" also reveals "Race 4 will DEFINITELY be made. Soldier 2's script is being developed"|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=18 June 2024 |access-date=3 July 2024|archive-date=5 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805042311/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-ramesh-taurani-talks-ishq-vishk-rebound-says-cant-charge-amount-pathaan-well-munjya-ishq-vishk-also-reveals-race-4-will-d/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=20854856}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=ishq-vishk-rebound/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ishq Vishk Rebound}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2024 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Films about Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Films about travel]]
[[Category:Films about screenwriters]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1969

2026-05-04T15:35:36Z

YvetteJasso5372: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

List of Indian Bengali films of 1956

2026-05-04T14:50:26Z

YvetteJasso5372: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1950s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

New Guwahati Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T11:11:55Z

YvetteJasso5372: created details - done

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = New Guwahati
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 35
| map_image = New Guwahati Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| district = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
}}
'''New Guwahati Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: New Guwahati}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Diplu Ranjan Sarmah]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=89636 |percentage=68.11

|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Santanu Borah|party=Indian National Congress|votes=41968 |percentage=31.89

|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=3574|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47668 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Government of Assam]]
* [[Government of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Majhi ministry

2026-05-02T13:35:19Z

YvetteJasso5372: Stub

{{Short description|Incumbent Government of Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 31st
| jurisdiction = [[Odisha]]
| flag_border = true
| flag = File:Seal of Odisha.svg
| incumbent = [[Incumbent]]
| image = Mohan Charan Majhi at oath taking ceremony in 2024.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Mohan Charan Majhi|Mohan Majhi]] Cabinet along with PM [[Narendra Modi]]
| date_formed = 12 June 2024
| legislature_term = {{ayd|12 June 2024}}
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| government_head = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| deputy_government_head_title = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|Deputy Chief Minister]]
| deputy_government_head = [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] [[Pravati Parida]]
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Odisha|Governor]]
| state_head = [[Raghubar Das]] [[Kambhampati Hari Babu|K. Hari Babu]]
| members_number = 16
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]{{Composition bar|81|147|hex=#FF9933|per=1}}
| political_parties = {{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| opposition_party = [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| opposition_leader = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| election = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| previous = [[Fifth Naveen Patnaik ministry]]
}}
[[Mohan Charan Majhi]] was elected as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Chief Minister of Odisha]] on 11 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=Tribal Leader Mohan Majhi Is Odisha’s New CM: 5 Things You Need To Know About This 4-Time MLA |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/who-is-mohan-charan-majhi-the-new-chief-minister-of-odisha-8929441.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The government was formed as a result of BJP securing 78 seats of 147 in [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] which was held in four phases during May and June in the state. The results were declared on 4 June and this led to formation of [[17th Odisha Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi Cabinet in Odisha: Full list of BJP ministers who took oath today |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/mohan-charan-majhi-cabinet-in-odisha-list-of-bjp-ministers-who-took-oath-today-2024-06-12-936560 |access-date= |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=}}</ref> The government is also supported by 3 independents.

== Brief history ==
[[File:1st Cabinet Meeting of Mohan Charan Majhi in 2024.jpg|400x400px|centre|thumb|1st Cabinet Meeting of Mohan Charan Majhi ministry in 2024]]On 12 June 2024, Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] along with his two deputy CMs, 8 Cabinet Ministers, and 5 Minister of State with Independent Charges took oath in Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha’s first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Portfolio
!Portrait
!Name {{small|Constituency|List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|
* [[Chief Minister of Odisha|'''Chief Minister''']]
* [https://home.odisha.gov.in/ Home]
* [https://ga.odisha.gov.in/ General Administration & Public Grievance]
* [https://finance.odisha.gov.in/ Finance]
* [https://inpr.odisha.gov.in/ Information & Public Relations]
* [https://dowr.odisha.gov.in/ Water Resources]
* [https://pc.odisha.gov.in/ Planning & Coordination]
* '''Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
|[[File:ଶ୍ରୀ ମୋହନ ଚରଣ ମାଝୀ.jpg|100x100px]]
|'''[[Mohan Charan Majhi]]''' {{small|MLA from [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Cabinet Minister'''
|-
|
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|'''Deputy Chief Minister''']]
* [https://agri.odisha.gov.in/ Agriculture & Farmers Empowerment]
* [https://energy.odisha.gov.in/ Energy]
|[[File:Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] {{small|MLA from [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Odisha|'''Deputy Chief Minister''']]
* [https://wcd.odisha.gov.in/ Women & Child Development]
* [https://missionshakti.odisha.gov.in/ Mission Shakti]
* [https://dot.odisha.gov.in/ Tourism]
|[[File:Dy CM Pravati Parida.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Pravati Parida]] {{small|MLA from [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://revenue.odisha.gov.in/ Revenue & Disaster Management]
|[[File:Suresh Pujari 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Suresh Pujari]] {{small|MLA from [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://rd.odisha.gov.in/ Rural Development]
* [https://panchayat.odisha.gov.in/ Panchayati Raj & Drinking Water]
|[[File:Rabi Narayan Naik 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Rabi Narayan Naik]] {{small|MLA from [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://sme.odisha.gov.in/ School & Mass Education]
* [https://stsc.odisha.gov.in/ S.T. & S.C. Development, Minorities & Backward Classes Welfare]
* [https://ssepd.odisha.gov.in/ Social Security & Empowerment of Persons with Disability]
| [[File:Nityananda Gond.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Nityananda Gond]] {{small|MLA from [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umerkote]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://food.odisha.gov.in/ Food Supplies & Consumer Welfare]
* [https://st.odisha.gov.in/ Science & Technology]
|[[File:Krushna Chandra Patra 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Krushna Chandra Patra]] {{small|MLA from [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://law.odisha.gov.in/ Law]
* [https://works.odisha.gov.in/ Works]
* [https://excise.odisha.gov.in/ Excise]
|[[File:Prithiviraj Harichandan 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Prithviraj Harichandan]] {{small|MLA from [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilika]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://health.odisha.gov.in/ Health & Family Welfare]
* [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]
* [https://it.odisha.gov.in/ Electronics & Information Technology]
|[[File:Mukesh Mahaling 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Mukesh Mahaling]] {{small|MLA from [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://ct.odisha.gov.in/ Commerce and Transport]
* [https://steelmines.odisha.gov.in/ Steel & Mines]
|[[File:Bibhuti Bhusan Jena.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]] {{small|MLA from [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://urban.odisha.gov.in/ Housing & Urban Development]
* [https://pe.odisha.gov.in/ Public Enterprises]
|[[File:Krushna Chandra Mahapatra 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]] {{small|MLA from [[Morada Assembly constituency|Morada]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan="7" |'''Ministers of State with Independent Charges'''
|-
|
* [https://forest.odisha.gov.in/ Forest & Environment and Climate Change]
* [https://labour.odisha.gov.in/ Labour & Employees' State Insurance]
|[[File:Ganesh Ram SinghKhuntia 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Ganesh Ram Singh Khuntia]] {{small|MLA from [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://dhe.odisha.gov.in/ Higher Education]
* [https://sports.odisha.gov.in/ Sports & Youth Services]
* [https://culture.odisha.gov.in/ Odia Language, Literature & Culture]
|[[File:Suryabanshi Suraj (new image).jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Suryabanshi Suraj]] {{small|MLA from [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://coop.odisha.gov.in/ Co-operation]
* [https://handloom.odisha.gov.in/ Handlooms, Textiles & Handicrafts]
|[[File:Pradeep Bal Samanta 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Pradeep Bal Samanta]] {{small|MLA from [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://fard.odisha.gov.in/ Fisheries & Animal Resources Development]
* [https://msme.odisha.gov.in/ Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises]
|[[File:Gokulananda Mallick 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Gokula Nanda Mallik]] {{small|MLA from [[Polasara Assembly constituency|Polasara]]|}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|
* [https://industries.odisha.gov.in/ Industries]
* [https://sdte.odisha.gov.in/ Skill Development & Technical Education]
|[[File:Sampad Chandra Swain 2024.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Sampad Chandra Swain]] {{small|MLA from [[Paradeep Assembly constituency|Paradeep]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! District
! Ministers
! Name of ministers
|-
|[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|1
| [[Suresh Pujari]]
|-
|[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|1
| [[Rabi Narayan Naik]]
|-
|[[Deogarh district|Deogarh]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Keonjhar district|Keonjhar]]
|1
| [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] (Chief Minister)
|-
|[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|2
|[[Ganesh Ram Singh Khuntia]] [[Krushna Chandra Mohapatra]]
|-
|[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|1
| [[Suryabanshi Suraj]]
|-
|[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|1
| [[Pradeep Bal Samanta]]
|-
|[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|1
| [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
|-
|[[Angul district|Angul]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|2
|[[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]] (Deputy Chief Minister) [[Mukesh Mahaling]]
|-
|[[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]]
|1
| [[Nityananda Gond]]
|-
|[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|1
| [[Sampad Chandra Swain]]
|-
|[[Puri district|Puri]]
|1
| [[Pravati Parida]] (Deputy Chief Minister)
|-
|[[Khordha district|Khurda]]
|1
| [[Prithviraj Harichandan]]
|-
|[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|2
| [[Gokula Nanda Mallik]] [[Bibhuti Bhusan Jena]]
|-
|[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|0
|–
|-
|[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|0
|–
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian ministries}}
{{Chief ministers of Odisha}}

[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2024]]
[[Category:Odisha ministries]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Odisha]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial ministries]]

List of Indian chief ministers who died in office

2026-04-30T02:26:58Z

YvetteJasso5372: Done...

{{Short description|None}}
This is a list of heads of government of Indian States who died in office. Such deaths have most often been from natural causes, but there are also cases of assassination and accidents.<ref>[https://www.thestatesman.com/india/manohar-parrikar-death-18-indian-chief-ministers-who-died-in-office-1502739407.html Death of 18 Indian chief ministers who died in office.]</ref>

The list is in chronological order. The name is listed first, followed by the year of death, the state, political party, the location of the death and the cause of death.

==List==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
! S. No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Date of death (age)
! State
! colspan="2" |Political party
! Place of death
! Cause of death
! Ref.
|-
!1
|[[File:Gopinath Bordoloi.jpg|75px]]
|[[Gopinath Bordoloi]]
|5 August 1950 (60)
|[[Assam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|[[Guwahati]]
|Cardiac arrest
|<ref>[https://myind.net/Home/viewArticle/130-years-ago-on-this-day-a-leader-was-born-the-story-of-lokapriya-gopinath-bordoloi 130 years ago on this day a leader was born, the history of lokapriya gopinath bordoloi]</ref>
|-
!2
|[[File:RavishankarShukla.jpg|75px]]
|[[Ravishankar Shukla]]
|31 December 1956 (79)
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|Cardiac arrest
|<ref>[https://www.thelallantop.com/lallankhas/post/mp-chief-minister-story-of-ravi-shankar-shukla-first-chief-minister-of-madhya-pradesh-who-died-when-he-did-not-get-the-ticket Story of Ravi Shankar Shukla, first chief minister of Madhya Pradesh who died in office]</ref>
|-
!3
|[[File:Shri Krishna Singh 2016 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|[[Shri Krishna Sinha]]
|31 January 1961 (74)
|[[Bihar]]
|[[Patna]]
|Cardiac arrest
|<ref>[https://anytvnews.com/viral-news/know-his-life-on-the-death-anniversary-of-krishna-singh-death-anniversary-shri-krishna-singh-the-first-chief-minister-of-bihar/ Know his life on the death anniversary of Krishan Singh, first chief minister of Bihar]</ref>
|-
!4
|[[File:Photograph of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, 2nd Chief Minister of West Bengal.jpg|75px]]
|[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]
|1 July 1962 (80)
|[[West Bengal]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|Stroke
|<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/02/archives/dr-bc-roy-dies-indian-leader-80-west-bengal-chief-minister-was-also.html Dr BC Roy dies, Indian leader-80-West Bengal Chief minister]</ref>
|-
!5
|
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|24 November 1963 (63)
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Bombay]]
|N/A
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannamwar |work=The Indian Express |date=25 November 1963 |page=1}}</ref>
|-
!6
|[[File:Balwantrai_Mehta_2000_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Balwantrai Mehta]]
|[[Gujarat Beechcraft incident|19 September 1965]] (65)
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Suthari]]
|Plane shot down
|<ref>{{cite web|title=After 46 yrs, the healing touch: Pak pilot says sorry for mistake|publisher=Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/after-46-yrs-the-healing-touch-pak-pilot-says-sorry-for-mistake/829634/|date=10 August 2011|access-date = 27 May 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!7
|[[File:CN_Annadurai.jpg|75px]]
|[[C. N. Annadurai]]
|3 November 1969 (59)
|[[Tamil Nadu]] / [[Madras State]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Madras]]
|Cancer
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Annadurai's death. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-feb-03-1969-annadurai-is-dead-101643803678551.html}}</ref>
|-
!8
|[[File:Dayanand_Bandodkar_(cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
|12 August 1973 (62)
|[[Goa, Daman and Diu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|[[Bambolim]]
|Cardiac arrest
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.itsgoa.com/remembering-dayanand-bandodkar-first-cm-of-goa/|title=Remembering Dayanand Bandodkar - first CM of Goa|date=2016-08-12|access-date=2018-12-12|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!9
|[[File:Barkatullah_Khan.jpg|75px]]
|[[Barkatullah Khan]]
|11 October 1973 (52)
|[[Rajasthan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Jaipur]]
|Cardiac arrest
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barkatullah Khan Dies; Rafasthan's Minister, 53 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/12/archives/barkatullah-khan-dies-rajasthans-minister-53.html |access-date=2020-04-24 |website=The New York Times |date=12 October 1973 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!10
|[[File:Sheikh_Abdullah_1988.jpg|75px]]
|[[Sheikh Abdullah]]
|8 September 1982 (76)
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|[[Srinagar]]
|Physical illness
|<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/forty-years-ago-sheikh-abdullah-dies-8139562/ 40 years ago Sheikh Abdullah dies]</ref>
|-
!11
|[[File:MGR_portrait,_from_2017_Stamp.jpg|75px]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]]
|24 December 1987 (70)
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Full party name with color| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Madras]]
|Kidney failure
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Sri Kantha|first=Sachi|author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha|date=8 April 2015|title=M.G.R. Remembered – Part 26|url=http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-26/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816105803/http://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-26/|archive-date=16 August 2017|access-date=19 May 2017|website=[[Sangam.org]]}}</ref>
|-
!12
|
|[[Chimanbhai Patel]]
|17 February 1994 (64)
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|Cardiac arrest
|<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19940315-chimanbhai-patel-widow-and-second-in-command-compete-to-don-his-mantle-808865-1994-03-14 Chimanbhai patel widow and second in command compete to don his mantle]</ref>
|-
!13
|[[File:Beant_Singh_2013_stamp_of_India_(cropped).png|75px]]
|[[Beant Singh (politician)|Beant Singh]]
|31 August 1995 (73)
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|Bomb blast
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ujagar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1T3-EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22beant+singh%22+%22namdhari%22&pg=PA124 |title=Beant Singh - An Untold Story of his Assassination |publisher=BFC Publications |isbn=978-93-5764-988-9 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!14
|[[File:Hiteswar Saikia with Shankar Dayal Sharma (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Hiteswar Saikia]]
|22 April 1996 (61)
|[[Assam]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|Cardiac arrest
|<ref>[https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/assam-22nd-death-anniversary-hiteswar-saikia-396425-2018-04-22 Assam, 22nd death anniversary of Hiteswar Saikia]</ref>
|-
!15
|[[File:YS_Rajasekhara_Reddy_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg|75px]]
|[[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh helicopter crash|2 September 2009]] (60)
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Kurnool]]
|Helicopter crash
|<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Rajasekhara-Reddy-four-others-killed-in-helicopter-crash/article16878911.ece Rajashekhara Reddy and four others killed in helicopter crash]</ref>
|-
!16
|[[File:Dorjee_Khandu.jpg|75px]]
|[[Dorjee Khandu]]
|30 April 2011 (56)
|[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Tawang district|Tawang]]
|Helicopter crash
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Arunachal CM Dorjee Khandu killed in chopper crash|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-04/india/29508455_1_chopper-crash-handique-helicopter-crash|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105091239/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-04/india/29508455_1_chopper-crash-handique-helicopter-crash|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|accessdate=5 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 May 2011}}</ref>
|-
!17
|[[File:Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.jpg|75px]]
|[[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]
|7 January 2016 (79)
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}
|[[New Delhi]]
|Multiple-organ failure
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mufti-mohammad-sayeed-dies-jammu-and-kashmir/ |title=Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir, passes away at AIIMS Delhi |date=7 January 2016 |newspaper=Indian Express }}</ref>
|-
!18
|[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|75px]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|[[Death and state funeral of J. Jayalalithaa|5 December 2016]] (68)
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|{{Full party name with color| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Chennai]]
|Cardiac arrest
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece|title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 December 2021|access-date=23 March 2025|archive-date=20 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720030410/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!19
|[[File:The official photograph of the Union Minister for Defence, Shri Manohar Parrikar.jpg|75px]]
|[[Manohar Parrikar]]
|17 March 2019 (63)
|[[Goa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Panaji]]
|Pancreatic cancer
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamat |first1=Prakash |title=President Ram Nath Kovind announces death of Goa Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/goa-chief-minister-manohar-parrikar-critical/article26559334.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 March 2019 |access-date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907144219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/goa-chief-minister-manohar-parrikar-critical/article26559334.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Former states==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
! S. No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Date of death (age)
! State
! colspan="2" |Political party
! Place of death
! Cause of death
! Ref.
|-
!1
|[[File:Col. Raghbir Singh.jpg|75px]]
|[[Raghbir Singh (politician)|Raghbir Singh]]
|12 January 1955 (60)
|[[PEPSU|Patiala and East Punjab State Union]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Patiala]]
|N/A
|<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/biography-of-ex-pepsu-cm-col-raghbir-singh-released-in-chandigarh-101668977525337.html Biography of ex pepsu cm col. Raghbir Singh released in Chandigarh.]</ref>
|}

==Before independence==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|-
! S. No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Date of death (age)
! State
! Title
! colspan="2" |Political party
! Place of death
! Cause of death
! Ref.
|-
!1
|[[File:Sir_Sikandar_Hayat_Khan.png|75px]]
|[[Sikandar Hayat Khan]]
|26 December 1942 (50)
|[[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]
|[[Premier of the Punjab|Premier]]
|{{Full party name with color|Unionist Party (Punjab)}}
|[[Lahore]]
|Heart failure
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-sikandar-hayat-khan|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2018|website=Story Of Pakistan website|title=Profile of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan|access-date=16 January 2023|date=1 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022072944/http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-sikandar-hayat-khan}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of current Indian chief ministers]]
* [[List of longest-serving Indian chief ministers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian chief ministers who died in office}}
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|.]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Lists of politicians who died in office|India]]

Hubballi (film)

2026-04-29T06:02:14Z

YvetteJasso5372: created - done

{{short description|2006 film by Om Prakash Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hubballi
| image = Hubballi (film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Om Prakash Rao]]
| producer = Om Prakash Rao Shankar Gowda
| writer =
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Sudeepa]]|[[Rakshita]]}}
| music = A. R. Hemanth
| cinematography = K. M. Vishnuvardhan
| editing = R. Janardhan
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|11|10}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 169 min
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hubballi''''' is a 2006 [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Om Prakash Rao]] starring [[Sudeepa]] and [[Rakshita]]. Released on 10 November 2006, it features a background score and soundtrack composed by A. R. Hemanth and lyrics by [[Da Ra Bendre]], [[K. Kalyan]] and Padma Hemanth. Sai Entertainment dubbed the film into Hindi as ''Vardee Tujhe Salaam'' in 2008.

== Plot ==
Major Chandrakanth (Ananthavelu) found a man lying by the road while jogging and admitted him to the hospital. It happens to be Sudeep. Sudeep recovers from his injuries and starts to find about himself with the help of Major's daughter Priya (Rakshitha). A stranger notices him and shouts, "Are you still alive?" Sudeep chases him to find out what he means by it, but he escapes to Basappa Ullagaddi (Swasthik Shankar) and tells him about it.

Police arrest Sudeep and Priya to question them. A police officer comes to the station and notices him, surprisingly salutes him. Sudeep is Ajay Kumar Sarnayak. Ajay Kumar regains his memory.

In the flashback, Ajay Kumar Sarnayak, an honest ACP, fights crime. He arrests Basappa Ullagaddi and his companions for smuggling and extortion. Ajay's sister marries Ullagaddi's son. One day they poisoned him and killed his sister. He is saved by Major Chandrakant.

Ajay, regaining his memory, returns to his home and, acting as if he has forgotten everything, plots revenge on Basappa Ullagaddi. On his mother's request, he takes his sister's baby. Ajay plots a kidnapping drama and kills Basappa Ullagaddi and his all companions.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Sudeep]] as ACP Ajay Kumar Sarnayak, Assistant Commissioner of Police
*[[Rakshita]] as Priya
*Ananthavelu as Major Chandrakanth (Priya's father)
*[[Srinivas Prabhu]] as Dr. Ramakrishna
*Swasthik Shankar as Basappa Ullagadi Bhatt
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Anna, a local rowdy
*[[Bullet Prakash]] as Anna's henchman
*Thimme Gowda
*Ravi Chetan as Basappa Ullagadi's son
*Dharma as Raghu, Basappa Ullagadi's son & Ajay Kumar's brother in law
*Shankar Gowda as Basappa Ullagadi's Elder son
*[[Chithra Shenoy]] as Ajay Kumar's mother
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*Vijaya Sarathi
*[[Mandeep Roy]] as Police constable
*[[Vaijanath Biradar]]
*Tharakesh Patel as Susheel, Ajay Kumar's subordinate
*[[Shobhraj]] as Kotari, weapon dealer
*Dharanendrayya
*[[Lohithaswa]] as DGP of Police
*Lakshman Rao as IG
*Badri Narayan
*Killer Venkatesh as Ullagadi's brother
*G. K. Govinda Rao
*Shankar Bhat
*Mallesh Gowda
*Rajashekhar Kotian
*Amarnath Aaradhya
*[[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
*Shailaja Joshi
*Megha Bhagavatar
*Padmini
*Hubli Manjula
*Sangeetha Shetty
{{Colend}}

==Production==
The film's ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' took place on 7 December 2005 with actor [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] did the clap for the first shot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_hubballi.asp|title=Hubballi - Om Prakash Rao's latest venture.|work=[[Viggy.com]]|access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref> ''Hubballi'' marks the third collaboration of [[Sudeep]] with [[Om Prakash Rao]] after ''[[Huchcha]]'' and ''[[Partha (film)|Partha]]''. This film's opening scene where [[Sudeepa]] acting as a completely memory loss man, is loosely adapted from Tamil movie ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' (2005). Most of the scenes were borrowed from Tamil movie ''[[Vallarasu]]'' (2000) including the half climax in which Sudeepa kills his brother-in-law.

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by A. R. Hemanth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/hubballi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1813366405|title=Hubballi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2006|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Hubballi
| type = soundtrack
| artist = A. R. Hemanth
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 September 2006
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:56
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = A.R Hemanth
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Innu Yaka Baralillava
| extra1= [[Shamitha Malnad]], Adarsh Aditya
| title2= Saaniya O Saaniya
| extra2 = Nanditha, Badri Prasad
| title3= Pallaki Myala
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Spipriya
| title4= Salamya Smile
| extra4 = [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| title5= Ninna Manssigendu
| extra5 = [[Nanditha]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| lyrics5 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| title6 = Kannada Nadina
| extra6 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
}}

==Reception==
RG Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "''Hubballi'' is enjoyable only for Sudeep's performance and Rakshitha's comedy timing, but it requires a lot of patience to sit through the lengthy stunts and melodrama in the second half".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/10hubb.htm|title=Hubbali is an anticlimax|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref>

==Box office==
This film was a box office success becoming one of the [[highest-grossing]] Kannada movies of 2006.

== Home media ==
The film is available on [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnxt.com/kannada-movie-hubli-2006/detail/7830|title=Hubli|work=[[Sun NXT]]|access-date=21 April 2026}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2953786}}
{{Om Prakash Rao}}
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Prakash Rao]]
[[Category:2006 action thriller films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Vengara Gram Panchayat

2026-04-28T17:23:11Z

YvetteJasso5372:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Vengara Grama Panchayat''' is [[Gram panchayat|grama panchayat]] in [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vengara Panchayat |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/website/web?page=%2C%2C%2C57 |website=lsgkerala.gov.in |publisher=Department of LSG, [[Government of Kerala]] |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref> It is situated in ''Vengara'' village in ''Thiroorangadi'' taluk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vengara panchayat |url=https://malappuram.nic.in/panchayats/ |website=malappuram.nic.in |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]], Ministry Of Electronics & Information Technology, [[Government Of India]] |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref> This panchayat was the largest panchayat in Malappuram district and was divided into ''Vengara'' and ''Kannamangalam'' in 1999-2000 [[Financial Year|year]]. The current geographical area of the panchayat is 18.66 km2 . Though 70% of people in the panchyat depends upon agriculture, the income source is overseas jobs. N.T. Abdul Nazer serves as the President of the Vengara Grama Panchayat from 27th December 2025

== History ==
Vengara panchayat is situated 16 km away from [[Malappuram]] district headquarters. There were separate panchayats existed between 1954–55 in the ''Valiyora'' and ''Kannamangalam'' portions of the Malabar District Board. There were no [[election]]s conducted for president of panchayat during that time. The panchayat president was elected by the voters by raising their hands.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Formation of Panchayat ===
Vengara panchayat was constituted on 11 December 1961 by including ''Vengara'', ''Kannamangalam'' villages and by merging ''Valiyora and Kannamangalam'' panchayats. This was headquartered at [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]]. There were 11 wards at the initial time. The first election was in 1964. Shri. Chakkeri Ahmed Kutti Sahib who later became the Minister of Education in [[Government of Kerala]] served as the first president.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Partition ===
For many geographical and demographic reasons, the development process of Vengara Panchayat was more in [[Vengara, Malappuram district|Vengara]] when comparing to other places in the panchayat. Due to the low population density of Kannamangalam, it did not achieve significant development until 1995. Due to this, government divided this panchayat into ''Vengara'' and ''Kannamangalam'' on 2 December 2000. In the next election, Shri. Kallan Muhammed and Shri. K Saitalavi was elected as the President and vice president respectively.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

== First governing body ==
The first governing body was elected for 1964–69 years. Chakkiri Ahmed Kutti was the president and the other members are as follows:

* P. P. Mohammed Kutty
* P Moideenkutty
* TK Muhammad
* A. Kunjali Haji
* Maliyakeel Abdullah Haji
* A. Kunjikoya Kutty
* Paranjodham Kunjimohaji
* K.K. T Mohammed Haji
* V. K Ahmed Kutty Haji

== Boundaries ==

* North: ''Kannamangalam'' Panchayat
* South: ''Parapur'' panchayat, [[Kadalundi River]]
* East : ''Oorakam'' panchayat
* West :''A. R. Nagar'' Panchayat

== Wards ==
Panchayat currently comprises 23 wards:<ref name=wards>{{cite web |title=List of wards |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2015/962 |website=lsgkeral.gov.in |publisher=Department of LSG, [[Government of Kerala]] |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>

* ''Kolapuram East''
* ''Kuttur North''
* ''Poonkoodaya''
* ''KUTTUR SOUTH''
* ''Balikkad''
* ''Kannadippatti''
* ''Gandhikunnu''
* ''Vengara Town''
* ''Nelliparamba''
* ''Areakulam''
* ''Kuruvilkandu''
* ''Chenakkal''
* ''Manchemmad''
* ''Puthanangadi''
* ''Muthalamadu''<ref>{{cite web |title=Muthalamadu |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/muthalamadu/id/10727 |website=www.keralatourism.org |publisher=Department of tourism, [[Government of Kerala]] |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>
* ''Adaykapura''
* ''Pandikashala''
* ''Mannilpulakkal''
* ''Kacherippadi''
* ''Parampilpati''
* ''Pangattukandu''
* ''Pathummochi''
* ''Kooriyad''<ref name=wards />

== Education ==
The people in panchayat majorly focused in religional education along with general education. Several persons worked for the education here. The most prominent among them were Chakkiri Ahmed Kutti.

=== History of education ===
Until 1958, there were only 13 LP schools with 5th standard and one higher elementary school with 8th standard in the panchayat. The first Kerala government led by [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] granted a high school to Vengara in 1958. Due to the lack of suitable space to build a school in Vengara this school was set up in Neduparamba in Orakam Panchayath. This school is still known as Vengara school.

=== Educational institutions ===
There are six LP schools, four UP schools, one Higher Secondary School and one Vocational Higher Secondary School in Vengara Panchayath. Out of these, one LP school, two UP schools and one vocational higher secondary school are in the government sector. The rest are under private management. There are also some unaided schools and a few parallel colleges situated in here.

==== Schools ====
There are several schools in this panchayat including.<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools (polling stations) in Vengara |url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/POLLINGSTATION/AC041.pdf |website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, [[Kerala]] |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>

# GLPS Thattancherimala
# AMLPS Kuttoor south
# AMLPS Valiyora
# AMLPS Vengara
# AHMLPS Kuttoor
# SULPS Kuttor
# GUPS Karuaka
# GUPS Valiyora
# AMUPS Valiyora east
# PMSAMUPS Vengara
# GGVHSS Vengara
# KMHSS Kuttoor North<ref>{{cite web |title=Schools in Vengara |url=http://dhsekerala.gov.in/schoolist.aspx?dcode=11 |website=dhsekerala |publisher=Department of Education, [[Government of Kerala]] |accessdate=4 November 2019}}</ref>

== Hospitals ==
There are several hospitals nestles in Vengara panchayat in both public and private sector

* Govt Ayurveda hospital
* Community Health Centre
* IPP Sub centre Valiyora
* IPP Sub centre Pakkadapuraya
* Al Salama Hospital
* Vengara Nursing home
* Noufa Hospital

== Transportation ==
In the past, the main means of transport were the [[oxen]] and the [[boat]]. Now, the Malappuram Parappanangadi road runs through the town of Vengara. [[NH-17]] passes through the boundary of Vengara Panchayat.

== See also ==

* [[Vengara, Malappuram district]]
* [[Kannamangalam, Malappuram]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Parappanangadi area]]

Mysore Swarna Jayanti Express

2026-04-26T16:04:22Z

YvetteJasso5372: Stub

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mysuru Swarna Jayanti Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Swarna Jayanti Express]]
| locale = [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] and [[Delhi]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction||Mysuru Junction}} (MYS)
| stops = 30
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)
| distance = {{convert|2622|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 45 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12781 / 12782
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:Swarnajayanthi Express (Mysore - H.Nizamuddin) Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12781 / 12782 '''Mysuru Swarna Jayanti Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} via {{rws|Miraj Junction}} in India. This train is also comes under the [[Swarna Jayanti Express]] trains series. It shares its rakes with 22681/22682 Mysore - Chennai Central Weekly Superfast Express

It operates as train number 12781 from Mysore Junction to Hazrat Nizamuddin and as train number 12782 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]].

==Coaches==
The 12781 / 82 Swarna Jayanti Express and 22681/82 Chennai Superfast Express has

* 1 AC First Cum AC Two Tier
* 2 AC Two Tier
* 5 AC Three Tier
* 7 Sleeper Class
* 1 Pantry Car
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 Luggage Cum Disabled Coach
* 1 End On Generator Car
<ref>[http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/electric-engine-service-began-on-pune-daund-railway-route-1319353/], ''loksatta.com'', 16 October 2016</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 12781 Mysore Junction–Hazrat Nizamuddin Swarna Jayanti Express covers the distance of {{convert|2622|km|0|abbr=on}} in 45 hours 00 mins (58 km/h) and in 47 hours 05 mins as the 12782 Hazrat Nizamuddin– Mysore Junction Swarna Jayanti Express (56 km/h).<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/521642/cleaning-service-trains-fast-track.html], ''deccanherald.com'', 7 January 2016</ref>

As the average speed of the train is higher than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 12781 / 82 Swarna Jayanti Express runs from Mysore Junction via {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Kadur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hubli Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}} to Hazrat Nizamuddin.

==Traction==
As the route is fully electrified, a [[Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive pulls the train up to its destination.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/mysuru-delhi-hazrat-nizamuddin-swarna-jayanti-sf-express-12781/1599/1430/748 12781 Swarna Jayanti Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/delhi-hazrat-nizamuddin-mysuru-swarna-jayanti-sf-express-12782/1600/748/1430 12782 Swarna Jayanti Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Railways in Central India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mysore-Hazrat Nizamuddin Swarna Jayanti Express}}
[[Category:Swarna Jayanti Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Sudhakar Cherukuri

2026-04-26T13:15:59Z

YvetteJasso5372:

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sudhakar Cherukuri
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sudhakar Cherukuri
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| birth_date = 16 October
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
| yearsactive = 2018–present
| known_for =
| children =
}}

'''Sudhakar Cherukuri''' is an Indian film producer who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He is the founder of '''Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Cinemas''' (also referred to as '''SLV Cinemas'''), a major film production house in the Telugu film industry.

Cherukuri started his film career producing the 2018 Telugu-language film ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]''. His filmography as producer includes ''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]'' (2022), ''[[Virata Parvam]]'' (2022), ''[[Ramarao on Duty]]'' (2022), ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' (2023), ''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]'' (2023), and ''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]'' (2026).

== Early life and background ==
Cherukuri was born in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India.<ref name="Sudhakar Cherukuri">{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Producer Sudhakar Cherukuri: Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu will make you go nostalgic about your family time in villages |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-producer-sudhakar-cherukuri-aadavallu-meeku-johaarlu-will-make-you-go-nostalgic-about-your-family-time-in-villages/bac42867d0823 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> He comes from an agricultural background, with his father working as a farmer, and spent his early years in a village.<ref name="Sudhakar Cherukuri"/> He grew up in a large joint family environment, which he has described as vibrant and influential in shaping his perspectives.<ref name="Sudhakar Cherukuri"/> From first grade, he spent much of his life in hostels for education, including time studying in [[Davanagere]] (near [[Ballari]] on the [[Andhra Pradesh]]-[[Karnataka]] border).<ref name="Sudhakar Cherukuri"/> His interest in Telugu cinema developed during his teenage years, particularly around tenth grade and intermediate education, when he and friends would travel long distances to watch films featuring stars like [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Venkatesh Daggubati|Venkatesh]], and [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]].<ref name="Sudhakar Cherukuri"/>

He lived in the [[United States]] from 1998 to 2006, where he ran an IT company. He returned to India in 2006, motivated by his longstanding passion for cinema and insights from friends in the film industry.<ref name="Sudhakar Cherukuri"/>

== Career ==
Cherukuri made his debut as a producer with the 2018 Telugu-language [[romantic drama]] film ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' directed by [[Hanu Raghavapudi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-07-28 |title='Padi Padi Leche Manasu' release date announced |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/padi-padi-leche-manasu-release-date-announced-85590 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> He then produced ''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]'' (2022) by [[Kishore Tirumala]]. Later he produced a period film ''[[Virata Parvam]]'' (2022) by [[Venu Udugula]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-21 |title=Rana Daggubati to play a Naxalite in Virataparvam, will begin shooting in November |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rana-daggubati-naxalite-virataparvam-6080038/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His last production in the same year was ''[[Ramarao on Duty]]'' starring [[Ravi Teja]] and directed by [[Sarath Mandava]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-05 |title=Ravi Teja’s ‘Ramarao on Duty’ on OTT Platform: Release date, where to watch, cast and plot |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/ravi-teja-s-ramarao-on-duty-on-ott-platform-release-date-where-to-watch-cast-and-plot-1996620-2022-09-05 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he produced ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' starring [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] and directed by [[Srikanth Odela]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-01-30 |title=Nani's 'Dasara' teaser is out, slated for theatrical release in multiple languages |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2023/Jan/30/nanis-dasara-teaser-is-out-slated-fortheatrical-release-in-multiple-languages-2542763.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was a commercial success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-11 |title=Dasara: Nani's first $2M earner, worldwide gross of 110 Cr in 12 days |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/dasara-nanis-first-2m-earner-worldwide-gross-of-110-cr-in-12-days-792315 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Later he produced ''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]'' (2023), directed by Pawan Basamsetti.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-19 |title=Naga Shaurya, Pawan Basamsetti, Sudhakar Cherukuri, SLV Cinemas Rangabali Second Single Kala Kantu Unte is out now |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/naga-shaurya-pawan-basamsetti-sudhakar-cherukuri-slv-cinemas-rangabali-second-single-kala-kantu-unte-is-out-now-804100 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2026, he produced ''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]'' with his second collaboration with Teja and Tirumala.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-20 |title=Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi teaser: Ravi Teja navigates a messy love triangle |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/19/bhartha-mahasayulaku-wignyapthi-teaser-ravi-teja-navigates-a-messy-love-triangle |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

His next production is ''The Paradise'' marking the second collaboration with Nani and Odela.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-08-08 |title=Nani fierce new look from ‘The Paradise’ unveiled |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nani-fierce-new-look-from-the-paradise-unveiled-995084 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Then he will collaborate with [[Dulquer Salmaan]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] for an untitled romantic film directed by Ravi Nelakuditi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-09-10 |title=Pooja Hegde officially onboards Dulquer Salmaan’s next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/10/pooja-hegde-officially-onboards-dulquer-salmaans-next |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film marks SLV Cinemas production house's milestone 10th venture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-09-11 |title=Pooja Hegde officially onboards Dulquer Salmaan’s next |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Sep/11/pooja-hegde-officially-onboards-dulquer-salmaans-next |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Additionally he will produce [[Chiranjeevi]]'s next film directed by Odela.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-12-04 |title=Chiranjeevi teams up with Srikanth Odela for a high-voltage action drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/chiranjeevi-teams-up-with-srikanth-odela-for-a-high-voltage-action-drama-927021 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> His upcoming productions include ''KJQ'' by Kiran Kumar, ''Simba'' by [[Prasanth Varma]] and ''VS13'' by Sreedhar Ganta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-04-30 |title=KJQ teaser: A violent gangster saga with three main players |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/30/kjq-teaser-a-violent-gangster-saga-with-three-main-players |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2024 |title=Nandamuri Balakrishna's Son Mokshagna Teja To Debut With This Telugu Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nandamuri-balakrishnas-son-mokshagna-teja-to-debut-with-this-telugu-film-9047235.html |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=[[News 18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Vishwak Sen’s New Movie #VS13 Launched! The Actor Plays A Cop In The Action Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/vishwak-sens-new-movie-vs13-launched-the-actor-plays-a-cop-in-the-action-drama-article-112551150 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Films produced or co-produced by SLV Cinemas
! Year !! Title !! Director !! Notes !! Ref(s)
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' || [[Hanu Raghavapudi]] || || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-06 |title='Padi Padi Leche Manasu' first look released on Sharwanand's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/padi-padi-leche-manasu-first-look-released-on-sharwanands-birthday/articleshow/63187340.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]'' || [[Kishore Tirumala]] || || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-03 |title=Sudhakar Cherukuri: ఆ తప్పులు మళ్లీ రిపీట్ చేయట్లేదు అంటున్నా శర్వానంద్ నిర్మాత {{!}} Producer Sudhakar Cherukuri About Sharwanad Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu Movie {{!}} Tollywood News Today |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/producer-sudhakar-cherukuri-about-sharwanad-aadavallu-meeku-johaarlu-movie-78183 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.hmtvlive.com |language=te}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Virata Parvam]]'' || [[Venu Udugula]] || Co-produced with [[Suresh Productions]] || <ref>{{Cite web |last=CH |first=Murali Krishna |date=2020-05-12 |title=Virata Parvam's climax to spring a surprise |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/May/12/virata-parvams-climax-to-spring-a-surprise-18415.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Ramarao on Duty]]'' || [[Sarath Mandava]] || Co-produced with RT Team Works || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2021-07-19 |title=Divyansha Kaushik and Rajisha Vijayan join the cast of Ravi Teja's Ramarao On Duty |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/divyansha-kaushik-rajisha-vijayan-join-cast-ravi-tejas-ramarao-duty/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' || [[Srikanth Odela]] || || <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-25 |title=Natural Star Nani, Srikanth Odela, Sudhakar Cherukuri's 'Dasara' Teaser to release on January 30th |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/natural-star-nani-srikanth-odela-sudhakar-cherukuris-dasara-teaser-to-release-on-january-30th/articleshow/97315753.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]'' || Pawan Basamsetti || || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-01 |title=Rangabali gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Aug/01/rangabali-gets-ott-release-date-46161.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]'' || [[Kishore Tirumala]] || || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-21 |title=Sudhakar Cherukuri: Ravi Teja was very keen about a Sankranthi release for BMW |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/21/sudhakar-cherukuri-ravi-teja-was-very-keen-about-a-sankranthi-release-for-bmw |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ! scope="row" align="left" style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''The Paradise'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || [[Srikanth Odela]] || Filming || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-08 |title=Nani as Jadal in The Paradise |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/natural-star-nani-as-jadal-in-the-paradise-1896254 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| TBA || ! scope="row" align="left" style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''DQ41'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || Ravi Nelakuditi || Filming, 10th production || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulquer Salmaan and Pooja Hegde team up for Telugu romantic drama |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/dulquer-salmaan-pooja-hegde-team-for-telugu-romantic-drama-23444506?button=next |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Mid-day}}</ref>
|-
| TBA || ! scope="row" align="left" style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''ChiruOdela'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || [[Srikanth Odela]] || Co-produced with Unanimous Productions || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=Chiranjeevi to star in Dasara director Srikanth Odela’s next; Nani to present the project |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/chiranjeevi-to-star-in-dasara-director-srikanth-odelas-next-nani-to-present-the-project-9704813/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| TBA || ! scope="row" align="left" style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''KJQ'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || Kiran Kumar || Filming || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-02-20 |title=Dheekshith Shetty's next titled King Jackie Queen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/20/dheekshith-shettys-next-titled-king-jackie-queen-52227.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| TBA || ! scope="row" align="left" style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Simba'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || [[Prasanth Varma]] || Presented by Legend Productions || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2024-09-06 |title=Hanu-Man filmmaker Prasanth Varma announces Simba with Nandamuri Balakrishna’s son Mokshagnya |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/hanu-man-filmmaker-prasanth-varma-announces-simba-nandamuri-balakrishnas-son-mokshagnya/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| TBA || ! scope="row" align="left" style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''VS13'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || Sreedhar Ganta || Filming || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-06 |title=Vishwak Sen's joins hands with debutant Sreedhar Ghanta for his next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Aug/06/vishwak-sens-joins-hands-with-debutant-sreedhar-ghanta-for-his-next |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Film !! Result !! Ref(s)
|-
| [[3rd IIFA Utsavam|2024]] || [[IIFA Utsavam]] || Best Picture || rowspan=3 | ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'' || {{won}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-09-28 |title=Nani wins IIFA award for best actor Telugu for Dasara |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nani-wins-iifa-award-for-best-actor-telugu-for-dasara |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2024]] || [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]] || {{nom}} || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Telugu 2024 are out! {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-telugu-2024-are-out-67264.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]] || [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] || [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]] || {{nom}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-07-17 |title=SIIMA 2024 Nominations Revealed: Nani's Dasara and Rajinikanth Starrer Jailer Lead with 11 Nominations Each |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/siima-2024-nominations-revealed-nanis-dasara-and-rajinikanth-starrer-jailer-lead-with-11-nominations-each-enn24071700580 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm8025342}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]
[[Category:Film producers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Film people from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi

2026-04-19T12:50:25Z

YvetteJasso5372: Created new data.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox historical event
| title = Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi
| image =File:The President, Smt. Droupadi Murmu administers the Oath of Office and Secrecy to the Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi during the swearing-in ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on June 09, 2024 (5).jpg
| caption =
Prime Minister of India, with President Droupadi Murmu administering the oath.
| location = [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6143|77.199|display=inline,title}}
| Participants = [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Narendra Modi]] [[Third Modi ministry]] {{center|''Assuming office''}}[[President of India]], [[Droupadi Murmu]]{{center|''Administering oath''}}
| Date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2024|06|09}}
|notes={{Succession links|left=[[Second oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi|2019]]}}
}}
{{Narendra Modi series}}
[[Narendra Modi]] was inaugurated for the third term as [[Prime Minister of India]] on 9 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi to take oath as PM on June 9, time of swearing in revealed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/narendra-modi-to-take-oath-as-pm-on-june-9-at-this-time-101717774065117.html |access-date=7 June 2024 |agency=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
The ceremony was held in the forecourt of [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].
Along with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, 71 other members of the [[Third Modi ministry]] took the oath of office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-team-modi-to-be-sworn-in-72-ministers-11-allies-24-states-5852781|title=Modi 3.0 With 72 Ministers Takes Oath, 9 New Faces In Cabinet|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

{{quote box
|title= Oath of office
|quote= I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as a Prime Minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, afection or ill-will.
|source= [[Constitution of India]], Third Schedule, Part I
|width=33%
}}
{{quote box
| title = Oath of secrecy
| quote = I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or, solemnly affirm) that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration, or shall become known to me as a Prime Minister for the Union, except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Prime Minister.
| source = [[Constitution of India]], Third Schedule, Part II
| width = 33%
}}
[[File:Rashtrapati_Bhavan_Wide_New_Delhi_India.jpg|thumb|Forecourt of Rashtrapati Bhavan, the venue for Swearing-in ceremony.]]

==Background==
{{main|2024 Indian general election}}
BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] won a majority in the lower house [[Lok Sabha]] after the [[2024 Indian general election]], winning 293 out of the 543 seats in Lok Sabha. After being elected as the [[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]] and prime minister candidate by the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] parliamentary board on 7 June, [[Narendra Modi]] was invited by the [[President of India]] [[Droupadi Murmu]] to form the government along with his council of ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India’s president invites Modi to head new coalition government, swearing-in on Sunday |url=https://kathmandupost.com/world/2024/06/07/india-s-president-invites-modi-to-head-new-coalition-government-swearing-in-on-sunday |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

==Invitees==
{{main|Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government}}

*{{flag|Bangladesh}}: Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]].<ref name="leaders">{{cite news |title=Leaders to converge for PM Modi's swearing-in ceremony, emphasising India's neighbourhood first policy |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/2024/06/08/leaders-to-converge-for-pm-modis-swearing-in-ceremony-emphasising-indias-neighbourhood-first-policy |access-date=8 June 2024 |agency=The Star}}</ref>
*{{flag|Bhutan}}: Prime Minister [[Tshering Tobgay]].<ref name="leaders"/>
*{{Flag|Maldives}}: President [[Mohamed Muizzu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=President Dr Muizzu accepts the invitation to Prime Minister Modi's swearing-in ceremony |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/30987 |access-date=8 June 2024 |agency=[[The President's Office]]}}</ref>
*{{flag|Mauritius}}: Prime Minister [[Pravind Jugnauth]].<ref name="leaders"/>
*{{flag|Nepal}}: Prime Minister [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]].<ref name="leaders"/>
*{{flag|Seychelles}}: Vice President [[Ahmed Afif]].<ref name="leaders"/>
*{{flag|Sri Lanka}}: President [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Full list of world leaders invited to Narendra Modi's swearing-in ceremony |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/world-leaders-invited-to-narendra-modi-s-swearing-in-ceremony-full-list-124060800416_1.html |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Narendra Modi}}
[[Category:2020s in New Delhi]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Ceremonies in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi]]
[[Category:Oaths]]
[[Category:State ritual and ceremonies]]
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Inaugural addresses]]
[[Category:Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi administration]]
[[Category:2024 in international relations]]

Vichar Nag

2026-04-19T10:22:39Z

YvetteJasso5372: Created data

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2014}}

'''Vichar Nag''' ({{IPA|ur|ʋɪt͡ʃɑːrnɑːɡ}} ; {{IPA|ks|ʋʲat͡saːrnaːɡ}}) is a locality located on the suburbs of [[Srinagar]] that gets its name from an ancient [[Shiva temple]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Colin |title=Kashmir. Ruins of an old Hindu Temple at Vitcher Nag near Srinagar. Now used as a Mahomedan burial ground |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/k/019pho0000981s1u00043000.html |website=www.bl.uk |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104093219/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/k/019pho0000981s1u00043000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Famous [[Anchar Lake]] is close to this. Vichar Nag is mentioned several times in the history of Kashmir, including the famous 'Rajtaragni' by [[Kalhan]].<ref name="Heritage">{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Farooq |title=Vichar Nag drain threatening heritage site |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/vichar-nag-drain-threatening-heritage-site |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Vichar Nag Temple 1.jpg|thumb|right|Vichar Nag Temple]]

== Vichar Nag Temple ==
Vichar Nag has spring and two old Shiva temples.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

[[File:Vicharnagtemple2.jpg|thumb|right|Dharamshala in ruins]]

===History===
Vichar Nag was seat of discussion (hence the name, Vichar) and it was in this temple that Kashmiri Brahmins used to discuss Panchang. It is said Jagat Guru Shankaracharya also visited this temple for discussion.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Kashmir has been always a seat of learning and it is believed that The 2nd Fourth Buddhist Council (Sarvastivada tradition) is said to have been convened by the Kushan emperor Kanishka (r. 127-151 CE), perhaps in 78 CE at Vichar Nag in Kashmir.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Before 1990, on Chaitra Amavasiya, the last day of Kashmiri calendar, a festival was celebrated at this place. On this day, devotees used to take a bath in the holy spring and there after performed puja in the Shiva Temple known as ‘Vichar Saheb’.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}
===Architecture===
One temple is made of chiselled and dressed devri stones. There are two springs with the main big spring as the centre of attraction and sanctity. The spring has a length of 430 feet and breadth of 35 feet. Big sized ‘Devri’ stones have been used for construction of stairs to the spring on the west and south sides. There is no access on north and east sides.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

In the middle of the spring there is a stone cylinder of about 3 feet height with a [[Shivalingam]] resting on it. Before the exodus of Kashmir Pandits in 1990 the water from the spring used to come out in the shape of a small brook, joining the other brook called ‘Mukhta Pukhri'. After covering a sizeable distance the water used to flow into Lake Anchar.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

[[File:Vicharnagtemplepanaroma.jpg|thumb|right|Panoramic Shot of the Vichar Nag Temple]]

==== Current situation ====
Till early 1990s from the time immemorial, the spring water contained many fish. The other feature of the spring is that the water turns ice cold in summer and lukewarm in winter.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

The 1990s saw the exodus of almost all the Hindus of Vicharnag and the temple went into disrepair due to lack of maintenance.<ref name="Heritage" /> In the vicinity of Vichar Nag, there were many springs earlier, which have been lost over the time, largely due to encroachments by the local population.
[[File:Vicharnagtempledharamshal.jpg|thumb|right|Dharamshala in ruins]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}3.The Temple is not used for any burial mentioned by Wright, Colin. This information is baseless.
[[Category:Srinagar]]

Lucknow Cantonment Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:49:00Z

YvetteJasso5372: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lucknow Cantonment
| mla = [[Brajesh Pathak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Brajesh Pathak.jpg
| incumbent_image_size =
| constituency_no = 175
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,68,156
| map_image = 175-Lucknow Cantonment.svg
| map_caption =
| loksabha_cons = [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
}}

'''Lucknow Cantt.''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the cantonment part of the city of [[Lucknow]] in [[Lucknow district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

Lucknow Cantt. is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 175 amongst 403 constituencies.

Currently this constituency is represented by Brajesh Pathak, who won in [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. The current MLA of this constituency is also serving as the Deputy Chief Minister of the [[Uttar Pradesh|state]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Lucknow Cantt Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/lucknow-cantt.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Shyam Manohar Misra
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Balak Ram Vaish
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Badri Prasad Awasthi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Sachchidanand
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Charan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Krishna Kant Misra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |Premavati Tiwari
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |Satish Bhatia
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2019^
|[[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Brajesh Pathak]]
|}
^ denotes bypoll

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lucknow Cantonment<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Brajesh Pathak]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108147}}
|percentage = 54.7
|change = +3.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Surendra Singh Gandhi 'Raju Gandhi'
|votes = {{formatnum:68635}}
|percentage = 34.71
|change = +1.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anil Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:10426}}
|percentage = 5.27
|change = -8.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dilpreet Singh Virk
|votes = {{formatnum:6510}}
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1217}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:39512}}
|percentage = 19.99
|change = +1.96
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:197716}}
|percentage = 53.7
|change = +2.81
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title=2019 By-election: Lucknow Cantonment<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |accessdate=9 January 2024 |date=25 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 56,684
|percentage = 51.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Major Ashish Chaturvedi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 21,256
|percentage = 19.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dilpreet Singh Virk
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19,445
|percentage = 17.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Arun Dwivedi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 10,709
|percentage = 9.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,368
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,428
|percentage = 31.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,11,079
|percentage = 28.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Lucknow Cantonment<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/lucknow-cantt.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:95402}}
|percentage = 50.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Aparna Yadav]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:61606}}
|percentage = 32.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yogesh Dixit
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:26036}}
|percentage = 13.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1150}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33796}}
|percentage = 18.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187433}}
|percentage = 50.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election]]: Lucknow Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Rita Bahuguna Joshi]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63,052
|percentage = 38.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 41,299
|percentage = 25.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Naveen Chandra Dwivedi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 28,851
|percentage = 17.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Suresh Chauhan
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 22,544
|percentage = 13.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Avinash Kumar Srivastava
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 671
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 21,753
|percentage = 13.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,61,890
|percentage = 50.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election]]: Lucknow Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 30,444
|percentage = 30.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Arvind Kumar Tripathi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 25,068
|percentage = 25.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sharda Pratap Shukla
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 19,290
|percentage = 19.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Murli Dhar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19,280
|percentage = 19.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shahid Ali
|party = Rashtriya Kranti Party
|votes = 1,024
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5,376
|percentage = 5.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 98,951
|percentage = 29.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2002: Lucknow Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 36,473
|percentage = 40.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sharda Pratap Shukla
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 21,126
|percentage = 23.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajendra Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 20,527
|percentage = 22.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Balbir Singh Saluja
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,134
|percentage = 6.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sridevi Kinner
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,527
|percentage = 3.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 15,347
|percentage = 17.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 90,020
|percentage = 31.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Elections, 1996: Lucknow Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Suresh Chandra Tiwari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 61,836
|percentage = 63.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Raj Kishore Mishra
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 18,050
|percentage = 18.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Subhash Kapoor
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 15,473
|percentage = 15.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Uday Pratap Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 609
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Om Prakash
|party = [[Bhoomi Jotak Samooh|BHJS]]
|votes = 555
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 43,786
|percentage = 45.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 96,888
|percentage = 36.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1993 Lucknow Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Satish Bhatia
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48,898
|percentage = 52.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Gurubux Singh
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 26,852
|percentage = 28.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Premavati Tiwari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15,098
|percentage = 16.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = A. C. Bahuguna
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 712
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vimal Singh
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 371
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 22,046
|percentage = 23.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 93,920
|percentage = 48.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1991: Lucknow Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Satish Bhatia]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 32,159
|percentage = 53.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Premavati Tiwari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15,803
|percentage = 26.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shiva Chand Sahu
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 7,105
|percentage = 11.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rasheed Bhartiya
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,072
|percentage = 3.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Urmila Singh
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 1,681
|percentage = 2.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 16,356
|percentage = 27.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 60,468
|percentage = 27.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1989: Lucknow Cantonment}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Premavati Tiwari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19,204
|percentage = 33.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sachchidanand
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 17,145
|percentage = 30.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = S. C. Bhatia
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 16,196
|percentage = 28.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jawahar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,502
|percentage = 2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Abdul Nasir Naasir
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,145
|percentage = 2.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 2,059
|percentage = 3.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 56,570
|percentage = 26.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lucknow district]]
[[Category:Politics of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Chandubhai Shihora

2026-04-08T14:14:17Z

YvetteJasso5372: starting some info more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandubhai Chhaganbhaiji Shihora
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| native_name = ચંદુભાઈ છગનભાઈ શિહોરા
| native_name_lang = Gj
| country = India
| predecessor = [[Mahendra Munjapara|Dr. Mahendrabhaiji Munjapara]]
| president = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 2024
| vice_president = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_place = [[Surendranagar]], [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]], [[Asia]]
| birth_name = Chandubhai Shihora
| citizenship = {{flag|India}}
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
| nickname = Shihora Bhaiji
| birth_date = 1962
| image = File:Chandubhai Shihora.jpg
| caption = Chandubhai Chhaganbhaiji Shihora, Member of Parliament from Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat state of India
}}

'''Chandubhai Chhaganbhai Shihora'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2024-06-05 |title=कौन हैं तीसरी बार सुरेंद्रनगर सीट BJP की झोली में डालने वाले चंदूभाई? 2.61 लाख वोटों से कांग्रेस के रुत्विकभाई को दी शिकस्त |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/gujarat-chunav/chandubhai-chhaganbhai-shihora-bjp-won-surendranagar-gujarat-over-congress-rutvikbhai-lavjibhai-makwana-in-lok-sabha-election-2024-2654702.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> is an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]], [[Social work|social worker]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency]] as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S069.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> In [[2024 Indian general election]]s, he defeated the [[Rutvik Makwana|Rutvikbhai Makwana]] of [[Indian National Congress]] party by the margin of 2,61,617 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=2024 Gujarat Lok Sabha Election Results: Full list of winners on all 26 seats of Gujarat |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/2024-gujarat-lok-sabha-election-results-full-list-of-winners-on-all-25-seats-of-gujarat-9365707/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chandubhai Shihora was born in a [[agriculturist]] [[Koli people|Koli]] family to Chhaganbhaiji Shihora of [[Surendranagar Dudhrej|Surendranagar]] city of Gujarat in the year 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-05 |title=Surendranagar Lok Sabha Elections 2024: BJP in Pole Position in Constituency Dominated by Koli Community |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/surendranagar-lok-sabha-elections-2024-bjp-in-pole-position-in-constituency-dominated-by-koli-community-8878352.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*President of [[Morbi district|Morbi]] [[List of districts of Gujarat|district]] [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-03-24 |title=Who is Chandubhai Shihora, BJP Lok Sabha candidate for Surendranagar seat |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/03/25/who-is-chandubhai-shihora-bjp-lok-sabha-candidate-for-surendranagar-seat/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>
*2024 - ongoing: [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=સુરેન્દ્રનગરમાં સામાજિક વિરોધો વચ્ચે ચંદુભાઈ શિહોરા વિજેતા |url=https://navgujaratsamay.com/chandubhai-shihora-wins-amid-social-protests-in-surendranagar/248977.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=NavGujarat Samay |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}

*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shihora, Chandubhai Chhaganbhai}}
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
{{Improve categories|date=June 2024}}

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sanjay Kumar Singh (INC politician)

2026-04-04T23:01:33Z

YvetteJasso5372: Created new biography.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Kumar Singh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 2005
| predecessor = [[Rajo Singh]]
| successor = [[Sunila Devi]]
| constituency = [[Sheikhpura Assembly constituency|Sheikhpura]]
| alongside = 
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| monarch =
| president =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| governor-general =
| governor_general =
| succeeding = 
| majority =
| order2 =
| office2 = Minister of Rural Development [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start2 = 2000
| term_end2 = 2003
| alongside2 =
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| lieutenant2 =
| monarch2 =
| president2 =
| governor2 =
| succeeding2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
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| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bihar]]
| death_date = 6 October 2010 
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = 
| spouse = [[Sunila Devi]]
| partner = 
| parents = [[Rajo Singh]] (father) Sharda Devi (mother)
| relations =
| children = [[Sudarshan Kumar]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
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| website =
| footnotes =
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| blank3 =
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| blank4 =
| data4 =
| blank5 =
| data5 =
}}

'''Sanjay Kumar Singh alias Munna Singh''' was an Indian politician from Sheikhpura district of Bihar. He was son of [[Sheikhpura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|former Sheikhpura MLA]] Rajo Singh. He died in 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kashi Prasad|date=Oct 6, 2010|title=Ex-Bihar minister dies after conviction in carnage case {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-bihar-minister-dies-after-conviction-in-carnage-case/articleshow/6694713.cms|access-date=2021-08-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> who was two times [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sheikhpura Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sheikhpura.html|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Elections in India}}</ref> His son represented [[Barbigha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barbigha]] earlier as Candidate of [[Indian National Congress]] but in 2020 Elections he joined [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=Bihar Assembly Election 2020: Sudarshan Kumar's joining JD(U) changed equations in Barbigha Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bihar-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-sudarshan-kumar-s-joining-jd-u-changed-equations-in-barbigha-assembly-constituency/story-Zt6OKSP1hAcs3qQ9bJdqcO.html|access-date=2021-08-15|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]

Libya

2026-03-29T13:27:54Z

YvetteJasso5372: expanded formatting for clarity and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Country in North Africa}}
{{About|the country|other uses|Libya (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = State of Libya{{ref label|unnote|a|}}
| common_name = Libya
| native_name = {{Unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|دولة ليبيا|italics=off}} {{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar| Dawlat Lībiyā}}}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg
| national_anthem = {{lang|ar|ليبيا، ليبيا، ليبيا}} "[[Libya, Libya, Libya]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Libya, Libya, Libya instrumental.ogg]]</div>
| map_width = 220px
| map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Location of Libya}}
| image_map2 = {{switcher|[[File:Libya (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Libya - Location Map (2013) - LBY - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Libya}}
| map2_width = 250px
| capital = [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]<ref name="CIA">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Libya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ |encyclopedia=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=19 August 2024|date=7 August 2024|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 {{Coord|32|52|N|13|11|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]{{ref label|arabicnote|b|}}
| languages_type = Local vernacular
| languages = [[Libyan Arabic]]
| languages2_type = Foreign languages
| languages2 = [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[English language|English]]
| ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}}
* 92% [[Arabs]]
* 5% [[Berbers]]
* 3% others
{{Tree list/end}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |last=Yakan |first=Mohamad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=Almanac of African Peoples and Nations |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-28930-6 |pages=62 |language=en |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501042016/https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups_year = 1999
| religion = {{Tree list}}
* 96.6% [[Islam in Libya|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])
* 2.7% [[Christianity in Libya|Christianity]]
* 0.7% others
{{Tree list/end}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref name="CIA" />
| demonym = [[Demographics of Libya|Libyan]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] republic under a [[provisional government]] ([[Government of National Unity (Libya)|GNU]])
| leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Libya|Chairman]] of the [[Presidential Council (Libya)|Presidential Council]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mohamed al-Menfi]]
| leader_title2 = [[Presidential Council (Libya)|Vice Chairman of the Presidential Council]]
| leader_name2 = [[Musa Al-Koni]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of heads of government of Libya|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh]]{{efn|Disputed with [[Osama Hammad]], head of the [[Government of National Stability]], which is recognised by the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] as the acting Prime Minister of Libya}}
| leader_title4 = [[House of Representatives (Libya)|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]
| leader_name4 = [[Aguila Saleh Issa]]
| legislature = [[High Council of State (Libya)|High Council of State]] [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type =
| established_event1 = [[Ottoman Tripolitania]]
| established_date1 = 1551
| established_event2 = [[Italian Libya|Italian invasion of Libya]]
| established_date2 = 1911
| established_event3 = [[Libyan resistance movement]]
| established_date3 = 1911–1951
| established_event4 = [[Tripolitanian Republic]]
| established_date4 = 16 November 1918
| established_event5 = [[Kingdom of Libya]]
| established_date5 = 24 December 1951
| established_event6 = [[1969 Libyan coup d'état|Coup d'état by Muammar Gaddafi]]
| established_date6 = 1 September 1969
| established_event7 = [[Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
| established_date7 = 2 March 1977
| established_event8 = [[First Libyan Civil War]]
| established_date8 = 17 February 2011
| established_event9 = [[2011 military intervention in Libya|NATO intervention in Libya]]
| established_date9 = 19 March 2011
| established_event10 = [[Second Libyan Civil War|End of Second Libyan Civil War]]
| established_date10 = 23 October 2020
| area_km2 = 1,759,541
| area_rank = 16th
| area_sq_mi = 679,359 
| percent_water =
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 7,361,263<ref name="CIA" />
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_estimate_rank = 103rd
| population_density_km2 = 4.2
| population_density_sq_mi = 10.836
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $123.990 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 96th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $17,760<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 101st
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $47.480 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 95th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,800<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 102nd
| Gini = 
| Gini_year =
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.721
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = decrease
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 115th
| currency = [[Libyan dinar]]
| currency_code = LYD
| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset = +2
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Libya|+218]]
| cctld = [[.ly]] ليبيا.
| footnote_a = {{note|unnote}} United Nations note concerning official name: "Following the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 66/1, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations of a Declaration by the National Transitional Council of 3 August changing the official name of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to 'Libya' and changing Libya's national flag."
| footnote_b = {{note|arabicnote}} The [[official language]] is simply identified as "[[Arabic]]" ([[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration|Constitutional Declaration]], article 1).
| footnote_c = {{note|indepnote}} The UK and France held a [[Condominium (international law)|joint condominium]] over Libya through the [[United Nations Trusteeship Council]].
}}

'''Libya''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Libya.ogg|ˈ|l|ɪ|b|i|ə}} {{respell|LIB|ee|ə}}; {{langx|ar|ليبيا|Lībiyā|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|ar|liː.bi.jaː|pron}}, [[Libyan Arabic]]: {{IPA|[ˈliːb.jæ]|}}. All [[Arabic dialects|spoken dialects]] have only two [[syllables]] and it is normally pronounced as such.}} officially the '''State of Libya''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|دولة ليبيا|Dawlat Lībiyā|engvar=gb}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoL |title=Member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=13 February 2021 |quote=On 22 December 2017, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations that the government is changing the official name of Libya to 'State of Libya.' |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629041240/https://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoL |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |title=Publications Office – Interinstitutional style guide – Annex A5 – List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805170859/http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |archive-date=5 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name="CIA" />}} is a country in the [[Maghreb]] region of [[North Africa]]. It borders the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the north, [[Egypt]] to [[Egypt–Libya border|the east]], [[Sudan]] to [[Libya–Sudan border|the southeast]], [[Chad]] to [[Chad–Libya border|the south]], [[Niger]] to [[Libya–Niger border|the southwest]], [[Algeria]] to [[Algeria–Libya border|the west]], and [[Tunisia]] to [[Libya–Tunisia border|the northwest]]. With an area of almost {{convert|700,000|sqmi|e6km2|abbr=unit|order=flip}}, Libya is the [[List of African countries by area|fourth-largest country in Africa]] and the [[Arab world]], and the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|16th-largest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook (3) Pop., Rate of Pop. Increase, Surface Area & Density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref> The country claims 32,000 square kilometres of southeastern Algeria, south of the Libyan town of [[Ghat, Libya|Ghat]].<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya-Algeria |work=Sovereign Limits |url=https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928171603/https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land |url-status=live }}</ref> The capital and [[List of cities in Libya|largest city]] is [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], located in the northwest and containing over a million of Libya's seven million people.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html |title=Libya Demographics Profile 2014 |website=Indexmundi.com |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084546/http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>

Libya has been inhabited by [[Berber people|Berbers]] since the late [[Bronze Age]] as descendants from [[Iberomaurusian]] and [[Capsian]] cultures. In classical antiquity, the [[Phoenicia]]ns established city-states and trading posts in western Libya, while several [[Cyrenaica|Greek cities]] were established in the East. Parts of Libya were variously ruled by [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginians]], [[Numidia]]ns, [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]], and [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Greeks]] before the entire region became a part of the [[Roman Empire]]. Libya was an [[Early Christianity#Libya|early centre of Christianity]]. After the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]], the area of Libya was mostly occupied by the [[Vandal Kingdom|Vandals]] until the 7th century when [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|invasions]] brought [[Islam]] to the region. From then on, centuries of [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]] shifted the demographic scope of Libya in favour of [[Arabs]]. In the 16th century, the [[Spanish Empire]] and the [[Knights Hospitaller]] occupied Tripoli until [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule [[Ottoman Tripolitania|began in 1551]]. Libya was involved in the [[Barbary Wars]] of the 18th and 19th centuries. Ottoman rule continued until the [[Italo-Turkish War]] in 1911, which resulted in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] occupying Libya and establishing two [[Italian colonization of Libya|colonies]]: [[Italian Tripolitania]] and [[Italian Cyrenaica]], later unified in the [[Italian Libya]] colony from 1934 to 1943.<ref>J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers", pp. 236–245, especially p. 237, in ''General History of Africa, vol. II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1990).</ref>

During [[World War II|World War II]], Libya was an area of warfare in the [[North African Campaign]]. The [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italian population]] then went into decline and Libya became independent as a [[Kingdom of Libya|kingdom]] in 1951. A [[Nonviolent revolution|bloodless]] [[1969 Libyan coup d'état|military coup in 1969]], initiated by a coalition led by Colonel [[Muammar Gaddafi]], overthrew [[Idris of Libya|King Idris I]] and created a [[republic]]. Gaddafi was often described by critics as a [[dictator]], and was one of the world's longest serving non-royal leaders. He [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|ruled]] for 42 years until being overthrown and [[Death of Muammar Gaddafi|killed]] in the [[First Libyan Civil War|2011 civil war]], which was part of the wider [[Arab Spring]], with authority transferred to the [[National Transitional Council]] then to the elected [[General National Congress]].

Since 2011, Libya has been involved in a [[Libyan crisis|political and humanitarian crisis]], and by 2014, two rival authorities claimed to govern Libya, which led to a [[Second Libyan Civil War|second civil war]], with parts of Libya split between separate governments, based in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and [[Tobruk]], as well as various tribal and [[Islamism|Islamist]] militias. The two main warring sides signed a permanent ceasefire in 2020, and a [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|unity government]] took authority to plan for democratic elections, though political rivalries continue to delay this.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=Libya — a tale of two governments, again |url=https://arab.news/yrqr2 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rival">{{cite news |date=25 August 2014 |title=Rival second Libyan assembly chooses own PM as chaos spreads |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120247/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/26/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Chris Stephen |title=Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142244/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=1 April 2016 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2015 |title=Peace talks between Libyan factions to take place in Geneva |url=http://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=Sun Herald |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314004151/https://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 1969 |title=1969: Bloodless coup in Libya |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kafala |first=Tarik |date=20 October 2011 |title=Gaddafi's quixotic and brutal rule |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424085047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2015 |title=Libyan government offensive in Benghazi stalls as Islamists dig in |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809065318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/06/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 |archive-date=9 August 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2020 |title=Libyan Civil War: Two warring factions sign 'permanent' ceasefire |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014337/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> In March 2022, the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] ceased recognising the [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]] and proclaimed an alternative government, the [[Government of National Stability]] (GNS). Both governments have been functioning simultaneously since then, which has led to dual power in Libya. The international community continues to recognise the unity government as the legitimate government of the country.

Libya is a developing country ranking 115th by HDI, and has the [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|10th-largest proven oil reserves]] in the world. Libya has the highest level of greenhouse gas emissions per person in Africa, but has made little progress toward developing climate commitments. Libya is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[African Union]], the [[Arab League]], the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], and [[OPEC]]. The country's official religion is [[Islam in Libya|Islam]], with 96.6% of the Libyan population being [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]].<ref name="CIA" /> The official language of Libya is [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]], with vernacular [[Libyan Arabic]] being spoken most widely. The majority of Libya's population is [[Arabs|Arab]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA144 |title=Britannica Student Encyclopaedia |date=2014-05-01 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-62513-172-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1980–2004 |url=http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711143657/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013 |publisher=OPEC}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{Further|Ancient Libya|Libu}}
[[File:Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976.jpg|thumb|left|Archaeological site of [[Sabratha]], Libya]]
The origin of the name "Libya" first appeared in an inscription of [[Ramesses II]], written as ''[[wikt:rbw|rbw]]'' in [[hieroglyphic]]. The name derives from a generalised identity given to a large confederacy of ancient east "Libyan" [[Berbers]], [[North Africa|North African]] people(s) and tribes who lived around the lush regions of [[Cyrenaica]] and [[Marmarica]]. An army of 40,000 men<ref name="3.8 MERENPTAH (1236-1230 BC)">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Peter |title=HSC Ancient History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhs2_vi4Yc0C&q=King+meryey&pg=PA72 |year=2006 |publisher=Pascal Press |isbn=9781741251784 |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531052740/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhs2_vi4Yc0C&q=King+meryey&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a confederacy of tribes known as "Great Chiefs of the [[Libu]]" were led by King [[Meryey]] who fought a war against [[pharaoh]] [[Merneptah]] in year 5 (1208 BC). This conflict was mentioned in the [[Great Karnak Inscription]] in the western delta during the 5th and 6th years of his reign and resulted in a defeat for Meryey. According to the [[Great Karnak Inscription]], the military alliance comprised the [[Meshwesh]], the [[Lukka]], and the "Sea Peoples" known as the [[Ekwesh]], [[Sea Peoples|Teresh]], [[Shekelesh]], and the [[Sherden]].

The Great Karnak Inscription reads:
{{Blockquote|"... the third season, saying: 'The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, Meryey, son of Ded, has fallen upon the country of Tehenu with his bowmen—Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Taking the best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children—leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire."}}
The name "Libya" was brought back into use in 1903 by Italian geographer Federico Minutilli. It was intended to supplant terms applied to [[Ottoman Tripolitania]], the coastal region of what is today Libya, having been ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1911 as the Eyalet of Tripolitania.<ref name="be177">"Bibliografia della Libia"; [[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 177.</ref>

Libya gained independence in 1951 as the [[Kingdom of Libya|United Libyan Kingdom]] ({{lang|ar|المملكة الليبية المتحدة}} ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah}}''), changing its name to the Kingdom of Libya ({{lang|ar|المملكة الليبية}} ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah}}''), literally "Libyan Kingdom", in 1963.<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress (1987), [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) "Independent Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321121614/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) |date=21 March 2022 }}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''. Retrieved 14 July 2006.</ref> Following a coup d'état led by [[Muammar Gaddafi]] in 1969, the name of the state was changed to the Libyan Arab Republic ({{lang|ar|الجمهورية العربية الليبية}} ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Jumhūriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah}}''). The official name was "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" from 1977 to 1986 ({{lang|ar|الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية}}), and "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"<ref name="name">{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=9093369&fid=3769&c=libya |title=Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Libya |work=Geographical Names |access-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118153704/http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=9093369&fid=3769&c=libya |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> ({{lang|ar|الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485614&fid=3784&c=libya |title=الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية: Libya |work=Geographical Names |access-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724133149/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485614&fid=3784&c=libya |archive-date=24 July 2014 }}</ref> ''{{transliteration|ar|al-Jamāhīriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ash-Sha'biyyah al-Ishtirākiyyah al-'Udmá}}'' {{Audio|Al-Jamahiriyyah al-Arabiyyah al-Libiyyah ash-shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah al-Udhma.ogg|listen}}) from 1986 to 2011.

The [[National Transitional Council]], established in 2011, referred to the state as simply "Libya". The [[United Nations]] (UN) formally recognised the country as "Libya" in September 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unterm.un.org |title=United Nations interoffice memorandum dated 16 September 2011 from Desmond Parker, Chief of Protocol, to Shaaban M. Shaaban, Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management, attaching memorandum from Stadler Trengove, Senior Legal Officer |publisher=[[United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database|United Nations]] |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071953/http://unterm.un.org/ |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> based on a request from the Permanent Mission of Libya citing the [[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration]] of 3 August 2011. In November 2011, the [[ISO 3166-1]] was altered to reflect the new country name "Libya" in [[English language|English]], ''"Libye (la)"'' in [[French language|French]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |access-date=13 December 2011 |date=8 November 2011 |title=ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-11: Name change for Libya |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117170551/http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref>

In December 2017, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations informed the UN that the country's official name was henceforth the "State of Libya"; "Libya" remained the official short form, and the country continued to be listed under "L" in alphabetical lists.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |access-date=5 January 2018 |title="State of Libya" in UNTERM (United Nations terminology database) |publisher=United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233707/https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |archive-date=5 January 2018 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Libya}}

=== Ancient Libya ===
{{Main|Ancient Libya|Libu}}

[[File:Leptis Magna Arch of Septimus Severus.jpg|thumb|left|[[Leptis Magna]]]]
The coastal plain of Libya was inhabited by [[Neolithic]] peoples from as early as 8000 BC. The [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] ancestors of the [[Berber people]] are assumed to have spread into the area by the [[Late Bronze Age]]. The earliest known name of such a tribe was the [[Garamantes]], based in [[Germa]]. The [[Phoenicia]]ns were the first to establish trading posts in Libya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html |title=The Histories', Book IV.42–43 |publisher=Fordham University |date=August 1998 |author=Halsall, Paul |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409023843/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 }}</ref> By the 5th century BC, the greatest of the Phoenician colonies, [[Carthage]], had extended its [[hegemony]] across much of North Africa, where a distinctive civilisation, known as [[Punic]], came into being.

In 630 BC, the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] colonised the area around [[Barca (ancient city)|Barca]] in Eastern Libya and founded the city of [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0015) |title=Cyrenaica and the Greeks |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120922002705/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0015) |archive-date=22 September 2012 }}</ref> Within 200 years, four more important Greek cities were established in the area that became known as [[Cyrenaica]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAfrica/AfricaLibya.htm |title=History of Libya |publisher=The History Files |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128173621/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAfrica/AfricaLibya.htm |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref> The area was home to the renowned philosophy school of the [[Cyrenaics]]. In 525 BC the [[Persian people|Persian]] army of [[Cambyses II]] overran Cyrenaica, which for the next two centuries remained under Persian or Egyptian rule. [[Alexander the Great]] ended Persian rule in 331 BC and received tribute from Cyrenaica. Eastern Libya again fell under the control of the Greeks, this time as part of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]].
[[File:Roman emperor Septimius Severus, 200-11; Altes Museum, Berlin (26307681078).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Septimius Severus]], the first Roman emperor native to [[Roman Africa]], was born in Leptis Magna.]]
After the fall of [[Carthage]] the Romans did not immediately occupy [[Tripolitania]] (the region around Tripoli), but left it instead under control of the kings of [[Numidia]], until the coastal cities asked and obtained its protection.<ref name="be202">[[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 202.</ref> [[Ptolemy Apion]], the last Greek ruler, bequeathed Cyrenaica to Rome, which formally annexed the region in 74 BC and joined it to Crete as [[Creta et Cyrenaica|a Roman province]]. As part of the [[Africa Nova]] province, Tripolitania was prosperous,<ref name="be202" /> and reached a golden age in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, when the city of [[Leptis Magna]], home to the [[Severan dynasty]], was at its height.<ref name="be202" />

On the eastern side, Cyrenaica's first Christian communities were established by the time of the Emperor [[Claudius]].<ref name="be417">[[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 417.</ref> It was heavily devastated during the [[Kitos War]]<ref name="ro364">{{cite book |ref=Rostovtzeff|last=Rostovtzeff|first=Michael|title=Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire|location=Oxford|year=1957|edition=2|publisher=Clarendon|page=364}}</ref> and almost depopulated of Greeks and Jews alike.<ref>[[Cassius Dio]], lxviii. 32</ref> Although repopulated by [[Trajan]] with military colonies,<ref name="ro364" /> from then started its decline.<ref name="be417" /> Libya was early to convert to [[Nicene Christianity]] and was the home of [[Pope Victor I|Pope Victor I]]; however, Libya was also home to many non-Nicene varieties of early Christianity, such as [[Arianism]] and [[Donatism]].

=== Islamic Libya: 647–1556 ===
{{Main|Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica}}

[[File:Awjila (Libia) - The Mosque of Atiq.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Atiq Mosque, Awjila|Atiq Mosque]] in [[Awjila]] is the oldest mosque in the [[Sahara]].]]
Under the command of [[Amr ibn al-As]], the [[Rashidun army]] conquered [[Cyrenaica]].<ref name="be278">[[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 278.</ref> In 647 an army led by [[Abdullah ibn Saad]] took Tripoli from the Byzantines definitively.<ref name="be278" /> The [[Fezzan]] was conquered by [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] in 663. The Berber tribes of the hinterland accepted Islam, however they resisted Arab political rule.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hourani, Albert|year=2002|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-21591-1|page=198}}</ref> For the next several decades, Libya was under the purview of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[Caliph of Damascus]] until the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]] overthrew the Umayyads in 750, and Libya came under the rule of Baghdad. When Caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] appointed [[Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab|Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab]] as his governor of [[Ifriqiya]] in 800, Libya enjoyed considerable local autonomy under the [[Aghlabid]] dynasty. By the 10th century, the Shiite [[Fatimids]] controlled Western Libya, and ruled the entire region in 972 and appointed [[Bologhine ibn Ziri]] as governor.<ref name="be202" />

Ibn Ziri's Berber [[Zirid dynasty]] ultimately broke away from the Shiite Fatimids, and recognised the Sunni Abbasids of Baghdad as rightful Caliphs. In retaliation, the Fatimids brought about the migration of thousands from mainly two Arab Qaisi tribes, the [[Banu Sulaym]] and [[Banu Hilal]] to [[North Africa]]. This act drastically altered the fabric of the Libyan countryside, and cemented the cultural and linguistic Arabisation of the region.<ref name="be202" />

Zirid rule in Tripolitania was short-lived though, and already in 1001 the Berbers of the [[Banu Khazrun]] broke away. Tripolitania remained under their control until 1146, when the region was overtaken by the [[Normans of Sicily]].<ref name="be203">[[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 203.</ref> For the next 50 years, Tripolitania was the scene of numerous battles among [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]], the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] rulers and insurgents of the [[Banu Ghaniya]]. Later, a general of the Almohads, Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs, ruled Libya from 1207 to 1221 before the later establishment of the Tunisian [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid Kingdom]]<ref name="be203" /> independent from the Almohads. In the 14th century, the [[Banu Thabit]] dynasty ruled Tripolitania before reverting to direct Hafsid control. By the 16th century, the Hafsids became increasingly caught up in the power struggle between Spain and the [[Ottoman Empire]].

After Abbasid control was weakened, Cyrenaica was under Egypt-based states such as the [[Tulunids]], [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidids]], Ayyubids, and [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]] before Ottoman conquest in 1517. [[Fezzan]] acquired independence under Awlad Muhammad dynasty after [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Kanem]] rule. Ottomans finally conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577.

=== Ottoman Tripolitania: 1556–1911 ===
{{Main|Ottoman Tripolitania}}

[[File:Capture of Tripoli by the Ottomans 1551.jpg|thumb|The [[Siege of Tripoli (1551)|siege of Tripoli]] in 1551 allowed the [[Ottoman Navy|Ottomans]] to capture the city from the [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of St. John]].]]

After a successful invasion of Tripoli by [[Habsburg Spain]] in 1510,<ref name="be203" /> and its handover to the [[Knights Hospitaller]], the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] admiral [[Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)|Sinan Pasha]] took control of Libya in 1551.<ref name="be203" /> His successor [[Turgut Reis]] was named the [[Bey]] of Tripoli and later [[Pasha of Tripoli]] in 1556. By 1565, administrative authority as regent in Tripoli was vested in a ''[[pasha]]'' appointed directly by the ''[[sultan]]'' in [[Constantinople]]/[[Istanbul]]. In the 1580s, the rulers of [[Fezzan]] gave their allegiance to the sultan, and although Ottoman authority was absent in [[Cyrenaica]], a ''bey'' was stationed in Benghazi late in the next century to act as agent of the government in Tripoli.<ref name="be417" /> European [[Barbary slave trade|slaves]] and large numbers of enslaved Blacks transported from Sudan were also a feature of everyday life in Tripoli. In 1551, [[Turgut Reis]] enslaved almost the entire population of the Maltese island of [[Gozo]], some 5,000 people, sending them to Libya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoppen |first1=Alison |title=The fortification of Malta by the Order of St. John, 1530–1798 |date=1979 |publisher=Scottish Academic Press |page=25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert C. Davis|title=Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392|url-access=registration|access-date=31 May 2012|date=5 December 2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-71966-4}}{{page needed|date=October 2016}}</ref>

In time, real power came to rest with the pasha's corps of [[janissaries]].<ref name="be203" /> In 1611 the ''[[dey]]s'' staged a coup against the pasha, and Dey Sulayman Safar was appointed as head of government. For the next hundred years, a series of ''deys'' effectively ruled Tripolitania. The two most important Deys were [[Mehmed Saqizli]] (r. 1631–49) and [[Osman Saqizli]] (r. 1649–72), both also Pasha, who ruled effectively the region.<ref name="be204">[[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 204.</ref> The latter conquered also Cyrenaica.<ref name="be204" />
[[File:La città di Tripoli, capitale del regno dello stesso nome sulla costa di Barbaria, nell'Africa, 1766 – BEIC IE8943210.jpg|thumb|left|A view of Tripoli, {{Circa|1766}}]]
Lacking direction from the Ottoman government, Tripoli lapsed into a period of military anarchy during which coup followed coup and few deys survived in office more than a year. One such coup was led by Turkish officer [[Ahmed Karamanli]].<ref name="be204" /> The [[Karamanli dynasty|Karamanlis]] ruled from 1711 until 1835 mainly in Tripolitania, and had influence in Cyrenaica and Fezzan as well by the mid-18th century. Ahmed's successors proved to be less capable than himself, however, the region's delicate balance of power allowed the Karamanli. The [[1793–95 Tripolitanian civil war]] occurred in those years. In 1793, Turkish officer [[Trabluslu Ali Pasha|Ali Pasha]] deposed Hamet Karamanli and briefly restored Tripolitania to Ottoman rule. Hamet's brother [[Yusuf Karamanli|Yusuf]] (r. 1795–1832) re-established Tripolitania's independence. In 1816, Yusuf ordered the [[Al-Jawazi massacre|massacre of the al-Jawazi tribe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2016 |title=Libyan tribe demands to prosecute Turkey for the massacres committed against its people, similar to that of the Armenians |url=https://horizonweekly.ca/en/93451-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221233911/https://horizonweekly.ca/en/93451-2/ |archive-date=2019-12-21 |website=Horizon}}</ref>
[[File:Decatur Boarding the Tripolitan Gunboat.jpg|thumb|U.S. naval officer [[Stephen Decatur]] boarding a Tripolitan gunboat during the [[First Barbary War]], 1804]]
In the early 19th century war broke out between the United States and Tripolitania, and a series of battles ensued in what came to be known as the [[First Barbary War]] and the [[Second Barbary War]]. By 1819, the various treaties of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] had forced the Barbary states to give up piracy almost entirely, and Tripolitania's economy began to crumble. As Yusuf weakened, factions sprung up around his three sons. Civil war soon resulted.<ref name="be205">[[#Bertarelli|Bertarelli]], p. 205.</ref>

Ottoman Sultan [[Mahmud II]] sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripolitania.<ref name="be205"/> Order was not recovered easily, and the revolt of the Libyan under Abd-El-Gelil and Gûma ben Khalifa lasted until the death of the latter in 1858.<ref name="be205" /> The second period of direct Ottoman rule saw administrative changes, and greater order in the governance of the three provinces of Libya. Ottoman rule finally reasserted to Fezzan between 1850 and 1875 for earning income from Saharan commerce.

=== Italian colonisation and Allied occupation (1911–1951) ===
{{Main|Italian Tripolitania|Italian Cyrenaica|Italian Libya}}

{{See also|Italian colonization of Libya}}
[[File:Omar Mukhtar 13.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|[[Omar Mukhtar]] was a prominent leader of Libyan resistance in Cyrenaica against Italian colonisation.]]
After the [[Italo-Turkish War]] (1911–1912), Italy simultaneously turned the three regions into colonies.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13755445 |title=Timeline: Libya |work=BBC News |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023080030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1398437.stm |archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref> From 1912 to 1927, the territory of Libya was known as [[Italian Libya|Italian North Africa]]. From 1927 to 1934, the territory was split into two colonies, [[Italian Cyrenaica]] and [[Italian Tripolitania]], run by Italian governors. Some 150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting roughly 20% of the total population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46562/Libya |title=Libya |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430102144/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}</ref>

[[Omar Mukhtar]] rose to prominence as a [[Libyan resistance movement|resistance leader]] against Italian colonisation and became a national hero despite his capture and execution on 16 September 1931.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13755445 Libya profile – Timeline] , ''[[BBC News]]'' Africa, 1 November 2011</ref> His face is currently printed on the Libyan ten dinar note in memory and recognition of his patriotism. Another prominent resistance leader, Idris al-Mahdi as-Senussi (later [[Idris of Libya|King Idris I]]), Emir of Cyrenaica, continued to lead the Libyan resistance until the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]].

The so-called "[[pacification of Libya]]" by the Italians resulted in mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica, killing approximately one quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC&pg=PA309|title=The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing|last=Mann|first=Michael|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521538541|page=309|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-date=16 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416132840/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC&pg=PA309|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ilan Pappé]] estimates that between 1928 and 1932 the Italian military "killed half the Bedouin population (directly or through disease and starvation in [[Italian concentration camps in Libya]])."<ref>[[Ilan Pappé]], ''The Modern Middle East''. Routledge, 2005, {{ISBN|0-415-21409-2}}, p. 26.</ref>
[[File:Cartolina Giovanni Pastorelli.jpg|thumb|Italian propaganda postcard depicting the [[Italian invasion of Libya]] in 1911]]

In 1934, Italy combined [[Cyrenaica]], [[Tripolitania]] and [[Fezzan]] and adopted the name "Libya" (used by the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] for all of [[North Africa]] except [[Egypt]]) for the unified colony, with [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] as its [[Capital city|capital]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanjira |first1=Daniel Don |title=African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century |date=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37982-6 |page=207 |language=en}}</ref> The Italians emphasised infrastructure improvements and public works. In particular, they greatly expanded Libyan railway and road networks from 1934 to 1940, building hundreds of kilometres of new roads and railways and encouraging the establishment of new industries and dozens of new agricultural villages.

In June 1940, [[Military history of Italy during World War II|Italy entered World War II]]. Libya became the setting for the hard-fought [[North African Campaign]] that ultimately ended in defeat for Italy and its [[Afrika Korps|German ally]] in 1943. From 1943 to 1951, Libya was under [[Allied occupation of Libya|Allied occupation]]. The British military [[British Military Administration (Libya)|administered]] the two former Italian Libyan provinces of Tripolitana and Cyrenaïca, while the French [[French Fezzan|administered]] the province of Fezzan. In 1944, Idris returned from exile in [[Cairo]] but declined to resume permanent residence in Cyrenaica until the removal of some aspects of foreign control in 1947. Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947|1947 peace treaty]] with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], Italy relinquished all claims to Libya.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tecola W. Hagos |url=http://www.tecolahagos.com/part4.htm |title=Treaty Of Peace With Italy (1947), Evaluation And Conclusion |publisher=Ethiopia Tecola Hagos |date=20 November 2004 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207051037/http://www.tecolahagos.com/part4.htm |archive-date= 7 December 2012 }}</ref>

=== Independent Kingdom (1951–1969) ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Libya|}}

[[File:IdrisI3.jpg|thumb|[[King Idris]] of Libya|223x223px]]
A national assembly crafted a constitution that established a [[monarchy]] and extended an offer for the throne to [[Idris of Libya|Sayyid Idris]], the [[Emir of Cyrenaica]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=The Kingdom of Libya is Established |work=History Today |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/kingdom-libya-established |access-date=2024-07-05}}</ref> Sayyid Idris held the esteemed position as the leader of the influential [[Senusiyya|Senussi religious brotherhood]], which was founded by his grandfather in the preceding century as a response to Western influence in the [[Arab world]].<ref name=":5" /> This devout Islamic movement garnered significant support from the [[Bedouin|desert Bedouin]] and became a major political force in Libya. During the declining years of the [[Ottoman Empire]], it effectively governed the Libyan interior.<ref name=":5" />
Born in an oasis in [[Cyrenaica]] in 1890, Sayyid Idris assumed leadership of the Senussi at a young age. He spent a considerable period of exile in [[Egypt]] under Italian rule and returned to Libya after the [[Axis powers]] were ousted in 1943.<ref name=":5" /> On 24 December 1951, as King Idris I, he addressed the nation via radio from [[Benghazi]].<ref name=":5" /> On 21 November 1949, the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before 1 January 1952.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2021-03-15 |title=Libya country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13754897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506173721/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13754897 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=2021-03-15 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Idris represented Libya in the subsequent UN negotiations. By 24 December 1951, Libya declared its independence as the [[Kingdom of Libya|United Kingdom of Libya]], a constitutional and hereditary [[monarchy]] under King [[Idris I of Libya|Idris]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Schiller |first=Jon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ-VAkIdiX0C&pg=PA161 |title=Internet View of the Arabic World |date=29 November 2009 |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=9781439263266 |page=161 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320153024/https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ-VAkIdiX0C&pg=PA161 |archive-date=20 March 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

However, the new kingdom faced challenging prospects.<ref name=":5" /> It lacked significant industry and agricultural resources.<ref name=":5" /> The kingdom's primary exports consisted of hides, wool, horses, and ostrich feathers.<ref name=":5" /> It had one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world and also one of the highest illiteracy rates.<ref name=":5" /> King Idris I, already in his sixties, had no direct heir to succeed him.<ref name=":5" /> His cousin, whom he had married in 1932, reportedly experienced numerous miscarriages, and their son, born in 1953, tragically died shortly after birth.<ref name=":5" /> Crown Prince Rida, Idris's brother, was the designated heir, but the royal family was riddled with incessant disputes.<ref name=":5" /> King Idris's devout Muslim piety, which solidified his support among the [[Bedouin|Bedouin population]], clashed with the modernising and urban intellectual currents in Libya.<ref name=":5" /> To address the rivalry between [[Cyrenaica]] and [[Tripolitania]], [[Benghazi]] and [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] alternated as the capital every two years.

The swift emergence of a large number of bureaucrats resulted in a costly royal government.<ref name=":5" /> The discovery of significant [[oil reserves]] in 1959 and the subsequent income from [[petroleum]] sales enabled one of the world's poorest nations to establish an extremely wealthy state.<ref name=":4" /> Although oil drastically improved the Libyan government's finances, popular resentment began to build over the increased concentration of the nation's wealth in the hands of King Idris and the national elite.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> This discontent continued to mount with the rise of [[Nasserism]] and [[Arab nationalism]] throughout [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]], that inspire many anti-royal coups across the [[Arab world]].<ref name=":4" />

=== Libya under the Gaddafi regime (1969–2011) ===
{{Main|History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi}}

On 1 September 1969, a group of rebel military officers led by [[Muammar Gaddafi]] launched a [[1969 Libyan coup d'état|coup d'état against King Idris]], which became known as the Al Fateh Revolution.<ref name="SalakLibya">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0504/excerpt1.html |title=Rediscovering Libya |last=Salak |first=Kira |publisher=National Geographic Adventure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923175457/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0504/excerpt1.html |archive-date=23 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name=":6"/> Gaddafi was referred to as the "[[Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution|Brother Leader and Guide of the Revolution]]" in government statements and the official Libyan press.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5425.htm |title=Libya – History |publisher=US Department of State's Background Notes |date=15 January 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604185313/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5425.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6"/> He began dominating history and politics of Libya for the next four decades.<ref name=":6"/> Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italian community]] was [[1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya|expelled]] from Libya alongside the smaller community of [[History of the Jews in Libya|Italian Libyan Jews]].<ref name=":6"/> The day became a [[Public holiday|national holiday]] known as "[[Day of Revenge]]";<ref name=":6">Bearman, Jonathan (1986). Qadhafi's Libya. London: Zed Books. p. 72</ref> it was later renamed the "Day of Friendship" because of an improvement in [[Italy–Libya relations]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zoubir |first1=Yahia H. |title=Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime |journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies |date=2009 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=401–415 [403, 411] |doi=10.1080/14782800903339354|s2cid=153625134 }}</ref>
[[File:Gaddafi 1972.jpg|left|thumb|246x246px|[[Muammar Gaddafi]], leader of Libya ({{reign|1969|2011}})]]
Libya's increase in prosperity was accompanied by increased internal political repression, and political dissent was made illegal under Law 75 of 1973.<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> Widespread surveillance of the population was carried out through Gaddafi's Revolutionary Committees.<ref name="Gaddafiunrepentant">{{cite journal|url=http://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-Gaddafi-unrepentant|title=Libya and the U.S.: Gaddafi Unrepentant|journal=[[Middle East Quarterly]]|author=Eljahmi, Mohamed|year=2006|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110302065908/http://www.meforum.org/878/libya-and-the-us-Gaddafi-unrepentant|archive-date=2 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="GlobalEdge">{{cite web| url=http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/libya/history/| title=Libya: History| publisher=/globaledge.msu.edu (via [[Michigan State University]])| access-date=14 August 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110814125349/http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/libya/history/| archive-date=14 August 2011| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/libya.html|title=Comparative Criminology – Libya|access-date=24 July 2011|publisher=Crime and Society|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807181001/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/africa/libya.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> Gaddafi also wanted to ease the strict social restrictions imposed on women by the previous regime, establishing the [[Revolutionary Women's Formation]] to encourage reform.<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> In 1970, a law was introduced affirming equality of the sexes and wage parity.<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> In 1971, Gaddafi sponsored the creation of a Libyan General Women's Federation.<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> In 1972, a law was passed criminalising the marriage of girls under the age of sixteen and making the woman's consent a necessary prerequisite for a marriage.<ref>Bearman, Jonathan (1986). Qadhafi's Libya. London: Zed Books</ref>

On 25 October 1975, a coup attempt was launched by a group of 20 military officers, mostly from the city of [[Misrata]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wzPrqBI8kC&pg=PA69|title=La Libye révolutionnaire|last=Banégas|first=Richard|date=1 January 2012|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=9782811106720|page=69|language=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320153024/https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wzPrqBI8kC&pg=PA69|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> This resulted in the arrest and executions of the coup plotters.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC&pg=PA506|title=The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World|last=Krieger|first=Joel|date=2 August 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195117394|page=506|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629195326/http://books.google.com/books?id=2wd30pXJxpYC|archive-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> In March 1977, Libya officially became the "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya".<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> Gaddafi officially passed power to the [[General People's Committee]]s and henceforth claimed to be no more than a symbolic figurehead.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wynne-Jones|first=Jonathan|title=Libyan minister claims Gaddafi is powerless and the ceasefire is 'solid'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8393285/Libyan-minister-claims-Gaddafi-is-powerless-and-the-ceasefire-is-solid.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=22 October 2011|date=19 March 2011|location=London|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029122048/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8393285/Libyan-minister-claims-Gaddafi-is-powerless-and-the-ceasefire-is-solid.html|archive-date=29 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="GlobalEdge"/> The new ''jamahiriya'' (Arab for "republic") governance structure he established was officially referred to as "[[direct democracy]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Robbins|first=James|title=Eyewitness: Dialogue in the desert|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6425873.stm|access-date=22 October 2011|date=7 March 2007|work=BBC News}}</ref> Gaddafi, in his vision of democratic government and [[political philosophy]], published ''[[The Green Book (Gaddafi)|The Green Book]]'' in 1975. His short book inscribed a representative mix of utopian socialism and Arab nationalism with a streak of [[Bedouin]] supremacy.[[File:F-4J of VF-74 with Libyan MiG-23 over Gulf of Sidra 1981.jpg|thumb|F-4J of VF-74 with Libyan MiG-23 over Gulf of Sidra in 1981]]In February 1977, Libya started delivering military supplies to [[Goukouni Oueddei]] and the [[People's Armed Forces]] in Chad.<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> The [[Chadian–Libyan War]] began in earnest when Libya's support of rebel forces in northern Chad escalated into an [[Toyota war|invasion]].<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> Later that same year, Libya and [[Egypt]] fought a four-day border war that came to be known as the [[Egyptian–Libyan War]].<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> Both nations agreed to a [[ceasefire]] under the mediation of the Algerian president [[Houari Boumédiène]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/lay/libya/flibyaegypt1977.htm |title=Egypt Libya War 1977 |publisher=Onwar.com |access-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324085920/http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/lay/libya/flibyaegypt1977.htm |archive-date=24 March 2012 }}</ref> Hundreds of Libyans lost their lives in the country's support for [[Idi Amin]]'s [[Uganda]] in [[Uganda–Tanzania War|its war against Tanzania]].<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> Gaddafi financed various other groups from anti-nuclear movements to [[Australia|Australian]] trade unions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2003/282/Libya-return.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030301031212/http://www.aijac.org.au/review/2003/282/Libya-return.html |archive-date=1 March 2003 |title=A Rogue Returns |publisher=AIJAC |date=February 2003}}</ref> On 2 March 1977, Libya officially became the [[History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya_(1977–2011)|Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=ICL - Libya - Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People |url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly01000_.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201125/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly01000_.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=16 May 2016}}</ref>

Libya adopted its plain green national flag on 19 November 1977.<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> The country had the only plain-coloured flag in the world until 2011, when Libya adopted [[Flag of Libya|its current flag]].{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} From 1977 onward, per capita income in the country rose to more than US$11,000, the fifth-highest in Africa,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_afr_cou_by_gdp_per_cap_gdp_per_cap-african-countries-gdp-per-capita|title=African Countries by GDP Per Capita > GDP Per Capita (most recent) by Country|access-date=24 July 2011|website=nationmaster.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716042352/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_afr_cou_by_gdp_per_cap_gdp_per_cap-african-countries-gdp-per-capita|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> while the [[Human Development Index]] became the highest in Africa and greater than that of [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="dailynews">{{cite news|last=Azad |first=Sher |title=Gaddafi and the media |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/10/22/fea02.asp |work=Daily News |location=Colombo |access-date=22 October 2011 |date=22 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025194842/http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/10/22/fea02.asp |archive-date=25 October 2011 }}</ref> This was achieved without borrowing any foreign loans, keeping Libya [[List of sovereign states by public debt|debt-free]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe: Reason Wafavarova – Reverence for Hatred of Democracy |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107210928.html |newspaper=The Herald |location=Harare |access-date=23 October 2011 |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107010212/http://allafrica.com/stories/201107210928.html |archive-date=7 November 2011 }}</ref> The [[Great Manmade River]] was also built to allow free access to fresh water across large parts of the country.<ref name="dailynews"/> In addition, financial support was provided for university scholarships and employment programs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shimatsu|first=Yoichi|title=Villain or Hero? Desert Lion Perishes, Leaving West Explosive Legacy|url=http://newamericamedia.org/2011/10/villain-or-hero-desert-lion-perishes-leaving-the-west-explosive-legacy.php|publisher=[[New America Media]]|access-date=23 October 2011|date=21 October 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022231158/http://newamericamedia.org/2011/10/villain-or-hero-desert-lion-perishes-leaving-the-west-explosive-legacy.php|archive-date=22 October 2011}}</ref> Much of Libya's income from oil, which soared in the 1970s, was spent on arms purchases and on sponsoring dozens of paramilitaries and terrorist groups around the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2011/02/24/endgame-in-tripoli |title=Endgame in Tripoli |date=24 February 2011 |newspaper=The Economist |location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307152055/http://www.economist.com/node/18239888 |archive-date=7 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Libya: the struggle for survival|author=Geoffrey Leslie Simons|author-link=Geoff Simons|page=281}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=St. John |first=Ronald Bruce |title=Libyan terrorism: the case against Gaddafi |journal=Contemporary Review |date=1 December 1992 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Libyan+terrorism:+the+case+against+Gaddafi.-a014151801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110511121558/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Libyan+terrorism:+the+case+against+Gaddafi.-a014151801 |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref>

[[1986 United States bombing of Libya|An American airstrike]] led by then U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]] intended to kill Gaddafi failed in 1986.<ref name="GlobalEdge"/> Libya was finally put under sanctions by the [[United Nations]] after [[Lockerbie bombing|the bombing]] of a commercial flight at [[Lockerbie]] in 1988 killed 270 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://terrorism.about.com/od/originshistory/p/PanAmBombing.htm |title=Pan Am Flight 103 Bombing – 1988 Lockerbie Bombing Led to Libyan Convictions |publisher=Terrorism.about.com |access-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402075740/http://terrorism.about.com/od/originshistory/p/PanAmBombing.htm |archive-date=2 April 2012 }}</ref> In the 1990s, the government's rule was threatened by militant Islamism and an unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Gaddafi.<ref name="Martínez 2007 71">
* {{cite book |last=Martínez |first=Luis |title=The Libyan Paradox |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-231-70021-4 |page=71}}
* {{cite book |last=Cordesman |first=Anthony H. |title=A Tragedy of Arms – Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-275-96936-3 |page=2}}</ref> The government responded with repressive measures.<ref name="Martínez 2007 71"/> Riots and Islamic activisim were crushed by [[Revolutionary Guard Corps (Libyan paramilitary unit)|Revolutionary Guard Corps]].<ref name="Martínez 2007 71"/> Nevertheless, [[Cyrenaica]] between 1995 and 1998 was politically unstable, due to the tribal allegiances of the local troops.<ref name="Martínez 2007 71"/> In 2003, Gaddafi announced that all of his regime's [[Libya and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]] were disassembled, and that Libya was transitioning toward [[nuclear power]].<ref name="GlobalEdge"/>

=== First Libyan Civil War and the fall of Gaddafi (2011) ===
{{Main|First Libyan Civil War|2011 military intervention in Libya}}

[[File:Ambassador Cretz Stands by Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture.jpg|thumb|[[List of ambassadors of the United States to Libya|U.S. Ambassador]] [[Gene A. Cretz|Cretz]] Stands by Fist Crushing a US Fighter Plane Sculpture which was captured after the [[2011 Battle of Tripoli|fall of Tripoli]]]]
The first civil war came during the [[Arab Spring]] movements which overturned the rulers of [[Tunisia]] and [[Egypt]]. Libya first experienced protests against Gaddafi's regime on 15 February 2011, with a full-scale revolt beginning on [[Revolution Day|17 February]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |title=Live Blog – Libya |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=23 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223072304/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |archive-date=23 February 2011 }}</ref> Libya's authoritarian regime led by Muammar Gaddafi put up much more of a resistance compared to the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia. While overthrowing the regimes in Egypt and Tunisia was a relatively quick process, Gaddafi's campaign posed significant stalls on the uprising in Libya.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|url=http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b18588098~S1|title=The Arab awakening: America and the transformation of the Middle East|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Brookings Institution|isbn=9780815722267|editor-last=Pollack|editor-first=Kenneth M.|location=Washington, DC|access-date=20 November 2016|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005825/http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b18588098~S1|url-status=live}}</ref> The first announcement of a competing political authority appeared online and declared the [[Interim Transitional National Council]] as an alternative government. One of Gaddafi's senior advisors responded by posting a tweet, wherein he resigned, defected, and advised Gaddafi to flee.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Democracy's Fourth Wave?: Digital Media and the Arab Spring|last=Hussain1 Howard2|first=Muzammil M.1Philip N.2|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-993697-7|location=New York|page=23}}</ref> By 20 February, the unrest had spread to [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. On 27 February 2011, the [[National Transitional Council]] was established to administer the areas of Libya under rebel control. On 10 March 2011, the [[United States]] and many other nations recognised the council headed by [[Mahmoud Jibril]] as acting prime minister and as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people and withdrawing the recognition of Gaddafi's regime.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=6&ParentID=3&LangID=1 | title =The Council"International Recognition | publisher =National Transitional Council (Libya) | date =1 March 2011 | access-date =23 October 2011 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110926043358/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=6&ParentID=3&LangID=1 | archive-date =26 September 2011 | df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |title=Libya: France recognises rebels as government |work=BBC News |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=23 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023041256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |archive-date=23 October 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Green square protests in Tripoli, Libya.jpg|thumb|A protest against the anti-Gaddafi supporters in Tripoli]]
Pro-Gaddafi forces were able to respond militarily to rebel pushes in [[Tripolitania|Western Libya]] and launched a counterattack along the coast toward Benghazi, the ''de facto'' centre of the uprising.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/world/africa/10libya.html |title=Qaddafi Forces Batter Rebels in Strategic Refinery Town |work=The New York Times |date=9 March 2011 |access-date=9 March 2011 |first1=Kareem |last1=Fahim |first2=David D. |last2=Kirkpatrick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506221756/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/world/africa/10libya.html |archive-date=6 May 2011 }}</ref> The town of [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]], {{convert|48|km}} from Tripoli, was bombarded by [[Libyan Air Force (1951–2011)|air force planes]] and army tanks and seized by [[Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Jamahiriya troops]], "exercising a level of brutality not yet seen in the conflict."<ref>The Independent, 9 March 2011 P.4</ref> Organizations of the United Nations, including [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ban-Ki-moon-blasts-Gaddafi-calls-situation-dangerous/Article1-666108.aspx |title=Ban Ki-moon blasts Gaddafi; calls situation dangerous |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227021434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ban-Ki-moon-blasts-Gaddafi-calls-situation-dangerous/Article1-666108.aspx |archive-date=27 February 2011 }}</ref> and the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]], condemned the crackdown as violating international law, with the latter body expelling Libya outright in an unprecedented action.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-libya-20110226,0,6927383.story |title=Some backbone at the U.N. |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 February 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303053657/http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/editorials/la-ed-libya-20110226,0,6927383.story |archive-date=3 March 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125800 |agency=Sofia News Agency |title=Libya Expelled from UN Human Rights Council |date=2 March 2011 |access-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511093052/http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=125800 |archive-date=11 May 2011 }}</ref> On 17 March 2011, the UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973|Resolution 1973]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/28/hillary-clinton-undercut-on-libya-war-by-pentagon-/print/ |title=Exclusive: Secret tapes undermine Hillary Clinton on Libyan war |author=Jeffrey Scott Shapiro |author2=Kelly Riddell |work=The Washington Times |date=28 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217010203/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/28/hillary-clinton-undercut-on-libya-war-by-pentagon-/print/ |archive-date=17 February 2015 }}</ref> with a 10–0 vote and five abstentions including [[Russia]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Brazil]] and [[Germany]]. The resolution sanctioned the establishment of a [[no-fly zone]] and the use of "all means necessary" to protect civilians within Libya.<ref>{{cite press release |url= https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808 |title= Security Council authorizes 'all necessary measures' to protect civilians in Libya |publisher= United Nations |date= 17 March 2011 |access-date= 30 March 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184921/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37808 |archive-date= 3 May 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> On 19 March, the first act of [[NATO]] allies to secure the no-fly zone began by destroying Libyan air defences when French military jets entered Libyan airspace on a [[reconnaissance]] mission heralding attacks on enemy targets.<ref name="libyrate1">{{cite news |author=Marcus, Jonathan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12795971 |title=French military jets open fire in Libya |work=BBC News |date=19 March 2011 |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320125209/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12795971 |archive-date=20 March 2011 }}</ref>

In the weeks that followed, U.S. American forces were in the forefront of NATO operations against Libya. More than 8,000 US personnel in warships and aircraft were deployed in the area. At least 3,000 targets were struck in 14,202 strike sorties, 716 of them in Tripoli and 492 in [[Brega]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/22/nato-libya-data-journalism-operations-country/ |title=NATO operations in Libya |publisher=The Guardian, London, 22 May 2011 |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624233946/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/22/nato-libya-data-journalism-operations-country |archive-date=24 June 2014 |date=22 May 2011 }}</ref> The U.S. air offensive included flights of [[Northrop B-2 Spirit|B-2 stealth bombers]], each bomber armed with sixteen 2000-pound bombs, flying out of and returning to their base in [[Missouri]].<ref>Tirpak, John {{cite web |url=http://www.airforcemag.com/magazinearchive/pages/2011/july%202011/0711libya.aspx |title=Bombers Over Libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608065130/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2011/July%202011/0711libya.aspx |archive-date=8 June 2014 }} Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Air Force Association, Vol. 94, No. 7, July 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2014</ref> The support provided by the NATO air forces contributed to the ultimate success of the revolution.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/02/11/the-hidden-story-of-airpower-in-libya-and-what-it-means-for-syria/ |title=The hidden story of airpower in Libya (and what it means for Syria) |magazine=Foreign Policy |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065752/http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/02/11/the-hidden-story-of-airpower-in-libya-and-what-it-means-for-syria/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> By 22 August 2011, [[National Liberation Army (Libya)|rebel fighters]] had entered Tripoli and occupied [[Martyrs' Square, Tripoli|Green Square]],<ref name="Richburg">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/libyan-rebels-converging-on-tripoli/2011/08/21/gIQAbF3RUJ_story.html |title=Gaddafi's rule crumbling as rebels enter heart of Tripoli |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Keith B. |last=Richburg |date=22 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123234819/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/libyan-rebels-converging-on-tripoli/2011/08/21/gIQAbF3RUJ_story.html |archive-date=23 January 2012 }}</ref> which they renamed Martyrs' Square in honour of those killed since 17 February 2011. On 20 October 2011, the last heavy fighting of the uprising came to an end in the city of [[Sirte]]. The [[Battle of Sirte (2011)|Battle of Sirte]] was both the last decisive battle and the last one in general of the [[First Libyan Civil War]] where Gaddafi was captured and killed by NATO-backed forces on 20 October 2011. Sirte was the last Gaddafi loyalist stronghold and his place of birth. The defeat of [[loyalist]] forces was celebrated on 23 October 2011, three days after the fall of Sirte. At least 30,000 Libyans died in the civil war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9835879 |title=Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war |author=Laub, Karin |agency=Associated Press |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=8 September 2011 |access-date=25 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104210601/http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9835879 |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref> In addition, the [[National Transitional Council]] estimated 50,000 wounded.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophic-failure|title=If the Libyan war was about saving lives, it was a catastrophic failure {{!}} Seumas Milne|last=Milne|first=Seumas|date=26 October 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=24 November 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132158/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/oct/26/libya-war-saving-lives-catastrophic-failure|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Interwar period and the Second Libyan Civil War (2011–2020) ===
{{Main|Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War|Second Libyan Civil War}}

[[File:Libyan Civil War.svg|thumb|Areas of control in the [[Libyan civil war (2014–2020)|Civil War]], updated 11 June 2020:
 [[File:Location dot red.svg|11px]] [[House of Representatives (Libya)|Tobruk-led Government]]
 [[File:Location dot lime.svg|11px]] [[Government of National Accord]]
 [[File:Location dot blue.svg|11px]] [[Petroleum Facilities Guard]]
 [[File:Location dot yellow.svg|11px]] [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] tribes
 [[File:Location dot orange.svg|11px]] Local forces ]]

Following the defeat of loyalist forces, Libya was torn among numerous rival, armed militias affiliated with distinct regions, cities and tribes, while the central government had been weak and unable to effectively exert its authority over the country. Competing militias pitted themselves against each other in a political struggle between [[Islamism|Islamist]] politicians and their opponents.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-24985595 | work=BBC News | title=Armed militias still on the streets in Libya | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230053135/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24985595 | archive-date=30 December 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 7 July 2012, Libyans held their first parliamentary elections since the end of the former regime. On 8 August, the [[National Transitional Council]] officially handed power over to the wholly elected [[General National Congress]], which was then tasked with the formation of an interim government and the drafting of a new [[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration|Libyan Constitution]] to be approved in a general [[Next Libyan referendum|referendum]].<ref name="Esam-8-Aug">{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html |title=Libya's transitional rulers hand over power |author=Esam Mohamed |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=8 August 2012 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |access-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208121751/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html |archive-date=8 December 2012 }}</ref> On 25 August 2012, in what Reuters reported as "the most blatant sectarian attack" since the end of the civil war, unnamed organised assailants bulldozed a [[Sufism|Sufi]] mosque with graves in the centre of the Libyan capital [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. It was the second such razing of a Sufi site in two days.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zargoun |first=Taha |title=Fighters bulldoze Sufi mosque in central Tripoli |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-islamists-idUSBRE87O08Y20120825 |work=Reuters |date=25 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023061116/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/25/us-libya-islamists-idUSBRE87O08Y20120825 |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> Numerous acts of vandalism and destruction of heritage were carried out by suspected Islamist militias, including the removal of the Nude Gazelle Statue and the destruction and desecration of [[World War II|World War II]]–era British grave sites near [[Benghazi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya's Italian-era gazelle statue disappears in Tripoli|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29898279|access-date=19 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828143907/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29898279|archive-date=28 August 2016|date=4 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/04/libya-war-graves-desecrated|title=British war graves in Libya desecrated by Islamist militants|first=Chris|last=Stephen|date=4 March 2012|website=The Guardian|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=13 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313014511/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/04/libya-war-graves-desecrated|url-status=live}}</ref> Many other cases of heritage vandalism were reported to be carried out by Islamist-related radical militias and mobs that either destroyed, robbed, or looted a number of historic sites.

[[File:LE Eithne Operation Triton.jpg|thumb|left|Libya has emerged as a major transit point for [[European migrant crisis|people trying to reach Europe]].]]
On 11 September 2012, Islamist militants mounted an [[2012 Benghazi attack|attack on the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi]],<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Benghazi attacks {{!}} History, Facts, & Information {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/2012-Benghazi-attacks|access-date=2022-01-30|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130100319/https://www.britannica.com/event/2012-Benghazi-attacks|url-status=live}}</ref> killing the U.S. ambassador to Libya, [[J. Christopher Stevens]], and three others. The incident generated outrage in the [[United States]] and Libya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/12/world/africa/libya-consulate-attack-scene/|publisher=CNN|title=4 hours of fire and chaos: How the Benghazi attack unfolded|date=12 September 2012|access-date=20 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221061213/http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/12/world/africa/libya-consulate-attack-scene/|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> On 7 October 2012, Libya's Prime Minister-elect [[Mustafa A. G. Abushagur|Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]] was ousted after failing a second time to win parliamentary approval for a new cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |author=Grant, George |title=Congress dismisses Abushagur |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/07/congress-dismisses-abushagur |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 |work=Libya Herald |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806163230/http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/07/congress-dismisses-abushagur/ |archive-date=6 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Zaptia, Sami |title=Abushagur announces a smaller emergency cabinet |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/07/abushagur-announces-a-smaller-emergency-cabinet |work=Libya Herald |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809042311/http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/07/abushagur-announces-a-smaller-emergency-cabinet/ |archive-date=9 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Libyan Prime Minister Mustafa Abu Shagur to stand down |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19864136 |date=7 October 2012 |work=BBC News |access-date=7 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007180429/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19864136 |archive-date=7 October 2012 }}</ref> On 14 October 2012, the General National Congress elected former GNC member and human rights lawyer [[Ali Zeidan]] as prime minister-designate.<ref>{{cite news |author=Grant, George |title=Ali Zidan elected prime minister |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/14/ali-zidan-elected-prime-minister/ |date=14 October 2012 |access-date=14 October 2012 |work=Libya Herald |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929211229/http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/14/ali-zidan-elected-prime-minister/ |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}</ref> Zeidan was sworn in after his cabinet was approved by the GNC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libya congress approves new PM's proposed government |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-government-idUSBRE89U18O20121031 |work=Reuters |date=31 October 2012 |access-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103022542/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/31/us-libya-government-idUSBRE89U18O20121031 |archive-date=3 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Zapita, Sami |title=Zeidan government sworn in |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/14/zeidan-government-sworn-in/ |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=3 June 2013 |work=Libya Herald |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806023849/http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/14/zeidan-government-sworn-in/ |archive-date=6 August 2013 }}</ref> On 11 March 2014, after having been ousted by the GNC for his inability to halt a rogue oil shipment,<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/world/middleeast/libya-oil-tanker.html|author=Kirkpatrick, David D |title=U.S. Navy SEALs Take Control of Diverted Oil Tanker |newspaper=The New York Times |date=17 March 2014 |access-date=17 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321041136/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/18/world/middleeast/libya-oil-tanker.html?_r=0 |archive-date=21 March 2014 }}</ref> Prime Minister Zeidan stepped down, and was replaced by Prime Minister [[Abdullah al-Thani]].<ref>{{cite news |date=12 March 2014 |title=Libya ex-PM Zeidan 'leaves country despite travel ban' |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26541979 |access-date=16 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315025552/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26541979 |archive-date=15 March 2014 }}</ref>

The [[Second Libyan Civil War|Second Civil War]] began in May 2014 following fighting between rival parliaments with tribal militias and [[jihad]]ist groups soon taking advantage of the power vacuum. Most notably, radical Islamist fighters seized [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] in 2014 and [[Sirte]] in 2015 in the name of the [[Islamic State]]. In February 2015, neighbouring [[Egypt]] [[February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya|launched airstrikes]] against IS in support of the Tobruk government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/21/world/middleeast/militants-claiming-isis-ties-say-they-carried-out-libya-bombings.html|work=The New York Times|title=Ties to Islamic State Cited by Group in Libya Attacks|date=20 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015|first=David|last=Kirkpatrick|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221014458/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/21/world/middleeast/militants-claiming-isis-ties-say-they-carried-out-libya-bombings.html?_r=0|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/02/20/islamic-state-libya/23728623/|work=USA Today|title=How strong is the Islamic State in Libya?|last=Dean|first=Laura|date=20 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222193744/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/02/20/islamic-state-libya/23728623/|archive-date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11426019/Isil-loyalists-claim-responsibility-for-car-bombs-in-Libya-killing-at-least-40-people.html|title=Isil loyalists claim responsibility for car bombs in Libya, killing at least 40 people|date=20 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015|location=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Louisa|last=Loveluck|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221050052/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11426019/Isil-loyalists-claim-responsibility-for-car-bombs-in-Libya-killing-at-least-40-people.html|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> In June 2014, [[2014 Libyan parliamentary election|elections were held]] to the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]], a new legislative body intended to take over from the [[General National Congress]]. The elections were marred by violence and low turnout, with voting stations closed in some areas.<ref name="Jawad">{{cite news|last=Jawad|first=Rana|date=26 June 2014|title=Libyan elections: Low turnout marks bid to end political crisis|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-28005801|publisher=BBC|access-date=22 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812093413/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-28005801|archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> Secularists and liberals did well in the elections, to the consternation of Islamist lawmakers in the GNC, who reconvened and declared a continuing mandate for the GNC, refusing to recognise the new House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/former-libyan-parliament-reconvenes-elects-islamist-premier|title=Former Libyan parliament reconvenes, elects Islamist premier|agency=Al Akhbar English|date=25 August 2014|access-date=25 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826121713/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/former-libyan-parliament-reconvenes-elects-islamist-premier|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> Armed supporters of the General National Congress occupied Tripoli, forcing the newly elected parliament to flee to [[Tobruk]].<ref name="WPost Aug. 24">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-denies-intervening-in-libya/2014/08/24/88b364ee-2b7d-11e4-be9e-60cc44c01e7f_story.html|title=Libya's Islamist militias claim control of capital|newspaper=The Washington Post|agency=Associated Press|date=24 August 2014|access-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825135414/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-denies-intervening-in-libya/2014/08/24/88b364ee-2b7d-11e4-be9e-60cc44c01e7f_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="guardian-20140909">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |title=Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry |author=Chris Stephen |newspaper=The Guardian |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916072346/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |archive-date=16 September 2014 }}</ref>
[[File:Libyan General Khalifa Haftar in 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Khalifa Haftar]], the head of the [[Libyan National Army]], one of the main factions in the [[Libyan civil war (2014–2020)|2014 civil war]]]]
In January 2015, meetings were held with the aim to find a peaceful agreement between the rival parties in Libya. The so-called Geneva-Ghadames talks were supposed to bring the GNC and the Tobruk government together at one table to find a solution of the internal conflict. However, the GNC actually never participated, a sign that internal division not only affected the "Tobruk Camp", but also the "Tripoli Camp". Meanwhile, terrorism within Libya steadily increased, also affecting neighbouring countries. The [[Bardo National Museum attack|terrorist attack against the Bardo Museum]] in [[Tunisia]] on 18 March 2015 was reportedly carried out by two Libyan-trained militants.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fanack|title=Terrorism Increases in Libya as Politicians Talk|url=https://chronicle.fanack.com/libya/history-past-to-present/terrorism-increases-in-libya/|website=Fanack.com|date=22 April 2015|access-date=13 May 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082502/https://chronicle.fanack.com/libya/history-past-to-present/terrorism-increases-in-libya/|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> During 2015 an extended series of diplomatic meetings and peace negotiations were supported by the United Nations, as conducted by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG), Spanish diplomat [[Bernardino León]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Fadel Senna |url=https://news.yahoo.com/photos/bernardino-leon-special-representative-head-united-nations-support-photo-200131803.html |title=Bernardino Leon, Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya, delivers a speech during UN-brokered talks in Skhirat, Morocco, on August 28, 2015 | View photo – Yahoo News |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=2 September 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 }}{{dead link|date=July 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libya-businessnews.com/2015/01/27/video-remarks-by-srsg-bernardino-leon-on-talks/ |title=Video: Remarks by SRSG Bernardino Leon on Talks |access-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122322/http://www.libya-businessnews.com/2015/01/27/video-remarks-by-srsg-bernardino-leon-on-talks/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |date=27 January 2015 }}</ref> UN support for the SRSG-led process of dialogue carried on in addition to the usual work of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LYProgramme.aspx |title=OHCHR in Libya |website=Ohchr.org |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424053019/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/LYProgramme.aspx |archive-date=24 April 2016 }}</ref> In July 2015 SRSG Leon reported to the UN Security Council on the progress of the negotiations, which at that point had just achieved a political agreement on 11 July setting out "a comprehensive framework... includ[ing] guiding principles... institutions and decision-making mechanisms to guide the transition until the adoption of a permanent constitution."
Talks, negotiations and dialogue continued on during mid-2015 at various international locations, culminating at Skhirat in Morocco in early September.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/undpa/speeches-statements/15072015/libya |title=15 July 2015, Security Council briefing on the situation in Libya, Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Libya Bernardino Leon | Department of Political Affairs |publisher=United Nations |date=15 July 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023061451/http://www.un.org/undpa/speeches-statements/15072015/libya |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Miles |first=Tom |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-talks-idUSKCN0R428N20150905 |title=U.N. sees Libya talks entering final mile, eyes Sept. 20 deal |work=Reuters |date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023060912/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/05/us-libya-security-talks-idUSKCN0R428N20150905 |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref>

Also in 2015, as part of the ongoing support from the international community, the UN Human Rights Council requested a report about the Libyan situation<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/HRC/28/L.7/Rev.1 |title=United Nations Official Document |publisher=United Nations |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604074058/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FHRC%2F28%2FL.7%2FRev.1 |archive-date=4 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15771&LangID=E |title=Human Rights Council adopts eight resolutions and closes twenty-eighth session |website=Ohchr.org |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424055015/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15771&LangID=E |archive-date=24 April 2016 }}</ref> and the High Commissioner for Human Rights, [[Zeid bin Ra'ad|Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein]], established an investigative body (OIOL) to report on human rights and rebuilding the Libyan justice system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/OIOL.aspx |title=OHCHR Investigation on Libya |website=Ohchr.org |date=1 January 2014 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234723/http://ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/OIOL.aspx |archive-date=1 April 2016 }}</ref> Chaos-ridden Libya emerged as a major transit point for [[2015 European migrant crisis|people trying to reach Europe]]. Between 2013 and 2018, nearly 700,000 migrants reached Italy by boat, many of them from Libya.<ref>{{cite news |title=African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD |work=Reuters |date=18 July 2017 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402002627/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-migrants-africa/african-migrants-fear-for-future-as-italy-struggles-with-surge-in-arrivals-idUSKBN1A30QD |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What will Italy's new government mean for migrants? |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants |newspaper=The Local Italy |date=21 May 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231010/https://www.thelocal.it/20180521/what-will-italys-new-government-mean-for-migrants |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2018 Libya's rival leaders agreed to hold parliamentary and presidential elections following a meeting in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/libya-rival-leaders-agree-hold-elections-december-180529082326218.html|title=Libya's rival leaders agree to hold elections in December|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=1 July 2018|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918003214/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/libya-rival-leaders-agree-hold-elections-december-180529082326218.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, [[Khalifa Haftar]] launched [[Western Libya campaign|Operation Flood of Dignity]], in an offensive by the [[Libyan National Army]] aimed to seize Western territories from the [[Government of National Accord]] (GNA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48000672|title=Clashes erupt south of Libyan capital|date=20 April 2019|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526211007/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48000672|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2019, forces allied to Libya's UN-recognised Government of National Accord successfully captured [[Gharyan]], a strategic town where military commander Khalifa Haftar and his fighters were based. According to a spokesman for GNA forces, Mustafa al-Mejii, dozens of LNA fighters under Haftar were killed, while at least 18 were taken prisoner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2019/06/27/libya-gna-forces-capture-gharyan-haftar-lna/|title=Libya government forces capture key town from Haftar's fighters|access-date=27 June 2019|work=The Defense Post|date=27 June 2019|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205614/https://www.thedefensepost.com/2019/06/27/libya-gna-forces-capture-gharyan-haftar-lna/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2020, Prime Minister of the GNA [[Fayez al-Sarraj|Fayez Al-Sarraj]] commenced Operation Peace Storm. The government initiated the bid in response to the state of assaults carried by [[Field Marshal]] [[Khalifa Haftar|Haftar]]'s [[Libyan National Army|LNA]]. "We are a legitimate, civilian government that respects its obligations to the international community, but is committed primarily to its people and has an obligation to protect its citizens," Sarraj said in line with his decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theunionjournal.com/sarraj-announces-launch-of-operation-peace-storm-in-response-to-haftar-attacks-middle-east-monitor/|title=Sarraj announces launch of Operation Peace Storm in response to Haftar attacks|access-date=27 March 2020|website=The Union Journal|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623112331/https://www.theunionjournal.com/sarraj-announces-launch-of-operation-peace-storm-in-response-to-haftar-attacks-middle-east-monitor/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 August 2020, the ''[[BBC]] Africa Eye'' and ''BBC Arabic Documentaries'' revealed that a drone operated by the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) killed 26 young cadets at a military academy in Tripoli, on 4 January. Most of the cadets were teenagers and none of them were armed. The Chinese-made drone [[CAIG Wing Loong II|Wing Loong II]] fired Blue Arrow 7 missile, which was operated from UAE-run Al-Khadim Libyan air base. In February, these drones stationed in Libya were moved to an air base near [[Siwa Oasis|Siwa]] in the western Egyptian desert.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53917791|title=UAE implicated in lethal drone strike in Libya|work=BBC News|date=28 August 2020|access-date=28 August 2020|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090852/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53917791|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' probed and discovered the blatant violation of [[United Nations|UN]] arms embargo by the UAE and [[Turkey]] on 7 October 2020. As per the reporting, both the nations sent large-scale military cargo planes to Libya in support of their respective parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/07/turkey-and-uae-openly-flouting-un-arms-embargo-to-fuel-war-in-libya|title=Turkey and UAE openly flouting UN arms embargo to fuel war in Libya|access-date=7 October 2020|website=The Guardian|date=7 October 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627094735/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/07/turkey-and-uae-openly-flouting-un-arms-embargo-to-fuel-war-in-libya|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 October 2020, [[Libyan peace process|a permanent ceasefire]] was signed to end the war.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nebehay |first1=Stephanie |last2=McDowall |first2=Angus |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Gareth |editor2-last=Maclean |editor2-first=William |title=Warring Libya rivals sign truce but tough political talks ahead |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-ceasefire/warring-libya-rivals-sign-truce-but-tough-political-talks-ahead-idUSKBN2781BD?il=0 |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203235018/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-ceasefire/warring-libya-rivals-sign-truce-but-tough-political-talks-ahead-idUSKBN2781BD?il=0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-civil war years (2020–present) ===
{{Main|Libyan Crisis (2011–present)}}

{{Expand section|date=December 2021}}
In December 2021, the [[2022 Libyan presidential election|country's first presidential election]] was scheduled, but was delayed to June 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Libya's election got postponed: A quick guide|work=Al Jazeera|date=23 December 2021|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/23/why-libya-election-got-postponed|access-date=28 April 2022|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428143759/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/23/why-libya-election-got-postponed|url-status=live}}</ref> and later postponed further.

[[Fathi Bashagha]] was appointed prime minister by the parliament in February 2022 to lead a transitional administration, but standing prime minister [[Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh]] refused to hand over power as of April 2022. In protest against the Dbeibah government, tribal leaders from the desert town of [[Ubari]] shut down the [[El Sharara oil field]], Libya's largest oil field, on 18 April 2022. The shut down threatened to cause oil shortages domestically in Libya, and preclude the state-run National Oil Corp. from exploiting the increase in oil prices resulting from the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magdy |first1=Samy |title=Libya's largest oil field closed as turmoil intensifies |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libyas-largest-oil-field-closed-turmoil-intensifies-84146310 |access-date=18 April 2022 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419011048/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/libyas-largest-oil-field-closed-turmoil-intensifies-84146310 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 July, the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] was burned down by protesters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-02 |title=Libya protesters storm parliament building in Tobruk |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62018882 |access-date=2022-07-04 |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704191615/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62018882 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 10 September 2023, catastrophic floods due to [[Derna dam collapses|dam failure]]s generated by [[Storm Daniel]] devastated the port city of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], killing more than 5,900 and possibly as many as 24,000.<ref name="ALMONITOR">{{cite news|title=A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/09/year-rebuilding-libyas-flood-hit-derna-plagued-politics|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]|date=7 September 2024|access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> The floods were the worst natural disaster in Libya's modern history.<ref name="October 3 update">{{cite web |last1=Ndebele |first1=Lenin |title=A storm caused devastation in Libya, but politics may be its biggest problem in the aftermath |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/a-storm-caused-devastation-in-libya-but-politics-may-be-its-biggest-problem-in-the-aftermath-20231003 |publisher=News24 |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004014657/https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/a-storm-caused-devastation-in-libya-but-politics-may-be-its-biggest-problem-in-the-aftermath-20231003 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2024, the [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]] announced it would instate a morality police to crack-down on "weird haircuts", enforce "modest" clothing, and require male guardians for women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Libyan Government reinstates morality police|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/fears-religious-freedom-libya-proposes-new-morality-police|access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Libya|Wildlife of Libya|Climate change in Libya}}

[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map LBY present.svg|thumb|Libya map of Köppen climate classification|left]]
Libya extends over {{convert|1759540|km2|sqmi|0}}, making it the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|16th-largest nation in the world by size]]. Libya is bounded to the north by the [[Mediterranean Sea]], [[Libya–Tunisia border|the northwest]] by [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria–Libya border|the west]] by [[Algeria]], [[Libya–Niger border|the southwest]] by [[Niger]], [[Chad–Libya border|the south]] by [[Chad]], [[Libya–Sudan border|the southeast]] by [[Sudan]], and [[Egypt–Libya border|the east]] by [[Egypt]], as well as [[Maritime boundary|maritime borders]] with [[Greece]], [[Italy]] and [[Malta]] to the north. Libya lies between latitudes [[19th parallel north|19°]] and [[34th parallel north|34°N]], and longitudes [[9th meridian east|9°]] and [[26th meridian east|26°E]]. Libya comprises three historical regions: [[Tripolitania]], [[Fezzan]], and [[Cyrenaica]].

At {{convert|1770|km|mi|0}}, Libya's coastline is the longest of any [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa|African country]] bordering the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite web|title=Libya Background|url=http://www.educationlibya.org/country_profile.htm|publisher=Education Libya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040426000721/http://www.educationlibya.org/country_profile.htm|archive-date=26 April 2004|date=30 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |title=Field Listings – Coastlines |work=The World Factbook |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-date=16 July 2017 }}</ref> The portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of Libya is often called the [[Libyan Sea]]. The climate is mostly extremely dry and desertlike in nature. However, the northern regions enjoy a milder [[Mediterranean climate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southtravels.com/africa/libya/weather.html |title=Weather and Climate in Libya |publisher=Southtravels.com |access-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125808/http://www.southtravels.com/africa/libya/weather.html |archive-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref>

Six ecoregions lie within Libya's borders: [[Saharan halophytics]], [[Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe]], [[Mediterranean woodlands and forests]], [[North Saharan steppe and woodlands]], [[Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands]], and [[West Saharan montane xeric woodlands]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|display-authors=1|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|last16=Hayes|first40=Jonathan|first43=Roeland|last43=Kindt|first42=Yara|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first41=Heinz|last41=Klöser|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last39=Ghazanfar|first38=Annette|last38=Patzelt|first37=Anthony G.|last37=Miller|first36=Othman A.|last44=Lillesø|last45=van Breugel|first35=José C.|last15=Barber|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|first49=Muhammad|first45=Paulo|last49=Saleem|first48=Khalaf F.|last48=Al-Shammari|first47=Maianna|last47=Voge|first46=Lars|last46=Graudal|last36=Llewellyn|last35=Brito|first16=Randy|last21=Price|last24=Suckling|first23=Don|last23=Weeden|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last22=Baillie|first21=Lori|first20=Wes|last25=Davis|last20=Sechrest|first19=Eileen|last19=Crist|first18=Vance|last18=Martin|first17=Cyril|last17=Kormos|first24=Kierán|first25=Crystal|first34=Lilian|first30=Peter|last34=Pintea|first33=Nadia|last33=de Souza|first32=Alexandra|last32=Tyukavina|first31=Svetlana|last31=Turubanova|last30=Potapov|last26=Sizer|first29=Tanya|last29=Birch|first28=David|last28=Thau|first15=Charles Victor|last27=Moore|first26=Nigel|first27=Rebecca|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Natural hazards come in the form of hot, dry, dust-laden [[sirocco]] (known in Libya as the ''gibli''). This is a southern wind blowing from one to four days in [[Spring (season)|spring]] and [[autumn]]. There are also [[dust storm]]s and sandstorms. [[Oasis|Oases]] can also be found scattered throughout Libya, the most important of which are [[Ghadames]] and [[Kufra]].<ref name="WorldCulturalHeritage">{{cite web|title=Old Town of Ghadames (1986) Libyan Arab Jamahirya|url=http://heindorffhus.motivsamler.dk/worldheritage/frame-LibyaGhadames.htm|website=World Cultural Heritage|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810022226/http://heindorffhus.motivsamler.dk/worldheritage/frame-LibyaGhadames.htm|archive-date=10 August 2016 |date=20 July 2006}}</ref>

Libya is highly vulnerable to the effects of [[climate change]] and underprepared to deal with them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University of Notre Dame |date=2022 |title=ND-GAIN Country Index |url=https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/rankings/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |website=Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last1=UNDP |last2=UNICEF |last3=IOM UN Migration |last4=COP 27 |date=October 2022 |title=UN Climate Change Fact Sheet: Libya |url=https://libya.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl931/files/documents/UN%20Climate%20Change%20Factsheet%20Libya.pdf}}</ref> The effects of [[climate change in Libya]], such as [[desertification]], sea level rise, flooding, and irregular weather patterns are already noticeable and are expected to increase.<ref name=":42" /> These pose significant threats to Libya's agriculture, food and water security and economic development and sustainability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UNDP |title=Libya: Environment and Climate Change |url=https://www.undp.org/libya/environment-and-climate-change |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Libya |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/libya |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref>

Libya was a pioneer state in North Africa in species protection, with the creation in 1975 of the El Kouf protected area. The fall of Muammar Gaddafi's regime favoured intense [[poaching]]: "Before the fall of Gaddafi even hunting rifles were forbidden. But since 2011, poaching has been carried out with weapons of war and sophisticated vehicles in which one can find up to 200 gazelle heads killed by militiamen who hunt to pass the time. We are also witnessing the emergence of hunters with no connection to the tribes that traditionally practice hunting. They shoot everything they find, even during the breeding season. More than 500,000 birds are killed in this way each year, when protected areas have been seized by tribal chiefs who have appropriated them. The animals that used to live there have all disappeared, hunted when they are edible or released when they are not," explains zoologist Khaled Ettaieb.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/le-maghreb-prend-conscience-du-declin-de-sa-biodiversite,4034 |title=Le Maghreb prend conscience du déclin de sa biodiversité |date=4 August 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415011801/https://orientxxi.info/magazine/le-maghreb-prend-conscience-du-declin-de-sa-biodiversite,4034 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Libyan Desert ===
{{Main|Libyan Desert}}

[[File:Libyan Dessert.jpg|thumb|Libya is a predominantly [[desert]] country. Over 95% of the land area is covered in desert.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title=Libya |url=https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/libya/card/2r82XSjHkw/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=reports.unocha.org |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405202255/http://reports.unocha.org/en/country/libya/card/2r82XSjHkw/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Water Stress, Top Countries (2020).svg|thumb|Libya is the fourth-most water-stressed country in the world.]]
The Libyan Desert, which covers most of Libya, is one of the most arid and sun-baked places on Earth.<ref name="SalakLibya" /> In places, decades may pass without seeing any rainfall at all, and even in the [[highland (geography)|highlands]] rainfall seldom happens, once every 5–10 years. At [[Gabal El Uweinat|Uweinat]], {{As of|2006|lc=y}} the last recorded rainfall was in September 1998.<ref name="Libdesert">{{cite web |url=http://www.fjexpeditions.com/frameset/florafauna.htm |author=András Zboray |title=Flora and Fauna of the Libyan Desert |publisher=Fliegel Jezerniczky Expeditions |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208062321/http://www.fjexpeditions.com/frameset/florafauna.htm |archive-date=8 December 2012 }}</ref>

Likewise, the temperature in the Libyan Desert can be extreme; on 13 September 1922, the town of [['Aziziya]], which is located southwest of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], recorded an air temperature of {{convert|58|°C|°F|1}}, considered to be a world record.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.extremescience.com/hottest.htm |title=How Hot is Hot? |publisher=Extreme Science |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202020747/http://www.extremescience.com/hottest.htm |archive-date=2 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Death_Valley">{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |title=World: Highest Temperature |access-date=15 January 2013 |year=2012 |work=World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive |publisher=Arizona State University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |archive-date= 4 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name=El_Azizia>{{cite journal|last=El Fadli|first=KI|title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=September 2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2|page=199|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E|doi-access=free|issn=0003-0007 }}</ref> In September 2012, however, the world record figure of 58 °C was determined to be invalid by the [[World Meteorological Organization]].<ref name="Death_Valley"/><ref name=El_Azizia/><ref>{{cite news |last=Westcott |first=Tom |title=Libya loses 'world's hottest place' record |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/09/15/libya-loses-worlds-hottest-place-record/ |work=Libya Herald |date=15 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820231702/http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/09/15/libya-loses-worlds-hottest-place-record/ |archive-date=20 August 2013 }}</ref>

There are a few scattered uninhabited small oases, usually linked to the major depressions, where water can be found by digging to a few feet in depth. In the west there is a widely dispersed group of oases in unconnected shallow depressions, the Kufra group, consisting of Tazerbo, Rebianae and [[Kufra]].<ref name="Libdesert" /> Aside from the scarps, the general flatness is only interrupted by a series of [[plateau]]s and massifs near the centre of the Libyan Desert, around the convergence of the Egyptian-Sudanese-Libyan borders.

Slightly further to the south are the [[massif]]s of Arkenu, Uweinat, and Kissu. These [[granite]] mountains are ancient, having formed long before the sandstones surrounding them. Arkenu and Western Uweinat are ring complexes very similar to those in the [[Aïr Mountains]]. Eastern Uweinat (the highest point in the Libyan Desert) is a raised sandstone plateau adjacent to the granite part further west.<ref name="Libdesert" />

The plain to the north of Uweinat is dotted with eroded volcanic features. With the discovery of oil in the 1950s also came the discovery of a massive [[aquifer]] underneath much of Libya. The water in the [[Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] pre-dates the last [[ice age]]s and the [[Sahara|Sahara Desert]] itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_562.html |title=Fossil Water in Libya |publisher=NASA |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218110002/http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_562.html |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> This area also contains the [[Arkenu structures]], which were once thought to be two impact craters.<ref name="CigoliniOthers2012a">Cigolini, C, C Laiolo, and M Rossetti (2012) ''Endogenous and nonimpact origin of the Arkenu circular structures (al-Kufrah basin-SE Libya)'' Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 47(11):1772–1788.</ref>

== Politics and elections ==
{{Main|Politics of Libya|Elections in Libya}}

[[File:Palazzo Reale di Tripoli.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Palace of Tripoli]]; built during the [[Italian Tripolitania|Italian rule]] for the colonial governors, it later became the headquarters of [[King Idris]] before becoming a museum]]
[[File:Muammar al-Gaddafi 1-1.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] was the leader of Libya until [[Libyan civil war (2011)|2011 Civil War]].]]
The politics of Libya has been in a tumultuous state since the start of the [[Arab Spring]] and the [[NATO]] intervention related [[Libyan crisis]] in 2011. The crisis resulted in the collapse of the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] and the [[killing of Muammar Gaddafi]], amidst the [[First Libyan Civil War]] and 2011 [[2011 military intervention in Libya|foreign military intervention]].<ref>{{cite web|date=10 February 2021|title=Libya mired in chaos 10 years after Arab Spring|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210210-libya-mired-in-chaos-10-years-after-arab-spring|access-date=14 February 2022|work=[[France 24]]|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210065147/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210210-libya-mired-in-chaos-10-years-after-arab-spring|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 October 2021|title=10 years since Kadhafi death, stability still eludes Libya|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211019-10-years-since-kadhafi-death-stability-still-eludes-libya|access-date=14 February 2022|work=[[France 24]]|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019034550/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211019-10-years-since-kadhafi-death-stability-still-eludes-libya|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 May 2021|title=Feature: Libyans struggling in poverty, chaos 10 years after NATO intervention|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-05/07/c_139928992.htm|access-date=14 February 2022|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214012909/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-05/07/c_139928992.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The crisis was deepened by [[Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)|factional violence]] in the [[Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War|aftermath of the First Civil War]], resulting in the outbreak of the [[Second Libyan Civil War]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Libya's Second Civil War: How did it come to this?|url=http://www.conflict-news.com/libyas-second-civil-war-how-did-it-come-to-this/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320232806/http://www.conflict-news.com/libyas-second-civil-war-how-did-it-come-to-this/|archive-date=20 March 2015|access-date=22 March 2015|work=Conflict News}}{{cite web|author=National Post View|date=24 February 2015|title=National Post View: Stabilizing Libya may be the best way to keep Europe safe|url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/national-post-view-stabilizing-libya-may-be-the-best-way-to-keep-europe-safe|access-date=22 March 2015|work=National Post|archive-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317183803/http://news.nationalpost.com/2015/02/24/national-post-view-stabilizing-libya-may-be-the-best-way-to-keep-europe-safe/|url-status=live}}</ref> The control over the country is currently split between the [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] (HoR) in [[Tobruk]] and the [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|Government of National Unity]] (GNU) in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] and their respective supporters, as well as various [[:Category:Jihadist groups in Libya|jihadist groups]] and [[Ethnic groups in Libya|tribal elements]] controlling different parts of the country.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Pelham|first=Nicolas|date=February 2015|title=Libya Against Itself|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/feb/19/libya-against-itself/|magazine=The New York Review of Books|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014045423/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2015/feb/19/libya-against-itself/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Fadel, L. [https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/08/26/343444450/libyas-crisis-a-shattered-airport-two-parliaments-many-factions "Libya's Crisis: A Shattered Airport, Two Parliaments, Many Factions".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426075812/http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/08/26/343444450/libyas-crisis-a-shattered-airport-two-parliaments-many-factions|date=2015-04-26}}</ref>

The former legislature was the [[General National Congress]], which had 200 seats.<ref name="cialegbr">{{cite web|title=Legislative Branch|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2101.html|work=The World Factbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021137/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2101.html|archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> The [[General National Congress (2014)]], a largely unrecognised rival parliament based in the ''de jure'' capital of Tripoli, claims to be a legal continuation of the GNC.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-parliaments-idUSKBN0GP18S20140825|work=Reuters|title=Libya's ex-parliament reconvenes, appoints Omar al-Hasi as PM|date=25 August 2014|access-date=4 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112343/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/25/us-libya-security-parliaments-idUSKBN0GP18S20140825|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/28/egypt-reiterates-support-libyas-legitimate-institutions-amid-deepening-crisis/|work=Daily News Egypt|title=Egypt reiterates support for 'Libya's legitimate institutions' amid deepening crisis|date=28 December 2014|access-date=4 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408061506/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/28/egypt-reiterates-support-libyas-legitimate-institutions-amid-deepening-crisis/|archive-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> On 7 July 2012, Libyans voted in [[Libyan General National Congress election, 2012|parliamentary elections]], the first free elections in almost 40 years.<ref name="rfi-elections" /> Around thirty women were elected to become members of parliament.<ref name="rfi-elections">{{cite web|title=Encouraging Libyan women to play a greater role in politics|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/middle-east/20130204-encouraging-Libyan-women-play-greater-role-politics|publisher=Radio France Internationale|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501060424/http://www.english.rfi.fr/middle-east/20130204-encouraging-Libyan-women-play-greater-role-politics|archive-date=1 May 2013|date=4 February 2013}}</ref> Early results of the vote showed the [[National Forces Alliance]], led by former interim prime minister [[Mahmoud Jibril]], as front runner.<ref>{{cite news |author=Stephen, Chris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/10/muslim-brotherhood-expectations-libyan-election |title=Muslim Brotherhood fell 'below expectations' in Libyan elections |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=10 July 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109195509/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/10/muslim-brotherhood-expectations-libyan-election |archive-date=9 November 2013 }}</ref> The [[Justice and Construction Party]], affiliated with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], has done less well in Libya than similar parties in [[Egypt]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref name="econ-knack" /> It won 17 out of 80 seats that were contested by parties; about 60 independents had joined its caucus by 2013.<ref name="econ-knack">{{cite news |title=The knack of organisation |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21569418-muslim-brotherhood-looks-likely-make-further-gains-knack |newspaper=The Economist |location=London |date=12 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062656/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21569418-muslim-brotherhood-looks-likely-make-further-gains-knack |archive-date=8 January 2018 }}</ref> As of January 2013, there was mounting public pressure on the National Congress to set up a constitution-drafting body. Congress had not yet decided whether the members of the body would be elected or appointed.<ref>{{cite press release |title=In Libya, New Government Has Expressed Determination to Tackle Major Internal Problems, Including Precarious Security Situation, Security Council Told |date=29 January 2013 |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc10902.doc.htm |publisher=United Nations |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212231408/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sc10902.doc.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 March 2014, the General National Congress voted to replace itself with a new [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]]. The new legislature allocated 30 seats for women, would have 200 seats overall (with individuals able to run as members of political parties), and allowed Libyans of other nationalities to run for office.<ref name="lh30march">{{cite news|url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/03/30/congress-votes-to-replace-itself-with-new-house-of-representatives/|title=Congress votes to replace itself with new House of Representatives|work=Libya Herald|date=30 March 2014|access-date=1 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140331000000/http://www.libyaherald.com/2014/03/30/congress-votes-to-replace-itself-with-new-house-of-representatives/|archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref>

Following the 2012 elections, [[Freedom House]] improved Libya's rating from Not Free to Partly Free and considered the country an [[electoral democracy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Libya|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/libya|work=Freedom in the World 2013|publisher=Freedom House|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203094555/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/libya|archive-date=3 February 2013|date=9 January 2013}}</ref> Gaddafi merged civil and [[Sharia#Court_procedures|sharia courts]] in 1973. As of 2013, civil courts employed sharia judges in regular [[Court of appeal|courts of appeal]] as specialists in sharia appellate cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/libya.htm |title=Libya |publisher=Law.emory.edu |access-date=18 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212203803/http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/libya.htm |archive-date=12 February 2013 }}</ref> Laws regarding [[Sharia#Personal_status_and_child_marriage|personal status]] are derived from Islamic law as of 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Libya Gender Equality Profile |url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Libya-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf |publisher=Unicef |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502222708/http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Libya-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2013 }}</ref> At a meeting of the [[European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs]] on 2 December 2014, UN Special Representative [[Bernardino León]] described Libya as a non-state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/12/03/Libya-has-moved-from-dictatorship-to-no-state-U-N-envoy.html|agency=Al Arabiya News|title=Libya moved from dictatorship to non-state: U.N. envoy|date=2 December 2014|access-date=4 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216202853/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/12/03/Libya-has-moved-from-dictatorship-to-no-state-U-N-envoy.html|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> An agreement to form a [[Government of National Unity (Libya)|national unity government]] was signed on 17 December 2015.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |author=Kingsley, Patrick |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/libyan-politicians-sign-un-peace-deal-unify-rival-governments |title=Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217161008/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/libyan-politicians-sign-un-peace-deal-unify-rival-governments |archive-date=17 December 2015 }}</ref> Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member [[Presidency Council (Libya)|Presidency Council]] and a seventeen-member interim [[Government of National Accord]] would be formed, with a view to holding new elections within two years.<ref name="theguardian.com" /> The [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]] would continue to exist as a legislature, and an advisory body called the [[State Council (Libya)|State Council]] would have members nominated by the [[General National Congress (2014)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2015/12/25/Libyan-deal-on-course-but-who-is-on-board-.html |title=Libyan deal on course, but who is on board? |date=25 December 2015 |publisher=Al Arabiya |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175153/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/news/middle-east/2015/12/25/Libyan-deal-on-course-but-who-is-on-board-.html |archive-date=28 January 2016 }}</ref> The formation of an interim unity government was announced on 5 February 2021, after its members were elected by the [[Libyan Political Dialogue Forum]] (LPDF).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=UN-led Libya forum selects new interim government|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/5/libyas-factions-head-into-runoff-on-interim-government|access-date=2021-02-05|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=20 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220235724/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/5/libyas-factions-head-into-runoff-on-interim-government|url-status=live}}</ref> 74 members of the LPDF cast ballots for four-member slates, which would fill positions including prime minister and the head of the Presidential Council.<ref name=":0" /> After no slates reached a 60% vote threshold, the two leading groups competed in a run-off election.<ref name=":0" /> [[Mohamed al-Menfi]], a former ambassador to [[Greece]], became head of the Presidential Council.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2021-02-05|title=Libya crisis: Vote to unite splintered nation|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55955228|access-date=2021-02-05|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415002202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55955228|url-status=live}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the LPDF confirmed that [[Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh]], a businessman, would be the transitional prime minister.<ref name=":1" /> All of the candidates who ran in the election, including the members of the winning slate, promised to appoint women to 30% of all senior government positions.<ref name=":1" /> The politicians elected to lead the interim government initially agreed not to stand in the national elections scheduled for 24 December 2021.<ref name=":1" /> However, Dbeibeh announced his candidacy for president despite the ban in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interim leader Abdul Hamid Dbeibah to run for Libyan presidency|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/22/interim-leader-dbeibah-to-run-for-libyan-elections|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123000252/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/22/interim-leader-dbeibah-to-run-for-libyan-elections|url-status=live}}</ref> The appeals court in Tripoli rejected appeals for his disqualification and allowed Dbeibeh back on the candidates' list, along with a number of other previously disqualified candidates, for the election originally scheduled for 24 December.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tripoli Appeals Court reinstates Dbeibah as presidential candidate {{!}} The Libya Observer|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/tripoli-appeals-court-reinstates-dbeibah-presidential-candidate|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202020058/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/tripoli-appeals-court-reinstates-dbeibah-presidential-candidate|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even more controversially, the court also reinstated [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]], a son of the former dictator, as a presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite web|title=Libyan court reinstates Saif Gaddafi as presidential candidate|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/libya-court-reinstates-gaddafis-son-as-presidential-candidate|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924121309/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/2/libya-court-reinstates-gaddafis-son-as-presidential-candidate|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi back in Libya presidential election race {{!}} The Libya Observer|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/saif-al-islam-gaddafi-back-libya-presidential-election-race|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|language=en|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206091010/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/saif-al-islam-gaddafi-back-libya-presidential-election-race|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 22 December 2021, Libya's Election Commission called for the postponement of the election until 24 January 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-22|title=Libya elections: Delay called for in presidential poll|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59755677|access-date=2021-12-23|archive-date=2 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702180744/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-59755677|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier, a parliamentary commission said it would be "impossible" to hold the election on 24 December 2021.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|date=2021-12-21|title=Fears of Libya violence as UN races to manage election postponement|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/21/fears-of-libya-violence-as-un-races-to-manage-election-postponement|access-date=2021-12-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011702/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/21/fears-of-libya-violence-as-un-races-to-manage-election-postponement|url-status=live}}</ref> The UN called on Libya's interim leaders to "expeditiously address all legal and political obstacles to hold elections, including finalising the list of presidential candidates".<ref name="ReferenceA" /> However, at the last minute, the election was postponed indefinitely and the international community agreed to continue its support and recognition of the interim government headed by Dbeibeh.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-12-26|title=UK's ambassador drawn into Libyan political crisis after elections called off|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/26/uk-accused-defending-corruption-libya-election-tweet|access-date=2021-12-28|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824120544/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/26/uk-accused-defending-corruption-libya-election-tweet|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-12-27|title=Libyan parliament delays next move amid election chaos|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/libyan-parliament-debates-election-chaos-2021-12-27/|access-date=2021-12-28|archive-date=3 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403234715/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/libyan-parliament-debates-election-chaos-2021-12-27/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to new election rules, a new prime minister has 21 days to form a cabinet that must be endorsed by the various governing bodies within Libya.<ref name=":1" /> After this cabinet is agreed upon, the unity government will replace all "parallel authorities" within Libya, including the Government of National Accord in Tripoli and the administration led by General Haftar.<ref name=":1" />

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Libya}}

Libya's foreign policies have fluctuated since 1951. As a kingdom, Libya maintained a definitively pro-Western stance and was recognised as belonging to the conservative traditionalist bloc in the League of Arab States (the present-day [[Arab League]]), of which it became a member in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) |title=Independent Libya |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120922002614/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) |archive-date=22 September 2012 }}</ref> The government was also friendly towards Western countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, [[French Fifth Republic|France]], [[First Italian Republic|Italy]], and [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Greece]], and established full diplomatic relations with the [[Soviet Union]] in 1955.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zoubir|first=Yahia|year=2009|title=Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime|journal=Journal of Contemporary European Studies|volume=17|issue=3|pages=401–415|doi=10.1080/14782800903339354|s2cid=153625134}}</ref> Although the government supported Arab causes, including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements, it took little active part in the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the 1950s and early 1960s. The kingdom was noted for its close association with the West, while it steered a conservative course at home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get7.cgi?directory=Fall00/&filename=Abadi.htm |title=Pragmatism and Rhetoric in Libya's Policy Toward Israel |author=Abadi, Jacob |publisher=The Journal of Conflict Studies: Volume XX Number 1 Fall 2000, University of New Brunswick |year=2000 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330001903/http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get7.cgi?directory=Fall00%2F&filename=Abadi.htm |archive-date=30 March 2012 }}</ref>

After the 1969 [[coup d'état]], [[Muammar Gaddafi]] closed American and British bases and partly [[Nationalization|nationalised]] foreign oil and commercial interests in Libya. Gaddafi was known for backing a number of leaders viewed as anathema to [[Westernization|Westernisation]] and [[political liberalism]], including [[History of Uganda (1971–79)|Ugandan]] president [[Idi Amin]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Idi Amin speaks: an annotated selection of his speeches|author1=Idi Amin |author2=Benoni Turyahikayo-Rugyema |year=1998|publisher=African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison |isbn=978-0-942615-38-8}}</ref> [[Central African Empire|Central African]] emperor [[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]],<ref name="stanik23">{{Cite book|title=El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's undeclared war with Qaddafi|author=Joseph T. Stanik|year=2003|publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-55750-983-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/eldoradocanyonre00stan}}</ref><ref name="leedavis16">{{Cite book |title=Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya |url=https://archive.org/details/qaddafiterrorism00davi |url-access=registration |author=Lee Davis, Brian |year=1990 |page=[https://archive.org/details/qaddafiterrorism00davi/page/16 16]|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780275933029 }}</ref> [[Derg|Ethiopian]] strongman [[Haile Mariam Mengistu]],<ref name="leedavis16" /> Liberian president [[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles Taylor]],<ref name="economistfall">{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9441341 |title= How the mighty are falling |access-date= 17 July 2007 |date= 5 July 2007 |newspaper= The Economist |location= London |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003829/http://economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9441341 |archive-date= 12 October 2007 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Serbia_and_Montenegro#History|Yugoslav]] president [[Slobodan Milošević]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.alb-net.com/kcc/102699.htm |title=Gaddafi Given Yugoslavia's Top Medal By Milosevic |date=26 October 1999 |agency=Reuters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515031023/http://www.alb-net.com/kcc/102699.htm |archive-date=15 May 2011 }}</ref>
{{multiple image |total_width=450 |image1=Mutassim_Gadaffi_Hillary_Clinton.jpg |caption1=Libyan National Security Advisor [[Mutassim Gaddafi]] and US Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]], April 2009
|image2=Secretary Kerry, UK Foreign Secretary Hague Hold News Conference With Libyan Prime Minister Ziedan (11035773394).jpg |caption2=UK Foreign Secretary [[William Hague]] with Libyan Prime Minister [[Ali Zeidan]] and U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]], November 2013}}
Relations with the West were strained for most of Gaddafi's rule,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/7967820/Yvonne-Fletcher-killer-may-be-brought-to-justice.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Gordon |last=Rayner |title=Yvonne Fletcher killer may be brought to justice |date=28 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831015645/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/7967820/Yvonne-Fletcher-killer-may-be-brought-to-justice.html |archive-date=31 August 2010 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated183">{{Cite book|title=Qaddafi, terrorism, and the origins of the U.S. attack on Libya.|author=Lee Davis, Brian |page=183}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Proclamation 4907 – Imports of Petroleum |publisher= US Office of the Federal Register |date= 10 March 1982 |url= http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/31082a.htm |author= President Ronald Reagan |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080306063835/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/31082a.htm |archive-date= 6 March 2008 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> with incidents including the killing of [[City of London Police|London]] policewoman [[Yvonne Fletcher]], the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing|bombing]] of a [[West Berlin]] nightclub frequented by U.S. servicemen, and the bombing of [[Pan Am Flight 103]] leading to UN sanctions in the 1990s; by the late 2000s, the United States and other Western powers had normalised relations with Libya.<ref name="SalakLibya" /> Gaddafi's decision to abandon the pursuit of [[weapons of mass destruction]] after the [[Iraq War]] saw [[History of Iraq under Ba'athist rule|Iraqi dictator]] [[Saddam Hussein]] overthrown and put on trial led to Libya being hailed as a success for Western [[soft power]] initiatives in the [[war on terror]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3566545.stm |title=Blair hails new Libyan relations |work=BBC News |date=25 March 2004 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307231343/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3566545.stm |archive-date=7 March 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Marcus |first=Jonathan |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4774305.stm |title=Washington's Libyan fairy tale |work=BBC News |date=15 May 2006 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116095214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4774305.stm |archive-date=16 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/23/opinion/why-libya-gave-up-on-the-bomb.html |title=Why Libya Gave Up on the Bomb |work=The New York Times |date=23 January 2004 |access-date=24 February 2011 |first=Flynt |last=Leverett |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401183534/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/23/opinion/why-libya-gave-up-on-the-bomb.html |archive-date=1 April 2011 }}</ref> In October 2010, Gaddafi apologised to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the [[trans-Saharan slave trade]].<ref name="France 24 2010">{{cite web | title=Gaddafi warns Sudan secession would be dangerous for Africa | website=France 24 | date=10 Oct 2010 | url=https://www.france24.com/en/20101010-muammar-gaddafi-sudan-secession-danger-africa-libya | access-date=25 Jun 2021 | archive-date=28 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628090731/https://www.france24.com/en/20101010-muammar-gaddafi-sudan-secession-danger-africa-libya | url-status=live }}</ref>

Libya is included in the [[European Union]]'s [[European Neighbourhood Policy]] (ENP), which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Libyan authorities rejected European Union's plans aimed at stopping [[Immigration to Europe|migration from Libya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Libya rejects EU plans for migrant centers on its territory |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya/libya-rejects-eu-plans-for-migrant-centers-on-its-territory-idUSKBN1KA0X3 |work=Reuters |date=20 July 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829212223/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-libya/libya-rejects-eu-plans-for-migrant-centers-on-its-territory-idUSKBN1KA0X3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Libyan authorities oppose EU migrant plans |url=https://euobserver.com/migration/136837 |work=EUobserver |date=8 February 2017 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205253/https://euobserver.com/migration/136837 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Libya signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Libyan Armed Forces}}

{{Update|date=April 2016}}
Libya's [[Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|previous national army]] was defeated in the [[First Libyan Civil War]] and disbanded. The [[Tobruk]]-based [[House of Representatives (Libya)|House of Representatives]], which claims to be the legitimate government of Libya, has attempted to reestablish a military known as the [[Libyan National Army]]. Led by [[Khalifa Haftar]], it controls much of eastern Libya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/qa-libya-180909072236031.html|title=Q&A: What's next for Libya?|last=Allahoum|first=Ramy|date=9 September 2018|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803092154/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/qa-libya-180909072236031.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2012, an estimated 35,000 personnel had joined its ranks.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |title=In Libya, the Captors Have Become the Captive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/magazine/in-libya-the-captors-have-become-the-captive.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=24 May 2012 |date=13 May 2012 |first=Robert F. |last=Worth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524082413/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/magazine/in-libya-the-captors-have-become-the-captive.html |archive-date=24 May 2012 }}</ref> The internationally recognised [[Government of National Accord]] established in 2015 had [[Libyan Army|its own army]] that replaced the LNA, consisting largely of undisciplined and disorganised militia groups.

As of November 2012, it was deemed to be still in the embryonic stage of development.<ref>{{cite news |title=US-backed force in Libya face challenges |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/13/libya-middleeast |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227171955/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/13/libya-middleeast |archive-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> President [[Mohammed Magariaf]] promised that empowering the army and police force was the government's biggest priority in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libyans lament their missing army |date=19 October 2012 |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/10/2012101979848968.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124223045/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/10/2012101979848968.html |archive-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref> President Megarif also ordered that all of the country's militias to come under government authority or disband.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libya orders 'illegitimate' militias to disband |url=https://news.yahoo.com/libya-orders-illegitimate-militias-disband-145952723.html |date=23 September 2012 |agency=Associated Press |author1=Mohamed, Esam |author2=Alfitory, Osama |publisher=Yahoo! News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144339/http://news.yahoo.com/libya-orders-illegitimate-militias-disband-145952723.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

Militias had refused to be integrated into a central security force by February 2013.<ref name="hangover">{{cite news |title=The party and the hangover |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21572243-country-still-struggling-move-ahead-party-and-hangover |newspaper=The Economist |location=London |access-date=21 February 2013 |date=23 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222164235/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21572243-country-still-struggling-move-ahead-party-and-hangover |archive-date=22 February 2013 }}</ref> Many of the militias were disciplined, but the most powerful of them answered only to the executive councils of various Libyan cities.<ref name="hangover"/> The militias made up the so-called [[Libya Shield Force]], a parallel national force, which operated at the request, rather than at the order, of the defence ministry.<ref name="hangover"/>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Subdivisions of Libya|Districts of Libya|Baladiyat of Libya}}

[[File:Libya, administrative divisions - Nmbrs - colored.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Districts of Libya since 2007]]
Historically, the area of Libya was considered three provinces (or states), [[Tripolitania]] in the northwest, [[Cyrenaica|Barka]] (Cyrenaica) in the east, and [[Fezzan]] in the southwest. The conquest by Italy in the [[Italo-Turkish War]] united them into a single political unit.

Since 2007, Libya has been divided into 22 districts ([[Shabiyat]]):
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em
|# [[Nuqat al Khams]]
# [[Zawiya District|Zawiya]]
# [[Jafara]]
# [[Tripoli District, Libya|Tripoli]]
# [[Murqub District|Murqub]]
# [[Misrata District|Misrata]]
# [[Sirte District|Sirte]]
# [[Benghazi District|Benghazi]]
# [[Marj District|Marj]]
# [[Jabal al Akhdar]]
# [[Derna District|Derna]]
# [[Tobruk District|Tobruk]]
# [[Nalut District|Nalut]]
# [[Jabal al Gharbi District|Jabal al Gharbi]]
# [[Wadi al Shatii District|Wadi al Shatii]]
# [[Jufra District|Jufra]]
# [[Al Wahat District|Al Wahat]]
# [[Ghat District|Ghat]]
# [[Wadi al Hayaa District|Wadi al Hayaa]]
# [[Sabha District|Sabha]]
# [[Murzuq District|Murzuq]]
# [[Kufra District|Kufra]]
}}

In 2022, 18 provinces were declared by the Libyan Government of National Unity ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220302150300/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/libyan-government-divides-country-18-provinces Libyan Observer]): the eastern coast, Jabal Al-Akhdar, Al-Hizam, Benghazi, Al-Wahat, Al-Kufra, Al-Khaleej, Al-Margab, Tripoli, Al-Jafara, Al-Zawiya, West Coast, Gheryan, Zintan, Nalut, Sabha, Al-Wadi, and Murzuq Basin.

=== Human rights ===
{{See also|Human rights in Libya}}
According to [[Human Rights Watch]] annual report 2016, journalists are still being targeted by the armed groups in Libya. The organisation added that Libya ranked very low in the 2015 [[Press Freedom Index]], 154th out of 180 countries.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/libya|title=Libya|chapter=Libya: Events of 2015 |date=11 January 2016|publisher=Human Rights Watch|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216122230/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/libya|archive-date=16 December 2016}}</ref> For the 2021 Press Freedom Index its score dropped to 165th out of 180 countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 World Press Freedom Index|url=https://rsf.org/en/index|publisher=[[Reporters Sans Frontieres]]|access-date=28 April 2022 | archive-date=27 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427230843/https://rsf.org/en/ranking|url-status=live}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in Libya|Homosexuality]] is illegal in Libya.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=16 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111064457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |archive-date=11 November 2016 }}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Libya}}

[[File:GDP per capita development in Libya.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Libya, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.]]
The Libyan economy depends primarily upon revenues from the [[Petroleum industry|oil sector]], which account for over half of GDP and 97% of exports.<ref name=star-oil /> Libya holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa and is an important contributor to the global supply of light, [[sweet crude]].<ref name=eia-libya>{{cite web|title=Libya – Analysis|url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=LY|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209221421/http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=LY|archive-date=9 December 2012}}</ref> During 2010, when oil averaged at $80 a barrel, oil production accounted for 54% of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS?locations=LY|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130151035/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PETR.RT.ZS?locations=LY|url-status=dead|title=Oil rents (% of GDP) - Libya | Data|archivedate=30 January 2018|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Apart from petroleum, the other natural resources are natural gas and [[gypsum]].<ref name=opec-libya/> The [[International Monetary Fund]] estimated Libya's real GDP growth at 122% in 2012 and 16.7% in 2013, after a 60% plunge in 2011.<ref name="star-oil">{{cite news |title=Oil production boosts Libya economy, instability hampers reconstruction |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Middle-East/2012/Oct-20/192086-oil-production-boosts-libya-economy-instability-hampers-reconstruction.ashx |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=20 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209165315/http://dailystar.com.lb/Business/Middle-East/2012/Oct-20/192086-oil-production-boosts-libya-economy-instability-hampers-reconstruction.ashx |archive-date=9 February 2013 }}</ref>

In 2023 Libya emitted around 23.77 million tonnes of greenhouse gases, about 0.17% of the world's total emissions. However, the nation ranked as the 21st highest emitter per capita globally and the highest in Africa, at just over 13 tonnes per person.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Matthew W. |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide |date=2024-11-13 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/14054503 |access-date=2025-03-05 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.14054503 |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia}}</ref> Libya was slow to join climate efforts, signing the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) in 2016 and the [[Paris Agreement|Paris Climate Agreement]] in 2021.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=UNICEF |date=September 2022 |title=UNICEF Libya Water Scarcity and Climate Change: an analysis on WASH enabling environment in Libya |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/unicef-libya-water-scarcity-and-climate-change-analysis-wash-enabling-environment-libya |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=UNICEF Middle East and North Africa}}</ref> However, as of 2024, Libya has not ratified the Paris Agreement and submitted its [[Nationally determined contribution|Nationally Determined Contributions]] (NDCs), and has made little progress toward the development of [[climate change adaptation]] plans.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Climate Vulnerability in Libya: Building Resilience Through Local Empowerment |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/06/libya-climate-vulnerability-adaptation-periphery?lang=en |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Environment and Climate Change |url=https://www.undp.org/libya/environment-and-climate-change |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref>

The [[World Bank]] defines Libya as an 'Upper Middle Income Economy', along with only seven other African countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20421402~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html#Upper_middle_income |title=Upper Middle Income Economies |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215837/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20421402~pagePK%3A64133150~piPK%3A64133175~theSitePK%3A239419%2C00.html |archive-date=24 May 2008 }}</ref> Substantial revenues from the energy sector, coupled with a small population, give Libya one of the highest per capita GDPs in Africa. Although the government supported Arab causes, including the Moroccan and Algerian independence movements, it took little active part in the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] or the tumultuous inter-Arab politics of the 1950s and early 1960s. The kingdom was noted for its close association with the West, while it steered a conservative course at home.<ref name=opec-libya/> This allowed the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] state to provide an extensive level of [[social security]], particularly in the fields of housing and education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/E.1990.5.Add.26.En?OpenDocument |title=Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Report |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914071759/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/E.1990.5.Add.26.En?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 September 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Bouri NC 41 DP4 platform.jpg|left|thumb|An [[oil platform]] off the Libyan coast]]
Libya faces many structural problems including a lack of institutions, weak governance, and chronic [[structural unemployment]].<ref name=imf-survey>{{cite web |title=Libya on Recovery Path but Faces Long Rebuilding Effort |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/car041612a.htm |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] |year=2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205112847/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/CAR041612A.htm |archive-date=5 February 2013 }}</ref> The economy displays a lack of economic diversification and significant reliance on immigrant labour.<ref name=ilo-libya/> Libya has traditionally relied on unsustainably high levels of public sector hiring to create employment.<ref name=african-outlook/> In the mid-2000s, the government employed about 70% of all national employees.<ref name=ilo-libya>{{cite web |title=Libya |url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/afpro/cairo/countries/libya.htm |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224044414/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/afpro/cairo/countries/libya.htm |archive-date=24 December 2012 }}</ref>

Unemployment rose from 8% in 2008 to 21% in 2009, according to the census figures.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE52106820090302 |title=Libya's Jobless Rate at 20.7 Percent |agency=Reuters Africa |date=2 March 2009 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020102458/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE52106820090302 |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> According to an [[Arab League]] report, based on data from 2010, unemployment for women stands at 18% while for the figure for men is 21%, making Libya the only Arab country where there are more unemployed men than women.<ref>{{cite web|title=More men unemployed than women in Libya: report|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/03/18/201511.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=18 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502214611/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/03/18/201511.html|archive-date=2 May 2012|access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> Libya has high levels of social inequality, high rates of youth unemployment and regional economic disparities.<ref name=african-outlook>{{cite web |title=Libya |url=http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/north-africa/libya/ |publisher=African Economic Outlook |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326041650/http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/north-africa/libya/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 }}</ref> Water supply is also a problem, with some 28% of the population not having access to safe drinking water in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/03_SafeDrinkingWater_D7341Insert_English.pdf |title=Safe Drinking Water |publisher=WHO/UNIADF Joint Monitoring Programme |year=2000 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040550/http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/03_SafeDrinkingWater_D7341Insert_English.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Libyan pivot irrigation 460142568 02e969004a o.jpg|thumb|[[Pivot irrigation]] in [[Kufra]], southeast Libya, 2008]]
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Libya, the [[Cairo–Dakar Highway]] and [[Tripoli–Cape Town Highway]]. These routes have further contributed in the economic development of Libya.

Libya imports up to 90% of its cereal consumption requirements, and imports of wheat in 2012/13 was estimated at 1 million tonnes.<ref name="fao giews"/> The 2012 wheat production was estimated at 200,000 tonnes.<ref name="fao giews"/> The government hopes to increase food production to 800,000 tonnes of cereals by 2020.<ref name="fao giews"/> However, natural and environmental conditions limit Libya's agricultural production potential.<ref name="fao giews">{{cite web|title=Country Brief on Libya|url=http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=LBY|publisher=FAO Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111081055/http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=LBY|archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref> Before 1958, agriculture was the country's main source of revenue, making up about 30% of GDP. With the discovery of oil in 1958, the size of the agriculture sector declined rapidly, accounting for less than 5% GDP by 2005.<ref name=voa-olive>{{cite web|title=Olive Oil – Libya's Other Oil Economy|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/olive_oil_libyas_other_oil_economy/1120507.html|publisher=VOA News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806102942/http://www.voanews.com/content/olive_oil_libyas_other_oil_economy/1120507.html|archive-date=6 August 2012|access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref>

The country joined [[OPEC]] in 1962.<ref name=opec-libya>{{cite web|title=Libya facts and figures|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/166.htm|publisher=OPEC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519225427/http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/166.htm|archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> Libya is not a [[WTO]] member, but negotiations for its accession started in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Libya – Trade|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/libya/|publisher=European Commission|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213194016/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/libya/|archive-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> In the early 1980s, Libya was one of the wealthiest countries in the world; its [[GDP per capita]] was higher than some developed countries.<ref>''Philips' Modern School Atlas'', 1987, 1983 GNP per capita figures are quoted in a list.</ref>

[[File:Libya location map-oil & gas 2011-en.svg|thumb|Oil is the major natural resource of Libya, with [[Oil reserves in Libya|estimated reserves of 43.6 billion barrels]].<ref>[http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/06/11/libya "In a pure coincidence, Gaddafi impeded U.S. oil interests before the war"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727073822/http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2011/06/11/libya |date=27 July 2011 }}, Glenn Greenwald. Salon. 11 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011</ref>]]
[[International sanctions|UN sanctions]] were lifted in September 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Libya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117185320/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2026 |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=The World Factbook}}</ref> and Libya announced in December 2003 that it would abandon programs to build weapons of mass destruction.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}} Other steps have included applying for membership of the [[World Trade Organization]], reducing [[Subsidy|subsidies]], and announcing plans for [[privatization|privatisation]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3929727.stm|publisher=BBC|date=27 July 2004|title=WTO go-ahead for Libya talks|access-date=21 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617000545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3929727.stm|archive-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>

Authorities privatised more than 100 government-owned companies after 2003 in industries including oil refining, tourism and real estate, of which 29 were 100% foreign owned.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cohn |first=Carolyn |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE56N02L20090724 |title=Libya expects nearly $2 bln in new FDI |agency=Reuters Africa |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020102503/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE56N02L20090724 |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> Many international oil companies returned to the country, including oil giants [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] and [[ExxonMobil]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shell returns to Libya with gas exploration pact|url=http://www.oilandgasnewsworldwide.com/News.asp?Article=16404|publisher=Oil & Gas News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050513162749/http://www.oilandgasnewsworldwide.com/News.asp?Article=16404|archive-date=13 May 2005|date= 9–15 May 2005}}</ref> After sanctions were lifted there was a gradual increase of air traffic, and by 2005 there were 1.5 million yearly air travellers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jawad |first=Rana |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5030998.stm |title=Libyan aviation ready for take-off |work=BBC News |date=31 May 2006 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410012030/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5030998.stm |archive-date=10 April 2013 }}</ref> Libya had long been a notoriously difficult country for Western tourists to visit due to stringent visa requirements.<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Bangs |author2=Ammar Mabrouk Eltaye |title=Libya sees thriving tourism industry ahead |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5210117 |access-date=10 October 2007 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924003329/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5210117 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2007, [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]], the second-eldest son of Muammar Gaddafi, was involved in a [[green development]] project called the Green Mountain Sustainable Development Area, which sought to bring tourism to [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]] and to preserve [[Classical Greece|Greek]] ruins in the area.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Green Resort Is Planned to Preserve Ruins and Coastal Waters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16liby.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=16 October 2007|first=Elisabeth|last=Rosenthal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227172005/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/science/16liby.html|archive-date=27 December 2016}}</ref> In August 2011, it was estimated that it would take at least 10 years to rebuild Libya's infrastructure. Even before the 2011 war, Libya's infrastructure was in a poor state due to "utter neglect" by Gaddafi's administration, according to the NTC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14684547 |title=Libyan sovereign wealth fund 'missing $2.9bn' |work=BBC News |date=26 August 2011 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118232128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14684547 |archive-date=18 January 2013 }}</ref> By October 2012, the economy had recovered from the 2011 conflict, with oil production returning to near normal levels.<ref name="star-oil" /> Oil production was more than 1.6 million barrels per day before the war. By October 2012, the average oil production has surpassed 1.4 million bpd.<ref name="star-oil" /> The resumption of production was made possible due to the quick return of major Western companies, like [[TotalEnergies]], [[Eni]], [[Repsol]], [[Wintershall]] and [[Occidental Petroleum|Occidental]].<ref name="star-oil" /> In 2016, an announcement from the company said the company aims 900,000 barrel per day in the next year. Oil production has fallen from 1.6 million barrel per day to 900,000 in four years of war.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/libya-militias-battle-for-control-of-oil-ports-1.204610|title=As The Power Struggle Endures, Libya Eyes 900,000 Bpd Oil Output|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209041257/http://www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/libya-militias-battle-for-control-of-oil-ports|archive-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

The [[Great Man-Made River]] is the world's largest [[irrigation]] project.<ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx Guinness World Records 2008 Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024138/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/2008/default.aspx |date=24 September 2015 }}. {{ISBN|978-1-904994-18-3}}</ref> The project utilises a pipeline system that pumps [[fossil water]] from the [[Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System]] from down south in Libya to cities in the populous Libyan northern Mediterranean coast including Tripoli and Benghazi. The water provides 70% of all freshwater used in Libya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world|title=The Eighth Wonder of the World?|author=Moutaz Ali|year=2017|website=Quantara.de|access-date=18 July 2021|archive-date=19 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219152751/https://en.qantara.de/content/libyas-great-man-made-river-irrigation-project-the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world|url-status=live}}</ref> During the second Libyan civil war, lasting from 2014 to 2020, the water infrastructure suffered neglect and occasional breakdowns.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ In battle for Libya's oil, water becomes a casualty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718185516/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-water-insight-idUSKCN1TX0KQ |date=18 July 2021 }}. ''Reuters''. 2 July 2019.</ref> By 2017, 60% of the Libyan population were [[Malnutrition|malnourished]]. Since then, 1.3 million people are waiting for emergency humanitarian aid, out of a total population of 7.1 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lvsl.fr/les-sequelles-de-lintervention-de-lotan-en-libye/ |title=Libye : Les terribles séquelles de l'intervention de l'OTAN |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421200502/https://lvsl.fr/les-sequelles-de-lintervention-de-lotan-en-libye/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of March 2024, Libya was actively promoting business development and encouraging both domestic and foreign investment. This strategic initiative is aimed at securing long-term economic stability and prosperity for Libya by diversifying its economic foundation. Embracing green industries like renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, and eco-tourism holds the potential to generate fresh employment prospects across a spectrum of sectors, thereby addressing unemployment challenges, particularly among the youth demographic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expert in Design a green investment framework for Libya (H/F) |url=https://expertise-france.gestmax.fr/10947/1/expert-in-design-a-green-investment-framework-for-libya-h-f |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=expertise-france.gestmax.fr |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327063526/https://expertise-france.gestmax.fr/10947/1/expert-in-design-a-green-investment-framework-for-libya-h-f |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Libya}}

[[File:Libya_ethnic.svg|thumb|305x305px|Ethnic composition of the Libyan population in 1974 (CIA map): {{legend|#D4B56E|[[Arabs|Arab]] and [[Arab-Berber]]}} {{legend|#FF951E|[[Berber people|Berber]]}} {{legend|#D66DFF|[[Tuareg people|Tuareg]]}} {{legend|#B6FF70|[[Toubou people|Toubou]]}} {{legend|#c8c8c8|Uninhabited}}]]
Libya is a large country with a relatively small population concentrated very narrowly along the coast.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zakaria|first=Fareed|title=Gadhafi's brutal regime can't survive|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/02/25/zakaria.libya.gadhafi/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=25 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055526/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/02/25/zakaria.libya.gadhafi/index.html|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Its population density is about {{convert|50|pd/sqkm}} in the two northern regions of [[Tripolitania]] and [[Cyrenaica]], but falls to less than {{convert|1|pd/sqkm}} elsewhere. 90% of the people live along the coast in less than 10% of the area.

About 88% of the population is urban, mostly concentrated in the three largest cities, [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], [[Benghazi]] and [[Misrata]]. Libya has a population of about {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Libya}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} million,{{UN_Population|ref}} 27.7% of whom are under the age of 15.<ref name="spooks">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ |title=Libya |work=The World Factbook |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-date=9 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1984 the population was 3.6 million, an increase from the 1.54 million reported in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/libya/ |title=Libya |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826090114/http://countrystudies.us/libya/ |archive-date=26 August 2013 }}</ref>

The population of Libya is primarily of [[Arabs|Arab]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Libya |url=https://fanack.com/libya/population/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226184215/https://fanack.com/libya/population/ |archive-date=2021-02-26 |access-date=2019-06-27 |website=Fanack.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Arabs account for 92% of the population, while [[Berbers]] account for 5%, though other estimates put this percentage at 10%, representing approximately 600,000 people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yakan |first=Mohamad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=Almanac of African Peoples and Nations |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-28930-6 |language=en |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501042016/https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurutuza |first=Karlos |title=Berbers fear ethnic conflict |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/1/6/libyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129190339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/1/6/libyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the Berber groups are the minority Berber populations of [[Zuwarah]] and the [[Nafusa Mountains]]. Southern Libya, primarily [[Sebha]], [[Kufra]], [[Ghat, Libya|Ghat]], [[Ghadamis]] and [[Murzuk]], is also inhabited by two other ethnic groups; the [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] and [[Toubou people|Toubou]]. Libya is one of the world's most [[Tribalism|tribal]] countries. There are about 140 [[tribe]]s and [[clan]]s in Libya.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,747234,00.html |title=Uprising in Libya: 'Survival Hinges on Tribal Solidarity' |newspaper=Der Spiegel |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524035601/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,747234,00.html |archive-date=24 May 2012 |date=23 February 2011 }}</ref> Also living in Libya are an estimated 750,000 Egyptian workers, down from more than 2 million prior to the overthrow of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Nadia |date=2015-02-20 |title=Why Egyptians are risking their lives to work in Libya |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/20/egyptians-risk-lives-work-libya |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Family life is important for Libyan families, the majority of whom live in [[Tower block|apartment blocks]] and other independent housing units, with modes of housing depending on their income and wealth. Although the Arab Libyans traditionally lived nomadic [[Bedouin]] lifestyles in tents, they have predominately settled in towns and cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncrss.com/report3.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030403191008/http://www.ncrss.com/report3.doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2003 |title=The Family and the work of women, A study in the Libyan Society |author=Al-Hawaat, Ali |publisher=National Center for Research and Scientific Studies of Libya |access-date=5 February 2013 }}</ref> Old ways of life are gradually fading out. A small number of Libyans still live in the desert as their families have done for centuries. Most of the population has occupations in industry and [[Tertiary sector of the economy|services]], and a small percentage is in agriculture.

According to the UNHCR, there were around 8,000 registered refugees, 5,500 unregistered refugees, and 7,000 asylum seekers of various origins in Libya in January 2013. Additionally, 47,000 Libyan nationals were internally displaced and 46,570 were internally displaced returnees.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNHCR Global Appeal 2013 Update|url=http://www.unhcr.org/50a9f82616.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=16 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107084239/http://www.unhcr.org/50a9f82616.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in Libya}}

In 2010, spending on healthcare accounted for 3.88% of the country's GDP. In 2009, there were 18.71 physicians and 66.95 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Health|url=http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=26&cat_code=8|publisher=SESRIC|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023065839/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=26&cat_code=8|archive-date=23 October 2014|access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> The life expectancy at birth was 74.95 years in 2011, or 72.44 years for males and 77.59 years for females.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demography|url=http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=26&cat_code=7|publisher=SESRIC|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023065748/http://www.sesrtcic.org/oic-member-countries-infigures.php?c_code=26&cat_code=7|archive-date=23 October 2014|access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref>

In 2023, the Libyan health ministry announced the launch of the National Strategy for Primary Healthcare 2023–2028 to improve services provided by group clinics and health centres. A unique health number allotted to each citizen will facilitate access to medical records. Before Storm Daniel, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs estimated that around 60,000 people were in need of humanitarian aid in Derna and environs. Since the storm many of the hospitals and primary health facilities in Derna and eastern Libya have been rendered partially or completely nonfunctional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/rebuilding-libyas-health-care-system |title=Rebuilding Libya's health system |date=7 November 2023 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502122641/https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/rebuilding-libyas-health-care-system |url-status=live }}</ref>

Libya's 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI) score is 19.2, which indicates a moderate level of hunger. Libya ranks 83rd out of 127 countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in Libya}}

[[File:Piazza 28 Ottobre, Bengasi.jpg|thumb|Al Manar Royal Palace in central [[Benghazi]] – the location of the [[University of Libya]]'s first campus, founded by royal decree in 1955]]
Libya's population includes 1.7 million students, over 270,000 of whom study at the [[Tertiary education|tertiary level]].<ref name="Libedu">{{cite web |url=http://www.wes.org/eWENR/04July/Practical.htm |title=Education in Libya |author=Clark, Nick |publisher=World Education News and Reviews, Volume 17, Issue 4 |date=July 2004 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208081721/http://www.wes.org/ewenr/04July/Practical.htm |archive-date=8 February 2013 }}</ref> Basic education in Libya is free for all citizens,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0070) |title=Education of Libya |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120921235353/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0070) |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}</ref> and is compulsory up to the [[secondary education|secondary level]]. The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 89.2%.<ref name=unescolit>{{cite web|title=National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

After Libya's independence in 1951, its first university, the [[University of Libya]], was established in [[Benghazi]] by royal decree.<ref name="Libedu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Libya.htm |title=Country Higher Education Profiles – Libya |author=El-Hawat, Ali |publisher=International Network for Higher Education in Africa |date=8 January 2013 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605042417/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Libya.htm |archive-date= 5 June 2010 }}</ref> In the 1975–76 academic year the number of university students was estimated to be 13,418. {{As of|2004}}, this number has increased to more than 200,000, with another 70,000 enrolled in the higher technical and vocational sector.<ref name="Libedu" /> The rapid increase in the number of students in the higher education sector has been mirrored by an increase in the number of institutions of higher education.

Since 1975 the number of public universities has grown from two to twelve and since their introduction in 1980, the number of higher technical and vocational institutes has grown to 84.{{Clarify|pre-text=?|date=October 2012}}<ref name="Libedu" /> Since 2007 some new private universities such as the [[Libyan International Medical University]] have been established. Although before 2011 a small number of private institutions were given accreditation, the majority of Libya's higher education has always been financed by the public budget. In 1998 the budget allocation for education represented 38.2% of Libya's national budget.<ref name="Libedu2" />

In 2024, the Ministry of Education announced the launch of the Full-Day School Project in which 12 schools in different parts of the country will have longer school days. The project aims to provide 800 hours of instruction per year to 3,300 elementary school students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://libyaobserver.ly/education/libya-launches-full-day-school-project-first-time#google_vignette |title=Libya Launches Full Day School |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502121104/https://libyaobserver.ly/education/libya-launches-full-day-school-project-first-time#google_vignette |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===
The original inhabitants of Libya belonged predominantly to [[Berber people|Berber]] ethnic groups; however, the long series of foreign invasions and migrations – particularly by [[Arabs]] – had a profound and lasting ethnic, linguistic, and cultural influence on Libyan demographics. Centuries of large-scale [[Arab migration to the Maghreb]] since the 7th century shifted the demographics of Libya in favour of Arabs. Some [[Turkish people|Turks]] settled in Libya during the rule of the [[Ottoman Empire]].

Most of Libya's inhabitants are [[Arabs|Arab]],<ref name=":2" /> with many tracing their ancestry to Bedouin Arab tribes like [[Banu Sulaym]] and [[Banu Hilal]], plus Turkish and Berber minorities. The [[Turks in Libya|Turkish minority]] are often called "[[Kouloughlis]]" and are concentrated in and around villages and towns.<ref>{{Cite news |year=2012 |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/46542/Climate#toc46545 |title=Libya |newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122084039/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/46542/Climate#toc46545 |archive-date=22 November 2012 }}</ref> There are some ethnic minorities, such as the Berber [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] and the Black African [[Toubou people|Tebou]].<ref name="Dupree 1958 loc=33-44">{{Cite journal |last=Dupree|first=Louis|year=1958|title=The Non-Arab Ethnic Groups of Libya|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_winter-1958_12_1/page/32|journal=Middle East Journal|volume=12|issue=1|pages=33–44 }}</ref>

Most [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italian settlers]], at their height numbering over half a million, left after Italian Libya's independence in 1947. More repatriated in 1970 after the accession of Muammar Gaddafi, but a few hundred returned in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/46562/Italian-colonization |title=Libya – Italian colonization |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805072530/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/46562/Italian-colonization |archive-date=5 August 2011 }}</ref>

=== Foreign labour ===
As of 2023, the [[International Organization for Migration (IOM) Mission in Ukraine|International Organization for Migration (IOM)]] estimates that approximately 10% of Libya's population (upwards of 700,000 people) constituted foreign labour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Libya — Migrant Report 46 (January - February 2023)|url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/libya-migrant-report-46-january-february-2023|website=IOM|date=21 Nov 2023|access-date=21 Nov 2023|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121145223/https://dtm.iom.int/reports/libya-migrant-report-46-january-february-2023|archive-date=21 November 2023}}</ref> Prior to the 2011 revolution, official and unofficial figures of migrant labour ranged from 25% to 40% of the population (between 1.5 and 2.4 million people). Historically, Libya hosted millions of low- and high-skilled Egyptian migrants, in particular.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tsourapas|first1=Gerasimos|title=The Politics of Egyptian Migration to Libya|url=http://www.merip.org/mero/mero031715|website=Middle East Research and Information Project|date=17 March 2015|access-date=4 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111193445/http://www.merip.org/mero/mero031715|archive-date=11 November 2016}}</ref>

It is difficult to estimate the total number of immigrants in Libya because the census figures, official counts and typically more accurate unofficial estimates all differ. In the 2006 census, around 359,540 foreign nationals were resident in Libya out of a population of over 5.5 million (6.35% of the population). Almost half of these were [[Egyptians]], followed by [[Demographics of Sudan|Sudanese]] and [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] immigrants.<ref name="EU migrant policy Centre">{{cite web |url=http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/fact_sheets/Factsheet%20Libya.pdf |title=Migration Facts Libya |website=Migrationpolicycentre.eu |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040540/http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/fact_sheets/Factsheet%20Libya.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
During the 2011 revolution, 768,362 immigrants fled Libya as calculated by the [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]], around 13% of the population at the time, although many more stayed on in the country.<ref name="EU migrant policy Centre"/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Julien|last=Brachet|title=Policing the Desert: The IOM in Libya Beyond War and Peace|journal=Antipode|volume=48|number=2|year=2016|pages=272–292|doi=10.1111/anti.12176|bibcode=2016Antip..48..272B |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3452351}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

If consular records prior to the revolution are used to estimate the immigrant population, as many as 2 million Egyptian migrants were recorded by the Egyptian embassy in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] in 2009, followed by 87,200 [[Tunisians]], and 68,200 [[Moroccans]] by their respective embassies. [[Turkey]] recorded the evacuation of 25,000 workers during the 2011 uprising.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-17/top-turkish-ministers-meet-un-backed-libya-government-in-Tripoli |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811184451/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-17/top-turkish-ministers-meet-un-backed-libya-government-in-tripoli |archive-date=11 August 2020 |title=Top Turkish Ministers Meet UN Backed Libyan Government |work=Bloomberg |first1=Mohammed |last1=Abdusamee |first2=Selcan |last2=Hacaoglu |date=17 June 2020}}</ref> The number of Asian migrants before the revolution were just over 100,000 (60,000 Bangladeshis, 20,000 Filipinos, 18,000 Indians, 10,000 Pakistanis, as well as Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai and other workers).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3685 |title=Libya, Tunisia: Migrants – Migration News | Migration Dialogue |website=Migration.ucdavis.edu |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305132553/https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3685 |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2021/01/30/20000-filipino-workers-in-libya-126-infected-and-6-died-of-coronavirus-demand-for-delayed-salaries/ |title=Libya Herald, Updated: 2,000 Filipino workers in Libya, 126 infected and 6 died of Coronavirus |website=libyaherald.com |date=30 January 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005452/https://www.libyaherald.com/2021/01/30/20000-filipino-workers-in-libya-126-infected-and-6-died-of-coronavirus-demand-for-delayed-salaries/ }}</ref> This would put the immigrant population at almost 40% before the revolution and is a figure more consistent with government estimates in 2004 which put the regular and irregular migrant numbers at 1.35 to 1.8 million (25–33% of the population at the time).<ref name="EU migrant policy Centre"/>

Libya's native population of Arabs-Berbers as well as Arab migrants of various nationalities collectively make up 97% of the population {{As of|2014|lc=y}}.

=== Languages ===
{{Main|Languages of Libya}}

According to the [[CIA]], the official language of Libya is [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="CIA" /> The local [[Libyan Arabic]] variety is spoken alongside [[Modern Standard Arabic]]. Various [[Berber languages]] are also spoken, including [[Tamasheq language|Tamasheq]], [[Ghadamis]], [[Nafusi]], [[Suknah]] and [[Awjilah (language)|Awjilah]].<ref name="Cfbly">{{cite web|title=Libya|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 December 2014|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235257/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Libyan Amazigh High Council (LAHC) has declared the Amazigh ([[Berbers|Berber]] or Tamazight) language to be official in the cities and districts inhabited by the Berbers in Libya.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Tamazight declared official language in Amazigh-peopled districts|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/life/tamazight-declared-official-language-amazigh-peopled-districts|magazine=Life|access-date=22 February 2017|date=22 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317034711/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/life/tamazight-declared-official-language-amazigh-peopled-districts|archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
In addition, [[English language|English]] is widely understood in the major cities,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance Of English As A Foreign Language In Libya |url=https://www.cram.com/essay/The-Importance-Of-English-As-A-Foreign/F3Q8JJGAZHBWW |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005502/https://www.cram.com/essay/The-Importance-Of-English-As-A-Foreign/F3Q8JJGAZHBWW |url-status=live }}</ref> while the former colonial language of [[Italian language|Italian]] is also used in commerce and by the remaining Italian population.<ref name="Cfbly"/>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Libya}}

[[File:Ghadames - Grosse Moschee.jpg|thumb|upright=0.95|Mosque in [[Ghadames]], close to the [[Algeria–Tunisia border|Tunisian and Algerian border]]]]
About 97% of the population in Libya are [[Muslims]], most of whom belong to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni branch]].<ref name="spooks"/><ref name="Chivvis-2014">{{cite book |last1=Chivvis |first1=Christopher S. |last2=Martini |first2=Jeffrey |title=Libya After Qaddafi: Lessons and Implications for the Future |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUAkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |access-date=30 December 2018 |date=18 March 2014 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-8489-7 |page=49 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205252/https://books.google.com/books?id=PUAkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |url-status=live }}</ref> Small numbers of [[Ibadi]] Muslims live in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/libya/religious-minorities/minority-muslim-groups |title=Minority Muslim Groups |publisher=Islamopedia Online |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415030122/http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/libya/religious-minorities/minority-muslim-groups |archive-date=15 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/01/16/pakistani-ahmedis-held/ |title=Pakistani Ahmedis Held |newspaper=[[Libya Herald]] |location=Tripoli |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=5 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531182432/http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/01/16/pakistani-ahmedis-held/ |archive-date=31 May 2014 }}</ref>

Before the 1930s, the [[Senussi]] Sunni Sufi movement was the primary Islamic movement in Libya. This was a religious revival adapted to desert life. Its ''zawaaya'' (lodges) were found in [[Tripolitania]] and [[Fezzan]], but Senussi influence was strongest in [[Cyrenaica]]. Rescuing the region from unrest and anarchy, the Senussi movement gave the Cyrenaican tribal people a religious attachment and feelings of unity and purpose.<ref name="senussi">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0065) |title=The Sanusis |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120921235348/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0065) |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}</ref> This Islamic movement was eventually destroyed by the [[Italo-Turkish War|Italian invasion]]. [[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] asserted that he was a devout Muslim, and his government was taking a role in supporting [[Islam|Islamic]] institutions and in worldwide proselytising on behalf of Islam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0066) |title=Islam in Revolutionary Libya |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120921235348/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0066) |archive-date=21 September 2012 }}</ref>

The [[International Religious Freedom Report]] 2004 noted that "[[bishops]], [[priests]] and [[nuns]] wear religious dress freely in public and report virtually no discrimination," while also "enjoying good relations with the Government". The report also indicated that members of minority religions said "they do not face harassment by authorities or the Muslim majority on the basis of their religious practices". The [[International Christian Concern]] does not list Libya as a country where there is "persecution or severe discrimination against Christians".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/45f1476611.html |title=Libya: Situation of Muslims who have converted to Christianity; treatment by society and the authorities |publisher=refworld |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915170317/https://www.refworld.org/docid/45f1476611.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the [[First Libyan Civil War|fall of Gaddafi]], ultra-conservative strains of Islam have reasserted themselves in places. [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] in eastern Libya, historically a hotbed of [[Jihadist|jihad]] thought, came under the control of militants aligned with the [[Islamic State|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/derna-islamic-state-emirate-egypt-s-borders|agency=Egypt Independent|title=Derna: An Islamic State emirate on Egypt's borders|date=15 October 2014|access-date=20 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221072405/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/derna-islamic-state-emirate-egypt-s-borders|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Jihadist elements have also spread to [[Sirte]] and [[Benghazi]], among other areas, as a result of the [[Second Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|Second Libyan Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-gained-strength-in-libya-by-co-opting-local-jihadists-1424217492|title=Islamic State Gained Strength in Libya by Co-Opting Local Jihadists|date=17 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal|first1=Benoît|last1=Faucon|first2=Matt|last2=Bradley|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221032623/http://www.wsj.com/articles/islamic-state-gained-strength-in-libya-by-co-opting-local-jihadists-1424217492|archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/al-qaeda-islamic-police-patrol-libyan-city-contested-isis-302961|work=Newsweek|title=Al-Qaeda 'Islamic Police' on Patrol in Libyan City Contested With ISIS|date=29 January 2015|access-date=20 February 2015|first=Jack|last=Moore|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220011433/http://www.newsweek.com/al-qaeda-islamic-police-patrol-libyan-city-contested-isis-302961|archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref>

Prior to independence, Libya was home to more than 140,000 [[Christian]]s (mostly of [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italian]] and Maltese ancestry). Many Christian settlers left to [[Italy]] or [[Malta]] after the independence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greenberg|first1=Udi|last2= A. Foster|first2=Elizabeth|title=Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity|year=2023|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Pennsylvania|isbn=9781512824971|pages=105}}</ref> Small foreign communities of Christians remained. [[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic Orthodox Christianity]], the predominant Christian church of Egypt, is the [[Coptic Orthodox Church in Africa#Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco|largest and most historic Christian denomination in Libya]]. There are about 60,000 Egyptian [[Copt]]s in Libya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/libya/religious-minorities/christian-communities |title=Christian Communities |publisher=Islamopedia Online |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326235402/http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/libya/religious-minorities/christian-communities |archive-date=26 March 2016 }}</ref> There are three Coptic Churches in Libya, one in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], one in [[Benghazi]], and one in [[Misurata]].

The Coptic Church has grown in recent years in Libya, due to the growing immigration of [[Copts in Egypt|Egyptian Copts]] to Libya. There are an estimated 40,000 [[Roman Catholic]]s in Libya who are served by two bishops, one in Tripoli (serving the Italian community) and one in Benghazi (serving the [[Maltese people|Maltese]] community). There is also a small [[Anglican]] community, made up mostly of African immigrant workers in Tripoli which is part of the [[Anglican Diocese of Egypt]]. People have been arrested on suspicion of being [[Christian missionaries]], as proselytising is illegal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Foreigners held in Libya on suspicion of proselytising|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21488976|work=BBC News|date=16 February 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217024228/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21488976|archive-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> Christians have also faced the threat of violence from radical Islamists in some parts of the country, with a well-publicised video released by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in February 2015 depicting the mass beheading of Christian Copts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/02/17/386986424/isis-beheadings-in-libya-devastate-an-egyptian-village|publisher=NPR|date=17 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015|title=ISIS Beheadings in Libya Devastate An Egyptian Village|first=Leila|last=Fadel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219160959/http://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2015/02/17/386986424/isis-beheadings-in-libya-devastate-an-egyptian-village|archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/20/egyptians-captured-libya-isis-christians-families-campaign-cairo|work=The Guardian|title='We want our sons back': fears grow for Egyptians missing in Libya|first=Jared|last=Malsin|date=20 February 2015|access-date=20 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220165250/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/20/egyptians-captured-libya-isis-christians-families-campaign-cairo|archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> Libya was ranked fourth on [[Open Doors]]' 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/libya/ |title=Serving Persecuted Christians Worldwide - Libya - Open Doors UK & Ireland |work=Open Doors UK & Ireland |publisher=Opendoorsuk.org |date= |accessdate=2022-06-24 |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624143521/https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/libya/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Libya was once the home of one of the oldest [[Jewish ethnic divisions|Jewish communities]] in the world, dating back to at least 300 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geoimages.berkeley.edu/libyajew/LibyanJews/thejews.html |title=History of the Jewish Community in Libya |publisher=University of California at Berkeley |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425114822/http://geoimages.berkeley.edu/libyajew/LibyanJews/thejews.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref> In 1942, the Italian Fascist authorities set up forced labour camps south of Tripoli for the [[Jews]], including [[Giado]] (about 3,000 Jews), [[Gharyan]], Jeren, and Tigrinna. In Giado, some 500 Jews died of weakness, hunger, and disease. In 1942, Jews who were not in the concentration camps were heavily restricted in their economic activity and all men between 18 and 45 years were drafted for forced labour. In August 1942, Jews from Tripolitania were interned in [[Sidi Azaz labor camp|a concentration camp at Sidi Azaz]]. In the three years after November 1945, more than 140 Jews were murdered, and hundreds more wounded, in a series of [[pogrom]]s.<ref name="harris">{{cite book|last=Harris|first=David A.|title=In the Trenches: Selected Speeches and Writings of an American Jewish Activist, 1979–1999|url=https://archive.org/details/intrenches00davi_0|url-access=registration|date=2000|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|isbn=978-0-88125-693-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/intrenches00davi_0/page/149 149]–150}}</ref> By 1948, about 38,000 Jews remained in the country. Upon Libyan independence in 1951, most of the Jewish community emigrated.

=== Largest cities ===
{{Main|List of cities in Libya}}

{{Largest cities of Libya|class=info}}

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Libya}}

{{Further|Music of Libya|Libyan literature}}
[[File:Temple_of_Zeus_-_Cyrene.jpg|thumb|Temple of Zeus in [[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]]]]
[[File:Sabratha - Museum mit Funden aus der Römerzeit, Mosaik 05.jpg|thumb|Ancient Roman mosaic in [[Sabratha]]]]
[[File:Tripoli September 1st Flags.jpg|thumb|[[1969 Libyan coup d'état|Al-Fatah Revolution day]] decorations in [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] 2008]]
Many Arabic speaking [[Demographics of Libya|Libyans]] consider themselves as part of a wider [[Arab diaspora|Arab community]]. This was strengthened by the spread of [[Pan-Arabism]] in the mid-20th century, and their reach to power in Libya where they instituted [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as the only official language of the state. Under [[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]]'s rule, the teaching and even use of indigenous [[Berber language]] was strictly forbidden.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16289543|title=After Gaddafi, Libya's Amazigh demand recognition|date=23 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220232407/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16289543|archive-date=20 December 2016|work=BBC News|last1=Lane|first1=Edwin}}</ref> In addition to banning foreign languages previously taught in academic institutions, leaving entire generations of Libyans with limitations in their comprehension of the [[English language]]. Both the spoken Arabic dialects and Berber, still retain words from [[Italian language|Italian]], that were acquired before and during the ''[[Italian Libya|Libia Italiana]]'' period.

Libyans have a heritage in the traditions of the previously nomadic [[Bedouin]] Arabic speakers and sedentary [[Berbers|Berber]] tribes. Most Libyans associate themselves with a particular family name originating from tribal or conquest based heritage.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Reflecting the "nature of giving" ({{langx|ar|الاحسان}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Ihsan}}'', [[Berber languages]]: ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴽⴰⴼ Anakkaf), amongst the Libyan people as well as the sense of hospitality, the state of Libya made it to the top 20 on [[Charities Aid Foundation]]'s World Giving Index in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cafamerica.org/wgi-2013/ |title=CAF America- a global grantmaking organization |access-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715111213/http://www.cafamerica.org/wgi-2013/ |archive-date=15 July 2014 }}</ref> According to [[Charities Aid Foundation]] (CAF), in a typical month, almost three-quarters (72%) of all Libyans helped somebody they did not know – the third highest level across all 135 countries surveyed.

There are few theatres or art galleries due to the decades of cultural repression under the Gaddafi regime and lack of infrastructure development under the regime of dictatorship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Libya looking at economic diversification|url=http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/news/nta94862.htm|publisher=Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001209232200/http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/news/nta94862.htm|archive-date=9 December 2000|date=17 September 1999}}</ref> For many years there have been no public theatres, and only very few cinemas showing foreign films. The tradition of [[Folklore|folk culture]] is still alive and well, with troupes performing music and dance at frequent festivals, both in Libya and abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokcompanies.com/Dance/libya_dance_schools.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515193437/http://www.bangkokcompanies.com/Dance/libya_dance_schools.htm|archive-date=15 May 2007 |title=Libyan Dance Schools in Libya, Dancewear Suppliers, Dancing Organizations, Libyan National Commission for UNESCO, M. A. Oraieth |publisher=Bangkokcompanies.com |access-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

A large number of [[Television in Libya|Libyan television]] stations are devoted to political review, Islamic topics and cultural phenomena. A number of TV stations air various styles of traditional Libyan music.{{Clarify|pre-text=?|date=August 2012}} [[Tuareg music]] and dance are popular in [[Ghadames]] and the south. Libyan television broadcasts air programs mostly in Arabic though usually have time slots for English and French programs.{{Clarify|pre-text=?|date=August 2012}} A 1996 analysis by the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] found Libya's media was the most tightly controlled in the Arab world during the country's dictatorship.<ref name="mediacont">{{cite web |url=http://www.cpj.org/censored/ |title=North Korea Tops CPJ list of '10 Most Censored Countries |publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]] |year=1996 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708231639/http://www.cpj.org/censored |archive-date=8 July 2008 }}</ref> {{As of|2012}} hundreds of TV stations have begun to air due to the collapse of censorship from the old regime and the initiation of "free media".

Many Libyans frequent the country's beach and they also visit Libya's archaeological sites – especially [[Leptis Magna]], which is widely considered to be one of the best preserved Roman archaeological sites in the world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Donkin |first=Mike |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4708179.stm |title=Libya's tourist treasures |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2005 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410014022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4708179.stm |archive-date=10 April 2013 }}</ref> The most common form of public transport between cities is the bus, though many people travel by automobile. There are no railway services in Libya, but these are planned for construction in the near future (see [[rail transport in Libya]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.libyanexpress.com/libya-and-russia-viewing-resumption-of-railway-projects/|title=Libya and Russia viewing resumption of railway projects|date=1 October 2018|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526205311/https://www.libyanexpress.com/libya-and-russia-viewing-resumption-of-railway-projects/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Libya's capital, [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], has many museums and archives. These include the Government Library, the Ethnographic Museum, the Archaeological Museum, the National Archives, the Epigraphy Museum and the Islamic Museum. The [[Red Castle Museum]] located in the capital near the coast and right in the city centre, built in consultation with [[UNESCO]], may be the country's most famous.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000857/085703eo.pdf#85688 |title=Museum Architecture: beyond the <> and ... beyond |author=Bouchenaki, Mounir |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230451/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000857/085703eo.pdf#85688 |archive-date=2 May 2013 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Libyan cuisine}}

[[File:Bazin.jpg|thumb|[[Bazin (bread)|Bazeen]], a communal bread dish]]
Libyan cuisine is a mixture of the different [[Italian cuisine|Italian]], [[Arab_cuisine#Bedouin_cuisine|Bedouin]] and traditional [[Arab cuisine|Arab]] culinary influences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enjoy a taste of Libya's traditional dishes {{!}} The Libya Observer|url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/culture/enjoy-taste-libya%E2%80%99s-traditional-dishes|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.libyaobserver.ly|language=en|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612055238/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/culture/enjoy-taste-libya%E2%80%99s-traditional-dishes|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pasta]] is the staple food in the Western side of Libya, whereas [[rice]] is generally the staple food in the east.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

Common Libyan foods include several variations of [[Tomato sauce|red tomato sauce]] based pasta dishes (similar to the Italian [[Arrabbiata sauce|Sugo all'arrabbiata]] dish), rice, usually served with [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] or [[Chicken as food|chicken]] (typically stewed, fried, grilled, or boiled in-sauce), and [[couscous]], which is steam cooked whilst held over boiling red tomato sauce and meat (sometimes also containing [[zucchini]]/courgettes and [[chickpea]]s), and typically served along with [[cucumber]] slices, [[lettuce]] and [[olive]]s.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

[[Bazeen]], a dish made from [[barley flour]] and served with red tomato sauce, is customarily eaten communally, with several people sharing the same dish, usually by hand. This dish is commonly served at traditional weddings or festivities. [[Asida]] is a sweet version of Bazeen, made from [[Flour|white flour]] and served with a mix of [[honey]], [[ghee]] or [[butter]]. Another popular way to serve Asida is with [[Rub (syrup)|rub]] (fresh date syrup) and [[olive oil]]. [[Usban]] is animal tripe stitched and stuffed with rice and [[vegetables]] cooked in tomato based soup or steamed. [[Chorba|Shurba]] is a red tomato sauce-based soup, usually served with small grains of pasta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fabricant |first=Florence |date=2006-01-04 |title=In Libya, for Starters, It's the Soup |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/04/dining/arts/in-libya-for-starters-its-the-soup.html |access-date=2022-10-13 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013121422/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/04/dining/arts/in-libya-for-starters-its-the-soup.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A very common snack eaten by [[Demographics of Libya|Libyans]] is known as ''khubs bi' tun'', literally meaning "bread with tuna fish", usually served as a baked [[baguette]] or [[Pita|pita bread]] stuffed with [[List of tuna dishes|tuna fish]] that has been mixed with [[harissa]] (chili sauce) and olive oil. Many snack vendors prepare these [[sandwich]]es and they can be found all over Libya. Libyan restaurants may serve international cuisine, or may serve simpler fare such as lamb, chicken, vegetable stew, [[potato]]es and [[macaroni]].{{cn|date=November 2025}} Due to severe lack of infrastructure, many under-developed areas and small towns do not have restaurants and instead food stores may be the only source to obtain food products. [[Alcoholic beverage|Alcohol]] consumption is illegal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alcohol poisoning kills 51 in Libya |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21747409 |access-date=6 April 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=11 March 2013 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409061149/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21747409 |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are four main ingredients of traditional Libyan food: olives (and olive oil), [[Date palm|dates]], [[grain]]s and [[milk]].<ref name="Libyan Food">{{cite web |url=http://www.temehu.com/Libyan-food.htm |title=Libyan Food |publisher=Temehu Tourism Services |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=20 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806045021/http://www.temehu.com/Libyan-food.htm |archive-date=6 August 2011 }}</ref> Grains are roasted, ground, sieved and used for making [[bread]], [[cake]]s, [[soup]]s and Bazeen. Dates are harvested, dried and can be eaten as they are, made into [[syrup]] or slightly fried and eaten with [[bsisa]] and milk. After eating, Libyans often drink [[black tea]]. This is normally repeated a second time (for the second glass of tea), and in the third round of tea, it is served with roasted [[peanut]]s or roasted [[almond]]s known as ''shay bi'l-luz'' (mixed with the tea in the same glass).<ref name="Libyan Food" />

=== Sport ===
[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Libya. The country hosted the [[1982 African Cup of Nations]] and almost qualified for the [[1986 FIFA World Cup]]. The [[Libya national football team|national team]] almost won the 1982 AFCON; they lost to [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]] on penalties 7–6. In 2014, Libya won the African Nations Championship after beating Ghana in the finals. Although the national team has never won a major competition or qualified for a World Cup, there is still lots of passion for the sport and the quality of football is improving.<ref>{{cite web|title=Libya – Political process|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Libya|access-date=2020-10-05|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128052452/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/279574/Housing|url-status=live}}</ref> It also participated in many Summer Olympics, such as the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] and more.

[[Horse racing]] is also a popular sport in Libya. It is a tradition of many special occasions and holidays.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sports in Libya|url=https://fanack.com/libya/society-media-culture/culture/sports/|access-date=2020-10-05|website=Fanack.com|language=en-US|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919215523/https://fanack.com/libya/society-media-culture/culture/sports/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of Libya]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{CIA World Factbook}} {{StateDept}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LY Key Development Forecasts for Libya] from [[International Futures]]

=== Government ===
* [https://www.gia.gov.ly/en/gia-en/ Information Portal] – Official Libya Information Portal
* [https://gnu.gov.ly/ Government] – official website of Government of National Unity of Libya
* [https://pm.gov.ly Prime Minister] – official website of the prime minister of Libya
* [https://parliament.ly House of Representatives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504225117/https://parliament.ly/ |date=4 May 2020 }} – official website of the Libyan House of Representatives
* [https://bsc.ly/ Statistics and Census] – official website of Bureau of Statistics and Census

=== History ===
* [https://www.embassyoflibyadc.org/5-2 "History"] – Libyan History at Embassy of the State of Libya in Washington

=== Tourism ===
* [https://tourism.gov.ly Ministry of Tourism and Handcrafts] – official website of the Ministry of Tourism and Handcrafts

=== Maps ===
* {{Wikiatlas}}
* {{Osmrelation-inline|192758}}

{{Libya topics}}
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}}
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List of administrators of Chandigarh

2026-03-27T20:50:53Z

YvetteJasso5372:

{{Short description|Both head of state & government}}

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Administrator
| native_name =
| body = Chandigarh
| insignia =
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Chandigarh]]
| incumbent = [[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
| image =File:Gulab Chand Kataria (cropped).jpg
| incumbentsince = 31 July 2024
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan (Chandigarh)|Lok Bhavan]]; [[Chandigarh]]
| termlength = Five Years
| appointer = [[President of India]] on the advice of [[Union Council of Ministers]]
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|1984|06|01}}
| inaugural = Bhairab Dutt Pandey
| website = http://chandigarh.gov.in/
| reports_to = [[President of India]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of India|Article 239 of the Constitution]]
}}

The '''Administrator of Chandigarh''' is appointed by the [[President of India]] under article 239 of the [[Constitution of India]].

Since 1984, the [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor of Punjab]] has acted as the administrator of [[Chandigarh]]. The [[official residence]] is [[Raj Bhavan (Punjab)|Raj Bhavan, Punjab]] in Chandigarh.<ref name="Meaning: Administrator of the Union Territory of Chandigarh">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Meaning: Administrator of the Union Territory of Chandigarh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/vp-singh-badnore-punjab-governor-administrator-of-the-union-territory-of-chandigarh-2989424/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116130711/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/vp-singh-badnore-punjab-governor-administrator-of-the-union-territory-of-chandigarh-2989424/ |archive-date=16 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==List==
===Chief commissioners===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!Portrait
!Took office
!Left office
!Duration
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 1
|| [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa]]
|[[File:Chandigarh, India rose garden bust of Dr Randhawa 5.jpg|106x106px]]
|| 1 November 1966
|| 31 October 1968
|
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 2
|| Damodar Das
|[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|| 31 October 1968
|| 8 April 1969
|
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 3
|| B. P. Bagchi
|[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|| 8 April 1969
|| 1 September 1972
|
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 4
|| Mohan Prakash Mathur
| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|| 1 September 1972
|| December 1975
|
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 5
|| G. P. Gupta
|[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|| December 1975
|| 15 June 1976
|
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 6
|| [[T. N. Chaturvedi]]
|[[File:T. N. Chaturvedi.jpg|72x72px]]
|| 15 June 1976
|| June 1978
|
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 7
|| J. C. Agrawal
|[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|| June 1978
|| 19 July 1980
|
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 8
|| B. S. Sarao
|[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|| 19 July 1980
|| 8 March 1982
|
|- style="background:#def;"
|| 9
|| Krishna Banerjee
|[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|| 8 March 1982
|| 31 May 1984
|
|}

=== Administrators of Chandigarh ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! Portrait
! Took office
! Left office
! Duration
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 1
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Bhairab Dutt Pande]]y
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 1 June 1984
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 2 July 1984
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |{{age in years and days|1984|06|01|1984|07|03}}
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 2
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Kershasp Tehmurasp Satarawala]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 3 July 1984
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 14 March 1985
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |{{age in years and days|1984|07|03|1985|03|05}}
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 3
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Arjun Singh 1998 New Delhi.jpg|60x60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 14 March 1985
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 14 November 1985
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |{{age in years and days|1985|03|14|1985|11|15}}
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | -
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Hokishe Sema]] ''(addl. charge)''
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 14 November 1985
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 26 November 1985
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |{{age in years and days|1985|11|14|1985|11|27}}
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 4
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Shri Shankar Dayal Sharma.jpg|84x84px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 26 November 1985
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 2 April 1986
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |{{age in years and days|1985|11|26|1986|04|03}}
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 5
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray|Siddharta Shankar Ray]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:SiddharthaShankarRay.png|82x82px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 2 April 1986
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 8 December 1989
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |{{age in years and days|1986|04|02|1989|12|09}}
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 6
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Nirmal Mukarji]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 8 December 1989
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 14 June 1990
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |{{age in years and days|1989|12|08|1990|06|15}}
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 7
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Virendra Verma]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Virendra Verma Lok Sabha photo.jpg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 14 June 1990
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 18 December 1990
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 8
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Om Prakash Malhotra]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Om-prakash-Mhalotra.jpg|74x74px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 18 December 1990
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 7 August 1991
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 9
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Surendra Nath]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 7 August 1991
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 9 July 1994

|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | -
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Sudhakar Panditrao Kurdukar]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 10 July 1994
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 18 September 1994
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 10
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[B. K. N. Chhibber]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 18 September 1994
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 27 November 1999
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 11
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[J. F. R. Jacob]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:JFR Jacob.jpg|86x86px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 27 November 1999
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 8 May 2003
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 12
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Om Prakash Verma]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Justice Om Prakash Verma, Governor (cropped).jpg|60px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 8 May 2003
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 3 November 2004
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | -
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]] ''(addl. charge)''
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai (cropped).jpg|69x69px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 3 November 2004
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 16 November 2004
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 13
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Sunith Francis Rodrigues]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:General Sunith Francis Rodrigues.jpg|65x65px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 16 November 2004
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 22 January 2010
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 14
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Shivraj Patil]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Shivraj Patil in pensive mood at the inauguration of the one day Seminar on “The Role of Media in Bringing Parliament Closer to the People”.jpg|88x88px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 22 January 2010
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 21 January 2015
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | -
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Kaptan Singh Solanki]] ''(addl. charge)''
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Kaptan Singh Solanki.png|81x81px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 21 January 2015
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 22 August 2016
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 15
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[V. P. Singh Badnore]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:V P Singh Badnore.JPG|91x91px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 22 August 2016
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 30 August 2021
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 16
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Banwarilal Purohit]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" |[[File:Banwarilal Purohit.jpg|79x79px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 31 August 2021
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | 30 July 2024
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|-
! bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 17
| bgcolor=#DDEEFF | [[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
|bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | [[File:GC Kataria.jpg|80x80px]]
| align="right" bgcolor="#DDEEFF" | 31 July 2024
| align="right" bgcolor=#DDEEFF | ''Incumbent''
|bgcolor=#DDEEFF |
|}

== Oath ==
“I, A. B., do swear in the name of God/solemly affirm that I will faithfully
execute the office of Administrator (or discharge the functions
of the Administrator) of .............(name of the Union Territory) and will to
the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to
the service and well-being of the people of ..………(name
of the Union Territory).”
==See also==

* [[Governor (India)|Governors in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html

==External links==
* {{official website|http://chandigarh.gov.in/admn_old_admrs.htm}}

{{Current Indian lieutenant governors and administrators}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Administrators of Chandigarh}}
[[Category:Chandigarh-related lists]]
[[Category:Punjab, India-related lists|Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Administrators of Chandigarh| ]]
[[Category:Lists of lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian union territories|Chandigarh]]

Uran Khatola (film)

2026-03-25T16:41:35Z

YvetteJasso5372: general fixed layout for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|1955 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uran Khatola
| image = Uran Khatola poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = S. U. Sunny
| producer = [[Naushad]]
| writer = Azm Bazidpuri
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dilip Kumar]] [[Nimmi]] [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]]
| music = [[Naushad]]
| cinematography = [[Jal Mistry]]
| editing = Vasant Borkar
| studio = Sunny Art Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1955|05|13|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Uran Khatola''''' ({{lit|Flying Bedstead}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romantic Drama|romantic-drama]] film produced by music director [[Naushad]] and directed by S.U. Sunny.

The film stars [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nimmi]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] and [[Tun Tun]]. The film's music was composed by [[Naushad]]. Songs were written by [[Shakeel Badayuni]].<ref name=MuVyz>{{cite web|url=https://muvyz.com/moviepage/ut750359|title=Uran Khatola (film)|website=MuVyz.com website|access-date=9 October 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608173654/https://muvyz.com/moviepage/ut750359|archive-date=8 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=upperstall>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1955/udan-khatola|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2011|access-date=9 October 2023|title=Uran Khatola (film)|website=Upperstall.com website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910080815/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1955/udan-khatola}}</ref>

[[Madhubala]] was initially offered the film, but she refused due to her fluctuating health.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The unknown side of Madhubala|url=http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/27981-the-unknown-side-of-madhubala|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Active India|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821051759/http://activeindiatv.com/entertainment/27981-the-unknown-side-of-madhubala|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kashi travels by an ill-fated plane, which crashes on the outskirts of an isolated city that is ruled by women, who worship Sanga, their God. Kashi is rescued by pretty Soni and taken to her home, where she lives with her widowed dad, and brother, Hira. Since the roads are blocked, Kashi is unable to return home, and in order to continue to stay there, he must first obtain permission from the Raj Rani, the ultimate ruler. He meets with her and she finds him attractive and charming, and invites him to stay with her at her palace and sing for him, which he does. Kashi and Soni have given their hearts to each other, they meet secretly, with Soni disguised as a man, Shibu. The rest of the story follows how both Soni and Raj Rani try to make Kashi their own.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|* [[Dilip Kumar]] as Kashi<ref name=MuVyz/><ref name=upperstall/>
* [[Nimmi]] as Soni / Shibu<ref name=MuVyz/>
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Shanu<ref name=MuVyz/><ref name=upperstall/>
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Heera<ref name=upperstall/>
* [[Tun Tun]] as Heera's girlfriend
* [[Suryakumari]] as Raj Rani}}<ref name=MuVyz/>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Uran Khatola
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Naushad]]<ref name=upperstall/>
| cover =
| released = 1954
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Shabaab (film)|Shabaab]]
| prev_year = 1954
| year = 1955
| next_title = [[Mother India]]
| next_year = 1957
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Naushad]].<ref name=upperstall/> Vocalists were [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chale Aaj Tum Jahaan Se, O Dur Ke Musaafir<ref name=HindiGeetMala>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/uran_khatola.htm |title=Uran Khatola (1955 film) - Film Songs List|website=Hindi Geetmala website|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=25 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031200828/https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/uran_khatola.htm}}</ref>
| extra1 = [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| length1 = 03:26
|
| title2 = Na Ro Ae Dil
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length2 = 03:13
|
| title3 = Haal-E-Dil Main Kya Kahoon
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length3 = 03:25
|
| title4 = Na Toofan Se Khelo<ref name=HindiGeetMala/>
| extra4 = Mohammed Rafi
| length4 = 03:30
|
| title5 = Ghar Aaya Mehman Koi
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length5 = 03:15
|
| title6 = Mera Salam Le Ja, Dil Kaa Payaam Le Ja<ref name=HindiGeetMala/>
| extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length6 = 03:37
|
| title7 = Hamare Dil Se Na Jana
| extra7 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length7 = 03:14
|
| title8 = Mohabbat Ki Rahon Mein
| extra8 = Mohammed Rafi
| length8 = 03:18
|
| title9 = More Saiyan Ji Utrenge Paar, Nadya Dheeray Baho
| extra9 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length9 = 03:25
|
| title10 = Dooba Tara Ummeedon Ka
| extra10 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length10 = 03:34
|
| title11 = Sitaron Ki Mehfil
| extra11 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length11 = 03:31
|
| total_length = 37:28
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0048756|Uran Khatola}}

[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1955 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Naushad]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1955 romantic drama films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Titli (2014 film)

2026-03-25T08:27:29Z

YvetteJasso5372: small changes

{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Titli
| image = Cannes_Titli_Film_Poster.jpg
| caption = Poster of Title at Cannes Film Festival
| director = [[Kanu Behl]]
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]] [[Dibakar Banerjee]]
| writer = [[Sharat Katariya]] Kanu Behl
| starring = [[Shashank Arora]] [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]] [[Ranvir Shorey]] [[Amit Sial]] [[Lalit Behl]]
| music = Karan Gour
| cinematography = Siddharth Diwan
| editing = [[Namrata Rao]]
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]] Dibakar Banerjee Productions Pvt. Ltd.
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2014|5|20|[[2014 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]|2015|10|30|India}}
| country = India
| runtime = 124 minutes
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Titli''''' ({{translation|Butterfly}}) is a 2014 Indian [[neo-noir]] [[crime drama]] film written and directed by [[Kanu Behl]], and co-produced by Dibakar Banerjee Productions and [[Aditya Chopra]] under the banner of [[Yash Raj Films]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Yash Raj Films| url = http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=56d381fe-ab8e-4a63-bb3f-28042ba9a891 |website=Yashrajfilms.com| access-date = 25 April 2014 }}</ref> It features actors [[Shashank Arora]] as the title character, [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]], [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Amit Sial]] and [[Lalit Behl]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/761992/difficult-fathers-brutal-sons-conniving-wives-meet-titli-and-his-family|title=Difficult fathers, brutal sons, conniving wives: meet Titli and his family|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|website=Scroll.in|date=14 October 2015 }}</ref>

In ''Titli'', Behl captures the volatility of a society where violence lies uneasily just below the surface. The directorial debut film premiered in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section of the [[2014 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web| title = After 'Titli', 'True Love Story' at Cannes film fest |publisher=Livemint| url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PS4hLdTiq4cMnOwZBvRB3O/After-Titli-True-Love-Story-at-Cannes-film-fest.html |date=22 April 2014| access-date = 25 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 2014 Official Selection |work=Festival de Cannes |publisher=Festival de Cannes 2014 (International Film Festival) | url = http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/60533.html| access-date = 13 May 2014 }}</ref> The trailer was released on 29 September 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title='Titli' - Movie Review|url=http://post.jagran.com/titli-movie-review-1446113898|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160427134050/http://post.jagran.com/titli-movie-review-1446113898|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 April 2016|access-date=29 October 2015|issue=Post.Jagran.com}}</ref><ref>[http://betanews.in/5373/titli-trailer-released-film-releasing-on-30th-october.html Titli Trailer, Beta News India], 29 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Movie Review of Titli|url=https://www.inextlive.com/movie-review-of-titli-201510290015|access-date=29 October 2015|issue=Inextlive.jagran.com|publisher=[[Inext]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/titli-movie-review.asp |title= TITLI Movie Review: For those who love their cinema 'real' it cannot get better than TITLI |publisher=Glamsham |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> The film was released in India on 30 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title='Titli' - Movie Review|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/titli---movie-review/16640159|access-date=29 October 2015|issue=Mid-Day.Com|publisher=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>

The international sales partner of the film is Westend Films.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barraclough|first=Leo|date=2014-04-17|title=CANNES: WestEnd Films Boards Un Certain Regard Entry 'Titli'|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/cannes-westend-films-boards-un-certain-regard-entry-titli-1201158954/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Variety|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Titli is the youngest member of a violent car-jacking gang in Delhi with his brothers, oldest brother Vikram and middle brother Pradeep a.k.a. Bawla. The film opens with Titli inspecting a parking lot of an under-construction mall in East Delhi. His friend Pintu tells him that his fortunes will change once he buys the parking lot at a price of ₹3,00,000. Titli plans to escape from his family and their line of work. While attempting to escape the clutches of his brothers with the money after a car-jacking operation, he accidentally crashes a stolen car before a police checkpoint. This results in Pradeep and Titli getting nabbed by police. When they are released the next day, Titli finds out that the police have taken the money from his bag and he admits to his brothers that he was planning to run away and invest the money in a parking lot business.

Vikram forces Titli to marry Neelu to help control him and also to introduce a woman into the gang to be used as a decoy and cover. Neelu, though married to Titli, pines for her lover Prince, a wealthy married man she is having an affair with. One night, after witnessing a bloody jacking operation of her brothers-in-law, Neelu tries to escape from her family and gets caught by Titli. Titli supports Neelu's plans to leave him for Prince if she gives Titli ₹2,50,000 from her personal bank account. Neelu takes Titli to meet Prince, and shows him that she is in a serious relationship with him, in spite of him being married. Prince is planning to divorce his wife for Neelu. Meanwhile, Vikram's estranged wife Sangeeta comes and demands divorce from Vikram. Vikram is forced to sign the document by her lawyer who admits that she has the evidence of Vikram indulging in domestic violence with Sangeeta. Sangeeta also demands an alimony of ₹5,00,000 from Vikram. Titli's father initially proposes the idea of wiring the money of Neelu's FD, which Vikram refuses. Neelu asks Titli to deliver a birthday gift for Prince. But at Prince's house, he finds out that he is actually cheating on Neelu, in spite of being happy with his wife. Titli confronts Prince about it, who ends up blackmailing him for his money. Titli and Neelu request Sangeeta for an extension of the alimony deadline, but she refuses. Finally, they are given an opportunity of earning ₹20,00,000 by killing a big industrialist by a politically connected cop. Titli drops Neelu to her parents' residence and takes off with all the cash she gave him. Simultaneously, Titli anonymously reports his brothers to the police. After approving the parking lot deal with Pintu, he changes his mind and demands his money back by threatening to shoot Pintu's boss with a gun he stole from Vikram. In the end, Titli returns home and severs ties with his father and leaves with his belongings. Neelu finds out that Prince was never planning to leave his wife for her, and Neelu and Titli get back together.

==Cast==
[[File:Shashank Arora as Titli.tif|thumb|Arora played the character ''Titli'']]
* [[Shashank Arora]] as Titli
* [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]] as Neelu
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Vikram
* [[Amit Sial]] as Pradeep
* [[Lalit Behl]] as Daddy
* Prashant Singh as Prince
* Eknoor Chawla as Daughter

==Production==
===Development===
Behl, who co-wrote and also assisted director [[Dibakar Banerjee]] in ''[[Love Sex aur Dhokha]] (LSD)'' (2010), started writing ''Titli'' as ''LSD'' neared completion. In 2011, the news report of a car-jacker gang in Delhi led by a local goon, Joginder Joga, inspired him to start working on the story of a thriller. However, as he developed the script, other themes started joining in, from his personal experiences growing up in the city.<ref name=exp>{{cite web | title = Ties That Bind |work= The Indian Express| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ties-that-bind-5/ |author= Dipti Nagpaul |date= 4 May 2014| access-date = 13 May 2014 |pages=1–3}}</ref> Though he denied it being autobiographical, he mentioned in an interview that the idea of intra-family conflict was derived from his own clashes with his father as a rebellious teenager. He eventually co-wrote the script with Sharat Katariya, and it covered themes of patriarchy, family dysfunction, gender-based violence and oppression, and "a desire for freedom". Through the protagonist, the film also explores the circular nature of life – "how we often end up becoming exactly the person we are trying to run away from."<ref name=toi14>{{cite web | title = 'Titli' stems from personal experiences: Kanu Behl | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Titli-stems-from-personal-experiences-Kanu-Behl/articleshow/35068550.cms |date=13 May 2014| access-date = 13 May 2014 | work = The Times of India }}</ref><ref name=business>{{cite web | title = Feeling of 'Titli' going to Cannes yet to sink in: Kanu Behl |work= Business Standard | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/feeling-of-titli-going-to-cannes-yet-to-sink-in-kanu-behl-114051301480_1.html |date=13 May 2014| access-date = 13 May 2014 }}</ref>

In 2012, the script of the film was selected for [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Film Bazaar's Screenwriter's Lab and won the ''Post-Production Award'' at Film Bazaar's Work-In-Progress Lab in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | title = YRF's Titli to compete at Cannes Film Festival|work=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/titli-cannes-film-festival-ranveer-shorey-yash-raj-films-guneet-monga-189509-2014-04-18|date=13 May 2014|access-date = 25 April 2014 }}</ref> It also won an award for ''Best Work-In-Progress Lab Project'' and was selected for ''Film Bazaar Recommends'', where the [[2014 Cannes Film Festival]] selection committee first saw the film.<ref name=exp/>

===Filming===
For the lead roles, relative newcomers [[Shashank Arora]] and Shivani Raghuvanshi were selected. Actors Amit Sial and [[Ranvir Shorey]] were chosen to play the role of two elder brothers to Titli's character. Next, he decided to cast his own father Lalit Behl, who is a Delhi-based director and actor, for the role of the patriarch of the family, considering the film itself was based on his early life experiences.<ref name=exp/>

The film was shot across various locations in Delhi.<ref name=toi14/> During filming, he allowed the actors to explore the scenes and improvise as no scripts were brought to the set. The production team redesigned a house to give a claustrophobic feel to the family home, where much of the filming was done, to provide a contrast from the expansive real world outside, which the protagonist is trying to escape into. For this purpose, rooms were made smaller, the entrance was made labyrinthine, and even the natural light was reduced in the rooms, so that the tube light haze could add to the effect.<ref name=exp/>

By early May 2014, the movie's post-production was completed, ahead of its Cannes premiere due in the same month.<ref name=business/>

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film collected {{INRConvert|1.75|c}} nett in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/newreleasesweaklastweekreleasesfirstweeknumbers#.VkBG5F2t-o8 |title=Boxoffice |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=12 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112143546/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/newreleasesweaklastweekreleasesfirstweeknumbers#.VkBG5F2t-o8 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Critical reception===
The film has a [[Rotten Tomatoes]] rating of 93% with an average score of 7.6/10 based on 14 reviews, 13 of which are positive ("fresh").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/titli|title=Titli (2014)|website=Rottentomatoes}}</ref> [[Jay Weisberg]] wrote that "the film plunges into [a] pitiless milieu with headstrong assurance, presenting a paternalistic world where corruption seeps into people's pores and women need backbones of steel to survive", calling it "a grittily impressive debut".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/cannes-film-review-titli-1201198314/|title=Film Review: 'Titli'|first1=Jay|last1=Weissberg|website=Variety.com|date=12 September 2014}}</ref> ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'''s Deborah Young praised [[Namrata Rao]]'s editing and Behl for "directing a largely non-pro cast, situating them carefully in the squalor of their Delhi surroundings." She called the film "an enjoyable, character-driven Indian yarn about an emotional family of criminals [that] gets better as it goes on."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/titli-cannes-review-705883|title='Titli': Cannes Review|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=20 May 2014 }}</ref> Brad Mariano of ''4:3'' "Recommended" the film, calling it "an impressive debut that is far from what one might expect from the Indian cinema", noting the influence of [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]'s [[Italian neorealism|neo-realism]] and the "complex, impossible moral situations" of [[Asghar Farhadi]]'s films. He ended his review by calling it "a gripping debut film that could mark the arrival of a significant new voice in world cinema."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fourthreefilm.com/2014/08/titli/|title=Titli|date=12 August 2014}}</ref> J Hurtado of ''[[Screen Anarchy]]'' wrote that while "scenes of people scraping the bottom of the barrel are nothing new in Hindi independent cinema, [...] Behl's treatment of the material is both heart-wrenching, and vividly relatable as everyone tries to make out the best way they can without leaving anything on the table." He called it "a film about hope, and it's overwhelming sadness only makes the hope shine brighter", despite its "dark"-ness and its "low opinion of some of those people who populate Delhi's backstreets."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenanarchy.com/2014/11/third-i-2014-review-titli.html|title=Third I 2014 Review: TITLI Watches The Ugly Caterpillar Emerge From Its Cocoon|date=19 November 2014|website=ScreenAnarchy}}</ref>

Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it "the best Hindi film of the year so far", giving it a perfect score of 5/5. He wrote that the film-makers "don't keep you at an objective distance. They challenge you to stop ignoring the so-called social blots, and once you're sucked in, they make you believe that the injustice behind the rough exterior is systematic."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/titli-review-this-is-the-best-hindi-film-of-the-year-so-far/story-upwdbFVhPQ95hrOFRwQM2L.html|title=Titli review: This is the best Hindi film of the year so far|date=30 October 2015|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Uday Bhatia of ''[[LiveMint]]'' called the film "unrelentingly grim, morally unmoored". He wrote that the "emotional and physical violence in Titli is wince-inducing, but even more oppressive is the atmosphere of mistrust and desperation that Behl and his co-writer Sharat Katariya build up."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/1ZO3bR5dhNmYcqITJMbjlO/Film-review-Titli.html|title=Film review: Titli|first=Uday|last=Bhatia|date=29 October 2015|website=Mint}}</ref> A more mixed review came from ''[[Filmfare]]'''s Rachit Gupta who called the film "a little too blunt and all too intentionally" despite its "serious" themes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-titli-11017.html|title=Movie Review: Titli|website=Filmfare.com}}</ref>

===International Film Festivals attended===
* [[2014 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web | title = India's Indie Film 'Titli' Shines at Cannes | work = The Wall Street Journal | url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/06/21/indias-indie-film-titli-shines-at-cannes/|date= 21 June 2014|access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>
* 5th [[Beijing International Film Festival]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}
* 13th [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/sydneylevine/the-13th-annual-indian-film-festival-of-los-angeles-announces-line-up-20150324|title=The 13th Annual Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles Annou | SydneysBuzz|date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325163241/http://blogs.indiewire.com/sydneylevine/the-13th-annual-indian-film-festival-of-los-angeles-announces-line-up-20150324|archive-date=25 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Melbourne International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web | title = 11 Indian films at Melbourne International Film Festival | publisher = DearCinema | url = http://dearcinema.com/news/11-indian-films-melbourne-international-film-festival/0059/|date= 4 August 2014|access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>
* Rio de Janeiro International
* International Film Festival of Colombo
* [[Zurich Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Indian new-age cinema a hit at Zurich fest | work = The Indian Express | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/indian-new-age-cinema-a-hit-at-zurich-fest/|date= 31 October 2014|access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Filmfest Hamburg]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Titli | publisher = filmfesthamburg.de/ | url = http://www.filmfesthamburg.de/en/programm/Film/21789/titli | access-date = 15 January 2015 | archive-date = 27 February 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150227113132/http://www.filmfesthamburg.de/en/programm/Film/21789/titli | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Festival international du film indépendant de Bordeaux]] (Fifib)
* [[BFI London Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Picks from the upcoming 58th London Film Festival 2014 | publisher = [[EasternKicks]]| url = http://www.easternkicks.com/news/films-coming-to-the-58th-london-film-festival-2014|date= 3 September 2014|access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Chicago International Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Kanu Behl's TITLI at 50th Chicago International Film Festival by Chicago International Film Festival in Chicago | publisher = Chicago Indian | url = http://www.chicagoindian.com/desi/eventDisplay.asp?id=69908|date= 15 October 2014|access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Philadelphia Film Festival]]
* Seattle South Asian Film Festival<ref name="Dear Cinema">{{cite web | title = Titli, Teenkahon winners at SSAFF 2014 |publisher=Dear Cinema | url = http://dearcinema.com/news/titli-killa-winners-saiff-2014/5304| access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Hawaii International Film Festival]]
* San Francisco International South Asian Film Festival (SFISAFF) by 3rd-i Films
* AFI Fest, Los Angeles
* South Asian International Film Festival (SAIFF), New York<ref name="Titli, Killa winners at SAIFF 2014">{{cite web | title = Titli, Killa winners at SAIFF 2014 |publisher=Dear Cinema | url = http://dearcinema.com/news/kanu-behls-titli-buddhayan-mukherjis-teenkahon-winners-ssaff-2014/4509| access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>
* Black Movie Festival, Geneva
* [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]], Netherlands<ref>{{cite web | title = Titli to screen at International Film Festival of Rotterdam 2015 |website=Saddahaq.com |date=17 January 2015 | url = https://www.saddahaq.com/entertainment/internationalfilmfestivalofrotterdam/court-labour-of-love-and-titli-to-screen-at-rotterdam-international-film-festival-2015| access-date = 4 March 2015 |last1=A |first1=Abhishek E. }}</ref>
* [[Gothenburg Film Festival]], Sweden<ref>{{cite web | title = Interesting Indian films at 38th Gothenburg International Film Festival |website=Sasnet.lu.se/ | url = http://www.sasnet.lu.se/content/interesting-indian-films-38th-gothenburg-international-film-festival| access-date = 4 March 2015 }}</ref>
* Festival du film d'Asie du Sud Transgressif (FFAST), Paris
* [[Gijón International Film Festival]], Spain<ref name="Titli takes top prize at Gijón">{{cite web | title = Titli takes top prize at Gijón |website=Wn.com | url = http://article.wn.com/view/2014/12/01/titli_takes_top_prize_at_gij_xf3n_by_amber_wilkinson_2014120/| access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>

==Awards==
===Wins===
*''Critics Prize'' at FIFIB, Bordeaux {{when|date=October 2017}}
*''Best Film'' at Seattle South Asian Film Festival<ref name="Dear Cinema"/>
*''NETPAC Award'' at [[Hawaii International Film Festival]]
*''Best Film'' at SAIFF, New York,<ref name="Titli, Killa winners at SAIFF 2014"/>
*''Best International Film'' at Malatya International, Turkey,<ref name="wn.com">{{cite web | title = Turkish film festival awards Indian 'Titli' |website=Wn.com | url = http://article.wn.com/view/2014/11/29/Turkish_film_festival_awards_Indian_Titli/| access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>
*''Best Actress'' and ''Best Film'', [[Gijón International Film Festival]], Spain,<ref name="Titli takes top prize at Gijón"/>
*''Audience Award'' at Festival du Film d'Asie du Sud Transgressif (FFAST), Paris.<ref>{{cite web | title = Titli remporte le Prix du public au FFAST 2015 |website=Bollywoodstudio.fr/ | url = http://www.bollywoodstudio.fr/titli-remporte-le-prix-du-public-au-ffast-2015/| access-date = 4 March 2015 }}</ref>
*''Best Foreign First Film'' (Critics Award) at [[French Syndicate of Cinema Critics]] 2016

===Nominations===
* [[Caméra d'Or]], [[2014 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref name="The National">{{cite web | title = First-time director from India in the running for Camera d'Or at Cannes |work=The National |date=21 May 2014 | url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/first-time-director-from-india-in-the-running-for-camera-d-or-at-cannes-1.243682/| access-date = 15 January 2015 }}</ref>

==See also==
* Variety: [https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/cannes-film-review-titli-1201198314/ Film Review: ‘Titli’]
* Screen Daily: [http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-latest/titli/5072243.article Titli]
* The Hollywood Reporter: [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/titli-cannes-review-705883 'Titli': Cannes Review | Hollywood Reporter]
* 4:3: [http://fourthreefilm.com/2014/08/titli/ Titli]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|titli}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Titli}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Radio Mirchi

2026-03-22T22:05:46Z

YvetteJasso5372: improved article

{{short description|Indian national radio network}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=May 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
}}
{{Infobox radio station
| name = Radio Mirchi
| logo = Radiomirchi.jpg
| logo_size = 220px
| format = [[Contemporary hit radio]]
| country = IN
| class =
| former_callsigns =
| owner = [[ENIL]]
| city =
| airdate = 2001
| frequency = {{Frequency|98.3|MHz}} (exceptions in some cities)
| sister_stations = Mirchi Love, Mirchi Indies
| erp =
| website = {{URL|www.mirchi.in}}
| coordinates =
}}

'''Radio Mirchi''' ("''Mirchi"'' in [[Hindi]] meaning red chilli), also known as 98.3 Mirchi, is a nationwide network of private [[FM radio]] stations in [[India]]. It is owned by the [[ENIL|EntertainmentNetwork India Ltd]] (ENIL),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/enils-q3-revenue-grows-80sequentially/articleshow/80795710.cms|title=ENIL's Q3 revenue grows 80% sequentially|date=11 February 2021|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123140745/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/enils-q3-revenue-grows-80sequentially/articleshow/80795710.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which is one of the subsidiaries of [[The Times Group]]. The tagline of Radio Mirchi is "Mirchi Sunnewaale Always Khush!" ("Mirchi Listeners are Always Happy!").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/radio-mirchi-changes-signature-tune-after-almost-10-years/articleshow/53313942.cms?from=mdr|title=Radio Mirchi changes signature tune after almost 10 years|date=21 July 2016|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123135424/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/radio-mirchi-changes-signature-tune-after-almost-10-years/articleshow/53313942.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the first privately owned radio station in India.

Radio Mirchi maintains weekly music charts, or [[record charts]], for India. The most followed charts are Mirchi Top 20 (Bollywood Songs, now celebrities select their favourites) and Indie Pop 10 (Independent Music). Both of these charts rank recorded music according to popularity. These charts are published on a weekly basis in the Indian English-language daily newspaper, [[The Times of India]], and on Radio Mirchi's official website.

Mirchi has its stations in India and also in GCC countries: [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Qatar]], and [[Bahrain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/mirchi-expands-reach-in-gulf-with-bahrain-launch/articleshow/82587150.cms?from=mdr|title=Mirchi expands reach in Gulf with Bahrain launch|date= 13 May 2021|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

As per the latest IRS data<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/numbers-tell-the-story/63605033|title=Numbers tell the story|date=4 April 2018|publisher=brendequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> released in 2017, Radio Mirchi has emerged as the number one FM broadcaster in [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]], as well as in the top 8 metros taken together.

==History==
The original avatar of Radio Mirchi was [[Times Music|Times FM]]. Radio Mirchi began operations in 1993 in [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh. Until 1993, [[All India Radio]] or AIR, a government undertaking, was the only radio broadcaster in India. The government then took the initiative to privatize the radio broadcasting sector. It sold airtime blocks on its FM channels in [[Indore]], [[Hyderabad (India)|Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Varanasi]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Goa]] to private operators, who developed their own program content. The Times Group operated its brand, Times FM, till June 1998. After that, the government decided not to renew contracts given to private operators.

===First round of licenses===
In 2000, the government announced the auction of 108 FM frequencies across India. [[Entertainment Network India Limited|ENIL]] won the largest number of [[frequencies]], and thus started its operations under the brand name Radio Mirchi.

===Second round of licences===
In January 2006, Radio Mirchi purchased 25 frequencies in the second wave of licences that were issued by the Government of India. This pushes the Radio Mirchi presence in 32 centres. In the first wave of launches, '''[[Indore]]''' was the first city in India having grade of first private radio channel. Times decided to start radio channel to address the mass audience as advertisers can be attracted by showing a low cost per thousand.

===Third round of licenses===
Radio Mirchi invested above Rs.339 crore during phase III auctions and purchased 17 new channels in new cities such as [[Chandigarh]], [[Kochi]], [[Kozhikode]], [[Jammu]], [[Srinagar]], [[Guwahati]] and [[Shillong]], as well as in existing cities such as Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jaipur, Nagpur and Surat. This pushes Radio Mirchi presence in 49 centres.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/160418-radio-mirchi-launches-kochi | title = Radio Mirchi launches in Kochi | access-date = 20 April 2016 | archive-date = 19 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160419155327/http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/radio/private-fm-stations/160418-radio-mirchi-launches-kochi | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== GCC countries expansion ===
Radio Mirchi started operations across [[UAE]], streaming across three frequencies : 97.3FM in Abu Dhabi, 88.8FM in Dubai and the Northern Emirates and 95.6FM in Al Ain & Bahrain 104.2 and Qatar 89.6 '''Mirchi One''' In partnership with '''ONE FM''' [[Qatar]] ki dhadkan All the RJs have been recruited from various Radio Mirchi stations in India including Anup Chugh, with a total seven who will take to the air.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/radio-mirchi-heats-up-abu-dhabi-airwaves-with-hindi-tunes-2012-02-01-1.440761|title=Radio Mirchi heats up Abu Dhabi airwaves with Hindi tunes|first=Bindu Suresh|last=Rai|date=1 February 2012|website=emirates247.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322081911/https://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/radio-mirchi-heats-up-abu-dhabi-airwaves-with-hindi-tunes-2012-02-01-1.440761|url-status=live}}</ref>
Radio Mirchi [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] is now '''KADAK FM''' but later, Radio Mirchi made a comeback to the UAE in 2021 with '''102.4 FM''' '''Mirchi'''.

== Areas of operation ==
===India===
Currently, Radio Mirchi has a presence 76-station network operating in 63 cities, along with online and international stations, the company boasts of a 112-station network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/radio-mirchi-not-just-a-radio-firm/articleshow/71679895.cms?from=mdr|title=Radio Mirchi: Not just a radio firm|date=21 October 2016|publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123140216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/radio-mirchi-not-just-a-radio-firm/articleshow/71679895.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad, GJ]]
*[[Akola|Akola, MH]] (broadcast on 95.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Amravati|Amravati, MH]] (broadcast on 92.1 [[MHz]])
*[[Amritsar|Amritsar, PB]] (broadcast on 104.8 [[MHz]])
*[[Asansol|Asansol, WB]] (broadcast on 95.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Aurangabad|Aurangabad, MH]]
*[[Bharuch|Bharuch, GJ]] (broadcast on 92.3 [[MHz]])
*[[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, KA]] (two channels - 98.3 and 95 MHz)
*[[Bhavnagar|Bhavnagar, GJ]] (broadcast on 91.5 [[MHz]])
*[[Bhopal|Bhopal, MP]]
*[[Chandigarh]]
*[[Chennai|Chennai, TN]]
*[[Coimbatore|Coimbatore, TN]]
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Durg-Bhilai Nagar|Durg-Bhilai Nagar, CG]] (broadcast on 91.9 [[MHz]])
*[[Guwahati|Guwahati, AS]] (broadcast on 95.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Hubli-Dharwad|Hubli-Dharwad, KA]]
*[[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, TS]] (two channels - 98.3 and 95 MHz)
*[[Indore|Indore, MP]] (First city of Broadcasting)
*[[Jabalpur|Jabalpur, MP]]
*[[Jaipur|Jaipur, RJ]]
*[[Jalandhar|Jalandhar, PB]]
*[[Jamnagar|Jamnagar, GJ]] (broadcast on 95.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Jammu|Jammu, JK]]
*[[Jodhpur|Jodhpur, RJ]] (broadcast on 104.8 [[MHz]])
*[[Jhansi|Jhansi, UP]] (broadcast on 104.8 [[MHz]])
*[[Junagadh|Junagadh, GJ]] (broadcast on 95.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Kanpur|Kanpur, UP]]
*[[Kochi|Kochi, KL]] (broadcast on 104.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Kolhapur|Kolhapur, MH]]
*[[Kolkata|Kolkata, WB]]
*[[Kozhikode|Kozhikode, KL]] (broadcast on 92.7 [[MHz]])
*[[Lucknow|Lucknow, UP]]
*[[Madurai|Madurai, TN]]
*[[Mangalore|Mangalore, KA]]
*[[Mehsana|Mehsana, GJ]] (broadcast on 91.9 [[MHz]])
*[[Mumbai|Mumbai, MH]]
*[[Mysuru|Mysuru, KA]] (broadcast on 104.8 [[MHz]])
*[[Nagpur|Nagpur, MH]]
*[[Nashik|Nashik, MH]]
*[[Palanpur|Palanpur, GJ]] (broadcast on 93.7 [[MHz]])
*[[Patiala|Patiala, PB]] (broadcast on 104.8 [[MHz]])
*[[Patna|Patna, BR]]
*[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry, PY]] (broadcast on 104.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Pune|Pune, MH]] (broadcast on 98.3 [[MHz]])
*[[Raigarh|Raigarh, CG]] (broadcast on 91.1 [[MHz]])
*[[Raipur|Raipur, CG]]
*[[Rajahmundry|Rajahmundry, AP]] (broadcast on 91.1 [[MHz]])
*[[Ranchi|Ranchi, JH]]
*[[Rajkot|Rajkot, GJ]]
*[[Shillong|Shillong, ML]] (broadcast on 91.1 [[MHz]])
*[[Shimla|Shimla, HP]] (broadcast on 104.8 [[MHz]])
*[[Siliguri|Siliguri, WB]]
*[[Srinagar|Srinagar, JK]]
*[[Surat|Surat, GJ]]
*[[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvananthapuram, KL]]
*[[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchirappalli, TN]] (broadcast on 95.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Tirunelveli|Tirunelveli, TN]] (broadcast on 95.0 [[MHz]])
*[[Ujjain|Ujjain, MP]] (broadcast on 91.9 [[MHz]])
*[[Vadodara|Vadodara, GJ]]
*[[Varanasi|Varanasi, UP]]
*[[Vijayawada|Vijayawada, AP]]
*[[Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam, AP]]
*[[Warangal|Warangal, TS]] (broadcast on 91.9 [[MHz]])
{{div col end}}

Unless specified otherwise, all stations broadcast on 98.3 [[MHz]]

It reaches out to almost 52% of FM radio listeners in Delhi, 44% in Mumbai, 40% in Indore, 35% in Jaipur, 30% in Bhopal, 20% Chennai, 27% in Kolkata, 15% in Nagpur 60% in Mangaluru and 12% in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. Radio Mirchi has started providing [[Visual Radio]] to its subscribers in Delhi from 25 July 2006 onwards and in Mumbai from September 2006. It also has started its Visual Radio service from Kolkata recently.

According to the Radio Audience Measurement Reports, Radio Mirchi has been dominating in Delhi and is the leader in Mumbai and Kolkata. However, in Kolkata they are not clear leaders in SEC ABC segments. The SEC ABC segments were earlier dominated by Big FM & now by Friends FM. However, in the SEC D & E segments Radio Mirchi has total domination.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

===United Arab Emirates===
[[Abu Dhabi Media]] owned and operated 4 radio stations under the Radio Mirchi brand, under conditional license from ENIL. ADM rebranded to Kadak FM in July 2020. Radio Mirchi made a comeback in 2021 as '''[https://www.mirchi.ae/ MIRCHI]''' 102.4 FM.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-radio-news/radio-mirchi-brings-desi-beats-to-listeners-in-uae-45214.html|title=Radio Mirchi brings desi beats to listeners in UAE|date= 3 February 2012|publisher=exchange4media.com}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Abu Dhabi]] (broadcast on 97.3 [[MHz]])
*[[Al Ain]] (broadcast on 95.6 [[MHz]])
*[[Dubai]] (broadcast on 102.4 [[FM broadcasting|FM]])
*[[Sharjah]] (broadcast on 88.8 [[MHz]])
{{div col end}}

===United States===
Stations are operated under a brand licensing agreement between ENIL and Arohi Media, with the latter managing and operating the stations. Radio Mirchi went live in the USA on 26 January 2019, as '''[https://www.radiomirchiusa.com/ MIRCHI]'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[New York metropolitan area|New York tri-state region]] (broadcast on 1600 [[AM radio|AM]])
*[[Franklin Township, Somerset County, NJ|Franklin Park, NJ]] (broadcast on 92.7 FM) and [[Princeton, NJ]] (broadcast on 103.3 [[HD Radio|FM HD2]])
*[[Raleigh-Durham|Raleigh-Durham, NC]] (broadcast on 101.9 FM, 99.9 [[HD Radio|FM HD4]], and 1490 AM)
*[[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]] (broadcast on 103.9 [[HD Radio|FM HD2]])
*[[Cleveland, OH]] (broadcast on 93.1 [[HD Radio|FM HD2]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/radio-mirchi-expands-to-two-more-us-cities/articleshow/68295996.cms|title=Radio Mirchi expands to two more US cities|date=7 March 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328131216/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/radio-mirchi-expands-to-two-more-us-cities/articleshow/68295996.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Baltimore|Baltimore, MD]] (broadcast on 92.3 [[HD Radio|FM HD2]])
*[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus, OH]] (broadcast on 107.5 [[HD Radio|FM HD2]])
*[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] (broadcast on 95.5 [[HD Radio|FM HD2]]){{div col end}}

The following stations to be launched soon:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA]] (broadcast on 107.5 [[HD Radio|FM HD3]])
{{div col end}}

==Mirchi Music Awards==
{{Main|Mirchi Music Awards}}
The [[Mirchi Music Awards]] are annually given awards instituted by Radio Mirchi for excellence in Bollywood film music. It was first given in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/radio-mirchi-announces-music-awards|title=Radio Mirchi announces Music Awards|date=5 March 2009|publisher=radioandmusic.com|access-date=23 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123143340/https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/radio-mirchi-announces-music-awards|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{The Times Group}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Radio stations in Kerala]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Indore]]
[[Category:Companies based in Indore]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Ujjain]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Patna]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Madurai]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Radio stations of The Times Group]]
[[Category:Hindi-language radio stations]]
[[Category:Telugu-language radio stations]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Music of Bengal]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Radio stations in Kolkata]]

Battle of Changanassery

2026-03-03T21:40:34Z

YvetteJasso5372: added some article first draft.

{{short description|Battle in 1749 between Thekkumkur and Travancore, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Changanassery
| partof = the Travancore-Thekkumkur War
| image = File:Map of Thekkumkur in 1790.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Map of Thekkumkur Kingdom
| date = September 1749
| place = [[Changanassery]], [[Thekkumkur|Kingdom of Thekkumkur]], [[India]]
| result = Victory for the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg}} [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png}} [[Thekkumkur|Kingdom of Thekkumkur]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Travancore.svg}} [[Marthanda Varma]]
*[[Ramayyan Dalawa]]
*[[Eustachius De Lannoy]]
*Kumaraswamy Pillai
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Thekkumkur.png}} [[Aditya Varma Manikandan]]
*Vazhappadathu Panicker
*Pathillathil Pottimar{{Executed}}
| strength1 = 10,000–12,000 soldiers
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| coordinates = {{Coord|9.451|N|76.545|E|display=inline}}
}}

'''The Battle of Changanacherry''' was a battle between the kingdoms of [[Thekkumkur]] and [[Travancore]] in September 1749.<ref name=":0">Shungoonny Menon - A HISTORY OF TRAVANCORE - First edition: 1878, New edition: 1983, Page 130, 131 - {{ISBN|978-8170200406}}</ref> Defeat in this decisive battle led to Thekkumkur losing its dominance and expanding the Tranvancore empire to the southern border of [[Meenachil River|the river Meenachilar]].<ref>http://www.ktm.kerala.gov.in/history.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311003543/http://www.ktm.kerala.gov.in/history.htm |date=11 March 2007 }} Official website of Kottayam</ref>

The kingdom of Travancore conquered the princely states of [[Kayamkulam]] and [[Ambalapuzha]] under the leadership of [[Ramayyan Dalawa]] (the Dewan of Travancore). Thekkumkur army provided assistance to counter Travancore's invasion of princely state Ambalapuzha. Realizing this, King Marthanda Varma decided to invade Thekkumkoor following the fall of Champakassery (Ampalapuzha).<ref>A. Sreedhara Menon (1987). Political History of Modern Kerala. DC Books. pp. 140–. {{ISBN|978-81-264-2156-5}}. Retrieved 10 August 2012.</ref><ref>N.E Kesavan Namboothiri, Thekkumkoor Charithravum Puravrithavum (Kottayam: National Book Stall, 2014), 8-9.</ref>

== The cause of the war ==
In the 13th century, Thekkumkur Rajdhani was shifted to [[Puzhavathu]] in [[Changanassery]] after [[Thrikkodithanam]], [[Vennimala]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaikhari.org/vennimala.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423110651/http://www.vaikhari.org/vennimala.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 April 2011|title=Vennimala Sree Rama Lakshmana Perumal Temple|website=www.vaikhari.org}}</ref> [[Manikandapuram]] and others. The last king of Thekkumkur was [[Aditya Varma Manikandan]] and he resided in the [[Neerazhi Palace]] at Changanassery. After hearing of the military advance of the [[Travancore]] under the leadership of [[Ramayyan Dalawa]]; the crown prince of [[Thekkumkur]] then advised ''Aditya Varma Manikandan'' to make a friendship with Travancore kingdom by understanding the downfall of princely state [[Purakkad|Ampalapuzha]] (Chempakassery) and the fall of princely state [[Kayamkulam]].<ref>https://www.namboothiri.com/ articles/naaduvaazhikal.htm</ref>

Then crown prince (Ilaya rajah) went to [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and met [[Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma]] and requested help. Aditya Varma Manikandan, angry at the crown prince's action, a messenger was sent to Thiruvananthapuram carrying a letter purportedly written by his sick mother.<ref>The Travancore State Manual Vol 1 to 4; Publisher : Kerala Council for Historical Research; {{ISBN|8185499268}}; Edition : 1996; Pages: 2500; Author:T.K. Velu Pillai; Editor:S.Raimon; Category:Manuals; Year of Publishing:1940
</ref> The crown prince had told king Marthanda Varma that this was a strategy to annihilate him, but king persuaded him to go to Changanassery to meet his sick mother and gave him some gifts for Thekkumkur king Aditya Varma Manikandan.

When the young prince reached Thekkumkur, he was assassinated by the royal guards at the behest of his elder brother.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/unravelling-a-17th-century-multilingual-school/article25753903.ece|title=Unravelling a 17th century multilingual school|first=U.|last=Hiran|newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 December 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The king spread the news that the prince Kotha Varma had died of a snake bite. Recognizing the news from Thekkumkur about the wrong decision of the Thekkumkur king, Marthanda Varma of Travancore ordered Ramayyan Dalawa to march to Thekkumkur and capture the king Aditya Varma Manikandan<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=30 November 1878|publisher=Higginbotham|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>A Sreedhara Menon (1 January 2007). A Survey Of Kerala History. DC Books. pp. 166–. {{ISBN|978-81-264-1578-6}}. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</ref>

== The War ==
[[File:Ramayyan Dalawa.jpg|150px|thumb|Ramayyan Dalawa]]
When the [[Travancore]] troops reached [[Aranmula]] in the south of [[Thekkumkur]] kingdom, the [[Telugu Brahmin]]s stopped the Travancore army in the belief, that in Travancore the life of a Brahman was sacred, and consequently that they would not be in danger of being attacked. On this, [[Ramayyan Dalawa|Ramayya]] requested Captain D'Lanoy to do his duty without shrinking. D'Lanoy called a few companies of his detachment, consisting of Christians, Moplahs and fishermen, directed them to drive away the mob of Brahmans and clear the way for the march. By the confusion created by the Brahmins, sufficient time was afforded to the King [[Aditya Varma Manikandan]], who was at a place near Aranmula, to flee from his country to the north. After defeating the Telugu Brahmins at Aranmula, Ramayan Dalawa took over [[Thiruvalla|Thiruvalla gramam]], where the [[Vilakkilli Madom Pottimar]] gave no resistance. Ramayyan's next target was the [[Neerazhi Palace]] of [[Thekkumkur]] at [[Changanassery]]. The Thekkumkur had a larger and stronger army than the other princely states ([[Kayamkulam]], [[Purakkad|Ampalapuzha]]) conquered by the Ramayyan. The Thekkumkur fort and the Neerazhi palace at Changanasseri were attacked in September 1749.<ref>Thekkumkoor Charithravum Puravrithavum, Author: Prof N E Kesavan Nampoothiri, Publisher: NBS (National Book Stall, Kottayam: 2014), {{ISBN|9789385725647}}</ref>

On 11 September 1750, [[Ramayyan Dalawa]]h took possession of [[Changanassery|Changanasserri]], the seat of the Thakankoor Rajah. The State treasury, jewels, arms and property of a considerable value, fell into [[Ramayyan Dalawa|Ramayyan]]'s hands, among which were some brass guns and mortars of European manufacture.

The [[Vazhappally Pathillathil Potimar]] (administrator of [[Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple]]) assisted the Thekkumkur king in the Neerazhi Palace and transferred him to Nattassery at [[Kottayam]]. The Kannamperoor wooden bridge at [[Vazhappally]] was destroyed to prevent the Travancore troops from following them in the event of adverse weather. The Thekkumkur king Aditya Verma fled to [[Calicut]] and was given refuge by the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorin (Zamuthiri)]]. By this time, Ramayyan had influenced Vazhappadathu Paniker, the commander of Thekkumkur, and had learned the movement secret of the Pathillathil Pottimar. Proceedings of 11 September 1749; On the 28th of the year Malayalam era 925 Chingam (11_September_1749 AD), the capital of the Thekkumkur conquered by Ramayyan Dalawa and merged to Travancore kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Menon|first=P Shungoonny|title=History of Travancore from the Earliest Times by P Shungoonny Menon (Dewan Peishcar of Travancore)|year=1878|publisher=Higginbotham and Company|location=Madras|pages=152, 153}}</ref>
<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/getting-about-kerala/kottayam/2019/09/07/kottayam-history-historic-sites-churches-temples-fort.html|title=Remains of Kottayam's glorious past|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==The Vazhappally Pathillathil Pottimar==
[[File:Salagramam (3).jpg|150px|thumb|left|Vazhappally Shala - A temple at Vazhappally that was attacked]]
The Pathillathil pottimar (''10 Brahmin families as the administrator of Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple'') were charged with treason because they helped the Thekkumkur' Rajah Aditya Varma Manikandan to escape the Changanassery and resist the march of Marthanda Varma's army by demolishing the Kannanperoor bridge at Vazhappally.<ref>N.E Kesavan Namboothiri, Thekkumkoor Charithravum Puravrithavum (Kottayam: National Book Stall, 2014)</ref> The Vazhappally Pottimar initially deterred the Travancore army by the fate of the Thekkumkur Rajah and they did not expect Marthanda Varma to kill Brahmins who is the administrator of Vazhappally Maha Siva Temple.

Most of the male members of the Brahmins family were either killed or exiled after sufficient evidence of conspiracy and murder was procured. Their houses were dug up (''Kulamthondal'' - {{langx|ml|കുളംതോണ്ടൽ}} - a common punishment of the time) and all their assets and armies seized by the victorious [[Marthanda Varma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://palathully.com/2018/02/|title=February 2018 – Palathully}}</ref><ref>AIYA, V. NAGAM (1906). TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL: with a foreword by VED from VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS. VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, DEVERKOVIL 673508 India www.victoriainstitutions.com</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century, only one family was left in the Vazhappally Gramam from Pathillathil Pottimar.
{{clear}}

==Aftermath==
After the battle, Marthanda Varma arrived at [[Changanassery]]. Many of the Nair nobles and chiefs called [[Kartha]]vu, [[Kaimal]], Elayadam and [[Panicker]] of the Thekkumkoor, as well as those of [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalapuzha]] and [[Vadakkumkur]] presented themselves before the victorious Marthanda Varma at [[Changanassery|Changanasserry]] and acknowledging his sovereignty, paid homage with large nuzzers.<ref name=":0" /> [[Ramayyan Dalawa|Ramayya]] marched to the north, and after fortifying the positions between Thekkumkoor and Vadakkumkoor from Kumarakam to the east up to the hills at Koondoor, marched towards the north to settle the northern boundary, which was extended to the southern bank of the Periyar which runs to the west by [[Aluva]].<ref name=":0" /> All the country south of the Dutch possessions at [[Kodungallur|Kodungalloor]] thus became the Travancore Maha Raja's dominions. Marthanda Varma thus extended his country from [[Kanyakumari]] to [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]], and brought all the Rajas, petty chiefs, and nobles into subjection.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Travancore State Manual by V.Nagam Aiya (1906)
* Thekkumkoor Charithravum Puravrithavum by N.E Kesavan Namboothiri (2014)
* History of Travancore by Shungunny Menon
* {{Cite book|first1=V. Nagam|last1=Aiya|author-link1=V. Nagam Aiya|title=Travancore State Manual|publisher=Travancore Government Press | url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog|year=1906}}

{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Battles involving Travancore|Changanassery]]
[[Category:1750 in India]]
[[Category:Changanassery]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Thekkumkur]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1749|Changanassery]]

Mridula (film)

2026-03-03T21:24:36Z

YvetteJasso5372: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mrudula
| image =Mridula.jpg
| caption =
| director = Antony Eastman
| producer =ramji
| writer = Antony Eastman
| screenplay = Antony Eastman
| starring = [[Karan (actor)|Raghu]] Mrudula [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Captain Raju]]
| music =
| cinematography = CE Babu
| editing = G Murali
| studio = SS Pictures
| distributor = SS Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1990}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Mrudula''''' is a 1990 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Antony Eastman. The film stars [[Karan (actor)|Raghu]], Mrudula, [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Captain Raju]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2364|title=Mridula|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4445|title=Mridula|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mrudula-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617001942/http://spicyonion.com/title/mrudula-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 June 2015|title=Mrudula|accessdate=2014-10-14|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Karan (actor)|Raghu]] as Anirudh
*Mrudula as Mridula
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Porinchu
*[[Captain Raju]] as Captain Ganesh
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Menon
*[[K. R. Savithri]] as Banumathiyamma
*Latha Thomas
*[[Mafia Sasi]] as Gunda

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0278573|Mrudula}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Veeranjaneya

2026-03-03T20:40:31Z

YvetteJasso5372: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Veeranjaneya
| image = Veeranjaneya film poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Arja Janardhana Rao]] [[Kanta Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] [[Jaggayya]]
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1968|4|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Veeranjaneya''''' is a 1968 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. It is a [[musical film]] released in 1968, starring [[Arja Janardhana Rao]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]] and [[S.V. Ranga Rao]]. The film was dubbed in Kannada as ''Veeranjaneya Katha'' in 1974.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/veeranjaneya-kathe-1974 | title=Veeranjaneya Kathe (1974) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is based on the [[Ramayana]], from the perspective of the Hindu god [[Anjaneya]].

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor/Actress<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veeranjaneya (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NEJ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> !! Role
|-
|[[Arja Janardhana Rao]] || [[Anjaneya]]/[[Hanuman]]
|-
|[[Kanta Rao]] || [[Lord Rama]]/[[Lord Krishna]]
|-
|[[Anjali Devi]] || [[Sita]]/[[Rukmini]]
|-
|[[S.V. Ranga Rao]] || [[Ravana]]
|-
|[[Jaggayya]] || [[Indrajit]]
|-
|[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] || [[Sulochana (Ramayana)|Sulochana]]
|-
|[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]
|[[Vibhishana]]
|-
|[[V. Nagayya|Nagayya]]
|[[Valmiki]]
|-
|[[Dhulipala]]
|[[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]]
|-
|[[Sobhan Babu]] || [[Narada]]
|-
|[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] || [[Vayu|Vayu Deva]]
|-
|[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] || [[Garuda]]
|-
|[[Vasanthi (actress)|Vasanthi]]
|[[Urmila]]
|-
|[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] || [[Satyabhama]]
|-
|[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]]|| [[Arjuna]]
|-
|[[G. Varalakshmi]] || [[Mandodari]]
|-
|[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]
|[[Ahiravan|Ahiravana]]
|-
|Vallam Narasimha Rao
|[[Tumburu|Tumburudu]]
|-
|Raghavaiah
|[[Lakshmana]]
|-
|Thyagaraju
|[[Sugriva|Sugreeva]]/[[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]]
|-
|C.H. Krishnamurthy
|[[Angada]]
|-
|[[Rathna (actress)|Rathna]]
|Dancer
|-
|Bhimaraju
|[[Akshayakumara]]
|}

==Soundtrack==
* "Aho Rama Katha" (Lyricist: Malladhi; Singer: [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]])
* "Manasaina Daananura" (Lyricist: Arudra)
* "Nava Ragame Saagenule" (Lyricist: Veturi Sundararamamurthy; Singers: M. Balamurali Krishna, P. B. Srinivas)
* "Neelala Ningilo" (Lyricist: Samudrala)
* "Rama Naamame Madhuram" (Lyricist: C. Narayana Reddy; Singers: Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, P. B. Srinivas)
* "Rama Neenamamu" (Suguna Dharma) (Lyricist: C. Narayana Reddy; Singer: Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao)
* "Sri Rama Rama" (Lyricist: Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry; Singer: Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao)
* "Sri Rama Rama Rama" (Lyricist: Malladhi; Singer: Malathi
* "Vachchaava Jathagaada" (Lyricist: Samudrala)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0264144/ Veeranjaneya film at IMDb.]
* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/album/A0002479.html Listen to Veeranjaneya songs at Raaga.com]

{{Kamalakara Kameswara Rao}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
[[Category:1968 musical films]]
[[Category:Films about Hanuman]]

{{1960s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{musical-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Peddintalludu

2026-03-03T18:25:34Z

YvetteJasso5372: created new pg - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Peddintalludu
| image = Peddintalludu.jpg
| caption = Theateral Release Poster
| writer = Omkaar {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = [[P. Vasu]]
| screenplay = Sarath
| producer = T. R. Tulasi
| director = Sarath
| starring = [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Nagma]] [[Mohan Babu]] [[Vanisri]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = Y. Maheedra
| editing = Murali-Ramaiah
| based_on = ''[[Professor (1962 film)|Professor]]'' (1962)
| studio = Sri Annapurna Cine Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991||}}
| runtime = 126 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' Peddintalludu''''' ({{Translation|Big house son-in-law}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by Sarath.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Peddinti-Alludu/11316 |title=Peddinti Alludu (Direction) |work=Know Your Films |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-date=22 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122131235/http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Peddinti-Alludu/11316 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It stars [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Nagma]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Vanisri]] with music composed by [[Raj–Koti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Peddinti Alludu (Cast & Crew) |url=http://www.gomolo.com/pedhdhintalludu-movie/18027 |work=Gomolo |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013093814/http://www.gomolo.com/pedhdhintalludu-movie/18027 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is produced by T. R. Tulasi under the Sri Annapurna Cine Chitra banner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peddinti Alludu (Banner) |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/peddinti-alludu-1991-telugu-movie |work=Filmiclub |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705063312/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/peddinti-alludu-1991-telugu-movie |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film is a remake of the 1962 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Professor (1962 film)|Professor]]'' which had earlier been remade in Telugu in 1969 as ''[[Bhale Mastaru]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/peddinti-alludu-telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822023158/http://spicyonion.com/title/peddinti-alludu-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 August 2016 |title=Peddinti Alludu (Remake) |work=Spicy Onion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/6794?ed=Tolly |title=Peddinti Alludu (Review) |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013172403/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/6794?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Raja is an unemployed youth whose mother is a severe heart patient and requires a major operation. However, due to poverty, Raja decides to shift to Hyderabad for his mother's treatment and in search of a job. On the way, he meets a retired music teacher, Srinivasa Rao, on a train traveling to join as a tuition master at Island Estate for Rs. 3000 salary monthly. In contrast, descending with the suitcases of Raja & Srinivasa Rao interchanges. After reaching the room, Raja finds the appointment letter and address cover of Srinivasa Rao. Due to the critical situation of his mother, Raja joins the post as a disguised old man.

Bala Tripura Sundari, the proprietor of Island Estate, is a lady Hitler, and she is the guardian of her expired brother's four naughty children, Geeta, Radha, Tinku, and Pinky. So Bala Tripura Sundari keeps Srinivasa Rao as their caretaker & teacher. Raja splits him into two by introducing himself as Srinivasa Rao's brother's son. He starts loving Geeta and always praises Bala Tripura Sundari in the old avatar to get her appreciation. Once, when Raja changes his outfits, a thief, Goodala Kanna Rao, catches him red-handed, starts blackmailing, and settles along with him as his brother-in-law.

Meanwhile, Bala Tripura Sundari learns that Srinivasa Rao is having ''Kuja Dosham'' a horoscope; people who are having it should marry the person having the same; otherwise, the respective partner will die. Due to this, Bala Tripura Sundari is also not get married. So, she starts loving Srinivasa Rao and decides to marry him. The rest of the story is a humorous comedy-drama about how Raja eliminates these problems.

== Cast ==
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Raja
*[[Nagma]] as Geeta
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Goodala Kanna Rao
*[[Vanisri]] as Bala Tripura Sundari
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Viswanatham
*[[Babu Mohan]] as Srinivasa Rao
*Bhimeswara Rao as I.G.
*K. K. Sarma as Head Constable Venkataswamy
*[[Potti Prasad]] as Lakshman Rao
*Chidatala Appa Rao as Constable
*Dham as Constable
*[[Dubbing Janaki]] as Raja's mother
*Master Amith as Tinku
*Baby Vijayalakshmi as Pinky

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Peddinti Alludu
| type = film
| artist = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1991
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 21:03
| label = R.K. Recording Company
| producer = [[Raj–Koti]]
| prev_title = Mamagaaru
| prev_year = 1991
| next_title = Shiva Shakti
| next_year = 1991
}}

Music was composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Music released on R.K. Recording Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3483/Peddinti%20Alludu(1991)/ |title=Peddinti Alludu (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Zindabad Jeevitham"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:53
|-
|2
|"Kannu Kottu"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
|4:12
|-
|3
|"Johare Bhaama"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
|3:28
|-
|4
|"Abbalalo"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
|3:54
|-
|5
|"Kalle Moodata"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
|4:36
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt1437626}}
{{Sarath (director)}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sarath]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:1991 comedy films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]

Gunasundari Katha

2026-02-24T05:50:40Z

YvetteJasso5372: correct section for consistency

{{Other uses|Gunsundari (disambiguation){{!}}Gunsundari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gunasundari Katha
| image = Gunasundari Katha.JPG
| caption =
| director = [[K. V. Reddy]]
| producer = K. V. Reddy
| story = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]
| screenplay = K. V. Reddy [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|Pingali Nagendra Rao}}
}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sriranjani (junior)|Sriranjani]] [[Kasturi Siva Rao]] Vallabhajosyula Sivaram [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] [[Govindarajula Subba Rao]] Santha Kumari K. Malathi
| music = [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
| cinematography = [[Marcus Bartley]]
| editing = C. P. Jamboolingam
| studio = [[Vauhini Studios]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1949|12|28|df=yes}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Gunasundari Katha''''' ({{Translation|Gunasundari's story}}) is a 1949 Indian [[Telugu language]] [[fantasy film]] produced and directed by [[K. V. Reddy]], starring [[Sriranjani (junior)|Sriranjani]], [[Kasturi Siva Rao]], [[Santha Kumari]]. The script was written by [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]], [[K. V. Reddy]], and [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao]]. Kameswara Rao was also the associate director.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. |date=29 September 2012 |title=Guna Sundari (1949) |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/gunasundari-katha-1949/article3948788.ece |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[King Lear]]'' was the inspiration for the core plot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sruthi |date=23 April 2018 |title=400 years later, Shakespeare still remains relevant in Indian cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/400-years-later-shakespeare-still-remains-relevant-in-indian-cinema/article23648292.ece |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref> However the writers changed the tone from the [[tragedy]] of ''King Lear'' to a more entertaining one for the film.<ref name=":1" /> The film was commercially successful.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gudipoodi |first=Srihari |title=Telugu Cinema - Past and Present |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-tc4.html |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]] |quote=Gunasundari Katha was an experiment by itself with Kasturi Siva Rao, a comedian, as hero. It clicked and made good profits.}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
King Ugrasena (Govindarajula Subba Rao) of Dhara Nagaram had three daughters: Rupasundari (Santakumari) who is married to her cousin Haramati (Subba Rao), Hemasundari (Malathi) who is married to her cousin Kalamata (Relangi), and Gunasundari (Sriranjani).

During a discussion, the King asked his daughters who they loved the most. Rupa and Hema told him they loved him the most, even more than their husbands. Gunasundari who is unmarried insists that she will love her husband the most once she is married. She goes on to say that she will love him more than her father regardless of his appearance or physical condition.

Her father the King was offended by this and forced Gunasundari to marry a hideous and disabled man, Daivadheenam (Kasturi Siva Rao). After the arranged marriage to the ugliest man in the country, the king exiles his daughter to live outside the palace with her new husband whom she now loves more than the King.

Eventually, the King is wounded and develops a chronic illness. The Physicians tell him the wound could only be cured with the diamond "Mahendra Mani". The King sends his three sons-in-law on a journey to find the diamond.

Daivadheenam overcomes his disabilities during the quest for "Mahendra Mani". No one knew that Daivadheenam was once a handsome prince who had been cursed by his guru for misconduct and character flaws. While fulfilling the quest of finding the diamond and overcoming his physical limitations Daivadheenam's character was fixed. He then brings the diamond to the palace and cures the king. This breaks Daivadheenam's curse and he is returned to his original form.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor / Actress !! Character
|-
| [[Govindarajula Subba Rao]] || King Ugrasena
|-
| [[Sriranjani (junior)|Sriranjani]] || Gunasundari
|-
| [[Santha Kumari]]|| Rupasundari
|-
| Malathi || Hemasundari
|-
| Vallabhajosyula Sivaram ||
|-
| [[Kasturi Siva Rao]] || Daivadeenam
|-
| [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] || Kalamati
|-
| Subba Rao || Haramati
|-
| [[T. G. Kamala Devi]] ||
|}

== Songs ==

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]]
| all_music = [[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
| title1 = Adiye Eduraivachche Daka Pada Munduku Padipodam
| extra1 = Relangi, Pamarti Krishna Murthy
| title2 = Amma Mahalakshmi Dayacheyavamma
| extra2 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| title3 = Challani Doravele O Chandamama
| extra3 = Malathi, Shanta Kumari
| title4 = Kala Kala Aa Kokilemo Palukarinche Vintiva
| extra4 = Malathi, Shanta Kumari
| title5 = Kalpagama Tallivai Ghanata Velasina Gouri
| extra5 = [[P. Leela]]
| title6 = O Chaaru Sheela Le Javarala
| extra6 = V. Shivaram
| title7 = O Matha Raavaa Naa Mora Vinavaa
| extra7 = P. Leela
| title8 = Ore Ore Brahma Devuda
| extra8 = Kasturi Shiva Rao
| title9 = Siri Thalam Vesenante
| extra9 = Kasturi Shiva Rao, P. Leela
| title10 = Sri Thulasi Jaya Thulasi Jayamuneeyave
| extra10 = P. Leela
| title11 = Thelusukondayya
| extra11 = [[T. G. Kamala Devi]], Chorus
| title12 = Upakaara Gunaalayavai Vunnavu Kade Maatha
| extra12 = P. Leela
}}

"Sri Tulasi Jaya Tulasi", sung by [[P. Leela]], was a hit with the public.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0266605/ Gunasundari Katha at IMDb.]
{{K. V. Reddy}}
{{King Lear}}

[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:Films based on King Lear]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. V. Reddy]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]
[[Category:1949 fantasy films]]

G. D. Bakshi

2026-02-23T18:58:47Z

YvetteJasso5372: cleanup lead based on references and fixed typos

{{Short description|Retired Indian Army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major general (India)|Major General]]
| name = G. D. Bakshi
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|SM|VSM}}
| image = GD Bakshi during a National Seminar at Bhopal January 2018 (1).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Gagan Deep Bakshi
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1950}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| relations =
| website = 
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| unit = [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|6 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
| branch = {{army|India}}
| branch_label = 
| serviceyears = 1971–2008
| rank = [[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]][[Major General]]
| servicenumber =
| commands = [[File:Rashtriya Rifles Logo.svg|20px]] [[Rashtriya Rifles|Romeo Force]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|6 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] and [[Kargil War]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/murder-2-actor-prashant-narayana-to-play-this-important-role-in-pm-narendra-modi-biopic-149752.html |title=Major Gen GD Bakshi wants India to prep for another Mahabharata |website=Catchnews |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=20 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220002831/http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/murder-2-actor-prashant-narayana-to-play-this-important-role-in-pm-narendra-modi-biopic-149752.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| battles_label =
| awards = See {{section link||Awards and decorations}}
| memorials =
}}

[[Major general (India)|Major General]] '''Gagan Deep Bakshi''' {{post-nominals|country=IND|SM|VSM}} (born 1950) is a retired officer of the [[Indian Army]].

==Early life and education==

G. D. Bakshi was born in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] into a [[Mohyal Brahmin]] family,<ref>Soldiers in the Sun and Snow: A History of the J&K Rifles, The J&K Rifles Regimental Centre Jabalpur, Kishtwar cauldron: The Struggle Against Ethnic Cleansing in Kishtwar, Pentagon Press, New Delhi 2010</ref><ref>G.D. Bakshi, ''Guardians of the Gate: A Military History of the Mohyal Fighting Brahmins'', KW Publishers Private Limited, 1 January 2018.</ref> to S. P. Bakshi, who was the Chief Education Officer of the Jammu & Kashmir State Forces.<ref name="abplive">{{Cite web |url=https://www.abplive.in/blog/you-have-seen-him-on-tv-but-who-is-gen-gd-bakshi-435502 |title=You have seen him on TV, but who is Gen GD Bakshi? |website=ABP Live |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317023923/http://www.abplive.in/blog/you-have-seen-him-on-tv-but-who-is-gen-gd-bakshi-435502 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He studied at [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]], [[Jabalpur]].<ref name="abplive"/> After his schooling, he went to the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] at Khadakwasla, [[Pune]].<ref name="abplive"/>

==Career==
Bakshi was commissioned into [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|6 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]] in November 1971 and was sent to the eastern theatre (Bangladesh front) at the outbreak of hostilities. He first served on the “China front” and then with Mukti Bahini forces supporting the liberation of Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://news.abplive.com/blog/you-have-seen-him-on-tv-but-who-is-gen-gd-bakshi-435502 | title= You have seen him on TV, but who is Gen GD Bakshi? | date= 23 October 2016 }}</ref> He later went on to command that unit.
He was posted in Punjab during the height of Sikh militancy. As a commanding officer (then Lt Col), he led his Sikh troops against [[Khalistan movement|khalisthani]] militants and worked to maintain unit cohesion and local support.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://news.abplive.com/blog/you-have-seen-him-on-tv-but-who-is-gen-gd-bakshi-435502#:~:text=years%20later%2C%20during%20a%20posting,1987%29%20and%20they%20were | title=You have seen him on TV, but who is Gen GD Bakshi? | date=23 October 2016 }}</ref>

Bakshi was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] for commanding a battalion in Kaksar, that falls in Drass, Kargil sector during 1987 border skirmishes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sociostory.org/impact-stories/journey-of-maj-gen-g-d-bakshi-in-the-indian-armed-forces | title=Journey of Maj Gen G D Bakshi in the Indian Armed Forces }}</ref> Later, he was awarded the [[Sena Medal]] for distinguished service in commanding a battalion during counter-insurgency drives.

Bakshi subsequently commanded the [[Rashtriya Rifles|Romeo Force]] (Part of Rashtriya Rifles) during intensive counter-insurgency operations in the [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] and [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] districts of Jammu and Kashmir and succeeded in suppressing the armed militancy in this area.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/09/25/stories/2005092500151100.htm | title=Pir Panjal vulnerable despite people's might | date=25 September 2005 | first=Luv | last=Puri | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | accessdate=18 February 2019 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
He organized village defence committees and employed aggressive tactics to suppress insurgents. His efforts brought an end to major civilian killings and allowed displaced villagers to return.<ref>https://news.abplive.com/blog/you-have-seen-him-on-tv-but-who-is-gen-gd-bakshi 435502#:~:text=he%20received%20the%20Chief%E2%80%99s%20Commendation,to%20study%20at%20the%20National</ref>
Bakshi served two tenures at the Directorate General of Military Operations and was the first BGS (IW) at the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]], where he dealt with Information Warfare and Psychological Operations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://idsa.in/jds/4_4_2010_PromotionSystemintheArmyDealingwithPeacetimeAtrophy_gdbakshi |title=Promotion System in the Army: Dealing with Peacetime Atrophy |last=Bakshi |first=G. D |website=Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219184954/https://idsa.in/jds/4_4_2010_PromotionSystemintheArmyDealingwithPeacetimeAtrophy_gdbakshi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://salute.co.in/indias-responses-to-pakistan-armys-terror-overdrive-2/|title=India's responses to Pakistan Army's braveness overdrive|website=salute.co.in|date=2 August 2014 |access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719235015/https://salute.co.in/indias-responses-to-pakistan-armys-terror-overdrive-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> He retired in 2008.

==Awards and decorations==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Sena Medal]]
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|}}
*{{cite book | last=Bakshi | first=G. D. | title=Bose Or Gandhi: Who Got India Her Freedom? | publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Limited | date=2019 | isbn=978-93-87324-67-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHUuwAEACAAJ | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | last=Bakshi | first=G. D. | title=Guardians of the Gate: A Military History of the Mohyal Fighting Brahmins | publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Limited | date=2018 | isbn=978-93-86288-77-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgt9swEACAAJ | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | last=Bakshi | first=G. D. | title=Bose Or Gandhi: Who Got India Her Freedom? | publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Limited | date=2019 | isbn=978-93-87324-67-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHUuwAEACAAJ | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | title=China's Military Power: A Net Assessment: A Net Assessment | publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd | date=2015-01-15 | isbn=978-93-85714-01-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUC6DQAAQBAJ | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | last=Bakshi | first=G. D. | title=Kishtwar Cauldron: The Struggle Against the ISI's Ethnic Cleansing | publisher=Pentagon Press | date=2013 | isbn=978-81-8274-736-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zx7GoAEACAAJ | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | last=Bakshi | first=G. D. | title=Limited Wars in South Asia: Need for an Indian Doctrine | publisher=Centre for Land Warfare Studies | date=2010 | isbn=978-93-80502-45-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLemcQAACAAJ | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | title=The Rise of Indian Military Power: Evolution of an Indian Strategic Culture: Evolution of an Indian Strategic Culture | publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd | date=2015-07-15 | isbn=978-93-85714-07-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEG6DQAAQBAJ | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | last=Bakshi | first=G. D. | title=Footprints in the Snow: On the Trail of Zorawar Singh | publisher=Lancer Publishers | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7062-292-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S99oXkx_-cC | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | last=Bakshi | first=G. D. | title=Afghanistan: The First Faultline War | publisher=Lancer Publishers | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7062-220-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyMIEVm0SakC | access-date= | page=}}
*{{cite book | last=Bakshi | first=G. D. | title=Mahabharata, a Military Analysis | publisher=Lancer International | date=1990 | isbn=978-81-7062-094-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SncpAAAAYAAJ | access-date= | page=}}
{{refend|}}

==Controversies==

According to Nandita Singh of [[ThePrint]], Bakshi has promoted fake news and misinformation on multiple occasions.<ref name=altn>{{cite web | title=General G D Bakshi makes false claim about Mehbooba Mufti and 2014 Budgam firing| last=Bakshi | first=Major General G D | website=Alt News | date=2019-02-18 | url=https://www.altnews.in/general-g-d-bakshi-makes-false-claim-about-mehbooba-mufti-and-2014-budgam-firing/}}</ref><ref name=print>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Nandita | title=Maj. Gen. GD Bakshi, shrillest warmonger in the media, hits new low with gaali on Republic TV | website=ThePrint | date=2020-07-04 | url=https://theprint.in/india/maj-gen-gd-bakshi-shrillest-warmonger-in-the-media-hits-new-low-with-gaali-on-republic-tv/454582/}}</ref> In 2019, he wrongly claimed that a soldier was jailed in Tihar following a 2014 incident involving the death of a civilian in Budgam, and [[Mehbooba Mufti]] as CM had ordered no checking of vehicles. Fact checkers found these claims to be false because Mufti was not a CM at that time and there is no evidence of such an order that prevented checking of vehicles. Lt Gen [[Deependra Singh Hooda]] rejected the claim that a soldier was jailed after the Budgam incident.<ref name=altn/>

Bakshi has claimed that more than [[Quit India Movement]], it was [[Indian National Army]] (INA) who was responsible in bringing independence to India. Bakshi depends on flawed arguments not supported by academic literature while making these claims.<ref>{{cite web | title='Flawed' argument: Gandhi had minimal role, naval mutinies alone led to Independence | website=Counterview | date=2022-09-11 | url=https://www.counterview.net/2022/09/flawed-argument-gandhi-had-minimal-role.html}}</ref> ''[[The Print]]'' cites his position as a trustee in Netaji Bose INA Trust as one of the reason to downplay Quit India Movement.<ref name=print/>

In 2021, Bakshi shared images to claim that Pakistani soldiers were killed in [[Republican insurgency in Afghanistan|Panjshir conflict]]. This claim was debunked by fact checkers who found the images falsely claimed Pakistani actors working in a military-themed film to be actual soldiers.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ex-Indian army officer shares picture from movie set as 'truth' about Pakistan Army's presence in Panjshir | website=[[Dawn.com|Dawn]] | date=2021-09-12 | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1645991}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Misra | first=Shubhangi | title=Ex-Indian Army general mocked for sharing image of Pakistani actors as 'soldiers killed' in Panjshir | website=ThePrint | date=2021-09-14 | url=https://theprint.in/world/ex-indian-army-officer-mocked-for-sharing-image-of-pakistani-actors-as-soldiers-killed-in-panjshir/733461/}}</ref>
[[File:GD Bakshi during a National Seminar at Bhopal January 2018 (5).jpg|thumb|GD Bakshi during a National Seminar]]
He is sometimes called on news channels for his views on politics and he often appears on Republic TV, where he frequently defends narrative of [[Arnab Goswami]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nandita Singh|date=2020-07-04|title=Maj. Gen. GD Bakshi, shrillest warmonger in the media, hits new low with gaali on Republic TV|url=https://theprint.in/india/maj-gen-gd-bakshi-shrillest-warmonger-in-the-media-hits-new-low-with-gaali-on-republic-tv/454582/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123211845/https://theprint.in/india/maj-gen-gd-bakshi-shrillest-warmonger-in-the-media-hits-new-low-with-gaali-on-republic-tv/454582/|url-status=live}}</ref> His analysis is often criticized by other journalists for having a strong bias favouring the ruling government's agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Journalism as News Laundering and Bhakti|url=https://thewire.in/media/journalism-as-news-laundering-and-bhakti|access-date=2021-08-31|website=The Wire|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123211840/https://thewire.in/media/journalism-as-news-laundering-and-bhakti|url-status=live}}</ref> In one debate at [[Republic TV]] he was criticized for using profane language.<ref>{{Cite web|title='M*******!!': Twitter in shock as Major Gen GD Bakshi curses on a live show|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/m-twitter-in-shock-as-major-gen-gd-bakshi-curses-on-a-live-show|access-date=2021-08-31|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123211844/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/m-twitter-in-shock-as-major-gen-gd-bakshi-curses-on-a-live-show|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another video was surfaced, where he used foul word of Randi Khana (Brothel), Bakshi was heavily criticized for using this foul word.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Nandita |last2=ThePrint |date=2020-07-04 |title=Maj. Gen. GD Bakshi, shrillest warmonger in the media, hits new low with gaali on Republic TV |url=https://theprint.in/india/maj-gen-gd-bakshi-shrillest-warmonger-in-the-media-hits-new-low-with-gaali-on-republic-tv/454582/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakshi, G. D.}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jabalpur]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence College, India]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]

Ranapur

2026-02-06T11:38:27Z

YvetteJasso5372: improved article

{{Distinguish|Ranpur (disambiguation){{!}}Ranpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ranapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.65|N|74.53|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhabua district|Jhabua]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 370
| population_total = 10617
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhili language|Bhili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 457993
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-45]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ranapur''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Jhabua district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Ranapur is located at {{Coord|22.65|N|74.53|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Ranapur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Ranapur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 370 metres (1,213 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Ranapur had a population of 11,617. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 6,245 and at present is 48%. Ranapur has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 53%. In Ranapur, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
<references/>

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jhabua district]]
[[Category:Jhabua]]
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Showtime (Indian TV series)

2026-02-04T16:11:28Z

YvetteJasso5372: Created data.

{{Short description|2024 Indian Hindi drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = Drama
| creator = [[Sumit Roy]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = {{Plain list|
*Sumit Roy
*Lara Chandni
*Mithun Gangopadhyay
}}
| director = {{Plain list|
* Mihir Desai <ref>{{cite web |title='Showtime' director Mihir Desai talks about the reason behind casting Mahima Makwana |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/showtime-director-mihir-desai-talks-about-the-reason-behind-casting-mahima-makwana-23337506 |website=mid-day|date=28 February 2024 }}</ref>
* Archit Kumar
}}
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]]
* [[Emraan Hashmi]]
* [[Mahima Makwana]]
* [[Mouni Roy]]
* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]]
* [[Shriya Saran]]
* [[Vishal Vashishtha]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = Anand Bhaskar
| opentheme =
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plain list|
* [[Karan Johar]]
* Apoorva Mehta
* Somen Mishra
* Mihir Desai
}}
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = {{Plain list| [[Dharmatic Entertainment]]}}
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|03|8}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}
'''''Showtime''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series created by [[Sumit Roy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime Teaser: Emraan Hashmi, Mouni Roy, Naseeruddin Shah Take You To World Behind Bollywood |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/showtime-teaser-emraan-hashmi-mouni-roy-naseeruddin-shah-take-you-to-world-behind-bollywood-1651343 |website=Abp live |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223181318/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/showtime-teaser-emraan-hashmi-mouni-roy-naseeruddin-shah-take-you-to-world-behind-bollywood-1651343 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name= "showtime">{{cite web |title='Showtime' 1st look: Emraan Hashmi to play 'Badshah of Bollywood' in series |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/showtime-1st-look-emraan-hashmi-dharmatic-series-on-bollywood-2478285-2023-12-20 |website=India Today |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214135342/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/showtime-1st-look-emraan-hashmi-dharmatic-series-on-bollywood-2478285-2023-12-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Emraan Hashmi to headline new series. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/emraan-hashmi-headline-new-series-showtime-mumbai-maharashtra-india/articleshow/106155452.cms?from=mdr |website=Times Of India | date=20 December 2023 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> It delves into the world of [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]], production houses and how they function. It features the power struggles and off-camera fights occurring in the backstage areas of Bollywood.<ref name= "showtime"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Emraan Hashmi On Showtime: 'Series Will Reveal A Lot About Our Film Industry' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/emraan-hashmi-on-showtime-series-will-reveal-a-lot-about-our-film-industry |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref> Produced by [[Dharmatic Entertainment]] the show premiered on 8 March 2024 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/showtime-emraan-hashmi-mouni-roy-bollywood-series-to-premiere-on-this-date-article-107557679 |website=Times Now |date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209115949/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/showtime-emraan-hashmi-mouni-roy-bollywood-series-to-premiere-on-this-date-article-107557679 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/video/disney-hotstar-bollywood-showtime-launch-date-trailer/|title=Disney+ Hotstar Bollywood Insider Drama Series 'Showtime' Sets March Launch Date; Watch The Trailer|date=13 February 2024 |publisher=Deadline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Emraan Hashmi is in top form as a bad boy in Disney+Hotstar series Showtime |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/emraan-hashmi-is-in-top-form-as-a-bad-boy-in-disneyhotstar-series-showtime/cid/2010475 |website=Telegraph India |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203182153/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/emraan-hashmi-is-in-top-form-as-a-bad-boy-in-disneyhotstar-series-showtime/cid/2010475 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Viktor Khanna, a former producer and founder of Viktory Studios, Raghu's father, Mahika's maternal grandfather
*[[Emraan Hashmi]] as Raghu Khanna, a producer, Viktor and Sarika's son, Mahika's maternal half-uncle
*[[Mahima Makwana]] as Mahika Nandy, a journalist turned producer, Viktor and Devika's granddaughter, Paromita's daughter, Raghu's half-niece
*[[Mouni Roy]] as Yasmine Ali, an item girl, Raghu's girlfriend
*[[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Armaan Singh, a Bollywood superstar, Mandira's husband
*[[Shriya Saran]] as Mandira Singh, a former actress, Armaan's wife
*[[Vishal Vashishtha]] as Prithvi, a writer and employee of Viktory studios, Mahika's boyfriend
*[[Vijay Raaz]] as Saajan Morarka, an industrialist and alcohol baron
* Gurpreet Saini as Ziko, Raghu's loyal employee
* [[Denzil Smith]] as Deven, Viktor's friend and loyal employee
* [[Neeraj Madhav]] as Satya Krishnan; a critically acclaimed writer and filmmaker
* Vandana Joshi as Meena Chandra; actress in the film '1857'
* Payal Arora as Surbhi, Prithvi’s sister
* Akshay Anand Kohli as Parth, Surbhi’s husband
* Lovkesh Solanki as Montu Morarka, Saajan's Son
* [[Shataf Figar]] as Rustom Boxwala, an investor and founder of Regal Star Studios
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Sarika Khanna, Viktor's second wife, Raghu's mother

=== Guest ===
List of actors and filmmakers who appeared in [[Cameo appearance|cameos]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharmendra to Janhvi Kapoor: Emraan Hashmi's web series 'Showtime' features a record-breaking number of cameos. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/from-dharmendra-to-janhvi-kapoor-emraan-hashmis-web-series-showtime-features-a-record-breaking-number-of-cameos/articleshow/108328955.cms |website=Times Of India|date=8 March 2024 }}</ref>
* [[Dharmendra]]
* [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
* [[Mrunal Thakur]]
* [[Neha Dhupia]]
* [[Angad Bedi]]
* [[Nitesh Tiwari]]
* [[Hansal Mehta]]
* [[Vasan Bala]]
* [[Neetu Kapoor]]
* [[Rakesh Roshan]]
* [[Prem Chopra]]
* [[Manish Malhotra]]

== Production ==
The first teaser featuring all the star cast was released on 20 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime teaser: Karan Johar brings new web show on nepotism starring Emraan Hashmi, Naseeruddin Shah, Mouni Roy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/showtime-teaser-karan-johar-brings-new-web-show-on-nepotism-starring-emraan-hashmi-naseeruddin-shah-mouni-roy-101703054517047.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> Further, on 9 February 2024, the release date was announced to be 8 March.<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime release date out! Emraan Hashmi starrer to arrive on March 8, Karan Johar drops a BTS; watch |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/showtime-release-date-emraan-hashmi-starrer-arrive-march-8-karan-johar-drops-bts-watch/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 February 2024 |access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210080007/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/showtime-release-date-emraan-hashmi-starrer-arrive-march-8-karan-johar-drops-bts-watch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 13 February 2024, the trailer featuring star cast was launched.<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime trailer: Film producer Emraan Hashmi goes up against outsider Mahima Makwana in Karan Johar's show on nepotism |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-showtime-trailer-producer-emraan-hashmi-against-outsider-mahima-makwana-karan-johar-show-nepotism-mouni-roy-3077884 |website=DNA |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526045247/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-showtime-trailer-producer-emraan-hashmi-against-outsider-mahima-makwana-karan-johar-show-nepotism-mouni-roy-3077884 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hotstar Specials Showtime Official Trailer |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-giorgia-andriani-spotted-bandra-11/hotstar-specials-showtime-official-trailer-rajeev-khandelwal-mahima-makwana-shriya-saran-emraan-hashmi-mouni-roy/ |website=bollywood Hungama |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218150038/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-giorgia-andriani-spotted-bandra-11/hotstar-specials-showtime-official-trailer-rajeev-khandelwal-mahima-makwana-shriya-saran-emraan-hashmi-mouni-roy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Showtime' trailer: Emraan Hashmi, Naseeruddin Shah, Mouni Roy, Shriya Saran in show about Bollywood |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1063365/showtime-trailer-emraan-hashmi-naseeruddin-shah-mouni-roy-shriya-saran-in-show-about-bollywood |website=Scroll.in|date=13 February 2024 }}</ref>

== Broadcast ==
The first four episodes were released on 8 March 2024. Next three episodes were released on 12 July 2024.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/emraan-hashmi-starrer-showtime-to-return-for-part-2-on-this-date-watch-article-111162643|title=Emraan Hashmi Starrer Showtime To Return For Part 2 On THIS Date. Watch|date=21 June 2024|website=Times Now|access-date=30 December 2024|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622111113/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/emraan-hashmi-starrer-showtime-to-return-for-part-2-on-this-date-watch-article-111162643|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Web Series Review: Showtime (first 4 episodes) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-showtime-first-4-episodes/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308152352/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-showtime-first-4-episodes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=21 June 2024 |title=Emraan Hashmi Starrer Showtime is back with Part 2 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/emraan-hashmi-starrer-showtime-is-back-with-part-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622015836/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/emraan-hashmi-starrer-showtime-is-back-with-part-2 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |website=www.filmcompanion.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/lights-camera-it-s-showtime-again-emraan-hashmi-starrer-s-remaining-episodes-to-release-on-this-day-2024-06-21-938070|title=Lights, camera, it's showtime again! Emraan Hashmi starrer's remaining episodes to release on THIS day|first1=India TV News|last1=Desk|first2=India TV|last2=News|date=21 June 2024|website=www.indiatvnews.com|access-date=30 December 2024|archive-date=20 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720231534/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/lights-camera-it-s-showtime-again-emraan-hashmi-starrer-s-remaining-episodes-to-release-on-this-day-2024-06-21-938070|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''Showtime'' received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its production design, dialogues and performances, but were polarised about its writing. [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the series a 2.5 rating stating, "The principal quintet of actors in Showtime is a diverse lot who bring different performative styles to bear upon the characters that they play."<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime Review: The Series Works If You Don't Expect Any Piercing Insights |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/showtime-review-the-series-works-if-you-dont-expect-any-piercing-insights-2-5-star-5198346 |website=NDTV |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209120403/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/showtime-review-the-series-works-if-you-dont-expect-any-piercing-insights-2-5-star-5198346 |url-status=live }}</ref> Devansh Sharma of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' says, "''Showtime'' also works as a spot-the-reference spectator sport because of how [[Zeitgeist|zeitgeisty]] it is. Dialogue writers Jehan Handa and Karan Sharma oscillate from bombarding the audience with the obvious to allowing them to read between the lines."<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime review: Karan Johar, Emraan Hashmi bring a zeitgeisty yet soulless take on Bollywood behind the doors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/showtime-review-karan-johar-emraan-hashmi-bring-a-zeitgeisty-yet-soulless-take-on-bollywood-behind-the-doors-101709796983421.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203182301/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/showtime-review-karan-johar-emraan-hashmi-bring-a-zeitgeisty-yet-soulless-take-on-bollywood-behind-the-doors-101709796983421.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rates the show 2.5 and states, "But with only four episodes out and a loose sense of a conflict, it's hard to form a definite opinion about a show that is always watchable but never engrossing."<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime Review: Nothing Khaas About It |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/showtime-review/20240308.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130213958/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/showtime-review/20240308.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> While Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' states, "There isn’t enough hard work, at least from the available episodes, to understand just yet whether Showtime is the expose we have been waiting for or yet another half-hearted effort to lure us in by promising dirt. The series fares well when it aims for low-hanging fruit, such as the silly things that Bollywood people do because they can’t see beyond their noses."<ref>{{cite web |title='Showtime' review: Big bad Bollywood gets a slap on the wrist |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1064773/showtime-review-big-bad-bollywood-gets-a-slap-on-the-wrist |website=Scroll.in|date=8 March 2024 }}</ref>

Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' in the Part 1 review says, "Somewhere along the way, intent morphs into blind-item content - content that makes it hard to tell a publicity spot from actual series."<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime Part 1 Review: Campy, Voyeuristic look at Bollywood |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/showtime-part-1-review-campy-voyeuristic-look-at-bollywood-karan-johar-disney-hotstar |website=Film Companion|date=8 March 2024 }}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the show 2 stars, and stated, "[[Karan Johar|Karan Johar’s]] by-the-number series on Bollywood’s inner workings lacks bite."<ref>{{cite web |title=Showtime review: Karan Johar's by-the-number series on Bollywood's inner workings lacks bite |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/showtime-review-karan-johar-series-on-bollywood-inner-workings-lacks-bite-9202953/ |website=The Indian Express |date=9 March 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=21 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721122040/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/showtime-review-karan-johar-series-on-bollywood-inner-workings-lacks-bite-9202953/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Snigdha Nalini from ''[[Outlook India]]'' rates the show 2.5 stars and says, "There are no revelations, nothing too dramatic."<ref>{{cite web |title='Showtime' On Disney+ Hotstar Review: This Emraan Hashmi-Rajeev Khandelwal Starrer Is All Bark And No Bite |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/showtime-on-disney-hotstar-review-this-emraan-hashmi-rajeev-khandelwal-starrer-is-all-bark-and-no-bite |website=Outlook India|date=10 March 2024 }}</ref>

=== Viewership ===
''Showtime'' appeared twice in the top 5 most-viewed list shows of the week clocking 5.7 million views and 4.4 million views, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Five Most-Viewed Streaming Shows and Movies of the week. |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/the-five-most-viewed-streaming-shows-and-movies-of-the-week-showtime-maamla-legal-hai-shark-tank-dance-pro |website=Film Companion |date=11 March 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813001210/https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/the-five-most-viewed-streaming-shows-and-movies-of-the-week-showtime-maamla-legal-hai-shark-tank-dance-pro |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Five Most-Viewed Streaming Shows and Movies of the week. |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/the-five-most-viewed-streaming-shows-and-movies-of-the-week-murder-mubarak-showtime-sonyliv-netflix-maharani |website=Film Companion |date=18 March 2024 |access-date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130062401/https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/the-five-most-viewed-streaming-shows-and-movies-of-the-week-murder-mubarak-showtime-sonyliv-netflix-maharani |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=28075268}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/showtime/1260161788 ''Showtime''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Disney+ Hotstar|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi cinema in fiction]]

Shaji Kailas

2026-02-03T15:59:14Z

YvetteJasso5372: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian film director (born 1965)}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaji Kailas
| image = Shaji Kailas.jpg
| caption = Shaji in 2022
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|02|8}}<ref name="mangalam1">[http://www.mangalam.com/life-style/success/12537 ദി കിംഗ്‌ മേക്കര്‍]. mangalam.com (1 December 2012). Retrieved on 28 December 2013.</ref>
| birth_place = [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director|Director]]|screenwriter|film producer}}
| years_active = 1989{{endash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Annie (actress)|Annie]]|1996}}
| children = 3
| parents =
| website =
}}

'''Shaji Kailas''' (born 8 February 1965) is an Indian [[film director]] and [[screenwriter]] known for his works in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref name="The Hindu Net Desk">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prithviraj-to-team-up-again-with-ajiths-janaa-director-shaji-kailas/article29689188.ece|title=Prithviraj to team up again with Ajith's 'Jana' director Shaji Kailas|author=The Hindu Net Desk|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 October 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Shaji got a breakthrough with the comedy film ''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/10/16/prithviraj-to-team-up-with-director-shaji-kailas.html|title=Prithviraj to team up with director Shaji Kailas, shares poster of 'Kaduva'|website=The Week}}</ref>

He is best known for his [[action films]] with mainly focusing on [[political thriller]] and [[crime films|crime]] genres such as ''[[Thalastaanam]]'' (1992), ''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]'' (1993), ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'' (1993), ''[[Mafia (1993 film)|Mafia]]'' (1993), ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' (1994), ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' (1995), ''[[Aaraam Thampuran]]'' (1997), ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' (2000), ''[[Valliettan]]'' (2000), ''[[Kaduva]]'' and ''[[Kaapa]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/shaji-kailas-is-back-after-6-years-news-malayalam-tkpoR4jeiighc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016130208/https://www.sify.com/movies/shaji-kailas-is-back-after-6-years-news-malayalam-tkpoR4jeiighc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2019|title=Shaji Kailas is back after 6 years!|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Shaji was born to Shivaraman Nair who was an executive engineer in the [[Kerala Public Works Department]] and Janakiyamma on 8 February 1965.<ref name="mangalam1"/>

He is married to former actress [[Annie (actress)|Annie]]. They currently reside at [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] and have three sons Jagan, Sharon, and Rushin.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131229131702/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article374931.ece Mrs Shaji Kailas speaks]. The New Indian Express. 16 May 2012.</ref>

==Career==

=== 1984–1991: Early career ===
Shaji Kailas started his film career as assistant director under renowned writer director [[Balu Kiriyath]] in 1984. Shaji Kailas' debut as a director was in 1989 with [[The News (film)|''The'' ''News'']], starring [[Suresh Gopi]] in the lead role. Scripted by [[Jagadish]], this investigative thriller was a hit at the box office. With the film, Shaji succeeded in gaining attention of film viewers. But his second release ''Sunday 7 PM'', came out in 1990 was a failure. Later in the same year, he directed ''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]'', a political satire, with [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] in a leading role. ''Dr. Pashupathi'', written by [[Renji Panicker]], ended up as one of the biggest grosser of the year. This film also marked the beginning of Shaji Kailas- Renji Panicker combo, which later went into making of several super hits. But, the success of ''Dr. Pashupathy'' was followed by ''[[Souhrudam]]'', a [[romantic comedy]] starring [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] in the leading roles. His next film, ''[[Kilukkampetti]]'', with [[Jayaram]] in the lead role was hit. After this in 1992 he switched to action films with the blockbuster ''[[Thalastaanam]],'' which would go on to become his trademark genre.

=== 1992–2000: Breakthrough ===
In the year 1992 Shaji Kailas got his first real career break. His association with [[Renji Panicker]] brought out ''[[Thalastaanam]]'', with [[Suresh Gopi]] in the leading role. Revolved around student politics, ''Thalastaanam'' also marked the rebirth of Renji Panicker as a scriptwriter. This film also marked Suresh Gopi's first step to super stardom. The cinematography of the film was done by [[Ravi K. Chandran]]. This film also saw the rise of [[Narendra Prasad]], who later became one of the most acclaimed villains in the Malayalam industry. In the same year Shaji Kailas tried out a comedy flick, ''Neelakurukkan'', which was above average grosser. But in the beginning of 1993 Shaji Kailas landed up again with another blockbuster, ''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]''. In the same year, ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]'' completed a run of 150 days in the theatres & played a crucial role in elevating lead actor Suresh Gopi to superstardom.<ref name="The Hindu Net Desk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal|date=2018-07-25|title=Five Malayalam movies rejected by Mammootty which turned out to be blockbusters|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/five-malayalam-movies-rejected-by-mammootty-which-turned-out-be-blockbusters-776020|access-date=2021-08-23|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> Again in the same year, the Shaji Kailas-[[Renji Panicker]]-[[Suresh Gopi]] team returned with ''[[Mafia (1993 film)|Mafia]]'', a gangster film completely shot in [[Bangalore]]. It was still known for its well-choreographed action sequences that pitted against an upcoming crime boss Ravishankar portrayed by Suresh Gopi against the ever-threatening Gowda brothers portrayed by [[Tiger Prabhakar]] and [[Babu Antony]].<ref name="The Hindu Net Desk" />

In 1994 ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'', (again with [[Suresh Gopi]] in title role) broke several box office records and went on to become the highest-grossing film of the year. In 1995, he collaborated with [[Mammootty]] for the first time in ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' which was the highest grossing Malayalam film at the time and ran successfully for 200 days in several centers. A turning point in his career, the success of the film made him one of the most commercially successful and sought after directors in Malayalam film industry. In the next year, in 1997 Shaji Kailas again joined with Ranjith for a low-budget action film titled ''[[Asuravamsam]]'', with [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Biju Menon]] in leading roles. This film was criticized by many for its gory violence. He also done some cinematography for action sequences of the film. ''[[Asuravamsam]]'' was also an average grosser. In the same year, he again joined with [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] to make ''[[Aaram Thamburan]]'', a turning point in his film career. In this film, he joined with [[Mohanlal]] for the first time. This film was the highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time and was able to complete 250 days in theatres. Then came ''[[The Truth (1998 film)|The Truth]]'', in 1998, with [[Mammooty]] in the lead role. It was an investigative thriller. In 1999, he directed ''[[F. I. R. (1999 film)|F. I. R]]'', another action flick with his friend [[Suresh Gopi]] as the lead actor scripted by [[Dennis Joseph]]. ''F. I. R'' emerged one of the top grossers of the year''.''

=== 2000–2012: Commercial stardom, decline and hiatus ===
In 2000, he directed two films. ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'', released in the first weeks of the year, with [[Mohanlal]] in the lead came ''[[Thandavam]]'', though evoked one of the biggest initial pulls in the history of Malayalam cinema, ''Thandavam'' failed at the box office. He took a break for one year. It was at this time, Shaji again tried out his luck in Tamil with ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' in (2004).

In the year 2004 Shaji Kailas made a comeback in Malayalam with ''[[Natturajavu]]''. With [[Mohanlal]] in lead role and, scripted by [[T. A. Shahid]], ''Natturajavu'' was a commercial success ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'', a vigilante action thriller with [[Suresh Gopi]] in leading role and ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]'' with [[Mohanlal]] released. Both were hits at the box office. However, his first film with [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], ''[[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]]'', turned into a huge flop in 2006. The next film, But things again got lost in the same year itself. His first film with [[Dileep]], ''[[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]]'', turned into a huge flop. The next film [[Baba Kalyani]], starring [[Mohanlal]], was an average hit. But then came a series of flops. ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]'' (2007), ''Alibhai'' (2007), ''[[Sound of Boot]]'' (2008), all bombed. Alibhai, was a big budget film with all leading stars in a row appeasing, but still bombed at box office. Even hard core [[Mohanlal]] fans couldn't digest the film. Then came [[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]s in 2009, it was a moderate success at box-office. In January 2010, Shaji Kailas directed [[Drona 2010]], which received mixed reviews. Beginning of 2011 showcased his attempt to reclaim his position within Malayalam industry with the sequel of yesteryear mega hit ''[[August 1 (film)|August 1]]'', ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]'' which garnered heavy negative reviews from critics and audiences alike and was finally declared as another flop by Shaji Kailas. His next movie was with [[Mammotty]] and [[Suresh Gopi]] named ''[[The King and the Commissioner]]'' the movie was the next part of the yesteryear films ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' and ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]''. This movie was a hit in the box office but this movie also received a good amount of positive reviews from both the critic and the audiences.

=== 2022: Resurgence ===
On 16 October 2019, it was announced that Shaji Kailas would be marking his re-entry in films after his hiatus with ''[[Kaduva]]'', starring [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] and [[Vivek Oberoi]] in the lead roles. ''Kaduva'' was released on 7 July 2022 to mixed-to-positive reviews from the critics. The film grossed around ₹50 crores and became a commercial success. He again directed Prithviraj for the third time in ''[[Kaapa]]'', the same year, co-starring [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] in the lead role. Upon release, ''Kaapa'' received mixed reviews from the critics and became an average grosser. His next directorial, ''[[Alone (2022 film)|Alone]]'' (2023), starring [[Mohanlal]], was released to mixed reviews and turned out to be a box-office failure.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mohanlal starrer 'Alone' finishes its shoot in just 18 days! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-starrer-alone-finishes-its-shoot-in-just-18-days/articleshow/87223483.cms |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Director===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language
!Notes
|-
| 1989 || ''[[The News (1989 film)|The News]]''|| rowspan="20" | Malayalam
|Also story writer
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990 || ''Sunday 7 PM''
|
|-
| ''[[Dr. Pasupathy]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991 || ''[[Souhrudam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Kilukkampetti]]''
|Also story writer
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992 || ''[[Thalasthanam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Neelakurukkan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993 || ''[[Sthalathe Pradhana Payyans]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Mafia (1993 film)|Mafia]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994 || ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Rudraksham]]''
|
|-
| 1995 || ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]''
|
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Mahathma]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997 || ''[[Asuravamsam]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Aaram Thamburan]]''
|
|-
| 1998 || ''[[The Truth (1998 film)|The Truth]]''
|
|-
| 1999 || ''[[F.I.R (1999 film)|F.I.R]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000 || ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Valliettan]]''
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Vaanchinathan]]''|| Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002 || ''[[Shivam (2002 film)|Shivam]]''|| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Thandavam]]''
|
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Vishnu (2003 film)|Vishnu]]'' || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004 || ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' || Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Natturajavu]]''|| rowspan="8" | Malayalam
|
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006 || ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]''
|
|-
| ''[[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007 || ''[[Time (2007 film)|Time]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Alibhai]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 || ''[[Sound of Boot]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Tamil
| Remake of ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]] ''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009 || ''[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]]'' || rowspan="8" | Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]''
|[[Anthology film]] ; segment Lalitham Hiranmayam
|-
| rowspan="1" |2010 ||''[[Dhrona 2010]]''
|
|-
| 2011 || ''[[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]]''
|
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012 ||''[[The King and the Commissioner]]''
| Crossover spiritual sequel to ''The King'' (1995) and ''Commissioner'' (1994)
|-
| ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Madirasi]]'' ||
|-
|2013
|''[[Ginger (2013 film)|Ginger]]''
|
|-
| 2015 ||''[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|En Vazhi Thani Vazhi]]'' || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vaigai Express (film)|Vaigai Express]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 ||''[[Kaduva]]''|| rowspan="6" | Malayalam
|
|-
| ''[[Kaapa]]''
|
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Alone (2022 film)|Alone]]''
|
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Hunt (2024 film)|Hunt]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-15 |title=Bhavana-Shaji Kailas film Hunt gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/bhavana-shaji-kailas-film-hunt-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{pending film| Varavu}} || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-15 |title=Joju George and Shaji Kailas team up for mass action entertainer Varavu|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/17/joju-george-and-shaji-kailas-team-up-for-mass-action-entertainer-varavu |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| TBA || {{pending film| Pink Police}} ||
|-
|}

===Other credits===
{| class="wikitable"
|1984 || ''[[Onnum Mindatha Bharya]] '' || rowspan="6" | [[Assistant director]] ||
|-
|1984 || ''[[Thathamme Poocha Poocha]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985 || ''[[Naayakan]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986 || ''[[Geetham]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' ||
|-
|1988 || ''[[Padamudra (film)|Padamudra]]'' || Associate director ||
|-
|1989 || ''[[News (1989 film)|News]]'' || rowspan="2" | Story writer || rowspan="2" | Also director
|-
|1991 || ''[[Kilukkampetti]]''
|-
|1999 || ''[[Ustaad (1999 film)|Ustaad]]'' || Co-producer ||
|-
|2006 || ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Also director
|-
|2012 || ''[[Simhasanam (2012 film)|Simhasanam]]'' || Story writer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || ''Jananayakan'' || Judge || [[Reality TV]] show on [[Amrita TV]]
|-
| ''[[Thakkol]]'' || Producer ||
|}

==Accolades==
'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''
*1993: [[Filmfare Award#Best Director|Best Director Malayalam]] – ''[[Ekalavyan (film)|Ekalavyan]]''

'''[[Asianet Film Awards]]'''
*2000: [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Director|Best Director Award]] – ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Films
}}
* {{IMDb name|0435050|name=Shaji Kailas}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070319212929/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/09/16/stories/2005091601360400.htm On the trail of the 'Tiger']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015160209/http://indulekha.com/movies/2007/03/shaji-kailas-and-family.html Shaji Kailas and Family]
* [http://keralacafe.moviebuzz.org/shaji-kailas-kerala-cafe Shaji Kailas in Keralacafe]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121213183118/http://www.malayalam-movies.com/artist/shaji-kailas Shaji Kailas's] movies in [https://web.archive.org/web/20120926040210/http://www.malayalam-movies.com/ Malayalam Movies]

{{Filmfare Award Best Malayalam Director}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kailas, Shaji}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

Rajesh Pratap Singh

2026-01-25T06:59:23Z

YvetteJasso5372: created a bio - done

{{Short description|Indian fashion designer (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
'''Rajesh Pratap Singh''' (born 1969)<ref name=WSJ28 /> is an Indian fashion designer based in [[New Delhi]].

Singh was originally from [[Rajasthan]]. He graduated from [[NIFT]] in 1994; before graduating, he was working with New Delhi–based designer David Abraham. He further went to work with the Italian menswear label [[Marzotto]] for two years.<ref name=WSJ28 /> Singh started his own line of men's and women's clothing in 1997 after his experience of twelve years in the fashion industry in India and Italy. The designer is known for his minimalism and understated design aesthetics with a sharp eye for detailings. Pratap's exploration with fabric texturing and most prominently his creative usage of pin tucks has almost become synonymous to the label. The key to his work lies in simplicity, clean cuts and flawless detailings. The designer's belief in silence is reflected in the name of his pret line ''RIP'' (Rest in Peace). Pratap has showcased in collections in [[Paris]] and [[Milan]] as well apart from India<ref name=IE9>{{cite news|last=Zakaria|first=Namrata|title=P is for Pratap|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/p-is-for-pratap/594858/0|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=24 March 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=lm1>{{cite news|title=Rajesh Pratap Singh's show at the WLIFW|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LEYcNWMP4cWTWEMsiLWc8L/Rajesh-Pratap-Singh8217s-show-at-the-WLIFW.html|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=live mint|date=15 May 2008|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055839/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LEYcNWMP4cWTWEMsiLWc8L/Rajesh-Pratap-Singh8217s-show-at-the-WLIFW.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also the Associate Design member of [[Fashion Design Council of India]] (FDCI).

==Personal life==
Singh comes from the family of doctors from [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-08-30/news/27430915_1_royals-fashion-ritu-kumar | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001843/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-08-30/news/27430915_1_royals-fashion-ritu-kumar | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 October 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=Royals are always in fashion | date=30 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2010/609/609_interview_ii.htm|title=609 Manish Arora, the magician and the monk|access-date=16 May 2013|archive-date=5 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004651/http://www.india-seminar.com/2010/609/609_interview_ii.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> His father, being a cardiologist, expected him to take up medicine. However, Pratap was inclined towards his cousin profession who was a costume assistant on a BBC production set in India.<ref name=WSJ28>{{cite news|title=The Designers|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB105787792579340700?mod=googlewsj|accessdate=13 January 2013|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=11 June 2003}}</ref> The designer is often termed to be a recluse<ref name=TH12>{{cite news|last=Behal|first=Suchitra|title=Long overdue|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/25/stories/2007032500180500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531104830/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/25/stories/2007032500180500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2013|date=25 March 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> and a media-shy person as he believes that people should associate themselves with his work instead of his name. His wife ''Payal'' works alongside him.<ref name=TOI16>{{cite news|last=DUTTA|first=AYANDRALI|title=Glamorous fashion do in Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/delhi/Glamorous-fashion-do-in-Delhi/articleshow/4525186.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064041/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-14/delhi/28209069_1_glamorous-fashion-rahul-khanna-designers|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=12 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2009}}</ref>

Pratap is a rock climber and a regular biker and remarked in an interview that he is attracted to the machine as it is an engineered product with a certain precision that gives him a sense of the carefree. The designer also feels that travelling helps in evolving creativity.<ref name=DNA25>{{cite news|title=I would trade anything for a good set of wheels|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_i-would-trade-anything-for-a-good-set-of-wheels_1463689|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=Daily News & Analysis|date=8 November 2010}}</ref>

==Career==

In 2006, Pratap's spring summer collection at the [[Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week]] (WIFW) was widely appreciated, bringing him into the spotlight of the year's fashion event. The designer's summer collection instead of revolving around the colour white had fluorescent line of limes and yellows combined with rich reds. Maintaining his signature style of pin tucks, the collection also played with the concepts of yokes, ribs and sequins. The most striking feature of the range was the unusual individuality of each garment although they were worked in and around the same concept.<ref name=DNA6>{{cite news|last=Saran|first=Sathya|title=Rajesh steals the show at Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rajesh-steals-the-show-at-wills-lifestyle-india-fashion-week_1050830|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=Daily News & Analysis|date=2 September 2006}}</ref>

In 2007, Wills Lifestyle introduced the [[Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week]] line by Rajesh Pratap Singh for which the designer created the range of menswear and womenswear with his signature minimal styling. Products offered in the line included shirts, jackets, popovers etc. for men and shirt dresses, tunics, shirts and evening gowns etc. for women. The range was designed to suit formal as well informal occasions.<ref name=Th4>{{cite news|title=Minimal fashion|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/07/21/stories/2007072150580200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216050613/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/07/21/stories/2007072150580200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|accessdate=12 January 2013|date=21 July 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In 2008, Rajesh showcased spring summer 2009 collection at [[Paris Fashion Week]] which was positively received. The focus of the collection was the play of fabrics such as cotton and organza. The designer also experimented with the colour palette by using bright hues such as fuchsias and corals. With wearable, clean and structured cuts, the products were well appreciated.<ref name=Ei5>{{cite news|last=Chakrabarti|first=Paromita|title=PrÊt Á Pratap|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/prt-pratap/369209/|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=Express India|date=4 October 2008}}</ref>

In the same year, Pratap showcased is autumn winter line in the WIFW titled ''Valentino Rossi meets Mother Teresa, Biker's Jacket meet the Saree'' depicting glimpses of [[India]] to the West in a completely new manner. Black dominated the pallette with an underplay of electric blues, magentas and reds. The range showcased varied amalgamation of silhouettes such as one-piece dresses in textured leathers, [[dhoti]] pants, double-breasted and angrakha-jackets, and short jerseys paired with churidar-pants, as well as long skirts embellished with silver patterns. The collection came out to be an interesting combination of tough biker look and soft Indian elegance.<ref name=TOI17>{{cite news|last=Amar|first=Charu|title='Biker look' gets a softer touch|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/Biker-look-gets-a-softer-touch/articleshow/2941033.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910160849/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-15/shows/27764196_1_biker-india-fashion-week-collection|url-status=live|archive-date=10 September 2011|access-date=12 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 March 2008}}</ref>

In 2010, the designer took the theme of ''Bespoke Tales'' projecting the progression of the art of tailoring as seen by the tailor. Showcasing the grand finale autumn winter collection at the [[Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week]] titled ''Us and Them'' depicting the perception of the fashion industry by the non-industry people. The key highlight of the collection was the utilitarian significance such as the wide use of double cloth which could be worn inside out, the concept of reversible garment and the use of unwoven fabrics. The colour pallette had the dominance of black, red and blue with products ranging from dresses, jackets and trenchcoats to name a few.<ref name=ie2>{{cite news|title=Designers are basically tailors: Rajesh Pratap Singh|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/designers-are-basically-tailors-rajesh-pratap-singh/596992/1|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=29 March 2010}}</ref><ref name=TOI23>{{cite news|last=SHARMA|first=KALPANA|title=A 'different' Grand finale!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/A-different-Grand-finale/articleshow/5737371.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216072722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-29/shows/28132539_1_grand-finale-front-row-clothes|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=12 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2010}}</ref><ref name=TH24>{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Shalini|title=Insider tales|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article228488.ece|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 March 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Singh also showcased his collection at the Van Heusen India Men's Week (VHIMW) in the same year. The collection was quite unconventional with ''Rock N Roll'' imprints on it.<ref name=TOI5>{{cite news|last=Sharma|first=Garima|title=Twice as nice|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/Twice-as-nice/articleshow/6461724.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917175325/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-20/shows/28232995_1_rohit-bal-fashion-collection|url-status=live|archive-date=17 September 2011|access-date=12 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 November 2010}}</ref>

In the same year, Rajesh along with stylist [[Ambika Pillai]] worked on the look of the cabin crew of [[Indigo Airlines]]. He designed the bi-coloured clean-cut tunic and a hat with the airline's wings displayed on it.<ref name=nk3>{{cite news|title=Rajesh Pratap and Ambika Pillai To Give New Look To Indigo's Cabin Crew|url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-23610.html|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=newsKerala.com|date=18 August 2010|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015310/http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-23610.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, the designer showcased his spring summer collection in WIFW which was the amalgamation between [[Ikkat]] weave from the state of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and handloom textiles. The colours had vibrant shades of fuchsias and oranges with clean cut tunics, shirt dresses and hooded shirts and jackets to name a few. Designer Rakesh Thakore, [[Rohit Bal]], Rita Kapur Chisti and model and actor Rahul Dev walked the ramp clad in the designer's collection.<ref name=HT11>{{cite news|title=Ikkat Magic With Rajesh Pratap Singh|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-Entertainment/Ikkat-magic-with-Rajesh-Pratap-Singh/Article2-770846.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608215112/http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-Entertainment/Ikkat-magic-with-Rajesh-Pratap-Singh/Article2-770846.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2012|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In the same year, the designer associated with [[Tata Motors|TATA]] Motors in the design project of TATA Manza where he gave his inputs in the design and the interior of the model.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Motors partners with Rajesh Pratap Singh for Tata Manza|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/tata-motors-partners-with-rajesh-pratap-singh-for-tata-manza/20403.html|accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=IE13>{{cite news|title=Tata Motors partners with designer Rajesh Pratap Singh|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tata-motors-partners-with-designer-rajesh-pratap-singh/857098/|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=7 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, the designer's autumn winter collection at WIFW, named as ''Architectural Romance became laborious'' was quite experimental. Black and white dominated the pallette of the range with bubble silhouettes and anti-fits. The range had elements such as floral embroideries, leather and felt appliques, pixelated leather sequins and some fine textiles termed as the ''Aluminium Ikkat'' by the designer himself.<ref name=IE20>{{cite news|last=Vasudev|first=Shefalee|title=ALUMINIUM IKAT AND HALF A TROUSER|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ALUMINIUM-IKAT-AND-HALF-A-TROUSER/773780/|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=9 April 2011|archive-date=14 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514124300/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/aluminium-ikat-and-half-a-trouser/773780/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Pratap, in 2011, also presented his collection at the grand finale of Dubai Fashion Week. The collection had the dominance of Black with the print hues appearing in the floral motifs. The range reflected his use of de-structured cuts and sleek finishing
with offerings like ankle-length velvet coats and the cocoon-inspired dresses with dropped shoulders and tapering hemlines. The striking feature of the range was the metal [[Ikkat]] pattern, geometrical prints of hexagonal shapes featured heavily in the 41 creations.<ref name=KT22>{{cite news|title=It's a wrap|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2011/April/citytimes_April175.xml&section=citytimes&col=|accessdate=12 January 2013|newspaper=Khaleej Times|date=25 April 2011}}</ref>

Rajesh Pratap Singh has a domestic retail presence of six standalone flagship stores across the country and selected multibrand boutiques. Internationally the label retails through some select boutiques.

==Philanthropy and craft revival initiatives==

In 2009, the designer showcased his ecologically responsible collection at the "Green Fashion Show" on [[Earth Day]] organised by [[National Geographic Channel]] in partnership with the British Council and Madi Design. The designer came up with the collection of hand woven and hand spun special organic cotton and other eco-friendly material.<ref name=Th8>{{cite news|last=Tankha|first=Madhur|title=Commitment towards Mother Earth|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/20/stories/2009042056260200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424195844/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/20/stories/2009042056260200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2009|accessdate=12 January 2013|date=20 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

Pratap is closely working with backward and forward integration as well as technical improvements in [[Khadi]] (handspun and handwoven fine cotton and wool). He is also working with a cooperative society for developing India's finest Cashmere.<ref name=TH7>{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Hendol|title=An ethos of elegance|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/09/20/stories/2009092050280700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926075319/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/09/20/stories/2009092050280700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 September 2009|accessdate=12 January 2013|date=20 September 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The designer is also working on the state government sponsored project to promote and popularise Orissa handlooms and textiles in India and abroad by improving designs and create a market for the same.<ref name=TOI30>{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Sandeep|title=Orissa handlooms to go the designer way|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Orissa-handlooms-to-go-the-designer-way/articleshow/8652957.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064053/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-31/bhubaneswar/29603712_1_designers-orissa-textiles|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=13 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Pratap was one of the twelve designers who showcased for a special show against human traffic in WIFW joining hands with an organisation, ''you can free us'', which rescues women from forced prostitution founded by NRI philanthropist Sujo John. The show began with a story of one such woman, Alice, who was rescued from a brothel in New Delhi, rehabilitated and then featured in a fashion shoot titled as ''Alice in Wonderland'' photographed by Subi Samuel. Singh's ensemble depicted hope with a strong black and orange [[churidar]] frock ensemble.<ref name=ITI21>{{cite news|last=Jakhar|first=Deepti|title=Special show against human trafficking at Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/special-show-against-human-trafficking-wills-lifestyle-india-fashion-week-93471-2012-02-17|access-date=12 January 2013|newspaper=India Today.in|date=18 February 2012|archive-date=15 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915211126/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/special-show-against-human-trafficking-wills-lifestyle-india-fashion-week/1/174229.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==

The designer has won many awards –

* Designer of the Year at the GQ Men of the Year awards in 2009
* Designer of the Year named by [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] in 2007
* Kingfisher Designer of the Year award in 2001 and 2005
* Best Menswear Designer honour at the Fashion Awards 1996{{cn|date=July 2020}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.rajeshpratapsingh.com/ }}
* {{cite web | title = Rajesh Pratap Sngh|publisher= Fashion Design Council of India (FDCI)| url = http://www.fdci.org/Member.aspx?mid=-1512779449&cat=2 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajesh Pratap}}
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]

Neeta Devi

2026-01-22T00:19:48Z

YvetteJasso5372: Started

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Neeta Devi''' is an Indian kho kho player from [[Himachal Pradesh]]. She plays for the [[India women's national kho kho team]] as a Wazir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> She was part of the Indian women's team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.

== Early life and education ==
Devi is from [[Kharahal]] valley, [[Kullu district]], Himachal Pradesh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Krishan |date=17 January 2025 |title=Kullu: भारत की जीत में चमकीं हिमाचल की नीता, खो-खो वर्ल्ड कप में जीते दो मुकाबले |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/himachal-s-neeta-shines-in-india-s-victory-wins-two-matches-in-kho-kho-world-cupneeta-kullu-kho-kho-world-cu-2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> She did her schooling at Government Senior Secondary School, Kharahal, where started playing kho kho.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-01-20 |title=खो-खो वर्ल्ड कप में हिमाचल की इस महिला खिलाड़ी ने लिया भाग, प्रदेश में सुविधाओं को लेकर कही ये बात |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/neeta-from-kullu-take-part-in-kho-kho-world-cup-as-a-player-himachal-pradesh-news-hps25012002395 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> By 2014 she began participating in national level competitions and took part in 13 National events. Her learnt the basics from her school's Director of Physical Education, Dev Chand Thakur.<ref name=":0" /> She is doing her masters in physical education at [[Lovely Professional University]].<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
Devi was part of the Indian women's team that won the first [[Kho Kho World Cup]] at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-15 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian women make history with 157-point rout of South Korea |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-women-make-history-with-157-point-rout-of-south-korea-1503386655.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Vivek |date=2025-01-09 |title=Waikar to lead Indian men's team in Kho Kho WC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/waikar-to-lead-indian-mens-team-in-kho-kho-wc/article69081262.ece |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Indian team defeated [[South Korea]], [[IR Iran]] and [[Malaysia]] in the group stages, [[Bangladesh]] in quarterfinals and [[South Africa]] in semifinals. They defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]] 78–40 in the final.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Indian Women create history at Kho Kho World Cup 2025 with commanding victory over rivals Nepal to secure coveted trophy |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/indian-women-create-history-at-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-with-commanding-victory-over-rivals-nepal-to-secure-coveted-trophy/ |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-19 |title=Indian women win first-ever Kho Kho World Cup 2025; PM Modi hails 'historic' victory {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201155957/https://www.livemint.com/sports/indian-women-win-first-ever-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-pm-modi-hails-historic-victory-11737302241435.html |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Neeta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kullu district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shaila Rani Rawat

2026-01-19T11:26:23Z

YvetteJasso5372:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1956–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1956|1|7|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Sketch 3nd Assembly (Page 76/109)|url=https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/files/Jeewan_Parichay_2012_2.pdf|access-date=2022-04-10|website=ukvidhansabha}}</ref>
| birth_place = Gadoliya, [[Tehri Garhwal district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|7|9|1956|1|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| office = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kedarnath]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end = 9 July 2024
| successor = [[Asha Nautiyal]]
| predecessor = [[Manoj Rawat]]
| constituency1 = [[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kedarnath]]
| term_start1 = 2012
| term_end1 = 2017
| predecessor1 = [[Asha Nautiyal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| children = 1 daughter
| education = B. Ed.
| father = Late. Padam Singh Rana
| spouse = {{marriage|Gajendra Singh Rawat|1974}}
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = Teacher
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shaila Rani Rawat''' (7 January 1956 – 9 July 2024) was an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]] who was a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. She served as member of the [[Vidhan Sabha]] representing [[Kedarnath (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kedarnath]]. She was elected from [[Kedarnath]] in 2012 state elections in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>[http://www.firstpost.com/politics/seeking-cm-rawats-dismissal-now-uttarakhand-speaker-issues-show-cause-notices-to-congress-lawmakers-2685574.html Seeking CM Rawat's dismissal]</ref><ref>[http://www.myneta.info/utt2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=123 My Neta]</ref> She was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] until she joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the aftermath of [[Uttarakhand]] political crisis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/9-uttarakhand-congress-rebels-join-bjp/articleshow/52331792.cms 9 Uttarakhand Congress rebels join BJP]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/supreme-court-hearing-on-uttarakhand-congress-rebel-shaila-rani-rawat-plea-on-disqualification/article8593724.ece Supreme Court to hear Uttarakhand Congress rebel’s plea against disqualification]</ref>

Shaila Rani Rawat was elected as the member of [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]] and defeated Manoj Rawat of [[Indian National Congress]] by 9329 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS287.htm?ac=7 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shaila Rani Rawat: Uttarakhand Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttarakhand/_CANDIDATENAME_-kedarnath-candidate-s28a007c09/ |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kedarnath Election Result 2022 LIVE: Kedarnath MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/kedarnath-assembly-elections-uk-7/ |website=oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Shaila died from spinal injury complications in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], on 9 July 2024, at the age of 68.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shaila-rani-rawat-kedarnath-mla-shaila-rani-rawat-dies-at-68-6072305/ Kedarnath MLA Shaila Rani Rawat Dies At 68]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Shaila Rani}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:People from Rudraprayag district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{Uttarakhand-INC-politician-stub}}

Kanhiwara

2025-11-30T07:02:40Z

YvetteJasso5372: created - done

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanhiwara
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Jnvm building.jpg
| image_caption = JNV school
| population_total = 8085
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = 8085
| population_as_of = 2011
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.20|N|79.74|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Kanhiwara''' is a town and a [[Gram Panchayat]] in [[Seoni District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] it's located 27 km away from Seoni. it's a sub tehsil. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/seoni/kanhiwada-pincode-480990.html|title=Kanhiwada Pin Code - 480990, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search seoni Post Office Address|website=news.abplive.com|accessdate=9 July 2024}}</ref>

It is also the name of the railway station in Seoni District on the [[Nainpur]]-[[Chhindwara]] railway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/kaniwara-kwb/5152|title=4 Departures from Kaniwara SECR/South East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|first=Ammar|last=Rizvi|website=indiarailinfo.com|accessdate=9 July 2024}}</ref>

==Geography==
Kanhiwara is located on {{coord|22.20|N|79.74|E}}. It has an average elevation of 741 m (2,431 ft. There is also a pond named Phuta Tal in the town. The region is predominantly [[Agrarian society|agrarian]]. Paddy is mainly cultivated here. <ref>https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Kaniwara.html</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[Census of India 2011]] Kanhiwada town has a population of 8,085, of which 4,179 were males and 3,906 were females.

In 2011 literacy rate of Kanhiwada village was 78.61 % . In Kanhiwada Male literacy stands at 84.49 % while female literacy rate was 72.39 %. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/496772-kanhiwada-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Kanhiwada Village Population - Seoni - Seoni, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in|accessdate=9 July 2024}}</ref>

==Other Description==
There is a [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] situated in Kanhiwara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About JNV |url=https://www.navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SEONI/en/about_us/About-JNV/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526024515/https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/nvs-school/SEONI/en/about_us/About-JNV/ |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.navodaya.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> it's a sub tehsil. Here's a Police Station in a Town and some rice mills also located in Kanhiwara.<ref>https://seoni.nic.in/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b8/</ref>
480990 is pin code of Kanhiwara.

==Transportation==
Kanhiwara is well connected with road. Here's a Major road connects it's from [[Seoni]], [[Mandla]], [[Jabalpur]], and [[Chhindwara]]. Daily bus service available in the town.
===Nearby Town's===
* [[Keolari]]
* [[Seoni]]
* [[Chhapara]]
* [[Barghat]]
* [[Mandla]]
* [[Chhindwara]]
* [[Jabalpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Seoni, Madhya Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Seoni district]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]

List of Telugu films of 1963

2025-10-23T18:10:31Z

YvetteJasso5372: expand details and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{Tollywood films}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Telangana|Tollywood]] film industry based in [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[1963 in film|1963]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Music director
|-
|''[[Aapta Mitrulu]]''|| [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam|K. B. Nagabhushanam]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Rajasulochana]], [[P. Kannamba]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|''[[Anubandhalu]]''|| [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]] || [[Jaggayya]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]] || [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|-
|''[[Anuragam (film)|Anuragam]]''|| [[Gutha Ramineedu|G. Ramineedu]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]], Vasanthi, [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Bandipotu (1963 film)|Bandipotu]]''|| [[B. Vittalacharya]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|''[[Bangaru Thimmaraju]]'' || G. Viswanadham || [[Kanta Rao]], [[Rajasree]] || [[S. P. Kodandapani]]
|-
|''[[Chaduvukunna Ammayilu]]''|| [[Adurthi Subba Rao|A. Subba Rao]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Sobhan Babu]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Constable Koothuru]]''|| [[Tapi Chanakya]] || [[Kanta Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] || R. Govardhanam
|-
|''[[Deva Sundari (1963 film)|Deva Sundari]]''|| H. V. Babu || [[Kanta Rao]], [[Sowcar Janaki]] || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]]
|-
|''[[Edureeta (1963 film)|Edureeta]]''|| [[B. S. Narayana]] || [[Kanta Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|''[[Eedu Jodu]]''|| [[K. B. Tilak]] || [[Jaggayya]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]], Manimala || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Guruvunu Minchina Sishyudu]]''|| [[B. Vittalacharya]] || [[Kanta Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] || [[S. P. Kodandapani]]
|-
|''[[Irugu Porugu]]''|| I. N. Murthy || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Sobhan Babu]] || [[Master Venu]]
|-
|''[[Lakshadhikari]]''|| [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
|-
|''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]''|| [[C. Pullaiah]], [[C. S. Rao]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Sobhan Babu]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|''[[Manchi Chedu]]''|| [[T. R. Ramanna]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Sobhan Babu]], [[J. V. Ramana Murthi]], [[Chhaya Devi]] || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|-
|Naga Devata (Dub) ||Shantilal Soni ||[[Mahipal (actor)|Mahipal]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Shashikala]], B. M. Vyas, [[Leela Chitnis]], Niranajan Sharma ||S.P. Kodandapani
|-
|''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Nartanasala]]'' || [[Kamalakara Kameswara Rao|K. Kameswara Rao]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Sobhan Babu]] || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]]
|-
|''[[Paruvu-Prathishta]]''|| M. Appa Rao || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]] || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Pempudu Koothuru]]''|| [[B. R. Panthulu]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]], [[Devika]] || [[T. G. Lingappa]]
|-
|''[[Punarjanma (1963 film)|Punarjanma]]''|| [[Kotayya Pratyagatma|K. Pratyagatma]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]] || [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
|-
|''[[Savati Koduku]]''|| Y. Ranga Rao || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Sowcar Janaki]] || [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
|-
|''[[Somavara Vratha Mahathyam]]''|| R. M. Krishnaswamy || [[Kanta Rao]], [[Devika]], [[Sobhan Babu]] || [[Master Venu]]
|-
|''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu]]''|| [[K. V. Reddy]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|A. Nageswara Rao]], [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Sriranjani, Jr.|Sriranjani]], [[Chhaya Devi]], [[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]
|-
|''[[Thalli Biddalu]]''|| P. S. Srinivasa Rao || [[Mannava Balayya|Balayya]], [[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Rajasree]] || B. Shankara Rao
|-
|''[[Sri Tirupatamma Katha]]''|| [[B. S. Narayana]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Krishna Kumari (actress)|Krishna Kumari]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] || P. Venkateswara Rao
|-
|''[[Thobuttuvulu]]''|| C. V. Ranganath Das || [[Kanta Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Jaggayya]], [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || C. Mohan Das
|-
|''[[Valmiki (1963 Telugu film)|Valmiki]]''|| [[C. S. Rao]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Rajasulochana]], [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
|''[[Vishnu Maya]]''|| Nammalvar || [[Kanta Rao]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] || Malleswara Rao
|-
|}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/search/title?languages=te|1&sort=year,asc&start=501 Earliest Telugu language films at IMDb.com (379 to 400)]

{{Tollywood|horiz}}
{{1963 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1963]]
[[Category:Lists of 1963 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1963 in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]

Aghori (TV series)

2025-10-23T17:49:25Z

YvetteJasso5372: added a info w/ refs.

{{Short description|2019 Indian television series}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ek Shakti Aghori.jpg
| alt_name = Ek Shakti...Ek Aghori
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]] [[Supernatural]]
| creator = [[Essel Vision Productions]]
| creative_director = Uday Rakesh Berry
| story = Mrinal Jha
| starring = [[Simaran Kaur]] [[Gaurav Chopra]] [[Parag Tyagi]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 27
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 45 minutes
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2019|06|22}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2019|09|29}}
| channel = [[Zee TV]]
}}
'''''Aghori'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/zee-tv-s-aghori-is-dark-love-story-set-against/article_b1db68cc-92bf-11e9-8250-3f055fc742ca.html|title=Zee TV's 'Aghori' Is Dark Love Story Set Against an Intriguing Canvas|last=India-West|first=R. M. VIJAYAKAR, Special to|website=India West|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719033445/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/zee-tv-s-aghori-is-dark-love-story-set-against/article_b1db68cc-92bf-11e9-8250-3f055fc742ca.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an Indian television series that is produced by [[Essel Vision Productions]]. It was aired from 22 June to 29 September 2019 on [[Zee TV]] and starred Simaran Kaur, [[Parag Tyagi]] and [[Gaurav Chopra]] as Kamakshi, Rudranath and Advik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/done-lot-preparation-character-aghori-parag-tyagi/2019/06/20 |title= I have done a lot of preparation for my character in Aghori Parag Tyagi|last=Team|first= Editorial|date=2019-06-20|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/gaurav-chopraa-talks-about-his-comeback-on-tv-with-aghori-1523842-2019-05-13|title=Gaurav Chopraa talks about his comeback on TV with Aghori|website=[[India Today]]|date=13 May 2019 |language=en|url-status=live|access-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514225555/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/gaurav-chopraa-talks-about-his-comeback-on-tv-with-aghori-1523842-2019-05-13 |archive-date=14 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story of an Aghori. The show starts with Advik. He is called by Mahaguru Rudranath. Rudranaath says Advik that he find the girl whom he had been looking for many years. Rudranath sends Advik to fetch that girl. Rudranath's disciple asks Rudranath why he wants the same girl. Then Rudranath tells him that she is not a common girl. That girl was born dead and her guru Chaitanya gave her life with the power of Panchtatva. Mahaguru Chatanya put his life at stake while saving Kamakshi. Rudranath also kills Kamakshi's parents and then an Aghoran said Kamakshi's mother Priya that if Kamakshi is married before the completion of 23 years, Rudranath will not spoil her.

==Cast==
=== Main ===
*[[Simaran Kaur]] as Kamakshi Chandrashekhar
*[[Gaurav Chopra]] as Advik / Adhvik Mehra
*[[Parag Tyagi]] as Rudranath Bhairav / Aghori

=== Recurring ===
* [[Nidhi Uttam]] as Priya Bhandari Chandrashekhar, Kamakshi's mother
* Charu Mehra as Rashi Bhandari, Kamakshi's cousin
*Salman Shaikh as Chirag Bhandari, Kamakshi's cousin
* [[Geetanjali Mishra]] as Dravya Sunarivasan / Aghoran
* [[Preeti Puri]] as Suman Bhandari, Kamakshi's aunt
* Syed Zafar Ali as Jaibheem Bhandari, Kamakshi's uncle
* [[Hardeek Joshi]] as Vipranjali "Vipra" Bhandari, Kamakshi's uncle
* Kasturi Banerjee
* Nikita Chopra
* Ibrar Yakub as Kamakshi's maternal uncle
* Vimarsh Roshan as Kamakshi's maternal uncle
* Ram Awana as Mahaguru Chatanya – Rudranaath's guru
* [[Vineet Kumar]]
* Aditya Deshmukh
* [[Poulomi Das]] as Ashmi
* [[Malhar Pandya]] as Aghori Indra
* Mahi Sharma
* Pakhi Mendola as Aaraa – Kamakshi's maternal uncle's daughter
* [[Paras Chhabra]] as Soham – an aghori

==Episodes==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episodes!! Titles !! Release date !! Duration
|-
| 1 || As per Rudranath's commands, Adhvik creates mishaps in Kamakshi's wedding-Aghori || 22 June || 46m
|-
| 2 || Adhvik, Indar and Aasmi try hard to abduct Kamakshi – Aghori || 23 June||45m
|-
| 3 || Rudranath attacks Dravya using his supernatural powers-Aghori || 29 June || 42m
|-
| 4 || Dravya, Soham and Shanaya stand against Adhvik, Indar and Aasmi-Aghori || 30 June || 43m
|-
| 5 || Param is confused about Dravya's invitation to discuss Adhvik's wedding-Aghori || 6 July || 43m
|-
| 6 || Dravya's new decision shocks Kamakshi's family and Adhvik – Aghori || 7 July || 43m
|-
| 7 || Adhvik gets captivated by some unknown power – Aghori || 13 July|| 43m
|-
| 8 || Kamakshi explains to Hariyali that she is obsessed with Adhvik – Aghori || 14 July|| 43m
|-
| 9 || Kamakshi to be sacrificed – Aghori|| 27 July|| 43m
|-
| 10 || Rashi and Aara support Kamakshi – Aghori|| 28 July|| 44m
|-
| 11 || Adhvik's shocking revelation – Aghori|| 3 August|| 44m
|-
| 12 || Adhvik and Kamakshi search for Aara – Aghori|| 4 August|| 43m
|-
| 13 || Another 'kankali' is back – Aghori|| 10 August|| 44m
|-
| 14 || Kauravi follows Dravya – Aghori|| 11 August|| 43m
|-
| 15 || Adhvik rescues Aara – Aghori|| 17 August|| 44m
|-
| 16 || Kamakshi learns about Adhvik's parents – Aghori|| 18 August|| 44m
|-
| 17 || Kauravi helps Kamakshi escape – Aghori || 24 August|| 44m
|-
| 18 || Kamakshi and Adhvik fight together – Aghori|| 25 August|| 44m
|-
| 19 || Dravya helps Kamakshi escape from Adhvik – Aghori|| 31 August|| 44m
|-
| 20 || Kauravi makes a new 'Kankali' – Aghori|| 1 September || 44m
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/aghori/0-6-1788 Aghori] on [[ZEE5]]
*{{IMDb title|id=10224728}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Indian locomotive class WAM-2

2025-10-20T10:45:54Z

YvetteJasso5372: article - done

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = May 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WAM-2
| image = Wam-2. SVG.svg
| caption = Drawing of the locomotive.
| powertype = Electric
| builder = [[Mitsubishi]], [[Toshiba]], [[Hitachi]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}}
| poweroutput = Maximum: {{convert|2910|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Continuous: {{convert|2790|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}
| maxspeed = {{convert|120|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}
| tractiveeffort = Starting: {{convert|25240|kgf|kN lbf|abbr=on}}
| serialnumber =
| builddate = 1960–1964
| uicclass = Bo-Bo
| bogies = 2 axle bogies with fabricated frame and swing bolster, axle hung traction motors
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|1120|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=2}}
| length = {{convert|14.600|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=32}}
| height = {{convert|4.165|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=32}}
| width = {{convert|3.152|m|ftin|abbr=on|frac=32}}
| axleload = {{convert|19000|kg|abbr=on}}
| locoweight = {{convert|76000|kg|abbr=on}}
| tractionmotors = Mitsubishi MB 3045-A (745hp, 725V, 815A, 1000 rpm, weight 2200kg).
| locobrakes = [[Railway air brake|Air]]
| trainbrakes = Vacuum
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| fleetnumbers = {{Ubl|20300-20335 (WAM-2)|20336-20337 (WAM-3)}}
| totalproduction = 38 (36 WAM-2 + 2 WAM-3)
| aarwheels = B-B
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|Overhead]]
| collectionmethod = [[pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]
| locale = ER-SER-NER-NR
| firstrundate = 1960
| lastrundate = early 2000s
| preservedunits = None
| disposition = All scrapped
}}

The Indian locomotive classes '''WAM-2''' and '''WAM-3''' were 25 [[Volt|kV]] [[Alternating current|AC]] [[electric locomotive]]s that were imported from [[Japan]] in the 1960s for [[Indian Railways]]. The model's name stands for [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad gauge (W)]], [[Alternating current|alternating current (A)]], [[Mixed-traffic locomotive|Mixed traffic (M)]] locomotive, 2nd generation (2). A total of 38 WAM-2/3 locomotives were built by a consortium, comprising [[Mitsubishi]], [[Hitachi]] and [[Toshiba]], between 1960 and 1964. These locomotives entered service in 1960.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=theevandi |date=2015-02-03 |title=AC Electric Locomotives Roster: The WAM Series! |url=https://24coaches.com/ac-electric-locomotives-roster-the-wam-class/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=24 Coaches |language=en-US}}</ref>

The WAM-2 and WAM-3 classes served both passenger and freight trains for over 40 years. As of January 2020, these locomotives are no longer in service.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
{{Original research section|date=October 2024}}
These locomotives were built by a consortium of Mitsubishi, Hitachi and Toshiba (The Japanese Group, as attested by a plaque fixed on their sides) as an alternative to the European-built [[Indian locomotive class WAM-1|WAM-1]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/ACTraction-III/AcTractionIIICh1_data.htm |title = CHAPTER I GENERAL 30100 Evolution of Electrical Rolling Stock 1 Electrical Concept 1}}</ref> They were delivered in 1960 and were slightly less powerful than the WAM-1 but had similar Bo-Bo wheel arrangement (4 wheels per bogie) with four Mitsubishi DC traction motors connected to the wheels permanently in parallel through a WN geared drive.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://trainweb.org/railworld/Electric_Locos/wam2_3.htm |title = WAM2/3}}</ref> The WAM-2 had Ignitron rectifiers just like the WAM-1 but some were later refitted with Exciton rectifiers. Some even had the Mitsubishi logo painted on their sides.<ref name=":0" />

38 locomotives were produced in two batches, with the initial batch of 10 locos having air brakes for the loco and vacuum train brakes, and the second batch of 26 having only vacuum brakes. These have not been retrofitted with air train brakes. Like the WAM-1, they were also used around the ER-SER-NER-NR circuit as it was the first AC electrified area and hauled ordinary passenger and freight trains and sometimes ran all the way to [[New Delhi]] via [[Kanpur]]. They were also used double-headed for freight trains. They had four traction motors permanently coupled in parallel are fed by ignitron rectifiers. Speed control is by a tap changer on the input transformer. Mitsubishi transformer, 20 taps. Oerlikon exhaust and compressor, Arno rotary converter. They were based at [[Asansol]] Loco Shed of [[Eastern Railways]].

In February 1980, the WAM-2/3 classes had their top speed increased from 100 km/h to 120 km/h by RDSO.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wam-2 speed certificate|url=https://rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/18_02_80.pdf}}</ref> This was done for haulage of the [[Howrah Rajdhani Express|Howrah Rajdhani]] between [[Howrah Junction railway station|Howrah]] and [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad]] on the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]] and [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]] railway division respectively. When the [[Sealdah]] suburban system was electrified under AC, there was a shortage of AC-voltage [[electric multiple unit]]s, and so on an interim basis some WAM-2 units were used on push-pull rakes (with the WAM-2 sandwiched in the middle) until the supplies were received, and ER also retrofitted DC EMU stock, though the latter largely operated in the [[Howrah]] division, which required dual-voltage capability.

Circulars{{Who|date=January 2025}} at that time{{When|date=January 2025}} claimed that the withdrawal of the WAM-2 locomotives should be done because they had reached their design lifespan of 35 years. Since they had less than five years of service life remaining, the vacuum brake-fitted WAM-2/3 locomotives were never considered for retrofitting with air or dual brakes. The lifespan of certain WAM-2/3 locos could have certainly been extended another five years of revenue service since they were in great condition.{{According to whom|date=October 2024}} Instead, orders{{From whom|date=October 2024}} were in place to rapidly decommission these locos.{{When|date=October 2024}} It happened in such a hurry that not a single WAM-2/WAM-3 locomotive could be preserved or plinthed in process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - AC Electric Locomotives |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2e.html |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

== Subclasses ==
=== WAM-3 ===

The '''WAM-3 class''' consisted of two modified WAM2 locomotives, #20333 and #20337 of the Asansol ASN shed of Eastern Railway. They were rebuilt with their pantographs aligned the other way around (pointing outwards) and fitted with silicon diode rectifiers as permanent features, thereby increasing their performance and durability, but were identical to the WAM-2 in every other respect.<ref name=IR/> As [[WAM-4]]s became more common the WAM-3 were relegated to secondary passenger and shunting duties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2008 |title=Rare Capture of WAM3 Loco at Asansol Shed (Jan. 2000) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8ywxdq1cuU |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=October 2024}}

=== WAP-2 ===

Four WAM-2s of [[Electric Loco Shed, Asansol|Asansol shed]] were re-geared with the intention of increasing the speed of the class.{{When|date=October 2024|reason=Which time period when these were modified?}} The Bo-Bo bogies and WN geared drives of the WAM-2 were replaced by Flexcoil fabricated bogies and axle-hung traction motors respectively. These ran for quite some time and even hauled the [[Howrah Rajdhani Express|Howrah Rajdhani]] for some time but were decommissioned in the late 1980s. The Indian Railways Fan Club has called the locomotive design an "odd experiment".<ref name=IR>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/ACTraction-I/AcTractionI_ADDITIONAL_Data.htm|title=Colour Photographs & Salient Features of AC, AC & DC Locomotives and EMUs |last= |first= |date= |website=indianrailways.gov.in |publisher= |access-date=16 October 2024 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506120819/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/ACTraction-I/AcTractionI_ADDITIONAL_Data.htm |archive-date=6 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ - AC Electric Locomotives |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2e.html |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>

== Preserved locomotives ==
All locomotives of this class have been withdrawn from service, and none were preserved.

==See also==
*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Indian locomotive class WAG-2]]
*[[Indian locomotive class WAM-1]]
*[[Indian locomotive class YAM-1]]

==References==
{{Notelist-lr}}

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco2e.html#wap-1 [IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Locomotives—Specific classes : AC Electric]
*[https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-specs.html#WAP-1 [IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Diesel and Electric Locomotive Specifications]
*[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/ACTraction-I/AcTractionI_ADDITIONAL_Data.htm 11081 Colour Photographs], [[Indian Railways]]

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WAM-2/3}}
[[Category:25 kV AC locomotives]]
[[Category:Bo-Bo locomotives]]
[[Category:Electric locomotives of India]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1960]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Mitsubishi locomotives]]
[[Category:Toshiba locomotives]]
[[Category:Hitachi locomotives]]

Dr Sampurnanand Sports Stadium

2025-10-16T18:54:20Z

YvetteJasso5372: starting initial post with sources.

{{Short description|Football stadium in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Dr. Sampurnanand Sports Stadium
| nickname = Sigra Stadium
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| location = [[Sigra]], [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates =
| establishment = {{start date and age|2022}}
| seating_capacity = 500
| tenants = [[Inter Kashi]] [[Uttar Pradesh football team]]
| date =
| year =
}}

'''Dr Sampurnanand Multipurpose Sports Stadium''', nicknamed '''Sigra Stadium''', is located in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-28 |title=Min visits Dr Sampurnanand sports stadium, reviews work |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/min-visits-dr-sampurnanand-sports-stadium-reviews-work/articleshow/102187429.cms |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is the main city stadium where most of [[association football|football]] matches are held.

== History ==

The ground is managed by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. This stadium is a multi-dimensional sports facility with excellent support features.
The ground was host to a varied set of state and national level events; this complex has [[volleyball]], [[association football]], and [[kabaddi]] grounds. Also known as Sigra Stadium, this facility hosts a range of cultural and entertainment events of the locality as well. Training sessions of different events are held here on a daily basis and lot of youngsters from the area are the beneficiaries.

== Ranji Trophy matches ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Team 1 !! Team 2 !! Winner !! Year
|-
| 1 || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || Uttar Pradesh || 1964
|-
| 2 || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || Rajasthan || 1970
|-
| 3 || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || Uttar Pradesh || 1978
|-
| 4 || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || Match Draw || 1988
|-
| 5 || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || Match Draw || 2003
|-
| 6 || [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || Railways || 2003
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58528.html ESPNcricinfo]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1268.html Dr Sampurnanda Stadium] at CricketArchive

{{Varanasi}}

{{coord|25.314897|82.986597|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Football in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Football venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Umar Kamaal Farooqui

2025-09-08T17:18:23Z

YvetteJasso5372: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Political families of Maharashtra#F]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from person}}
{{R with history}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Farooqui, Umar Kamaal}}
[[Category:Living people]]

Velangudi, Sivaganga

2025-08-17T20:19:10Z

YvetteJasso5372: Created new entry.

{{short description|Community in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{orphan|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Velangudi, Sivaganga
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.11920163614964|N|78.79147276649849|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Velangudi''' (Sivagangai) is a [[Gram panchayat|Gram Panchayat]] located in Tirupattur block of [[Sivaganga district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sivaganga Govt database website |url=https://sivaganga.nic.in/ta/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81/ |access-date=2025-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.ca/maps/place/Velangudi,+Tamil+Nadu+630106,+India/@10.1169971,78.791184,3102m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x3b0066f8cf3a6c99:0xdb14ec2dc066114a!2sVelangudi,+Tamil+Nadu+630106,+India!3b1!8m2!3d10.1193222!4d78.7915367!16s/g/1wv_qnk6!3m5!1s0x3b0066f8cf3a6c99:0xdb14ec2dc066114a!8m2!3d10.1193222!4d78.7915367!16s/g/1wv_qnk6?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDUwNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw==|title=Velangudi · Tamil Nadu 630106, India|website=Velangudi · Tamil Nadu 630106, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofthirupputhur.com/index.php/Home/Single/2034/1 | title=ஏ.வேலங்குடி ஊராட்சி மலம்பட்டியில் 14-வது நிதி குழு மானியத்தில் பேவர் பிளாக் சாலைப்பணி நிறைவு }}</ref> The village is a part of the Tirupattur Legislative Assembly constituency and the Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency, which is a suburb of Karaikudi. The village has a total of 7 Panchayat Assembly constituencies. 7 Panchayat members are elected from these constituencies. As of the 2011 Census of India, the village had a population of 3,207. There were 1,683 females and 1,524 males. PIN Code is 630106.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sivaganga district]]

Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim

2025-07-12T00:58:04Z

YvetteJasso5372: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Satyajit Ray]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from book}}
}}

Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses

2025-07-04T20:03:54Z

YvetteJasso5372: brief adjusted citations for accuracy and fixed typos

#REDIRECT [[Suppression of enemy air defenses]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

2011 Kolkata Knight Riders season

2025-04-18T09:53:27Z

YvetteJasso5372: added basic details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| season =2011
| coach = [[Dav Whatmore]]
| captain = [[Gautam Gambhir]]
| ground = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| comp1 = [[2011 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = 4th
| comp2 = [[2011 Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Group stage
| most runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (424)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5969;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2011/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428043247/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5969%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=28 April 2012 }}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Yusuf Pathan]] (13)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=5969;type=tournament |title=Indian Premier League, 2011/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213164400/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=5969%3Btype%3Dtournament |archivedate=13 February 2012 }}</ref>
| prevseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2010|2010]]
| nextseason = [[Kolkata Knight Riders in 2012|2012]]
}}

[[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR) is a franchise cricket team based in [[Kolkata]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the ten teams that competed in the [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011 IPL]]. They were captained by [[Gautam Gambhir]]. Kolkata Knight Riders finished 4th in the IPL and qualified for the Champions League T20 for the first time.

== Background ==
In this edition of the IPL, the Kolkata Knight Riders decided to revamp the team, starting with a new look and by changing the entire set of players. [[Gautam Gambhir]], who was bought for a record-breaking $2.4 million was appointed as skipper. KKR also managed to buy [[Yusuf Pathan]] for $2.1 million. Other international names added to the squad included allrounders [[Shakib Al Hasan]] and [[Jacques Kallis]], pace bowler [[Brett Lee]] and [[Ryan ten Doeschate]].<ref name="GG">{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-banks-on-Gautam-Gambhir/articleshow/7914876.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120923131439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/news-interviews/29400108_1_srk-gautam-gambhir-cricketers|url-status = live|archive-date = 23 September 2012|title = Kolkata Knight Riders bank on Gambhir|date = 9 April 2011|work = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 25 August 2011}}</ref> Brad Haddin was replaced by [[Mark Boucher]] in mid-season due to a finger injury he sustained during practice.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ipl-2011-brad-haddin-broken-finger-kolkata-knight-riders/20110429.htm|title = Broken finger puts Haddin out of IPL|date = 29 April 2011|access-date = 25 August 2011|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

The Kolkata Knight Riders had a disappointing start of season, losing to Chennai Super Kings by 2 runs. But they came back stronger, winning their next three matches against Deccan Chargers and Rajasthan Royals at Kolkata and Jaipur respectively. After two consecutive defeats in their home ground, the team had a string of wins against Delhi Daredevils, Kings XI Punjab and Deccan Chargers. They went on to win two of the remaining four matches; one against Chennai Super Kings in Kolkata and the other against [[Pune Warriors India]] in Navi Mumbai which enabled them to qualify for the playoffs for the first time.<ref name="Eliminator" /> In the eliminator they lost to Mumbai Indians owing to a last over by [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] which conceded 21 runs, losing their chance to enter the finals for the first time.<ref name="Eliminator">{{cite web|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2011/news/Gambhir-praises-fighting-spirit-of-Kolkata-Knight-Riders/articleshow/8576977.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105065921/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-26/news/29585476_1_kkr-skipper-gautam-gambhir-kolkata-knight-riders-manoj-tiwary|url-status = live|archive-date = 5 November 2013|title = Gambhir praises fighting spirit of Kolkata Knight Riders|date = 26 May 2011|work = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 17 April 2012}}</ref>

In the 2011 auctions, [[Sourav Ganguly]] was not picked by KKR, nor by any other team in the league. This created a huge uproar in Kolkata. The angry fans created a protest group called [[No Dada No KKR]].<ref name="Dada">{{cite web |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/Facebooks-Ganguly-fans-plan-protest-march/articleshow/7285749.cms|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/off-the-field/28364753_1_cricket-fans-kolkata-knight-riders-kkr|url-status = live|archive-date = 5 November 2013|title = Facebook's Ganguly fans plan protest march|date = 14 January 2011|work = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 20 April 2012}}</ref> This was followed by a silent protest rally, signature campaigns throughout the country and abroad and stadium protests.<ref name="Dada" /> But the uproar came to a halt and the fans' reactions gradually bettered as the team's performance improved and the Eden Gardens began to witness huge capacities.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sify.com/sports/a-full-eden-gardens-is-a-scary-prospect-news-columns-leoksSccdea.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110417153749/http://www.sify.com/sports/a-full-eden-gardens-is-a-scary-prospect-news-columns-leoksSccdea.html|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 April 2011|title = A full Eden Gardens is a scary prospect|work = Sify.com|date = 14 April 2012|access-date = 17 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/cricket/ipl-2011/kolkatta-knight-riders-vs-kings-xi-punjab-april-30-eden-garden-kolkatta.html|title = Match Review of Kolkatta Knight Riders vs Kings XI Punjab|work = mapsofindia.com|date = 30 April 2011|access-date = 17 April 2012}}</ref> KKR finished the top amongst all teams after the completion of the mid season game-play.<ref name="Eliminator" />

===Champions League Twenty20===

KKR's top four finish meant they would now participate in the qualifying stage for the [[2011 Champions League Twenty20]], held from 19 to 21 September. Captain [[Gautam Gambhir]] wasn't able to lead the team during the qualifying stage, as he has been recovering from an injury he sustained during a Test match between India and England at The Oval. [[Jacques Kallis]] was the appointed captain in Gambhir's absence. However, Gambhir returned to lead the team in the Group stage. KKR was also without the services of Eoin Morgan, who was due to have a shoulder surgery, and [[Mark Boucher]] who was playing for Warriors.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

They were drawn along with [[Somerset County Cricket Club|Somerset]] and [[Auckland Aces]] in Pool B of qualification stage. Both of their matches were initially to be played at the [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]], but was later moved to the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]] in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. They recorded a 2-run victory in their first match against Auckland Aces, thanks to brilliant spells from [[Iqbal Abdulla]] and [[Yusuf Pathan]]. Their next match against Somerset Sabres ended in an 11-run defeat. However, both teams qualified for the main tournament by finishing on a better NRR+ than Sri Lankan franchise [[Ruhuna Rhinos]] of Pool A.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

The team was placed with Somerset, [[South Australia cricket team|Southern Redbacks]], [[Warriors (cricket team)|Warriors]] and fellow IPL team Royal Challengers Bangalore in Group B of the tournament. They lost their first two matches against Somerset Sabres and Southern Redbacks. They made an impressive comeback by winning the last two games, first by 9 wickets against Royal Challengers Bangalore and a rain affected 22 run victory by [[Duckworth-Lewis method|(D/L)]] against Warriors. However, despite being tied on points, they could not make the semi-final due to a lesser NRR+ than the Royal Challengers. They ended up fifth on the overall points table.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Indian Premier League==

===Season standings===
Kolkata Knight Riders finished 4th in the league stage of IPL 2011.
{{2011 Indian Premier League Points Table|team=KKR}}

=== Match log ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 8 April || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Chennai]] || Lost by 2 runs
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 11 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Kolkata]] || Won by 9 runs, MoM- [[Jacques Kallis]] 54 (42)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 15 April || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Jaipur]] || Won by 9 wickets, MoM- [[Gautam Gambhir]] 75* (44)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 17 April || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Kolkata]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM- [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] 3/15 (3 overs)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 20 April || [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] || [[Kolkata]] || Lost by 6 runs
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 22 April || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Kolkata]] || Lost by 9 wickets
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 28 April || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Delhi]] || Won by 17 runs, MoM- [[Manoj Tiwary (cricketer)|Manoj Tiwary]] 61* (47)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 30 April || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Kolkata]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM- [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 2/19 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 3 May || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] || Won by 20 runs, MoM- [[Yusuf Pathan]] 47* (26)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 5 May || [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] || [[Kochi]] || Lost by 17 runs
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 7 May || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Kolkata]] || Won by 10 runs (D/L), MoM- [[Iqbal Abdulla]] 1/15 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 14 May || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Bengaluru]] || Lost by 4 wickets (D/L)
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 19 May || [[Pune Warriors India]] || [[Navi Mumbai]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM- [[Yusuf Pathan]] 29 (25) and 2/23 (4 overs)
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 22 May || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Kolkata]] || Lost by 5 wickets
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 25 May (#Eliminator) || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Mumbai]] || Lost by 4 wickets
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center; "| Overall record: 8–7. Qualified for playoffs.
|}

==Champions League Twenty20==

===Match log===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || 19 September (Qualifier #1) || [[Auckland Aces]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 2 runs, MoM- [[Manvinder Bisla]] 45 (32) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/521321.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 2 || 21 September (Qualifier #2) || [[Somerset Sabres]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Lost by 11 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/521325.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 3 || 25 September || [[Somerset Sabres]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Lost by 5 wickets || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/521330.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb; "
| 4 || 27 September || [[South Australian Redbacks]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Lost by 19 runs || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/521332.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 5 || 29 September || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 9 wickets, MoM- [[Jacques Kallis]] 64* (47) and 1/28 (4 Overs) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/521335.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 6 || 1 October || [[Chevrolet Warriors]] || [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bangalore]] || Won by 22 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]]) || [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/521338.html Scorecard]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center; "| Failed to advance.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Knight Riders}}

[[Category:2011 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders seasons]]

Deep Tyagi

2025-03-29T12:35:22Z

YvetteJasso5372:

{{Short description|Pioneer of family planning in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
[[File:Red Triangle.svg|thumb|150px|right|The [[red triangle (family planning)|red triangle]] symbol invented by Deep Tyagi indicates family planning products and services in many countries]]
'''Dharmendra Kumar Tyagi''' (1928–1969), better known as '''Deep Tyagi''' or '''DK Tyagi''', was an assistant commissioner for the [[Family planning in India|Indian family planning]] program until 1969. An early pioneer of family planning in [[India]] and elsewhere, he was a champion of the program under the premierships of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], and the initial period of [[Indira Gandhi]]. He invented the now-pervasive (in India and some other countries) "[[red triangle (family planning)|red triangle]]" symbol as a branding effort to familiarize and popularize the idea of family planning.<ref name="ref86jeviq">{{Citation | title=Vidura, Volume 6 | author=Press Institute of India | publisher=C. Sarkar, 1969 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JBZAAAAMAAJ | quote=DK Tyagi Dead: Dharmendra Kumar Tyagi, inventor of the Red Triangle — symbol of the family planning movement, died of cancer at Willingdon Hospital, New Delhi on October. Mr Tyagi, who was 41, held the post of Chief of Media in ...}}</ref><ref name="ref71moxed">{{Citation | title=The light is ours: memoirs & movements | author=[[Avabai Bomanji Wadia]] | publisher=International Planned Parenthood Federation, 2001 | isbn=978-0-86089-125-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhzxAAAAMAAJ | quote=The scope of the programme was vastly expanded in 1963 through extension education. The symbol of the red triangle for family planning was devised by Mr Tyagi of the Ministry of Health and came into wide use}}</ref>

Many of the [[mass communication]] techniques he developed are now used throughout the developing world to combat disease (such as [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]) and poverty.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}} Part of the [[mission statement]] of the present-day foundation, [[DKT International]], which was named in his honour, reads: "He was 41 years old at the time of his death, but had already made a major contribution to his country's family planning effort. It was he who was largely responsible for the design and dissemination of a massive communication program that brought awareness and knowledge of family planning to hundreds of millions of Indians. He began his work at a time (1966) when modern [[Birth control|contraceptive methods]] were virtually unknown in rural India. His success in saturating the country with simple, attractive messages and designs (including the red triangle, which is now in use in several other countries) overcame age-old communication barriers and greatly increased public awareness of birth control."{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}}

==Life==
Tyagi was born in [[Ratangarh, Bijnor|Ratangarh village]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1928. He died of cancer at the age of 41, in 1969. He had no children.<ref name="ref86jeviq"/>

==See also==
* [[Family planning in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* "India's New Departures in Mass Motivation for Fertility Control", Frank Wilder and D.K. Tyagi, ''Demography'', Vol 5, No 2, 1968.
* ''Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society'', University of San Carlos, 1973.

==External links==
* [http://www.c-fam.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=12&Itemid=37 "Ford Foundation: The founder of modern population control"]
* [http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub01/JC167-SocMarketing_en.pdf "Social marketing: An effective tool in the global response to HIV/AIDS"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230640/http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/journal/2001/v16n2a4.pdf "Women's Perception of Their Reproductive Health Before and After Sterilization in Rural Maharashtra, India"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081215130418/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839527,00.html "Enterprise in Birth Control"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 23 June 1967.
* [http://www.dktinternational.org/default.htm DKT International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608122638/http://www.dktinternational.org/default.htm |date=8 June 2007 }}, a Washington D.C. based foundation

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyagi, Deep}}
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian birth control activists]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]
[[Category:Indian health educators]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]

Mallikarjuna Temple, Goa

2025-03-20T13:06:30Z

YvetteJasso5372: Place...

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Mallikarjuna Temple
| image = Mallikarjuna_temple_canacona.jpg
| caption = Mallikarjuna Temple, Canacona, Goa
| map_type = India Goa#India
| map_caption = Location in Goa
| coordinates = {{coord|15.0221286|74.0768208|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa]]
| locale = [[Canacona]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Mallikarjuna, [[incarnation]] of [[Shiva]]
| festivals= Shisharani, Jatra, Veeramel, Avatar purush
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity= 2
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 16th Century
| creator = Ancestors of the Kshatriya Samaj
| website =
}}

The '''Mallikarjuna Temple''' is a hindu temple dedicated to Mallikarjun, an [[incarnation]] of [[Shiva]] which is situated in the ''Sristhal'' village that is 7 km northeast of Chaudi in [[Canacona taluk]] in the [[South Goa district]] of [[Goa]], India. The shrine is known to be one of the oldest in Goa and is situated amidst natural surroundings in a valley completely surrounded by mountains. The temple is believed to be constructed during the middle of the 16th century, as per the writing on a plaque near the temple dome, by ancestors of the [[Kshatriya]] samaj.<ref name="gogoaresorts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gogoaresorts.com/Shri-Mallikarjun-Temple.html|title = Shri Mallikarjun Temple}}</ref> It was refurbished in the year 1778. The main deity of the temple is referred to as Advat Sinhasanadheeshwara Mahapati by his devotees. His consort is referred to as Devati.

There are about 14 Mallikarjuna shrines spread over Goa. The striking similarity in these shrines is that all idols are in cylindrical shape and covered with metallic masks accompanied by [[Trishula]]. These cylindrical shaped wooden idols are known as Nirakar(formless) by the local population. These idols probably point to the era when [[Nath|Natha Sampradaya]] was prominent in the [[Nath#Deccan roots|Western Deccan region]]. The lingas are believed to be Swaymbhu lingas. According to the records two ancient shrines of Mallikarjun existed in [[Bardez]] at Assgao and [[Pomburpa]] which were demolished by the Portuguese.<ref name="blog-2009-04">{{cite web |url=http://flightofgods.sulekha.com/blog/post/2009/04/the-flight-of-gods-21-mallikarjun-temple-gaondongrem.htm |title=The Flight of Gods 21. Mallikarjun Temple, Gaondongrem | Sulekha Creative |website=flightofgods.sulekha.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203075912/http://flightofgods.sulekha.com/blog/post/2009/04/the-flight-of-gods-21-mallikarjun-temple-gaondongrem.htm |archive-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The temple has around 60 Hindu deities and it celebrates a number of festivals with the annual [[Yatra|jatra]] being the most unusual amongst most of the festivals in Goa. The temple also celebrates the festivals of Rathasaptami and Shigmotsav which attract a number of devotees.

[[File:Mallikarjun Temple Goa.jpg|thumb|Temple dedicate to Lord Shiva.]]

==Legend==

Legend has it that the location of the temple was the place where Lord Shiva united with his consort Parvati after a long period of separation. Another source<ref name="blog-2009-04" /> mentions that the demon Malla was fighting with one of the Pandava brothers, Arjuna. Shiva assumed the form of a hunter and killed Malla and saved Arjuna and hence the name ‘Mallikarjun'. The temple is also known as Adavat Sinhasanadhishwar Mahapati Canacona among the locals.

The Linga is believed to be [[Swayambhu]] [[lingam]], uncovered by a member of the [[Kunbi]] community while clearing the forest and it is a cylindrical shaped uncut stone covered with a metallic mask.<ref name=Goa>{{cite book|title=Culture and Religious Traditions in Temples of Goa|last=Manekar|first=Kamla|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=83-88|isbn=81-230-1161-X|year=2003}}</ref>

==History of the temple Mahajans==

The temple is believed to be constructed during the middle of the 16th century, as per the writing on a plaque near the temple dome, by ancestors of the Kshatriya samaj who descended from the royal [[Surve]] family from [[Prachitgad]] near [[Shringarpur]] of [[Ratnagiri]] district of Maharashtra.

This Kankunkar clan was founded by prince Kashi Purush and his band of brothers who founded the various Gharwais under Shristhal, Canacona. They were escaping from [[Mahmud Gawan]]'s wrath after his father switched loyalties from [[Bahamani]] to [[Vijayanagara]]. Since Goa's [[Goud Saraswat Brahmins]] were known to work for Vijaynagara they chose to settle in Canacona. RaoRana Shurveer Suryarao(Suryaji) Surve who was respected and valued by [[Shivaji]] despite being his adversary belonged to the family that stayed back at Shringarpur after the scuffle with Mahmud Gawan and hence was extremely loyal to the Bahamanis.

==Temple architecture==

The temple with its beautiful wood and silver carvings is reputed to have been erected by Habu Brahmins of the Dravidian dynasty.<ref name="indialine">{{Cite web | url=http://www.indialine.com/travel/goa/temples.html | title=Goa Temples | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404113636/http://www.indialine.com/travel/goa/temples.html | archive-date=2020-04-04}}</ref> One can see some of the finest surviving art on the six pillars in the [[mantapa]] or the assembly hall. One of the wooden pillars in the mandapa is used as the [[oracle]] pillar in the temple. These pillars have intricate carvings with scenes from the Puranas and Mahabharat. On either side of the doors leading to the inner sanctum one can see beautifully carved silhouettes of the doorkeepers or ''dwarpal''.

==Daily rituals==
The daily worship is performed by [[Brahmin]] priest only for a certain designated period and during the rest of the period, the Kunbi priests namely ''Velip'' and ''Zalmi'' perform the daily worship.<ref name="blog-2009-04" /> The ritual of hunting is associated with some of the Mallikarjuna shrines.

==Festivals==

'''Shisharani:''' This typical ritual alternates every year with the Veeramel celebration held at the time of the traditional [[Shigmo]] festival. The word ''Shisharani'' is supposed to mean a cooking place on top of a human head. This ritual involves cooking rice in an earthenware kept on the head of three men who sleep on the ground with their heads touching each other and fire is lit between the heads to cook the rice. The heads are covered with wet cloth and layers of plantain trunk.After which a cut is made on the head of another person and the blood is put into the vessel.This happens every alternate year.<ref name="indiatravelite">{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiatravelite.com/goa/mallikarjuntemple,shristhal.htm | title=Mallikarjun Temple, Shristhal - Goa | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307161448/http://www.indiatravelite.com/goa/mallikarjuntemple,shristhal.htm | archive-date=2012-03-07}}</ref>

'''Jatra:''' The annual festival (Jatra) held at the temple is quite unique among the temple festivals of Goa. Early morning on the day of the festival, the idol of the deity is taken out in a procession which travels for almost 2–3 hours to reach the nearby Rajbag beach. A number of rituals including a special bath for the deity are held at the beach, after which the deity is taken back to the temple. Hundreds of devotees have a holy bath at the same time on the seashore.

'''Veeramel:''' This celebration is held once every two years at the time of the traditional Shigmo festival. During this celebration which occurs close to midnight, selected local youth who are called Gade, rush from house to house with swords in their hands followed by people with drums and other musical instruments.

'''Avatar Purush:''' These are actually smaller deities called Avatar Purush located at three nearby places: Asali, Khalvade and Bhatpal where they are worshipped. But once a year, they are taken in a magnificent procession at night to the main temple at Sristhal.

Besides these, the temple celebrates a number of common Goan festivals like the Rathasaptami and Shigmo.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mallikarjuna Temple, Goa}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Goa]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in South Goa district]]

Indian Subcontinent

2025-03-03T23:35:58Z

YvetteJasso5372:

#REDIRECT [[Indian subcontinent]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from miscapitalisation}}
}}

Parsa Nagar Halt railway station

2025-01-23T21:56:52Z

YvetteJasso5372: created new stub - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Parsa Nagar Halt
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Passenger train]] station
| image =
| caption =
| address = Parsa Nagar, [[West Champaran district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.776378|N|84.686924|E|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{cvt|74|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = East Central Railway
| line = [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = 2
| other =
| accessible =
| parking =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PRSN
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Samastipur}}
}}
| status = Active
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 1930s
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Central Railway zone|left=Majhowlia|right=Sagauli Junction|type=[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
'''Parsa Nagar Halt railway station''' is a halt railway station on [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line]] under the [[Samastipur railway division]] of [[East Central Railway zone]]. This is situated at Parsa Nagar in [[West Champaran district]] of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parsa Nagar Halt/PRSN station train timings {{!}} Vasthurengan.Com|url=https://vasthurengan.com/train_time_table/stations/prsn-parsa-nagar-halt|access-date=2021-09-09|website=vasthurengan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nawaaz|title=Parsa Nagar Halt Railway Station Map/Atlas ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/parsa-nagar-halt-prsn/7486|access-date=2021-09-09|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parsa Nagar Railway Station (PRSN) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/parsa-nagar-prsn-station|access-date=2021-09-09|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Faculty of Social Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University

2024-09-01T16:00:56Z

YvetteJasso5372:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Faculty of Social Sciences
|image_name =
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_map_caption=
|latd =
|longd =
|type =
|established = 1969
|city = [[Aligarh]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus =
|affiliations =
|dean = Prof. Shafey Kidwai (From June 26, 2024) <ref>{{cite web |title=New Dean at the Faculty of Social Science |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/news/2024/6/25/new-dean-at-the-faculty-of-social-science |website=amu.ac.in |publisher=AMU |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
|website = https://amu.ac.in/faculties/faculty-of-social-sciences
}}

'''Faculty of Social Sciences''' is the faculty of [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Faculty of Social Sciences|url=http://amu.ac.in/deansoffaculty.jsp?did=8008&lid=00|website=Official Website|publisher=AMU}}</ref>

==History==

{{Refimprove||date=January 2017}}

In 1969, Faculty of Arts was bifurcated and Faculty of Social Science was created, with the Department of Economics, Education, History, Political Science, Sociology, Islamic Studies, West Asian Studies, Library & Information Science and Psychology attached to it. Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Physical health & Sports Education and women's Studies. At present 13 Departments/Centres and Interdisciplinary Centre for Development Studies are attached to the Faculty of Social Sciences. Proposal for establishing Department of Anthropology and Department of Population Studies has been forwarded to UGC.

==Course Programme==

Faculty of Social Science at present offering 08 undergraduate and 20 post graduate programmes in addition to several Diploma and Certificate Courses. Total number of students enrolled in the faculty are 2719, including under-graduate 1176, Post-graduate 1053 Research Scholars 490. Number of Foreign Students enrolled in different programmes is 96.

==Department==

Faculty has 11 department.

* Department of [[Economics]]
* Department of [[Education]]
* Department of [[History]]
* Department of [[Islamic Studies]]
* Department of [[Library science | Library]] and [[Information Sciences]]
* Department of [[Mass Communication]]
* Department of [[Psychology]]
* Department of [[Physical Education]]
* Department of [[Political Science]]
* Department of [[Sociology]]
* Department of [[Social Work]]

== [http://socsccybraryamu.ac.in Cyber Library]==

The Faculty has the distinction of establishing "[http://socsccybraryamu.ac.in Social Science Cyber Library]" one of the first of its kind in the world which is visited by thousands of scholars of about 175 countries across the globe.

The Social Science faculty also has a Conference Hall equipped with latest digital technology, video-conferencing facility is available for seminars and lectures.

==Notable alumni==

* [[Jamal Khwaja]], former Dean of Arts Faculty, AMU and Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Website of Jamal Khwaja|url=http://www.jamalkhwaja.com/JamalBookSite/Bio.html|website=Official Website of Jamal Khwaja|publisher=Jamal Khwaja|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Aligarh Muslim University}}

[[Category:Departments of the Aligarh Muslim University|*]]

Sports in Thiruvananthapuram

2024-04-21T20:22:01Z

YvetteJasso5372: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
[[File:Greenfield International Stadium Kerala 2.jpg|thumb|Sports Hub (Greenfield Stadium) during the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017–18|India vs New Zealand T20]]]]
Cricket and Football are the most popular '''sports in Thiruvananthapuram'''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=UR|first1=Arya|title=Fans in a tizzy with just a week left for capital city’s first T20I!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/fans-in-a-tizzy-with-just-a-week-left-for-capital-citys-first-t20i/articleshow/61321680.cms|accessdate=10 March 2018|agency=The Times of India|date=30 October 2017}}</ref> [[Greenfield International Stadium|The Sports Hub, Trivandrum]], commonly known as Greenfield Stadium is one of the [[List of stadiums in India|largest]] [[cricket]] and [[Association football|football]] stadiums in [[India]].<ref name=grnfld>{{cite news|title=Greenfield Stadium Touching New Heights|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/jun/12/greenfield-stadium-touching-new-heights-754477.html|access-date=10 March 2018|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=12 June 2015}}</ref> [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]], [[Shooting sports|shooting]], [[volleyball]], [[List of water sports|Aquatics]] and [[Squash (sport)|squash]] are the other popular sports.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandran|first1=M. R. Praveen|title=India’s top shooters to contest National Shooting C’ships|url=http://www.sportstarlive.com/shooting/indias-top-shooters-to-contest-national-shooting-cships/article21386248.ece|accessdate=10 March 2018|agency=Sport Star Live|date=10 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Summer sports coaching at LNCPE|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/summer-sports-coaching-at-lncpe/article7076073.ece|accessdate=10 March 2018|agency=The Hindu|date=7 April 2015}}</ref>

==Cricket==
Like elsewhere in India, Cricket is the most popular sport in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Most Popular Sports In India|url=https://sporteology.com/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-india/|website=Sporteology|accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref> [[Greenfield International Stadium|The Sports Hub, Trivandrum]], has a seating capacity more than 50,000.<ref name=grnfld/> In 1984 the city hosted the first international cricket match in Kerala at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]].<ref name="1stodi">{{cite news|last1=K|first1=Krishnachand|title=Thiruvananthapuram all set for T20 international cricket match|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/nov/06/thiruvananthapuram-all-set-for-t20-international-cricket-match-1692992.html|access-date=10 March 2018|agency=The Times of India|date=6 November 2017}}</ref> The city also hosted the first T20 International cricket match in Kerala.<ref>{{cite news|title=TVPM to host India-NZ T20 on November 7|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/cricket/2017/08/03/kerala-thiruvananthapuram-host-india-nz-t20-november.html|accessdate=10 March 2018|agency=Malayala Manorama|date=3 August 2017}}</ref> Prominent cricketers from Thiruvananthapuram include [[Sanju Samson]], [[Raiphi Gomez]], [[Ryan Ninan]], [[Aneil Nambiar]], [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]], [[Rohan Prem]], [[Udiramala Subramaniam]], [[P. M. K. Mohandas]], [[Bhaskar Pillai]], Subramaniam brothers, Godwin brothers and [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]]. The [[Kerala Cricket Association]] is headquartered in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact us|url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/|website=Kerala Cricket Association|publisher=KCA|accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref>

==Football==
[[File:Beach Football (445993610).jpg|200px|thumb|left|Kids playing football in the beach. Football is a popular sport in the city.]]
[[File:Chandrashekaran nair stadium kerala.jpg|thumb|A football match in CSN Stadium]]
Another popular sport in Thiruvananthapuram is Football. Thiruvananthapuram hosted the [[2015 SAFF Championship]] at the [[Greenfield International Stadium|Greenfield Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohanarangan|first1=Vinayakk|title=SAFF Cup final, as it happened: Chhetri the match-winner as India reclaim title from Afghans|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/saff-cup-final-india-vs-afghanistan-live-can-sunil-chhetri-and-co-halt-a-rampaging-afghan-side-2569120.html|accessdate=10 March 2018|agency=Firstpost|date=3 January 2016}}</ref> [[SBI Kerala (Football Club)|SBI Kerala]], [[Titanium FC]], [[Kerala State Electricity Board|KSEB]] Travancore Royals FC and Kovalam FC are the major football clubs based in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandran|first1=M.R. Praveen|title=Titanium football club to turn professional; plans to establish fan club|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/titanium-football-club-to-turn-professional-plans-to-establish-fan-club/article7533034.ece|accessdate=10 March 2018|agency=The Hindu|date=29 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandran|first1=M.R. Praveen|title=Back in the game: Kerala Blasters and the second football revolution in Kerala|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/back-in-the-game-football-in-kerala/article22716585.ece|accessdate=10 March 2018|agency=The Hindu|date=11 February 2018}}</ref>

On 29 November 2018 India's First Fans owned Football club Travancore Royals FC was launched in Thiruvananthapuram.{{fact|date=February 2021}}

==Athletics==
[[File:Palayam View Trivandrum.jpg|thumb|A view of [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]] (Right) and [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium|CSN stadium]] (left)]]
Athletic competitions are usually held at the [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]], [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] and [[Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|Central Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|title=University Stadium|url=http://www.kerala2015.com/venues/university-stadium/|website=National Games Kerala 2015|publisher=35th National Games - Kerala 2015|accessdate=27 March 2018}}</ref> The Trivandrum Marathon is a [[marathon]] organised by the Trivandrum runners club every year.<ref>{{cite news|last1=V N|first1=Aswin|title=First-ever midnight marathon in Kerala|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/first-ever-midnight-marathon-in-kerala/article21310110.ece|accessdate=27 March 2018|agency=The Hindu|date=8 December 2017}}</ref> There will be two main races; a half marathon of 21 km and a full marathon of 42.19 km. A special 2 km fun run is also organised for public participation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trivandrum Marathon on December 9 midnight|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/trivandrum-marathon-on-december-9-midnight/articleshow/61937083.cms|accessdate=27 March 2018|agency=The Times of India|date=6 December 2017}}</ref> TrivandRun is another marathon conducted every January in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Run to raise funds for cancer treatment|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/jan/07/run-to-raise-funds-for-cancer-treatment-1747243.html|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=The Times of India|date=8 January 2018}}</ref>

==Other==
Other popular sports in the city are [[Volleyball]], [[Basketball]], [[Shooting sports|shooting]] and [[List of water sports|Aquatics]]. [[India men's national volleyball team|India national volleyball]] player [[K. J. Kapil Dev]] is from the city.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pookkat|first1=Sarath|title=Rafi, Kapil do their namesakes proud|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2010%2F10%2F25&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327154218/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2010%2F10%2F25&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00202&AppName=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2018|accessdate=27 March 2018|agency=The Times of India ePaper}}</ref> Many basketball tournaments are conducted in the city. Most of them are inter-school tournaments organised by the schools in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazhakootam Sainik School wins basketball tournament|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/oct/30/kazhakootam-sainik-school-wins-basketball-tournament-1686665.html|access-date=27 March 2018|agency=The Times of India|date=30 October 2017}}</ref> Trivandrum hosted the 61st National Shooting Championship at the Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information of NSF|url=http://www.thenrai.in/About_us.aspx?link=6|website=The National Rifle Association of India|accessdate=27 March 2018}}</ref> [[Surfing]] is also a popular sport in the beaches. Many Surfing and [[Standup paddleboarding|Stand Up Paddle]] tournaments organised in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=National surfing contest begins at Kovalam|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/national-surfing-contest-begins-at-kovalam/article20611361.ece1|accessdate=27 March 2018|agency=The Hindu Businessline|date=3 May 2013}}</ref> The surf competitions are usually held in [[Kovalam Beach]] and [[Varkala Beach]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kovalam Surf Club: No school, no surfing|url=http://www.kovalamsurfclub.com/|website=Kovalam Surf Club|accessdate=27 March 2018}}</ref>

The [[Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club|Trivandrum Golf Club]], officially known as SAI Trivandrum golf club is a nine-hole golf course in the heart of the city. Established in 1850, it is one of the oldest golf course in [[India]]. It is currently leased to the [[Sports Authority of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://saitrivandrumgolfclub.com/history/|website=SAI Trivandrum Golf Club|publisher=Sports Authority of India|accessdate=27 March 2018}}</ref>

==Sporting facilities==
[[File:Trivandrum Central stadium Basketball.jpg|thumb|Basketball court in [[Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|Central Stadium]]]]
[[File:BAI-U19-Ranking2016.jpg|thumb|Badminton at TOSS Academy]]
The city has facilities to host most type of sports. Thiruvananthapuram was one of the main venues for the [[2015 National Games of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Venues|url=http://www.kerala2015.com/kerala2015/venues/|website=2015 National Games of India|accessdate=27 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S.No.
! scope="col" | Centre
! scope="col" | Sports
|-
|1
| The Sports Hub, [[Trivandrum International Stadium]] || Sports hub
|-
|2
| [[Jimmy George Indoor Stadium|Jimmy George Sports Hub]] || Sports hub
|-
|3
| [[Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education|LNCPE Karyavattom]] || Sports hub
|-
|4
| [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]] || [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]], [[association football]]
|-
|5
| [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|University Stadium]] || Athletics, association football
|-
|6
| [[Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)|Central Stadium]] || Athletics, association football, [[multi-purpose stadium]]
|-
|7
| Kerala Police Academy || Shooting
|-
|8
| Vattiyoorkavu Shooting Range || Shooting
|-
|9
| Thiruvananthapuram Tennis Club || [[Tennis]]
|-
|10
| Ramanathan Krishnan Tennis Complex || Tennis
|-
|11
| Pirappancode Aquatics Complex || Aquatics
|-
|12
| Shankumugham Beach || Beach handball
|-
|13
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Golf Club]] || [[Golf]]
|-
|14
| CSN Squash Court || Squash
|-
|15
| Sreepadam Stadium || Kho Kho, Kabadi
|-
|16
| Thankamma Stadium || Association football
|-
|17
| LNCPE Velodrome and Indoor Stadium || Cycling, wushu
|-
|18
| St.Xaviers Cricket Ground, Thumba || Cricket
|-
|19
| Agricultural College Indoor Stadium || Sports hub, taekwondo, netball
|-
|20
| Toss Academy || Shuttle badminton
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/nov/23/make-way-for-the-first-fan-owned-football-club-1902149.html ]

==External links==
* [http://www.sportscouncil.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala State Sports Council]
* [https://tossacademy.com/ Toss Academy Trivandrum]
* [http://www.ttc.org.in/ Trivandrum Tennis Club]
* [http://www.kerala2015.com/ 2015 National Games Kerala]
* [http://trivandrummarathon.com/ Trivandrum Runners Club]
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

[[Category:Sport in Thiruvananthapuram| ]]